ﺧﻼﺻﺔ - إنّ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳّﺔ واﻟﻀﻮاﺣﻲ ﻏ
Transcrição
ﺧﻼﺻﺔ - إنّ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳّﺔ واﻟﻀﻮاﺣﻲ ﻏ
INTERACTION OF ARAMAEANS AND ASSYRIANS ON THE LOWER KHABUR Hartmut KÜHNE Freie Universität Berlin Résumé – Le modèle centre/périphérie a souvent été utilisé pour expliquer les relations entre Assyriens et Araméens. Il est de plus en plus clair que ce modèle n’est pas apte à rendre compte de l’interaction entre ces deux groupes ethniques. Il convient de se défaire de l’idée de l’influence sur la périphérie et de chercher plutôt les signes des processus d’émulation qui ont lieu entre deux groupes équivalents culturellement et qui s’affrontent dans un territoire sans suprématie politique. Au cours du temps — environ 500 ans, entre 1100 et 600 av. J.-C. —, la situation politique change et avec elle les formes de l’interaction perceptibles au travers des différents traits culturels, illustrés par les objets découverts en fouille. De fait, on doit s’attendre à ce que ces objets reflètent différentes étapes d’émulation et deviennent potentiellement des hybrides, plus ou moins élaborés, ou des transferts plus ou moins profondément modifiés. Cet article est un essai sur l’interaction Assyriens/Araméens dans la région du Khabur, dont il ne peut guère être qu’une présentation initiale. Une interprétation exhaustive des dimensions sociopolitiques et culturelles nécessiterait plus de temps et d’espace. Abstract – For the explanation of the relationship between the Aramaeans and the Assyrians the model of centre/periphery has been applied frequently. It becomes more and more apparent though that this model is not apt to make the process visible that characterizes the interaction between these two ethnic groups. It is rather necessary to keep one’s mind clear of the influence of a centre on a periphery and instead look for indicators that will describe the emulation processes taking place between two equal cultural groups clashing together in a territory vacant of political supremacy. Through time — and the period debated comprises half a millennium or 500 years, roughly between about 1100 and 600 BC — the political situation changed and with it the ways of interaction resulting in different cultural products or material culture, in short in those objects which the archaeologist excavates in the context of cultural earth deposits. So it must be expected that these objects — in relation to time — reflect different stages of emulation and may have become hybrids, more or less well elaborated, or transfers, more or less intensively modified. This paper will be an essay on the interaction of the Aramaeans and Assyrians in the Khabur region —it cannot be more than just an initial compilation. A full appreciation of the socio-political and cultural dimensions would need more time and space. ﻟﻜﻨّﻪ.ﺧﻼﺻﺔ – إنّ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺮﻛﺰ ّﻳﺔ واﻟﻀﻮاﺣﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤ ًﻼ ﻟﺸﺮح اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺑﲔ اﻷﺷﻮرﻳﲔ و اﻵراﻣﻴﲔ ّ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ اﻹﻗﻼع ﻋﻦ ﻓﻜﺮة ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﳌﺮﻛﺰ ّﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ.اﺗّﻀﺢ أﻧّﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ اﳌﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ اﻹﺛﻨ ّﻴﺘﲔ واﻟﺘﻘﺴﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻀﻮاﺣﻲ ّ .ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ واﻹﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﺑﲔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺘﲔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓ ّﻴ ًﺎ ﺗﺘﺼﺎدم ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﲢﺖ أي ﺳﻴﺎدة ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ وﺗﺒﺪﻟﺖ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻃﺮق اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ إدراﻛﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ،- ﻋﺎم٥٠٠ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ-.م. ق٦٠٠ و١١٠٠ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ،ﺗﺒ ّﺪل اﻟﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺰّﻣﻦ ّ ﺧﻼل ﺳﻤﺎت اﳊﻀﺎرة اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ُﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗُﺒﺮز ﻫﺬه اﻟﻠﻘﻰ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ.ﰎ اﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ اﻷﺛﺮي ً.أو ﲢ ّﻮﻻت ﻣﻌ ّﺪﻟ ًﺔ ﺟﺬرﻳﺎ،ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﺪرﻳﺠﻴ ًﺎ أﺷﻜﺎ ًﻻ ﻫﺠﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺪروﺳﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴ ًﺎ إنّ ﲢﻠﻴ ًﻼ. واﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮض أ ّوﻟﻲ،اﻵراﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ إﻗﻠﻴﻢ اﳊﺎﺑﻮر-ﻫﺬه اﳌﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﺷﻮري .ﺷﺎﻣ ًﻼ وواﻓﻴ ًﺎ ﻟﻸﺑﻌﺎد اﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ـ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻠﺰم ﻣ ّﺪ ًة أﻃﻮل وﻣﺴﺎﺣ ًﺔ أوﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﺪراﺳﺔ Syria 86 (2009), p. 43 à 54 44 H. KÜHNE Syria 86 (2009) The role of the Aramaeans in the Lower Khabur valley in NE Syria during the Iron Age has not been investigated in a regional study before, mainly because of lack of evidence1. This paper will use the known as well as new evidence, the latter provided by the excavations of Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dûr Katlimmu, Tell Bderi/Dûr-Aššur-ketti-lēšer, Tell Ajaja/Šadikanni, and Tell Taban/Tabete. It will consist of two parts: I. Assyrian power and the Aramaeans before 935 (Aššur-dân II). I will argue that the Middle Assyrian Empire between the 12th and the 10th century BC did not shrink to its mere heartland on the Tigris but rather kept control over the Lower Khabur (fig. 1). The quality of the political influence of the Assyrians on the local entities of the Lower Khabur may be debated but these entities stayed loyal to Assyria, resisted the pressure of the Aramaean tribes, and kept them off the eastern Jazira and the Assyrian heartland. Instead the tribes infiltrated neighbouring spaces, mainly in the north and in the west, in which a political vacuum of power prevailed. It is suggested that cultural interaction occurred in spite of heavy warfare. II. The Aramaeans during the Neo-Assyrian Empire (935-612). Once the political dominance of the Assyrians had been re-established during the late 10th and the th 9 century the relationship changed from mere contact to interaction and from emulation to “cohabitation”. This will be demonstrated by analysing works of the visual arts from Tell Ajaja and Tell Sheikh Hamad in comparison to the Aramaean centres of Tell Halaf/Guzana and Tell Fekheriyeh in the north and Tell Ashara/Sirqu on the Middle Euphrates in the south. I. ASSYRIAN POWER AND THE ARAMAEANS BEFORE 935 (AŠŠUR-DÂN II) According to Zadok2 and other scholars3 the history of the Aramaeans begins with the year 1111 BC when they were first recorded in the fourth year of the annals of Tiglath-pileser I as a compound gentile Ahlamû Aramayya which he translated with Kupper “the Aramaean semi-nomads”. However, it should be stressed that the contact of the Aramaeans with the Assyrians may have begun much earlier than 1111; this date only marks the moment when they enter Assyrian history under the designation of the “Aramaeans”4. On the other end, the year 935 marks the end of the desiccation period in the Jazira5 which had paralysed Assyria for the preceding two centuries as King Aššur-dân II reports in his annals. His reign also signifies the beginning of the Assyrian “reconquista” of the Jazira which is then effectuated most successfully by his successors Adad-nîrârî II, Tukultî-ninurta II, and Aššurnaṣirpal II6, the last king’s reign ending shortly before the middle of the 9th century (883-859). This period between 1200 and about 950 BC has been designated a “Dark Age” in historiography due to the lack of archaeological and written evidence. The beginning of the 12th century is marked by a severe crisis of the Middle Assyrian Empire after the murder of king Tukultî-ninurta I. At the same time the Hittite empire collapsed and gave way to most of the territory in North Syria including the Euphrates valley. With the resulting vacuum and the first Aramaean tribes moving in to North Syria and beyond, it became more and more difficult for the Assyrians to keep control over their western territories. Their retreat occurred gradually during the 12th century allowing the Aramaean tribes to enter the western Jazira (fig. 1). 1. DION 1997, p. 36-38; AKKERMANS & SCHWARTZ 2003, p. 377-382; KÜHNE 1995. 2. ZADOK 1991, p. 104. 3. More recently SADER 2000, p. 64-65. 4. Ibid., with older literature. 5. NEUMANN & PARPOLA 1987. 6. KÜHNE 1980. Syria 86 (2009) INTERACTION OF ARAMAEANS AND ASSYRIANS ON THE LOWER KHABUR 45 Local written evidence had almost been none existent for the region of the Lower Khabur before 1975, and any extension of the Middle Assyrian empire over the southern Jazira was doubted in historiography. This view changed slowly after the discovery and excavation of a Middle Assyrian archive of the 13th century at Tell Sheikh Hamad in 1978-1982. It allowed identifying the site with the Assyrian provincial centre of Dûr Katlimmu7 which was ruled by a district governor (bēl pāhete). Beyond this function it demonstrated that Dûr-Katlimmu served as the seat of a high official of the central government, a vizier (sukkal.gal)8, who was in charge of governing and stabilizing the newly conquered territory of Hanigalbat, which is comprising most of the western Jazira. The significance of the city became even more emphasized when K. Radner9 discovered in NeoAssyrian documents of Dûr-Katlimmu that the name of the city god of Dûr-Katlimmu was Salmanu. This name became the theophoric element of the throne name of five Assyrian kings who reigned between Figure 1: Migration routes of Aramean tribes during the final phase of the Middle Assyrian empire, the Lower Khabur being the buffer zone to prevent an infiltration to the Assyrian mainland. 7. RÖLLIG 1978. 8. Two of them are recorded by name, Aššur-iddin, Šulmanu-mušabši; CANCIK-KIRSCHBAUM 1996, p. 19-32; p. 142, p. 206. 9. RADNER 1998, 2002. 46 H. KÜHNE Syria 86 (2009) the 13th and the end of the 8th century BC implying that the ties of Dûr Katlimmu to the capital of Aššur had been so close as to constitute “a community of fate”, as I have qualified this situation elsewhere10. During the 12th century the Middle Assyrian palace of Dûr Katlimmu11 continued to function after a fire had destroyed parts of it. Unfortunately archaeological evidence for the period down to the end of the 10th century is lacking in Dûr Katlimmu simply because it is unexcavated12 (table 1). However, the discovery of Middle Assyrian documents of the 11th century BC at Tell Bderi13 and more recently at Tell Taban14 in conjunction with long known evidence from Ajaja, Ninive, and Aššur seems to fill in this lacuna and to enlighten the “Dark Age” of the Lower Khabur to the extent that local polities become apparent which remained in a status of semi-vassalage to Assyria according to their own witness15. It is not surprising that no mention of the Aramaeans is found in the MA archive of the 13th century of Dûr-Katlimmu. The Assyrian kings prior to Aššur-bêl-kala, i.e. Aššur-reš-iši I and Tiglath-pileser I16, are reported to have fought the Aramaeans in the Euphrates valley between Tell Ashara and Karkemiš17, in the western Jazira, as well as in the Kašiyari (Tur Abdin) mountains. However, according to the new evidence from Tell Taban/Tabete they are documented for the first time in a local environment of the Lower Khabur18. These texts are a generation or two older than the Broken Obelisk of Aššur-bêl-kala (1074-1057) in which the Assyrian king is fighting the Aramaeans at the Lower Khabur19. As opposed to most historians I have argued elsewhere20 that the retreat of the Assyrians never reached their heartland, it stopped at the Lower Khabur. With the new evidence of the regional polities at the Lower Khabur it is rather suggested that they served as an Assyrian buffer zone against the Aramaeans. The aim of the Aramaeans must have been to infiltrate these polities and the most recent texts from Tell Taban seem to support this. The Khabur could be called the Assyrian “limes” against the penetration of the Aramaean tribes towards the nucleus of Assyria21. This “limes” turned the mainstream of the Aramaean migration off to the north following a north-south caravan route west of the Khabur valley from about Halebiye / Zalebiye on the Euphrates, leaving behind the Euphrates volcanoes in the east to about Malhat ed-Deru, then straight north via Umm Madfa through the gorge of the Jabal Abd al-Aziz and from there splitting in two directions, towards Tell Fekheriyeh/Tell Halaf/Bît Bahiani in the northwest, as well as to the Tur Abdin/Kašiyari mountains to the northeast (fig. 1). Unfortunately, the excavation of Tell Halaf provides no indications for the presence of the Aramaeans at this early date (yet)22. The early local ruler Abisalamu, son of Bahiani, is only known from the annals of Adad-nîrârî II (912-891) and no settlement remains can be associated with this period. On the other hand, the establishment of the city state of Bît Bahiani must have required a prelude and was certainly 10. KÜHNE 1998, p. 284; forthcoming. 11. PFÄLZNER 1995, p. 236-238. 12. KÜHNE 2008a: http://www.schechhamad.de/ausgrabung/topographie.php; KÜHNE 2008b, p. 550. 13. PFÄLZNER 1989/1990, p. 220-221. 14. OHNUMA et al. 1999; 2000; OHNUMA & NUMOTO 2001; NUMOTO 2008; SHIBATA 2008. 15. KÜHNE 1998, p. 282-284, fig. 6; MAUL 1992; 1999; 2005. 16. ZADOK 1991 localises the battles of Aššur-reš-iši I (1133-1116), the father of Tiglath-pileser I, in the Jazira. At the turn of the 10th century Aššur-râbi II (1012-972) is reported to have fought the Aramaeans in the bend of the Euphrates. 17. Idem, p. 112-113. 18. Personal communication of Dr. Shigeo Yamada. 19. GRAYSON 1991, p. 102: “In the month Kislev, eponymy of Ili-iddina, on campaign against the Aramaeans, he fought (with them) at the city of Magrisu of the land of Iaru. In that year, in the same month, on campaign against the Aramaeans, he fought (with them) at the city of Dûr-katlimmu. In that year, …,[he plundered the Aramae]ans opposite the city Sangaritu [which is on ] the Euphrates.” 20. KÜHNE 1995, p. 76; 1998, p. 284 21. PFÄLZNER in BERNBECK 1993: as demonstrated by the road station Tell Umm Aqrebe in the Wadi ‘Ajij. 22. ORTHMANN 2002, p. 17: “Auf welche Weise die seit dem Niedergang Assyriens im 12. Jahrhundert eindringenden aramäischen Stämme in diesem Gebiet sesshaft wurden …, entzieht sich noch immer unserer Kenntnis. ” Syria 86 (2009) INTERACTION OF ARAMAEANS AND ASSYRIANS ON THE LOWER KHABUR 47 Table 1: Chrono-stratigraphical chart of Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dûr Katlimmu. not done over night. The works of art to be considered below have been excavated in the context of the later local ruler Kapara. It is certain that he has reused many works of art in his palace; however, the date of production of these works is uncertain. Thus, in spite of the Assyrians fighting the Aramaeans vigorously in the Euphrates valley, the western Jazira, along the Lower Khabur as well as in the Tur Abdin the Aramaeans succeeded to gain a foothold almost everywhere at the outskirts of the Middle Assyrian Empire (fig. 1), and the Assyrians succeeded in keeping them off their mainland. On this evidence the interrelation between the Assyrians and the Aramaeans during the 12th to the 10th century BC may at best be described as unappreciative. And yet, with regard to the following paragraph there must have been some peaceful interaction preparing the ground for the transfer of cultural ideas. 48 H. KÜHNE Syria 86 (2009) II. ARAMAEANS DURING THE NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE (935-612) Thirty years ago — on the observation of Aramaic epigraphs on Assyrian cuneiform tablets — Nicholas Postgate coined the sentence about the “symbiosis of Aramaic and Assyrian writing systems”23. Seven years later, Allan Millard — departing from this sentence and after having discussed the historical implications of the bilingual inscription on the statue of Tell Fekheriyeh — concluded: “… then there is evidence for much more than a symbiosis of writing systems. In the earlier period of the Neo-Assyrian Empire there appears a symbiosis of peoples, of Assyrians and Aramaeans”24. It seems that this notion may now be substantiated by archaeological material evidence. The 1979 discovered statue of Adad-yisi’i of Tell Fekheriyeh (fig. 2) is one of the most prominent objects that launched a broad discussion on both, the bilingual inscription as well as its artistic features25. Analysing the inscription Millard26 argued that both, Šamaš-nuri and his son Adad-yisi’i were “local dynasts and Assyrian appointees”, that is Aramaeans. He dated the statue convincingly to the middle of the 9th century BC associating Šhamaš-nuri with the eponym of the year 866 (Aššurnaṣirpal II). The Aramaean ruler of Guzana is rendered in Assyrian styled headgear and garments. A comparison with a statue of Salmaneser III (858-824), who should have been a contemporary of Adad-yisi’i, demonstrates the overwhelming stylistic similarities but also some iconographical differences (fig. 3). One more notable difference is the size: the statue of Adad-yisi’i is life size as opposed to the Assyrian royal statues which are smaller than life size27. This phenomenon may be related to Syro-Hittite influence28. Yet, without going into further detail one may say that the overall appearance of the statue is Assyrianising. Vice versa, a view on a statue of the Kapara period of Tell Halaf / Guzana (fig. 4) shows the big differences in style and iconography to the Assyrian or Assyrianised statues. It displays a completely different mentality so that I am not hesitating to label it as Aramaean art as opposed to many other scholars29. On the southern end of the region focused here upon lies the modern site of Tell Ashara which is identified with Old Babylonian Terqa, during the late Old Babylonian early Kassite and Mittanian Figure 2: Statue of Adad-yis’i. From Syrie. Mémoire et Civilisation. Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris, Flammarion, 1993, p. 260, no 225. 23. POSTGATE 1976, p. 6, p. 11. 24. MILLARD 1983, p. 106. 25. ABOU-ASSAF, BORDREUIL & MILLARD, 1982. 26. MILLARD 1983, p. 105. 27. The height of the statue of Adad-yisi’i without pedestal is 1.65 m, the height of the statue of Shalmaneser III is 1.03 m. 28. BONATZ 2000, p. 189 ; BUNNENS 2000b. 29. SCHWARTZ 1989, p. 281, p. 286 denies any differences between Late Hittite and Aramaean art. Syria 86 (2009) INTERACTION OF ARAMAEANS AND ASSYRIANS ON THE LOWER KHABUR 49 periods being the centre of the kingdom of Hana, and in Neo-Assyrian times representing the centre of Sirqu in the province of Laqe30. The well-known stele31 (fig. 5) is rather a three sided kudurru and was found prior to controlled excavation. It carries an inscription which allows assigning it to Tukultîninurta II (890-884) but is not understandable beyond that 32. Thus, its historical significance remains unclear. It depicts the smiting weather god holding a snake in his left hand, a fish apkallu on the second side, and on the third side a person holding a club (?) in his right hand and in his left a bundle of ears. The iconography of the weather god is clearly of western origin especially with the horns standing off the helmet. The fish-apkallu occurs in the Assyrian art of the slightly later reign of king Aššurnaṣirpal II (883-859), son of Tukultî-ninurta II. The person on the third side has been associated with a provincially styled image of an Assyrian king, i.e. Tukultî-ninurta II or his father. Style and iconography of this rendering are contrasting the slightly later depictions of an Assyrian king sharply. However, the overall similarities to a reliefed orthostate from Tell Halaf (fig. 6) are striking and connect it with the Aramaean world. Figure 3: Statue of Shalmaneser III. From ORTHMANN 1975, Abb. 172. Figure 4: Statue from Tell Halaf. From ORTHMANN 2002, Abb. 33. Figure 5: Stele of Tell Ashara. From FORTIN 1999, p. 229, no 254. 30. RADNER 2002, p. 6-9; 2006, p. 55. 31. FORTIN 1999, p. 229 no. 254 with photographs of all three sides; GERLACH 2000, p. 241, Taf. 2. 32. GRAYSON 1991, p. 188; GERLACH 2000 states that the Assyrian king Tukultî-ninurta II had this image made of his father Adad-nîrârî II. 50 H. KÜHNE Syria 86 (2009) Within these ends of this regional analysis two sites have furnished new evidence more recently, one of them being Tell Ajaja/Šadikanni in the north, and the other Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dûr Katlimmu in the south of the Lower Khabur. We shall have a look on the evidence from Tell Ajaja first. Only about 100 km downstream from Tell Halaf/Tell Fekheriyeh is the modern site of Tell Ajaja situated which was reexcavated by a Syrian-German mission between 1982 through 199033. Its identification with the Assyrian town of Šadikanni was established by a seal found in Sharif Han / Tarbisu that mentioned in its inscription Mušezib-Ninurta, grandson of Samanuha-šar-ilani, who in turn is filed in the annals of Aššurnaṣirpal II as local ruler of Šadikanni in the year 88334. The name of Mušezib-Ninurta was engraved on a lamassu that was found by A. H. Layard in his previous excavations on the site35. The depository place of this lamassu and other sculptures which Layard had excavated was unrecorded and it was speculated that the lot had got lost during Figure 6: Orthostate A3,43 from Tell Halaf. transportation. All the sculptures were rediscovered by From MOORTGAT 1955, Taf. 32. the Syrian-German mission in the tunnel that had been dug by Layard; they had not been removed ever. In his inscription on the rediscovered lamassu Mušezib-Ninurta claims to be the owner of a palace of which the Syrian-German mission succeeded to uncover parts of two halls, A and B, in which some new sculptures were found in addition36. The inscribed lamassu, positioned on the northern flank of the eastern gate, had fallen over from its pedestal on a reliefed orthostat which had been reused face down as a threshold37. The lamassu and the inscription were still preserved and had suffered only some damage at the upper edge and at the head. As has been demonstrated elsewhere the style and iconography of this lamassu may be assigned to a “provincial” albeit smaller rendering of Assyrian lamassu sculptures of the 9th century palaces of Nimrud38. The reused orthostate pictures a winged bull in front of a stylised tree39. The bull is styled like an Assyrian lamassu but lacks the horn caped human head and holds the tail upright which is unknown in Assyrian sculpture40. In hall B two previously unknown steles were discovered. Both are remarkable but for the purpose of this article only stele no. 2 is treated her41. This piece (fig. 7) has recently been published by A. Mahmoud42. It renders a male figure of which the head is turned en face, an unusual stylistic element in Assyrian art. The headgear consists of a fluted cap adorned with a pair of horns and topped by a disc inscribed with a rosette. A long rectangular beard falls on the men’s chest while his hair curls on his shoulder. He wears a short sleeved shirt. Below a broad belt the typical short skirt is visible but covered 33. MAHMOUD et al. 1988. 34. RÖLLIG in MAHMOUD et al. 1988, p. 148. 35. LAYARD 1853, p. 275-284. 36. A full publication of the evidence is under way. 37. MAHMOUD et al. 1988, Taf. 29 b. 38. MAHMOUD et al. 1988, Taf. 27-28, 30. 39. GERLACH 2000, p. 246-248, Taf. 6. 40. PALEY 1992, Plate 4. 41. For stele no. 1 cf. ROUAULT & MASETTI-ROUAULT 1993, p. 378 (Catalogue no. 373). 42. MAHMOUD 2008. Syria 86 (2009) INTERACTION OF ARAMAEANS AND ASSYRIANS ON THE LOWER KHABUR 51 by a coat of kaunakes textile. In his left hand he holds a goat’s kid in front of his chest and in his right downwards hand a branch whose leaves are stylized as rosettes. In Assyrian iconography of the 9th century two or four winged genii with or without horned cap holding a quadruple and a branch are attested in the NW-Palace of Aššurnaṣirpal II43. However, they are never pictured on the medium of a stele44 and the face is never turned en face; further more, the cap is never fluted and domed by a rosette. These features, especially the en face rendering, prevails in the art of Tell Halaf (fig. 8) while the conception of the figure is totally different. Summarizing, it seems to be quite obvious that below the level of Assyrian political hegemony there must have been some interaction of the Assyrian provincial centre of Šadikanni with the Aramaean centre of Guzana. This interaction resulted in a transfer of ideas which found its way rather cautiously into artistic expressions. As a consequence a new style was generated for which the term “provincial Assyrian art” is rather inappropriate because it is a derivation of the centre/periphery thinking; it should rather be accepted that the hybrid style of the Šadikanni sculptures represents an innovation! The evidence of the 9th century at Tell Sheikh Hamad / Dûr Katlimmu is as yet limited because levels of this period on the citadel have not been excavated45. Figure 7: Stele of Tell Ajaja. © Tell Sheikh Hamad Archive, Berlin. Figure 8: Orthostate Ba,5 from Tell Halaf. From MOORTGAT 1955, Taf. 107b. 43. MEUSZYNSKI 1981: Taf. 3:2; PALEY 1992: Taf. 4:1; I don’t know of any unwinged genii with the mentioned attributes in Assyrian art of the 9th century. 44. Like the apkallu on stele no 1 (note 40) is never pictured on a stele in Assyrian art, because the medium of the stele was reserved for renderings of the king. 45. KÜHNE 2008a: http://www.schechhamad.de/ausgrabung/topographie.php. H. KÜHNE 52 Syria 86 (2009) However, since during the season of 2003 a stratified inscribed seal impression of the seal of Išmeilu, eunuch of Nergal-ereš, has been discovered, it has become established that the Lower Town II was already founded during the 9th century46. Evidence of this early date is also a cuneiform tablet which holds an eponym of the year 82847; this document bears an Aramaic epigraph and confirms thus that Aramaeans were living and acting in responsible positions in Dûr Katlimmu. The symbiosis of writing systems is thus confirmed at this early date in a major provincial centre. It may be noted that quite a number of the early epigraphs are inked. From then on, this symbiosis materializes in numerous epigraps on cuneiform tablets48 and in about 160 Aramaic dockets49 and can be traced continuously at Dûr Katlimmu down to the end of the Assyrian empire and beyond50. For the 9th century a fragment of an orthostate51 (fig. 9), found on the surface of the southern slope of the citadel, documents the presence of imperial art in a rather unexpected fashion. It depicts a eunuch standing behind the king, carrying his weapons (fig. 10), as may be deducted from the famous scene in hall G of the north-west Palace of Nimrud52. The style of this fragment is genuine imperial, unbiased by any local emulation processes. Contrasting this fragment is another one (fig. 11) which was found in hall B of the hilani wing of the palatial building in the northeast corner of Lower Town II (fig. 12). It depicts the smiting weather god who holds an axe in his upright right hand, a feature which — with one exception from Niniveh — never occurs in Assyrian art. Above the polos head gear the icon of Šamaš is positioned surrounded by other icons of the gods Enlil, Sin, Sibittu, Ištar and Hadad (?). While composition and style are Assyrianising the motive of the weather god clearly is of western origin. A second major feature is the architecture of the palatial building in the north-east corner; it consists of three wings, of which the Assyrian type administrative wing with reception hall and adjoining staircase is neighboured by a representational wing, styled in a Bît hilani. The architectural idea is comparable to Arslan Tash53. Figure 9: Two fragments of an orthostate from Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dûr Katlimmu © Tell Sheikh Hamad Archive, Berlin. Figure 10: Reconstruction of the scene according to the image of hall G of the northwest Palace of Nimrud. © Tell Sheikh Hamad Archive, Berlin. 46. KÜHNE & RADNER 2008. 47. RADNER 2002, text no. 116. 48. RÖLLIG in RADNER 2002. 49. Most of them as yet unpublished. 50. KÜHNE 2002. 51. KÜHNE 1998, p. 285, fig. 9; GERLACH 2000, p. 237-240 Taf. 1; KÜHNE 2005, p. 38 Abb. 26. 52. MEUSZYNSKI 1981, Tafel 8:1 (G 2 – G 3). 53. KÜHNE 1993/1994, p. 267 ff. Abb. 90. 96. Syria 86 (2009) INTERACTION OF ARAMAEANS AND ASSYRIANS ON THE LOWER KHABUR Figure 11: Fragment of an orthostate from hall B of the Hilani in the northeast corner of the Lower City II of Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dûr Katlimmu © Tell Sheikh Hamad Archive, Berlin. Figure 12: Tell Sheikh Hamad/Dûr Katlimmu, plan of the operations 3 and 4 (northeast corner of the Lower City II of Tell Sheikh Hamad) © Tell Sheikh Hamad Archive, Berlin. 53 54 H. KÜHNE Syria 86 (2009) III. CONCLUSIONS It has been demonstrated that the earliest monuments (stele of Tell Ashara, reliefs from Tell Halaf) represent an independent albeit not unbiased expression of art which has been designated Aramean. If accepted it has to be concluded that independent cultural entities existed in northern Mesopotamia during the Early Iron Age, each based on its own long tradition. In our case, these would be Luwian (Late Hittite), Aramaean, and Assyrian (from west to east). During the migration period and in spite of the endless series of fightings, “interaction spheres”54 grew up in which material goods and ideas were exchanged. This may have happened during the 11th and 10th century and took on traits of emulation and adaptation as visible on the stele of Tell Ashara. The 9th century which may be called the period of consolidation of power on the Aramaean side and the beginning expansion of power on the Assyrian side saw the first Aramaeans in high positions like the scribe of Dûr Katlimmu. The former experience stimulated innovative symbiotic renderings or hybrids like the sculpture from Tell Ajaja creating a genuine style and a new tradition which brought about eventually material “cohabitation”. In material culture this is expressed in architecture, writing systems, visual arts as well as every day utensils like pottery down to the final days of the Assyrian Empire. This approach leaves no room for the application of the centre/periphery theory and / or a “provincial Assyrian style or art” but rather opens our minds to search for the localisation of these interaction spheres and for the specific conditions that favoured these genuine hybrid styles. 54. STEIN forthcoming; I am applying his terminology which was developed for the prehistoric period of Ubaid because I think that it fits historical socio-cultural situations as well. INTERACTION ENTRE ASSYRIENS ET ARAMAÉENS BIBLIOGRAPHIE GÉNÉRALE ABRÉVIATIONS AAAS ANES AOAT AVO BAH BAR IS BASOR BBVO CAD CRAI Crémation EVO JESHO JNES JSOTSS MARI MDOG MVS OIC OLA RAVA RIMA 2 RIMA 3 TAVO Tell Shiukh WDOG Annales Archéologiques Arabes Syriennes, Damas. Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Alter Orient und Altes Testament. Altertumskunde des Vorderen Orients. Bibliothèque Archéologique et Historique. British Archaeological Report, International Series. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Ithaca (NY). Berliner Beiträge zum vorderen Orient. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Chicago. Comptes-Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Entre mondes orientaux et classiques : la place de la crémation. Actes du colloque international de Nanterre, 26-28 février 2004. L. BACHELOT & A. TENU éd., Ktema, 30, 2006, p. 11-204. Egitto e Vicino Oriente, Pisa. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Chicago. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series. MARI. Annales de recherches interdisciplinaires, Paris. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft, Berlin. Münchener vorderasiatische Studien. Oriental Institute Communications. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Berlin. GRAYSON 1991. GRAYSON 1996. Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients. Tell Shiukh Fawqani 1994-1998, L. BACHELOT & F. M. FALES éd., History of the Ancient Near East Monographs 6, Padova. Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft. BIBLIOGRAPHIE ABOU ASSAF (A.), P. BORDREUIL & A. R. MILLARD 1982 La statue de Tell Fekherye et son inscription bilingue assyro-araméenne, Paris. ABRAHAMI (Ph.) 2005 “Pratiques et rites funéraires en Mésopotamie d’après les sources textuelles”, Crémation, p. 87-98. AKKERMANS (P. M. M. G.) & I. ROSSMEISL 1990 “Excavations at Tell Sabi Abyad, Northern Syria: a regional center on the Assyrian Frontier”, Akkadica, 66, p. 13-60. AKKERMANS (P. P. M. G.) & G. M. SCHWARTZ 2003 The Archaeology of Syria. From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (ca. 16,000-300 BC), Cambridge-New York. AKKERMANS (P. M. M. G.) & F. WIGGERMANN 1999 “Sentinelle de l’empire assyrien, la forteresse de Tell Sabi Abyad”, Archéologia, 358, p. 56-65. ALBENDA (P.) 1986 The Palace of Sargon, King of Assyria. Le palais de Sargon d’Assyrie, Paris. AMADASI GUZZO (M. G.) 1998 “Gli Aramei in Alta Siria”, in P. E. PECORELLA éd., Tell Barri/Kahat 2. Relazione sulle campagne 1980–1993 a Tell Barri/Kahat, nel bacino del Khabur (Siria), Documenta Asiana, V, Roma–Firenze, p. 303-316. 2005 “Area A1 : il frammento di stele in basalto con iscrizione”, in S. MAZZONI, Tell Afis. Siria. 2002-2004, EVO, 28, p. 21-23. 160 BIBLIOGRAPHIE AMIRAN (R.) 1962 “The ‘Arm-Shaped’ Vessel and its Family”, JNES, 21, p. 161-174. 1970 Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land. From its Beginning in the Neolithic Period to the End of the Iron Age, New Brunswick. 1972 “A Lion Bowl Made of Pottery”, Museum Haaretz Bulletin, 14, p. 67-77. ANDRAE (W.) 1943 Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli V. Die Kleinfunde von Sendschirli, Berlin. ANONYMUS 2007 “Bibliographie récente sur Terqa (archéologie) : titres parus à partir de 1997”, Akh Purattim Les Rives de l’Euphrate, 1, Paris, p. 331-332. ARCHI (A.), P. PIACENTINI & F. POMPONIO 1993 I nomi di luogo dei testi di Ebla, Archivi reali di Ebla. Studi 2, Roma. BACHELOT (L.), C. BODET, N. GAILHARD, Ph. QUENET & A. TENU 2001 “Tell Shioukh Faouqâni : campagne 2000”, Orient-Express, 2001/1, p. 9-15. BACHELOT (L.), I. LE GOFF & A. TENU 2002 “La nécropole de l’âge du Fer de Tell Shioukh Faouqâni (Syrie)”, Orient-Express, 2002/2, p. 17-21. 2003 “La nécropole de l’âge du Fer de Tell Shioukh Faouqâni (Syrie)-campagne 2002”, OrientExpress, 2003/4, p. 97-103. 2005 “La nécropole de Tell Shiukh Fawqâni”, Crémation, p. 11-14. BAHLOUL (K. AL-), A. BARRO & L. D’ALFONSO 2005 “Area H. The Iron Age cremation cemetery”, in Tell Shiukh, p. 997-1048. BARNETT (R. D.) 1975 Assyrische Skulpturen in British Museum, Recklinghausen. 1982 Ancient Ivories in the Middle East, Jerusalem. BARNETT (R. D.), E. BLEIBTREU & G. TURNER 1998 Sculptures from the Southwest Palace of Sennacherib at Nineveh, London. BARRELET (M.-Th.) 1977 “Un inventaire de Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta : Textiles décorés assyriens et autres”, Revue Assyriologique, 71, p. 51-92. BARTL (K.) 1989 “Zur Datierung der altmonochRoman Ware von Tell Halaf”, in O. M. C. HAEX, H. H. CURVERS & P. M. M. G. AKKERMANS éd., To the Euphrates and Beyond: Archaeological Studies in Honour of Maurits N. van Loon, Rotterdam, p. 257-273. 2001 “Eastern Anatolia in the Early Iron Age”, in R. EICHMANN & H. PARZINGER éd., Migration und Kulturtransfer: Der Wandel vorder- und zentralasiatischer Külturen im Umbruch vom 2. zum 1. vorchristlichen Jahrtausend, Römisch- Syria 86 (2009) Germanisch Kommission, Eurasien-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Kolloquium zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte, Bd 6, Bonn, p. 383-410. BAŞTUĞ (S.) 1998 “The Segmentary Lineage System: A Reappraisal”, in J. GINAT & A. M. KHAZANOV éd., Changing Nomads in a Changing World, Brighton (England)-Portland (OR), p. 94-123. BERNBECK (R.) 1993 Steppe als Kulturlandschaft, (Mit Beiträgen von Peter Pfälzner), BBVO-Ausgrabungen Bd 1, Berlin. BERTHIER (S.) (éd.) 2001 Peuplement rural et aménagements hydroagricoles dans la moyenne vallée de l’Euphrate, fin VIIe-XIXe siècles, Damas. BESANA (R.), M. DA ROS & M. IAMONI 2008 “Excavations on the Acropolis of Mishrifeh, Operation J. A New Early Bronze Age III – Iron Age III Sequence for Central Inner Syria. Part 2: The Pottery”, Akkadica, 129/1, p. 79-130. BIENKOWSKI (P.) 1982 “Some Remarks on the Practice of Cremation in the Levant”, Levant, 14, p. 80-89. BITTEL (K.) 1958 Die hethitischen Grabfunde von Osmankayası, WDOG 71, Berlin. BLANTON (R. E.), G. M. FEINMAN, S. A. KOWALEWSKI & P. N. PEREGRINE 1996 “A Dual-Processual Theory for the Evolution of Mesoamerican Civilization”, Current Anthropology, 37, p. 1-14. BLAYLOCK (S. R.) 1999 “Iron Age Pottery from Tille Höyük, South Eastern Turkey”, in A. HAUSLEITER & A. REICHE éd., Iron Age Pottery in Northern Mesopotamia, Northern Syria and South-Eastern Anatolia. Papers presented at the meetings of the international table ronde at Heidelberg (1995) and Nieborów (1997) and other contributions, AVO, Bd 10, Münster, p. 263-286. BOEHMER (R. M.) & H.-W. DÄMMER 1985 Tell Imlihiye, Tell Zubeidi, Tell Abbas, Baghdader Forschungen, Mainz am Rhein. BOMBARDIERI (L.) 2008 “Zoomorphic Stone Vessels from Tell Barri and Northern Mesopotamia during the Late- and PostAssyrian Period”, in H. KÜHNE, R. M. CZICHON & F. J. KREPPNER éd., Proceedings of the 4th ICAANE, (29 March – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin), Wiesbaden, p. 277-292. BONATZ (D.) 2000 “Syro-hittite Funerary monuments. A Phenomenon of Tradition or Innovation”, in G. BUNNENS 2000b, p. 189-210. Syria 86 (2009) BIBLIOGRAPHIE BONATZ (D.), H. KÜHNE & A. MAHMOUD 1998 Rivers and Steppes. Cultural Heritage and Environment of the Syrian Jezireh. Catalogue to the Museum of Deir ez-Zor, Damascus, Ministry of Culture. BONECHI (M.) 1997 “Lexique et idéologie royale à l’époque protosyrienne”, MARI, 8, p. 477-522. BORDREUIL (P.) & D. PARDEE 1993 “Le combat de Ba’lu avec Yammu”, MARI, 7, p. 63-70. BOTTÉRO (J.) 1971 “Ḫabiru”, RAVA, 4/1, p. 14-27. BOTTÉRO (J.) & S. N. KRAMER 1989 Lorsque les dieux faisaient l’homme. Mythologie mésopotamienne, Paris. BRINKMAN (J. A.) 1968 A political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia 1158-722 B. C., Analecta Orientalia 43, Roma. BRIQUEL-CHATONNET (Fr.) 2004 Les Araméens et les premiers Arabes. Des royaumes araméens du IXe siècle à la chute du royaume nabatéen, Aix-en-Provence. BUCCELLATI (G.) 1983 “Terqa: The First Eight Seasons”, AAAS, 33, p. 47-67. 1988 “The Kingdom and the Period of Khana”, BASOR, 270, p. 43-61. BUCCELLATI G. & M. KELLY-BUCCELLATI 1977 “The Terqa Archaeological Project: First Preliminary Report”, AAAS, 27-28, p. 71-96. BUNNENS (G.) 1995 “Hittites and Aramaeans at Til Barsip: A Reappraisal”, in K. VAN LERBERGHE & A. SCHOORS éd., Immigration and Emigration within the Ancient Near East. Festschrift E. Lipiński, OLA 65, Leuven, p. 19-27. 1996 “Syro-Anatolian Influence on Neo-Assyrian Town Planning”, in G. BUNNENS éd., Cultural Interaction in the Ancient Near East, Abr-Nahrain Supplement Series 5, Leuven, p. 113-128. 1997 “Til Barsib under Assyrian domination: A brief account of the Melbourne University excavations at Tell Ahmar”, in S. PARPOLA & R. M. WHITING, Assyria 1995, Helsinki, p. 17-28. 1999 “Aramaeans, Hittites and Assyrians in the Upper Euphrates Valley”, in G. DEL OLMO LETE & J.-L. MONTERO FENOLLÓS éd., Archaeology of the Upper Syrian Euphrates: The Tishrin Dam Area. Proceedings of the International Symposium (Barcelona, January 28th– 30th 1998), Aula Orientalis-Supplementa 15, Sabadell (Barcelona), p. 605-624. 2000a “Syria in the Iron Age. Problems of definition”, in G. BUNNENS 2000b, p. 3-19. 2000b 161 Essays on Syria in the Iron Age, ANES Supplement 7, Leuven-Paris. 2006 A New Luwian Stele and the Cult of the StormGod at Til-Barsib-Masuwari, Tell Ahmar 2, Leuven-Paris-Dudley (MA). in press “Looking for Luwians, Aramaeans and Assyrians in the Tell Ahmar stratigraphy” in S. MAZZONI éd., Percorsi di Archeologia Siriana celebrando 20 anni di archeologia a Tell Afis (27-28 novembre 2006). CALMEYER (P.) 1973 Reliefbronzen in babylonischen Stil, München. CANCI (A.) 2002 “The Human Remains”, in M. AL-MAQDISSI, M. LUCIANI, D. MORANDI BONACOSSI, M. NOVÁK & P. PFÄLZNER éd., Excavating Qatna, I. Preliminary Report on the 1999 and 2000 Campaigns of the Joint Syrian-Italian-German Archaeological Research Project at Tell Mishrifeh, Damascus, p. 169-172. 2003 “The Palaeopathological Study of the Human Remains: Preliminary Results”, Akkadica, 124, p. 201-204. CANCI (A.) & D. MORANDI BONACOSSI 2006 “Skeletal Markers of Task Activities in Iron Age Human Remains from Mishrifeh (Central Syria)”, in L. BATTINI & P. VILLARD éd., Médecine et médecins au Proche-Orient ancien, BAR IS 1528, Oxford, p. 53-63. CANCIK-KIRSCHBAUM (E.) 1996 Die mittelassyrischen Briefe aus Tall Šeḫ Ḥamad, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šeḫ Ḥamad/ Dūr-Katlimmu, Bd 4, Texte 1, Berlin. CAPET (E.) 2005 “Les installations de la fin du Bronze récent et du début de l’âge du Fer”, in Tell Shiukh, p. 379-409. CASSIN (E.) 1968 La splendeur divine. Introduction à l’étude de la mentalité mésopotamienne, Paris-La Haye. CAVIGNEAUX (A.) & B. KHALIL ISMAIL 1990 “Die Statthalter von Suhu und Mari im 8. jh.v. chr”, Baghdader Mitteilungen, 21, p. 321-456. CECCHINI (S. M.) 1998 “Area G. The Iron I-III Levels. Architecture, Pottery and Finds”, in S. M. CECCHINI & S. MAZZONI éd., Tell Afis (Siria). Scavi sull’Acropoli 1988-1992. The 1988-1992 Excavations on the Acropolis, Pisa, p. 273-365. 2000a “Un bâtiment mystérieux sur l’acropole de Tell Afis”, in P. MATTHIAE éd., Proceedings of the First ICAANE. Roma, May 18th–23rd 1998, Roma, p. 199-212. 162 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 2000b “Area G : cronologia e presentazione”, in S. MAZZONI éd., Tell Afis. Siria – 1999, EVO, 22, p. 19-22. CHARPIN (D.) & J.-M. DURAND 1986 “ ‘Fils de Sim’al’ : les origines tribales des rois de Mari”, Revue d’Assyriologie, 80, p. 141-183. CHRISTMANN-FRANCK (L.) 1971 “Le rituel des funérailles Hittites”, Revue hittite et asianique, 29, p. 61-111. CLANCIER (Ph.) 2006 “Le moyen Euphrate de l’implantation des Araméens à la période romaine”, in Ch. KEPINSKI, O. LECOMTE & A. TENU, éd., Studia Euphratica. Le moyen Euphrate iraquien révélé par les fouilles préventives de Haditha, Travaux de la Maison René-Ginouvès 3, Paris, p. 247-289. CLERMONT-GANNEAU (Ch.) 1898 “Tête de statue archaïque de Mouchrifè”, Recueil d’Archéologie Orientale, II, p. 26-27. COLLON (D.) 2001 Catalogue of Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum. Cylinder Seals V. Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian Periods, London. COOPER (L.) 2006a “The Demise and Regeneration of Bronze Age Urban Centers in the Euphrates Valley of Syria”, in G. M. SCHWARTZ and J. J. NICHOLS éd., After Collapse: the Regeneration of Complex Societies, Tucson, p. 18-37. 2006b Early Urbanism on the Syrian Euphrates, New York. COOPER (E.) & M. FORTIN 2004 “Tell ‘Acharneh in the Middle Orontes Valley and the Assyrian Presence in Syria”, in G. FRAME éd., From the Upper Sea to the Lower Sea. Studies on the History of Assyria and Babylonia in Honour of A. Kirk Grayson, Leiden, p. 17-56. COURBIN (P.) 1993 Fouilles de Bassit. Tombes du Fer, Paris. CULICAN (W.) 1980 “Phoenician Incense Stands”, in R. Y. EBIED & M. J. L. YOUNG éd., Oriental Studies presented to Benedikt S. J. Isserlin by Friends and Colleagues on the Occasion of His Sixthieth Birthday 25 February 1976, Leiden, p. 85-101. CURTIS (J. E.) 1989 Excavations at Qasrij Cliff and Khirbet Qasrij, London. CURTIS (J. E.) & A. K. GRAYSON 1982 “Some Inscribed Objects from Sherif Khan in the British Museum”, Iraq, 44, p. 87-94. Syria 86 (2009) D’AGOSTINO (A.) 2005 “Un gruppo di ciotole dal grande edificio medioassiro di Tell Barri: indizi di una differenziazione produttiva? ”, Orient-Express, 2005/1, p. 14-20. 2006 “La ceramica dal pozzo medioassiro di Tell Barri (Siria): comunicazione preliminare dei dati”, Orient-Express, 2006/1, p. 15-26. 2008a “Pottery Production and Social Transformation in an ‘Assyrian’ Settlement from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age: the Tell Barri case”, in H. KÜHNE, R. M. CZICHON and F. J. KREPPNER éd., Proceedings of the 4th ICAANE, (29 March–3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin), Wiesbaden, p. 47-63. 2008b “Le tombe medioassire dell’Area G: alcune riflessioni”, in PECORELLA & PIEROBON BENOIT 2008, p. 127-141. DALLEY (S.) 2000 “Shamshi-ilu, language and power in the western Assyrian empire” in BUNNENS 2000b, p. 79-88. D’AMORE (P.) 2005 “Area A1: il settore centrale”, in S. MAZZONI éd., Tell Afis. Siria – 2002-2004, EVO, 28, p. 17-21. DEGLI ESPOSTI (M.) 1998 “Area E2. I livelli del Ferro I-II. Architettura e materiali”, in S. M. CECCHINI & S. MAZZONI éd., Tell Afis (Siria). Scavi sull’Acropoli 1988-1992. The 1988-1992 Excavations on the Acropolis, Pise, p. 231-269. DHORME (Ed.) 1949 “Les religions de Babylonie et d’Assyrie”, Les anciennes religions orientales II, Mana. Introduction à l’histoire des religions 1, Paris, p. 3-330. DION (P.-E.) 1995 “Aramaean Tribes and Nations of FirstMillennium Western Asia”, in J. M. SASSON éd., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York, p. 1281-1294. 1997 Les Araméens à l'âge du Fer : Histoire politique et structures sociales, Études bibliques, n.s. 34, Paris. 2006 “Tell ‘Acharneh in the Kingdom of Hamath”, in M. FORTIN éd., Tell ‘Acharneh 1998-2004. Rapports préliminaires sur les campagnes de fouilles et saison d’études, Turnhout, p. 43-48. DU MESNIL DU BUISSON (R.) 1927 “L’ancienne Qatna ou les ruines d’el-Mishrifé au N.-E. de Homs (Émèse). Deuxième campagne de fouilles 1927”, Syria, 8, p. 227-301. 1935 Le site archéologique de Mishrifé-Qatna, Paris. Syria 86 (2009) BIBLIOGRAPHIE DUPONT-SOMMER (A.) 1949 Les Araméens, Paris. DURAND (J.-M.) 1985 “La situation historique des Šakkanakku : nouvelle approche”, MARI, 4, p. 147-172. 1991 “Précurseurs syriens aux protocoles néoassyriens - Considérations sur la vie politique aux Bords-de-l’Euphrate”, in D. CHARPIN & Fr. JOANNÈS éd., Marchands, Diplomates et Empereurs. Études sur la civilisation mésopotamienne offertes à Paul Garelli, Paris, p. 13-71. 1993 “Le mythologème du combat entre le dieu de l'orage et la Mer en Mésopotamie”, MARI, 7, p. 41-61. 1997 “Itûr-Mêr, dieu des serments”, in S. LAFONT éd., Jurer et maudire : pratiques politiques et usages juridiques du serment dans le Proche Orient Ancien. Actes de la table ronde organisée par F. Joannès et S. Lafont, 5 octobre 1996 à l’Université Paris X - Nanterre, Méditerranées 10-11, Paris, p. 57-69. 2006 “Assyriologie”, Annuaire scientifique du Collège de France, Résumé des cours et travaux 2004-2005, Paris, p. 563-584. DURI (R. al-) 2002 “Aus den irakischen Grabungen in Assur 2001: Spätneuassyrische Wohnbebauung, parthische Grabbauten und der Ostpalast”, MDOG, 134, p. 87-102. DUSSAUD (R.) 1922 “La stèle araméenne de Zakir au Musée du Louvre”, Syria, 3, p. 175-176. EDZARD (D. O.) 1984 Hymnen, Beschwörungen und Verwandtes aus dem Archiv L.2769, Archivi Reali di Ebla, Testi 5, Roma. EICHLER (S.), V. HAAS, D. STEUDLER, M. WÄFLER & D. WARBURTON 1985 Tall al-Hamidiya 1. Vorbericht 1984, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 4, Freiburg-Göttingen. EICHLER (S.), M. WÄFLER & D. WARBURTON 1990 Tall al-Hamidiya 2. Vorbericht 1985-87, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, Series Archaeologica 6, Freiburg-Göttingen. EIDEM (J.) & R. ACKERMANN 1999 “The Iron Age Ceramics from Tell Jurn Kabir”, in A. HAUSLEITER & A. REICHE éd., Iron Age Pottery in Northern Mesopotamia, Northern Syria and South-Eastern Anatolia. Papers presented at the meetings of the international table ronde at Heidelberg (1995) and Nieborów (1997) and other contributions, AVO, Bd 10, Münster, p. 309-324. 163 ENGEL (N.) 2008 Bronzes du Luristan, énigmes de l’Iran ancien (IIIe-Ier millénaire av. J.-C.), Paris. FALES (F. M.) 1999 “The tablets from Tell Shioukh Fawqani/ Burmarina in the context of Assyro-Aramaic studies”, in G. DEL OLMO LETE & L. MONTERO FENOLLOS éd., Archaeology of the Upper Syrian Euphrates: The Tishrin Dam Area, Sabadell (Barcelona), p. 625-636. 2002 “Central Syria in the Letters to Sargon II”, in U. HÜBNER & E. A. KNAUF éd., Kein Land für sich allein. Studien zum Kulturkontakt in Kanaan, Israel/Palästina und Ebirnâri für Manfred Weippert zum 65. Geburtstag, Göttingen, p. 134-152. 2005a “Le cadre historique, a. Les périodes préclassiques”, in Tell Shiukh, p. XXIXXXVIII. 2005b “Assyrian-Aramaic cultural interrelation: older and newer results”, in Tell Shiukh, p. 595-615. FALES (F.M.) & J. N. POSTGATE 1992 Imperial Administrative Records, Part I. Palace and Temple Administration, State Archives of Assyria VII, Helsinki. 1995 Imperial Administrative Records, Part II. Provincial and Military Administration, State Archives of Assyria XI, Helsinki. FALES (F. M.), K. RADNER, C. PAPPI & E. ATTARDO 2005 “Area F: Texts. The Assyrian and Aramaic Texts from Tell Shiukh Fawqani”, in Tell Shiukh, p. 595-694. FINKELSTEIN (J. J.) 1953 “Cuneiform Texts from Tell Billa”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 7, p. 111-176. FIORINA (P.), L. BOMBARDIERI, L CHIOCCHETTI & C. FORASASSI 2005 “Kalhu-Kahat. Elementi di continuità attraverso il periodo neoassiro finale e l’età neobabilonese caldea in Mesopotamia settentrionale”, Mesopotamia, 40, p. 81-102. FLEMING (D.) 2004 Democracy’s Ancient Ancestors: Mari and Early Collective Governance, Cambridge. FORTIN (M.) 1999 Syrien, Wiege der Kultur. Ausstellungskatalog, Québec. 2007 “Reprise de la prospection de la moyenne vallée de l’Oronte (Syrie) par une mission syro-canadienne : 2004-2006”, Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, 2, p. 19-41. FOSTER (B. R.) 2005 Before the Muses. An Anthology of Akkadian Literature, Bethesda (MD). 164 BIBLIOGRAPHIE FRAME (G.) 1995 Rulers of Babylonia. From the Second Dynasty of Isin to the End of the Assyrian Domination, The Royal Inscription of Mesopotamia, Babylonia Periods, vol. 2, Toronto-BuffaloLondon. 2006 “The Tell Acharneh Stela of Sargon II of Assyria”, in M. FORTIN éd., Tell ‘Acharneh 1998-2004. Rapports préliminaires sur les campagnes de fouilles et saison d’études. Preliminary Reports on Excavation Campaigns and Study Season, Subartu XVIII, Turnhout, p. 49-68. FRANKFORT (H.) 1970 The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, The Pelican History of Art, Harmondsworth. FRITZ (V.) 1987 “The Lion Bowl from Kinneret”, The Biblical Archaeologist, 50/4, p. 232-240. FRONZAROLI (P.) 1988 “Tre scongiuri eblaiti (ARET V, 1-3)”, Vicino Oriente, 7, p. 11-23. 1993 “Les combats de Hadda dans les textes d’Ebla”, MARI, 7, p. 283-290. 2003a Testi di cancelleria : i rapporti con le città (Archivio L. 2769), Archivi Reali di Ebla. Testi 13, Roma. 2003b “The Hail Incantation (ARET V, 4)”, in G. J. SELZ éd., Festschrift für Burkhart Kienast zu seinem 70. Geburtstage dargebracht von Freundes, Schülern und Kollegen, AOAT 274, Münster, Ugarit Verlag, p. 89-107. FUGMANN (E.) 1958 Hama. Fouilles et recherches 1931-1938. L’architecture des périodes pré-hellénistiques, Copenhagen. GAÁL (E.) 1976 “The King Parrattarna died and was cremated?”, in H. KOMORÓCZY éd., Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im alten Vorderasien, Budapest, p. 281-286. GALLING (K.) 1922 Der Altar in den Kulturen des alten Orients. Eine archäologische Studie, Berlin. GALTER (H. D.) 2003 “Militärgrenze und Euphrathandel: Der sozioökonomische Hintergrund der Trilinguen von Arslan Tash”, in Melammu Symposia, V = Oriens et Occidens 6, Stuttgart, p. 444-460. 2004 “Der Himmel über Hadattu. Das religiöse Umfeld der Inschriften von Arslan Tash”, in M. HUTTER & S. HUTTER-BRAUNSAR éd., Offizielle Religion, lokale Kulte und individuelle Religiosität, AOAT 318, Münster, p. 173-188. Syria 86 (2009) GARELLI (P.) 1982 Importance et rôle des Araméens dans l’administration de l’empire assyrien”, in H. J. NISSEN & J. RENGER éd., Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn, Berlin, p. 437-447. GERLACH (I.) 2000 Tradition – Adaption – Innovation. Zur Reliefkunst Nordsyriens / Südostanatoliens in neuassyrischer Zeit, in G. BUNNENS 2000b, p. 189-210. GEYER (B.) & J.-Y. MONCHAMBERT (éd.) 2003 La basse vallée de l’Euphrate syrien du Néolithique à l’avènement de l’islam : géographie, archéologie et histoire, BAH 166, Beyrouth. GHIRSHMAN (R.) 1968 Tchoga Zanbil (Dur-Untash), temenos, temples, palais, tombes, Mémoires de la délégation archéologique en Iran, mission de Susiane XXXIX/I, Paris. GLASSNER (J.-J.) 1993 Chroniques mésopotamiennes, Paris. GRAYSON (A. K.) 1972 Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, Wiesbaden. 1991 Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC (1114-859 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Assyrian Periods, vol. 2, Toronto-Buffalo-London. 1996 Assyrian Rulers of the Early First Millennium BC, II (858-745 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, vol. 3, Toronto-Buffalo-London. 2001 “Assyria and the Orontes Valley”, Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, 36, p. 135-144. GRÉVIN (G.) 2005 “La crémation sur bûcher dans l’Antiquité à la lumière de l’ethnoarchéologie”, Crémation, p. 15-20. GRUTZ (R.) 2007 Late Bronze and Iron Age Chalices in Canaan and Ancient Israel, BAR IS 1671, Oxford. GUBEL (E.) 1989 “À propos du marzeaḥ d’Assurbanipal”, in M. LEBEAU & Ph. TALON éd., Reflets de deux fleuves. Volume de mélanges offerts à André Finet, Akkadika Supplementum, 6, Leuven, p. 47-54. 1992 “Thymiatère”, in E. LIPIŃSKI éd., Dictionnaire de la Civilisation Phénicienne et Punique, Turnhout, 452-453. HAAS (V.) 1995 “Death and Afterlife in Hittite Thought”, in J. M. SASSON éd., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York, p. 2021-2030. Syria 86 (2009) BIBLIOGRAPHIE HALLER (A.) 1954 Die Gräber und Grüfte von Assur, Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in Assur: A, Baudenkmäler aus assyrischer Zeit, 7, WDOG 65, Berlin. HAMILTON (R. W.) 1966 “A Silver Bowl in the Ashmolean Museum”, Iraq, 28, p. 1-17. HARRISON (T. P.) 2001 “Tell Ta‘yinat and the Kingdom of Unqi”, in P. M. M. DAVIAU, J. W. WEVERS & M. WEIGL éd., The World of the Aramaeans II. Studies in History and Archaeology in Honour of Paul-Eugène Dion, JSOTSS 325, Sheffield, p. 115-132 2007 “Neo-Hittites in the North Orontes Valley: Recent Investigations at Tell Ta’yinat”, Journal of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies, 2, p. 59-68. HAWKINS (J. D.) 1980 “The ‘Autobiography of Ariyahinas’s Son’: An edition of the hieroglyphic Luwian stelae Tell Ahmar 1 and Aleppo 2”, Anatolian Studies, 30, p. 139-156. 1982 “The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia”, The Cambridge Ancient History, III/1, 2nd éd., Cambridge, p. 372-441. 1987 “Luḫuti”, RAVA, 7, p. 159-161. 1995a “The Political Geography of North Syria and South-East Anatolia in the Neo-Assyrian Period”, in M. LIVERANI éd., Neo-Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5, Roma, p. 87-101. 1995b “Karkamish and Karatepe: Neo-Hittite City States in North Syria”, in J. M. SASSON éd., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York, p. 1295-1307. 2000 Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions. I, Inscriptions of the Iron Age, Berlin. HELTZER (M.) 1981 The Suteans, Seminario di Studi Asiatici Series Minor 13, Napoli. HERLES (M.) 2007 “Zur geographischen Einordnung der aḫlamû – eine Bestandsaufnahme”, Altorientalische Forschungen, 34, p. 319-341. HROUDA (B.) 1962 Tell Halaf IV. Die Kleinfunde aus Historischer Zeit, Berlin. HUNGER H. & R. PRUZSINSZKY (éd.) 2004 Mesopotamian Dark Age revisited: proceedings of an International Conference of SCIEM 2000 (Vienna, 8th-9th November 2002), Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern 165 Mediterranean 6, Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie, Bd 32, Wien. HUOT (J.-L.) 2004 Une archéologie des peuples du Proche-Orient. II, Des hommes des Palais aux sujets des premiers empires (IIe-Ier millénaire av. J.-C.), Paris. 2006 “Le rhyton de Haradu”, in Ch. KEPINSKI, O. LECOMTE & A. TENU 2006, p. 319-328. IKEDA (Y.) 1984 “Hittites and Aramaeans in the land of BitAdini”, in T. MIKASA éd., Monarchies and Socio-Religious Traditions in the Near East, Wiesbaden, p. 27-36. 1999 “Looking from Til Barsip on the Euphrates: Assyria and the West in Ninth and Eighth Centuries B.C.” in K. WATANABE éd., Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East. Papers of the Second Colloquium on the Ancient Near East The City and its Life held at the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan (Mitaka, Tokyo) March 22-24, 1996, Heidelberg, p. 271-302. JAKOB (S.) 2003 Mittelassyrische Verwaltung und Sozialstruktur: Untersuchungen, Cuneiform Monographs 29, Leiden. JEAN-MARIE (M.) 1999 Tombes et Nécropoles de Mari, Mission Archéologique de Mari V, BAH 153, Beyrouth. JOANNÈS (Fr.) 1997 “Palmyre et les routes du désert au début du deuxième millénaire av. J.-C. ”, MARI, 8, p. 393-415. 2005 “La conception assyro-babylonienne de l’audelà”, Crémation, p. 75-86. 2006 Haradum II. Les textes de la période paléobabylonienne tardive (Samsu-iluna – Ammisaduqa), Paris. KAHN (D.) 2007 “The Kingdom of Arpad (Bīt Agūsi) and ‘All Aram’: International Relations in Northern Syria in the Ninth and Eighth Centuries BCE”, ANES, 44, p. 66-89. KANTOR (H. J.) 1957 “The pottery”, in C. M. MCEWAN et al., Soundings at Tell Fakhariyah, Oriental Institute Publication 79, Chicago, p. 21-41. KARAGEORGHIS (V.) 1965 “Sur quelques ornements de chevelure”, Syria, 42, p. 141-154. 1996 The Coroplastic Art of Ancient Cyprus VI. The Cypro-Archaic Period. Monsters, Animals and Miscellanea, Nicosia. 166 BIBLIOGRAPHIE KARG (N.) 2001 “First Soundings at Grê Dimsê 1999”, in N. TUNA, J. ÖZTÜRK & J. VELIBEYOĞLU éd., Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilisu and Carcemish Dam Reservoirs. Activities in 1999, Ankara, p. 671-714. 2002 “Soundings at Gre Dimse”, in N. TUNA & J. VELIBEYOĞLU éd., Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilisu and Carcemish Dam Reservoirs. Activities in 2000, Ankara, p. 723-737. KELLY-BUCCELLATI (M.) & W. SHELBY 2007 “Middle Euphrates Ceramics in the Third and Second Millennia: A View from Terqa”, in M. AL-MAQDISSI, V. MATOÏAN & Ch. NICOLLE, Céramique de l'âge du Bronze en Syrie, II, BAH 180, Beyrouth, p. 119-151. KEPINSKI (-LECOMTE) (Ch.) 1992 Haradum I. Une ville nouvelle sur le moyen Euphrate (XVIIIe- XVIIe siècles av. J.-C.), Paris. 2006 “Haradu, A General Outline of the Middle and Neo-Assyrian Fortress, with a brief history of the French excavations at Khirbet ed-Diniyeh”, in Ch. KEPINSKI, O. LECOMTE & A. TENU 2006, p. 329-338. in press Haradum III. Haradu forteresse du moyen Euphrate iraquien (XIe-VIIIe s. av. J.-C.). KEPINSKI (Ch.), O. LECOMTE & A. TENU (dir.) 2006 Studia Euphratica. Le moyen Euphrate iraquien révélé par les fouilles préventives de Haditha, Travaux de la Maison René-Ginouvès 3, Paris. KESSLER (K.) 1980 Untersuchungen zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens nach keilschritlichen Quellen des 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr., TAVO B 26, Weisbaden. KHOURY (P.) & J. KOSTINER 1990 “Introduction: Tribes and the Complexities of State Formation in the Middle East”, in P. KHOURY & J. KOSTINER éd., Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, Berkeley, p. 1-22. KIRLEIS (W.) & M. HERLES 2007 “Climatic change as a reason for AssyroAramaean conflicts? Pollen evidence for drought at the end of the 2nd Millennium BC”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 16, p. 7-37. KLENGEL (H.) 2000 “The ‘Crisis Years’ and the New Political System in Early Iron Age Syria: Some Introductory Remarks”, in G. BUNNENS 2000b, p. 21-30. KOLDEWEY (R.) 1898 “Die Architektur von Sendschirli”, in F. VON LUSCHAN éd., Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli II. Ausgrabung und Architektur, Berlin, p. 103-200. Syria 86 (2009) KÖROĞLU (K.) 1998 Üçtepe I: Yeni Kazı ve Yüzey Bulguları Işığında Diyarbakır / Üçtepe ve Çevresinin Yeni Assur Dönemi Tarihi Coğrafyası. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayinlari 45, Ankara. 2003 “The Transition From the Bronze Age to Iron Age in Eastern Anatolia”, in B. FISCHER, H. GENZ, É. JEAN & K. KÖROĞLU éd., Identifying Changes: The Transition From Bronze to Iron Age in Anatolia and its Neighbouring Regions. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Istanbul, Nov. 8–9, 2002, Istanbul, p. 231-244. KOUROU (N.) 1994 “Sceptres and Maces in Cyprus before, during and immediately after the 11th century”, in V. KARAGEORGHIS éd., Proceedings of the International Symposium Cyprus in the 11th Century, Nicosia, p. 203-227. KOZLOFF (A. P.) 1973 “A Toast for the Gods”, Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art, 60/2, p. 44-51. KÜHNE (H.) 1980 “Zur Rekonstruktion der Feldzüge Adad-Nīrāri II., Tukulti-Ninurta II. und Aššurnaṣirpal II. im Hābūr-Gebiet”, Baghdader Mitteilungen 11, p. 44-70. 1984 “Tall Šēh Hamad / Dur-katlimmu 1984”, Archiv für Orientforschungen, 31, p. 170-178. 1991 “Die rezente Umwelt von Tall Šēh Hamad und Daten zur Umweltrekonstruktion der assyrichen Stadt Dūr Katlimmu—Die Problemstellung”, in H. KÜHNE & C. BECKER éd., Die rezente Umwelt von Tall Šeh Hamad und Daten zur Umweltrekonstruktion der assyrischen Stadt Dur-katlimmu. Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēh Hamad / Dur-Katlimmu, Bd 1, Berlin, p. 21-33. 1993/1994 “Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad/Dūr-Katlimmu 1988-1990”, in Archäologische Forschungen in Syrien (5), Archiv für Orientforschung, 40/41, p. 267-272 1995 “The Assyrians on the Middle Euphrates and the Hābūr”, in M. LIVERANI éd., Neo-Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5, Roma, p. 69-85. 1998 “Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad – The Assyrian City of DūrKatlimmu: A Historic-Geographical Approach”, in H. I. H. Prince T. MIKASA, Essays on Ancient Anatolia in the Second Millennium B.C., Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, p. 279-307. 2002 “Thoughts about Assyria after 612 BC”, in L. Al-GAILANI WERR et al., Of pots and plans: papers on the archaeology and history of Mesopatamia and Syria presented to David Oates in honour of his 75th birthday, London, Syria 86 (2009) BIBLIOGRAPHIE p. 171-175. 2005 Magdalu/Magdala. Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad von der postassyrischen Zeit bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad / Dūr-Katlimmu 2, Berlin. 2008a Homepage Ausgrabung in Tell Schech Hamad: http://www.schechhamad.de 2008b Šēḫ Ḥamad, Tall. B. Archäologisch, Bd 11, RAVA, 11, p. 543-551. in press Assur und Dūr-Katlimmu vor und nach 612 v. Chr., in Colloquien der Deutschen OrientGesellschaft, Bd. 5. KÜHNE (H.), & K. RADNER 2008 “Das Siegel des Išme-ilū, Eunuch des Nergarereš, aus Dūr-Katlimmu”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 98, p. 26-44. KÜMMEL (H. M.) 1989 “Ein Kaufvertrag aus Hana mit mittelassyrischer lîmu-Datierung”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, 79, p. 191-200. KUPPER (J.-R.) 1957 Les nomades en Mésopotamie au temps des rois de Mari, Bibliothèque de la Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres de l’Université de Liège 142, Paris. KUZUCUOGLU (C.) & C. MARRO 2007 Sociétés humaines et changement climatique à la fin du troisième millénaire : une crise a-telle eu lieu en Haute-Mésopotamie ? Actes du Colloque de Lyon, 5-8 décembre 2005, Varia Anatolica 19, Paris. LACKENBACHER (S.) 1984 “Nouveaux documents d’Ugarit II - Une lettre de Mari ?”, MARI, 3, p. 185-190. LAMBERT (W. G.) 1985 “The Pantheon of Mari”, MARI, 4, p. 525-539. 1986 “Ninurta Mythology in the Babylonian Epic of Creation”, in K. HECKER & W. SOMMERFELD éd., Keilschriftliche Literaturen, Asgewählte Vorträge des XXXII. Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Berliner Beiträge zum Vorder Orient 6, Berlin, p. 55-60. LANDSBERGER (B.) 1948 Sam’al: Studien zur Entdeckung der Ruinenstätte Karatepe, 1. Lieferung, Veröffentlichungen der Türkischen Historischen Gesellschaft VII. Serie, Nr. 16, Ankara. LAYARD (A. H.) 1853 Nineveh and Babylon, London. LE GOFF (I.) 2005 “A propos de la nécropole à crémation de Tell Shioukh Faouqâni (Syrie) : recherche des séquences temporelles du protocole funéraire”, 167 Crémation, p. 15-27. “Lecture sociale des vestiges humains de la crémation : l’exemple de la nécropole de Tell Shiukh Fawqâni (Syrie)”, in L. BARAY, P. BRUN & A. TESTART éd., Pratiques funéraires et sociétés. Nouvelles approches en archéologie et anthropologie sociale. Actes du colloque interdisciplinaire de Sens 12-14 juin 2003, Dijon, p. 277-284. in press “La nécropole à incinération de Tell Shioukh Faouqâni : premiers éléments du protocole funéraire”, in J.-Cl. MARGUERON, P. de MIROSCHEDJI & J.-P. THALMANN éd., Proceedings of the 3rd ICAANE, Paris, 1519 avril 2002, Winonna Lake. LEHMANN (G.) 1994 “Zu den Zerstörungen in Zincirli während des frühen 7. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.”, MDOG, 126, p. 105-122. 1996 Untersuchungen zur späten Eisenzeit in Syrien und Libanon. Stratigraphie und Keramikformen zwischen ca. 720 bis 300 v. Chr., AVO 5, Münster. 1998 “Trends in the Local Pottery Development of the Late Iron Age and Persian Period in Syria and Lebanon, ca. 700 to 300 BC”, BASOR, 311, p. 7-37. LEMAIRE (A.) 1984 “La Haute Mésopotamie et l’origine des Benê Jacob”, Vetus Testamentus, 34/1, p. 95-101. LIPIŃSKI (E.) 1976 “Apladad”, Orientalia, 45, p. 53-74. 2000a The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 100, Leuven-Paris-Sterling (VA). 2000b “The linguistic geography of Syria in Iron Age II (c. 1000-600 B.C.)”, in G. BUNNENS 2000b, p. 125-142. LIVERANI (M.) 1965 “I tell pre-classici”, in A. DAVICO, Missione Archeologica Italiana in Siria. Rapporto preliminare della Campagna 1964, Roma, p. 107-133. 1987 “The Collapse of the Near Eastern regional System at the End of the Bronze Age: The Case of Syria”, in M. ROWLANDS, M. T. LARSEN & K. KRISTIANSEN éd., Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, Cambridge, p. 66-73. 1988 Antico Oriente: storia, società, economia, Roma-Bari. 1990 Prestige and Interest, History of the Ancient Near East. Studies I, Padova. 1992a Studies on the Annals of Ashurnasirpal II. 2. Topographical Analysis, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 4, Roma. 1992b “Early Caravan Trade between South-Arabia 2007 168 1997 BIBLIOGRAPHIE and Mesopotamia”, Yemen, 1, p. 111-115. “ «Half-nomads» on the Middle Euphrates and the concept of dimorphic society”, Altorientalische Forschungen, 24, p. 44-48. LLOYD (S.) 1954 “Sultantepe (Part II)”, Anatolian Studies, 4, p. 99-110. LUCIANI (M.) 2003 “The Lower City of Qatna in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages: Operation K”, in D. MORANDI BONACOSSI et al., “Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna 19992002. A Preliminary Report of the Italian Component of the Joint Syrian-Italian-German Project”, Akkadica, 124/2, p. 144-163. 2005 “Area G. The Iron Productive Area (Period IX) and the Inhumation Cemetery (Period X)”, in Tell Shiukh, p. 719-993. LUCKENBILL (D. D.) 1968 Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia, 2 vol., New York, 2nd éd. MAHMOUD (A.) 2008 “Fruchtbare Kooperation”, in D. BONATZ, R.M. CZICHON & F.J. KREPPNER éd., Fundstellen. Gesammelte Schriften zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altvorderasiens ad honorem Hartmut Kühne, Wiesbaden, p. 389-392. MAHMOUD (A.) et al. 1988 “Die Ausgrabung auf dem Tall ‘Aǧāǧa / Šadikanni 1982”, Damaszener Mitteilungen 3, p. 141-184. MAIDMAN (M.) 1981 “The office of ḫalṣuḫlu in the Nuzi Texts”, in M. A. MORRISON & D. I. OWEN éd., Studies on the Civilization and Culture of Nuzi and the Hurrians 1, Winona Lake, p. 233-46. MAKINSON (M.) 2002-2005 “Muṣru, Maṣuwari and MṢR: From MiddleAssyrian frontier to Iron Age city”, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 20, p. 33-62. 2005 “Le chantier F : Archeologie. La stratigraphie générale et l’occupation de l’Âge du Fer (architecture et matériel) ”, in Tell Shiukh, p. 411-580. MALLOWAN (M. E. L.) 1966 Nimrud and Its Remains, London. MAQDISSI (M. al-) 1996 “Reprise des fouilles à Mishrifeh en 1994”, Akkadica, 99-100, p. 1-14. 2003a “Recherches archéologiques syriennes à Mishirfeh-Qatna au nord-est de Homs (Émèse)”, CRAI, p. 1487-1515. 2003b “Ergebnisse der siebten und achten syrischen Grabungskampagne 2001 und 2002 in MishrifeQatna”, MDOG, 135, p. 219-245. 2007 “Notes d’Archéologie Levantine X. Introduction aux travaux archéologiques Syria 86 (2009) syriens à Mishirfeh-Qatna au nord-est de Homs (Émèse) ”, in D. MORANDI BONACOSSI éd., Urban and Natural Landscapes of an Ancient Syrian Capital. Settlement and Environment at Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna and in Central-Western Syria. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine, 9-11 December 2004, Udine, p. 19-27. 2008 “Réflexions sur Qatna et sa région”, Studia Orontica, 3, p. 3-41. MAQDISSI (M. al-) & D. MORANDI BONACOSSI 2005 The Metropolis of the Orontes. Art and Archaeology from the Ancient Kingdom of Qatna. Seven Years of Syrian-Italian Collaboration at Mishrifeh/Qatna, Damascus. MARCHAND (G.) 2004 “Travaux topographiques a Tell Barri/Kahat 1998 et 2000”, in P. E. PECORELLA & R. PIEROBON BENOIT 2004, p. 153-163. MARGUERON (J.-C.) 1982 “Architecture et urbanisme”, in D. BEYER éd., Meskéné – Emar. Dix ans de travaux, Paris, p. 23-39. 1993 “Chiodi decorativi”, Cat. N. 352-353, in O. ROUAULT & M. G. MASETTI-ROUAULT, L’Eufrate e il tempo. Le civiltà del medio Eufrate e della Gezira siriana, Milano, p. 467. MASETTI-ROUAULT (M. G.) 1998 “Syriens et Assyriens dans la Djéziré, XIVeIXe siècles av. J.-C.”, in M. LEBEAU éd., About Subartu: studies devoted to Upper Mesopotamia = À propos de Subartu : études consacrées à la haute Mésopotamie, Subartu IV/2, Turnhout, p. 223-242. 1999 “Aspects du paysage social et politique du Moyen-Euphrate syrien à l’âge du Fer”, in L. MILANO, S. DE MARTINO, F. M. FALES & G. B. LANFRANCHI éd., Landscapes. Territories, Frontiers and Horizons in the Ancient Near East. Papers presented to the XLIV Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Venezia, 7-11 July 1997, vol. II, Geography and Cultural Landscapes, Padova, p. 129-138. 2001a Cultures locales du Moyen-Euphrate. Modèles et événements IIe-Ier mill. av. J.-C., Subartu VIII, Turnhout. 2001b “Il cantiere E di Tell Masaïkh”, dans O. ROUAULT & C. MORA éd., “Missione archeologica di Terqa-Ashara : rapporto preliminare 2000”, Athenaeum, 89, 2, p. 633-638. 2004 “ « Pour le bien de mon peuple » : continuité et innovation dans l’idéologie du pouvoir au Proche-Orient à l’âge du Fer”, in M. MAZOYER & O. CASABONNE éd., Studia Anatolica et Varia. Mélanges offerts au Professeur René Lebrun, Syria 86 (2009) BIBLIOGRAPHIE Kubaba, Série Antiquité VI, Paris, p. 113-132. 2006 “Rapporto preliminare sulla campagna di prospezione e sondaggi nel territorio di Terqa del 2005 : ricerche nei siti di Jebel Mashtale e Tell Marwaniye”, Athenaeum, 94, p. 739-749. 2007a “L’apkallu-poisson et son image : notes sur la conservation et la diffusion d’éléments de la culture mésopotamienne au Proche-Orient à l’époque préclassique”, Semitica, 52-53, p. 37-55. 2007b “La route du Moyen-Euphrate à la fin de l’âge du Bronze : un essai de reconstitution”, in J.-M. MICHAUD éd., Le royaume d’Ougarit de la Crète à l’Euphrate. Nouveaux axes de recherche. Actes du Colloque International de Sherbrooke, 5-8 juillet 2005, Sherbrooke, p. 141-161. 2007c “Mari et le Moyen-Euphrate au Bronze Récent et à l’âge du Fer : problèmes historiques”, Ah Purattim, 1, p. 281-300. 2008 “Armes et armées des dieux dans les traditions mésopotamiennes”, in Ph. ABRAHAMI & L. BATTINI éd., Les armées du Proche-Orient ancien 3e-1er millénaire av. J.-C., Actes du colloque international organisé à Lyon les 1er et 2 décembre 2006, Université Lyon 2 - Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, 1-2 décembre 2006, Oxford, p. 219-230. in press “The Rise of Aramaic States in Eastern Syria and Northern Mesopotamia during the Iron I-II Period”, in Proceedings of the 3rd ICAANE (Paris, 15-19 Avril 2002), Winona Lake. MASETTI-ROUAULT (M. G.) & S. SALMON in press “The Neo-Assyrian Colony of Tell Masaikh, in the Syrian Lower Middle Euphrates Valley: a Report about Last Excavations”, in Proceedings of the 6th ICAANE, University La Sapienza, Roma, 5th-10th May 2008. MATOIAN (V.) 1993 D’Ougarit au Moyen-Euphrate, la production des matières vitreuses au IIe millénaire av. J.-C., Mémoires de DEA, Université de Paris I. MATTHIAE (P.) 1979 “Sondages à Tell Afis (Syrie), 1978”, Akkadika, 14, p. 2-5. 1992 “Ancora una fabbrica templare nel Paese di Unqi”, Contributi e Materiali di Archeologia Orientale, IV, p. 123-140. 1997 La storia dell’arte dell’Oriente Antico. III. I primi imperi e i principati dell'Età del ferro 1600-700 a. C., Milano. MATNEY (T.) 1998 “The First Season of Work at Ziyaret Tepe in the Diyarbakır Province: Preliminary Report”, Anatolica, 24, p. 7–30. 169 MATNEY (T.), J. MACGINNIS, H. MCDONALD, K. NICOLL, L. RAINVILLE. M. ROAF 2003 “Archaeological Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe 2002”, Anatolica, 29, p. 175-221. MATNEY (T.) & L. RAINVILLE (éd.) 2005 “Archaeological Investigations at Ziyaret Tepe, 2003 and 2004”, Anatolica, 31, p. 19-68. MATNEY (T.), M. ROAF, J. MACGINNIS & H. MCDONALD 2002 “Archaeological Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, 2000 and 2001”, Anatolica, 28, p. 47-89. MATNEY (T.), M. ROAF, J. MACGINNIS et al. 2002 “Archaeological Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, Diyarbakır Province, 2000”, in N. TUNA & J. VELIBEYOĞLU éd., Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilisu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities in 2000, Ankara, p. 535-547. MAUL (S. M.) 1992 Die Inschriften von Tell Bderi, BBVO-Texte 2, Berlin. 1999 “New Information about the rulers of Ṭābētu”, al-Rāfidān, 20, p. 49-55. 2005 Die Inschriften von Tall Ṭābān, Acta Sumerologica Supplementary Series 2, Tokyo. MAXWELL-HYSLOP (K. R.) 1971 Western Asiatic Jewellery c. 3000-612 B.C., London. 1974 “Assyrian sources of iron. A Preliminary Survey of the Historical and Geographical Evidence”, Iraq, 36, p. 139-154. MAZZONI (S.) 1987 “Lo scavo dell’edificio del settore D”, in S. MAZZONI éd., Tell Afis. Seminario 1987, EVO, 10, 2, p. 25-83. 1990 “Observations about Iron Age Glyptics from Tell Afis and Tell Mardikh”, in P. MATTHIAE M. VAN LOON & H. WEISS éd., Resurrecting the Past. A Join Tribute to Adnan Bounni, IstanbulLeiden, p. 215-226. 1994 “Aramaean and Luwian New Foundations”, in S. MAZZONI éd., Nuove fondazioni nel Vicino Oriente antico : realtà e ideologia. Atti del colloquio 4-6 dicembre 1991, Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche del Mondo Antico, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, p. 319-340. 1995 “Settlement Pattern and New Urbanization in Syria at the time of the Assyrian Conquest”, in M. LIVERANI éd., Neo-Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica 5, Roma, p. 181-194. 1998a “The late Iron I and early Iron II levels”, in S.M. CECCHINI & S. MAZZONI éd., Tell Afis (Siria). Scavi sull’Acropoli 1988-1992. The 1988-1992 Excavations on the Acropolis, Pisa, p. 163-199. 170 1998b BIBLIOGRAPHIE “Une nouvelle stèle d’époque araméenne de Tell Afis (Syrie)”, Transeuphratène, 16, p. 9-19. 1999 “Pots, People and Cultural Borders in Syria”, in L. MILANO, S. de MARTINO, F. M. FALES & G. B. LANFRANCHI éd., in Landscapes. Territories, Frontiers and Horizons in the Ancient Near East. Papers Presented to the XLIVth Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Venezia, 7-11 July 1997, vol. 2, Padova, p. 139-152. 2000a “Introduzione”, in S. Mazzoni éd., Tell Afis. Siria – 1999, EVO, 22, p. 5-10. 2000b “Syria and the Periodization of Iron Age: A Cross-Cultural Perspective”, in G. BUNNENS éd. 2000b , p. 31-59. 2001a “La Siria e il mondo greco arcaico”, in S. SETTIS éd., I Greci. Storia Cultura Arte Società, vol. 3, Torino, p. 283-328. 2001b “Tell Afis and the Lu‘ash in the Aramaean Period”, in P. M. M. DAVIAU, J. W. WEVERS & M. WEIGL éd., The World of the Aramaeans II. Studies in History and Archaeology in Honour of Paul-Eugène Dion, JSOTSS 325, Sheffield, p. 99-114. 2002 “Area B : l’occupazione dell’Età del Ferro”, in S. MAZZONI ed, Tell Afis. Siria – 2000-2001, EVO, 25, p. 18-19. 2005 “Tell Afis, the survey and the regional sequence”, in S. MAZZONI ed., Tell Afis. Siria – 2002-2004, EVO, 28, p. 5-14. 2008a The Italian Excavations of Tell Afis (Syria): from chiefdom to an Aramaean state, Pisa. 2008b “Assyrian-Style Seals at Tell Afis”, in D. BONATZ, R. M. CZICHON & F. JANOSCHA KREPPNER, Fundstellen. Gesammelte Schriften zur Archäologie und Geschichte Altvorderasiens ad honorem Hartmut Kühne, Wiesbaden, p. 155-162. in press a “Syro-Hittite temples and the traditional in antis plan”, in Festschrift J.-W. Meyer. in press b “Seals and Seals Impressions of the Iron Age”, in P. MATTHIAE & W. ORTHMANN éd., Archéologie et Histoire de la Syrie. MCCLELLAN (T. L.) 1992 “12th Century B.C. Syria: Comments on Sader’s Paper”, in W. A. WARD & M. SHARP JOUKOWSKY éd., The Crisis Years: the 12th Century B.C. From Beyond the Danube to the Tigris, Dubuque (IA), p. 164-173. MCDONALD (H.) 2005 “Pottery from the Early Iron Age Pit (E-032)”, in T. MATNEY & L. RAINVILLE éd.,“Archaeological Investigations at Ziyaret Tepe, 2003-2004”, Anatolica, 31, p. 23-26. Syria 86 (2009) MCNUTT (P.) 1990 The Forging of Israel. Iron technology, Symbolism, and Tradition in Ancient Society, JSOTSS 108, Sheffield. MEUSZYNSKI (J.) 1981 Die Rekonstruktion der Reliefdarstellungen und ihrer Anordnung im Nordwestpalast von Kalḫu (Nimrud), Mainz am Rhein. MIGLUS (P. A.) 1996 Das Wohngebiet von Assur. Stratigraphie und Architektur,WDOG 93, Berlin. MILLARD (A. R.) 1983 “Assyrians and Aramaeans”, Iraq, 45, p. 101108. 1990 “The Homeland of Zakkur”, Semitica, 39, p. 47-52. MOOREY (P. R. S.) 1980 Cemeteries of the First Millennium B.C. at Deve Hüyük, near Carchemish, salvaged by T. E. Lawrence and C. L. Woolley in 1913: with a catalogue raisonné of the objects in Berlin, Cambridge, Liverpool, London and Oxford, BAR IS 87, Oxford. 1994 Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence, Oxford. MOORTGAT (A.) 1955 Tell Halaf III, Berlin. 1988 Vorderasiatische Rollsiegel, Berlin. MORANDI BONACOSSI (D.) 1996 Tra il fiume e la steppa. Insediamento e uso del territorio nella bassa valle del fiume Khabur in epoca neo-assira, History of the Ancient Near East/ Monographs 1, Padova. 2000 “The Syrian Jezireh in the Late Assyrian Period. A View from the Countryside”, in G. BUNNENS 2000b, p. 349-396. 2002 “Operation J” in M. AL-MAQDISSI, M. LUCIANI, D. MORANDI BONACOSSI, M. NOVÁK & P. PFÄLZNER éd., Excavating Qatna, I. Preliminary Report on the 1999 and 2000 Campaigns of the Joint Syrian-Italian-German Archaeological Research Project at Tell Mishrifeh, Damascus, p. 123-144. 2003 “The Central Mound of the Qatna Acropolis in the Bronze and Iron Ages: Operation J at Tell Mishrifeh”, in D. MORANDI BONACOSSI et al., “Tell Mishrifeh/Qatna 1999-2002. A Preliminary Report of the Italian Component of the Joint Syrian-Italian-German Project”, Akkadica, 124/1, p. 97-118. 2006 “Un centro amministrativo nel regno di Hamath. Tell Mishrifeh e la sua regione nella seconda età del Ferro (IX-VIII secolo a. C.) ”, in D. MORANDI BONACOSSI, E. ROVA, F. VERONESE & P. ZANOVELLO éd., Tra Oriente e Occidente. Syria 86 (2009) BIBLIOGRAPHIE Studi in onore di Elena Di Filippo Balestrazzi, Padova, p. 73-114. 2008 “Excavations on the Acropolis of Mishrifeh, Operation J. A New Early Bronze Age III – Iron Age III Sequence for Central Inner Syria. Part 1: Stratigraphy, Chronology and Architecture”, Akkadica, 129/1, p. 5-77. MORSTADT (B.) 2008 Phonizische Thymiateria Zeugnisse des Orientalisierungsprozesses im Mittelmeerraum. Originale Funde, bildliche Quellen, originaler Kontext, AOAT 354, Münster. MUHLY (J. D.) 1980 “The Bronze Age Setting”, in T. A. WERTIME & J. D. MUHLY éd., The Coming of Iron, New Haven-London, p. 25-67. 1995 “Mining and Metalwork in Ancient Western Asia”, in J. M. SASSON éd., Civilizations of the Ancient Near East, New York, p. 1501-1521. 1998 “Copper, tin, Silver and Iron: The Search of Metallic Ores as an Incentive for Foreign Expansion”, in S. GITIN, A. MAZAR & E. STERN éd., Mediterranean Peoples in transition, Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE. In Honor of Professor Trude Dothan, Jerusalem. MUHLY (J. D.), R. MADDIN, T. STECH & E. ÖZGEN 1985 “Iron in Anatolia and the Nature of the Hittite Iron Industry”, Anatolian Studies, 35, p. 67-84. MÜLLER (U.) 1999 “Die eisenzeitliche Keramik des Lidar Höyük”, in A. HAUSLEITER & A. REICHE, Iron Age Pottery in Northern Mesopotamia, Northern Syria and South-Eastern Anatolia. Papers presented at the meetings of the international table ronde at Heidelberg (1995) and Nieborów (1997) and other contributions, AVO 10, Münster, p. 403-434. 2003 “A Change to Continuity: Bronze Age Traditions in the Early Iron Age”, in B. FISCHER, H. GENZ, É. JEAN & K. KÖROĞLU éd., Identifying Changes: The Transition From Bronze to Iron Age in Anatolia and its Neighbouring Regions, Proceedings of the International Workshop, Istanbul, November 89, 2002, Istanbul, p. 137-149. MUSCARELLA (O. W.) 1974 “The Third Lion Bowl from Hasanlu”, Expedition, 16/2, p. 25-29. MUSIL (A.) 1927 The Middle Euphrates. A Topographical Itinerary, Oriental explorations and studies, New-York. NA’AMAN (N.) 1995 “Province System and Settlement Pattern in Southern Syria and Palestine in the NeoAssyrian Period », in M. LIVERANI éd., NeoAssyrian Geography, Roma, p. 103-115. 171 NASHEF (K.) 1982 Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der Zeit der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit, Répertoire géographique des textes cunéiformes 5 (= TAVO Beihefte Reihe B Nr.7), Wiesbaden. NASRABADI (M.) 1999 Untersuchungen zu den Bestattungssitten in Mesopotamiens in der ersten Hälfte des ersten Jarhrtausends v. Chr., Baghdader Forschungen 23, Mainz am Rhein. NASSOUHI (E.) 1927 “Textes relatifs à l’histoire de l’Assyrie”, Mitteilungen der Altorientalischen Gesellschaft, III/1-2, p. 5-38. NAUMANN (R.) 1950 Tell Halaf II: Die Bauwerke, Berlin. NEUMANN (J.) & S. PARPOLA 1987 “Climatic Change and the Eleventh-TenthCentury Eclipse of Assyria and Babylonia”, JNES, 46, p. 161-182 NIEHR (H.) 2003 Ba‘alšamem. Studien zur Herkunft, Geschichte und Rezeptionsgeschichte eines phönizischen Gottes, Leuven-Paris-Dudley (MA). NIEMEYER (H. G.) 1970 “Zum Thymiaterion vom Cerro del Peñón”, Madrider Mitteilungen, 11, p. 96-101. NÖLDEKE (A.) et al. 1936 Ausgrabungen in Uruk-Warka 1934/35, Uruk vorläufiger Bericht 7, Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse, 4, Berlin. NOVÁK (M.) 2005 “Arameans and Luwians – Process of an acculturation”, in W. H. VAN SOLDT, R. KALVELAGEN & D. KATZ éd., Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia. Papers Read at the 48th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Leiden, 1-4 July 2002 (PIHANS 102), Leiden, p. 252-266. NUMOTO (H.) 2006 “Excavation at Tell Taban, Hassake, Syria (4): Preliminary Report of the 2005 Winter Season of Work”, al-Rafidan, 27, p. 1-13, pl. 1-30. 2008 Excavations at Tell Taban, Hassake, Syria. Preliminary Reports on the 2005 and 2006 Seasons of Excavations, and the Study of Old Babylonian and Middle Assyrian Texts, Hiroshima. OATES (J.) 1959 “Late Assyrian Pottery from Fort Shalmaneser”, Iraq, 21, p. 130-146. 172 BIBLIOGRAPHIE OATES (D.), J. OATES & H. MCDONALD 1997 The Mitanni and Old Babylonian Periods, McDonald Institute Monographs 1, Warminster. OGGIANO (I.) 1997 “The Pottery of Iron Age II from Tell Afis”, Contributi della Scuola di Specializzazione in Archeologia, 1, p. 187-213. OHNUMA, K. et al. 1999 “Excavations at Tell Taban, Hassake, Syria: Report of the 1997 Season of Work”, al-Rafidan, 20, p. 1-47. 2000 Excavations at Tell Taban, Hassake, Syria (2): Report of the 1998 Season of Work”, alRafidan, 21, p. 1-50. OHNUMA (K.) & H. NUMOTO 2001 “Excavations at Tell Taban, Hassake, Syria (3): Report of the 1999 Season of Work”, alRafidan, 22, p. 1-63. ÖKSE (A. T.) & A. GÖRMÜŞ 2006 “Excavations at Salat Tepe in the Upper Tigris Region: Stratigraphical Sequence and Preliminary Results of the 2005–2006 Season”, Akkadica, 127, p. 167-197. OPPENHEIM (M. VON) 1939 Tell Halaf : une civilisation retrouvée en Mésopotamie, Paris. OPPENHEIM (A. L.) 1949 “The Golden Garments of the Gods”, JNES, 8, p. 172-193. OREN (E.) (éd.) 2000 The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment, Philadelphia. ORTHMANN (W.) 1971 Untersuchungen zur Späthethitischen Kunst, Saarbrücker Beiträge zur Altertumskunde 8, Bonn. 1975 Der Alte Orient, Berlin. 2002 Die Aramäisch-Assyrische Stadt Guzana, Saarbrück. PALEY (S. M.) 1992 The Reconstruction of the Relief Representations and their Positions in the Northwest-Palace at Kalḫu (Nimrud) III, Mainz. PARKER (B. J.) 2001 The Mechanics of Empire: The Northern Frontier of Assyria as a Case Study in Imperial Dynamics, Helsinki. 2003 “Archaeological Manifestations of Empire: Assyria’s Imprint on Southeastern Anatolia”, American Journal of Archaeology, 103, p. 525-557. 2004 “UTARP: A Preliminary Synthesis of the Cultural History of Kenan Tepe”, in N. TUNA, J. GREENHALGH & J. VELIBEYOǦLU éd., Salvage Syria 86 (2009) Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilısu and Carcemish Dam Reservoirs. Activities 2001, Ankara, p. 566-602. PARKER (S. B.) 1997 Stories in Scripture and Inscriptions. Comparative Studies on Narratives in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions and the Hebrew Bible, New York-Oxford. PARKINSON (W. A.) (éd.) 2002 The Archaeology of Tribal Societies, International Monographs in Prehistory Ann Arbor (MI). 2006 “Tribal Boundaries: Stylistic Variability and Social Boundary Maintenance During the Transition to the Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain”, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 25, p. 33-58. PARPOLA (S.) 1987 The Correspondence of Sargon II. Part I. Letters from Assyria and the West, State Archives of Assyria I, Helsinki. PARPOLA (S.) & M. PORTER (éd.) 2001 The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the NeoAssyrian Period, Helsinki-Casco Bay. PARROT (A.) 1961 Assur, Paris, Gallimard. 1964 “Acquisitions et inédits du Musée du Louvre”, Syria, 41, p. 213-250. PECORELLA (P. E.) 1996 Tell Barri/Kahat. La campagna del 1996. Relazione preliminare, Firenze. 1997 Tell Barri/Kahat. La campagna del 1997. Relazione preliminare, Firenze. 1998 “L’area G di Tell Barri/Kahat, 1983–1993”, in P. E. PECORELLA éd., Tell Barri/Kahat 2. Relazione sulle campagne 1980–1993 a Tell Barri/Kahat, nel bacino del Khabur (Siria), Documenta Asiana V, Roma-Firenze, p. 78-132. 1999a Tell Barri/Kahat. La campagna del 1998. Relazione preliminare, Firenze. 1999b Tell Barri/Kahat. La campagna del 1999. Relazione preliminare. Firenze. 2002 “Una recente scoperta a Tell Barri”, in S. DE MARTINO & F. PECCHIOLI DADDI éd., Anatolia Antica. Studi in memoria di Fiorella Imparati (= Eothen 11), t. II, Firenze, p. 621-626. 2003 Tell Barri/Kahat. La campagna del 2000. Relazione preliminare, Ricerche e Materiali del Vicino Oriente Antico 1, Firenze. 2005 “Dai Sumeri agli Assiri: storia di un insediamento”, in F. PECCHIOLI DADDI & M. C. GUIDOTTI éd., Narrare gli eventi. Atti del convegno degli egittologi e degli orientalisti Syria 86 (2009) BIBLIOGRAPHIE italiani in margine alla mostra ‘La battaglia di Qadesh’, Studia Asiana 3, Roma, p. 257-270. 2008 “Recenti scoperte a Tell Barri di Siria”, in H. KÜHNE, R. M. CZICHON & F. J. KREPPNER éd., Proceedings of the 4th ICAANE (29 March – 3 April 2004, Freie Universität Berlin), Wiesbaden, p. 387-398. PECORELLA (P. E.) & R. PIEROBON BENOIT 2003 “La Missione Archeologica Italiana a Tell Barri (Siria) – 2002”, Orient Express, Notes et Nouvelles d’Archéologie Orientale, 2003/3, p. 59-62. 2004 Tell Barri/Kahat. La campagna del 2001. Relazione preliminare, Ricerche e Materiali del Vicino Oriente Antico 2, Firenze. 2005a Tell Barri/Kahat. La campagna del 2002. Relazione preliminare, Ricerche e Materiali del Vicino Oriente Antico 3, Firenze. 2005b “Recenti scoperte a Tell Barri”, Orient-Express, 2005/1, p. 9-13. 2008 Tell Barri/Kahat. La campagna del 2003. Relazione preliminare, Ricerche e Materiali del Vicino Oriente Antico 4, Firenze. PELTENBURG (E. J.) 1968 “Assyrian clay fists”, Oriens Antiquus, 7, p. 5762. 1969 “Al Mina Glazed Pottery and its Relations”, Levant, 1, p. 73-96. PFÄLZNER (P.) 1989/1990 “Tall Bdēri 1985–1987”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 36/37, p. 212-221. 1995 Mittanische und mittelassyrische Keramik. Eine chronologische, funktionale und produktionsökonomische Analyse, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad / Dūr-Katlimmu 3, Berlin. PLACE (V.) 1867-70 Ninive et l’Assyrie, 3 vol., Paris. PLOIX DE ROTROU (G.) 1932 Le Musée national d’Alep. Catalogue sommaire, Alep. PODANY (A. H.) 2002 The Land of Hana. Kings, Chronology and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda. POLI (P.) 2004 “I materali provenenti dai cantieri F di Terqa e F di Tell Masaikh”, Athenaeum, 92/2, p. 544-552, 559-566. POMPONIO (F.) 1978 Nabû. Il culto e la figura di un dio del pantheon babilonese e assiro, Roma. PONGRATZ-LEISTEN (B.) 1994 Ina šulmi irub. Die kulttopographische und ideologische Programmatik des akituProzession in Babylonien und Assyrien im I. Jarhtausend v. Chr., Baghdader Forschungen 173 16, Mainz-am-Rhein. PONS (N.) & H. GASCHE 1996 “Du Cassite à Mari”, in H. GASCHE & B. HROUDA éd., Collectanea Orientalia, Histoire, arts de l’espace et industrie de la terre. Études offertes en hommage à Agnès Spycket, Neuchâtel-Paris, p. 287-298. 2006 “Du Cassite dans les monts Zagros” in P. BUTTERLIN, M. LEBEAU, J.-Y. MONCHAMBERT, J. L. MONTERO FENOLLÓS & B. MULLER éd., Les espaces syro-mésopotamiens. Dimensions de l’expérience humaine au Proche-Orient ancien. Volume d’hommage offert à JeanClaude Margueron, Subartu XVII, Turnhout, p. 375-385. PORADA (E.) 1948 Corpus of Ancient Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections I, the Pierpont Morgan Library Collection, The Bollingen Series 14, Washington. PORTER (A.) 2002 “The Dynamics of Death: Ancestors, Pastoralism, and the Origins of a ThirdMillennium City in Syria”, BASOR, 325, p. 1-36. 2004 “The Urban Nomad: Countering the Old Clichés”, in Ch. Nicolle éd., Amurru 3. Nomades et sédentaires dans le Proche-Orient ancien, Paris, p. 69-74. POSTGATE (J. N.) 1974 “Some remarks on the conditions in the Assyrian countryside”, JESHO, 17, p. 225-253. 1976 Fifty Neo-Assyrian Legal Documents, Warminster. 1985 “Rezension zu K. Nashef, Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der mittelbabylonischen und mittelassyrischen Zeit”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 32, p. 95-101. 1992 “The Land of Assur and the Yoke of Assur”, World Archaeology, 23, p. 247-263. 2007 The land of Assur & the yoke of Assur: studies on Assyria, 1971-2005, Oxford. PREUSSER (C.) 1955 Die Paläste in Assur, WDOG 66, Berlin. PRITCHARD (J. B.) 1969 The Ancient Near East in Pictures Relating to the Old Testament (Second Edition with Supplement), Princeton. PUCCI (M.) 2008 Functional Analysis of Space in Syro-Hittite Architecture, BAR IS 1738, Oxford. RADNER (K.) 1998 “Der Gott Salmānu („Šulmānu“) und seine Beziehung zur Stadt Dūr-Katlimmu”, Die Welt des Orients, 29, p. 33-51. 174 2002 BIBLIOGRAPHIE Die Neuassyrischen Texte aus Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad. Mit Beiträgen von W. Röllig zu den aramäischen Beischriften, Berichte der Ausgrabung Tall Šēḫ Ḥamad / Dūr-Katlimmu 6, Berlin. 2004 Das mittelassyrische Tontafelarchiv von Giricano/Dunnu-Sha-Uzibi, Augrabungen in Giricano 1, Subartu XIV, Turnhout. 2006 “Provinz C”, in RAVA, 11, 1/2, p. 42-68. RADNER (K.) & A. SCHACHNER 2001 “From Tušhan to Amedi: Topographical Questions Concerning the Upper Tigris Region in the Assyrian Period”, in N. TUNA, J. ÖZTÜRK & J. VELIBEYOĞLU éd., Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilisu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs Activities in 1999, Ankara, p. 753-776. REUTHER (O.) 1926 Die Innenstadt von Babylon (Merkes), WDOG 47, Leipzig. RIEFSTAHL (E.) 1944 Patterned Textiles in Pharaonic Egypt, New York, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. RIIS (P. J.) 1948 Hama. Fouilles et Recherches de la fondation Carlsberg 1931-1938. Les cimetières à crémation. Nationalmuseets Skrifter Større Beretninger, I. Copenhagen. RIIS (P. J.) & BUHL (M. L.) 1990 Hama. fouilles et recherches de la foundation Carlsberg 1931-1938. II/2 Les objets de la période syro-hittite (âge du Fer), Aarhus. ROAF (M.) 2001 “Continuity and Change from the Middle to the Late Assyrian Period”, in R. EICHMANN & H. PARZINGER éd., Migration und Kulturtransfer. Der Wandel vorder- und zentralasiatisher Jahrtausend: Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums Berlin, 23. bis 26. November 1999 / Eurasien- und Orient- Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Bonn, p. 357-369. 2002 “Tushhan in the Cuneiform Texts”, in T. MATNEY, M. ROAF, J. MACGINNIS & H. MCDONALD éd., “Archaeological Excavations at Ziyaret Tepe, 2000 and 2001”, Anatolica, 28, p. 49-51. ROAF (M.) & A. SCHACHNER 2005 “The Bronze Age to Iron Age transition in the Upper Tigris region: new information from Ziyaret Tepe and Giricano”, in A. ÇILINGIROĞLU & G. DARBYSHIRE éd., Anatolian Iron Ages 5. Proceedings of the Fifth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium (Van, 6-10 August 2001), London, p. 115-123. RÖLLIG (W.) 1978 “Dūr-katlimmu”, Orientalia, 47, p. 419-430. 1983 Syria 86 (2009) “Ein Itinerar aus Dur-Katlimmu”, Damaszener Mitteilungen, 1, p. 279-284. 1997 “Aspects of the Historical Geography of Northeastern Syria from Middle Assyrian to Neo-Assyrian Times”, in S. PARPOLA & R. M. WHITING éd., Assyria 1995, Helsinki, p. 281-293. 2000 “Aramäer und Assyrer: Die Schriftzeugnisse bis zum Ende des Assyrerreiches”, in G. BUNNENS 2000b, p. 177-186. ROOBAERT (A.) 1990 “The city gate lions”, in G. BUNNENS éd., Tell Ahmar 1988 Season, Leuven, p. 126-135. ROOBAERT (A.) & G. BUNNENS 1999 “Excavations at Tell Ahmar-Til Barsib”, in G. DEL OLMO LETE & L. MONTERO FENOLLOS éd., Archaeology of the Upper Syrian Euphrates: The Tishrin Dam Area, Sabadell (Barcelona), p. 163-178. ROUAULT (O.) 1992 “Cultures locales et influences extérieures : le cas de Terqa”, Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, p. 247-256. 1998a “Villes, villages, campagnes et steppe dans la région de Terqa : données nouvelles”, in M. FORTIN & O. AURENCHE éd., Espace naturel, espace habité en Syrie du Nord (10e2e millénaires av. J.-C.), colloque tenu à l’université Laval (Québec) du 5 au 7 mai 1997, Québec-Lyon, p. 191-198. 1998b “Recherches récentes à Tell Ashara-Terqa (1991-1995)”, in M. LEBEAU éd., About Subartu: studies devoted to Upper Mesopotamia = À propos de Subartu : études consacrées à la haute Mésopotamie, Subartu IV/1, Turnhout, p. 313-330. 2001 “Terqa et sa région (6ème – 1er millénaires av. J.-C.), recherches récentes”, Akkadica, 122, p. 1-26. 2004 “Chronological problems concerning the Middle-Euphrates during the Bronze Age”, in H. HUNGER & R. PRUZSINSZKY 2004, p. 51-59. ROUAULT (O.) & M. G. MASETTI-ROUAULT (éd.) 1993 L’Eufrate e il tempo, Milano. ROUAULT (O.) & B. M. TOMASSINI-PIERI in press “Stratigraphy, chronology and the Late Bronze Age Ceramics in Terqa and around”, in Cl. BEUGER, A. HAUSLEITER & M. LUCIANI éd., Recent trends in the Study of Late Bronze Age Ceramics in Syro-Mesopotamia, the Levant and adjacent regions, Berlin, Freie Universität, 2-5 novembre 2006. ROUAULT (O.) & M. WÄFLER (éd.) 2000 La Djéziré et l’Euphrate syriens de la Protohistoire à la fin du IIe millénaire av. J.-C. Syria 86 (2009) BIBLIOGRAPHIE Tendances dans l’interprétation historique des données nouvelles, Subartu VII, Turnhout. ROUSSET (M.-O.) 2001 “La moyenne vallée de l’Euphrate d’après les sources arabes”, in S. BERTHIER 2001, p. 555-571. ROWTON (M.) 1973a “Autonomy and Nomadism in Western Asia”, in G. BUCCELLATI éd., Gelb Volume. Approaches to the Study of the Ancient Near East, Orientalia 42, Roma, p. 247-258. 1973b “Urban Autonomy in a Nomadic Environment”, JNES, 32, p. 201-215. 1974 “Enclosed Nomadism”, JESHO, 17, p. 1-30. 1976 “Dimorphic Structure and Topology”, Oriens Antiquus, 15, p. 17-31. SADER (H. S.) 1987 Les États araméens de Syrie depuis leur fondation jusqu'à leur transformation en provinces assyriennes, Beiruter Texte und Studien 36, Beyrouth. 1992 “12th century B.C. in Syria: The Problem of the Rise of the Arameans”, in W. A. WARD & M. SHARP JOUKOWSKY éd., The Crisis Years: the 12th Century B.C. From beyond the Danube to the Tigris, Dubuque (IA), p. 157-163. 2000 “The Aramaean kingdoms of Syria: Origin and formation processes”, in G. BUNNENS 2000b, p. 61-76. SALVINI (M.) 2004 “I documenti cuneiformi della campagna del 2001”, in PECORELLA & PIEROBON BENOIT 2004, p. 146-151. 2005 “I documenti cuneiformi della campagna del 2002 a Tell Barri”, in PECORELLA & PIEROBON BENOIT 2005a, p. 143-153. SAUVAGE (M.) 1997 “Tombes d’enfants du Bronze Récent en Haute Mésopotamie. Étude de cas”, in B. LION, C. MICHEL et P. VILLARD éd., Enfance et éducation dans le Proche-Orient Ancien, Ktema, 22, p. 161-170. 2005 “Incinération et inhumation à l’époque médioassyrienne (XIIIe-XIIe s. av. J.-C.) : le cas de Tell Mohammed Diyab (Syrie du Nord-Est)”, Crémation, p. 47-54. SCHACHNER (A.) 2002a “Ausgrabungen in Giricano (2000-2001). Neue Forschungen ander Nordgrenze des Mesopotamiens Kulturraums”, Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 52, p. 9-57. 2002b “Vorlaüfiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Giricano (Diyarbakır/Türkei) 2000”, in N. TUNA & J. VELIBEYOĞLU éd., Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilisu and 175 Carcemish Dam Reservoirs. Activities in 2000, Ankara, p. 568-611. 2003 “From the Bronze to the Iron Age: Identifying Changes in the Upper Tigris Region. The Case of Giricano”, in B. FISCHER, H. GENZ, É. JEAN & K. KÖROĞLU éd., Identifying Changes: The Transition from Bronze to Iron Age in Anatolia and its Neighbouring Regions. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Istanbul, November 8-9, 2002, Istanbul, p. 151-166. 2004 “Die mittelassyrische Siedlungsshichten von Giricano”, in K. RADNER, Das mittelassyrische Tontatefarchiv von Giricano/Dunnu-ša-Uzibi, Ausgrabungen in Giricano 1, Subartu XIV, Turnhout, p. 1-13. SCHMIDT (C.) 1999 “Die Keramik der Areale A-F in Kar-TukultiNinurta”, in A. HAUSLEITER & A. REICHE éd., Iron Age Pottery in Northern Mesopotamia, Northern Syria and South-Eastern Anatolia. Papers presented at the meetings of the international table ronde at Heidelberg (1995) and Nieborów (1997) and other contributions, AVO, Bd 10, Münster, p. 60-89. SCHNEIDER (E.) 1999a “Die eisenzeitliche Keramik von Tell Sheikh Hassan (Syrien)”, in A. HAUSLEITER & A. REICHE éd., Iron Age Pottery in Northern Mesopotamia, Northern Syria and South-Eastern Anatolia. Papers presented at the meetings of the international table ronde at Heidelberg (1995) and Nieborów (1997) and other contributions, AVO 10, Münster, p. 325-346, 1999b “Assyrische Gefäßformen aus Tell Scheikh Hassan (Syrien) und ihre Stellung innerhalb der Keramik des assyrischen Einflussgebietes”, in A. HAUSLEITER & A. REICHE éd., Iron Age Pottery in Northern Mesopotamia, Northern Syria and South-Eastern Anatolia. Papers presented at the meetings of the international table ronde at Heidelberg (1995) and Nieborów (1997) and other contributions, AVO 10, Münster, p. 347-375. SCHNIEDEWIND (W. M.) 2002 “The rise of the Aramean states”, in M. W. CHAVALAS & K. L. LAWSON éd., Mesopotamia and the Bible: Comparative Explorations, Grand Rapids (MI), p. 276-287. SCHWARTZ (G. M.) 1989 “The origins of the Aramaeans in Syria and northern Mesopotamia: Research problems and potential strategies”, in O. M. CHAEX, H. H. CURVERS & P. M. M. G. AKKERMANS éd., To the Euphrates and beyond, Archaeological studies in honour of Maurits N. van Loon, Rotterdam, p. 275-291. 176 BIBLIOGRAPHIE SCHWARTZ (G. M.), H. H. CURVERS, S. DUNHAM & B. STUART 2003 “A Third-Millennium B.C. Elite Tomb and Other New Evidence from Tell Umm el-Marra, Syria”, American Journal of Archaeology, 107, p. 325-361. SCHWARTZ (G. M.) & J. J. NICHOLS (éd.) 2006 After Collapse. The Regeneration of Complex Societies, Tucson. SCHWEMER (D.) 2001 Die Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter Keilschriftkulturen. Materialen und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen, Wiesbaden. 2007 “The Storm Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies. Part I”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, 7, p. 121-168. SELZ (G. J.) 1998 “Die Etana Erzählung. Ursprung und Tradition eines des ältesten epischen Texte in einer semitischen Sprache”, Acta Sumerologica, 20, p. 135-179. SETON WILLIAMS (M. V.) 1961 “Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Tell Rifa‘at”, Iraq, 23, p. 68-87. SEVIN (V.) 1991 “The Early Iron Age in the Elaziğ Region and the Problem of the Mushkians”, Anatolian Studies, 41, p. 87-97. SHIBATA (D.) 2007 “Middle Assyrian Administrative and Legal Texts from the 2005 Excavation at Tell Taban: A Preliminary Report”, al-Rafidan, 28, p. 63-74. SHIBATA (D.) 2008 “Middle Assyrian Administrative and Legal Texts from the 2005 Excavation at Tell Taban: A Preliminary Report”, in H. NUMOTO 2008, p. 169-180. SIMPSON (K.) 1984 “Archaeological Survey in the Vicinity of Tall al ‘Ashārah”, Archiv für Orientforschung, 31, p. 185-188 SMITH (S.) 1938 Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum from Shalmaneser III to Sennacherib, London. SOLDI (S.) 2005 “Area A1 : il settore occidentale”, in S. Mazzoni et al., Tell Afis. Siria – 2002-2004, EVO, 28, p. 24-29. STEIN (G. J.) in press Local Identities and Interaction Spheres: Modeling Regional Variation in the Ubaid Horizon. STROMMENGER (E.) & M. HIRMER 1964 Cinq millénaires d’art mésopotamien, Paris. Syria 86 (2009) SUMMERS (G. D.) 1994 “Grey Ware and the Eastern Limits of Phrygia”, in A. ÇILINGIROLĞLU & D. H. FRENCH éd., Anatolian Iron Ages 3, The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Congress, Ankara, p. 241-252. SZUCHMAN (J.) 2009 “Integrating Approaches to Pastoral Nomads, Tribes, and the State in the Ancient Near East”, in J. SZUCHMAN éd., Pastoral Nomads, Tribes, and the State in the Ancient Near East, Oriental Institute Seminars 5, Chicago. TADMOR (H.) 1982 “The Aramaization of Assyria: aspects of western impact”, in H. J. NISSEN & J. RENGER éd., Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn, Berlin, p. 449-470. TAINTER (J.) 1987 The Collapse of Complex Societies. Cambridge. TAPPER (R.) 1990 “Anthropologists, Historians, and Tribespeople on Tribe and State Formation in the Middle East”, in P. KHOURY & J. KOSTINER éd., Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, Berkeley, p. 48-73. TEISSIER (B.) 1984 Ancient Near Eastern Cylinder Seals from the Marcopoli Collection, Berkeley-Los AngelesLondon. TENU (A.) 2005 “La pratique de la crémation en Syrie : un usage marginal ?”, Crémation, p. 37-46. 2006 “Le moyen Euphrate à l’époque médioassyrienne”, in Ch. KEPINSKI, O. LECOMTE & A. TENU 2006, p. 217-245. 2007a “À propos de la nécropole à incinération de Tell Shioukh Faouqâni : l’incinération dans le monde syrien à l’âge du Fer”, in L. BARAY, P. BRUN & A. TESTART éd., Pratiques funéraires et sociétés. Nouvelles approches en archéologie et anthropologie sociale. Actes du colloque interdisciplinaire de Sens 12-14 juin 2003, Dijon, p. 265-284. 2007b “Du Tigre à l’Euphrate : la frontière occidentale de l’empire médio-assyrien”, in F. M. FALES, éd., Treading the military, commercial, and cultural itineraries of the Ancient Near East [Papers Presented at the International Conference held in Udine, September 1-3, 2004], State Archives of Assyria Bulletin, 15 (2006), p. 161-181. 2008 “Les forteresses assyriennes de la vallée du moyen Euphrate”, in L. BATTINI & Ph. ABRAHAMI éd., Les armées du ProcheOrient ancien (IIIe-Ier millénaires). Actes du Syria 86 (2009) BIBLIOGRAPHIE colloque organisé à Lyon les 1er et 2 décembre 2006, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, BAR IS 1855, Oxford, p. 151-175. 2009 L’expansion médio-assyrienne. Approche archéologique, BAR IS 1906, Oxford. in press a “La nécropole à incinération de Tell Shioukh Faouqâni : présentation des données archéologiques”, in J.-Cl. MARGUERON, P. de MIROSCHEDJI & J.-P. THALMANN éd. Proceedings of the 3rd ICAANE, Paris, 1519 avril 2002, Winonna Lake. in press b “Données archéologiques sur les frontières de l’empire médio-assyrien”, in E. CANCIKKIRSCHBAUM éd., Assur—Mari—DurKatlimmu : Historische Geographie Assyriens, des Habur-Gebietes und des Mittleren Euphrats im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr., Berlin. TENU (A.) & L. BACHELOT 2005 “Tell Shioukh Faouqâni (Syrie) : la campagne de sondages 2003 dans la nécropole à incineration”, Akkadica, 126, p. 159-168. THALMANN (J.-P.) 1978 “Tell ‘Arqa (Liban du Nord), Campagnes I-III (1972-1974) ”, Syria, 55, p. 1-151. THUREAU-DANGIN (F.) 1929 “Tell Ahmar”, Syria, 10, p. 185-205. THUREAU-DANGIN (F.) et al. 1932 Arslan-Tash, BAH 16, Paris. THUREAU-DANGIN (Fr.) & Ed. DHORME 1924 “Cinq jours de fouilles à Ashara”, Syria, 5, p. 265-293. THUREAU-DANGIN (F.) & M. DUNAND 1936 Til-Barsib, BAH 23, Paris. TOURNAY (R.-J.) & S. SAOUAF 1952 “Stèle de Tukulti-Ninurta II”, AAAS, 2, p. 169-190, pl. 1-3. TROKAY (M.) 2000 “Le matériel de broyage en basalte du Tell Ahmar”, in P. MATTHIAE, A. ENEA, L. PEYRONEL & F. PINNOCK éd., Proceedings of the First ICAANE, Roma, May 18th-23th 1998, Roma, p. 1665-1677. TUCHELT (K.) 1962 Tiergefässe in Kopf und Protomengestalt, Berlin. TUNCA (Ö.) 1996 “A propos de la genèse des orthostates néoassyriens”, in Ö. Tunca & D. DEHESELLE éd., Tablettes et images aux pays de Sumer et d’Akkad : Mélanges offerts à Monsieur H. Limet, Liège, p. 223-226. UNGNAD (A.) 1938 “Eponymen”, RAVA, 2, p. 412-457. USSISHKIN (D.) 1971 “Was Bit-Adini a Neo-Hittite or Aramaean State?”, Orientalia, 40, p. 431-437. 177 STEEN (E.) Tribes and Territories in Transition: the Central East Jordan Valley in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Ages: A Study of the Sources, OLA 130, Leuven. VENTURI (F.) 2007 La Siria nell’età delle trasformazioni (XIII-X sec. a.C.). Nuovi contributi dallo scavo di Tell Afis, Bologna. VIRGILIO (F.) 2005 “Area B2 : fortificazione e zona abitativa del Ferro II-III”, in S. MAZZONI, Tell Afis. Siria – 2002-2004, EVO, 28, p. 37-41. VON DER OSTEN (H. H.) 1929 Explorations in Hittite Asia Minor 1927-1928, OIC 6, Chicago. VON LUSHAN (F.) & W. ANDRAE 1943 “Die Kleinfunde von Sendschirli”, F. VON LUSCHAN, R. KOLDEWEY & W. ANDRAE éd., Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli, 5, Berlin. VORYS CANBY (J.) 1971 “Decorated Garments in Ashurnasirpal’s sculpture”, Iraq, 33, p. 31-53. WÄFLER (M.) 1994 “Taddum, Tîdu und Ta’idu(m)/Tâdum”, in P. CALMEYER, K. HECKER, L. JAKOBROST & C. B. F. WALKER éd., Beiträge zur altorientalischen Archäologie und Altertumskunde: Festschrift für Barthel Hrouda zum 65. Geburtstag, Wiesbaden, p. 293-302. WALDBAUM (J. C.) 1978 From Bronze to Iron. The transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Eastern Mesopotamia, Göteborg. 1980 “The First Archaeological Appearance of Iron and the Transition to the Iron Age”, in T. A. WERTIME & J. D. MUHLY éd., The Coming of Iron, New Haven-London, p. 69-98. WARD W.A. & M. SHARP JOUKOWSKY (éd.) 1992 The Crisis Years: the 12th Century B.C. From beyond the Danube to the Tigris, Dubuque (IA). WERNER (P.) 1994 Die entwicklung der Sakralarchitektur in Nordsyrien und Südoskleinasien vom Neolithikum bis in das 1. Jt. V. Chr., MVS 15, München-Wien. WERTIME (T. A.) & J. D. MUHLY (éd.) 1980 The Coming of Iron, New Haven-London. WILKINSON (T. J.) 1995 “Late-Assyrian settlement geography in Upper Mesopotamia”, in M. LIVERANI éd., NeoAssyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geografia Storica, 5, Roma, p. 139-159. 1997 “Environmental Fluctuations, Agricultural Production and Collapse; A View from Bronze VAN DER 2004 178 BIBLIOGRAPHIE Age Upper Mesopotamia”, in H. Dalfes, G. Kulka and H. Weiss éd., Third Millennium BC Climate Change and Old World Collapse. Berlin, p. 67-106. 2002 “The Settlement Transition of the Second millennium BC in the Western Khabur”, in L. AL-GAILANI et al., WERR, J. CURTIS, H. MARTIN, A. MCMAHON, J. OATES & J. READE éd., Of Pots and Plans. Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria presented to David Oates in Honour of his 75th Birthday, London, p. 361–372. WILKINSON (T. J.) & E. BARBANES 2000 “Settlement Patterns in the Syrian Jazira during the Iron Age”, in G. BUNNENS 2000b, p. 397-422. WILKINSON (T. J.) & T. J. TUCKER 1995 Settlement Development in the North Jazira, Iraq: A Study of the Archaeological Landscape, Iraq Archaeological Reports, 3, Warminster. WINTER (I. J.) 1982 “Art as evidence for interaction: Relations between the Assyrian empire and North Syria”, in H. J. NISSEN & J. RENGER éd., Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn, Berlin, p. 355-382. 1987 “Art as evidence for interaction: Relations between the Assyrian empire and North Syria”, in H. J. NISSEN & J. RENGER éd., Mesopotamien und seine Nachbarn. Politische und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen im Alten Vorderasien vom 4. bis 1. Jahrtausends v. Chr., Berlin, 2nd éd., p. 355-382. WOOLLEY (L.) 1914 “Hittite Burial Customs”, Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, 6, p. 87-98. 1921 The Town Defences, Carchemish: Report on the Excavations at Djerabis/Djerablus on Behalf of the British Museum II, London. 1938 “ The Excavations at Al Mina, Sueidia. II”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 58, p 133-170 1939-40 “The Iron Age Graves of Carchemish”, Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, 26, p. 11-37. 1952 Carchemish III: Report on the Excavations at Jerablus on behalf of the British Museum: The Excavations of the inner Town, Oxford. 1955 Alalakh an account of the excavations at Tell Atchana in the Hatay, 1937-1949, Report of the Research Committees of the Society of Antiquaries of London XVIII, Oxford. 1962 Ur excavations: the Neo-Babylonian and Persian periods, London. Syria 86 (2009) WOOLLEY (L.) & R. D. BARNETT 1952 Carchemish, Report on the Excavations at Jerablus on behalf of the British Museum, Part III: the Excavations of the Inner Town, London. WYATT (N.) 1998a “The Arms and the King. The earliest allusions to the Chaoskampf motif and their implication of the Ugaritic and Biblical traditions”, in M. DIETRICH & I. KOTTSIEPER éd., Und Mose schrieb diese Lied auf. Studien zum Alten Testament und zum Alten Orient, Festschrift für Oswald Loretz zur Vollendung seines 70. Lebensjahres mit Beitragen von Freunden, Schülern und Kollegen, Münster, p. 834-882. 1998b Religious Texts from Ugarit. The Words of Ilimilku and his Colleagues, Sheffield. YAMADA (S.) 2008 “A Preliminary Report on the Old Babylonian Texts from the Excavation of Tell Taban in the 2005 and 2006 Seasons: The Middle Euphrates and Habur Areas in the Post-Hammurabi Period” in H. NUMOTO éd., Excavations at Tell Taban, Hassake, Syria. Preliminary Report on the 2005 and 2006 Seasons of Excavations and the Study of Old Babylonian and Middle Assyrian Texts, Hiroshima, p. 153-168. YOUNGER, Jr., (K. L.) 2007 “The Late Bronze Age / Iron Age transition and the origins of the Arameans”, in K. L. YOUNGER éd., Ugarit at Seventy-Five, Winona Lake, p. 131-174. ZADOK (R.) 1991 “Elements of Aramean Pre-history”, in M. M. COGAN & I. EPH’AL éd., Ah Assyria... Studies in Assyrian History and Ancient Near Eastern Historiography presented to Hayim Tadmor, Scripta Hierosolymitana 33, Jerusalem, p. 104-117. 1995 “The Ethno-Linguistic Character of the Jezireh and Adjacent Regions in the 9th-7th Centuries (Assyria Proper vs. Periphery)”, in M. LIVERANI éd., Neo-Assyrian Geography, Quaderni di Geographica Storica 5, Roma, p. 217-281. 1997 “The Ethnolinguistic Composition of Assyria Proper”, in H. WAETZOLDT & H. HAUPTMANN éd., Assyrien im Wandel der Zeiten, XXXIXe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Heidelberg 6.-10. Juli 1992, Heidelberger Studien zum Alten Orient Bd 6, Heidelberg, p. 209-216.