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m06-24mk

m06-24mk.fm Seite 152 Montag, 27. August 2007 10:22 10
Arch.Geflügelk., 71 (4). S. 152–161, 2007, ISSN 0003-9098. © Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart
Effects of non-starch polysaccharide hydrolysing enzyme preparations in male and female turkeys fed wheat-based diets
Einfluss des Zusatzes von Produkten mit Nicht-Stärk-Polysaccharide spaltenden Enzymen
zu Weizen-betonten Rationen für männliche und weibliche Puten
Jeannette Boguhn and M. Rodehutscord
Manuskript eingegangen am 30. Mai 2006, angenommen am 16. August 2006
Introduction
Diets for poultry species are expected to promote the rapid
growth of healthy animals by providing highly digestible
nutrients, which allow a good feed conversion ratio. Many
plant ingredients for poultry diets, e.g. cereals, legumes or
oilseed meals, contain compounds such as tannins, trypsin
inhibitors or non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), which may
have negative effects on the birds’ performance (BEDFORD
and SCHULZE, 1998). The use of wheat or rye in commercial
poultry diets has been limited by their high levels of soluble cell wall NSP, especially pentosans and β-glucanes
(CARRÉ and BRILLOUET, 1986; ANTONIOU et al., 1981; CHOCT
and ANNISON, 1992). The presence of NSP may lead to increased digesta viscosity, slower digesta passage, restriction in digestion, and a decrease in the performance of
poultry (JEROCH et al., 1995). NSP hydrolysing enzymes
have been shown to cause a partial depolymerization of
non-starch polysaccharides, which reduced their anti-nutritive effects and improved the metabolisable energy (ME)
value of the poultry diet (BEDFORD and CLASSEN, 1992;
CHOCT et al., 1995). It is now well documented that the
growth and feed conversion of broilers can be improved by
supplementing their diets with exogenous enzymes containing xylanases (CHOCT et al., 1995; DÄNICKE et al., 1997;
MARRON et al., 2001; PRESTON et al., 2001; VELDMAN and
VAHL, 1994).
Only a few studies have looked into the effect of enzyme
supplementation to wheat-based diets in turkeys (BOGUHN
et al., 2002; ODETALLAH et al., 2002; SANTOS et al., 2004a;
SANTOS et al., 2004b), particularly in females. In several
steps, the composition of turkey diets is adjusted to the
changes in requirements throughout the entire fattening
period. The inclusion rate of wheat and, consequently, the
content of NSP can be increased depending on the age of
the birds. This increase in substrate makes an effect of enzyme supplementation more likely with increased age. On
the other hand, some authors have stated that younger
Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität
Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
birds are more responsive to enzyme supplements than
older birds (PETERSEN et al., 1999; VELDMAN and VAHL,
1994). This reveals a need for examining enzyme effects
during the entire growth period of turkeys. Some studies
investigated only a certain part of the growth period
(MATHLOUTHI et al., 2003; RITZ et al., 1995), while SANTOS
et al., (2004b) demonstrated that the effect of enzyme
treatment is age-dependent.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of
exogenous NSP hydrolysing enzyme preparations in four
subsequent growth trials, with either male or female turkeys under standardised experimental conditions during
the entire fattening period. Commercially available and
developmental enzyme products were used, but a comparison of product efficiencies was not intended.
Material and methods
Study design and animal housing
Four separate feeding trials were conducted between December 2002 and September 2005. Either male or female
B.U.T. Big 6 hybrids1 were fed diets either unsupplemented
or supplemented with enzyme products mainly containing
endoxylanase activity in a phase feeding program. As detailed in Table 1, the growth period was divided into six
and five phases (P1 to P6) running 20 to 22 weeks for male
turkeys and 16 weeks for female turkeys.
All experiments were conducted in the same animal
house at the University Research Centre for Animal Sciences in Merbitz. Ten hatchlings per sex were grouped in pens
that were 2 m × 2 m in size. In experiments I and II, 11 pens
of males (I) and females (II) were allocated to 1 out of 3 dietary treatments. In experiment III and IV, 17 pens of
males (III) and females (IV) were used per treatment.
Treatments were evenly distributed in the animal house.
During P1 to P3, individual animals that died or had to
be culled were replaced by birds that had been fed the respective diet in a separate (non-experimental) pen. Removals during P4, P5 and P6 were not replaced. Based on
the size of the pens, the number of birds per pen was reduced to 8 at the beginning of P4, and to 6 at the beginning
of P6.
The ambient temperature in the animal house was gradually decreased from 36°C on days 1 and 2 to 16°C on day
40. During summer, the climate was largely affected by
1Moorgut
Kartzfehn von Kameke OHG, Bösel, Germany.
Arch.Geflügelk. 4/2007
Boguhn and Rodehutscord: NSP hydrolyzing enzymes in turkey diets
153
Table 1. Start and duration of the phases in the four experiments
Versuchsbeginn und Einteilung der Phasen für die vier Versuche
Experiment
Start
I
II
III
IV
05.12.2002
06.08.2003
21.04.2004
23.05.2005
Fattening phase
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
Duration (in days)
14
21
28
28
28
21
14
21
28
29
22
14
21
26
24
41 1
28
14
21
28
28
21
1 Planned duration: 35 days. P5 was extended by 6 days because P3 and P4 had to be finished earlier than planned due to shortage in feed.
outdoor temperatures because the building could not be
cooled. Lighting was continuous during the first three days
and then reduced until day 12. Afterwards, the daily light
period was 16 h with an intensity of approximately 10 lux.
Wood shavings or chaffed straw were used as bedding material. Birds had permanent access to drinking water. Diets
were available ad libitum from feeder troughs, which were
re-filled by hand with pre-weighed amounts as required.
All diets were pelleted through a 3-mm die. Steam was applied during pelleting in experiments I and III, but not in
experiments II and IV. For P1, pellets were crumbled. Apart
from those fed in Experiment IV, all diets contained a coccidiostat during P1 to P4. Birds underwent routine vaccination against Newcastle Disease. No other medical treatment was necessary.
Diets and chemical analyses
The basal ingredients of all diets were wheat, solvent-extracted soybean meal from dehulled seed, palm oil and
fishmeal (Table 2). The dietary inclusion rate of ingredients slightly varied amongst experiments, but largely in between the phases of each experiment. In most diets, rye
was considered an additional pentosan source. Free amino
acids were included in order to allow an adequate amino
acid supply in combination with a maximised cereal inclusion rate. Diets were formulated to contain ME and nutrients at least at the levels recommended by the National Research Council (NRC, 1994). Recommendations given by
the breeding company were also considered.
In all experiments, treatment 1 served as the control diet
without any enzyme supplementation. In the other treatments, diets were supplemented with preparations containing endo-β-1,4-xylanase, and different products were
used in the experiments (Table 3). Therefore, an efficiency
comparison of products was neither possible, nor intended. The products were either premixed with a small
amount of feed before being mixed into the diets, or applied as a liquid product post pelleting. In no case did the
temperature of the pellets exceed 90°C. In Experiment II,
the same product was applied in two different concentrations. Complete and pelleted diets were analysed for their
enzyme activities, and the intended differences in the enzyme levels between treatments were basically confirmed
(Table 4). Analysed concentrations of crude nutrients are
shown in Table 5 and confirm the similarity of diets
amongst treatments within each experiment.
The crude nutrient concentrations were analysed according to standards applied in Germany (NAUMANN and
BASSLER, 1976). Detection of enzyme activity was product-specific. In Experiments I and III, determination of xylanase activity in the two products and all diets was made
as endoxylanase units (EXU) according to ENGELEN et al.,
(1996) and as a thermo stable xylanases unit (TXU) with a
modification of this method by DSM, Delft, The Netherlands. In Experiment II, enzyme activity was determined
by Biopract GmbH, Berlin, Germany. Results of experiments I to III are expressed as product equivalents, which
were calculated on the basis of analysed activities of endo-1,4-β-xylanase. Xylanase activities in Experiment IV
were detected by AB Enzymes Oy, Rajamäki, Finland. One
xylanase unit (BXU) is defined as the amount of enzyme
that produces reducing carbohydrates having a reducing
power corresponding to one nmol xylose from birch xylan
in one second at pH 5.3 and 50°C.
Data registration and statistical analysis
On day 1 of the experiments and at the end of each phase,
the animals’ body weight (BW) and the amount of feed remaining in the feeder were determined. The average BW
gain of birds was determined as the difference in average
BW at the end and beginning of each phase. Feed consumption per bird was calculated as the total amount of
feed consumed by one pen per phase, divided by the
number of birds per pen. In case of any elimination of individual animals between regular weighing dates, the
amount of feed needed until this day was recorded, and
the amount of feed subsequently used was divided by the
reduced number of animals.
Data were subjected to the glm procedure using the SAS
software package for Windows, version 9.1 (2002-2003
SAS Institute Inc., USA). The Tukey test was applied to determine whether treatments were significantly different
within each experiment. The chosen level of significance
was P≤0.05.
Results
In Experiment I, turkeys increased their BW from 58 g to
nearly 22 kg (Table 6). The final BW was significantly improved by supplementation of the two enzyme products.
Male birds in Experiment III, which was conducted during
154
Table 2. Diet composition in the four experiments (%) and calculated energy and nutrient concentrations
Zusammensetzung der Rationen in den vier Versuchen (%) und kalkulierte Energie- und Nährstoffgehalte
Composition
Wheat
Rye
Soybean meal, dehulled seed
Palm oil
Fish meal
Free amino acids1
Residue2
ME, MJ/kg
Crude protein, %
Lysine, %
Methionine + Cystine, %
Experiment
Phase
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV3
36.2
36.7
41.7
41.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
44.0
44.0
43.0
40.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
0.69
0.69
0.95
0.65
5.61
5.11
5.85
5.65
39.0
39.3
51.3
45.0
10.0
10.0
8.0
36.0
36.0
34.0
35.0
6.5
6.5
6.5
4.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.0
0.65
0.65
0.89
0.65
5.35
5.05
4.81
5.35
44.4
45.0
61.9
51.0
15.0
15.0
10.1
26.0
26.0
24.0
27.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.82
0.82
0.93
0.80
4.78
4.18
4.17
5.10
52.5
52.7
68.7
55.0
15.0
15.0
13.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
20.0
7.0
7.5
7.0
4.5
1.5
1.5
2.0
0.84
0.84
1.07
0.75
5.16
4.46
5.23
4.75
59.6
59.3
54.7
56.3
15.0
15.0
20.0
17.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
15.0
7.0
8.0
7.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
0.59
0.59
0.83
0.60
4.81
4.11
4.47
4.60
60.8
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
III
IV
11.6
11.6
11.4
11.9
27.0
27.0
27.1
27.5
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.16
1.16
1.17
1.20
11.9
11.9
12.1
12.0
24.3
24.3
24.3
24.9
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.69
1.07
1.07
1.05
1.08
12.3
12.4
12.7
12.2
20.7
20.7
21.3
21.8
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.62
0.96
0.96
0.96
1.00
12.2
12.6
12.5
12.4
18.5
18.5
18.3
19.1
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.43
0.85
0.85
0.86
0.88
12.2
12.8
12.6
12.6
17.1
17.1
16.6
16.9
0.98
0.98
1.05
1.18
0.81
0.81
0.83
0.77
56.2
20.0
25.0
6.0
6.0
7.0
7.0
1.0
1.0
0.68
0.69
4.52
4.11
12.7
12.9
14.2
14.0
0.85
0.86
0.69
0.70
1
2
L-lysine·HCl, DL-methionine, L-threonine, L-tryptophan
MCP, limestone, NaCl, choline chloride, and premix P1 to P4 (for P5 and P6 in parenthesis, per kg): vitamin A 1200000 (800000) IU; vitamin
D3 400000 (300000) IU; vitamin E 4000 (4000) mg; vitamin K3 240 (200) mg; vitamin B1 210 (200) mg; vitamin B2 720 (600) mg; vitamin B6 400
(300) mg; vitamin B12 2.3 (2.0) mg; niacin 6.6 (6.0) g; Ca-P-pantothenate 1.4 (1.1) g; folic acid 150 (100) mg; biotine 17.5 (10.5) mg; iron 5.0
(5.0) g; copper 1.0 (1.0) g; zinc 6.0 (6.0) g; manganese 8.0 (8.0) g; cobalt 25 (25) mg; iodine 100 (100) mg; selenium 35 (35) mg; butylhydroxytoluol 7.5 (5.0) g; monensin-sodium (C36H61O11Na, as coccidiostat) 10.0 g
3 without monensin-sodium
summertime, reached a final average BW of 19.8 kg. Both
the final BW and the BW at the end of P5 were significantly
improved due to enzyme supplementation in Experiment
III. In experiments II and IV, females reached a final BW of
155
Table 3. Characterisation of enzyme supplementation in each treatment
Charakterisierung der Enzymzusätze in den einzelnen Behandlungen
Experiment
Treatment
Pens
Product dosage
I
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
11
11
11
11
11
11
17
17
17
17
100 mg/kg
150 mg/kg
50 mg/kg
100 mg/kg
100 mg/kg
24 000 BXU/kg of feed
II
III
IV
Product name
Natugrain® Wheat1,2
Natugrain® Wheat TS1,3
Roxazyme® G2 G4
Roxazyme® G2 G4
Natugrain® Wheat TS1,3
Premix of Econase® XT (new)5
1 Products containing Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
2 Minimum activity 56000 EXU/g of product (supplied as granules in P1 to P3 and as liquid in P4 to P6).
3 Minimum activity 5600 TXU/g of product (supplied as granules in Exp. III P1 and as liquid in all other diets of treatment 2 in Exp. III and of
treatment 3 in Exp. I).
4 Product containing an enzyme complex derived from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (DSM Nutritional Products Ltd, Basel, Switzerland). The
main enzyme activities in this complex are:
Endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), minimum activity 8000 U/g of product
Endo-1,3(4)-beta-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6), minimum activity 18000 U/g of product
Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), minimum activity 26000 U/g of product.
5 Developmental product containing Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase (EC 3.2.1.8), AB Enzymes GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.
Table 4. Analysed enzyme activity in the rations for each fattening phase
Gemessene Enzymaktivitäten in den Rationen für die einzelnen Mastphasen
Experiment
Treatment
I1
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
II1
III1
IV
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
BXU/kg
BXU/kg
Fattening phase
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
n.d.
64
148
n.d.
32
58
n.d.
75
n.d.
29100
n.d.
100
170
n.d.
45
77
n.d.
91
n.d.
26400
n.d.
90
154
n.d.
46
86
n.d.
96
n.d.
28700
n.d.
98
157
n.d.
52
67
n.d.
102
n.d.
25100
n.d.
96
161
n.d.
72
148
n.d.
57
70
n.d.
93
n.d.
25100
n.d.
94
n.d.: Not detectable.
1 Calculated on the basis of analysed activities of Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase.
approximately 11 kg after 16 weeks. A significant enzyme
effect on the final BW was detected in Experiment IV. The
final BW was also higher in the enzyme-supplemented
treatments in Experiment II, but these differences were not
significant.
In Experiment I, daily BW gain in the individual phases
was not significantly different, but calculated for the total
experimental period BW gain was significantly improved
by 2.6% by the enzyme supplementation (Table 7). In Experiment III, daily BW gain was significantly improved by
enzyme supplementation in P5 and P6 as well as in the
whole experimental period (by 4.0%). With the female turkeys in Experiment II, a significant treatment effect was detected in P3 and P5. BW gain in the whole experimental peArch.Geflügelk. 4/2007
riod was higher in the enzyme supplemented treatments
by 1.0 and 1.6%, but these differences were not statistically
significant. In Experiment IV, the differences in BW gain
for individual phases were not significant except for P1,
but calculated for the total experimental period the BW
gain was significantly improved by 1.5% by the enzyme
supplementation.
The daily feed intake of male turkeys increased from approximately 30 g in P1 to about 660 g in P5 and P6 in Experiment I (Table 8). In Experiment III, the level of intake
was lower in phases P4 to P6. The overall level of feed intake was, as expected, lower in females than in males. Significant treatment effects on feed intake were detected
only in Experiment IV, and the intake calculated for the
156
Table 5. Results of chemical analysis of the diets for each fattening phase (means of treatments within each experiment, in g/kg
dry matter)
Ergebnisse der chemischen Analyse der Rationen für die einzelnen Mastphasen (Mittelwerte der Behandlungen innerhalb eines Experimentes, in g/kg Trockensubstanz)
Experiment
Phase
P1
P2
I
II
III
IV
911
915
911
917
918
920
928
920
I
II
III
IV
305
325
322
268
283
278
286
276
I
II
III
IV
63.0
57.6
48.2
45.9
56.5
54.3
45.7
35.5
I
II
III
IV
87.6
90.8
88.5
63.4
89.0
99.9
97.3
66.3
whole experimental period was by 2.6% reduced in the enzyme supplemented treatment of this experiment.
The feed conversion ratio (g BW gain/g feed) continuously decreased depending on the age of birds (Table 9). In
at least 4 phases of all the 4 experiments, the BW gain/feed
ratio was higher in the enzyme-supplemented treatments.
These differences were statistically significant in 3 and 4
phases of Experiment I and III, and in 1 phase and 4 phases
of Experiment II and IV, respectively. The cumulative BW
gain/feed ratio of males, calculated for the entire experimental period, was significantly improved due to enzyme
supplementation by 5.0 and 3.7% in Experiments I and III,
respectively (Figure 1). For females, the cumulative BW
gain/feed ratio was 3.3% higher in treatment 3 than in the
control treatment of Experiment II, and 4.0% higher in the
enzyme-supplemented treatment of Experiment IV. The
latter difference was statistically significant.
Discussion
The present studies showed beneficial effects when different xylanase-containing products were included in diets
for turkeys. To the knowledge of the authors studies on this
subject with female turkeys were not published. Data from
the present studies show that an NSP hydrolysing enzyme
supplementation to wheat-based diets has positive effects
on the performance of both male and female turkeys. Regardless of the differences in the growth pattern of male
and female turkeys, the feed conversion was improved for
both sexes that were fed the supplemented diet in comparison to the control diet.
The cumulative BW gain/feed ratio was improved by approximately 3 to 5% in all experiments. Wheat, rye and
triticale contain a relatively high concentration of NSP con-
P3
P4
Organic matter
933
935
930
922
Crude protein
238
215
249
213
249
211
245
216
Crude fibre
66.4
34.5
57.1
63.0
56.1
55.0
41.6
52.2
Crude fat
97.1
95.0
102.8
120.4
103.6
105.2
65.5
69.8
930
930
939
917
P5
P6
939
944
937
924
944
949
-
185
182
190
199
157
157
-
54.7
51.2
52.6
53.2
50.9
31.0
-
108.8
103.7
97.7
76.1
93.5
91.4
-
sisting mainly of arabinoxylans and some β-glucans (ANNI1991; ANTONIOU et al., 1981; FLORES et al., 1994). Two
models have been proposed for the antinutritive role of soluble NSP (BEDFORD and MORGAN, 1996). First, the arabinoxylans, which are components of the endosperm cell wall,
are considered to affect the digestion of other nutrients.
Second, these NSP dissolve in the intestine and cause increased digesta viscosity, as well as a reduced rate of nutrient absorption. Supplementation of grain-based poultry
diets with enzymes may reduce these antinutritional problems (ACAMOVIC, 2001), which is confirmed with regard to
turkeys by the present data. The supplementation of
wheat-based diets for turkeys with a NSP hydrolysing enzyme preparation led to significant reduction in viscosity
of digesta from the ileum (GÜNAL et al., 2004; SANTOS et al.,
2004a). Results of the present study indicate that the older
the birds grow, the higher the effects are (Figure 2). Likewise, this is the effect of increasing substrate concentration
in the diets due to the increased inclusion of wheat and
rye. In broilers, digesta viscosity declined with increasing
age (PETERSEN et al., 1999), suggesting that supplementing
an enzyme is most effective in young birds (VELDMAN and
VAHL, 1994). This may result from the developing microbial
activity, because a major effect of NSP is to encourage bacterial growth in the caeca (MATHLOUTHI et al., 2002). Therefore, the viscosity could be decreased through an increase
of the microflora population with age (BEDFORD and MORGAN, 1996). Although this development might be similar in
turkeys, it has different consequences. As turkeys’ growth
period is longer than that of broilers and their diets contain
more cereal grains in the end phases, the enzyme products
were particularly efficient in older birds.
The effect of NSP hydrolysing enzyme supplementation
on performance appears to depend on the dose of pentosans (BEDFORD and CLASSEN, 1992). SANTOS et al. (2004b)
SON,
157
Table 6. Body weight of turkeys at the beginning of the experiment, and at the start and end of each phase (means and SD)
Lebendmasse der Puten zu Versuchsbeginn und am Anfang und Ende der einzelnen Phasen (Mittelwerte und s)
Experiment
Sex
Treatment
at start
g
end of P1
g
end of P2
kg
end of P3
kg
start of P4
kg
end of P4
kg
end of P5
kg
start of P6
kg
end of P6
kg
1
I1
Male
2
3
58.3
1.2
396
26.3
1.89
0.13
5.86
0.24
6.05
0.25
11.69
0.46
17.35
0.50
17.47
0.54
21.30
0.61
58.1
1.1
396
27.0
1.84
0.07
5.99
0.41
6.18
0.41
12.15
0.74
17.60
0.93
17.74
0.92
21.86*
0.71
58.4
1.1
401
18.5
1.88
0.08
6.03
0.29
6.18
0.30
11.92
0.54
17.55
0.48
17.75
0.41
21.94*
0.48
1
II1
Female
2
III2
Male
IV2
Female
3
1
2
1
2
59.9
1.2
384
29.6
1.60
0.07
4.66
0.15
4.77
0.15
8.40
0.28
10.84
0.31
59.9
3.2
380
18.0
1.63
0.08
4.58
0.09
4.71
0.07
8.32
0.15
10.95
0.14
59.6
1.3
386
17.9
1.64
0.07
4.66
0.13
4.78
0.14
8.37
0.26
11.03
0.33
62.8
1.6
361
14.6
2.02
0.06
6.27
0.19
6.45
0.18
11.64
0.48
16.42
0.85
16.64
0.72
19.41
0.93
62.9
1.2
366
16.6
2.05
0.07
6.31
0.19
6.48
0.19
11.62
0.32
17.07*
0.54
17.04
0.63
20.20*
0.80
64.1
1.7
312
8.4
1.54
0.05
5.02
0.15
5.10
0.16
9.03
0.19
11.06
0.22
63.9
1.4
305*
10.9
1.55
0.05
5.10
0.20
5.19
0.18
9.13
0.19
11.22*
0.19
1 n = 11
2 n = 17
* Means are significantly different from the unsupplemented control treatment within an experiment according to the Tukey test (P<0.05).
Table 7. Average daily body weight gain (g/d) of turkeys (means and SD)
Mittlere Tageszunahme (g/Tag) der Puten (Mittelwerte und s)
Experiment
Sex
Treatment
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P1 to end
1
24.1
1.8
71.1
5.1
142
8.5
202
15.9
202
12.3
182
11.0
152
4.4
I1
Male
2
24.1
1.9
68.8
2.4
148
13.5
213
20.2
195
25.2
197
30.4
156*
5.0
3
24.5
1.3
70.5
3.0
148
8.2
205
14.3
201
11.3
200
17.6
156*
3.4
1
II1
Female
2
III2
Male
3
23.2
2.1
57.9
2.3
109
3.4
125
5.9
110
10.9
22.9
1.4
59.4
3.1
105*
3.7
125
6.3
121*
4.6
23.3
1.2
59.7
2.8
108
3.6
124
5.9
121*
7.7
94.7
2.7
95.6
1.2
96.2
2.9
1
21.3
1.0
78.9
2.4
164
6.2
216
15.7
117
12.5
99
16.4
126
6.0
IV2
Female
2
21.7
1.2
80.1
2.9
164
5.8
214
10.2
133*
16.7
113*
22.6
131*
6.5
1
17.7
0.5
58.4
2.2
124
5.9
140
7.6
96.9
9.1
17.2*
0.8
59.1
1.9
127
6.8
141
7.2
99.8
7.8
98.1
2.0
99.6*
1.7
1 n=11
2 n=17
* Means are significantly different from the unsupplemented control treatment within an experiment according to the Tukey test
assumed that a low level of an endoxylanase is insufficient
to degrade a high inclusion level of NSP present in wheat.
Other authors attributed this to an inappropriate enzyme
2
(P<0.05).
for the type of grain involved (FRIESEN et al., 1992). No conclusions with regard to the optimal enzyme level in turkey
diets or the optimal enzyme to substrate ratio can be
158
Table 8. Average feed consumption (g/d) of turkeys (means and SD)
Mittlere Futteraufnahme (g/Tag) der Puten (Mittelwerte und s)
Experiment
Sex
Treatment
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P1 to end
1
32.2
2.1
104
5.1
281
12.0
529
35.7
689
51.4
660
22.2
418
17.1
I1
Male
2
32.0
2.3
101
7.7
276
21.4
521
35.6
645
41.2
671
53.3
408
15.0
3
32.6
1.4
101
4.5
275
15.3
525
37.8
665
34.8
654
32.8
410
16.6
1
II1
Female
2
III2
Male
3
29.6
1.7
93.6
5.0
213
8.6
401
16.9
447
18.7
29.3
1.1
95.6
5.1
211
4.0
405
17.3
454
18.3
29.2
1.1
95.2
3.6
210
8.0
386
17.2
448
20.4
262
8.6
264
8.0
257
8.2
1
IV2
Female
2
27.7
1.0
111
2.8
289
10.3
485
26.0
431
25.1
430
52.5
335
16.2
27.6
1.4
110
4.0
288
9.8
473
15.4
441
20.2
446
44.2
338
10.7
1
2
26.1*
1.1
85.9*
2.6
247
11.3
416
19.1
431
21.8
27.5
0.7
88.4
1.7
251
15.7
425
14.1
446
22.5
266*
8.1
273
8.1
1 n=11
2 n=17
* Means are significantly different from the unsupplemented control treatment within an experiment according to the Tukey test
(P<0.05).
Table 9. Feed conversion ratio (g BW gain/g feed) of turkeys in each phase (means and SD)
Futterverwertung (g Lebendmassezunahme/g Futter) der Puten in den einzelnen Phasen (Mittelwerte und s)
Experiment
Sex
Treatment
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
1
0.75
0.023
0.68
0.046
0.50
0.026
0.38
0.013
0.29
0.032
0.28
0.017
I1
Male
2
0.75
0.022
0.68
0.040
0.53*
0.016
0.41*
0.043
0.30
0.035
0.29
0.030
3
0.75
0.023
0.69
0.013
0.54*
0.016
0.39
0.018
0.30
0.021
0.30*
0.026
1
0.78
0.034
0.62
0.027
0.51
0.025
0.31
0.016
0.25
0.021
II1
Female
2
0.78
0.030
0.62
0.016
0.50
0.024
0.31
0.010
0.27*
0.011
III2
Male
3
0.80
0.020
0.63
0.017
0.51
0.019
0.32
0.007
0.27*
0.011
1
0.77
0.029
0.71
0.019
0.57
0.010
0.45
0.019
0.27
0.022
0.23
0.029
IV2
Female
2
0.78*
0.018
0.73*
0.014
0.57
0.011
0.45
0.024
0.30*
0.028
0.25*
0.034
1
0.64
0.020
0.66
0.032
0.50
0.019
0.33
0.022
0.22
0.019
2
0.66*
0.013
0.69*
0.023
0.51*
0.023
0.34
0.016
0.23*
0.016
1 n=11
2 n=17
* Means are significantly different from the unsupplemented control treatment within an experiment according to the Tukey test (P<0.05).
drawn from the present experiments. In Experiment II,
there were no effects in growth and feed conversion by
doubling the enzyme amount from 50 to 100 mg/kg and
only one product level was used in the other experiments.
A commercial preparation of xylanase and β-glucanase
applied to wheat and wheat/barley-based diets for young
turkeys caused an optimal growth performance and feed
efficiency at a level of 20 mg/kg; no additional benefit
was obtained with an enzyme concentration of 30 mg/kg
(MATHLOUTHI et al., 2003). The negative correlation be-
tween the diet’s NSP content and its nutritive value (ANNIindicates that it is possible to
predict the amount of enzymes to be added to the diet
(CHOCT, 2001). However, the diets contain plant ingredients with a high chemical complexity and carbohydrate
variability (BEDFORD and SCHULZE, 1998; CARRÉ and
BRILLOUET, 1986), making it difficult to predict the response to various types of supplemented enzymes. In order to develop an enzyme product, more detailed analyses of structural changes and more information about the
SON, 1991; STEENFELDT, 2001)
0.38*
0.38*
0.36
0.35
0.30
0.00
Treatment:
1
2
3
Ex periment I
Ma le turk eys
0.40
0.39*
0.37
Fe ed conversion ra tio ( P1 to P5,
g body weight gain/ g feed)
Feed conver sion rat io ( P1 to P6,
g body weight gain/ g feed)
0.40
0.36
0.37
0.38*
0.36
0.35
0.30
0.00
2
1
E xperiment II I
0.36
1
2
3
Ex periment II
Female turk eys
2
1
Ex periment IV
%
* means are significantly diff erent from the unsupplemented control treatment within a experiment according Tukey-test (P <0.05)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
I
II
III
IV
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
animals’ intestinal mechanisms are necessary (BEDFORD,
2000).
Males in experiments I and III grew distinctly different.
While growth rate was slightly higher in Experiment III
than in I during P2 to P4, it was much lower in P5 and P6
(Table 7). Differences in feed intake in P5 and P6 can be
considered the main reason for the differences in growth.
Additionally, the BW gain/feed ratio in P6 was lower in Experiment III than in Experiment I, which may have its reason in the longer duration of P6 (4 weeks in Experiment III
and 3 weeks in Experiment I). While Experiment I was finished in May, Experiment III lasted until September and P5
and P6 felt into the hottest period of the year. We assume
that the low level of feed intake was a response of the birds
to the high temperature. Turkeys did not show any signs of
sickness, and chemical analysis of the diets did not give any
indication that this was a diet-induced phenomenon.
To avoid environmental and animal welfare problems
and to reduce productivity losses, the control of excreta
moisture has become a priority in today’s modern poultry
industry (BEDFORD and MORGAN, 1996). Excreta moisture
and bedding appearance were not evaluated in these studies, but enzyme supplementation had a positive effect on
the appearance of the bedding material in a previous study
with a similar design (BOGUHN et al., 2002). This is in line
with a reduction in turkey digesta viscosity caused by supplementation of a NSP hydrolysing enzyme preparation
(GÜNAL et al., 2004; SANTOS et al., 2004a). In other studies,
no changes in performance parameters were observed at
159
P6
Figure 1. Mean feed conversion ratio (g body
weight gain/g feed) of turkeys during the respective
experiment (means and
SD)
Mittlere Futterverwertung (g
Lebendmassezunahme/g
Futter) der Puten während
des jeweiligen Versuches
(Mittelwerte und s)
Figure 2. Difference
in
gain/feed ratio for each
phase (P1 to P6) in the enzyme supplemented treatments of experiments I to
IV in relation to the respective unsupplemented control (%; calculated from
Table 9)
Veränderung in der Futterverwertung in den einzelnen
Phasen der Versuche I bis IV,
jeweils in Relation zur unsupplementierten Kontrolle
(%, basierend auf den Daten
aus Tabelle 9)
all (MCNAB et al., 1996; RITZ et al., 1995). However, results
of some recently published experiments demonstrated
marginal improvements in performance parameters of turkeys fed diets with supplemented enzymes (GROßER et al.,
1996; ODETALLAH et al., 2002; SANTOS et al., 2004a; SANTOS
et al., 2004b). As in the present study, the enzyme preparations significantly improved the feed conversion between 3 and 6% as compared to each control treatment
(BOGUHN et al., 2002; MATHLOUTHI et al., 2003), particularly
during the finishing fattening phases. Because in the last
half of the growth phase more than 80% of the total turkey
feed is used, the application of endoxylanases in turkey diets based on wheat and rye is a promising tool to improve
feed conversion.
Summary
In four separate feeding trials, male or female B.U.T. Big 6
turkeys were fed diets either unsupplemented or supplemented with enzyme products mainly containing endoxylanase activity in a common phase feeding program. The
growth period was divided into six and five phases running
20 to 22 weeks for male turkeys, and 16 weeks for female
turkeys. Inclusion of wheat as a basal component of the
diets varied between 36% in P1 and 61% in P6. In most
diets, rye was included as an additional pentosan source.
All diets were formulated according to the respective recommendation for nutrient concentration and ME. Body
160
weight and feed intake were determined at the end of each
phase and the feed conversion ratio was calculated.
The supplementation of the enzyme products significantly improved the body weight gain in three of the four
experiments in a range between 1.5 and 4.0%. At the end
of the experiments turkeys weighed approximately 22
(males) and 11 kg (females). A significant effect of enzyme
supplementation on feed consumption was detected only
in one experiment. The feed conversion ratio was higher by
3.3 to 5.0% in male and female birds fed the enzyme
supplemented diets in comparison with the control groups.
The effect of enzyme supplementation on feed conversion
ratio became more pronounced with increasing inclusion
of wheat plus rye in the diet and was significant in regard
to the total experimental period in three out of the four experiments.
In conclusion, the supplementation of diets based on
wheat and including some rye with endoxylanases or mixtures of endoxylanase and β-glucanase improves growth
and efficiency of feed conversion in turkeys.
Key words
Turkey, enzymes, xylanase, wheat-based diet, non-starch
polysaccharide
Zusammenfassung
Einfluss des Zusatzes von Produkten mit Nicht-Stärke-Polysaccharide spaltenden Enzymen zu Weizen-betonten Rationen für männliche und weibliche Puten
Männliche oder weibliche Puten der Herkunft B.U.T. Big
6 wurden in vier separaten Fütterungsversuchen nach einem üblichen Phasenfütterungsprogramm mit Futtermischungen mit oder ohne Zusatz NSP-spaltender Enzyme
(überwiegend Endoxylanase) gefüttert. Die Mastperiode
war in sechs bzw. fünf Phasen unterteilt und betrug 20 bis
22 Wochen für die männlichen bzw. 16 Wochen für die
weiblichen Tiere. Der Anteil von Weizen als Hauptkomponente in den Rationen lag zwischen 36% in P1 und 61% in
P6. In den meisten Rationen wurde Roggen als weitere
Pentosan-Quelle zugesetzt. Alle Futtermischungen waren
in ihrer Nährstoffkonzentration und der ME nach den bestehenden Empfehlungen ausgeglichen. Am Ende einer jeden Mastphase wurde die Lebendmasse und der Futterverbrauch bestimmt und die Futterverwertung berechnet.
Der Zusatz von NSP-spaltenden Enzymen führte in drei
der vier Versuche zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der
Lebendmassezunahme über die gesamte Mastperiode von
1,5 bis 4,0%. Die männlichen und weiblichen Tiere erreichten am Ende der Mast im Mittel eine Lebendmasse
von etwa 22 und etwa 11 kg. Ein signifikanter Einfluss auf
den Futterverzehr wurde in einem der vier Versuche beobachtet. Die männlichen und weiblichen Tiere der Varianten
mit Enzymzusatz benötigten weniger Futter pro kg Lebendmassezunahme als die Kontrolltiere (3,3 bis 5,0%).
Dieser Effekt wurde mit zunehmenden Mischungsanteilen
von Weizen plus Roggen deutlicher und war über den gesamten Versuchszeitraum betrachtet in drei von vier Versuchen signifikant.
Es wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass der Zusatz
von Xylanasen oder Mischungen aus Xylanase und β-Glucanase zu Weizen-betonten Rationen und bei Einsatz von
Roggen die Futterverwertung und das Wachstum verbessern kann. Demnach können Weizen und Roggen bei Nutzung eines geeigneten Enzympräparates in der Fütterung
von männlichen und weiblichen Puten eingesetzt werden.
Stichworte
Puten, Enzyme, Xylanase, Weizen-betonte Ration, NichtStärke Polysaccharide
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Correspondence: Prof. Dr. Markus Rodehutscord, Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg,
Emil-Abderhalden-Str. 26, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany;
E-mail: [email protected]

m06-24mk

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