aWara ucxoel avtorTa SromebSi

aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo
dawesebuleba _ saarqivo sammarTvelo
aWara ucxoel avtorTa
SromebSi
krebulSi
mkiTxveli
gaecnoba
ucxoeli
avtorebis
Sexedulebebs
samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos,
kerZod
aWarisa da misi umTavresi qalaqis – baTumis Sesaxeb 2009
wlis 3 ivliss aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis
saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba-saarqivo sammarTveloSi Catarebuli samecniero konferenciis masalebs.
krebuliT dainteresdebian ara marto humanitaruli
sferos
(istorikosebi,
arqeologebi,
anTropolog-eTnologebi, enaTmecnierebi) warmomadgenlebi, aramed samxreTdasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis problematikiT dainteresebuli nebismieri mkiTxveli.
saredaqcio sabWo:
kaxaber surgulaZe (Tavmjdomare)
Tamaz futkaraZe (redaqtori)
sandro beriZe
nazi futkaraZe
ciuri beJaniSvili
merab megreliSvili
recenzentebi:
oTar gogoliSvili
ciuri qaTamaZe
(samecniero konferenciis masalebi)
gamomcemloba `alioni~
baTumi - 2010
1
ISBN 978-9992-84399-3
gamomcemloba `alioni~ - 2010
2
qarTul teritoriul-eTnografiul jgufebs Soris aWara
gamorCeulia bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebiT, tragikuli
istoriiT, yofisa da kulturis specifikiT. aRniSnuli
Taviseburebani ganapirobebda saqarTvelos am umSvenieresi
kuTxisadmi rogorc mecnierTa, ise rigiTi moqalaqeebis,
mogzaurebisa Tu vaWrebis did interess.
swored,
Cveni
kuTxis
Sesaxeb
ucxoeli
avtorebis
Sexedulebebi da mosazrebebi gaxda aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis mTavrobis saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba saarqivo
sammarTveloSi Catarebuli samecniero konferenciis msjelobis sagani. konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileobdnen
aWaris saarqivo sammarTvelos, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis
saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis, niko berZeniSvilis
samecniero-kvleviTi institutis, mxareTmcodneobiTi, nobelisa da arqeologiuri muzeumebis warmomadgenlebi.
konferencia gaxsna da monawileebs miesalma saarqivo
sammarTvelos ufrosi tariel abulaZe. konferenciaze
dasmuli problemebis irgvliv TavianTi azri gamoTqves: n.
kaxiZem, m. sioriZem, o. gogoloSvilma, r. uzunaZem, m.
megreliSvilma, k. surgulaZem s. beriZem, T. futkaraZem, m.
ruruam, n. futkaraZem, c. beJaniSvilma, f. qardavam da sxvebma.
diskusiebi mwvaved da sainteresod warimarTa, rac vfiqrobT
aisaxa kidec warmodgenil krebulSi. rig SemTxvevaSi
zogierTi ucxoeli avtoris Tvalsazrisi tendenciuria,
arasworadaa danaxuli da gaazrebuli yofisa da kulturis
calkeuli sakiTxi. krebulSi warmodgenili naSromebi
saSualebas miscems mkiTxvels Tavad Seafasos argumentaciis
safuZvlianoba.
konferenciaze warmodgenili iyo 2 (istoriisa da eTnologiis) seqcia. wakiTxuli moxsenebebi ibeWdeba ucvlelad
(avtoriseuli stiliT)
zaza SaSikaZe
,,wiTeli aWaristanis sal-name”
sal-name sparsuli sityvaa da yovelwliur wigns,
weliwdeuls niSnavs, sal _ weliwadi da nama _ wigni. igive
mniSvnelobiT ixmreba nav-sal sityvac.
sal-name aris dokumenti, romelic mogviTxrobs gasuli
wlebis mniSvnelovani movlenebis Sesaxeb, am movlenebSi
monawile
adamianTa
biografiebs,
dokumentis
Sedgenis
droisaTvis arsebul mdgomareobas da sxvadasxva uwyebebis
bolo monacemebs. sal-nameebi agreTve SeiZleba Sedgeniliyo
garkveul Temaze garkveuli mizniTac.
sal-nameebi saxelmwifo uwyebebis mxridan oficialurad
qveyndeboda. SeiZleba gamoqveynebuliyo romelime mniSvnelovan movlenasTan dakavSirebiTac. istoriul wyaroTa
Soris sal-nameebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT.
osmaleTis imperiaSi pirveli oficialuri sal-name XIX sis SuaxanebSi qoja reSid faSas xelmZRvanelobiT Sedga da
1847 (hij. 1263) wels gamoqveynda. ramdenime wlis Semdeg salnameebis gamoqveyneba osmaleTis saxelisuflebo struqturebs oficialurad daevalaT. XIX s-is 70-iani wlebidan
daiwyo sarevizio (sakontrolo _ nezaret) da vilaeTis salnameebis calkeuli gamocemebi.
cnobilia osmaleTis imperiaSi gamocemuli 70-mde salname, romlebic sxvadasxva sferos exeba. maT Soris aris
trapizonis 1865 wlis (hij. 1282) trapizonis sal-name,
romelic vfiqrobT, Cveni istoriografiisaTvis Zalze
saintereso unda iyos. islamis enciklopediaSi calkea
moxsenebuli 1873 wlis (hij. 1290) baRCisarais sal-name,
romelic, rogorc iqvea naTqvami, ,,ruseTSi mcxovrebi
Turqebis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebs Seicavs”1. SegaxsenebT,
rom yirimis saxano ruseTma 1783 wels SeierTa da es faqti
osmaleTma 1784 wlis ianvarSi aRiara, anu aRniSnuli sal-
Tamaz futkaraZe
1
3
İslam Ansiklopedisi, 10. cılt, İstanbul, 1966. s. 134-136
4
name yirimis saxanos ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis dros
aris Sedgenili.
rogorc Cans, osmaleTis imperias axlad Camocilebul teritoriebze raRac drois ganmavlobaSi kvlav grZeldeboda adre
arsebuli tradiciebis SenarCuneba. amas imitom vambobT, rom
msgavsi situaciaa ,,wiTeli aWaris
sal-namesTan”
(SemdgomSi
salname) dakavSirebiTac. misi Sedgenis drosac es regioni ukve
Camocilebuli
iyo
osmaleTis
imperias da aWaris avtonomiur
respublikad wodebul teritoriaze komunisturi reJimi myardeboda. sal-names Sinaarsic am
mxriv aris saintereso. masSi gadmocemulia es procesebi,
maTSi monawile pirebi da motanilia masTan dakavSirebuli
yvela mniSvnelovani ambavi.1
wignis ydaze
suraTia, romlis wina planze erovnul
formaSi (Caqurasa da yabalaxSi) gamowyobili mamakacia
gamosaxuli sabWoTa kavSiris droSiT xelSi. ukana planze
maRla mosCans wiTeli kaSkaSa varskvlavi. gamosaxulia
agreTve zRva, gemi, fabrika-qarxnebi, mTebi. qveda nawilze
axlos gamosaxulia vazi da xorblis TavTavi. zemoT wiTeli
asoebiT warweraa: ,,wiTeli (anu komunisturi) aWaristanis
sal-name 1922”.
1
salnames
dRemde
cnobili
erTaderTi
egzemplari
TurqeTis
respublikaSi, qalaq arzrumis arqivSi inaxeba. misi digitalizaciis da
eleqtronuli versiis mopoveba Cven SevZeliT Cveni Turqi kolegis nazir
bairamis daxmarebiT. erTi varianti CD-ze Cawerili saCuqrad gadaveciT
aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis saarqivo sammarTvelos da dainteresebul
pirs eqneba saSualeba uSualod gaecnos dokuments. amjerad Cven
warmogidgenT salnames zogad daxasiaTebas da aRvniSnavT, rom misi
mecnieruli damuSaveba da Seswavla aucilebeli samomavlo saqmea. igi
Zalze
mniSvnelovani
Zeglia
aRniSnuli
periodis
saqarTvelos
istoriisaTvis.
5
sal-names teqsti mTlianad
osmaluri damwerlobiT stamburadaa dabeWdili. teqstebSi xSiria sxvadasxva pirovnebis Tu jgufis suraTebi.
wignis teqsti ori nawilisgan
Sedgeba da moicavs 100+62,
anu 162 gverds. amas emateba 7
gverdi, romelic gancxadebebs ukavia.
pirvel gverdze gamosaxulia leninis portreti, romlis qvemoTac didi asoebiT
weria ,,wiTeli aWaristanis sal-name”. aRniSnuli warweris
qvemoT mocemulia ori TariRi 1338 da 1922. es gaxlavT erTi
da igive TariRi, ubralod erTi aris osmaleTis imperiaSi
moqmedi romauli (igive berZnuli) kalendariT, xolo meore
grigorianuliT. amave gverdis SuaSi vxvdebiT CarCoSi
Casmul warweras: ,,gamoqveynebulia aWaristanis avtonomiuri
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis muSaTa da glexTa
(Fukara) saxalxo komitetebis centraluri biuros mier”.
gverdis qveda nawilze vxvdebiT warweras ,,baTumi 1338”, rac
niSnavs, rom is gamocemulia baTumSi 1922 wels.
sal-names teqsti iwyeba samadlobelo sityviT, romelsac
aWaris muSaTa da glexTa komitetebis centraluri biuros
pasuxismgebeli mdivani osman mowyobili dokumentis Sedgenis
da gamosacemad momzadebisaTvis uZRvnis gazeT ,,iSTiraqis”
(TanamSromloba) mTavar redaqtors sedad reSads, rasac
mohyveba Tavad sedad reSadis SeniSvnebi saTauriT ,,ramdenime
sityva”.
sal-names mesame gverdze vxvdebiT lozungs ,,proletarebo
yvela qveynisa. SeerTdiT!”, romlis qvemoTac mocemulia
,,internacionalis” teqsti.
Semdgom gverdebze calke TavSi ,,muSaTa da glexTa
wiTeli revoluciis meTaurebi” dabeWdilia karl marqsis
(gv. 7-8), fridrix engelsis (gv.22) da Jan pol maratis (gv. 23)
biografiebi. vrclad aris gadmocemuli leninis cxovreba da
6
moRvaweoba
(gv.
9-21),
sadac
masTan
erTad
misi
TanamebrZolebis lev trockis, grigori zinovievis da sxvaTa
Sesaxebac bevri cnobaa.
Semdgom
mocemulia
cnobebi
saqarTvelos
sabWoTa
socialisturi respublikis xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb, maTi
fotosuraTebiT. Aqvea xelisuflebaSi aWaris warmomadgenelTa Sesaxeb cnobebic (gv. 24).
sal-names 25-27-e gverdebi eTmoba aWaris istorias, rasac
mosdevs calke dasaTaurebuli statia (Tu SeiZleba ase
ewodos mas) ,,aWara da aWarlebi” (gv. 28-29), sadac bevri
saintereso cnobaa.
30-e gverdis saTauria: ,,aWaris avtonomiuri sabWoTa
socialisturi respublikis centraluri aRmasrulebeli
komiteti”. saTauris qvemoT komitetis Tavmjdomaris Taxsin
ximSiaSvilis
da
misi
moadgilis
Tengiz
CiqneTis(?)
suraTebia. Semdeg or svetad mocemulia komitetis wevrTa
sia, sul 30 kaci, romlebic sxvadasxva sferodan arian
warmodgenilni.
baTumis istoria calke da ufro vrclad _ 31-34-e
gverdebzea mocemuli.
Semdeg gverdebze Zalian vrclad aris gadmocemuli
aWaris muSaTa da glexTa pirveli yrilobis masalebi.
mocemulia
yvela
gamosvla
TariRisa
da
yrilobis
mimdinareobis dReebis mixedviT. dabeWdilia yrilobaze
miRebuli yoveli gadawyvetileba.
sainteresoa aqve gadmocemuli axali xelisuflebis
damokidebuleba muslimuri sasuliero pirebisadmi, romelic
calke Tavad Semdegi saTauriT aris mocemuli: ,,1921 wlis
aWaris muSaTa da glexTa sasuliero (samecniero) siezdi
(yriloba)”.
aqve
am
yrilobis
monawileTa
jgufuri
fotosuraTia.
vrceli informaciebia sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe saxalxo komisarTa Sesaxeb. maT sias Tan erTvis ufros komisarTa
fotosuraTebi.
saintereso
cnobebia
sal-nameSi
aWaris
skolebis
moswavleTa erovnuli Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. mocemulia
cxrili, saidanac irkveva, rom skolis moswavleTa Soris
2892 qarTvelia, 974 berZeni, 872 rusi, 786 somexi, 167 ebraeli,
80 iraneli, 23 poloneli da 89 sxvadasxva erovnebisa.
sal-names me-100 gverdze aWaris muftis moadgilis
iskender efendis suraTia, Tumca masTan dakavSirebul sxva
veranair cnobas ver vxvdebiT.
sal-names momdevno nawili ganaxlebuli numeraciiT
iwyeba. masSi sxvadasxva saxis rCevebi da informaciaa
Tavmoyrili.
me-8-10 gverdebze mocemulia yvela oficialuri uwyebis
misamarTi, rac Cvenis azriT, interesmoklebuli ar unda
iyos.
me-12 gverdze 1920 wlis aprilis da 1921 wlis dekembris
monacemebis mixedviT aris monacemebi baTumisa da misi
Semogarenis mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. irkveva, rom 1920 wels aq
18372 mamakaci da 15870 qali cxovrobda, xolo 1921 wlis
bolos _ 17569 mamakaci da 18300 qali, mTlianobaSi 35869.
marto qalaqis mosaxleoba ki 1920 wels 30471-s, xolo 1921
wels 31720 kacs Seadgenda.
sal-names Semdeg nawilSi araerTi saintereso cnobaa.
mocemulia informacia aWaraSi gamomavali presis Sesaxeb.
vrclad aris moTxrobili sxvadasxva dargze.
dokumentis aseTi zogadi warmodgena ar gvaZlevs
saSualebas
dawvrilebiT
vilaparakoT
mis
Sinaarsze.
vfiqrobT misi mTliani gaSifvra, Seswavla araerT siaxles
moutans Cvens istoriografias.
dRevandeli mdgomareobiT am dokumentis sxva egzemplari
ar aris cnobili. igi arc manamde dafiqsirebula qarTul
istoriografiaSi. Tu rogor moxda igi arzrumis wignsacavSi
dReisaTvis - ucnobia.
7
8
fridon qardava
aWara profesor aleqsandr jakobs sCemis
wignSi `omi aRmosavleTSi, ruseTsa da TurqeTs
Soris~
profesor sCemis (aleqsandr jakobs sCemi 1826-1881)
survils warmoadgenda aRmosavleTis problemis Seswavla
ruseT-TurqeTis omis WrilSi. sCemis es naSromi araa
uSualod aWaraze, arc mTlianad saqarTveloze; wignSi
saqarTvelo da kerZod aWara moxseniebulia, rogorc
am
saomari Teatris
sabrZolo asparezi. Cveni interesi am
naSromisadmi gamoiwvia iman, rom es wigni gamoica 1878 wels,
omis damTavrebisTanave da sayuradReboa Tu rogor aRiqmeboda im periodSi aRmosavleTis sakiTxi da problemebi
amerikul samecniero wreebSi. ra Tqma unda profesor sCemis
azrebi da daskvnebi araa dasavleli mecnierebis saqarTvelosadmi damokidebulebis tipiuri nimuSi, magram mainc
aqvs
mniSvneloba
misgan
aRqmul
aRmosavleTs.
Cveni
gansakuTrebuli cnobis wadili imanac gamoiwvia, rom
cifrul enciklobediaSi _ vikipedia, ruseT-TurqeTis 18771878 ww. omisadmi miZRvnil ganyofilebaSi, sCemis es wigni
erT-erT istoriografiul wyarodaa miTiTebuli da yvela
am periodiT dainteresebuli mkvlevari Tu mkiTxveli
aucileblad Tu ar waikiTxavs, gadaaTvalierebs mainc mas.
naSromi aris 700 gverdiani. uSualod baTumis operaciaze
saubaria VIII TavSi. saTauric Sesabamisia “operacia baTumsa
da kavkasiaSi”. warmogidgenT ramdenime mniSvnelovan nawyvets
am Tavidan. Tavs axlavs anotacia sadac asea ganmartebuli
misi Sinaarsi:
Ooperacia baTumTan da kavkasiaSi
baTumi _ misi rogorc navsadguris mniSvneloba _
rusebis
ganxorcielebulი
samxedro
moqmedebebi
mis
winaaRmdeg Turqebis Seteva soxumze da maTi mcdeloba
kavkasiis tomebis asajanyeblad, umniSvnelo Sedegebi.
9
citata:
“maSin roca ruseTi awarmoebda somxeTis operacias,
mniSvnelovan
manevrebs
hqonda
adgili
Savi
zRvis
sanapirosTan da kavkasiaSi. rusebma scades Seteva baTumze,
erTaderT realurad mniSvnelobis mqone da marTlac karg
portze sanapiroSi, romelic Turqebs ekavaT am regionSi,
Turqebma ki Seteva warmarTes kavkasiis sanapiros CrdiloeTiT, ganizraxes musulmanur tomebSi gamoewviaT ajanyeba
raTa gaewyvitaT ruseTis sakomunikacio xazi kavkasiis
mTebSi.
Savi zRvis sanapiroze Turquli simagreebis, baTumisa da
trapinzonis portebs Soris asTormetmiliani manZilia,
sadac uvargisi, gauvali da kldiani gzaa. Bbiliki miuyveba
sanapiros 12 kilometris moSorebiT da miemarTeba barCelis
mTis gavliT. radgan zRvaze Turqebi batonobdnen, maT
SeeZloT am gzebis moWriT ruseTis marjvena frTa
moewyvitaT
ZiriTadi
nawilebisaTvis
Tuki
sworad
SearCevdnen poziciebs da droulad gaagzavnidnen razmebs.
aseTi operaciisaTvis erTaderTi baza iyo baTumi, romelsac
hqonda adgilmdebareobiTi upiratesoba ruseTis SeteviTi
xazis winaaRmdeg. mas hqonda mSvenieri da mosaxerxebeli
yure, romelic kargi gziT uerTdeboda Tbiliss da
axalcixes, rusuli marjvena frTis bazas, da romelic
mdinare WoroxiT ukavSirdeba samxreT qveynebs, romliTac
SeiZleba
komunikacia
arTvinTan,
mdinaris
gayolebiT.
Turqebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen baTums SenaerTebis bazirebisa
da flotis Sekrebis sadgurad. Tuki
Turqebis operacia
warmatebiT Caivlida, kavkasiis sanapiroze gagzavnili
iqneboda daaxloebiT 19-20 aTasamde mebrZoli. amitomac iyo
mniSvnelovani rusebisaTvis am portis dakaveba, an mtris
garnizonis adgilze mocdena;
maSin is ver imuSavebda
general meliqovis marjvena frTis winaaRmdeg. baTumis
aRebis operacias meTaurobda generali oklobJio. 1 maiss es
oficeri gamagrda muxaestates poziciebze da Seutia
xucubnis simaRles mdinare kintriSis marcxena sanapiroze,
mdinare romelic zRvas uerTdeba sazRvris samxreTiT.
gaimarTa
gaafTrebuli
brZola,
romelSic
ruseTma
ganicada warumatebloba, Tumca mainc cdilobda dakavebuli
10
poziciis SenarCunebas, dakarga ra 128 kaci moklulisa da
daWrilis saxiT. Turqebma 4000 kaciT
Seafases rusuli
danakargi.
baTumze
sazRvao
Seteva
iyo
rusebis
Semdegi
warumatebloba. rusulma Tbomavalma “konstantinem” datova
sevastopoli 12 maiss oTxi torpedosmatarebeli naviT.
romelnic
gauSves
navsadgurSi
Turqebis
gemebTan
misaerTeblad da gasanadgureblad. torpedoebis moZraoba
SeniSnes napiridan. Mmisces gangaSi, da navebi ukuagdes
davalebis Sesrulebis gareSe. brZola xmeleTis mxridan
ganaxlda 23-sa da 28-Si roca Turqebi gandevnes samebis
simaRlidan, kintriSis marcxena sanapirodan. samxedro
operacia gavrcelda mdinaris gayolebaze, adgilobriv
mcxovrebTa daxmarebiT, gza SekeTda da rusuli batariebi
gamagrdnen samebaSi. situacia ar Secvlila ramdenime kvira,
Tumca Setakebebi TiTqmis yvela dRe grZeldeboda ivnisis
bolomde, roca Turquli Zalebis ufrosad axali meTauri,
devriS faSa daniSnes, romelmac didi energiiT ganaaxla
Setevebi. 23 ivniss axalma meTaurma ganacxada rom man aiZula
rusebi gaewviaT maTi batariebi da ukan daexiaT 1500 kaciani
danakargiT daWrilisa da moklulis saxiT. samebisa da
xucubnis simaRleebi kvlav Turqebma daikaves. didi mTavari
mixeili iuwyeboda rom 1 ivliss generalma oklobJiom
“Tavisi jarebis koncentracia ufro moxerxebul poziciaze
arCia”. generalma oklobJiom Stabi gadaitana frontispira
muxaestateSi. ESetakeba gamoirCeoda saocari gmirobiT orive
mxridan. rusebi, romlebic zedized kargavdnen poziciebs,
daJinebiT cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT teritoriebi uamravi
oficris sicocxlis fasad, amitomac Turqebma ver SeZles
sagrZnoblad esargeblaT sakuTari gamarjvebiT. somxeTSi
ori kompaniis intervalSi general oklobJios Zalebi
ganlagebulni iyvnen viwro raionSi ruseT TurqeTisa da
ozurgeTis sazRvarTan, foTisa da
wminda nikolozis
portebTan. ramdenime Tve Setakebebi ar ganaxlebula.
artanuji, romelic adre aiRes da mcire xanSi isev dakarges
rusebma, 17 noembers kvlav daikaves general komarovis
SenaerTebma, romelic moqmedebda general oklobJiosTan
SeTanxmebiT. noembris dasawyisSi ganaxlda baTumis dabombva.
imave Tvis 27-is RamiT TurqTa meTaurma devriS faSam
moulodnelad datova poziciebi xucubanTan, umniSvnelo
Zalebis amara, ris gamoc xucubani daikaves rusebma,
gandevnes patara garnizoni da daisakuTres osmalTa banaki,
10000 kacisTvis gamzadebuli kazarmebiT, aRWurvilobiT,
arsenaliTa da sursaTiT.
dekembris bolos rusebma ganagrZes perioduli cecxlis
gaxsna Turqul poziciebze, magram uSedegod. ianvris
dasasrulamde situacia arsebiTad ar Secvlila.. oklobJiom
ver miaRwia gansakuTrebul warmatebas devriS faSas
ganadgurebis
saqmeSi.
general
komarovis
kolonebTan
urTierTkavSiriT artanujSi 13-22-Si rusebma gaanadgures
mtris divizia, romelic idga baTumsa da arTvins Soris.
rusulma Tbomavalma “konstantinem” isev Seutia Turqul
flots baTumTan 26-Si da gagzavna torpedo naviT, romelmac
miaRwia mizans da aafeTqa erT-erTi Turquli gemi. flotis
danarCeni gemebi devriS faSam Seiyvana yureSi da Semdgom
gagzavna konstantinopolSi. roca es gaigo generalma
oklobJiom 30 dekembers ieriSi miitana Turqul poziciebze,
magram gamoaZeves ukan da mdinare kintriSamde daixia
SesamCnevi
danakargebiT.
Turqebi
Tavisi
gegmisamebr
elodebodnen
muslimanuri
sarwmunoebis
aRmsarebeli
tomebis ajanyebis ganaxlebas kavkasiaSi, im imediT rom isini
emxrobian Tanamorwmuneebs da ukmayofiloni arian rusuli
wesrigiT. maT imedi hqondaT ajanyebis rolis gazrdis da
imis, rom is imdenad saSiSi iqneboda ruseTisTvis, rom maT
yuradReba gadaetanaT ajanyebis Caqrobaze da armiis
mniSvnelovani nawili gaeyvana TurqeTis sazRvridan. garda
amisa ramdenadac kavkasiaSi rusuli armiis sakomunikacio
xazi kavkasiasa da evropul bazebs Soris gadis kavkasiur
qveynebSi da garSemortymulia miuvali mTebiTa da viwro
xeobebiT, es ajanyeba gauZnelebda mdgomareobas rusebs da
SeiZleba gamoewvia maTi sruli marcxi. ajanyeba Tergis
raionSi seriozulad gaarTulebda sarkinigzo operaciebs
Tbilissa da rostovs Soris, xolo ajanyebulebis mier
vladikavkazis aRebis SemTxvevaSi sruliad Caketavda mas.
tomebis Savi zRvis sanapiroebze moZraoba, romelTac
eqnebodaT TurqeTis flotis mxardaWera, romelic aSkara
11
12
upiratesobas flobda zRvaze, sazRvao gzas usargeblos
xdida rusebisTvis, xolo saxmeleTo gza gasdevda mTebis
viwrobebsa da
mwvervalebs da zRvis napirebs, kveTda
uamravi Zneli mdinare, da mTis Senakadi, iyo daucveli
uamravi mebrZolisagan romelnic sakuTar miwas icavdnen
gorakebidan Tu mindvrebze. EesQqveyana aris erTerTi
imaTTagani sadac ajanyebis Caqroba iqneboda gansakuTrebiT
Zneli, SeuZlebelic ki, Tavisi xSiri tyeebiTa da sacalfexo
bilikebiT ,romelic rukebzec araa aRniSnuli xolo
adgilobrivma mcxovrebebma mSvenivrad ician. Aamitomac iyo
rom Turqebi omis dasawyisidan mravali Tvis manZilze ar
zogavdnen Zalisxmevas raTa aejanyebinaT mTieli xalxi.
ajanyebis niSani gamoCnda kavkasiis sxva mxares, CeCnebs
Soris; omis gamocxadebisTanave gamoacxades ajanyeba Tergis
provinciaSi.
admirali hasan faSa xuTi gemisagan Semdgari eskadroniT
aprilos dasasruls gamoemgzavra baTumidan, gauxsna cecxli
rusebis simagreebs rionis pirad da 12 maiss miaRwia
gudauTis ports da gadmosxa iq 1000 Cerqezi romelTac
daemataT adgilobrivi mcxovrebni. 14 aprils eskadronma
miaRwia soxumis cixes.
soxumi aris qalaqi 16 aTasi
mcxovrebiT, Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze,
kavkasiis erT-erTi uRaribesi portiT, foTis CrdiloeTiT
da afxazebis qveynis SuaSi. simagris pirveli dabombva
warumatebeli iyo, mowinaaRmdegis Rirseuli winaaRmdegobis
gamo, qalaqis dabombva gagrZelda da portis ganadgurebas
aRaraferi uklda roca Turqebma poziciebs Seuties da
aiRes. rusebma daixies. rusebma 18 aprils scades soxumis
kvlav aReba, magram maTi Seteva mogeriebul iqna. Turquli
mmarTvelobis dawyebidan mcire xanSi daiwyo ajanyeba
rusebis winaaRmdeg afxazebs Soris. Samilis erT-erTi vaJi,
xazi mehmed faSa, Camovida raTa moenaxulebina ajanyebuli
tomebi im imediT rom misi saxeli did mRelvarebas
gamoiwvevda ajanyebulTa Soris. Mmagram misi gavlena
sagrZnoblad iyo Semcirebuli, radgan misi Zma erTgulad
emsaxureboda rusebs omSi, rogorc oficri, romelic
gaigzavna
kavkasiur
tomebSi
rusebisadmi
loialobis
SesanarCuneblad. Turqebma SeZles mTlianad daemyarebinaT
kontroli afxazeTis sanapiroze. D10 aTasamde Turqi fazli
faSas meTaurobiT gaigzavna ajanyebulTa dasaxmareblad.
magram rusebma Tergis olqSi Cqara CaaxSves ajanyeba.
RonisZiebebi iqna gatarebuli afxazeTSi TurqTa gavlenis
winaaRmdeg, da afxazebi sanapiroebidan Sida raionSi
gandevnes. Mmxaris ufrosad daniSnes general alxazovi
(alxaziSvili)
daaxmares jari yubanidan,
ajanyebulebi
mxolod sanapiros umniSvnelo zols moedvnen da 40
miliTRa SeaRwies SigniT. TurqTa sazRvao upiratesoba
sanapirosRa
aRwevda
Sida
raionebs
ki
rusebi
akontrolebdnen da axSobdnen ajanyebebs orsave mxares,
CrdiloeTsa da samxreTSi. amitomac TurqeTis xelisuflebam
gadawyvita gamoeyvana sakuTari Zalebi kavkasiidan da isinic
vinc
mis
mxardamWerebad
moaiazrebodnen.
devnilTa
gamoyvanas xelmZRvanelobda Sav zRvis flotis admirali
hovard faSa. afxazebma gadawyvites sargebeli enaxaT da
miawydnen gemebs yvela mimarTulebidan, surdaT gadaeyvanaT
saqoneli trapinzonSi. EmigrantTa ricxvma miaRwia 50 aTass,
romelTac mohyavdaT 1500 suli msxvilfexa saqoneli. Yvela,
visac wasvlis survili hqonda, agvistos dasasrulamde,
gayvanil iqna TurqTa mier, mxolod 4 aTasi adamiani,
Turquli angariSiT, Cauvarda rusebs. soxumi 1 seqtembers
mTlianad datoves Turqebma oTxTviani usargeblo alyis
Semdeg da is gadavida rusebis xelSi general alxazovis
meTaurobiT. ajanyebuli afxazebi male danebdnen. maTi
umetesoba gaasaxles cimbirSi. miuxedavad marcxisa Turqebis
mier mxardaWerili ajanyebebi did safrTxes uqmnida rusebs
kavkasiaSi
mTeli
zafxulis
ganmavlobaSi.
daRestanSi
ajanyebulebma TurqTa regularuli jarebis daxmarebiT
gaanadgures rkinigzis nawili, magram isini daamarcxa
axalgazrda Cerqezma oficerma romelsac rusuli skola
hqonda damaTavrebuli. Tergis ajanyeba ki Caaqres ivlisSi.
sabolood ajanyeba mTlianad daamarcxes Sua dekemberSi”
G(gverdi 361).
baTumi,
imdroisaTvis
Turqebis
mier
okupirebuli
teritoria, sCemis wignSi ganxilulia rogorc davis sagani
ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris. Cvenda samwuxarod im periodSi
arc istorikosebSi da arc politikur istebliSmentSi
13
14
rogorc Cans istoriuli samarTlianoba aravis axsovda da
arc vinmes ainteresebda, rom araTu baTumi, mTeli artanuji,
arTvini da tao-klarjeTi ZirZveli saqarTvelo iyo da
swored aqedan daiwyo jer kidev xanZTelis sulierebiT
liboCayrili
xolo
Semdeg
bagrat
mesamis
mier
xorcSesxmuli saqarTvelos meored dabadeba da gaerTianeba.
sCems ar gamorCenia yuradRebidan, ruseT-TurqeTis 1826-28
ww. omis Semdgom
daSvebuli, CvenTvis metad savavalalo
Secdoma, roca gonebaClungi Cinosnebis gamoisobiT sazRvari
ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris nacvlad Woroxisa Coloqze
gavida da kidev naxevari saukuniT gadaido baTumis
dedasamSoblosTan dabrunebis Jami. mecnieri wers:
“baTumi ukve ruseTis iqneboda TurqeTis nacvlad,
adrianopolis 1828 wlis samSvidobo zaviT, rom ara
moxeleebis sibrmave, romelsac arc ki moepoveba paraleli
istoriaSi. mzaddeboda SeTanxmebis winaswari varianti,
romliTac saxelmwifoTaSoris sazRvars unda gaevlo
mdinare
Woroxze
da
baTumi
rCeboda
ruseTis
SemadgenlobaSi; magram moxelem, romelmac sabolooo
varianti moamzada, SecdomiT erT asos ar miaqcia yuradReba
da dawera Coloqi, riTac sazRvarma gadaiwia baTumidan
ramdenime
miliT
Crdilo-dasavleTiT.
roca
Secdoma
aRmoaCines ukve gviani iyo” gverdi.255
sCemi ramdenjerme axsenebs lazeTs, aRniSnavs rom es
qarTuli tomia da rom lazebi
cxovroben Savi zRvis
samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze. citata:
“Savi
zRvis
samxreT-aRmosavleT
sanapiros
mTebi
dasaxlebulia xalxiT georgianelebiT anu gruzinebiT,
saxelad lazebiT, isini aRwerili aqvs polkovnik yazbegs,
rogorc
sasiamovno
garegnobis,
inteleqtualurad
gansakuTrebiT
ganviTarebul
da
mSvenier
pirobebSi
mcxovreblebad” (gverdi 160)
sainteresoa rom sCemi am informaciisaTvis imowmebs
polkovnik yazbegis wigns “sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi”
wignis dasawyisSi, omis mimoxilvisas, kavkasiis frontis
aRweras istorikosi iwyebs Tbilisze saubriT da aRniSnavs
rom Tbilisi aris saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. citata.
“ruseTis operaciis Stabi aris TbilisSi, saqarTvelos
provinciis
dedaqalaqSi,
transkavkasiuri
ruseTis
politikur da samxedro centrSi. es qalaqi evropul ruseTs
ukavSirdeba samxedro gziT, romelic gadis vladikavkazze,
kavkasionis mTebidam 90 kilometrze, saidanac xuTasi milis
sigrZis rkinigziT ukavSirdeba rostovs, mdinare donze. es
gza mTlianad SeiZleba daketos mterma vladikavkazis an
darielis
xeobis
did
yelTan,
romelic
aRwerilia
kaliforniis ioserniTes xeobis analogiurad, romelzec
zRvis donidan rva aTasi futis simaRleze gadis gza. meore
gza miemaerTeba Tbilisidan CrdilodasavleTiT, qerCSiquTaisis, rionis dablobisa da soxumkales sanapiros
gaswvriv. Tbilissa da quTaiss Soris aris sarkinigzo gza,
romelic grZeldeba foTamde. es magistrali Tumca kargadaa
daculi, mainc usargeblo iyoA am omSi, radgan is uerTdeba
arc Tu ise karg navsadgurs da aris daucveli TurqTa
Semotevebisagan, romelnic gabatonebuli arian Savi zRvis
aRmosavleT wylebSi da Tanac, es regioni romelzec is gza
gadis dasaxlebulia arasaimedo afxazuri tomiT” G(gverdi
257).
cal-calkea
ganxiluli
balkaneTisa
da
kavkasiis
frontebi. kavkasiis frontis aRwerisas uzarmazari yuradReba eTmoba somxeTis sakiTxs. dawvlilebiTaa mimoxiluli
somxeTis istoria, tigranidan moyolebuli am omamde. calcalke Tavebia miZRvnili somxeTis orive kompaniisTvis. aRniSnulia rom es teritoria, amJamad centraluri somxeTiaris istoriuli kolxeTi, sadac imogzaures argonavtebma;
citata:
“es midamoebi romelic iyo saomari moqmedebebis scena
aziaSi, aris didad saintereso qveyana, romelsac aqvs
udidesi istoriuli warsuli. is iyo scena udidesi
mniSvnelovani eqspediciisa da sisastikisa ramodenome aTasi
wlis manZilze. gadaWimuli kavkasiis mTebidan vanis tbamde
da TurqeTis aRmosavleT sazRvridan erzrumamde, moicavs
istoriul kolxeTs, argonavtebis eqspediciis samiznes,
pirvel mamacur mogzaurobas saberZneTis istoriaSi, da
istoriuli somxeTis samefos centralur nawils.” (gverdi
255)
15
16
imTaviTve aRsaniSnavia rom SesavalSive, roca sCemi
mimoixilavs aRmosavleTis problematikas da TiToeul
qveyanas: TurqeTs, ruseTs, avstriasa da ingliss, iqve aRwers
dampyrobTa uRelqveS myof xalxebs, moixseniebs- Cerqezebs,
serbebs, somxebs.... samwuxarod aq saqarTvelo arc erT
konteqstSi araa naxsenebi.
wignis boloSi mimoxilulia omis monawile mefeebi,
sardlebi da oficrebi, am konteqstSi mokle biografiuli
FStrixebiTaa gadmocemuli ufliswul aleqsandre konstantines Ze imeretinskis (bagrationis) pirovneba.
“imeretinski, ufliswuli aleqsandre konstantines Ze,
ruseTis imedismomcemi axalgazrda generali, aris aziuri
samefo warmoSobis, antikuri kolxeTis _ imereTis mefis
STamomavali,. mamamisi atarebda
imereTis ufliswulis
tituls. is daibada 1837 wels da pirveli ganaTleba miiRo
paJTa korpusSi. 18 wlisa Cairicxa samxedro samsaxurSi,
praporSikis wodebiT. msaxurobda kavkasiaSi 1856-dan 1859
wlamde. Semdeg dabrunda ruseTSi da daasrula Tavisi
samxedro ganaTleba. Cairicxa pirad SemadgenlobaSi rogorc
kapitani 1862 wels, miiRo monawileoba polonelebis
ajanyebis CaqrobaSi da am samsaxurisaTvis miiRo polkovnikis wodeba da daawinaures adiutantad imperatoris
karze. 1869 wels man miiRo general-maioris wodeba da
varSavis samxedro gubernatoris Tanamdeboba. is ar
monawileobda 1877 wlis kampaniis dasawyisSi, magram
agvistoSi dainiSna dunais gasamagreblad gagzavnili
diviziis meTaurad. man miaRwia brwyinvale gamarjvebas
general skobelevTan 4 seqtembers lovaCis aRebisas da misi
saxeli mTel evropaSi gaxda cnobili. misma saxelma
yuradReba miipyro, roca 7000 mebrZoliT 20000 kaciani
SenaerTi daamarcxa. princi imeretinski dakavSirebuli iyo
general skobelevTan da mis warmatebebTan plevnas aRebisas
12 seqtembers
konteqstSi; bolosdabolos wignSi saubaria im movlenebze,
romelic saqarTvelos ZirZveli miwis saqarTvelos wiaRSi
dabrunebas exeba, miTumetes, rom es gaxldaT bolo
SemTxveva, roca saqarTvelom adre dakarguli teritoria
daibruna: mogexsenebaT, SemdgomSi saqarTvelo mxolod
kargavda sakuTari sulisa Tu sxeulis nawilebs, ZiriTadad
gareSe momxvduri imperiebis wamglejvelobiTi, dampyrobluri Jinisa da iSviaTad, magram mainc _ sakuTari uZRebi, aw
ukve saqarTvelos istoriul jojoxeTSi gadayril Tu
gadasayrelad gamzadebuli Svilebis wyalobiT.
literatura:
1. aleqsandr jakobs sCemi, omi aRmosavleTSi, ruseTsa da
TurqeTs Soris, niu-iorki, 1978 (inglisur enaze)
saerTo
jamSi,
vfiqrobT
sCemis
monacemebs
didi
mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos istoriis am metad saintereso
da gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani epoqis Sesaswavlad,
gansakuTrebiT ki baTumisa da saerTod aWaris imJamindeli
savalalo da avbediTi mdgomareobis piruTvneli asaxvis
17
18
jemal karaliZe
a. frenkelis Txzuleba “narkvevebi Curuqsusa da
baTumis Sesaxeb” _ XIX saukunis aWaris istoriis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaro
aWaris da saerTod, samxreT_dasavleT saqarTvelos
(“samuslimano saqarTvelos”) XVI-XIX s.s. istoriis Sesaxeb
werilobiTi wyaroebi metismetad mwiria. viTareba arsebiTad
Seicvala XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki
1877-1878 ww. ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, roca aWara baTumiTurT dedasamSoblos daubrunda. ruseTis xelisufleba
axladSemoerTebuli mxaris safuZvlian Seswavlas gegmavda,
rac giorgi yazbegis mogzaurobiT jer kidev aWaris
ganTavisuflebamde cxadi gaxda.
a. frenkeli pirveli iyo, vinc berlinis kongresis gadawyvetilebis Semdeg imogzaura aWaraSi da Zalze sayuradRebo
cnobebi dagvitova. ufro zustad igi baTumSi ruseTis jaris
Semosvlisa da aWaraSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyarebis
uSualo monawile iyo. is werda: “ozurgeTidan 1878 wlis 22
agvistos, adre diliT me msaxur-TarjimanTan erTad daviZari
TurqeTis yofili sazRvrisken, muxaestates mimarTulebiT,
sadac idga CvenTan yvelaze axlos mdgari rusuli jari”
(Френкель, 1879:3). muxaestatedan rusul nawilebTan erTad
moemarTeba baTumisaken da gulmodgined aRwers yvelafers,
rac sakuTari TvaliT naxa: “wignis masala me Sevkribe gzad
baTumisaken da baTumSi” (Френкель, 1879:2) garda mis mier
Sekrebili cnobebisa, igi iSveliebs, zogjer adarebs kidec
erTmaneTs ufro adreul werilobiT dokumentebs _ d.
baqraZis, g. yazbegis, malmuzis, judiCis da sxvaTa
monacemebs.
a. frenkelis Sroma “narkvevebi Curuq-susa da baTumis
Sesaxeb” cenzuris 1879 wlis 2 agvistos nebarTviT daibeWda
TbilisSi a. mixelsonis stambaSi. igi moicavs TiTqmis 150
gverds, iyofa 2 nawilad da 24 Tavad.
wignis SesavalSi avtori mokrZalebiT saubrobs naSromze,
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom TviTkritikulic ki aris. magram Riad
miuTiTebs
ruseTisTvis
axladSemoerTebuli
mxaris
19
Seswavlis did saxelmwifoebriv mniSvnelobaze: “me Zalian
kargad vici, ramdenadaa Cemi “narkvevebi” arasruli, magram
mainc gadavwyvite misi dabeWdva, radgan saimedo cnobebi
axladSemoerTebul
mxareze
ar
arsebobs...
vfiqrob,
TviTmxilvelis Canawerebi, romelic iyo mowme ruseTis mier
baTumis dakavebisa, radenadme naTels gaxdis mdgomareobas,
romelic miiRes Cvengan TurqeTis qarTvelebma. Aam sakiTxis
Seswavla Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan Cven aucileblad
unda
davareguliroT
Cveni
urTierToba
SemoerTebul
provinciasTan da gavataroT ufro racionaluri zomebi
baTumis danarCen ruseTTan SerwymisaTvis”. (Френкель, 1879:1).
avtori daufaravad miuTiTebs
ruseTisaTvis baTumis
gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobaze.
cnobilia,
rom
omis
msvlelobaSi ruseTis jarebma baTumis aReba ver SeZles,
magram saerTo warmatebebiT aiZules osmaleTi daeTmo es
mniSvnelovani strategiuli punqti, Tumca TurqeTis mxare
mis
gadmocemas
aWianurebda.
carizmi
aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebasac gegmavda. amis Sesaxeb a.
frenkeli wers: “ baTumisaken ruseTis jarebi daiZrnen sami
mxridan: ozurgeTidan muxaestate-xucubnis mxridan modioda
general alxazovis jaris guriis razmi general nuridis
meTaurobiT; arTvinis mxridan modioda general k. komarovis
kolona; q. axalcixidan (zemo aWariT) general treiteris
razmi. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ganzraxuli iyo foTidan da
nikolaevskidan sadesanto jarebis gadmosxma “ (Френкель
1879:6).
narkvevebSi avtori mravalmxriv da sayuradRebo cnobebs
gvaZlevs Cveni mxaris geografiis, aqaurTa Cacmulobis,
xasiaTis, saqmianobis, sakulto nagebobaTa, administraciuli
mowyobisa da sazRvrebis, soflebis mixedviT mcxovrebTa
raodenobis, osmalTa mier baTumis rusebisTvis gadacemis,
adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis
ganwyobisa
da
ruseTis
xelisuflebis miznebis Sesaxeb.
a. frenkeli mogviTxrobs osmalTa mmarTvelobis xanaSi
lazistanis sanjayis administraciuli mowyobis Sesaxeb:
“yofil
lazistanis
sanjaySi,
romlis
teritoriebzec
Camoyalibda axlandeli baTumis olqi, Turquli dayofiT
20
iTvleboda
7
okrugi,
anu nahie: baTumis, Curuq-sus
(qobuleTis), zemo aWaris, qvemo aWaris, maWaxlis, livis
(arTvinis) da gonios, _ TiToeuli sasoflo Temi anu
markiazi imarTeboda mosaxleobisagan arCeuli muxtaris
mier.
ramdenime
markiazi
Seadgenda
nahies,
romelsac
marTavda mudiri. Tavis mxriv 2 nahie Seadgenda erT kazas
(mazras),
romelsac
marTavda
baTumis
mutesarifis
(gubernatoris) daniSnuli kaimakami” (Френкель, 1879:4).
aqve
agviwers Curuq-sus nahies sazRvrebs. “... wm. nikolozis
postidan (SekveTilis misadgomi) sazRvari mihyveba md.
Coloqis napirs, Semdeg auyveba guria-aWaris mTebs, Semdeg
perangas mTidan perangas mTebis mTavari qedis gaswvriv
(baTumis nahies sazRvrebisaken) da bolos SemoisazRvreba
Savi zRviT. Curuq-sus nahie arsebiTad moicavs md. kintriSis
auzs” (Френкель 1879:4).
avtori aseve gvacnobs baTumis olqis administraciul
mowyobas: “baTumis olqis Sesaxeb droebiTi debulebis
Tanaxmad baTumis mxare miekuTvna kavkasiis samxedro olqs
da daeqvemdebara kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardals, rogorc
samxedro,
ise
administraciuli
TvalsazrisiT.
olqis
adgilobrivi mmarTveloba Tavmoyrilia baTumis samxedro
guberniis xelSi... gubernators hyavs TanaSemwe, romelic
samxedro gubernatoris aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, an misi
brZanebiT,
cvlis
mas
da
Tavmjdomareobs
saolqo
sasamarTlos... administraciuli TvalsazrisiT mxare iyofa
sanapiro qalaq baTumad da sam okrugad: baTumis, arTvinis
da aWaris.
baTumis okrugi Sedgeba sami ubnisagan: kintriSis, baTumis
da gonios.
arTvinis okrugi: arTvinis, artanujis da SavSeT_imerxevis
ubnebisagan.
aWaris okrugi: zeda aWaris, qveda aWaris da maWaxlis
ubnebisagan (Френкель, 1879:121,122).
a.
frenkeli
aWaris
Sesaxeb
metad
mniSvnelovan
statistikur cnobebs gvawvdis. Cans, rom baTumis mosaxleoba
omamdel periodTan SedarebiT sagrZnoblad Semcirebulia.
”amJamad, omisa da gadasaxlebis Sedegad baTumSi araa 3000-ze
meti mcxovrebi, maSin roca b-ni malmuzi (italiis konsuli
baTumSi) miuTiTebs, rom 1873 wels baTumSi 4970 suli
cxovrobda” (Френкель, 1879:60). baTumis okrugis mosaxleoba
aseT suraTs gvaZlevs: baTumis ubanSi cxovrobs 894 komli
3320 suli mamakaciT, kintriSis ubanSi _ 1259 komli 4887
suliT, gonios ubanSi _ 655 komli 2196 suliT. sul samive
ubanSi 2808 komli 10 405 suli mamakaciT. Qqalebis Sesaxeb
cnobebi ar aris” (Френкель, 1879:12). sayuradReboa calkeuli
soflebis monacemebi:
naSromi
saintereso
cnobebs
gvaZlevs
mosaxleobis
saqmianobis
Sesaxeb.
ganviTarebulia
miwaTmoqmedeba,
mesaqonleoba, meabreSumeoba, xelosnoba _ ”qalaq baTumSi da
mimdebare soflebSi amzadeben mauds da Savi matylis Sals...
amzadeben spilenZis sxvadasxva sagnebs, vercxlis nivTebs, aq
arian kargi mWedlebi da maudis ostatebi” (Френкель, 1879:24),
”Savi zRvisa da md. Woroxis maxloblad mcxovrebni
iTvlebian
brwyinvale
zRvaosnebad”
(Френкель, 1879:101),
vaWroba arc Tu ise ganviTarebulia _ ”baTumis vaWroba
momavlis saqmea” (Френкель, 1879:44), ”vaWrebi umetesad
ucxoelebi arian” (Френкель 1879:45), ”baTumSi bevri duqania.
isini ganlagebulia sanapiroze, moednebze, quCebze... kargi
maRaziebi saerTod araa” (Френкель, 1879:98) _
acxadebs
avtori da xazs usvams baTumisaTvis portis gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas _ ”mTeli arsi mis portSia” (Френкель, 1879:44),
igi ”Zalze moxerxebuli da Rrmaa, daculia yovelgvari
qarebisgan... portis moculoba da wylis siRrme SesaniSnavia...
gacilebiT mniSvnelovania baTumis, rogorc savaWro centris
momavali roli. Mmxolod misi geografiuli mdebareoba
zRvis sanapirosTan, romliTac SeiZleba daukavSirdes
Tbilissa da baqos erTi mxriv, xolo yarss meore mxriv,
SesaZleblobas miscems baTums gaxdes trapezundis Zlieri
metoqe sparsuli saqonlis tranzitis sakiTxSi” (Френкель,
1879: 89-93).
narkvevebSi
sayuradRebo
cnobebia
adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. avtori qobuleTelTa daxasiaTebisas
ambobs: ”qobuleTeli yovelTvis SeiaraRebulia: iaraRis
gareSe arsad ar midis... Zalze moqnili, marTlmorwmune da
21
22
moxdenilia, qobuleTeli SurismaZiebelia... qobuleTeli
qalebi Zalze lamazebi arian, maT uzarmazari gavlena aqvT
ojaxSi... qobuleTelebma da saerTod, TurqeTis qarTvelebma
ar daiviwyes sakuTari warmomavloba da SeinarCunes ena da
qarTvelTa yvela Cveuleba” (Френкель,1879:18-19).
aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvidri mosaxleobis daxasiaTebisas a.
frenkeli
keTilganwyobilia.
misi
TqmiT
aqaurebma
”SeinarCunes pirvelyofili adamianis brwyinvale Tvisebebi,
”sakuTari istoriuli memkvidreoba” _ stumarTmoyvareoba,
zneobrivi normebis patriarqaluroba, ufrosisadmi pativiscema, mamacoba, piradi gambedaoba _ baTumis qarTvelebi unda
miviCnioT xalxad, romelic ar gadagvarda da ar gafuWda”.
(Френкель, 1879:18) swored amitom
miaCnia mas ruseTisTvis
araxelsayrelad
adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis
muhajirad
wasvla: ”aseTma gadasaxlebam Cven SeiZleba dagvakarginos
mamaci mosaxleobis kontingenti... ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
mcire
azia
male
SeiZleba
gaxdes
Cveni
”saboloo”
angariSebis asparezi TurqeTTan da mis mokavSire inglisTan.
maSin Cven vinanebT ”mousvenar aWarlebze”, romelTagan
ganTavisuflebasac axla ase vCqarobT. gadasaxlebulebma
SeiZleba Turqebs misces 20-30 aTasi kargi meomari, maSin
roca adgilze darCeniT es brZolebSi gamocdili mamacebi
iqnebodnen saimedo dasayrdeni Cveni azia-TurqeTis sazRvris
am monakveTze (Френкель, 1879:130-131).
Eexeba ra aWaraSi gadmosaxlebulTa (afxazTa, CerqezTa,
berZenTa, qurTTa) sakiTxs, a. frenkeli sakuTari xelisuflebis kritikasac ar erideba. ”afxazebi _ es baTumis erT-erT
mtkivneuli adgilia. sadac ar unda moxvideT, yvelgan
SexvdebiT am gaubedurebuli adamianebis mSier da damdnar
figurebs, romlebic soxumSi Cveni daudevrobis gamo
Turqebma wamoiyvanes aq, raTa Semdeg bedis anabarad
mietovebinaT” ( Френкель 1879:81).
Garada
faqtebis
uSualod
aRwerisas
a.
frenkeli
xelisuflebas gansazRvruli politikis gatarebas urCevs:
”Cveni mTavrobis mTavari sazrunavi unda iyos ara marto
adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis ukmayofilebis gamowvevisa da
maTTan Sejaxebis Tavidan acileba, aramed imaSi darwmuneba,
Tu
ramdenad
momgebiania,
sasargebloa
da
amasTan
gardauvalia maTTvis rusuli saqmianoba” (Френкель, 1879:6).
a. frenkelis Txzuleba ”narkvevebi Curuq_susa Dda
baTumis Sesaxeb” gvawvdis Zvirfas cnobebs XIX saukunis
bolo
meoTxedis
aWaris
istoriis
Sesaxeb,
romlis
gaTvaliswineba
am
periodis
mkvlevarTaTvis
friad
aucilebelia.
23
24
literatura:
1. Френкель 1879: Френкель А.Очерки Чурук- су и Батума. Тифлисъ
1879
A. Frenkeli’s composition “Essays on Churuk-Su and Batumi”- one of the
most important sources in the history of Adjara in XIX century
SUMMARY
In August 1878, A. Frenkeli entered Batumi with the bRussian army and
described the scenery in his own book. There we meet diverse and interesting
notes about geography, administration and borders, the number of inhabitants,
their character, activities, cultural buildings, the fact of giving Batumi to
Russians by the Osmans, the mood of local inhabitants and the aims of the
Russian authorities.
That’s why “Essays on Churuk-Su and Adjara belong to the most important
number of sources in the history of Adjara in XIX century”.
revaz uzunaZe
baTumi Zvel evropul da
osmalur wyaroebSi
baTumis saqalaqo dasaxleba saTaves iRebs antikuri
xanidan (s.yauxCiSvili, 1950-1951; a.kaxiZe, d.xaxutaiSvili, 1989;
T.yauxCiSvili, 1987; a.inaiSvili, 1966). igi did ganviTarebas
aRwevs
XII_XV
s.s.-Si.
wina
aziaSi
Turq-selCukebis
gabatonebam
(XI-s.)
mTlianad
gadaketa
saqarTvelodan
bizantiaSi mimavali saxmeleTo gzebi. ramac saqarTvelosa
da
bizantias
Soris
sazRvao
urTierToba
qalaqnavsadgurebis, maT Soris baTumis, meSveobiT kidev ufro
intensiuri gaxada (T.beraZe. 1981:16; misive, 1989:71-72). amas
daemata isic,^rom Turq-selCukTa wina aziaSi gabatonebam da
gamudmebulma rbeva-TareSma gamoiwvia msoflio satranzito
gzebis
(,,abreSumis
gza”) saqarTveloSi
gadmonacvleba
(s.masxaraSvili, 2006:131), romlis erTi Sto gadioda baTumze.
igi axalcixe-Tbilisis gavliT miemarTeboda kaspiispireTisa
da spareseTisaken,^ aqedan ki indoeTisa da CineTisaken
(T.beraZe, 1981:167). Sesabamisad imata baTumSi cxovrebis
majiscemam. aRniSnuli procesi gansakuTrebiT win wavida
daviT aRmaSeneblisa (1089-1125) da Tamaris mefobis (1184-1213)
xanaSi. baTumi gaxda mniSvnelovani sazRvao qalaqi, sadac
Ruzas uSvebdnen qarTuli da ucxouri qveynebis almebiT
damSvenebuli gemebi.
baTumSi saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebis Sedegad
gaizarda qalaqis mosaxleoba. erTi cnobis Tanaxmad am
periodis baTumSi cxovrobda 30 aTasamde kaci (T.beraZe,
1981:183). amave cnobiT foTSi cxovrobda 3-4 aTasi,^ soxumSi 3 aTasi kaci. prof. T. beraZis samarTliani SeniSvniT,
monacemebi
baTumis
mosaxleobis
Sesaxeb
erTob
gadaWarbebulia. magram erTi ram cxadia: im droisaTvis
baTumi warmoadgenda ricxvmraval qalaqs. sadac cxovreba
Zalumad Cqefda.
izrdeba qalaqis dasaxleba. igi moicavda SesarTavidan
md. yoroliswyalis marcxena sanapiros gayolebiT vrcel
25
teritorias e.w. menavTobeTa (Tamaris) dasaxlebis CaTvliT.1
am mdgomareobis anarekli unda iyos toponimi orTabaTumi,^
rac Sua baTums anu Sua ubans niSnavs. qalaqis samxreTi
sazRvari aRwevda md. barcxanamde. baTumi rom aRniSnuli
periodisaTvis sakmaod didi dasaxleba yofila amaze
naTlad metyvelebs XIX saukuneSi SemorCenili qalaqis
kedlisa
da
eklesiebis
naSTebi.
Sesabamisi
cnobebis
moSveliebiT dgindeba sami eklesiis adgilmdebareoba: erTi
mdebareobda md. Yoroliswylis SesarTavTan; meore – amave
mdinaris marcxena sanapiroze, SesarTavidan daaxloebiT 1 kmis daSorebiT; xolo mesame eklesia mdebareobda md.
barcxanis SesarTavTan axlos,^marjvena mxares (Я.Проскуряков,
1905:35; i.beqiriSvili, 1978:4-5). gamoCenili istorikosi d.
baqraZe, romelmac 1874 w. moinaxula
baTumi,^ mogviTxrobs:
warsulSi baTumi mdebareobda did movakebulze, yoroliswylis marcxniv. am adgilze dRemde SemrCenilia didi
kedlis,2 ^eqvsi-Svidi eklesiis3 naSTebi (d.baqraZe, 1987:27). is
faqtori, rom qalaqSi moqmedebda ramdenime eklesia,
miuTiTebs mis masStaburobaze.
XIII saukunis meore naxevridan gaxSirda italielTa
savaWro
urTierToba
baTumTan.
rac
dakavSirebulia
italielebis mier azovisa da SavizRvispireTSi savaWro
koloniebis (kafa^ tamani....) daarsebasTan. saqarTvelos
zRvispireTSi msgavsi dasaxleba iyo sebastopolisi /cxumi
(T.beraZe. 1981:178-182; misive, 1983:28-31). Sesabamisad gaizarda
evropaSi interesi da cnobebi baTumis Sesaxeb. ramac asaxva
hpova savaWro-sanotaro dokumentebSi,^ elCebisa Tu mogzaurswavlulTa
CanawerebSi,
maT
mier
Sedgenil
rukebze
(a.TvaraZe,
2004;
e.mamisTvaliSvili,
1980;
misive,
1981;
T.gvancelaZe, 1997; Б.Гогия, 2005). aRniSnul masalebSi baTumi
gvxdeba saxelebiT: vati (Vati),^ lovati (Lovati),^ vaTani
(Vathan),^ boTani (Bothan)... (e.mamisTvaliSvili, 1980:113; misive,
1981:55-64). evropul sazRvao rukebze baTumi miTiTebulia
cixe-qalaqis aRmniSvneli kartografiuli niSnebiT. j.
gastoldis rukaze baTumTan axlos gamosaxulia ialqniani
gemi. rac mianiSnebs,^ rom baTumi warmoadgenda mniSvnelovan
sanavsadguro qalaqs (T.gvancelaZe, 1997:33). am periodis
26
baTumi warmoadgenda feodaluri xanis tipiur qalaqs.
mosaxleoba@,,qalaqis
mkvidrni”
misdevda
xelosnobas,
vaWrobas, naosnobas da navT keTebas, Tevzis rewvas. 1426 w.
baTumi mounaxulebia germanel mogzaur hans Siltbergers.
Tavis @,,mogzaurobis wignSi” mogviTxrobs: mivediT megrilis
(samegrelos) mxaris mTavar qalaq vaTanSi (baTumi),^ romelic
zRvasTan mdebareobs (e.mamisTvaliSvili, 1980:108). baTumis
moxsenieba mTavar qalaqad miuTiTebs,^ rom igi warmoadgenda
msxvil zRvispira dasaxlebas.
baTumis
istoriis
erT-erT
sayuradRebo
epizods
warmoadgens 1445 w. aprilSi burgundielTa Tavdasxma qalaqze. isini katarRiT miadgnen baTums. Seecadnen gadmoesxaT
desanti da gaeZarcvaT qalaqi,^ sadac aRmosavleTisa Tu
dasavleTis
qveynebidan
Semodioda
didZali
saqoneli.
qalaqis damcvelebma momxvdurebi sastikad daamarcxes, maTi
meTauri Jofrua de tuazi ki tyved Caigdes. tuazi
baTumelTa tyveobaSi imyofeboda erTi Tve. trapizonis
imperatoris SuamdgomlobiT moxerxda qarTvelTa tyveobidan
misi ganTavisufleba (T.beraZe, 1983/36; misive, 1989:145-146;
T.beraZe, m.sanaZe, 2003:218).
1472 wlis zafxulSi^ genuel vaWrebTan erTad baTumSi
Camosula venecieli diplomati da mogzauri iosafat
barbaro. igi saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis im periodis
baTumis Sesaxeb. i. barbaro
baTums
(Vathi)
moixseniebs
qalaqad. misive cnobiT mimoqcevaSi yofila qarTuli TeTri (И.Барбаро, 1971:138-13). 1474 wlis ivnisSi baTumi moinaxula
veneciis
elCma
sparseTSi ambrojo
kontarinim.
misi
daxasiaTebiT baTumi iyo cixe qalaqi. sainteresoa kontarinis
cnoba,^rom
evropelebi
SemaxaSi
mosaxvedrad
amjobinebdnen mgzavrobas baTum-axalcixis gziT (И.Барбаро,
1971:215-216).
XVI saukunidan mZime periodi daudga saqarTvelos.
osmalebma sxva qarTul teritoriebTan erTad 1578-1579
wlebSi daikaves baTumi (T.beraZe, 1981:82; misive, 1989:214).
daRmavlobas ganicdis xelosnoba,^ vaWroba, zRvaosnoba.
1614 wels baTums ewvia frangi misioneri,^iezuitebis
ordenis warmomadgeneli lui granJe. misi TqmiT aqauri
mosaxleoba ganicdida Seviwroebas imis^ gamo, rom qristianebi arian. igi SeniSnavs:@,,baTumi saqarTvelos navsadguria” (m.TamaraSvili, 1902:138). rac miuTiTebs,^ rom am
periodis baTumi garkveulad inarCunebda damoukideblobas,^
Semoifargleboda osmaleTisaTvis xarkis gadaxdiT. osmaluri wyaroebis mixedviT XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi,^
baTumis cixeSi,^ dampyrobTa garnizoni ar Cans. aseve,
aRniSnuli wyaroebis mixedviT baTumis cixeSi osmalTa
mecixovne razmi Camdgara XVII s-is 90-ian wlebSi (n.Sengelia,
1987). 1704 wels CautarebiaT cixis sarekonstruqcio samuSaoebi (n.Sengelia, 1987:80-81). viTarebis Sesabamisad cixeSi
idga 150-dan 500-mde mecixovne4 (n.Sengelia, 1987:50,69-70,178,185186). vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT @,,baTumi mcire qalaqi” iyo,^ romelsac kargi cixe hqonda (qca, IV, 1973:176).
osmalebis batonobis xanaSi baTumi inarCunebda Tavis
mniSvnelobas. aq savaWrod Camodiodnen saqarTvelos Sida
raionebidan (r.uzunaZe, 2001:73).
XVIII saukuneSi iwyeba saqalaqo centris TandaTanobiT
gadanacvleba samxreTiT,^yures mimarTulebiT. es intensiuri
xdeba XVIII s-is meore naxevridan. rac ganpirobebuli iyo
imiT, rom md. yoroliswylis SesarTavTan mowyobili qalaqis
Zveli navsayudeli ukve mouxerxebeli iyo didi sazRvao
gemebisaTvis, samxreTiT ki saamisod moxerxebuli bunebrivi
pirobebi arsebobda. osmaluri gemebi swored aq Cerdebodnen
(И. Кальфоглу,
1905:41). yures garSemo gaSlili vrceli
dablobi SesaZleblobas iZleoda axali saqalaqo ubnebis
gasaSeneblad.
27
28
S e n i S v n e b i
1. aRniSnulis Taobaze saintereso cnobas gvawvdis
i.kalfoRlu,@baTumis mkvidri moxuci glexebi mogviTxroben^
rom yirimis omis win md. Culkuba (skurkuba-mcire mdinare^
moedineba yof. navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis teritoriaze,
r.u.) adidda da gadarecxa sanapiro mindvrebi^ romelTa qveS
gamoCnda SenobaTa nangrevebi da saZirkvelebi, (Кальфоглу
И.И,1905:40-41).
2. igulisxmeba baTumis cixis naSTebi, rogorc irkveva
baTumi warmoadenda sakmaod kargad gamagrebul cixesimagres^ romelsac gaaCnda `Sida cixe~ (a.kaxiZe, d.
xaxutaiSvili^ 1989:46-47)&
3. zogierTi maTgani i. proskuriakovs 1842 wels jer
kidev daungreveli daxvedria. erT maTgans Zveli moxatuloba amSvenebda (Я . Проскуряков, 1905:3).
4. saqarTvelos zRvispira regionebTan garTulebuli
mdgomareobis gamo 1704 w. baTumis cixeSi Caayenes osmalTa
600 kaciani garnizoni (n.Sengelia, 1987:178; Т.Берадзе, 1989:221222).
literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
d. baqraZe, arqeologiuri mogzauroba guriasa da
aWaraSi, baTumi, 1987.
T. beraZe, zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1981.
T. beraZe, saqarTvelos sazRvao vaWrobis istoriidan XIIXV ss - ,,macne,” istoriis seria, 1983 # 2.
T. beraZe, genuelTa savaWro faqtoriebi SavizRvispireTSi XII-XV ss-Si. – saqarTvelos enciklopedia, t. I,
Tb., 1977.
Т. Берадзе, Мореплавание и морская торговля в средневековой
Грузии, Тб., 1989.
Барбаро Иосафат, Путешествие в Тану. Барбаро и Контарини о
России, Л.,1971.
T. gvancelaZe, 1561 wlis ucnobi italiuri ruka da
afxazTa istoriuli samSoblos lokalizacia. Jurn.
,,artanuji”, 1997 #6.
n. vaSakiZe, aWara elinistur xanaSi (meurneoba, saerTaSoriso savaWro kavSirebi). – sdsin, I, Tb., 2007.
al. TvaraZe, saqarTvelo da kavkasia evropul wyaroebSi,
Tb., 2004.
a. inaiSvili, baTumis istoriisaTvis axali arqeologiuri gaTxrebis safuZvelze. – kavkasiis xalxTa
istoriisa da arqeologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1966.
29
11.
a. kaxiZe, d. xaxutaiSvili, masalebi baTumis Zveli istoriisaTvis (wina antikuri da antikuri xana). – sdsZ., XVIII,
Tb., 1989.
12. a. kaxiZe, saqarTvelos zRvispireTis antikuri xanis
qalaqebi, Tb., 1971.
13. a. kaxiZe, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTi
Zv.w. VI-IV saukuneebSi. – sdsin., I, Tb., 2007.
14. И. Кальфоглу, Древнейшие
известия о Батумье,- ИКОИРГО,
XVIII т. №1, Тифлис, 1905.
15. s. masxaraSvili, matiane qarTvelTa, Tb., 2006.
16. Проскуряков Я., Заметки о Турции. ИКОИРГО., кн.ХХУ, Тифлис,
1905,
17. r. uzunaZe, naosnobis istoriidan baTumis ilqSi, baTumi,
2001.
18. qarTlis cxovreba t, IV. Tb., 1973.
19. s. yauxCiSvili, antikuri masalebi baTumis istoriisaTvis. – quTaisis ped. institutis Sromebi, t. V, quTaisi,
1950-1951.
20. T. yauxCiSvili, antikuri wyaroebi baTumis istoriisaTvis. – sdsZ, XVI, Tb., 1987.
21. n. Sengelia, XVI-XVIII saukunebis osmaluri dokumenturi
wyaroebi, I Tb., 1987.
30
Sorena maxaWaZe
romani aWarisa da aWarlebis Sesaxeb
/artur zutneris ,,aWarlebi"/
,,uamravi xeobiTa da viwro uReltexilebiT daRaruli
mcire kavkasioni bunebriv zRudes qmnis, romelic baTumis
olqs, erTi mxriv, mcire aziis TurqeTisagan, meore mxriv ki
_ saqarTvelosa da somxeTisagan hyofs. Tavdapirveli
mosaxleoba qeds iqiT zRvamde gadaWimuli am mxarisa,
rogorc istoriuli wyaroebi gvamcnoben, wminda qarTuli
anu qarTveluri tomisa iyo...
bolos aWarlebic aiZules, eRiarebinaT TurqTa batonoba.
sulis siRrmeSi umetesoba mainc erTguli rCeboda Zveli
rwmenisa da warmomavlobisa, romliTac odesRac maTi
winaprebi amayobdnen." /artur zutneri/
enciklopedia ,,aWaris" mTavari samecniero redaqciis
iniciativiTa da egidiT gamomcemloba ,,inteleqtma" dabeWda
germaneli mwerlis artur zutneris romani ,,aWarlebi,"
romelic germanulidan Targmna rusudan RvinefaZem.
romani sainteresod ikiTxeba, Tumca, vfiqrobT, mis
mxatvrul Rirsebebze metad mkiTxvels miizidavs da
daainteresebs
ruseT-TurqeTis
omisdroindeli
aWaris
istoriuli,
socialur-politikuri
Tu
eTnografiuli
sinamdvile, ucxoelis TvaliT danaxuli ZirZveli qarTuli
kuTxisa da mis mcxovrebTa cocxali, kolorituli saxesuraTebi.
romanis pirveli striqonidan bolomde mkiTxvels ar
tovebs imis SegrZneba, rom avtori kargad icnobs im masalas,
romelzedac muSaobs, aRfrTovanebulia im peizaJebiT,
romelTac aseTi momxiblavi ferebiT xatavs, saocari
pativiscemiTaa
gamsWvaluli
im
maRalzneobrivi,
keTilSobili adamianebis mimarT, vis cxovrebasac asaxavs, an
vis portretebsac qmnis.
artur zutneri dawvrilebiT aRwers aWarelTa yofas, maT
Cacmulobas, zne-Cveulebebs: ,,aWarlebisa da gurulebis
erovnuli samosi kavkasiaSi yvelaze moxdenilia: mokle,
31
momdgari, mkerdze gadaxsnili zedatani, romelSic Ria
feris
moJileto-moperango
xifTani
mosCans.
Sarvali
TeZoebze ganieria, barZayebsa da wvivebze ki mWidrod
SemokvarTuli, welze Semokruli kuSagiT _ ganieri,
zoliani abreSumis SarfiT... (zutneri, 2007:32.
aWarelTa ,,mxedruli da masobrivi cekvebis... Sesruleba ki
did
simardesa
da
sifrTxiles
moiTxovda,
radgan
mocekvaveebi almasiviT pir-basr, wvetian xanjlebs xan
mkerdTan miitandnen xolme, xan ki safeTqlebTan da odnav
uzustobas SeiZleboda mZime Sedegi mohyoloda" (zutneri,
2007:33).
Widaoba, asparezoba, jiriTi Tu SurduliT qvis tyorcnac
maTi gasarTobi iyo.
aWarlebi stumarTmoyvareobiTac gamoirCeodnen. aWareli
maspinZeli yvelafers akeTebs, raTa stumrebs asiamovnos da
dauviwyari dro gaatarebinos Tavis mamulSi. romanSi
aRwerilia Serif-faSas stumroba jambek TaguiriZis ojaxSi
_ sxalTaSi, romlis umSvenieresi sasaxle da misi
garemomcveli buneba waruSlel STabeWdilebas axdens
mnaxvelze: ,,sofel sxalTas zemoT, serze gadmomdgariyo
mSvenieri sasaxle, romelic Tavisi dakbiluli qongurebiTa
da daxvewili verandebiT saamo sanaxaobas warmoadgenda...
kedlebisa da Weris nakveTi ornamentebi did darbazebSi
gamorCeul gemovnebasa da mxatvrul alRos amJRavnebdnen.
misaReb darbazebs marmariloTi mopirkeTebuli monumenturi
buxrebi
amSvenebda,
romlebic
aqauri
qvismTlelebis
ostatobasa da mxatvrul gemovnebaze metyvelebda....
saxlis Semogarenic iseTive STambeWdavi
iyo, rogorc
misi interieri" (zutneri, 2007 : 22).
evropeli avtori gansakuTrebiT dautyvevebia aWaris
bunebis simdidresa da mravalferovnebas, Tbil, kaSkaSa,
msuye ferebs, egzotikur mcenareTa siuxves, romelTac ,,iq,
evropaSi, didi gaWirvebiT axareben minis saTburebSi, aq ki
Ria cis qveS, sarevelasaviTaa modebuli" (zutneri, 2007 : 13).
ai, erTi magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor xatavs artur zutneri
aWaris peizaJs: ,,mzis Casvlisas brinjis yanebidan wamosuli
TeTri nisli sanapirosaken miikrifeboda, mzis ukanaskneli
sxivebi mas wiTlad Rebavda da gaumWvirvale mandils
32
warmoqmnida, ise rom mxolodRa gacrecili gadabiZguli
wylis
zedapiri
Canda,
romelic
brinjis
naTesebis
moyviTalo-TeTr ayvavebul TavTavebamde iyo gadaWimuli"
(zutneri, 2007 : 14).
avtorma kargad icis, rom aWarlebi ,,wminda qarTuli anu
qarTveluri tomis" xalxia da miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,islami
xuTi saukunis manZilze ganuwyvetliv yovel Rones xmarobda,
ZaliT gaenadgurebina es Zveli erovnuli mexsiereba, dResac
miwis yoveli goji, yoveli mtkaveli aq qarTvelTa
mkvidrobaze mowmobs" (zutneri, 2007 : 7).
ufro meti, mas Semdeg, rac ,,meCvidmete saukunis
dasawyisSi gamarjveba islams darCa, mas Semdeg, rac
yovelives, rasac ki qristes saxeli erqva, sastiki brZola
gamoucxades," aWarlebis umetesoba ,,sulis siRrmeSi mainc
erTguli rCeboda Zveli rwmenisa da warmomavlobisa,
romliTac odesRac maTi winaprebi amayobdnen". aWarlebs
yovelTvis axsovdaT da eamayebodaT, rom qarTvelebi
,,mravali aseuli wlis winaT ufro maRal safexurze idgnen,
vidre maTi axlandeli mbrZaneblebi" (zutneri, 2007 : 229).
romanSi cocxldeba XIX saukunis 60-70-iani wlebis aWara,
roca ,,sul ufro da ufro gausaZlisi pirobebis Sedegad
moZraoba daiwyo, romelic droulad CaaxSes" (zutneri, 2007 :
9), roca mosaxleobis ganukiTxavma Zarcva-glejam, xelisufalTa Tavgasulobam da TviTnebobam piks miaRwia, roca
nebismieri moxele ,,Tavis TemSi Tavs patara mefed grZnobda,"
maTi umTavresi sazrunavi ki xalxis xarjze gamdidreba iyo.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodisaTvis baTumi iqca neitralur teritoriaze mdebare mowinave postad, ucxoeTTan
gacxovelebuli vaWrobis centrad, gaixsna sxvadasxva qveynis
sakonsulo,
mkvidri
mosaxleobis
keTildReobas
amiT
araferi Sematebia, piriqiT, madagaxsnili xelisufalni kidev
ufro aviwroebdnen da gausaZlis gadasaxadebs akisrebdnen
adgilobriv mcxovrebT. swored am adamianTa cxovrebis,
siyvarulisa da brZolis, gamarjvebisa da damarcxebis istorias aRwers zutneri Tavis romanSi.
mwerali mouxiblavs aWarelTa Sinaganad keTilSobil,
amay, marTal, vaJkacur da gmirul bunebas, amitomac aseTi
siyvaruliT
Zerwavs
igi
mSvenieri
Tamarisa
da
simarTlismoyvare jambekis, SurisZiebis grZnobiT anTebuli
elizbasa da megobrebisaTvis Tavdadebuli axmedisa Tu
darias dasamaxsovrebel saxe-xasiaTebs. eseni arian ,,suliT
da
xorciT
aWareli,
farTo
gagebiT
ki
qarTveli"
patriotebi,
romlebic
,,gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen TavianT ZvelqarTul warmomavlobas", romlebic
,,mzad iyvnen sicocxle gaewiraT, raTa mama-papaTagan
memkvidreobiT miRebuli uflebebi mCagvrelebisagan daecvaT"
(zutneri, 2007 : 108), TavdadebiT ebrZolaT uRirsi
dampyroblis
winaaRmdeg,
romelic
maT
saukuneTa
ganmavlobaSi ,,sisxlian cremlebs adenda", Seuracxyofda maT
erovnul suls, tradiciebs, fexqveS Telavda maT Rirsebas.
jambeki, elizba da sxva aWareli patriotebi swored
,,qveynis siyvarulma, misi umdidresi istoriisadmi mowiwebam"
daapirispira dampyroblebTan,
Tumca, samwuxarod, aWaris
mosaxleoba mxolod aseTi Tavdadebuli patriotebisagan ar
Sedgeboda,
aqa-iq
sarevelasaviT
gamoereodnen
xolme
renegatebi, romelTaTvisac mamoZravebeli Zala mxolod
sakuTari keTildReoba iyo, am miznis misaRwevad isini
arafers
eridebodnen:
qveynisa
da
xalxis
Ralats,
mkvlelobas, usamarTlobas. maTi galerea sakmaod Wreli da
mdidaria:
Serif-faSa fariseveli, arafrismaqnisi gubernatoria, visTvisac xalxis gasaWiri, mkvidri mosaxleobis
interesebi fuW sityvebad qceula da vinc Tavisive uxvad
dafrqveul dapirebebs arasodes ar asrulebs, sisastikiT
gamoirCevian hasan-begi da rejib-xani, ToTia koCaliZe da
murza-xani, saeWvo gzebiT _ yaCaRoba-ZarcviT gamdidrebuli
adamianebi. maTTvis xalxi brboa, ,,brbo ki unebisyofo faraa,
romelic imas emorCileba, visac yvelaze grZeli maTraxi
aqvs da misi kargad gadaWerac exerxeba" (zutneri, 2007 : 124).
am garewrebis ,,yvelaze naRdi devizia": ,,yvelaferi sakuTari
TavisTvis, araferi sxvebisTvis; ar arsebobs ufro saimedo
da madlieri arseba, vidre sakuTari me" (zutneri, 2007 : 186),
Tumca Tavisuflebisa da simarTlisaTvis mebrZoli erT
muStad Sekruli xalxis risxvas verc erTi maTgani ver
gadaurCa.
artur zutneri maxvili Tvalis mweralia. mas kargad aqvs
SemCneuli da gadmocemuli aWarelTa erTi gamorCeuli
33
34
Tviseba: mSvidobismoyvareoba da humanizmi. aWareli yvelaze
metad
mSvidobas
ufrTxildeba,
cdilobs
nebismieri
saSualebiT mis SenarCunebas, Tumca omis SemTxvevaSi arc
xifaTsa da brZolaSi Tavdadebas gaurbis.
aWarelTa xasiaTi mSvenivrad aris gamokveTili romanis
erT-erTi yvelaze simpaTiuri gmiris jambek TaguiriZis
saxeSi, ,,romlis gonebac TmaSevercxlili brZenisas ar
Camouvardeba,
romlis
guli
mxolod
sikeTisa
da
samarTlianobisTvis Zgers". jambeki cdilobs qveyanaSi
gamefebul
usamarTlobaze,
meqrTameobaze,
ukanonobaze
Tvalebi auxilos Serif-faSas, Caagonos, rom mZarcvel
moxeleTa dausjeli parpaSi bolos da bolos saerTosaxalxo ajanyebas gamoiwvevs, Tumca misi yvela cda marcxiT
mTavrdeba,
ufro
meti,
Tavgasuli,
xelSeuxeblobaSi
darwmunebuli moxeleebi adrindelze Tavxedurad iqcevian
da dausjelad awiokeben mosaxleobas.
icvlebian saukuneebi, epoqebi, magram ar icvleba is
maradiuli faseulobebi, riTac aTaswleulTa manZilze
modioda qarTveli kaci: sikeTe, mSveniereba, keTilSobileba,
samarTlianoba, megobris erTguleba da, rac mTavaria,
sakuTari miwisa da xalxis gamZafrebuli siyvaruli _
aseTad dainaxa evropelma mweralma XIX saukuneSi aWareli
kaci da aseTad darCa igi ori saukunis Semdegac, amitomac
ase amayad ambobs igi dResac:
,,ididgule, rom amferi
aWareli gyavda gana!" (gorgilaZe 2006:14)
literatura:
1. gorgilaZe z. rCeuli, baTumi, 2006
2. zutneri a. ,,aWarlebi". baTumi, 2007
3. rusTaveli SoTa, ,,vefxistyaosani." Tbilisi, 1974.
35
ramaz surmaniZe
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$7 Сборник материалов по описании местностей и племен Кавказа.
вып. 44. Тифлис,1915. с.41-45. bkbf nf,fqef7 cfmfhsdtkj tdhjgbc
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Известия Кавказского отдела императорского Российского
общества (ИКОИРГО). т.18. вып.3. Тифлис.1905,
географического
1906.с.147.
!!7 Газ."Советская Аджария". 27 января 1971г. Ж. "Неделя", №2.1973.
с.13.
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41
42
K B N T H F N E H F
oTar gogoliSvili
1914 wlis agvistoSi daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi. am omSi
erTmaneTis pirispir idgnen erTis mxriv: germania, avstria,
bulgareTi da TurqeTi da meore mxares ki inglisi,
safrangeTi, ruseTi. am omSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira
kavkasiis regions, gansakuTrebiT ki baTumis olqs. 1914 wlis
wina periodis TiTqmis yvela mimowera imperiis centridan
kavkasiaSi Seexeboda baTumis olqs da iq mimdinare
politikur procesebs. Cven, ruseTis, kerZod peterburgisa da
moskovis, Tbilisisa da baTumis arqivebSi xangrZlivi
muSaobis Sedegad gamovavlineT ara erTi oficialuri
dokumenti,
romelic
Seexeba
swored
zemoTTqmuls.
gamomdinare
aqedan
mizanSewonilad
migvaCnia
farTo
sazogadoebisaTvis
migvewodebina
ara
erTi
saarqivo
dokumenti, romelic aaSkaravebs mefis ruseTisa da sulTnis
TurqeTis mglur, eqspansionistur politikas. es sainteresoa
imdenad, ramdenadac dRes saqarTvelo imyofeba, cota
gansxvavebul, magram msgavs situaciaSi. amitom sifrTxile
yovelTvis iyo is mTavari saSualeba, romelic iZleoda
Tavis gadarCenisa da TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis udides
Sanss. swored rom es sifrTxile gvmarTebs dRes.
1913 wlis 27 seqtembers ruseTis imperiis Sinagan saqmeTa
saministrodan
saidumlo
werili
miuvida
kavkasiis
mefisnacvlis
kancelarias,
sadac
ewera:
,,TurqeTSi
mimdinareobs aSkara saomari mzadeba da sul ar aris
gamoricxuli, rom gaaxSiron provokaciebi Cvens winaaRmdeg.
iq Camoyalibebulma ,,axalgazrda TurqTa” organizaciebma
gaaZlieres panislamisturi propaganda TurqeTis sazRvrebs
gareT. maTi survilia islamis aRorZineba sxva qveynebSi. am
mizniT maT gansakuTrebuli yuraReba miaqcies ruseTis
imperias,
sadac
cxovrobs
mravalricxovani
musulmani
mosaxleoba
da
maTSi
islamis
aRorZineba
SeiZleba
sasargeblo aRmoCndes TurqeTisaTvis, misi urTierTobis
gasamwvaveblad ruseTTan. am mizniT Turqebis mier ruseTSi
gagzavnili iqna vaWrebisa da xojebis saxiT ,,axalgazrda
Turqebis” momxre xalxi. emisrebi gaigzavna volgaze,
yirimSi, Sua aziasa da kavkasiaSi.Ggamomdinare aqedan miiReT
gadamWreli zomebi, raTa kavkasiaSi, CvenTvis strategiulad
am
mniSvnelovan
mxareSi,
mtrebma
ver
awaarmoon
ZirgamomTxreli saqmianoba. amis didi survili maT eqnebaT,
radgan isini didi xania ocneboben Cvens gamoZevebas
kavkasiidan da iq gabatonebas. gevalebaT: 1) daaweseT
emisrebze
gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba,
2)
yuradReba
gaamaxvileT panislamuri ideebis gavrcelebaze da sastikad
win aRudeqiT mas yoveli saSualebebiT, 3) daaweseT
TvalTvali yvela ucxoelze, gansakuTrebiT mahmadianebiT
dasaxlebul
adgilebSi,
4)
gansakuTrebiT
kontrolze
aiyvaneT is xojebi, romlebmac ganaTleba miiRo ucxoeTis
sasuliero centrebSi”. [1]. aseTi werilebi metropoliidan
ara erTi gamoigzavna. Tavis mxriv kikavkasiis mefisnacvali
avalebda baTumis olqis samxedro gubernators, radgan es
olqi gansakuTrebiT axlos mdebareobda TurqeTTan da
centridan gamogzavnil yvela werilSi moxseniebulia es
olqi. 1913 wlis 30 seqtembers kavkasiis mefisnacvlis
kancelariidan
werdnen
baTumis
olqis
samxedro
gubernators: ,,SeiswavleT da warmoadgineT yvela im
ucxoelis vinaoba, romelic baTumSi cxovrobs”. quTaisis
JardarmTa sammarTvelos ufrosis TanaSemwe baTumis olqSi
acnobebda samxedro gubernators 1913 wlis 2 oqtombers:
,,gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia meCeTi ,,azizie”, romelic xdeba
baTumis olqis panislamisturi ideebis gavrcelebis centri.
isic aRsaniSnavia, rom iq xSirad dadian TurqeTidan
emisrebi da iqve oTaxSi aqvT raRac saidumlo Sexvedrebi. am
meCeTSi
xSirad
SeimCnevian
,,axalgazrda
TurqTa”
warmomadgenlebi. rac Seexeba policias, sadac umravlesoba
mahmadiani ,,tuzemcebi” arian, Znelia maTdami ndoba, radgan
isini iolad moeqcevian panislamisturi gavlenis qveS.
mizanSewonilia policiis gaZliereba rusuli elementebiT”
[2]. mdgomareoba TandaTan iZabeboda. miuxedavad
mefis
ruseTis mxridan gatarebuli mkacri RonisZiebebisa, 1913
wlidan baTumis olqSi TurqeTi, germania didi raodenobiT
gzavnida agentebs mosaxleobis asabunteblad. 1913 wlis 17
43
44
didi saxelmwifoebis baTumis olqiT daintereseba
pirveli msoflio omis win
oqtombers kavkasiis mefisnacvlis kancelaria SeSfoTebiT
werda baTumis olqis samxedro gubernators: ,,miuxedavad
gatarebuli RonisZiebebisa, Tqven olqSi SeimCneva osmaluri
sadazvervo saqmianobis gaaqtiureba. Tqven ver SeZeliT
rusuli gavlenis ise gaZliereba, rom mtrebis veraviTari
propaganda ver SegvaSinebda (xazgasma Cvenia _ o. g.). am
mimarTulebiT Tqveni administraciis saqmianoba savsebiT
aradakmayofilebelia”.
[3].
Cvenis
azriT
uaRresad
sainteresoa baTumis olqis samxedro gubarnatoris 1913
wlis 20 oqtombris sapasuxo werili, sadac gaSiSvlebulia
is veraguli politika, romelsac carizmi atarebda am
mxareSi: ,,Tqveno udidebulesobav, Cven vcdilobT yoveli
Rone vixmaroT, raTa gavaZlieroT rusuli elementebi
baTumis olqSi. magram sanam amas gavakeTebdiT, Cven
vcdilobdiT
erTmaneTisaTvis
wagvekidebina
qarTveli
qristianebi da mahmadianebi. am mizniT vecadeT mogvesyida
ara erTi gavleniani mahmadiani qarTveli, SevaZlieT didZali
Tanxa, SevadgineT moqmedebis gegma. samwuxarod, yvela
moqmedeba warumatebeli iyo. pirvelad vecadeT abaSiZeebis
amxedreba, vin ar mivugzavneT maT, magram isini ratomRac
yvelafrisagan Sors iWerdnen Tavs. vcadeT ximSiaSvilebis
gamoyeneba, magram mizani aqac miuRweveli gaxda. maSin
gadavwyviteT
Turqi
erovnebis
xalxis
dapirispireba
qristianebTan, amisaTvis SevqmeniT specialuri ganyofileba
sammarTveloSi,
aqac
xel-fexi
SegveboWa.
bolos
gadavwyviteT somxebisa da musulmanebis dapirispireba, ra ar
gavakeTeT amisaTvis, movawyveT aTasi provokacia, magram
Sedegi araferi. rac Seexeba rusebs, am saqmeSi isini
pirdapir ver CavabiT, radgan saagitacio
manqana am
SemTxvevaSi mtris wisqvilze asxams wyals. rogorc Cans
dawyevlili mxarea am mimarTulebiT. saWiroa sxva meTodebis
gamoyeneba, SemuSaveba iseTi programisa, romelic frTebs
Seasxams Cvens Sorsmimaval amocanebs” [4]. aq SesaniSnavad
aris naCvenebi is politika, romelsac carizmi atarebda am
kuTxeSi. Tavis mxriv arc TurqeTis mxare udebda tols
veragul ganzraxvaSi mis mowinaaRmdegeebs. mag. 1913 wlis 29
noembers erT-erTi Turq emisars CamoarTves proklamacia,
romelic mas gauvrcelebia zemo aWaraSi, arTvinSi da
45
cdilobda mis gavrcelebas baTumis musulman mosaxleobas
Soris. policmeisteris patakidan JandarmTa sammarTvelos
ufrosisadmi vkiTxulobT: ,,ama wlis (1913_o. g.) 21 noembers
davakaveT TurqeTis qveSevrdomi, romlis saxelia axmed yadi
oRli. dakavebisas man winaaRmdegoba gagviwia. aRmoaCnda
proklamaciebi, sadac ewera: ,,dReSi xuTjer unda vilocoT
TurqeTis sasargeblod da
ruseTis sazianod, unda
SevevedroT RmerTs, raTa ruseTi aRigavos pirisagan miwisa,
SevevedroT RmerTs, rom TurqeTma daibrunos yvela is
teritoria, romelic mas ruseTma waarTva... moerideT
qristianebTan TanamSromlobas, isinic gadamwyvet momentSi
rusebs miudgebian... proklamaciebi aucileblad gaacaniT
xalxs, gamoakariT sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi da
a. S.”. [5]. aqac Cans is politika, romlis gatarebasac
cdilobda osmaleTis imperia kavkasiaSi da maT Soris
baTumis olqSi.
rac ufro axlovdeboda msoflio omi, miT ufro
iZabeboda urTierToba am or saxelmwifos Soris da 1914
wlis oqtomberSi dapirispireba kidevac gadaizarda saomar
moqmedebaSi. aseTia mokled, im mimowerebis Sinaarsi,
romelic
TvalnaTliv
aaSkaravebs
orive
saxelmwifos
saqmianobas kavkasiis mxareSi.
literatura:
1.
acsa),
2.
3.
4.
5.
aWaris centraluri saxelmwifo arqivi (SemoklebiT
f. 1, aRw. 1, saq. 123, furc. 21.
iqve. furc. 35.
iqve, furc. 48-49.
acsa, saq. 126, furc. 57.
iqve, furc. 69.
46
damoukidebeli Aazerbaijanis saxelmwifo himni 1918 wels
iqna miRebuli. komunisturi epoqis mier uaryofili da
miviwyebuli es himni mxolod 1992 wels aRadgines. qarTuli
sabWoTa enciklopediis XI tomSi (1987w.) naxsenebia avtori _
ahmed javadi, Tumca, bunebrivia, zemoxsenebuli epoqis
xasiaTidan gamomdinare, arc himnis, arc misi Semoqmedis
politikur miswrafebaTa Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami. kerZod,
iq aRniSnulia (mogvyavs sityva-sityviT): ~javadi ahmed (namdv.
saxeli javad mamadali_oRlu axundzade) (1982,sof. seifali,
Samqoris raioni, - 1937)
azerbaijaneli sabWoTa poeti,
daibada glexis ojaxSi, aqveynebda 1913 wlidan. umReroda
samSoblos,
xalxTa
megobrobas.
erTxans
cxovrobda
saqarTveloSi, meuRle qarTveli hyavda. i. abulaZisa da s.
iordaniSvilis konsultaciiT azerbaijanul enaze Targmna
`vefxistyaosani~ (daibeWda d. alievas redaqciiT, 1978, baqo)
Targmnida agreTve Seqspirisa da puSkinis nawarmoebebs.~
(1.524)
TviT am mwiri informaciidanac TvalsaCinoa, rom poets
axlo uTierToba hqonda saqarTvelosTan. mravalmetyvelia
gardacvalebis TaraRic: 1937 weli sabWouri represiebis
yvelaze tragikuli talRis weliwadia.
dRes Zneli araa aq mocemul biografiaSi gamotovebuli
detalebis damateba: ahmed javadi swavlobda ganjis
sasuliero seminariaSi; damTavrebis Semdeg maswavleblobda
- aswavlida Turqul da sparsul enebs.
pirveli
msoflio
omis
dros
~gulmowyalebis
sazogadoebis~ wevria da saqmianobs arzrumSi, baTumsa da
sxvagan. aqveynebs korespodenciebs da leqsebs. azerbaijanis
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg (1918w),
rogorc
musavatis partiis wevri, aqtiurad moRvaweobs. gasabWoebis
Semdeg pedagogiur saqmianobas ubrundeba. 1923-25 wlebSi
orjer usfuZvlod daapatimres. 1930 wels gadadis ganjaSi.
muSaobs
sasoflo-sameurneo
institutSi
docentad,
profesorad, kaTedris gamged. 1934 wlidan azerbaijanis
mweralTa kavSiris wevria.
rogorc aRvniSneT, igi Seewira represiebs. male garicxes
mweralTa kavSiridan da 1937 wlis 12 oqtombers daxvrites.
coli
gadaasaxles
akmolis
~samSoblis
moRalateTa
colebis~ banakSi. oTxive Svili
dedas daaSores da
mimomales sxvadasxva bavSvTa saxlSi, maT Soris umcrosi _
ilmazi, romelic 2 wlis iyo, _ xalxis mtrebis bavSvTa
saxlSi (2).
Tanamdrove avtorebi ahmad javads uwodeben ~XX saukunis
pirveli
mesamedis
did
Turq
poets
samSoblos
damoukideblobis momRerals, Turquli modgmis xalxebis
erTianobisTvis mebrZols da a.S. (3).
1920 wlis dasawyisSi swored es axmed javadi, imxnad ukve
musavatis partiis wevri, Tavisi qveynis saxelmwifo himnis
avtori da Sesabamisad, gavleniani pirovnebac, estumra
baTums, rogorc Cans, specialuri misiiT; Sexvda adgilobriv
muslimanTa politikuri gaerTianebebis mesveurT _ rogorc
proqarTuls (,,samuslimano saqarTvelos gamaTavisuflebeli
komiteti”), aseve proTurquls, ~sedai mileTi~). Tavisi
STabeWdilebebis da mosazrebebis Sesaxeb stambulis erTerTi gazeTis (,,Tesvir-i efqar”) ramdenime nomerSi daibeWda
vrceli
werili
~kavkasiaSi
mogzauroba~
(1920
wlis
Tebervali, amave wlis maisSi werili gazeTma ~saxalxo
saqmem~ gadmobeWda (4). amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom werili
subieqturia da aSkarad gamoxatavs osmaleTis saxelmwifo
interesebs.
ra viTreba iyo baTumis olqSi axmed javadis vizitisas?
rakiRa
azerbaijaneli
moRvawis
Sesaxeb
vsaubrob,
SevniSnav, rom jer kidev maSin, roca amierkavkasiis
komisariatis (1917 w. 14 noemberi) da amierkavkasiis seimis
(1918 w. 10 Tebervali) Semdeg samxreT kavkasiam oficialurad
gamoacxada
damoukidebloba
da
Seiqmna
amierkavkasiis
demokratiuli federaciuli respublika (1918 w. 22 aprili),
47
48
malxaz CoxaraZe
ahmed javadis ~kavkasiaSi mogzauroba” da
samuslimno saqarTvelos erovnulsarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi XX saukunis
I meoTxedSi
am
gaerTianebis
subieqtTa
politikuri
orientacia
erTgvarovani ar iyo: somxebi antantis poziciebze idgnen,
azerbaijanelebi mxars uWerdnen osmalebs, qarTvelebi ki
germaniis daxmarebiT cdilobdnen osmaleTis agresiis
SeCerebas.
cnobilia isic, rom amave periodSi brest-litovskis zavis
Tanaxmad, ruseTma qarTvelebze daukiTxavad gadawyvita Cveni
qveynis miwa-wylis TurqeTze gadacemis sakiTxi. zavis IV
muxlis ZaliT osmaleTis xelSi gadadioda ardaganis,
yarsis da baTumis olqebi. TurqeTi cdilobda adgilobriv
Tu
Semoxiznul
reaqciul
Zalebze
dayrdnobiT
ganemtkicebina Tavisi batonoba kavkasiaSi da am saqmeSi
samxedro
ZalasTan
erTad
yovelgvar
sapropagando
saSualebasac iyenebda.
pirvel msoflio omSi
damarcxebis Semdeg osmaleTi
iZulebuli
gaxda
samxreT
kavkasia
da
saqarTvelos
okupirebuli
teritoriebi
daetovebina.
1918
wlis
30
oqtombers mudrosis zavis Tanaxmad aWaraSi inglisis armiis
nawilebi
Sevidnen.
am
dros
gaaqtiurdnen
qarTuli
patriotuli
inteligenciis
warmomadgenlebi,
romelTa
mizanic iyo aWaris dabruneba istoriul samSobloSi _
saqrTveloSi. es iyo maSin metad rTuli saqmianoba. imitom,
rom mTel samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos urTulesi wlebi
edga. ingliselebis droebiT batonobas kidev aitanda kaci,
momavali rom yofiliyo garkveuli da naTeli. aTasi
madaaRZruli da, vin icis, saidan Semoxiznuli medrove
epotineboda am mxares: denikinelebi da bolSevikebi ruseTis
ganuyofel nawilad miiCnevdnen aqaurobas da baTumis olqis
ruseTTan mierTebaze ocnebobdnen, arc osmaleTs eTmoboda
aqauri miwa-wyali. isini sakmaod aqtiurobdnen da TavianTi
zraxvebis
gansaxorcieleblad
xSirad
erTmorwmune
azerbaijanelebs iyenebdnen. somxeTsac mada gaxsnoda da
gamorCenas eloda. kanonieri patroni _ saqarTvelo ki aravis
axsovda.
amdenad,
azerbaijanelTa
interesi
baTumis
olqSi
ZiriTadad maTi osmaluri orientaciidan gamomdinareobda:
TurqeTi, marTalia, iZulebuli iyo, daeTmo baTumis olqi,
magram imeds ar kargavda da gavlenis gaZlierebisTvis
arafers iSurebda. misi dasayrdeni ki am saqmeSi erTi mxriv
adgilobriv muslimanTa reaqciuli FfrTa iyo, meore mxriv,
gaerTianebul muslimanTa sabWos araqarTveli wevrebi,
ZiriTadad azerbaijenelebi.
swored 1920 wlis dasawyisSi garkveul wreebSi gaCnda
mosazreba baTumis olqSi patara marionetuli saxelmwifos
Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am ideasTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebiT
aqtiurobdnen denikinelebTan erTad azerbaijanelebi.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, baTumis olqis qarTuli politikuri
wreebi
aSkara
ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvamdnen
aqaur
azerbaijanelTa saqmianobis gamo. gazeTi ,,samuslimano
saqarTvelo” werda”: ,,aseT avantiuraSi did monawileobas
iRebs saqarTvelos mokavSire aderbaijani. Mmisi agentebi,
misi efendievebi, hamdi efendi da sxvebi daukavSirdnen bnel
pirebs, dauriges maT am bnel pirebs fulebi da gauSves
olqSi
suverenuli
aWaristanis
saqadageblaT.
Yyvela
qobuleTeli, yvela aWareli getyviT, rom is damRupveli
qadageba, romelic gaismis dRes damoukidebeli aWaristanis
Sesaxeb olqSi, aderbaijanis fulebiT warmoebs” (5).
aq naxsenebi hamdi efendi azerbaijanis parlamentis wevri
iyo aWaridan, xolo efendievi – azerbaijanis konsuli
baTumis olqSi.
am wris zRvarsgadasuli saqmianoba namdvilad iZleoda
SeSfoTebis safuZvels da amitomac iyo, rom ,,samuslimano
saqarTvelo” mkacrad acxadebda:
,,Cven imeds gamovTqvamT, rom aderbaijanelTa erovnuli
sabWos Tavmjdomare ecdeba, rom awi mainc xeli aiRos
aderbaijanis
mTavrobam
saqarTvelos
sawinaaRmdego
moqmedebaze. TviT aderbaijanis xalxma unda mouwodos mis
mTavrobas wesierebisken. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ,,Zmoba”,
,,erToba”, ,,megobroba” da sxva aseTi lamazi sityvebi cariel
sityvebad darCebian”.
aseTi politikuri viTareba iyo maSin samuslimano
saqarTveloSi da swored movlenaTa ganviTarebis am fokusSi
Tavsdeba axmed javadis stumroba baTumSi.
javadi baTumSi gemiT Camovida. Mmas konkretuli mizani
hqonda. rakiRa yurmokvriT icoda, ,,baTumis muslimanebi
daqsaqsuli
ariano”,Ggadawyvita,
Tavad
daezustebina
49
50
yvelaferi: ,,yvelaferi Tavis alags mindoda gamego,-wers igi,
- yovel SemTxvevaSi, am qveynis Svilebs wrfeli guliT
vusurveb sikeTes. rogorc evropeli Jurnalistebi sCadian sxedan da xids gaRmidan muslimanebis mdgomareobas
zereled ecnobian da amiT xalxi moimdures, ise Cveni
mxriTac Soridan mosmenil miTqma-moTqmaze damyarebiT raime
azris
miReba,
romelime
wris,
gansakuTrebiT,
Cveni
erTmorwmune wris, guliswyromas gamoiwvevda” (4).
javadma
baTumSi
upirveles
yovlisa
adgilobrivi
Turqulenovani gazeTebi ,,sedaimileTi” da ,,samuslimano
saqarTvelo”
gadaaTvaliera (es ukanaskneli qarTulTurquli iyo). igi wuxs mowinaaRmdege muslimanTa mtruli
damokidebulebis
gamo:
,,aqac
Cveni
sataxto
qalaqis
gazeTebSi xmarebuli lanZRva-ginebis mowme Seviqmeni.” am ori
gazeTis furclebi CemTvis muslimanTa mtruli ganwyobis
sarkes warmoadgenda. amasTan erTad, isic ar mjeroda, rom
ori gazeTi sazogadoebrivi azris da moralis gamomxatveli
iyo.
Zneli
saTqmelia,
,,Cvens
sataxto
qalaqSi”
javadi
gulisxmobs baqos Tu stambuls, albaT ufro am ukanasknels,
radgan werili swored am qalaqSi daibeWda, nacvalsaxeli
,,Cveni” mkiTxvelisaTvis nebismier SemTxvevaSi stambolTan
asocirdeba. Sesabamisad, esec saintereso faqtia –musavateli
azerbaijaneli stambuls Tavis sataxto qalaqad miiCnevs da
bunebrivia,
misi
interesebic
am
qalaqis
da
qveynis
poziciebis gamomxatvelia.
axmed javadi arsebuli uTanxmoebis erT konkretul
mizezsac ganixilavs: kerZod, ,,samuslimano saqarTvelo”
muslimanTa
erT-erT
skolas
Turqebis
sasargeblo
propagandas, Turanizmis ideebis gavrcelebas, qarTveli
muslimani bavSvebis cnobierebis mowamlvis braldebas
uyenebs: es skola bavSvebs uqadagebs rom - Cven Turqebi varT
da Turqebis mefeebi Cveni mefeebi ariano. ,,samuslimano
saqarTvelos” azriT, aseTi propaganda uspobs bavSvebs
erovnul Segnebas.…
ahmed javads moaqvs oponentis pasuxic am braldebasTan
dakavSirebiT. Aam skolis mesveuri aRniSnavs, rom skolis 320
moswavles Soris mxolod 130-ia qarTveli. Aaravin miiCnevs
maT Turqebad an sparselebad, iseve rogorc Turqebs da
sparselebs ar miiCneven qarTvelebad. Mmagram raki yvelani
muslimanebi arian, muslimanebis xalifebis anu TurqeTis
mefeebis Sesaxebac unda iyos laparaki da maT jarze
locvao.
javadi SeniSnavs: ,,polemikidan Cans, rom am organoTa
Soris erovnuli, sarwmunoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi
brZola sastikad warmoebda. Cemi daskvna es iyo: es ori
mimdinareoba arsebobs” (4)
iqve ahmed javadi saubrobs am ori ,,mimdinareobis”
miznebisa da amocanebis, maTi programebis Sesaxeb. igi
auwyebs
mkiTxvels,
rom
,,samuslimano
saqarTvelos
gamaTavisuflebeli
komitetis”
mizania
saqarTvelosTan
SeerTeba farTo avtonomiur niadagze da amiT saqarTvelos
politikuri mTlianobis ganmtkiceba. isini Tvlian, rom
samuslimano
saqarTvelo
dedasaqarTvelos
ganuyofeli
nawilia.
islamistebis mizani ki yarsisa da artaanis olqebTan
erTad TurqeTis saxelmwifos mfarvelobaSi avtonomiurad
Sesvlaao, aRniSnavs avtori.
ahmed javadi Sexvedria agreTve ganmaTavisuflebeli
komitetis Tavmjdomares-memed abaSiZes. sxva sakiTxebs Soris
stumris gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs misi Sexeduleba
sarwmunoebrivi aRzrdis Sesaxeb. kerZod, memed begs uTqvams,
baTumis olqSi swavleba ara Turqul, aramed arabul enaze
unda mimdinareobdeso.
werilis avtori cdilobs, mkiTxvelis winaSe obieqtur
korespodentad warmoCndes, magram aSkarad gamoCnda, rom
sakiTxis amgvarad dasmam aaRelva. Mmetic, igi cdilobs,
dausabuTos begs, rom sarwmunoebrivi swavlebisaTvis da
sazogadod, ganaTlebis misaRebad, Turquli ena ufro
mosaxerxebelia. jer erTi imitom, rom Turquli ena isedac
nacnobia aqaurTaTvis da axali enis Seswavlis saWiroebis
winaSe
ar
dadgebian,
meorec,
TurqeTi
SeZlebs
maswavleblebiT daxmarebas. javadma konkretuli magaliTic
ki
moiyvana:
,,azerbaijanis
mTavrobamac
samocamde
maswavlebeli gamoiwvia orive sqesisao”, magram, begis
SeniSvna _,,mTeli Aanatolia uskolod da umaswavleblodaa,
51
52
TurqeTs Tavisi skolebisaTvis 50 aTasi maswavlebeli aklia
da Cven rogor mogvxedavso”(4), _ upasuxod datova.
mosazreba arabulis wina planze wamowevis Sesaxeb sxva
mxrivac aris saintereso. rogorc Cans, aseTi Canafiqri
garkveuli wris mier moazrebuli iyo, rogorc erT-erTi gza
TurqeTis
politikuri
gavlenisgan
Tavis
daRwevisa.
werilidan
Cans,
rom
memed
abaSiZis
pozicia
arc
Tanamosaubres moswons da amitom cdilobs, daumtkicos
Turquli
enis
upiratesoba.
cxadia,
igi
Cawvda
gamaTavisuflebeli
komitetis
Tavmjdomaris
fiqrTa
mdinarebas, amasTan, mainc scada, Turquli orientaciis
upiratesobaze gadaekra sityva: misi azriT denikinelebis
gamarjveba
_
rusebis
batonobis
aRdgenas
niSnavda,
damarcxeba ki _ saTavadaznauro uflebaTa da kerZo
simdidreTa mospobas saokupacio jarebis mier. Aamdenad, aq
arapirdapir
miniSnebulia,
rom
movlenaTa
SesaZlo
ganviTarebis
variantebs
Soris
yvelaze
sasargeblo
Turquli orientaciaao. albaT aqedan gamomdinare uTvlis
politikur Secdomad osmaleTis mTavrobas memed abaSiZis
dapatimrebas da trapizonis cixeSi gamomwyvdevas 1918 wels.
werilis avtori aqve aRniSnavs, rom ,,mowinaaRmdege partia
ganmaTavisuflebel komitets saqarTvelodan didZali fulis
miRebisaTvis
amtyunebda.
Mmemed-begis
mbrZaneblobaSi
saqarTvelos ori avtomobili imyofeba”. Aahmed javads am
SemTxvevaSic ,,aviwydeba” imis aRniSvna, rom baTumis olqi
saqarTvelos
nawilia
da
saqarTvelos
mTavroba
da
gamaTavisuflebeli komiteti erToblivad iRvwian kanonieri
uflebebis
aRdgenisaTvis.
didZali
fuli,
cxadia,
gadaWarbebulia, magram asec rom iyos, igi braldebis
safuZveli ver iqneba. mTel am istoriaSi dadebiTi isaa, rom
miuxedavad subieqtivizmisa, ahmed javadi Turqulenovan
mkiTxvels sakmaod mravalmxriv cnobebs awvdis samuslimano
saqarTvelos erovnuli Zalebis mkafiod da principulad
gamoxatuli poziciis da saqarTvelosTan gaerTianebis
miswrafebis Sesaxeb. sxvafriv, gasakviri araa, Aazerbaijanis
himnis
avtori
da
musavatis
partiis
aqtiuri
wevri
proosmaluri orientaciis gamomxatveli rom yofiliyo. es
53
kaci Tavisi qveynis da Tavisi xalxis saqmes akeTbda da es
saqme, samwuxarod, yovelTvis rodi iyo CvenTvis sasargeblo.
Q
Ddamowmebani:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
qse., t.,XI, Tbilisi, 1987 w.
www. Bakunews.info
Б.
Г.
Таирбеков,
кто
убил
Ахмеда
Джавада?
www.mirzexsxezerisesi.net
ahmed
javadi,
,,kavkasiaSi
mogzauroba”,
gaz.
,,saxalxo saqme”, # 822, 8 maisi, 1920w.
,,aderbaijaneli
xalxis
sayuradReboT”,
gaz.
,,samuslimano saqarTvelo”, # 327, 30marti, 1920 w.
,,aqaur
aderbaijanelTa
erovnul
sabWos
sayuradReboT” gaz. ,,samuslimano saqarTvelo”, #
329, 1 aprili, 1920 w.
Malkhaz Chokharadze
AHMED JAVADI’S “VOYAGE IN GEORGIA” AND NATIONALRELIGIOUS ISSUES OF MUSLIM GEORGIA IN THE FIRST
QUARTER OF THE XX CENTURY.
SUMMARY
The paper deals with the political state of Batumi region in 1912-20 and the
outstanding Azerbaijanian writer, the author of Azerbaijanian hymn, Ahmed
Javadi’s letter “Voyage in Georgia”, which was printed in Turkish press in 1920.
After being defeated in the World War I Osmans were obliged to leave South
Caucasus and Georgian occupied territories. According to 30th October of 1918
Mudros Treaty, the English troops entered Batumi. In this period, many states
expressed their interests toward Batumi region. This complicated to define the
future of Georgian region. In his letter, Ahmed Javadi considers some political
and religious problems in Batumi, depicts aspiration of local political forces and
mainly describes interests of Turkish political circles.
54
merab megreliSvili
a.n krasnovi aWaris kulturul-geografiuli
garemos Sesaxeb
rusi mecnieri a.n krasnovi wignSi ,,samxreT kolxeTi"
gvesaubreba kolxeTis bunebriv-geografiuli sazRvrebis
Sesaxeb. a.n krasnovi mmiuTiTebs, rom istorikosebisTvis igi
yovelTvis iyo kolxeTis qveyana. istoriul warsulSi vis
mflobelobaSic gadadioda es qveyana, askvnis rusi mecnierilazikis, imereTis, guriis, quTaisis guberniis Tu baTumis
olqis, imisda mixedviT icvlida igi
saxelwodebas. is
nawili, romelic rionis dablobs ukavia warmoadgens
CrdiloeT kolxeTs, xolo misi samxreTi nawili moicavs
teritorias aWaris mTis ferdobidan Woroxs iqiT zRvamde
da mdinare Coloqamde, qobuleTsa da TurqeTis sazRvrebamde
da aseve gzas trapizonisken.
rusi botanikosi aWaris bunebriv geografiuli garemos
aRwerisas ver malavs aRfrTovanebas da mis dasaxasiaTeblad
ar iSurebs epiTetebs. igi erTgan Sedarebas akeTebs sakuTar
qveyanasTan da aRniSnavs, rom ruseTi kontinentaluri
qveyanaa, misi mosaxleobis naxevarze mets ar aqvs saSualeba
ixilos zRvis sanapiro. rus kacSi samxreT kolxeTis hava,
flora da fauna gancvifrebas iwvevs, radgan misi msgavsi
sakuTar mamulSi ar gaaCnia. baTumSi Camosul, naklebad
dakvirvebul turistsac ki TvalSi ecema sanapiros gaswvriv
arsebuli mTis konturebi, romelic araidenturia Crdilo
kavkasiis sanapirosi. aq ar aris umaRlesi mwvervalebi,
farTo
dablobebi,
magram
miuxedavad
amisa
mTebis
mniSvnelovani nawili inarCunebs erTi da igive simaRles,
mTis ferdobi eyrdnoba zRvas. aseTia cixisZiri, mwvane
koncxi. Woroxis mTebi.
a.n. krasnovi Sedarebas akeTebs xmelTaSuazRvispireTis
qveynebTan da dasZens rom, iseve rogorc italiaSi, msgavsad
amisa gazafxulze TovliT dafaruli aWaris mTebis ZirSi
molivlive lurji zRva efereba ferdovan sanapiros,
mwvaneSi Caflul ayvavilebul dekas, ielsa da kesanes.
55
naxevari versis siRrmidan amoziduli Zlieri talRebi
exeTqebian ferdobebs da qmnian Rrma gamoqvabulebs. baTumSi
zamTris qarbuqi recxavs zRvis sanapiros. baTumis zRva didi
xnis ukan SesZlebda aRegava pirisagan miwisa sanapiro, rom
ara zRvis donis cvalebadoba. zRvis donis wylisgan
ganTavisufleba ufro swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre xmeleTis
wyliT xelaxali dafarva, an kidev msgavsad iaponiaSi
gancalkevebul,
mwvaneSi
Caflul
patara
kunZulebisa,
felukaze mjdari Tqven SeZlebT axlos mixvideT baTumis
zRvis sanapirosTan.
swrafi mTis mdinare Woroxi zRvaosnebs aiZulebda misi
viwroebidan Sors wasuliynen, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT
Zlieri Relvebi.
preistoriul piriodSi kolxeTis teritoria wyliT iyo
dafaruli, kaxabrisa da Caqvis dablobi zRviT iyo
Semofargluli. adamianis fxizeli Tvali aq naTlad
SeamCnevs terasebs, romelsac zRva da masSi Semavali
mdinare qmnis. gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans aseTi terasebi
aWariswylis viwroebSi. aseve SeiZleba misi naxva sanapiros
sxva adgilebSi. formirebis periodSi myofi kolxeTis mTebi
mTlianad dafaruli iyo wyliT. igi mogvagonebda vulkanur
arqipelags an kidev santorinis wylis qveSa vulkans.
wylis
fskeridan
amozidul
vulkanuri
warmoSobis
kunZulebs ar gaaCnda sakuTari flora da fauna. maTi
damkvidreba moxda momijnave mTebidan. warsuli epoqis
suptropikuli kulturebi gamyinvarebis periodSi ganadgurdnen. es ukanasknelia mizezi imisa, rom baTumis sanapiro
Raribia mcenareTa originaluri saxeobebis zrda-ganviTarebiT. isini ZiriTadad aerTianeben sanapiros danarCen
mcenareul safars, romelsac botanikosebi miakuTvneben
pontos olqs. mcenareuli safaris zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis aq
iyo arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi, gansakuTrebiT ki
im suptropikuli kulturebisTvis, romlebmac gadaitanes
kavkasiaSi, geologiur warsulSi arsebuli gamyinvarebis
rTuli periodi.
amis miuxedavad kolxeTis ucxo flora inarCunebda Tavis
suptropikul saxes. Tu tyeebSi cota iyo efedra, romelic
adamianis mier iqna ganadgurebuli, samagierod mravlad iyo
56
urTxeli da wiTeli xe. foTlovani xeebidan gavrcelebuli
iyo wabli, wifeli, rcxila. maradmwvane jiSebidan mxolod
aq, sanapiroze iyo gavrcelebuli wyavi, deka, bza, mocvi da
a.S
amrigad,
rusi
botanikosis
a.n.
krasnovis
mier
gadmocemuli istoriuli masala naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis
aWaris kulturul-geografiuli warsulis Sesaxeb.
bolos warmogidgenT rusi mecnieris mier dadgenil,
aWaraSi istoriul warsulSi
gavrcelebul kulturul
mcenareTa saxeobebs:
Рододендра кавказский – deka
Азалея - ieli
Незабутка -kesane
Тисс -urTxeli
Хвойник - efedra
Бук - wifeli
Граб - rcxila
Лавровишня - wyavi
Самшит колхидский - bza
Черника - mocvi
Жимолост - cxratyava
Лишайник красный - qaragozi
Омела - fiTri
Папоротник - gvimra
Ольха - muryani
Крушина - xeWreli
literatura:
1. krasnovi a., samxreT kolxeTi (rusul enaze)
57
kaxaber surgulaZe
saqarTvelo-burgundiis urTierTobis
istoriidan
saqarTvelo-burgundiis
urTierTobis
istoriis
saintereso faqtia XV s-is 40-ian wleebSi burgundieli
korsarebis Tavdasxma baTumze. aRniSnuli cnoba Tavis
droze samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semoitana prof. T.beraZem
[beraZe,1983]. Cven gvinda kvlav SevexoT am saintereso faqts
da mkiTxvels mcire eqskursi SevTavazoT.
Sua saukuneebSi burgundiad iwodeboda safrangeTsa da
aRmosavleT germaniaSi myofi ramodenime samefo da samTavro.
TviT burgundiis terminis qveS erTiandeboda burgundiis
sahercogo, sakuTriv burgundia anu arelati da zemo da
qvemo
burgundiis
samefoebi.
isini
933-1032
wlebSi
gaerTiandnen „germaneli eris romis saRvTo imperiaSi“.
X-XI ss. am teritoriis dasakuTrebisaTvis erTmaneTs
ecileboda frangTa saxelmwifo da „romis saRvTo imperia“.
aswliani omis (1337-1453) dros burgundiis sahercogo aRzevda
da damoukideblobac moipova. momdevno wlebSi burgundiis
hercogma filipe keTilma mkveTrad gaafarTova qveynis
sazRvrebi da 1453 wlis e.w. arasis zaviT qveyanas luqsemburgi da sxva samflobeloebi SemouerTa. amieridan filipe
keTili evropis erT-erT mZlavr monarqad iqca. misi
siZlieris simbolos warmoadgenda 1422 wels e.w. „oqros
sawmisis ordenis“ daarseba [qse,1977:575].
politikur asparesze burgundiis samefos roli gaizarda
antiosmalur koaliciaSi monawileobiT. XV s-is 30-iani
wlebidan bizantiis imperias sasikvdilo safrTxe daemuqra.
aziuri da evropuli teritoriebis dakargvis Semdeg
konstantinopoli marto aRmoCnda osmalebis agresiis winaSe.
aseT viTarebaSi imperiis xelisufleba xsnas evropis
monarqTa mimxrobiT, maTi axali jvarosnuli omSi CarTviT
Seecada. sxvaTaSoris, 1459 wels analogiuri winadadebiT
burgundiaSi Cavidnen qarTveli elCebic [javaxiSvili,1967:64].
58
1443 wels bizantielTa despani ewvia hercogs da
osmalebTan
brZolisTvis
floti
sTxova.
ukanaskneli
daTanmxda da flotis formirebisaTvis valeran de vavreni
gaigzavna veneciaSi, xolo Jofrua de tuazi nicaSi. orive
generlis TavSeyris adgili konstantinopoli iyo, sadac
ganisazRvra maTi moqmedebis sfero: vavreni flotis nawiliT
gaemgzavra
dunaisaken,
rom
daxmareboda
koaliciaSi
monawile ungrel jariskacebs, xolo tuazi ki sami
katarRiT trapizonisaken gamoemarTa. amis Semdeg orive
floti kafaSi unda Sekrebiliyo.
niSadoblivia, rom orive kapitnis mematiane aRwers tuazis
baTumze Tavdasxmis faqts da misi qarTvelebTan brZolis
Sesaxeb. amasTan, rogorc SeniSnavs T.beraZe, tuazis mematiane
alamazebs faqtebs da cdilobs isini ufro warmoaCinos
qarTvelebTan brZolaSi. amitom mkiTxvelTan movitanT
vavrenis mematianis aRwerilobas, romelsac meore mematianis
sityvebiT SevavsebT.
ai isic: „trapizonSi yofnisas tuazi erTi katarRiT
moulodnelad gaqra da... saqarTvelos napirebisaken gacura,
radgan Seityo, rom iq unda gaevlo did xomalds. xomaldi
didZali saqonliT iyo datvirTuli da undoda xelSi
Caegdo. trapizonis imperatori uxsnida, isini qristianebi
ariano, magram mas ar surda xeli aeRo Tavis ganzraxvaze...
zogierTma
trapizonelma
berZenma
es
ambavi
acnoba
adgilobriv
mcxovreblebs.
isini
SeiaraRdnen
da
Causafrdnen, Jofruas misces saSualeba gadmosuliyo xmeleTze baTumis navsadgurSi; mas ki Zalian undoda gaeZarcva es
qalaqi. roca igi miuaxlovda samalavs, Casafrebuli
(qarTvelebi) daexsnen, masTan myofi mravali mebrZoli
daxoces da is ki tyved Caigdes. isini vinc gadarCa,
dabrunda katarRaze. miitanes ambavi, meTauri tyved Cavardao.
amas katarRidan kargad xedavdnen, magram ar icodnen,
daiRupa igi Tu cocxalia. ase rom, maT glovis niSnad
katarRis anZaze Savi afra aRmarTes“.
vavrenma kafaSi gaigo momxdari ambavi. man saswrafod
daabruna sami katarRa trapizons da imperators sTxova
ekisra qarTvelebTan Suamdgomloba tuazis ganTavisuflebis
saqmeSi. am ambavSi mkiTxvelisaTvis sagulisxmo is gaxlavT,
rom „imperatoris Suamdgomloba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi“ da
saqmeSi Careula genius xelmZRvanelobac. maTi miTiTebiT
„Savi zRvis koloniebis administraciis didi Tanamdebobis“
muSaks Jerom de nigros mouxerxebia qarTvelTa tyveobidan
de tuazis gamoxsna [beraZe,1983].
mematianis zemodasaxelebul aRwerilobaSi ramodenime
sakiTxi ganmartebas saWiroebs. upirvelesi is gaxlavT, rom
tuazis mosalodneli laSqrobis Sesaxeb trapizonelebs
ucnobebiaT qarTvelebisaTvis. es ki migviTiTebs, rom orive
regions Soris maSin mWidro kavSiri da mimosvla arsebobda.
amasTan, qarTvelebis informatorebad mematiane asaxelebs
trapizonel berZnebs. SesaZloa, magram trapizonis sakeisros
mosaxleoba ZiriTadSi Sedgeboda lazebisa da Wanebisagan
[javaxiSvili,1966:208], amitomac Cven gamovricxavT aRniSnul
saqmeSi berZeni elementis aqtiurobas mematianis mxridan.
trapizoneli informatorebis berZnebad moxseniebaSi ki unda
igulisxmodes
sakeisros
imperiasTan
damokidebulebis
mxolod politikuri faqtori.
aRwerilobiT Cans, rom tuazi erTi katarRiT yofila.
erTi SexedviT es mcire Zalaa, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom misi sigrZe 40-50 metrs aRwevda da masze Tavsdeboda 250de mebrZoli, aseve moulodnelobis faqtoris gamoyenebiT,
maT SeeZloT qalaqis aReba da gaZarcva. mematianes cnobiT,
qarTvelebi
„Causafrdnen,
saSualeba
misces
Jofruas
gadmosuliyo xmeleTze“ da brZolaSi daamarcxes. amasTan,
misi „mravali mebrZoli daxoces da is tyved Caigdes“
[beraZe,1981:52-53].
cxadia, interess iwvevs vin xelmZRvanelobda qarTvelTa
razms? mematiane asaxelebs adgilobriv mTavars - „patano
guriels“.
T.beraZe
miiCnevs,
rom
„patano“
igive
damaxinjebuli „batonia“ [beraZe,1983]. marTlac, „patano“
megrulad xom „batons“ niSnavs. magram mainc konkretulad
vin? XV s-Si o.soselia gurielad moixseniebs kaxabers,
romlis gardacvalebis welia cnobili [soselia,1954:134]. 1459
welis burgundiaSi gagzavnili elCobis SemadgenlibaSi
i.javaxiSvili miuTiTebs mamia gurielsac [javaxiSvili,
1967:68]. Cveni azriT, swored ukanaskneli unda yofiliyo
burgundieli korsaris damamarcxebeli [surgulaZe,1985:75].
59
60
cxadia,
Sua
saukunebSi
moqmedi
rainduli
wesidan
gamomdinare mas ufro miesvleboda burgundielebTan da
amitomac Sesabamisad igi Caisva elCobis SemadgenlobaSi.
aseTia burgundieli korsaris Tavgadasavali baTumSi, rac
vfiqrobT, Cveni qalaqis Sua saukuneebis istoriis erT-erTi
saintereso furcelia.
Kakhaber Surguladze
FROM THE HISTORY OF GEORGIAN-BURGUNNIAN
INTERRELATIONS
SUMMARY
THE ARTICLE CONSERNS THE INVASION OF BURGUNDIAN
PIRATES IN BATUMI IN 1443.
literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
T.beraZe, saqarTvelos sazRvao vaWrobis itoriidan
XIII_XV ss., macne, 2, 1983: misive, erTi ucnobi faqti,
„literaturuli saqarTvelo“, #33, 1983;
o. soselia, feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri
daSlis istoriidan, kr. masalebi saqarTvelosa da
kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 30, Tb., 1954;
k.surgulaZe, burgundieli mekobreebi baTumSi, Woroxi,
#1, baT., 1985.
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 2, Tb., 1966;
i.javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. 3, 1966;
i.javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. 4, 1967.
61
ermile mesxia
baTumi baron fridrix kres fon kresenStainis
memuarebSi
evropis saxelmwifoTa Soris germania erTaderTi iyo,
romelmac xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis
aRdgenaSi da pirvelma cno igi `de-faqtod~ (1918 wlis 28
maisi). amasTanve germaniam SeaCera TurqeTis agresia da
saqarTveloSi yofnis xanmokle periodSi mniSvnelovani
RonisZiebebi ganaxorciela saxelmwifoebrivi struqturebis
CamoyalibebaSi (avaliSvili, 1990).
germaniis aRmosavlur politikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
ekava kavkasias, kerZod saqarTvelos. amas mowmobs aq specialuri samxedro-diplomatiuri misiis warmogzavna, romelsac
xelmZRvanelobda baroni, generali fridrix kres fon
kresenStaini (1870-1948). delegaciaSi sxvadasxva dargis
specialistebTan erTad avstria-ungreTis da bulgareTis
warmomadgenlebic Sediodnen (muSkudiani, 2002:5).
kresis saxiT germaniis samxedro-politikurma wreebma
saqarTveloSi warmosagzavnad iseTi pirovneba SearCies,
romlisTvisac kavkasiuri politika nacnobi Tema iyo da,
amave dros, zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda TurqeTis samxedro
struqturas. kresi merve Turquli armiis sardali iyo 1917
wels palestinis frontze da warmatebiT xelmZRvanelobda
ingliselTa winaaRmdeg TavdacviT brZolebs (muSkudiani,
2002:6).
fridrix
kres
fon
kresenStaini
warmomavlobiT
niurnbergeli patriciebis cnobil sagvareulos ekuTvnoda,
romelic saukunebis manZilze (1349 wlidan) qalaqis sabWoSi
iyo warmodgenili. erT-erTma kresma, diplomatma kristofma,
1535 wels imperator karlos V-isagan ufleba miiRo fon
kresenStainis tituli etarebina. 1817 wlidan kresebi
bavariis Tavadaznaurobis saxelobiT siaSi baronTa klasSi
Seiyvanes (muSkudiani, 2002:6).
saqarTveloSi wargzavnis Jams kresi 40 wlis polkovniki
iyo da `rusi generlebis axalgazrduli asakis~ gamo
62
uxerxuloba rom ar Seqmniliyo, masac general-maioris
wodeba mieniWa kavkasiaSi yofnis vadiT. samSobloSi
dabrunebis Semdeg, raixsverSi samsaxurisas, man generlis
Cinamde miaRwia da 1929 wels raixsveris me-3 saarmio jgufis
sardlis postidan TadarigSi gavida.
1943 wels 73 wlis kresma miunxenis samxedro arqivs
gadasca Tavisi mogonebebi `Cemi misia kavkasiaSi~, romelic
moicavs manqanaze nabeWd 95 gverds. es wigni, jerjerobiT,
germanuladac ki araa gamoqveynebuli. mogonebebis dedani
miunxenis samxedro arqivSi moiZia da qarTulad Targmna
nodar muSkudianma, romelic pirvelad 2001 wels daibeWda
Jurnal
`ganTiadSi~,
2002
wels
ki
wignad
gamoica
mTargmnelis istoriuli narkveviTa da komentarebiT.
kresis memuarebi savsebiT ucnobi masalaa qarTul
istoriografiaSi. avtori ucxo kacis poziciidan da
obieqturad
aRwers
saqarTveloSi
Seqmnil
daZabul
socialur da sazogadoebriv-politikur viTarebas.
1918 wlis 27 aprils stambolSi daido saidumlo
xelSekruleba germaniasa da osmaleTs Soris amierkavkasiaSi
gavlenis sferoebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb (svaniZe, 1999:185)
germania
ar
iyo
dainteresebuli
osmaleTis
amierkavkasiaSi gabatonebiT.
akaki Cxenkeli baTumidan miTiTebebs aZlevda erovnul
sabWos pirveli rigis gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb:
saqarTvelos mTavrobam `unda sTxovos germanias mfarveloba
Tavisi damoukideblobis dasacavad, dadgenileba amis Sesaxeb
unda gadaeces graf Sulenbergs _ yvela es xdeba
saidumlod. Sulenbergs miecema aqedan instruqcia, romlis
ZaliT is am Tqvens Suamdgomlobas gadascems Tavis
mTavrobas~ (eliava, 1992:179).
baTumis konferenciaze (1918 wlis 11 maisi _ 4 ivnisi)
Seqmnilma mdgomareobam daaCqara amierkavkasiis federaciuli
respublikis daSla.
germania sisxlxorceulad iyo dainteresebuli aRmosavleTSi mSvidobis damyarebiT. aseT viTarebaSi generalma
fon losovma baTumis konferenciaze amierkavkasiis delegacias Suamdgomloba SesTavaza. moxda germanuli da qarTuli interesebis Tanxvedra. amieridan, rogorc germaneli
istorikosi f. fiSeri ambobs, qarTuli problema germanuli
problema gaxda (paiWaZe, 2000:73).
germania ruseTTan kisrulobda Suamavlobas saqarTvelos
cnobis sakiTxSi. amasTanave, valdebulebas iRebda daexmareboda saqarTvelos sazRvrebis dacvasa da mezobel
saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobaSi. am mizniT ivnisis bolos
saqarTveloSi iqna movlenili germaniis samxedro-diplomatiuri misia general-maior baron fon kresenStainis
meTaurobiT, xolo qarTvelTa delegacia ki 28 maiss saRamos
gahyva xomald `mina horns~ berlinisaken did xelSekrulebaze samuSaod. am xelSekrulebis saboloo gaformebas
xeli SeuSala germaniaSi momxdarma revoluciam (paiWaZe,
2000:76).
brest-litovskis
konferenciaze
(1918
wlis
marti)
TurqeTma daarwmuna germania da misi mokavSireebi Tavisi
moTxovnis `kanonierebaSi~ (svaniZe, 2003:154).
qarTvel mkeravTa mier Sekeril germanul formebSi
gamowyobili tyveebis orma aseulma da qarTvelTa 1200
kacianma razmma gza gadauRoba Turqebs. Turqebi daaeWva iman,
rom germanel oficrebs ar exuraT rkinis wvetiani
muzaradebi.
kapitan
elizbar
gulisaSvils
qarTvel
oficerTa Camovla mouwia, rom I msoflio omidan alafis
saxiT Camotanili muzaradebi Seegrovebina. swored am eqvsma
muzaradma gadawyvita problema _ Turqebma daijeres, rom
maT win germanuli batalionebi idgnen, iZulebuli gaxdnen
angariSi gaewiaT Tavis mokavSire germaniisaTvis (dauSvili,
2003:195).
germanelTa gasacileblad sadgurSi mTavrobasTan erTad
didZalma xalxma moiyara Tavi. qarTvelebi gulistkiviliT
acilebdnen TavianT keTilismyofelebs, baTumamde maT
usafrTxo mgzavrobas uzrunvelyofdnen parlamentisa da
mTavrobis rwmunebuli germanul misiasTan daviT vaCnaZe da
samxedro ministris adiutanti maiori giorgi afxazi 30
kaciani razmiT (dauSvili, 2003:197).
qarTul-germanuli urTierTobebi saTaves Zveli droidan
iRebs. igi gansakuTrebiT intensiuri gaxda XIX saukunis
aTiani wlebis miwurulidan (1817 w.), rodesac saqarTvelos
63
64
teritoriaze (qvemo qarTlSi) germanel kolonistTa pirveli
dasaxlebani gaCnda (sonRulaSvili, 1995:6).
1918 wlis 28 maiss foTSi germaniis saimperatoro
mTavrobis warmomadgenelma, bavariis samefos generalmaiorma fon-losovma da saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa
ministrma ak. Cxenkelma xeli moaweres `droebiT SeTanxmebas
saqarTvelosa
da
germanias
Soris
winaswari
urTierTdamokidebulebis
damyarebis
Sesaxeb~,
romelic
friad didmniSvnelovan dokuments warmoadgenda (gurgenaZe,
2003:497).
XX saukunis dasawyisSi germanul kapitals didi interesi
izidavda
kavkasiaSi.
upirvelesad
amodiodnen
im
perspeqtividan, rom kavkasia iwodeboda xidad evropasa da
azias
Soris,
igi
flobda
seriozul
strategiul
mdebareobas, romelic omis dros SeiZleboda gamoeyenebinaT,
rogorc samxedro baza (SeyelaSvili, 1998:169).
n. Jordania: saqarTvelos suverenul uflebaTa pativiscemisa da Sinaur saqmeebSi Caurevlobis dauviwyari magaliTi
mogvca germaniis jarebis sardlobam... Cveni urTierTSoris
damokidebuleba iyo loialuri, megobruli, gulwrfeli
(Jordania,
1990:91).
germaniis
SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis
generaluri Stabis ufrosi 1916-1918 wlebSi generalfeldmarSali erix ludendorfi: saqarTveloSi damkvidreba
germanias saSualebas aZlevda, osmaleTisagan damoukideblad
mieRwia kavkasiis nedleulamde (dokumentebisa da masalebis
krebuli, 1942:137).
1918 wlis ivnisSi TbilisSi Camovida ori bavariuli
aTaseuli (1800 kaci) da germaniis samxedro-diplomatiuri
misia (vaCnaZe, 1992:152).
ramdenadac
germania
kavkasiur
politikaSi
aqtiur
CarTvasa da gavlenis sferoebis gaZlierebas cdilobda,
dasaxuli miznis ganxorcielebaSi saqarTvelo misTvis
erTaderT realur dasayrden Zalas warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli
faqtoris saqarTvelos mxridan gamouyenebloba danaSaulis
tolfasi iqneboda (vadaWkoria, 2006:97).
kavkasiur politikaSi germaniis aqtiurma CarTvam da
saqarTvelosadmi misma gansakuTrebulma interesma, TurqeTis
agresiisagan saqarTvelo ara marto gadaarCina, aramed misi
damoukideblobis
gamocxadebac
daaCqara.
germanias
damoukidebeli
saqarTvelo
kavkasiuri
politikisaTvis
sWirdeboda,
xolo
saqarTvelos
_
erovnuli
saxelmwifoebriobis
aRdgenis
safuZvlad
(vadaWkoria,
2006:104).
gansakuTrebul interess germaniis delegacia iwvevda.
mtruli ganwyoba germaniisadmi mosaxleobaSi ar iyo.
...germania baTumSi alikapi iyo TurqeTisaTvis da es iyo
mTavari (avaliSvili, 1990:53).
...Turqebis
Semotevas
davupirispiroT
saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba,
romelsac
mxars
uWers
germania
(avaliSvili, 1990:79).
am `germanul orientaciaSi~ Tavidanve iyo raRac ufro
Rrma,
uSualod
dakavSirebuli
im
eris
gzebTan,
moTxovnilebebis
ganviTarebasTan
da
TviTdamkvidrebis
SegnebasTan, romelic ase daaknina XIX saukunesa da XX
saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis saxelmwifom (avaliSvili,
1990:128).
aq Tavi iCina ltolvam evropisaken, romelic yovelgvari
kulturuli
moZraobis
centrad
da
umTavres
kerad
gaiazreboda. ...aq moixaza `evropasTan mikedlebis~ is
varianti, romelic safuZvlad daedo saqarTvelos politikas
1918 wlis maisis baTumis konferenciidan da romelsac
SeiZleba
ewodos
`germanuli~
an
`Suaevropuli~.
Ees
politika principulad gansxvavdeboda 1917 wlis noemberSi
saqarTvelos erovnuli yrilobis mier aRiarebuli rusuli
orientaciis
SenarCunebis
aucileblobis
kursidan
(avaliSvili, 1990:128).
eWvgareSea, germaniis mxardaWeram Seumsubuqa saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis pirveli Tveebi, magram evropis Secvlil
politikur pirobebSi e.w. `germanul orientacias~ niadagi
gamoecala (avaliSvili, 1990:186).
germaniis misiis warmomadgenelma amierkavkasiaSi generalmaiorma fridrix kres fon kresenStainma baTumis zavs
mxolod `winaswari~ uwoda (WumburiZe, 1999:30).
yovelgvari aRiarebis, gadawyvetilebis, mxardaWeris da
waxalisebis
centrma
parizSi
gadainacvla...
CvenTvis
65
66
parizisaken mimavali gza londonze gadioda... politikuri
pirobebis gamo (avaliSvili, 1990:186).
saqarTvelo-germanias Soris dadebuli SeTanxmebis Semdeg
germaniisa da TurqeTis samxedro mosamsaxureebs Soris adgili hqonda uTanxmoebas da dapirispirebas sxvadasxva sakiTxze, romelsac mohyva germaniis samxedro da sagareo saqmeTa
saministroebis werilobiTi protestebi (sioriZe, 2002:264).
1918 wlis 28 maiss q. foTSi germaniis mTavrobis
saimperatoro warmomadgenelTan daido winaswari xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmad germaniis mTavrobam aRuTqva saqarTvelos respublikas damoukideblobis aRiareba da misi
teritoriis xelSeuxeblobis dacva (saqarTvelos respublika, 1918).
kresis memuarebi erTob saintereso wyaroa saqarTvelos
aRniSnuli periodis (1918 w.) SeswavlisaTvis. avtori germanuli sizustiTa da punqtualobiT aRwers saqarTveloSi
mimdinare movlenebs. marTalia, zogierTi TariRi, geografiuli cnoba da movlena damaxinjebulia, magram es odnavadac ar amcirebs memuarebis mniSvnelobas. gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa avtoriseuli dakvirveba qarTveli eris xasiaTisa da bunebisadmi. ucxoelTagan kresi erT-erTi imaTgania,
romelic gamoxatavs Tavis pativiscemas da keTilganwyobilebas Cveni Tanamemamuleebisadmi.
kresis memuarebSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, baTums gansakuTrebuli adgili ar uWiravs, avtori ramdenime adgilas aRwers
aq mimdinare movlenebs. es bunebrivicaa, kresis misia
amierkavkasiaSi maSin daiwyo, roca saqarTvelo-TurqeTis
saomari konfliqti droebiT Camcxrali iyo. miuxedavad
amisa, misi dakvirvebani saintereso cnobebs Seicavs. avtori
ar malavs, rom `momavali samoqmedo mxaris mdgomareobaze~
misTvis `dawvrilebiTi, Tumca... calmxrivi informacia~
miuwodebia `berlinSi myofi `qarTuli komitetis~ (igulisxmeba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti. e.m.) Tavmjdomares~ misTvis `konstantinepolidan nacnob axalgazrda
Tavad maCabels~ (kresenStaini, 2002:58).
qarTul istoriografiaSi cnobili faqtia, Tu ra adgili
ekava
germaniis
aRmosavlur
politikaSi
saqarTvelos.
rogorc kresis memuarebidan irkveva, avtori kargad aris
Caxeduli saxelisuflebo politikis kuluarebSi. igi aRwers
ra 1914 wels TurqeTis, germaniisa da saqarTvelos damkomis
warmomadgenlebs Soris Semdgari molaparakebis Sedegebs,
aRniSnavs, rom `germaniis elCi konstantinepolSi baroni fon
vangenhaimi Sepirda qarTvelebs (ra Tqma una, germaniis
oficialuri pirebis TanxmobiT. e.m.), rom samSvidobo
molaparakebebze germania mxars dauWerda kavkasiis xalxebis
damoukideblobas da maT ganTavisuflebas ruseTis uRlisagan. didma vezirma TurqeTis mTavrobis saxeliT igive
dapireba misca qarTvelebs da garda amisa, maT saqarTvelosaTvis Tavisi navsadgurisa (igulisxmeba baTumi, e.m.)
dazurgis gamo sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone baTumis
olqis gadacemac aRuTqva, magram brest-litovskis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadebas am cota naCqarevi dapirebebis
Sesruleba ver SeZles Tu ar isurves: baqo darCaT rusebs,
baTumi miiRes Turqebma~ (kresenStaini, 2002:59).
rogorc cnobilia, brest-litovskis zavis aseTi SedegebiT dasrulebaSi garkveuli pasuxismgebloba amierkavkasiis komisariatsac ekisreba, romelmac ignonireba gaukeTa
brest-litovskSi
miwvevas
da
monawileoba
ar
miiRo
molaparakebis procesSi.
fon kresi memuarebis sxva nawilSi kidev erTxel
ubrundeba brest-litovskis xelSekrulebas da aRniSnavs,
rom sazavo pirobebiT ruseTs unda daetovebina ardaganis,
yarsisa da baTumis olqebi, ruseTi ver Caereoda am olqebis
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa reorganizaciaSi,
am
olqebis
mosaxleobam
`mezobel
saxelmwifoebTan,
saxeldobr _ TurqeTTan erTad unda daareguliros es
urTierTobani~. avtori savsebiT samarTlianad aRniSnavs,
rom `TurqeTi am debulebas iseTnairad ganmartavda, rom
TiTqos
igi
uflebamosilia,
moaxdinos
dasaxelebuli
olqebis okupacia, arc meti arc naklebi, _ 1877 wlis
sazRvrebSi~ (kresenStaini, 2002:69).
avtors Semdeg aRwerili aqvs baTumis sazavo konferenciis mimdinareoba da Sedegebi, germaniis delegaciis aqtiuri
roli molaparakebebisas saqarTvelos interesebis dacvaSi.
kresi ar malavs Tavis aRSfoTebas TurqeTis xelisuflebisadmi, romelmac `saqarTveloSi SeWris muqaris ultima-
67
68
tumiT... aiZules qarTvelebi, rom maTi sazavo pirobebi
mieRoT da 4 ivniss TurqeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris daido
baTumis egreTwodebuli samSvidobo da megobrobis xelSekruleba.~ rogorc kresi aRniSnavs, `germanias arasodes
uRiarebia es xelSekruleba, radgan igi brest-litovskis
xelSekrulebis
debulebebs
ewinaaRmdegeboda...
Turqebs
baTumis xelSekruleba kavkasiis rkinigziT Tavisufali
sargeblobis garantias aZlevda... da bolos baTumis
xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelom Tavisi armiis demobilizebis
da am procesis Taobaze TurqeTis mudmivad saqmis kursSi
Cayenebis valdebulebac ikisra~ (kresenStaini, 2002:71-72).
fon
kresi
aRSfoTebulia
germaniis
mokavSiris
_
`Turqebis mxridan xelSekrulebis xelaxali darRvevis
gamo~. igi misiis wevrebTan _ avstriel da bulgarel
kolegebTan
erTad
iZulebuli
gamxdara
dayolodnen
`saqarTvelos
mTavrobis
daJinebul
xvewna-mudaras
da
erTxel kidev~ ecadaT `modus vivendi~ (cxovrebis wesi _
Tanaarsebobis principi, mTargmnelis SeniSvna)
epovaT
TurqebTan. germaniis misias imedi hqonda, `rom baTumSi vehibfaSasTan molaparakebiT Turqebsa da qarTvelebs Soris
SeTanxmebas~ miaRwevdnen. `Cvens satelegrafo SekiTxvaze,
sasurvelia Tu ara Cveni stumroba, Turqebisagan pasuxi ar
migviRia. miuxedavad amisa, sami misiis meTauri, ramdenime
mxlebliTurT 29 ivnisis dilas foTSi CavsxediT gem
`generalze~ da didebuli amindis xelSewyobiT, xanmokle
mgzavrobis Semdeg, SuadRis pirveli saaTisaTvis baTumis
reidze davdeqiT. Zalian didxans mogviwia cdam, vidre
navsadgurSi Sesvlis uflebas mogvcemdnen da mxolod
naSuadRevis 4-sa da 5 saaTs Soris SevZeliT napirze
gadasvla~ (kresenStaini, 2002:87-88).
fon kresi ukmayofilebas ar malavs germaniis misiisadmi
TurqeTis xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa upativcemulobis
gamo. es arc aris gasakviri. germaniis misiam araerTxel
daadastura
Tavisi
keTilganwyobileba
amierkavkasiis
respublikebis mimarT, rac Turqebis mier germanelebisadmi
undoblobas iwvevda. fon kresis misiis molaparakeba
TurqebTan uSedegod dasrulda. Tuqrebma uari ganacxades
tyved ayvanili germaneli jariskacebis ganTavisuflebaze da
soxumidan desantis gayvanaze. miuxedavad amisa, TurqeTis
xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda mieRo fon kresis winadadebebi da foTisaken gemiT mimavalT gzaSi daawies radiograma _ tyve germanelebis ganTavisuflebisa da soxumTan
gadasxmuli desantis gayvanis Sesaxeb (kresenStaini, 2002:89).
Turqebis aragulwrfeli politikiTa da cbierobiT aRSfoTebuli fon kresi dasZenda: `CvenTvis uaRresad samarcxvino
iyo, rom saomari viTareba gvaiZulebda, iseT mxecebTan
gveTanamSromla, rogorebic Turqebi iyvnen da maT winaaRmdeg moqmedeba ar SegveZlo, rogorc es kacTamoyvareobis
moTxovnebs Seesabameboda~ (kresenStaini, 2002:98).
fon kresi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda baTumis rkinigzas
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros. is urCevda
saqarTvelos
mTavrobis
Tavmjdomares
`saqarTvelos
rkinigza (Tbilisi-baTumis sarkinigzo xazi, e.m.) TurqeTis
samxedro tvirTebisaTvis manamde Caeketa, sanam Turqebi
axalqalaqisa
da
axalcixis
olqebs
ar
daclidnen.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam kargad gaiTavisa es winadadeba.~
(kresenStaini, 2002:89). fon kresi bolomde principuli iyo am
sakiTxSi da germaniis maRalCinosanTa Carevis miuxedavad _
Tbilisi-baTumis
rkinigzaze
gaetarebinaT
TurqeTis
tvirTebi,
igi
misiis
xelmZRvanelobidan
gadadgomiT
daemuqra maT da aiZula ukan waeRoT TavianTi brZaneba.
fon kresi moxiblula `Savi zRvis sanapiro rivierasaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli haeriT~. avtori kmayofilebiT aRwers
baTumis da baTumis olqis gamorCeul bunebas. `baTumSi,
sxvaTaSoris, Caic xarobs, _ mogviTxrobs germaneli stumari,
_ mdinareTa xeobebi da dablobebi Zalian nayofieria, sadac
umeteswilad simindi, xili da venaxebia gaSenebuli~
(kresenStaini, 2002:72-73). avtori mkiTxvels mouTxrobs baqobaTumis milsadenis mniSvnelobaze: `1900-dan 1906 wlamde
aSenda 854 km. sigrZis da daaxloebiT 30 sm-iani diametris
baqo-baTumis milsadeni. 17 gadasatumbi sadguri awarmoebs
baqoSi mopovebuli navTobproduqtebis gadaqaCvas baTumSi.
baqo da baTumi sahaero xaziT isea erTmaneTs daSorebuli,
rogorc vena da hamburgi~ (kresenStaini, 2002:74).
69
70
rogorc cnobilia, I msoflio omSi germaniisa da misi
mokavSireebis damarcxebis gamo, germaniis xelisufleba
iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina amierkavkasia. daiwyo saqarTvelodan samxedro misiis evakuaciis RonisZiebebi, rasac
eqscesebis gareSe ar Cauvlia. gansakuTrebiT gamomwvevad
iqceodnen omSi gamarjvebuli mxaris _ didi britaneTis
warmomadgenlebi. saqarTvelos mTavrobac iZulebuli iyo,
Secvlil viTarebaSi Seesrulebina ingliselTa miTiTebebi.
am dros mTavrobis zogierTma wevrma germanelTa mimarT
madlierebis grZnobac dakarga. am viTarebiT ukmayofileba
misiis xelmZRvanelis memuarebSi aSkarad igrZnoba.
baTumis olqis saokupacio xelisufleba germaniis misiis
wevrebs ise eqceoda, rogorc samxedro tyveebsa da
damnaSaveebs. `baTumSi Cvendami dapirebuli Tavisufali
gadaadgilebis sanacvlod, rogorc tyveebs, ise mogveqcnen
da patara sastumroSi, sazizRar pirobebSi mogvaTavses,
grZeli xiStebis garda yvela iaraRi CamogvarTves da
saRamos 8 saaTidan dilis 10 saaTamde Senobis datoveba
agvikrZales. baTumSi ingliselTa sardali generali kukkolisi, roca mas vewvie, warmoudgenlad utifrad da
araraindulad iqceoda~ (kresenStaini, 2002:129).
1919 wlis 8 Tebervals germaniis misiam datova baTumi.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
z. avaliSvili, saqarTvelos damoukidebloba 1918-1921
wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, Tb., 1990
gaz. `saqarTvelos respublika~, 1918, # 15, 11 agvist.
germaneli
okupantebi
saqarTveloSi
1918
wels,
dokumentebisa da masalebis krebuli, Tb., 1942
v. gurgenaZe, foTis SeTanxmeba (1918 w.), krebuli
`qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 10, Tb., 2003
r. dauSvili, grafi Sulenbergi qarTul politikaSi,
krebuli `qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 10, Tb., 2003
n. eliava, darCenilia erTaderTi gza..., `saistorio
moambe~, 1992, # 63-64
71
16.
S. vadaWkoria, saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis
sakiTxebi (XX s.), wigni II, 2006
d. vaCnaZe, samSoblos samsaxurSi, naw. I, qarTulevropuli institutis Jurnali `iveria~, Tbilisiparizi, 1992, # 1
n. muSkudiani, generali fridrix kres fon kresenStaini da misi mogonebani, mTargmnelis winaTqma
pirveli qarTuli publikaciisaTvis, wignSi: baron
fridrix kres fon kresenStaini, Cemi misia kavkasiaSi,
quTaisi, 2002
d. paiWaZe, saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis daarsebis politikur-diplomatiuri wanamZRvrebi, krebuli
`qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 7, Tb., 2000
m. svaniZe, baTumis konferencia da saqarTvelos
demokratiuli
respublikis
daarseba,
krebuli
`qarTuli diplomatia~, t. 6, Tb., 1999
m. svaniZe, diplomatiuri brZola baTumisa da baTumis
olqisaTvis 1918-1921 wlebSi, krebuli `qarTuli
diplomatia~, t. 10, Tb., 2003
m. sioriZe, samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo 1914-1918
wlebSi, baTumi, 2004
a. sonRulaSvili, germanelebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1995
n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, Tb., 1990
f. SeyelaSvili, germaniis brZola msoflio gadanawilebisaTvis XX saukunis dasawyisSi da samxreTaRmosavleTi evropa, krebuli `qarTuli diplomatia~,
t. 5, Tb., 1998
d. WumburiZe, aWaris sakiTxi 1918-1921 wlebSi da
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri, Tb., 1999
72
irma bagrationi
baTumuri STabeWdilebebi ucxoel
avtorTa etiudebSi
rogorc cnobilia, bevri saintereso ucxoeli istoriuli
pirovneba stumrobda aWaris regions. aseTi vizitebis
Sedegad maT mier Sesrulebuli mravalricxovani mogoneba,
Canaweri, werili, statia, novela, esei, narkvevi Tu
samecniero gamokvleva fasdaudebel informacias Seicavs
qalaq baTumisa da misi Semogarenis Sesaxeb. TiToeuli aseTi
etiudi uZvirfasesi striqonebia baTumuri matianesTvis.
1920 wlis Semodgoma. osip mandelStami pirvelad ewvia
saqarTvelos: jer baTums, Semdeg _ Tbiliss, kaxeTs... es rusi
poeti ar gaxldaT mogzauri da arc es qalaqebi yofila misi
mogzaurobis samarSruto punqtebi. misTvis isini bedis
konturis aRmniSvnel punqtirs warmoadgenda... baTumSi mas
Semosvla mouxda yirimidan, sadac am dros gaxurebuli
samoqalaqo
omi
mimdinareobda;
baTumis
menSevikurma
mTavrobam igi bolSevikebis jaSuSad monaTla da daapatimra.
axalgazrda rusi poeti
cixidan megobarma qarTvelma
“cisferyanwelebma” daixsnes [SevniSnavT, rom mandelStami
vaJa fSavelas poeziis pirveli rusi mTargmnelia!]...
moviyvanT pasaJebs mandelStamis narkvevidan “baTumi”
(rusul enaze):
“am patara, TiTqmis saTamaSo, qalaqis meqanizmi uCveulod
martivia. saxezea mxolod erTi RerZi _ Turquli lira:
liris kursi icvleba, savaraudod, RamiT, rameTu diliT
mcxovrebT gaRviZebisTanave xvdebaT liris axali kursi da
aravin ar icis, Tu rogor moxda es. lira pulsirebs TiToeuli baTumelis, rogorc, saerTod, SavizRvispirelis
sisxlSi, axali dRis kurss diliT sajarod acxadeben
mefunTuSeebi. eseni gaxlavT mSvidi, zrdilobiani da
sasiamovno Turqebi, romlebic Zalian sufTa da umarilo
xorblisgan damzadebul tradiciul lavaSs yidian...
...baTumis spekulaciuri ierarqiac erTob naTelia da
martivi. sistemis centrSi dgas aTeuli msxvili ucxouri
73
firma, romelTa saxelebi TiToeuli bavSvisTvisac ki
nacnobia _ “Sago”, “Sala”, “Vitali”, “Valaci” ... sicocxliT savse
ucxoelebi, mrgvalebi da msuqnebi dahqrian voroncovis
quCaze (yofili gorkis quCa, mis bolo nawils ki erqva
bazris quCa da savse iyo savaWro rigebiT _ i. b.) kantoridan
kantoraSi...
...zamTari TiTqmis ar icis. yvela nabijze Segxvdebian
mandarinis gamyidvelebi da faxlaviani Txupnia biWebi. odnav
SemTbari, cisfrad molivlive zRva narnarad Wyumpalaobs
mravalsarTuliani
korpusis
_
“franc-ferdinandis”
sastumros irgvliv...
...axalgazrda konstantinepoleli komersantebi, kaSkaSa
yviTeli CeqmebiTa
da qarvis krialosnebiT, dahqrian
sanapiroze. miuxedavad maTi bzinvarebisa, isini ratomRac
evropul tanisamosSi gadacmul zangebs mogvagoneben da,
ufro metad, egzotikur kafeSantanur Semsruleblebs...
...gabatonebuli ena baTumSi _ rusulia, yvelaze asakovani
ucxoelebic ki mesame dRes rusulad iwyeben laparaks. es
miT ufro sasaciloa, ramdenadac rusebi baTumSi TiTqmis ar
arian, TumcaRa arc qarTvelebi arian maincadamainc bevrni _
qalaqia
nacionalurobis
gareSe
_
moxveWaze
fiqrSi
adamianebma SeumCnevlad dakarges igi...
...Tumca,
baTumelebs
aqvT
maRali
moTxovnilebanic,
raRaceebi sulieri siamovnebisTvis. marinis prospeqtze
(yofili stalinis prospeqti – i. b.) aris aseTi wre _
“xelovnebis moRvaweTa sazogadoeba”. aq imarTeba makulaturul fermwerTa saseiro gamofenebi, maT eqsponatebs biTumad
iZenen Camosuli berZnebi. adgilobrivi esTetebi da snobebi
aqeT-iqiT
daseirnoben
moxatuli
oleografiebis
qveS,
TiTqosda namdvil vernisaJze imyofebodnen. aqve qalbatonebi
swavloben mReras, musikasa da plastikas am saqmeSi gamocdili specialistebis meTvalyureobiT. qalaqs mudmivad
esxmian Tavs Camosuli Sarlatanebi _ “profesorebi da
lqtorebi”... SabaTobiT qalaqi ivseba samxedro musikis
hangebiT, romlis Semoqmedi sazogadoebrivi Tavyrilobaa: es
aris lxini mTeli RamiT, morigi saqvelmoqmedo saRamo moSi-
74
mSileTa sasargeblod, lotos, amerikuli auqcionisa da
msgavs sanaxaobaTa TanxlebiT. aq Tavs iyrian miliardebi...
...da mainc, ra aris amJamindeli baTumi: aRelvebuli
savaWro qalaqi, savaraudo fanjara vropisaken sabWoTa
qveynisTvis, Tu SesaniSnavi naxevradaRmosavluri xmelTaSua
porti Turquli yavaxanebiT, zrdili sovdagrebiTa da rusi
movaWre matrosebiT, romlebic iseve uzrunvelad tkepnian
mis midamoebs, rogorc Tavis droze Sanxaisa da san-franciskosi!?” (mandelStami, 1990 : 317-323) _ aseTi ritorikuli
SekiTxviT asrulebs avtoriATavis narkvevs, Cven ki survili
gviCndeba
gavixsenoT
mniSvnelovani
istoriuli
faqti
amasTan dakavSirebiT:
rogorc baTumis istoriidan aris cnobili, XIX_XX ss.
mijnaze
Cvens
qalaqSi
Turme
Cvidmeti
sakonsulo
funqcionirebda:
avstria-ungreTis,
prusiis
(germaniis),
CrdiloeT amerikis Statebis (konsuli _ uiliam stiuarti,
dedofal maria stiuartis memkvidre, romelic maxinjaurSi
mouklavT imis gamo, rom milioneri rusi konsulis sava
morozovis cols gaearSiya.), safrangeTis (konsuli _
delakrua), daniis, italiis, belgiis, TurqeTis, sparseTis,
iaponiis, britaneTis, Sveciis, norvegiis da a. S.
1933 wlis zafxuli. axalgazrda sabWoTa mwerali boris
pilniaki sayvareli qalis mizeziT specialurad ewvia
saqarTvelos,
sadac
msaxiob
kira
andronikaSvils
kinofilmSi iRebdnen. TbilisSi mas daxvdnen megobrebi:
tician tabiZe, nato vaCnaZe, nikoloz Sengelaia... qorwili
Sedga yazbegSi da man saTave daudo pilniakis cxovrebas
saqarTveloSi.
mogvyavs fragmentebi pilniakis narkvevidan “Savi zRva”
(rusul enaze):
“...zRvispira bulvari soWiT, oleandrebiTa da palmebiT
iseTive sanaxavia, rogorc jadosnuri baRebi “aTas erTi
Ramidan”...
aq
ianvarSi
erTgvari
zamTris
seirnobaa...
adamianebi sxedan plaJis Tbil RorRze, sul axlos
talRebTan, esaa rom ar banaoben. aqve iwyeba zeimi saporto
Turquli yavaxanebisTvis _ mTeli qalaqis suli da guli
romaa:
Tavisi
klubebiTa
da
birJebiT.
yavaxanebi
naxevradCabnelebulia da Tambaqos kvamliTaa gaJRenTili.
aromatuli yavis orTqli didxans trialebs haerSi. yavaxanis
mosamsaxure araqaTgamoclilia wamdauwum patara yavis
finjnebis aqeT-iqiT datarebiT...
...ai, Semodis megazeTec: momaragebuli gazeTebiT yvela
enaze. yvelas _ Tavisi unda ergos...
...moxuci sapatio Turqi yidulobs Turqul “komunists” da
nela kiTxulobs sxvebis gasagonad. ras gaigebs is, vaWari da
patriarqi, misTvis SeTavazebul axal moZRvrebaSi? igi
Subls Wmuxnis, Tumca ar iRimeba; kargad aris aRzrdili,
misi warmomavlobis Sesaferisad, da miCveulia pativi sces
sxvis azrs...
...yvelaze sasiamovno vaWrul baTumSi _ es Tavad savaWro
saxlebia.
maTSi
iseTi
keTilsaxovaneba
da
kultura
igrZnoba, rasac ver ipoviT swarafad aRzevebul italiur da
sxva
evropul
savaWro
firmebSi,
romlebSic
qaosia
gabatonebuli da usiamovno mtacebluri suli...
...bindi Camowveba da baTumi mainc ar iZinebs. zRvispiris
quCaze (axlnd. gogebaSvilis quCa, romelzec ramdenime
sastumro [“aWaristani”, “centraluri”], restorani [“talRa”,
“florida”], savaWro kantora da portis sabaJos Senoba iyo
ganTavsebuli) gvian Ramemde moZraobs erTi mTliani sazeimo
masa; igrZnoba, rom TiToeulma am brbodan “saqme gaakeTa” da
axla Tavisi komerciuli simaxvilis nayofs imkis...
...saxelwodeba “Savi zRva” TiTqos zusti Targmania
Turquli “yara denizis”, Tanac “yaras” aqvs ori mniSvneloba:
Savi da boroti. Turqebi sityvas Y”yara” gamoiyeneben ufro
“Savis” mniSvnelobiT. Tumca, mainc gaugebaria, ratom unda
ewodos aseTi lamazi sanapiroebis mflobels an “Savi” an
kidev “boroti”!?” (pilniaki, 1991 : 209-217)
dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis ZiebaSi cotaTi ufro
adreuli periodis Canawerebs vixsenebT frangi mogzauris
adrian diupres (me-18 s.) statiidan “baTumis sanapiros
keTilSobili genia” (inglisur enaze):
“... is arc elCi iyo, arc saxelmwifo moRvawe, arc
istorikosi da arc mogzauri, mas mxolod is surda, rom
baTumis sanapiro zoli Tvalwarmtac edemad gadaeqcia... saqme
gvaqvs baTumis olqSi saerTod mebaReobis kulturis pirvel
pionerTan da damamkvidrebelTan. rom ara es frangi didgva-
75
76
rovani _ mixail d’alfonsi, ar iarsebebda baTumis bulvari,
maxinjaursa da mwvane koncxze ar gaSendeboda rus
didgvarovanTa
mdidruli
vilebi,
arc
tfilisis
inteligencia daacarielebda Tavis safuleebs da gaiRebda
amdens, rom uxvad miesakuTrebia dasasvenebeli adgilebi Savi
zRvis napiras. Cems kalams namdvilad ar ZaluZs aRweros am
mSfoTvare gonebis nafiqrali da naRvawi...
...kalikis koncxis (axlnd. “mwvane koncxi”) pirveli
moagarake da ara-ordinaruli binadari ocnebobda Savi
zRvis sanapiroze Seeqmna meore riviera. am mizniT Caitana
Turme man safrangeTidan maradmwvane mcenareTa Teslebi da
pirveli nergebi sakuTari agarakis siaxloves gaaSena.
swored misi wyalobaa, rom es koncxi SemdegSi gadaiqca
“mwvane koncxad”...
...baTumidan Svidi verstis daSorebiT gvirabia gaWrili.
zed gvirabis SesasvlelTan patara moedani platformad
gvevlineba rogorc baqani “mwvane koncxi”. sadguris Senoba
Caflulia
lavroalublebsa
da
dracenebSi.
zustad
sadguris mopirdapire mxares sacalfexo biliks mivyavarT
agaraki-sken. masTan axlos koxtad aris mowyobili qvisa da
kldis natexebiT mopirkeTebuli mcire zomis auzi. auzis
irgvliv da agarakis midamoebSi erTmaneTSia areuli
sxvadasxva saxis kaqtusi, agava, aloe, opuncia da misT. Mcenareul
formaTa
aseTi
mravalgvaroba
ucxoa
Tavad
evropisTvisac da mas sxvagan versad ver ipoviT. erTi
sityviT, d’alfonsis “mwvane koncxi” fantastikuri velia
mebaRe-dekoratoris SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis dasamkvidreblad...” (diupre, 1995 : 17-45)
rogorc CvenTvis aris cnobili, droTa ganmavlobaSi
d’alfonsis agaraks Seecvala mepatroneebi. misi mflobelebi
iyvnen xan generali baraTovi, romelic daqorwinda mixailis
qvrivze _ madam d’alfonsze, xanac vaWari devidsoni, xanac
saxelmwifo, romelmac aq botanikuri baRis laboratoria
moawyo. albaT, bedis ironiaa, rom mxolod cnobili frangis
pirdapir memkvidres, mis SviliSvils _ qsenia d’alfonss
[romelic saqarTvelos moqalaqea da TbilisSi cxovrobs
Tavis ojaxTan erTad] ar ergo wilad gamxdariyo babuas
agarakis diasaxlisi.
CvenTvis sayuradReboa me-16 s-is italieli diplomatis,
sparseTSi veneciis respublikis elCis, amvrosi kontarinis
mogonebebi,
romelic
SavizRvispireTs
tranzituli
mgzavrobis marSrutiT stumrobda. Tavis “werilebSi Zveli
baTumis Sesaxeb” (inglisur enaze) igi mogviTxrobs Semdegs
[gaviTvaliswinoT, rom im droisTvis baTumis olqis
sazRvari Tamaris cixidan iwyeboda]:
“baTumis Semogareni gacilebiT met STabeWdilebas axdens
mnaxvelze, vidre Tavad zRvispireTi... gansakuTrebuli tkboba
swored maSin vigrZeni, roca maRlob sanaxebs mivuaxlovdi.
maxunceTis idumal bunebaSi gamaogna didebuli mquxare
CanCqeris xilvam da misma ierma. misi simaRle oc saJenamdea.
mTel Tavis grandiozulobas is, Turme avlens gazafxulze
da wvimian periodebSi, roca wyali adidebulia, maSin
CanCqeris xmauri xuTi verstis miRmac ki esmiT. qveda da
zeda aWaris sazRvarze dandaloa gadafenili Tvalwarmtaci
nangrevebiT cixe-simagrisa, romelic mTis konuszea Semdgari
da SesaniSnavi naZvnariTaa Semkul-Semosili. cixis saxelia
“Tamaris koSki”. Tumca soflis saxeli ufro italiur
warmomavlobas amxels, kerZod gvaxsenebs venecieli doJebis
gvars
dandalos
dinastiidan,
veneciis
respublikis
gafurCqvnis
xanaSi,
roca
misi
mkvidri
vaWrebi
mogzaurobdnen
Soreul
aRmosavleTSi,
uzarmazar
manufaqturul vaWrobas awarmoebdnen mcire aziasTan da
aRwevdnen Zveli pontos Sinaur qveynebSi. cnobilia, rom maT
Zveli pontos xeobebSi, genuelebTan erTad, hqondaT patara
faqtoriebi
cixe-simagreebiT,
romlebsac
icavdnen
adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan Seqmnili daqiravebuli piketebi.
unda vivaraudoT, rom dandalos sofeli Tavisi cixe-koSkiT
erT-erT aseT faqtorias warmoadgenda, romelic Seqmnili
iyo im mizniT, rom daecvaT aWaris xeobiT mimavali qaravnebi
focxovis mTis xeobis gavliT Sors sparseTisaken...”
(kontarini, 1987 : 56-67)
unda aRiniSnos, rom axali drois baTumSi Tavmoyrili
iyo uamravi eTnikur-rasobrivi jgufis warmomadgeneli
TiTqmis
yvela
kontinentidan.
baTumis
quCebSi
bevr
sxvadasxva enaze saubars gaigonebdiT da erTmaneTisgan
mkveTrad gansxvavebuli elferis mosaubres daafiqsirebdiT.
77
78
baTumuri koloritis SeqmnaSi, Tavis droze, wvlili
Seitanes afrikuli kontinentis warmomadgenlebmac...
amasTan dakavSirebiT CvenTvis sainteresoa berZnuli
warmomavlobis istoriografisa da mogzauris volan vradis
Canawerebis krebuli “baTumis olqisa da quTaisis guberniis
zangebi” (rusul enaze). masSi avtori gviambobs Semdegs:
“baTumSi, adgilobrivi “sakurorto sazogadoebis” erTerT
sxdomaze
Zalze
damainteresa
qalaqis
eqimis,
sobolevskis
monaTxrobma
baTumis
midamoebSi
zangTa
arsebobis Sesaxeb. maT, Turme, adgilobrivi mcxovrebni arabebs eZaxian. mec Sevecade swored qalaqis mkvidrTagan
mimeRo informacia zangi Tanaqalaqelebis Sesaxeb. magram,
nuras ukacravad! veraferic ver gavige. maSin mivmarTe
baTumis olqis ufross nikolai satovs. am ukanasknelma
werilobiT
SemomTavaza
Semevlo
olqis
gamgeobaSi.
specialurad zangebis Sesaxeb aranairi cnoba iq ar
arsebobda, ramdenadac olqis mosaxleobis “saqmeebSi”
zangebi Seyvanili hyavdaT “lazebis” an “aWarlebis” rubrikaSi. amasTan baTumSi ar arsebobs statistikuri komiteti. 1910
wlis “baTumis olqis mimoxilvis” im TavSi, sadac saubaria
olqis mosaxleobaze, aRniSnulia, rom “...olqis sazRvrebSi
mcxovrebi somxebi, Turqebi, lazebi da zangebi Seadgenen
misi mosaxleobis SedarebiT umniSvnelo nawils”.
mxolod qalaqis TavebTan piradi saubrebidan gavige, rom
baTumSi SemorCenili zangebi Tavmoyrili iyvnen dabebSi:
minda da Tofal-oRli kaxaberis dablobSi, erTi ojaxi
cxovrobda souqsuze (sasaflaoebTan), erTic kidev _ orTa
baTumSi. Tavad ki pirvelad zangi baTumSi vixile 1912 wlis
6 noembers:
im dRes Turquli bazrisken (mdebareobda axlnd. quTaisis
quCaze, meCeTTan axlos _ i. b.) mivemarTebodi. vvaraudobdi,
rom
raime
axal
masalas
vipovidi
adgilobrivi
eTnografiuli fondisTvis. marinis prospeqtze swrafad
mimavali zangi SevniSne, Tavze Jolosferi Turquli fesiT.
aSkara iyo, rom zanguri tipaJi masSi srulyofilad aRar
ikiTxeboda. es iyo ufro zangur-lazuri an zangur-aWaruli
tipi. Sevecade davweodi... rogorc ki mivuaxlovdi, maSinve
SekiTxviT gavaCere:
_ aba, bevrni xarT zangebi baTumis olqSi?
zangi damfrTxali saxiT momaSterda da SeCerda.
_ bevrni xarT zangebi baTumis SemogarenSi? _ gavumeore
SekiTxva.
_ “yvelasTvis” TxuTmeti kaci, _ raRac ucnauri aqcentiT
da SeSinebuli xmiT mipasuxa.
_ mxolod TxuTmeti? albaT colebisa da bavSvebis
gareSe, rasakvirvelia, ara? adre ki zangebi Turme aq
cxovrobdnen, sadac Cven vdgavarT!
Tambaqo SevTavaze, rom SemCveoda. man ki samxedro
mokrZalebiT momigo amaze da Savi marjvena xeli fesis qveS
miido, Tavic msubuqad damixara.
_ Sen axali stefanovkidana xar? _ rac SemeZlo Tbilad
vkiTxe.
_ ara, mipasuxa, Tan Savi TiTebiT Tambaqos sresda,
mosawevad emzadeboda, _ me orTa-baTumidan “vimyofebi”.
_ ki, magram iqac arian zangebi?
_ ara, mxolod me “vimyofebi”.
_ zangze xar daqorwinebuli?
_ ara, aWarel qalze.
_ Tqvenebi mxolod aWarlebze qorwindebian?
_ diax, “ase gamovida”, _ mivxvdi, gamiSinaurda.
mere
eTnografiuli
foto-masala
vuCvene
lazebTan
mopovebuli, romelic sarfidan Camovitane. avuxseni, rom
TurqeTis sazRvarze viyavi da msurs wigni davwero baTumis
olqis Sesaxeb.
_ ai, zangis foto ki mainc ara maqvs! Sen gaqvs? _ vkiTxe
RimiliT.
_ maqvs, mxolod “saxlSi”, pakes kantoraSi, tefiq-beg
beJaniZis saxlSi (igulisxmeba: franguli sazRvao kompania
“pake da ka”, romlis kantora mdebareobda zRvispiris quCaze
#1-Si;
igi
daaarses
frangma
Zmebma
parkentonianebma,
warmoSobiT marselidan. _ i. b.).
_ kargi iqneba, axla Tu gadagiReb. aqve, pirdapir foto
saxelosnoa. ai, Sen 30 kapiki da kvitancia me gadmomeci.
man bevri iyoymana saxelosnos karebTan, amitomac Sevyevi...
ase gadaviReT franguli sanavigacio kantoris daraji zangi,
romelsac arab iozefs eZaxdnen. sinamdvileSi mas erqva aji-
79
80
abdul-oRli. religiurad is, rogorc sxva aqauri zangebi,
mahmadianobda. iqneboda ormoci wlisa. rusulad laparakic
SeeZlo da franguladac”... (vradi, 1967 : 49-72)
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa baTumis istoriis
Tanamedrove mkvlevaris zaur margievis statia “zangebi _
TeTri laqebi baTumis istoriaSi” (rusul enaze), romlis
mixedviT baTumis midamoebSi uxsovari droidan cxovrobda
zangebis ramdenime ojaxi. baTumis olqis ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi gadasvlisas zangebi, nawilobriv, darCnen baTumis
olqSi; 1892 wlamde isini kidev cxovrobdnen Sig baTumSi,
kerZod, mis Turqul nawilSi _ Crdilo-aRmosavleT ubanSi.
mogvianebiT, roca baTumis olqi gaxda quTaisis guberniis
nawili, saolqo ufrosis stepanovis dros, 1892-93 wlebSi,
zangebi gaasaxles qalaqis farglebs gareT, stefanovkis
dasaxlebis turtlian barakebSi (margievi, 2004 : 104-114).
yovelive zemoTqmuldan gamomdinare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
ucxoel
avtorebs yvelaze metad swored is izidavda
baTumur
sanaxebSi,
rac
dakavSirebuli
iyo
maTs
mSobliurTan, SesisxlxorcebulTan, rac maT axsenebda
sakuTar erovnuls da raSic isini axloblur impulsebs
poulobdnen...
Tu
ver
poulobdnen,
cdilobdnen
rom
daeZebnaT da epovaT: rusi masSi eZebda rusuls, berZeni _
antikurs, Turqi _ aRmosavlurs, frangi _ evropuls....
baTumuri
internacionaluri
idilia
ki
WeSmaritad
maradiulad iZleoda amis stimuls Tavisi mravalferovani
metropoliuri variaciebiT...
5. Dewpre Adrian, “The Good Genius of Batumi Seaboard” // Archives of
Historical Person, Moscow, Publishing House “Prentice-Hall”, 1995.
6. Contarin Amvros, “The Letters On The Ancient Batumi” // Archives of
Ancient History, Milan, Italy, Published by “Grolier”, 1987.
Ирма Багратиони
БАТУМСКИЕ ВПЕЧАТЛЕНИЯ В ЭТЮДАХ
ИНОСТРАННЫХ АВТОРАХ
РЕЗЮМЕ
1. Мандельштам Осип, «Батум» // Очерки. Статьи. // Серия: XX век.
Россия-Грузия, Сплетение судеб, Тбилиси, «Мерани», 1990.
2. Пильняк Борис, «Чёрное море» // Очерки. Статьи. // Серия: XX век.
Россия-Грузия, Сплетение судеб, Тбилиси, «Мерани», 1991.
3. Врадий Волан, «Негры Батумской области и Кутаисской губернии»,
Издание типографии Г. Таварткиладзе в Батуме, Издание второе, Батуми,
1967.
4. Маргиев З., «Негры – белые пятна в истории Батуми» // Краткий
исторический обзор города Батуми, Батуми, 2004.
В научной статье отмечается, что многие исторические лица посещали
Аджарский регион и Батумскую область. Их воспоминания, путевые
заметки, научные изыскания, наблюдения содержат интереснейший
информационный материал о городе Батуми и его окрестностях. Он
больше напоминает летопись временных лет, нежели просто заметки
путешественников и учёных-исследователей.
В статье подчеркивается, что русский поэт Осип Мандельштам,
русский писатель Борис Пильняк, греческого происхождения историограф
и путешественник Волан Врадий, итальянский дипломат, посол
Венецианской республики в Персии Амвросий Контарини, французский
путешественник Адриан Дюпре,
французский дворянин Михаил
Д'альфонс буквально вписывали свой имена в книгу истории Батуми.
В статье утверждается, что в Батумской области на рубеже XIX-XX
веков проживало множество национальностей. Здесь жили представители
многих этнических групп почти со всех континентов земного шара. Это
был многонациональный город. В те годы, здесь можно было услышать
языки многих народов. Батуми был Вавилоном Чёрноморского побережья
Кавказа. Ещё в начале нашей эры, давая описание этих мест, отец
географии Страбон говорил, что римлянам приходилось держать здесь до
70 переводчиков для общения с местными племенами.
В научной статье особо подчеркивается, что этническая группа,
которую
составляло
темнокожее
население
города,
была
немногочисленной. Негры жили преимущественно в районе деревни
Степановки. Сегодня Батумские улицы уже лишены того колорита,
которое вносили одним своим присутствием представители Африканского
континента. Негритянское население составляло небольшую часть из того
многочисленного национального и расового многообразия, которым был
так богат город Батуми и его окрестности на рубеже веков.
81
82
literatura:
1890 wlis 17 (30) ivniss italiis qalaq florenciidan
stambulis gavliT gemiT baTumSi Camovidnen cnobili
italieli mecnierebi botanikosi emil levie da anTropologi
stefane
somie.
isini
ori
Tvis
ganmavlobaSi
ecnobodnen da swavlobdnen saqarTvelos bunebas, mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebas.
ori Tvis manZilze dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad, maT
moinaxules baTumi da misi Semogareni, mTiani aWara
(ZiriTadad
aWariswylis
xoba).
baTumidan
matarebliT
gaemgzavrnen quTaisSi, moinaxules gorisa da xaSuris
raionebi, borjomis xeoba, daaTvalieres mcxeTis RirSesaniSnaobani. aqedan isev quTaisSi dabrundnen da svaneTsa da
afxazeTSi gadavidnen.
sakuTriv baTumsa da aWaraSi levie da somie erTi kvira
(17-23 ivnisi) darCnen. es dro sakmarisi aRmoCnda maTTvis,
rom saTanadod gacnobodnen baTumis mxares, aWariswylis
xeobas goderZis uReltexilis CaTvliT. emil levie Tavis
Canawerebs aWarasa da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi mogzaurobaze,
romelTac
dRiurebisa
da
STabeWdilebebis
xasiaTiaTi aqvs, drodadro dasabeWdad meuRles ugzavnida
florenciaSi. masalebi saxelwodebiT `mogzauroba kavkasiaSi~ ibeWdeboda Jurnal `universitetis biblioTekaSi~,
romelic Sveicariis qalaq lozanaSi gamodioda (`moambe~.
1894, 95. ix. mTargmnelis SeniSvna). am Jurnalidan iTargmna
qarTul enaze levies Canawerebi da daibeWda Jurnal
`moambis~ 1894 wlis mesame nomerSi. Canawerebis saTauri ase
saxeldeba: `emil levies mogzauroba kavkasiaSi~. Targmani 18
gverds Seicavs.
levie profesiiT botanikosi iyo da misi mogzaurobis
ZiriTadi
mizanic
saqarTvelo-amierkavkasiis
floris
Seswavla iyo. magram misi Canawerebi saintereso da sando
wyaroa imdroindeli anu XIX saukunis 90-iani wlebis baTum-
ze, aWaraze, mis mosaxleobaze. leviesa da somies mogzaurobac aWaraSi baTumis gacnobiTa da daxasiaTebiT daiwyo.
levie aRwers baTumis mdebareobas, mosaxleobas, mis
Cacmulobas, evropul iersaxes. igi werda: aqaur `mcxovrebT
rom vukvirdebodi, ase mgonia, evropaSi var-meTqi... mkvidri
qarTvelebi da sxv. atareben erTgvar xalaTiviT grZel tanisamoss, romelic welSi moweulia da gulTan patara jibeebi
aqvs. yvelas xanjali akravs. mandilosnebi uCadro, piraxdili gaevropelebulni arian. xSirad vxvdebiT meoregvar
mandilosnebs _ mkvidrT, romelTac mSvenieri Tavsaxuravi
aqvT, Savi lentebiT gawyobili~ (levie, 1894, 85). levie
moxiblula
baTumis
Semogarenis
bunebiT:
simindiT
abibinebuli mindor-veliT, gareuli da Sinauri xexilis
siuxviT, vaziT dafaruli maRali xeebiT.
20 ivniss levie da somie Tanmxlebi pirebiT baTumidan
aWaris gasacnobad gaemgzavrnen. inglisis konsulis pikokis
rCeviT, baTumidan ascxra versis manZilze maT etliT
umgzavriaT,
Semdeg
ki
fexiT.
etli
dReSi
Tumnad
dauqiravebiaT. meetle rusi yofila. gamyolni iyvnen: vinme
yabalaxiani, Savwver-ulvaSiani, tanadi moyvanilobis aWareli
zafTie
(milicieli),
italiis
sakonsulos
Tarjimani,
warmoSobiT italieli gostio. igi dabadebuli da gazrdili
yofila odesaSi da scodnia rusuli da qarTuli enebi.
gamgzavrebis win italieli stumrebi italiis konsulsac
ewvivnen, magram ufro metad nasiamovnebi darCenilan
inglisis konsulTan saubriT. mas zedmiwevniT kargad
scodnia baTumi da sazogadod mTeli kavkasia.
baTumidan ramdenime versis moSorebiT levies da somies
SexvedriaT mTaSi, sazafxulo saZovrebze mimavali mesaqonle
qurTebi. levie maT mokle daxasiaTebasac iZleva: `qurTebi
TiTqmis yvelani iqiT midiodnen. yovel fexis nabijze
gvxvdeboda qali, kaci, bavSvebi, jogi da sxv. Cvili bavSvebi
qalebs
an
ymawvil
biWebs
zurgze
ekidaT.
isini
laparakobdnen TaTrulad da Tavis qurTul enaze, romelic
aWarlebs ar esmiT~ (levie. 1894, 89). aqauri qurTebis Sesaxeb
cnobebi daculia sxva ucxoel, agreTve qarTvel mogzaurTa
CanawerebSic.
83
84
nodar kaxiZe
italieli mogzauri emil
levie aWaris Sesaxeb
italieli mogzauri aWarlebis ufro STambeWdav daxasiaTebasac iZleva: `aWar-lebi umSvenieresni unda iyvnen
kavkasiis xalxTa Soris. sul yvelas mosuli tani da gmiruli Sexeduleba aqvs. advilad SeamCnevT siarulSi
siyoCaRes, qcevaSi zrdilobas, saqmeSi simardes. msuqnebi
iSviaTia, TiTqmis sul ar arian. moxuci kacebic mkvircxli
da marjve arian. saucxoo suraTs warmoadgens, roca
aWareli Tavisi mSvenieri tanisamosiT cxenze zis. yvela
iaraRSia Camjdari, TiTqos marto Cxubisa da sikvdilis mets
arafers fiqrobdnen.~ ymawvilebTan dakavSirebiT levie
SeniSnavda, rom isini `Zlier malxazni da lamazni arian~
(levie, 1894, 90).
baTumidan
gasulebs
xanmokle
Sesveneba
sofel
aWariswyalze mouxdaT da aqedan qedaSi wasulan, sadac Rame
gauTeviaT.
levie
gzadagza,
TiTqmis
yovel
fexis
nabijze,
akvirdeboda mcenareulobas da krebda maT calkeul
saxeobebs. baTumidan aWariswylamde misvlamde levies sxvadasxva mcenareebiT erTi skivri ukve gavsebuli hqonia. qedidan
dandalosken mimiaval gzaze ki iseTi saucxoo mcenareebic
Seukrebia, romlebic misTvis sruliad ucnobi yofila da mas
axal aRmoCenad Tvlida (levie, 1894, 93).
mogzaurTa Semdegi SeCereba xuloSi moxda. levies
CanawerebSi xulo xulad moixsenieba. pirvelad aq vecnobiT,
rom xula ori yofila: zemo xula da qvemo xula, romelic
mdinare aWariswylis piras anu WalaSi mdebareobda da ramdenime
saxlisagan
Sedgeboda.
xulas
`samxedro
da
samoqalaqo saqmeebis mmarTvelad~ anu mamasaxlisad Tavadi
jaiani yofila, romlis gankargulebaSi iyo orasi jariskaci. levies cnobiT, 30 wlis jaiani amave dros mTeli
aWaris Cafrebisa da zafTiebis ufrosad iTvleboda (levie,
1894, 95). xulos `xulas~ formiT moxsenieba SemTxveviTi ar
aris. eTnografiuli masalebiTac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
xulos `xulad~ moixseniebda. xulasagan warmodga `xulo~
(sixaruliZe. 1958, 168). sityva `xula~ rom Zveli terminia,
amaze Zveli leqsikografiac miuTiTebs (sulxan saba
orbeliani. 1948, 400).
levie SedarebiT vrclad aRwers jaianTan Sexvedras da
stumrobas, mis daxmarebas zemo aWaraSi mogzaurobis
periodSi.
jaians rogorc ki gaugia xuloSi ucxoelTa stumroba
(amis
Sesaxeb
igi
informirebuli
yofila
baTumis
Jandarmeriisagan), maTTan ori oficeri gaugzavnia da yavaze
miupatiJebia. Sexvedra axalgazrda oficris vasil dekanozovis saxlSi Sedga. mas colad qarTveli qali hyolia. es
is vasil dekanozovia, romelsac Tedo saxokia misi xuloSi
mogzaurobis
dros
(1897
weli)
moixseniebs
vasil
dekanoziSvilis saxeliT. maSin dekanoziSvili xulos boqauli
yofila,
romelsac
kapitan
al.beriZesTan
erTad
T.saxokiasaTvis maspinZloba da daxmareba gauwevia (saxokia,
1950, 240). dekanozovi italiel stumrebs sauzmeze rZiani
yaviT, karaqiT, patara-patara xaWapurebiTa da sxva kerZebiT
gamaspinZlebia (levie, 1894, 95). stumrebi vaxSmadac aq darCenilan. savaxSmo sufrac metad uxvi da maTTvis ucxo
saWmelebiT mdidari yofila.
Tumca, levie sinanuls
gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom am kerZebis sia ar Cauweria. igi
mxolod TeTri Rvinis sasmels moixseniebs, romliTac
yvelani gamxiarebulan.
vaxSmobisas levies pirdapir mjdom mandilosans RviniT
savse Wiqa xelSi auRia da rusulad mokle sityva
warmouTqvams, xolo sufris sxva wevrebs simRera SemouZaxiaT. levie werda: `simRera saucxoo iyo, romliTac isurves
Cemi xangrZlivi sicocxle, janmrTeloba da mravali
Svilebi, viTarca qviSani zRvisa~ (levie, 1894, 96).
Ramis 11 saaTisaTvis stumrebic da maspinZlebic kargad
SezarxoSebulni yofilan. levie igonebda: `mec vclidi savse
Wiqebs am sapatio pirTa sadRegrZelod. sityvebs da
simRerebs ar hqonda dasasruli. Tavadi jaiani maRal bans
ambobda, magram ar gamosdioda. mec wavexmare. netavi genaxaT,
ra
kmayofilni
iyvnen
yvelani.
mgalobelTa
gundi
sxvadasxvanairi iyo. roca simReris rigi mandilosnebze
midga, me avdeqi da warmovTqvi italiurad sityva imdenad
kargi, ramdenad gaugebari. yvelam Wiqebi Cems Wiqas moaxala.
somiem dalia saxlis patronis sadRegrZelo, Tarjimanma _
85
86
bavSvebisa. erTi sityviT, qarTul sufras sadRegrZeloebi ar
aklda~ (levie, 1894, 97).
vaxSmis
dawyebamde
maspinZlis
saxlis
wevrebs
stumrebisaTvis koncerti gaumarTavT.
meore dRes, kviras, 22 ivniss, italieli stumrebi
danisparaulisken gaemarTnen. aqedan yanlis mTaze unda
asuliyvnen aqauri mcenareulobis Sesaswavlad. maT Tan
gahyolia Tof-patrontaSiT SeiaraRebuli Tavadi jaiani,
romelsac tanT aWaruli mokle Coxa ecva da Tavze yabalaxi
exura. jaiani yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals yanlis mTis
midamoebSi balaxebis Segrovebas. levies daxasiaTebiT
aqauri
`Tvaluwvdeneli
simaRlis
da
warmoudgeneli
silamazis naZvis xeebi faravdnen are-mares~. Semdeg igi
werda:
`aseTi
mSvenieri
mcenareuloba
mxolod
fotografiul suraTSi minaxavs. aman gvagrZnobina, rom
namdvil kavkasiaSi viyaviT (levie, 1894, 98). aqve davumatebT,
rom
mTiani
aWaris
mcenareulobaze
gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas amaxvilebda g.yazbegi, romelmac aq 1874 wels
imogzaura (yazbegi, 1960, 106).
erTi Rame stumrebma aqve gaaTies erT-erTi aWarelis
binaSi (iailaSi) da mTis kerZebiT danayrdnen. levie werda:
`binaze mogvitanes mawoni, mSvenieri karaqi da raRacnairi
saucxoo yveli, TokiviT dagrZelebuli, TiTo naWers
moswyveten da makaroniviT sWamen~ (levie, 1894, 98-99).
aWarelTa mier damzadebuli aseTi yvelis saukeTeso Tvisebebze jer kidev XVIII saukuneSi vaxuStic SeniSnavda
(vaxuSti, 1941, 134).
orSabaTs, 23 ivniss leviem da somiem daaTvalieres yanlis
mTa, misi Tovliani mwvervali. es adgili mcenareulobiT
metad sayuradRebo aRmoCnda. aq italieli stumrebi or
saaTs darCenilan, magram imdeni saqme gaukeTebiaT, rasac
zogi ramdenime dRes moundeboda.
mogzaurebis gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda, rodesac aseT
Tovlian mTaSi da mis Tovlian ReleebSic maTTvis ucnobi
mcenareuloba naxes. `aq, Tovlian ReleebSi, - werda levie, vnaxeT imisTana mcenareebi, romelTa arsebobas verc ki
movifiqrebdiT~ (levie, 1894, 99).
yanlis mTidan levie da somie danasparaulSi dabrundnen
da aqedan daRamebamde, paraskevs xuloSi Cavidnen, sadac Rame
kvlav
dekanozovTan
gauTeviaT.
stumrebs
dekanozovis
meuRle amjeradac rZiani yaviT gamaspinZlebia.
es iyo bolo Sexvedra xuloSi, romliTac italieli
stumrebi Zalian nasiamovnebi darCenilan. es Sexvedra leviem
Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: `yvela amaT Zalian masiamovnes
imiT, rom Cems ubis wignSi Caweres TavianTi saxeli da gvari
rusul-qarTulad. es iyo sadarbazo baraTebis magieri.
gamomSvidobebis dros xelis CamorTmeva xom gauTavebeli
iyo, ise gvepyrobodnen, rogorc didi xnis nacnob-megobrebs...
rodesac kargad davSordiT, kidev vxedavdiT maRla goraze
gadmomdgarT, qudebs gviqnevdnen. aseTma gulgaSlilma
miRebam swored mogvajadova da metismetad aRtacebaSi mogviyvana~ (levie, 1894, 100).
meore
dRes
italiel
mogzaurebs
baTumSi
Casvla
daupirebiaT, magram SuaxevTan axlos gzis gafarToebiTi
samuSaoebisa da Caxergvis gamo etliT mgzavroba SeuZlebeli gamxdara. isini iZulebuli gamxdaran Rame aq gaeTiaT.
maTTvis maspinZloba vinme hasans gauwevia, romelmac
stumrebs Caic daalevina da Tevzic ki miarTva. gzis gawmendaSi mogzaurebsac miuRiaT monawileoba. didi gaWirvebiT
meore dRes qedas miaRwies, aqve isadiles da saRamos 8
saaTze baTumSi dabrundnen. levie werda: `marTalia, daRlil-daqanculebi
viyaviT
da
tanisamosi
mifleTilmofleTili gvqonda, magram mojadoebuli ki viyaviT
aWarlebiT, aWariT da patara kavkasiiT~ (levie, 1894, 101).
dasasrul
emil
levies
or
saintereso
cnobaze
SevCerdebiT. misi Canaweridan Cans, rom maTze win aWaraSi
umogzauria germanel poetsa da diplomats nordmans, romelic 1832 wels gardacvlila (levie, 1894, 93). es cnoba
misTvis adgilze miuwodebiaT, Tumca cnobis mimwodebels ar
scodnia, Tu aWaris romel punqtamde imogzaura nordmanma.
germaneli poetisa da diplomatis nordmanis aWaraSi
mogzaurobis Sesaxeb emil levies cnoba jerjerobiT
pirveli da erTaderTia. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom nordmans
aWaris Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebic Caewera, miTumetes, rom
igi aWaraSi osmalTa batonobis dros mogzaurobda.
87
88
amdenad, emil levies Canawerebi XIX saukunis 90-iani
wlebis
aWaris
Sesaxeb
imdenad
aris
mniSvnelovani,
ramdenadac Cvens samecniero literaturaSi misi aWaraSi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb dRemde naklebadaa cnobili da aWaris
istoriis,
yofisa
da
kulturis
sakiTxebze
momuSave
mkvlevarTa naSromebSic mas aravin Sexebia. gamonakliss
Seadgens
s.nucubiZis
sagazeTo
werili
`emil
levie
saqarTveloSi~, romelic 1990 wlis 19 ivliss daibeWda gazeT
`saxalxo ganaTlebaSi~. werili levies aWaraSi mogzaurobis
ambebis gaSuqebiT iwyeba.
literatura:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
emil levies mogzauroba kavkasiaSi. - `moambe~.
Tbilisi, 1894.
vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. Tbilisi, 1941.
saxokia T. mogzaurobani. Tbilisi, 1950.
sixaruliZe
i.
samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTvelos
toponimika. I, baTumi, 1958.
sulxan-saba orbeliani. sityvis kona. Tbilisi, 1949.
yazbegi g. sami Tve TurqeTis saqarTveloSi. – giorgi
yazbegi aWaris Sesaxeb. baTumi, 1960.
N. Kakhidze
AN ITALIAN TRAVELER EMILE LEVY
ABOUT ADJARA
SUMMARY
In 1890 (June 17-23) the distinguished Italian scientists – the botanist Emile
Levy and the anthropologist Stephen Somme arrived in Batumi from Florence
(Italy). They started to travel throughout Georgia (Kutaisi, Gori, Khashuri,
Borjomi Gorge, Svaneti, Abkhazia) from Batumi. Having got acquainted with
Batumi and its outskirts E. Levy and S. Somme visited Kakhaberi valley,
Adjaristskali, Keda, Khulo, Shuakhevi, Khulo, Danisparauli, Goderdzi Pass. In
his notes E. Levy described the rare plants of plain and mountainous Adjara, line
of work of the population in Batumi and mountainous Adjara, clothing, morals
and manners, customs. There are also interesting data about the meeting of
Italian guests with the chairman of Khulo administration, Jaiani.
The notes of E. Levy (translated from Italian into Georgian and published
№3 “Mnatobi” magazine in 1914) are the valuable sources for studying the
questions of life and culture of the population in Batumi and mountainous
Adjara of the second part of the XIX century.
89
90
nugzar mgelaZe, Temur tunaZe
artur fon zutneris romani „aWarlebi“ da XIX
saukunis II naxevris samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos
istoriisa da eTnologiis problemebi
ucxoelis kvalobaze, qarTveli xalxis istoriisa da
tradiciuli kulturis SesaSur
codnas
amJRavnebs.
igi safuZvlianad erkveva
qarTveluri tomebis urTierTnaTesaobaSi,
samxreTdasavleT
saqarTveloSi
qristianobisa da islamis
warmomavlobasa da qronologiaSi, toponimikaSi da,
saerTod,
eTnoistoriuli,
eTnosocialuri Tu eTnokulturuli
da
eTnopolitikuri
Sinaarsis
rig
problemur sakiTxSi.
artur
gundakar
fon
zutnerma da misma meuRlem
berta zutnerma1, rogorc
berta zutneri
ukve aRiniSna, saqarTveloSi
cxra weliwadi gaatares (1876-1885 wlebi). aqedan xuTi weli
isini zugdidSi ekaterine WavWavaZe-dadianis stumrebi iyvnen.
maTi
nacnoboba
parizidan
iRebda
saTaves.
ekaterine
WavWavaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg (1882 weli) avstrieli colqmari sacxovreblad TbilisSi gadavida. arturma avejis
fabrikaSi _ mxatvar-gamformeblad daiwyo muSaoba, berta ki
frangul da germanul enebsa da musikas aswavlida. ojaxi
amgvarad irCenda Tavs2. bertac da arturic mwerlebad da
publicistebad saqarTveloSi Camoyalibdnen.
XIX
saukunis
meore
naxevari qarTuli eTnografiuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi
bazis formirebis xanaa. 1878
wlamde, gansakuTrebiT ki
Semdgom
xanebSi,
aWaris
istoriul-eTnologiuri
sakiTxebi araerTi mogzaurmkvlevris SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa. qarTveli Tu ucxoeli
avtorebi saqarTvelos istoriografiaSi didi interesiTa da mondomebiT avsebdnen
im periodis Sesaxeb arsebul xarvezs.
artur zutneris romani
`aWarlebi”, marTalia mxatvruli nawarmoebia, magram
artur zutneri
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT
im
garemoebas, rom zutnerTa ojaxs saqarTvelosTan cxra wlis
urTierToba akavSirebda, maSin naTeli gaxdeba maTi ganswavluloba adgilobrivTa yofa-cxovrebaSi da isic Tu
ratomaa romanSi aqcentebi umTavresad istoriul-eTnografiul masalebze gakeTebuli.
sainteresoa, aseve, sakiTxi _ ra tipis istoriuli
wyaroebi daedo safuZvelad artur zutneris Sexedulebebs.
es iyo misi saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis droisaTvis ukve
arsebuli literatura Tu nacnobi wris konkretul personTa
azrebi.
bunebrivia,
Cven
ver
gamovricxavT
uSualo
dakvirvebebisa da am dakvirvebebiT miRebuli informaciis
cocxal STabeWdilebebad gardasaxvis processac. Samwuxarod, mainc, am saxis kiTxvebze sruli pasuxi ar
mogvepoveba, magram erTi ram cxadia, rom artur zutneri,
s. caiSvili. ori avstrieli mwerali saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. `literaturuli narkvevebi”, Tbilisi, 1962.
91
92
1
avstrieli berta fon zutneri (1843-1914 wlebi) daibada praRaSi,
gardaicvala venaSi. igi mSvidobis dargSi pirveli nobelianti (1905 weli)
da saqarTveloSi kargad cnobili mwerali da sazogado moRvawe iyo. misi
qaliSvilobis gvaria kinski. igi iyo general graf kinskis qaliSvili. mama
bertas dabadebamde gardaicvala, 75 wlis asakSi. XIX saukunis bolos da
XX saukunis damdegs berta fon zutneri yvelaze cnobili qali iyo
msoflioSi, romelTan Sexvedras, saubars, nacnobobas did pativad
miiCnevdnen saxelmwifo meTaurebi. 1904 wels igi aSS-s imJamindelma
prezidentma Teodor ruzveltma TeTr saxlSi miiwvia sasaubrod.
2
artur zutneris romani `aWarlebi” pirvelad berlinSi
daibeWda _ 1888 wels1. am wignis originalis erT-erTi da,
SeiZleba saqarTveloSi erTaderTic, egzempliari n. mgelaZis
pirad arqivSi inaxeba (sur. 1). am wigns saqarTveloSi
mogzaurobis
saintereso
istoria
aqvs.
igi
rogorc
warweridan
Cans
herxenSaineris
saxalxo
bibliotekis
sakutreba iyo, saidanac unda moxvedriliyo germaniis
bukinistur garemoSi, sadac SeiZina saqarTvelos megobarma,
gregor
mairingma.
wigni
Semdgom
misma
meuRlem
_
aRmosavleTmcodne
ekaterine
mairing-miqaZem
Camoitana
saqarTveloSi da saCuqrad winamdebare naSromis erT-erT
avtors gadasca.
artur zutneris romani sul
exlaxan _ 2007 wels qarTulad
SesaniSnavad
Targmna
rusudan
RvinefaZem (redaqtori maka ZoweniZe, gamomcemloba inteleqti)2.
artur zutneris SemoqmedebaSi
TvalSisacemia bunebiT momadlebuli mxatvruli azrovnebis niWi,
raSic faqizadaa Sezavebuli sinamdvilis aRqmis rigi niuansi. mwerali ise agebs romanis arqiteqtonikas, rom mkafiod Semecnebadi
xdeba
realizmisa
da
mxatvrulobis emociuri sinTezi. gmirebi romanSi mimzidvelni da
wignis satitulo gverdi
sainteresoni arian. yvela personaJi, Tavis ganzomilebaSi, adeqvaturad gadmoscems sakuTar
miswrafebebsa da orientacias ganurCevlad imisa pozitiuri
adgili ukavia mas TxzulebaSi Tu igi uaryofiTad
xasiaTdeba.
mTlianobaSi, saerTo Sinaarsobrivi RerZis garSemo
mwerali aRwers XIX saukunis II naxevris aWaraSi mimdinare
movlenebs. esaa imdroindeli aWaris istoria. istoriul
1
2
A. G. Zuttner. Die Adjaren (Roman), Stugart, Leipcig, Berlin, 1888
artur zutneri. aWarlebi, Tbilisi, 2007.
93
fonze warmoCenilia politikuri da sazogado moRvaweebi,
sxvadasxva socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi, maxasiaTebeli
intrigebiT, sixaruliT, saamuri cxovrebisadmi swrafviTa Tu
muxlCauxreli SromiT, qalaqisa Tu soflis sayofacxovrebo
niuansebiT,
elitaruli
maskaradebiTa
da
saxeobo
dResaswaulebiT, mmarTvelobis formebiT da, saerTod, rac
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis sainteresoa, kulturuli,
ufro zustad, eTnografiuli realiebis aRweriT.
artur
zutneri
SesaniSnavad
gvisuraTebs
mcire
kavkasionis bunebriv-geografiul garemos da konkretulad
axasiaTebs baTumis olqis fizikur ganlagebas, rac kidev
erTxel mowmobs mis ganswavlulobas ara marto movlenebis
mxatvrul
warmosaxvaSi,
aramed
iseT
mecnierebebSi,
rogoricaa
geografia,
bunebismetyveleba,
eTnologiaanTropologia, istoria da sxva. avtoris daxasiaTebiT,
`uamravi xeobiTa da viwro uReltexilebiT daRaruli mcire
kavkasioni bunebriv zRudes qmnis, romelic baTumis olqs
erTi mxriv mcireaziis TurqeTisagan, meore mxriv ki
saqarTvelosa da somxeTisagan hyofs”.
artur zutneri romanis siuJetis umTavres epizodebs
saqarTvelos istoriis fonze Slis da igi swored aq avlens
Rrma
erudicias,
publicistisa
da
prozaikosisaTvis
aucilebel im pasuxismgeblobas, romelic niSandoblivi
swored mwerlisaTvis unda iyos, miTumetes Txzuleba
istoriuli romanis Janrs roca ganekuTvneba. mis mier
damuSavebuli wyaroebis mixedviT, am mxaris qeds iqedan
zRvamde gadaWimuli teritoriis Tavdapirveli mosaxleoba
wminda qarTuli anu qarTveluri tomisa iyo da, miuxedavad
imisa, rom islami xuTi saukunis manZilze yovel Rones
xmarobda ZaliT gaenadgurebina erovnuli mexsiereba, dResac
miwis yoveli goji, yoveli mtkaveli aq qarTvelTa
mkvidrobaze mowmobs. romanisti am mxaris mosaxleobis
daxasiaTebisas
xSirad
usvams
xazs
maT
qarTul
warmomavlobas, sadac personaJTa istoriuli siamayis fonze
yovelive qarTuli pozitiuri konteqstebiTaa warmoCenili.
ase magaliTad: `Sen ar ekuTvni im naZirlebis modgmas, Sen
ZarRvebSi qarTuli sisxli Cqefs”. xSiria samSoblos
definiciisa Tu erovnuli cnobierebis _ eTnikuri identobis
gansazRvris mcdelobebi. magaliTad, saubarSi CarTuli
94
megobrebi erTmaneTs eubnebian: `am bolo xanebSi xSirad
mifiqria, qveynisaTvis bedniereba iqneba, omi Tu atydebameTqi. maSin erTi wuTiTac ar davfiqrdebi ise SevTavazeb
rusebs Cems samsaxurs”... `ase fiqrob? _ gesmis, rom
samSoblos
moRalated
gamogacxadeben?”
`samSoblos
moRalated? Cemi samSoblo is miwa-wyalia, sadac gavizarde
_
Cemi
Tanamemamuleebi
isini
arian,
vinc
CemsaviT
uflebaayrili da daCagrulia”... `isini CvenTvis ucxoni arian
_ im modgmisani, romelsac Cven ar vekuTvniT, romelic
saukuneebis win cecxliTa da maxviliT SemoiWra sxvisi
sikeTis dasapatroneblad. Cveni mamuli aq aris, sadac
vdgavarT; Cvens ZarRvebSi qarTuli sisxli Cqefs da araferi
gvaqvs saerTo gadaRmidan mosul mCagvrelTan. amitomac
umal mamulis msxnelad vigrZnob Tavs, vidre mis moRalated,
Tu Zveli, namdvili Tvistomis mxardaxar vibrZoleb
saZulveli uRlisagan Cemi qveynis gasaTavisufleblad”...
`xom ar gaviwydeba, rom es Cveni namdvili Tvistomni Tavad
ucxo uRels ewevian _ rom amiT ufro aqaur Zalauflebis
mqoneT gauwvdi xels, vidre TanamoZmeebs. amaze vifiqre da im
daskvnamde mivedi, rom Cemi qveyana rusebis batonobis qveS
gacilebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi iqneba”. sakuTriv ruseTis
generali tafazievi ki ase fiqrobda _ `Cven im adgilze
varT,... saidanac kargad SegviZlia vadevnoT Tvali mezobel
qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebs. sakuTari dakvirvebidan vici,
iq ar aris iseTi mTavroba, romelic am brwyinvale
tradiciebis mqone xalxis dakmayofilebas SesZlebs. Tqven
rom ubiri xalxi yofiliyaviT, dRes Tqvens warsulTan
SedarebiT kargad igrZnobdiT Tavs, magram radgan Tqven
mravali aseuli wlis winaT ufro maRal safexurze iyaviT,
vidre Tqveni axlandeli brZaneblebi arian dRes, gasagebia,
mZime
uRlisagan
ganTavisuflebisaken
swrafva
bolosdabolos gaarRvevs winaaRmdegobas. kargad vici, jer
mxolod mciredni xarT, visac hyofnis vaJkacoba xmamaRla
ganacxados Tavisi azri, magram isic vici, gulis siRrmeSi
mTeli mosaxleoba iziarebs Tqvens miswrafebas”. rusma
generalma kargad icis, rom saqarTvelos arCevani ar hqonda.
dakarguli istoriuli teritoriebis dabruneba imxanad
mxolod ruseTis meSveobiT iyo SesaZlebeli. amitomac
mwerali rusi generlis piriT acxadebs: `jambeki rom
dabadebiT musulmani iyos da dRes Tavisi meamboxeTa razmiT
gadamRobeboda gzaze, uyoymanod davapatimrebdi da Tavisave
mTavrobas gadavcemdi; magram is im modgmas ekuTvnis,
romelmac Tavisi droze daxmareba gvTxova, raTa amave
dampyrobelisagan gagveTavisuflebina”.
TzulebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs artur zutneris mier
personaJebisaTvis SerCeuli sakuTari saxelebi _ Tamari,
rusudani, daria, eka, jambeki, elizba, arCili, ToTia,
iordane, iese, lazare, otia, dimitri, Serif-faSa, ali-begi,
hasan-begi, murza-xani, axmedi, iusuf-efendi, reji begi,
romelTagan erTi nawili Zveli saqarTvelosaTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli, maT Soris zogierTs qarTveli mefeebi,
dedoflebi da qristiani (marTlmadidebeli) qarTvelebi
atarebdnen (Tamari, rusudani, eka, arCili, lazare,...), xolo
nawili osmaleTis mmarTvelobis periodSi titulirebuli
saxiT (Serif-faSa, ali-begi, murza-xani, iusuf-efendi, rejibegi,...) gavrcelda. romanSi naxsenebia qarTuli gvarebic _
TaguiriZe, kiCeliZe, kapaniZe. araa gamoricxuli Serif-faSa
Serif
ximSiaSvili
yofiliyo,
Tumca
ximSiaSvilebis
ZiriTadi rezidencia zemo aWaraSi _ xuloSi mdebareobda,
romelic nawarmoebSi naxsenebi saerTod araa, magram es
mainc ar niSnavs imas, rom Serif begs, rogorc mmarTvels,
samyofi baTumSi ar qonda, Tumca nawarmoebis personaJis
politikuri poziciebi da realuri Serif ximSiaSvilis
CvenTvis cnobili cxovreba da moRvaweoba principSi
erTmaneTs ar esadageba. amdenad, Cvens mier gamoTqmuli
varaudi erTob saeWvoa.
romanis
avtori
safuZvlianad
icnobs
adgilobriv
toponimikasac da cdilobs isini istoriuli rakursiT
axsnas. misi TqmiT, `jer kidev qristianobamde didi xniT
adre mTavari mdinaris Woroxis viwrobebi, misi Senakadebi da
mTeli aremareebi im saxelebiT iyo cnobili, romlebic maT
dRemde mxolod mcireodeni cvlilebebiT SemorCeniaT da
TiTqmis uklebliv qarTveli warmoSobisaa”. artur zutneris
TzulebaSi
moxseniebulia
aramarto
qarTveli
xalxis
eTnografiuli jgufis (klarjelebi, aWarlebi), aramed
araerTi mTisa (peranga) Tu qedis (arziani), mdinarisa
(Woroxi, murRuli) da savaWro-satranzito gzebze mdebare
mniSvnelovani dasaxlebuli punqtis [baTumi, cixisZiri,
95
96
trapizoni, Curux-su (anu Curuq-su), sxalTa, arTvini,
murRuli,...] adgilobrivi saxelwodeba. aseve, sayuradReboa
mwerlis mier dasaxelebuli, sxalTis mimarTulebiT mTisken
mdebare adgilis geografiuli saxelwodeba _ daTvis klde,
romelic im midamos erqva, sadac ferdze dagorebuli
uzarmazari lodi egdo. romanis avtori araerTgzis
moixseniebs zRvis piras aRmarTul da kldeze gadmomdgar
qajeTis cixes, romelic cixisZirTan mdebareobda. TxzulebaSi
araerT adgilas vxdebiT baTumis daxasiaTebasac, Tumca mas
mxedvelobis miRma ar rCeba soflebis aRwerilobebic.
magaliTad, igi miiCnevda, rom murRuli jansaRi haeriT
xasiaTdeboda, e. i. avtori Tavis dakvirvebebs samedicino
ganxriTac
awarmoebda.
aRwerilobebSi
gansakuTrebul
adgili xalxuri ekologiis problemebsac ukavia _ safari
tyis rols mewyerianobis Tavidan acilebis saqmeSi da sxva.
murRulis Sefasebisas igi werda: `murRulTan mdinaris
napiri vrcel velad iSleba; dasavleTiT mdebare mTis
ferdobSi mis mosaxele patara mdinares xeoba gauWria,
romelic murRuls qedsgadaRma soflebTan akavSirebs. am
mxaris hava cnobilia Tavisi keTili TvisebebiT, da
gansakuTrebiT maTTvisaa sasargeblo, vis janmrTelobazec
baTumisa da misi Semogarenis sicxe gamanadgureblad
moqmedebs. xili, aq rom mohyavT, sxalTurs bevrad ar
Camouvardeba, oRond aqauri mcxovreblebi arc ise mdidrebi
arian gaSenebuli nakveTebiT, radgan cicabo ferdobebis did
nawilze sagangebod toveben tyeebs, raTa Tavidan aicilon
zamTarSi zvavi, gazafxulze mewyerianoba, rac utyeobis
SemTxvevaSi gardauvali iqneboda da ramac wina saukuneebSi
mTeli soflebi imsxverpla”.
artur
zutneri
aWaruli
soflis
etemologiiTac
dainteresebula. iq, sadac igi aRwers mTiani aWaris, ufro
zustad, zamTarSi arsianis
(avtorTan gvxvdeba arzianis
formiT) qedis civ klimatur pirobebs da am qedis cicabo
kalTebis mosaxleobas, asaxelebs sofel sxalTad da
miiCnevs, rom mas im Zvirfasi xilis saxeli erqva, romelic
aq uxvad modioda.
baTumSi marTvelobis formebis istoriul dinamikaSi
Seswavla mecnierTa wreebSi yovelTvis cxovel interes
iwvevda. amitom, am sakiTxebisadmi Tundac patara cnoba
uaRresad didi wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvnelobisaa. am
mxrivac artur zutneri gamorCeulia. mas uyuradRebod ar
dautovebia iseTi Tema, rogoricaa baTumis aRweriloba da
qalaqis
marTva-gamgeoba
im
gansazRvrul
politikur
urTierTobaTa fonze, romelic imdroisaTvis Camoyalibebuli
iyo ruseT-saqarTvelosa da osmaleTs Soris. avtoris
Tanaxmad, baTumi faSas rezidencia iyo. `mis daqvemdebarebaSi
iyo TerTmeti nawili anu kaza, romlebsac meTvalyureobas
uwevdnen kaimazamebi da maTi TanaSemwe mudirebi. baTumSi
hqonda bina mejliss (saxelmwifo sabWo), aseve tribunalsa
da sabaJos, da iqve, qalaqis maxloblad, ganlagebuli iyo
batalionis garnizonic”. romanSi dasaxelebulia soflis
mamasaxlisebic, romelTac, Cveni monacemebiT, osmaleTis
mmarTvelobis periodSi muxtrebs eZaxdnen. muxtari Temis
saerTo Tavyrilobaze arCeuli piri iyo anu Temis _
samuxtros
mmarTvelobiTi
organo
arCeviT
organos
warmoadgenda.
artur zutneris nawarmoebSi kargadaa asaxuli baTumis
savaWro-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis swrafi tempebi. artur
zutneris saqarTveloSi
moRvaweobis periodSi
baTumi
faqtiurad yoveldRiurad icvleboda da viTardeboda, ara
mxolod
statistikuri,
aramed
arqiteqturuli,
demografiuli, eTnokonfesiuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT.
igi `neitralur teritoriaze mdebareobda. ucxoeTTan
savaWro urTierTobebic gacxovelda, ise, rom zogierTi
Zlieri saxelmwifo iZulebuli gaxda, sakonsuloebi gaexsna,
da maTi warmomadgenlebi TavianTi ojaxis wevrebianad
siamovnebiT iyenebdnen SesaZleblobas, erTferovani cxovreba
gubernatoris saxlSi gamarTuli TavyrilobebiT gaexalisebinaT.”
artur zutneri dainteresebulia regionis eTnikuri
SemadgenlobiTac, romelTa Soris asaxelebs afxazuri,
berZnuli da somxuri
warmomavlobis pirebs. magaliTad,
erT-erTi personaJia iusuf-efendi _ baTumeli fulis
moyvaruli meqrTame advokati _ `eSmaki somexi”. murza-xans
nawarmoebSi
erT-erTi
mTavari
adgili
uWiravs.
igi
warmomavlobiT afxazia. misi `winaprebi afxazeTis mkvidrni
iyvnen, sadac omianobis dros Suasaukuneebis yaCaRebis
msgavsad SemTxvevas xelidan ar uSvebdnen, rom sxva mxareSi
97
98
SeWriliyvnen da Seviwrovebuli mezoblebis qoneba mietacebinaT. am gziT didZali qoneba daagroves, romelic
Tavdapirvelad miwebisagan Sedgeboda, magram Semdeg, roca
rusebma kavkasiis im nawilSi fexis mokideba daiwyes murzas
mamam adgil-mamulebi gayida”... `SiSobda winaparTa mier aseTi
usamarTlo gziT mopovebuli qonebis gamo, miTumetes rom
imaTi STamomavlebi jerac kidev cocxlebi iyvnen, visac es
qoneba wahglijes. amis Semdeg TurqeTis teritoriaze
dasaxlda, vrceli savargulebi SeiZina da iqauri abreSumiT,
zeTiTa da cviliT vaWrobas misTvis didi mogeba mohqonda”.
igi moialaReobasac misdevda da zafxulidan dazamTrebamde
misi uTvalavi fara alpur saZovrebze balaxobda. misi
mamapapiseuli miwebi baTumis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda.
sxvaTaSoris, mas iqve qajeTis cixeSi hqonia sacxovrebelic,
romelic zRvis piras aRmarTul frialo kldeze yofila
gadamdgari. dRes nangrevebad qceuli es cixe cixisZirSi
zogierTi mecnieris mier petras cixed saxeldebuli
nagebobaTa kompleqsia. aq, garda dasaxelebuli mizezebisa,
realurad Cans is viTarebac, rom murza-xanis ojaxi
afxazeTSi ruseTis mmarTvelobas ar daemorCila, aWaris
teritoriaze gadmosaxleba da TurqeTis qveSevrdomobac am
faqtormac gansazRvra, rac Txzulebis araerT adgilas
mkafiod
Cans,
roca
igi
SeiraRebuli
upirispirdeba
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol qarTul-rusul SeiaraRebul
Zalebs.
romanisaTvis
cxovelmyofeli
da
emociuri
fonis
Sesaqmnelad
artur
zutneri
ostaturad
gvisuraTebs
islamur garemoSi qristianuli kulturis, rogorc islamis
istoriuli
winamorbedis,
Taviseburebebs,
regionis
eTnoreligiur panoramas. mwerlisaTvis qristianoba aq
Cveulebrivi sarwmunoeba ki araa, aramed igi qveynis
istoriis nawili da mosaxleobis erovnuli mrwamsis
saZirkvelia. artur zutneris dakvirvebiT, `Woroxis auzSi
yovel nabijze SexvdebiT qveynis ayvavebis xanis droindeli
eklesiebisa Tu cixesimagreebis naSTebs, romelTa warwerebi
Zvel qarTul enazea Sesrulebuli da dRes samwuxarod
mxolod nawilobrivRa ikiTxeba; qarTvelTa Zlevamosili
mefis Tamaris saxeli ki aq yvelas iseve akeria pirze,
rogorc mTebs gadaRma, TbilisSi, sadac am kavkasieli
semiramidas
rezidencia
iyo”.
ufro
metic,
erT-erTi
personaJis saxiT artur zutneri acxadebs: `marto Tqveni
saxelic ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom Cveniani xarT. Tamari iyo
udidesi dedofali, romelic ki odesme yofila da misi
mefobis xanaSi mTel qveyanaSi mxolod sikeTe sufevda”.
nawarmoebis erT-erT monakveTSi naTqvamia: `karWapSi Casxdnen
da arCilma menaves CrdiloeTisaken aaRebina gezi, didi
dedoflis cixesimagrisaken”, rac kidev erTi dasturia, rom
XIX saukunis aWaraSi cocxlad arsebobda ara marto Tamar
dedoflis xsovna, aramed misi saxelobis nagebobebi.
artur zutneri Tvlis, rom islamma aWaraSi XVII saukunis
dasawyisSi gaimarjva, Tumca, vfiqrobT, islamis gamarjveba
aq islamis mosaxleobaSi srulfasovan gavrcelebas ar
niSnavda. islamma aWaraSi gavrceleba gacilebiT gvian _
XVIII saukunidan qristianul cnobierebasTan urTierTwinaaRmdegobriv garemoSi daiwyo da adgilobriv yofaSi
kidev ufro gvian _ XIX saaukunidan moikida fexi, Tumca igi
bolomde mainc ar damkvidrebula da erovnul TviTmyofadobaze ramdenadme didi gavlena ar mouxdenia. mwerali
miuTiTebda, rom `meCvidmete saukunis dasawyisSi, gamarjveba
islams darCa, mas Semdeg, rac yovelives, rasac ki qristes
saxeli erqva, sastiki brZola gamoucxades da ayvavebis xanis
droindeli yvela Zegli ise gaanadgures, rom maTgan
mxolod kedlebiRa SemorCa”. religiuri TvalsazrisiT
sainteresod
ganviTarda
movlenebi,
erTis
mxriv,
SavizRvispira, xolo, meores mxriv, mTis dasaxlebebSi.
avtoris monacemebiT, `mas Semdeg rac jer zRvispira
dasaxlebebi Seurigdnen axal mdgomareobas da didma
nawilma islamic ki miiRo, maT magaliTs mihyvnen klarjelebic, Woroxispira mosaxleoba, da bolos aWarlebic
aiZules, eRiarebinaT TurqTa batonoba; sulis siRrmeSi
umetesoba mainc erTguli rCeboda Zveli rwmenis da
warmomavlobisa,
romliTac
odesRac
maTi
winaprebi
amayobdnen”. swored es miCqmaluli grZnobebi gaRvivda, roca
regionSi amis saTanado politikuri situacia Seiqmna.
mosaxleobis
didi
nawili
Tuki
aqamde
zewolas
emorCileboda da kultisa da cxovrebis wesis sakiTxebSi
mahmadianur
kanonebs
misdevda,
`axla
zogierTi
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tavis ZvelqarTul
99
100
warmomavlobas da xmamaRla acxadebda winaswarmetyvelis
mimdevrebTan araferi gvaqvs saerToo”. artur zutneri aq
aWarlebis friad saintereso saxes gvixatavs: `wavida is dro,
roca aWarlebi mzad iyvnen sicocxle gaewiraT, raTa
mamapapaTagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli uflebebi mCagvrelebisagan daecvaT; iaraRs axla samkauladRa atarebdnen, da
mxolod uaRresad iSviaT SemTxvevaSi Tu iSiSvlebdnen”.
niSandoblivia, rom areulobis periodSi, ise, rogorc artur
zutneris regionSi moRvaweobis dros, aWarlebis xiznoba
umetesad
qarTul
miwaze,
saqarTvelos
qristianul
provinciebSi xdeboda.
istorikosebisa da eTnologebisaTvis cnobilia, rom 1878
wlis 25 agvistodan, roca aWara saqarTvelos daubrunda,
ruseTis specialur samsaxurebs gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqonda muslimur TemebTan, meCeTebSi mosaqme
personebTan, savayufe mamulebisadmi, imamebis, mufTebisa da
xojebisadmi. xSirad isini wamaxalisebel zomebsac mimarTavdnen da molaTa garkveuli nawili ruseTTis mmarTveli
organoebisagan gasamrjelosac ki Rebulobda. sxvaTaSoris
es faqti iribi saxiT artur zutneris nawarmoebSicaa
asaxuli _ jambeki rus generals mimarTavs da mis Tanamzraxvel axmeds ase axasiaTebs: `mueZinia baTumSi; TveSi
albaT as piatrs Tu uxdian”. `swored sakmarisia, rom kaci
SimSiliT ar mokvdes,” siciliT SeniSna sardalma. `maS,
rogorc vTqvi, SemaxseneT, roca saWiro iqneba. Tu baTumi
Cven gvergeba, es mueZini gansakuTrebul xelfass miiRebs,
amas sazeimod gpirdebiT”.
romanis
avtori
regionis
religiuri
portretis
dasuraTebisas Txzulebis Sesatyvis epizodebSi warmarTuli
da tradiciuli rwmena-warmodgenebis daxasiTebasac cdilobs. promeTes miTis adgilobriv variaciebze saubrisas
artur zutneri asaxelebs imereTSi mdebare mTas da mTis
sakmaod saintereso saxelwodebas xvamlis (/kvamlis) saxiT.
xvamli saqarTveloSi marTlac sayuradRebo terminia da igi
xSirad
sakulto-religiur
simboloebTan
konteqstSi
gamoiyeneba am sityvis sayuradRebo fonetikuri variantebi
salocavebisa da sakraluri ritualebis aRsaniSnavad umetesad zanuris, megrul da lazur gantotebebSi dasturdeba.
aWaraSi DdRemdea Semonaxuli saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli amiranis miTis saxeSecvlili fragmentebi, romelsac
mecnierTa umetesoba promeTes Sesaxeb arsebuli Tqmulebis
kavkasiur variaciad miiCnevs. ufro metic, bevri Tvlis, rom
kavkasiuri varianti Zvelia da amdenad pirveladi plastebis
matarebeli. aWaraSi am zogadqarTuli miTis variantebis
fragmentebi ukve SeniSnuli, Cawerili, nawili ki gamocemulia folkloristebisa da eTnografebis mier, xolo
nawili inaxeba niko berZeniSvilis institutis Sesabamis
folklorul da eTnografiul arqivebSi. artur zutneris
erT-erTi personaJis TqmiT mTebSi xalxuri Tqmulebaa
gavrcelebuli. am Tqmulebis mixedviT `erTi keTilSobili
kaci, romelic rogorc zRaprebSi amboben, didi xnis win am
mxareSi cxovrobda, dedamisis moTxovniT mTiani mxaris gzas
daadga, rom iqedan sacole Camoeyvana. male patarZalTan
erTad
dabrunda,
romlis
mayrionSi
erTi
mSvenieri
mandilosani iyo. `vin aris es qali?” hkiTxa dedam mkacrad
da ucxo mandilosans Tvali eWviT Seavlo. `Cemi rCeulis
megobari da mfarveli!” miugo vaJma. maSin moxuci mrisxane
xmiT Seepasuxa: `is ubedurebas mogitans Senc da Sen
saxlsac! ara, me amas ar davuSveb!” da iseTi saSineli wyevla
aRmoxda piridan, rom vaJis sacole da misi mxlebeli
adgilze gaaqvava. meore dRes im qalis qmari movida da
rodesac Seityo, rac mis cols damarTnia, Semzaravi Rriali
morTo, mTeli xeoba SesZra am xmam da mTebic mis moTqmas
bans aZlevdnen. soflis mcxovrebleblebma sxva rom
veraferi moifiqres, erT goliaTs dauZaxes saSvelad,
romelmac ubeduri kaci kldeze miajaWva. roca kacma ficiT
aRuTqva, rom moTqmas Seswyvetda, goliaTma borkilebi axsna
da gaTavisuflebuli erTi naxtomiT mTebs Tavze gadaevlo,
im Tovlian mwvervalze daeSva da mere ukvalod gaqra. im
kldes ki, romelzec iyo mijaWvuli, dResac atyvia misi
nafexuri, gadaxtomisas rom datova”. aq kargad Cans
mijaWvulisa da goliaTis sakraluri buneba, maTi RvTaebrivi iersaxe. mijaWvuli TiTqos amirans, xolo goliaTi,
romelic amiranze Zlieria, realurad uZlevel mama RmerTs,
gvian _ ieso qristes ganasaxierebs. aq amiranis tipaJi
pirdapir mxolod kldeze mis mijaWvaSi vlindeba. Demonologiur gadmocemebSic xSirad amdagvaradaa dabmuli
101
102
antiqriste _ eSmaki, kudianebis winamZRoli, romelsac aWaraSi lompaps (Sdr. saqarTvelos sxadasxva kuTxeSi rokaps,
tartarozs da sxva) uwodeben, Tumca aq SeiZleba ara
amiranis miTis calkeul monakveTTan fragmentul identobaze visaubroT, aramed imaze, rom vinc RmerTs upirispirdeba an ar emorCileba maT igi erTnairad sjis _
kldeze miajaWvavs an daabams da Sesabamis mcvelebsac miuCens, ris gamoc tyveobidan Tavis daxsna, miuxedavad
dasjilTa mcdelobebisa, RmerTis nebarTvis gareSe faqtiurad
SeuZlebelia.
asea
dasjili
amirani
(cecxlis
unebarTvod mopovebis mcdelobisaTvis,...), lompapi (ampartavnebisa da kacTmoZuleobisaTvis,...) da, Cvens konkretul
SemTxvevaSi,
lamazi
gaqvavebuli
qalis
Tanamecxedre
(gausaZlisi RrialiT mosaxleobis SewuxebisaTvis). Saqorwino-saritualo xasiaTis Tqmuleba, sadac qvakacebsa da
qvaqalebze arsebuli gadmocemebis fragmentebia CarTuli,
ise, rogorc amiranis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli miTis calkeuli
transformirebuli
monakveTi,
erTmaneTSi
areuli
da
gadaxlarTulia. sinamdvileSi zemoT moyvanil gadmocemaSi
ramdenime _ minimum ori damoukidebuli Sinaarsisa da
struqturis Tqmulebaa warmodgenili, romlebic aWaris
maRalmTianeTSi
dResac
dasturdeba,
Cveni
masalebiT,
TiToeuli avtonomiuri saxiT, erTis mxriv _ Tqmuleba
gaqvavebul
patarZalze
sxvadasxva
xeobaSi
sxvadasxva
damoukidebli variaciiT, meore mxriv _ amiranze. amitom,
artur zutneris mier TqmulebaTa gaerTianebuli variantis
dafiqsireba, vfiqrobT, uaRresad saintereso SenaZenia
qarTuli folkloristikisaTvis. artur zutneris TzulebaSi personaJebi agrZeleben Tqmulebaze sja-baas da
cdiloben igi istoriul rakursSi ganixilon. jambeki: _
`primitiuli zRaparia ara?” `misTvis, visac amis axsna
SeuZlia, ara”. `marTali brZandebiT, mec xSirad mifiqria,
raime istoriuli movlena xom ar udevs-meTqi am legendas
safuZvlad”... `da mixvediT raime daskvnamde”. `marTali
giTxraT, ara, radgan am istorias imdeni sxvadasxvagvari
axsna moeZebneba, rom Znelia imis gadawyveta, Tu romeli
SeiZleba iyos swori. yvelaze savaraudoa, yovelive amas
promeTes Tqmuleba edos safuZvlad da rom am mxareSic
Tqmulebis swored es versia gavrcelda. is mTa xom,
romelzec miTosis mixedviT adamianTa gonebis ganmanTavisuflebeli iyo mijaWvuli, aqedan arc ise Sorsaa”.
miTze msjelobis dasasruls Txzulebis personaJebi cxovrebiseuli
xasiaTis
filosofiur
daskvnebamde
midian:
`SesaZlebelia, am zRapriT Tavdapirvelad imaze surdaT
miniSneba, rom adamiani sul fxizlad unda iyos ucxo
elementebis SemoWris winaaRmdeg da rom umjobesia ar
dagvabrmavos silamazem da brwyinvalebam, raTa droulad
aviciloT Tavidan savalalo Sedegebi”.
artur zutneri socialur urTierTobaTa sferoSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs warsulis iseT anareklebze, rogoricaa:
qalis motaceba, „vendeta“,
ufro zustad, sisxlis aReba,
sxvadasxva motivaciebiT SurisZieba da sxva. nawarmoebSi igi
aRwers zeimis procesSi, saxalxod da Tanamoazreebis
daxmarebiT Tu rogor moitaca Wabukma misTvis sasurveli
gogona. erT-erTi personaJi iqve dasZens: gamtacebeli `erTerTi yvelaze Cauqi da Ronieri Wabukia mTis soflidan. ise,
marto ar iqneba, misi megobrebi albaT ukve kvals ubneven
mdevars, es maTi saqmea da vai mas, vinc aseT saqmeSi
ukiTxavad Caereva, mTeli gvaris SurisZieba daatydeba Tavs”.
jambeki rus generals ivan vasileviCs esaubreba da
udasturebs saqarTveloSi qalis motacebis tradiciis
arsebobas _ `Cemi coli qarTvelia, da saqarTveloSi
motaceba dResac Cveulebrivi ambavia”. elizbas meuRle
gardaecvala,
man
Suri
unda
iZios.
usamSoblod,
martodmarto darCenili am qveynad _ raRas unda moelodes
cxovrebisagan? ase fiqroben Txzulebis personaJebi: `da
mainc unda ecocxla da unda ecocxla. Tavisi wminda fici
unda aResrulebina. zurgSi ki ar unda Caeca maxvili im
saZulveli kacisaTvis, romelic misi mosisxle mteri, misi
damaqceveli iyo, ara, pirispir unda Sebmoda, raTa masac
SesZleboda winaaRmdegobis gaweva...”. romanSi saubaria
moRalatis saxalxo gasamarTlebazec, romelic erTgvarad
linCis wessac gvagonebs, daficebis tradiciebze da imaze
Tu, rogor isjeboda adre yalbi ficis damdebi adamiani.
romanSi Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs sazeimo Sekrebebze
xalxuri sportis aRwerilobebi, sadac artur zutneris mier
xazi gasmulia, erTis mxriv, Widaobaze, xolo, meores mxriv,
SurduliT qvis tyorcnaze. Surdulis damzadeba da gamo-
103
104
yeneba didxans SemorCa qarTveli xalxis erovnul kulturas,
gansakuTrebiT tradiciuli kulturis mdgradobiT gamorCeuli mTisa da ganapira mxareebis mkvidrT, maT Soris
lazebs. SurduliT tyorcna droTa ganmavlobaSi sportis
erT-erTi saxeobad Camoyalibda, magram adre Surduli
upiratesad
samxedro
da
samonadireo
TvalsazrisiT
gamoiyeneboda da Zveli adamianis samxedro xelovnebasa da
tradiciul meurneobaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda.
artur zutneris nawarmoebSi did yuradReba eTmoba
sameurneo yofasa da regionis savaWro-ekonomikur mdgomareobas. samiwaTmoqmedo yofis gverdiT mas yuradRebis miRma
ar darCenia aWaris mTianeTSi mesaqonleobis iseTi formis
arseboba, romelic sezonur momTabareobaze _ meurneobis
sagazafxulo-saSemodgomo samoialaRo ciklze iyo dafuZnebuli. igi moixseniebs saijaro miwismflobelobasac anu
sxvisi miwebis gansazRvruli sazRauriT droebiT sargeblobasac, rac im TvalsazrisiTacaa saintereso, rom kidev
erTxel gvidasturebs XIX saukunis meore naxevris aWaris
mTianeTSi kerZo sakuTrebis nairsaxeobis saTemo sakuTrebasTan Tanaarsebobas. sakuTrebis sxvadasxva formebis
Tanaarseboba TavisTavad gulisxmobs sakuTrebis obieqtebze
sazRvrebis dadgenas da mijnebis gansazRvris saSualebaTa
arsebobas. avtori moixseniebs iseT tradiciul xerxebs,
rogoricaa sakuTrebis sazRvrispira adgilebSi samanis Casma,
gasamijnad naxSiris gamoyeneba.
artur zutners uyuradRebod arc materialuri kultura
rCeba.
warCinebuli
wris
warmomadgenlis
sacxovreblebisaTvis
damaxasiTebel
elementad
igi,
magaliTad,
monumentur buxrebs asaxelebs da miaCnia, rom am tipis
buxrebi `aqauri qvismTlelebis ostatobasa da mxatvrul
gemovnebaze metyvelebda”.
artur zutneri marTalia mxatvrulad, magram sakmaod
mimzidvelad da mecnierebisaTvis Rirebulad, istorikosisa
da eTnologis ostatobiT aRwers socialurad dawinaurebuli fenisaTvis niSandoblivi sacxovreblis Sida
ganlagebasa da saojaxo-sayofacxovrebo inventars. Prozaikosis dakvirvebiT, `gaSlili misaRebi darbazis oTxive
kedels surnelovani kedris xis Taro gasdevda, filigranuli xelovnebis namdvili nimuSi, romelzec vercxlis
nair-nairi WurWeli iwonebda Tavs: Tungebi, sasmisebi; isini
imdroindeli iyo, roca jambekis mama-papa jer kidev qarTvel
xalxs ekuTvnoda da kavkasiis dedaqalaqTan cxoveli
urTierToba
hqondaT.
sxvadasxvanairi
moxerxebuli
dasajdomebi, romlebzec daRestnuri mZime noxebi iyo
gadafarebuli, kedlebTan Carigebuli fumfula baliSebi
stumrebs mosasveneblad iwvevdnen da eqvskuTxa, sadafiT
moWikWikebuli taburetebi ise iyo ganlagebuli, rom finjan
yavas an sigarets gauwvdidiT xels”.
artur zutners arc erovnuli tansacmlis, ZiriTadad,
mamakacis samosis aRweriloba darCenia uyuradRebod, Tumca
iqve, mokled, qalis Cacmulobazec amaxvilebs yuradRebas da
aRniSnavs, rom qalebsa da gogonebs Tavze Cadri axuravTo.
igi Cadris mxolod simbolur gamoyenebaze miuTiTebs, sadac
naTlad Cans, rom Cadri aqaurTa tradiciuli kulturis
Semadgeneli nawili ar iyo. amis sailustraciod sakmarisia
misi romanidan mokle amonaridi moviyvanoT: adgilobrivi
qalebi `Cadrebs didad ar dagidevdnen, miTumetes, rom
Serif-faSas stumari qalebi sruli Tavisuflebis magaliTs
iZleodnen”. artur zutnerma SesaniSnavad icoda istoriuli
xasiaTis romanSi personaJebis daxasiaTebisa da tipaJis
gacocxlebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes emociur fons swored
nacionaluri garemos met-naklebad miaxloebuli dasuraTeba,
rom qmnis. amgvar eTnokulturul garemoSi tradiciul
Cacmulobas gamorCeuli adgili ukavia. romanis avtoris
daxasiaTebiT `aWarlebisa da gurulebis erovnuli samosi
kavkasiaSi yvelaze moxdenilia: mokle, momdgari, mkerdze
gadaxsnili zedatani, romelSic Ria feris moJiletomoperango xifTani gamosCans. Sarvali TeZoebze ganieria,
barZayebsa da wvivebze ki mWidrod SemokvarTuli, welze
Semokruli kuSagiT _ ganieri, zoliani abreSumis SarfiT;
fexze Txeli, Wvintiani qalamnebi acviaT, romlebic xSirad
rbili tyavis gamaSebiT grZeldeba. rogorc yvela kavkasiels
aWarelsac wesad aqvs iaraRis tareba: sartyelSi garWobili
xanjali da xSirad ori dambaCa, uxvad movercxlili,
romlebic Cveulebriv ukan xerxemliskenaa gaweuli, mkerdis
orive mxares ki or rigad Cawyobili, erTmaneTze filigranuli ZewkviT gadabmuli vercxlis qiliSebi umSveneben.
rogorc wesi, tyavis Tasmaze mimagrebuli aqvT patara jibe,
105
106
romelSic moTavsebulia foladi, kvesi da patara kolofi
qoniT, tyviebis gasapoxad, qamarSi ki liTonis an tyavis
brtyeli maTaraa Semaluli.
sayoveldReo tanisamosi
nacrisferi an yavisferia”... zeimze `cocxali tonebi Warbobda, gansakuTrebiT gecemodaT TvalSi lurji feris
sxvadasxvanairi niuansebi. yabalaxebi, romlebic umetesad
Calmiseburad hqondaT Tavze Semoxveuli. marTlac aq
warmodgenilia Cacmulobis yvela elementis daxasiaTeba
dawyebuli tanisamosiT, TavsaburaviTa da fexsacmliT
damTavrebuli Tanmxlebi atributikiT da yvelaferi es
SesaSuri skrupulozurobiTaa gadmocemuli da daxasiaTebuli.
artur zutneri literaturuli unaris garda kvalificiuri eTnografisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebsac avlens.
man SesaniSnavad icoda is didi roli, romelsac mdinare
Woroxi asrulebda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sameurneoekonomikur cxovrebaSi. mas mxedvelobidan ar gamorCena
Woroxis, rogorc satransporto-satranzito magistralis
mniSvneloba. swored amitom igi gansakuTrebulad aRwers
Woroxze naosnobis detalebs. TzulebaSi saubaria oCxomeliTa da karWapebiT mdinaris dinebis sawinaaRmdegod
curvaze, mcuravi saSualebebis atributikaze _ ialqnebze.
artur zutnerma yuradReba miaqcia tradiciul kulturaSi im novaciebsa da inovaciebs, romelic imdroindeli
baTumisa da misi Semogarenis socialurad dawinaurebul
fenebSi axlad SemoWril evropul civilizacias mohqonda. es
kargadaa asaxuli Tzulebis personaJTa polemikaSi, rac
sakmaod mZafri siuJetebis fonze viTardeba. magaliTad
nawarmoebis erTi personaJis _ Tamaris TqmiT, aq bevrni
`Zvel dros mistiris, roca yvelaferi mkacrad iyo
mowesrigebuli da gabatonebuli zne-Cveulebebis yovelgvari
darRveva did codvad iTvleboda. gamogitydebiT, me ar
menaneba egreT wodebuli kargi droebis gaqroba, radgan
nacvlad
dRevandeli
siamovnebisa,
saeWvo
bedniereba
meqneboda, cixe-koSkSi Caketili vmjdariyavi da mowyenilobisagan sasowarkveTils alva an, romelime sxva sasmeli
mewrupa”... Semdeg saubarSi jambeki erTveba: `evropuli zneCveulebebis keTili zemoqmedeba mec sakmaod ganmicdia, rom
Cveni cxovrebis mkacri wesebis aRorZineba ar visurvo” da
sxva, Tumca romanis sxva personaJi _ murza-xani, romelic
nawarmoebSi ruseTis kavkasiaSi arsebuli politikis oponentad warmogvidgeba, evropuli kulturisadmi sul sxvagvar
mrwams
avlens:
`meocnebe!
ras
gulisxmob
evropul
kulturaSi? imas xom ara, rom begariT unda gawyviton welSi
xalxi da Tavisufleba ufro SeuzRudon?”... TxzulebaSi
kargad Cans ruseT-osmaleTis omamde aWaris mosaxleobaSi
arsebul politikur azrTa sxadasxvaobis motivaciebi.
nawili osmalur orientacias ebRauWeboda da amiT ara
mxolod sarwmuneobriv kredos, aramed dagrovil simdidresac icavda, xolo umravlesoba _ Tundac igive
sarwmunoebaSecvlili nawili, ruseTis saomar moqmedebebs
amarTlebda da amiT cdilobda saqarTvelosaTvis omiT
waglejili istoriuli teritoriebi daebrunebina. MagaliTad,
igive
murza-xani
gacxarebuli
warmoTqvams:
`meocnebeebs, romlebsac mezobeli saxelmwifosken uWiravT
Tvali, mxolod yurmokrulad Tu gaugoniaT rame mis
Sesaxeb”.
albaT
iSviaTad
moiZebneba
prozaikosi,
romelic
mxatvrul TxzulebaSi ase farTod iyenebdes eTnografiul,
folklorul da dialeqtologiur masalebs. SesaZlebelia
es imis gamocaa, rom samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos es
kuTxe marTlac saocrad mdidaria yofiTi RirebulebebiTa
da kulturuli faseulobebiT, rasac gverdi ver auara
artur zutnermac. yvela SemTxvevaSi dasaxelebuli faqti
upirvelesad
mis
erudiciasa
da
ganaTlebis
farTo
diapazonze metyvelebs. Cans, rom man safuZvlianad Seiswavla
adgilobrivi
mosaxlebis
yofa-cxovreba,
politikuri
orientaciebi, eTnikuri da religiuri cnobiereba, sulieri
samyaro da gansazRvruli Sinaarsoblivi qargis pirobebSi,
Seudga sityvakazmulad mxatvruli nawarmoebis _ romanis
Seqmnas. esaa didi mwerlisaTvis niSandoblivi pasuxismgeblobis dadastureba. amitomaa rom artur zutneris
romani saukuneze met xnis Semdegac sasiamovnod ikiTxeba da
misadmi interesi iarsebebs manam, sanam xelovnebis SegrZebis
unari da misiT tkboba kacobriobis mTavari prioriteti
iqneba. artur zutneris romani sainteresoa ara mxolod,
Cveulebrivi mkTxvelisaTvis _ literaturis moyvarul-
107
108
TaTvis, aramed qarTvelologebis eTnografebis, folkloristebis, aRmosavleTmcodneebisa da politologebisTvisac.
qeTevan iakobaZe, Tamaz futkaraZe
Sardenis cnobebi aWaris Sesaxeb
Nugzar Mgeladze, Temur Tunadze
ARTNUR FON ZUTNER'S NOVEL "AJARIANS" AND THE PROBLEMS
OF HISTORY AND ETHNOLOGY OF SOUTH-WESTERN GEORGIA IN
THE SECOND HALF OF THE XXTH CENTURY.
SUMMARY
The work deals with the Arthur fon Zutner's novel "Ajarians" which was
published in 1883 in German language and in 2007 was translated into
Georgian.
Ethnographic, folklore and dialectological materials are widely used in the
work. It might have happened because this part of south-western Georgia is rich
with daily and cultural values which could not be ignored by Arthur Zutner.
From the novel it is clearly seen that the author studied the life, political
orientation, ethnic and religious consciousness, inner world of the local people
and then, in the conditions of specific contents frame started to create the fiction.
The novel of Arthur Zutner is interesting not only for ordinary readers but for
the scholars of Georgia, ethnographers, researchers of oriental studies, folklore
and politicians.
109
gamoCenili frangi mogzauris Sardenis `mogzauroba
saqarTveloSi~ erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa saqarTvelos
XVII saukunis istoriiT dainteresebuli mkvlevarebisa da
mkiTxvelTa farTo masebisaTvis. igi upirveles yovlisa
yuradRebas iqcevs Tavisi sisruliT. mkiTxvels saSualeba
eZleva iqonios srulyofili warmodgena mogzauris nanaxisa
da gagonilis Sesaxeb. gansxvavebiT Sua saukuneebis mogzaurTa (marko polo, kontarini, pietro delavale) mwiri monacemebisagan. Sardeni arqanjelo lambertis msgavsad iZleva
mravalmxriv saintereso cnobebs samegrelos, imereTis,
qarTlis da aWaris Sesaxebac, Tumca aRmosavleTis qveynebis
kulturisa da warsulis ucodinarobam, evropelebis mier
maTTvis ucnobi erebis Sesaxeb winaswar SemuSavebulma
Sexedulebebma ganapirobes mTeli rigi Secdomebi, rac saerTod iyo damaxasiaTebeli evropel mogzaurTa SromebisaTvis.
amave mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli Sardenis Secdomebi, zogjer araswori da tendenciuri monacemebi.
Sardeni saqarTveloSi
Camodis 1672 wlis Semodgomaze.
zRvis gavliT igi miadga samegrelos. `mogzaurobaSi~
aRwerilia samegrelos tragikuli istoria, ramac ganapiroba, is rom ucxoelebisadmi ver gamoiCines gadaWarbebuli yuradReba, misdami zogjer utifari mopyrobis
gamo
adgilobrivebs
igi
velurebs
uwodebs,
Tumca
awiokebuli kuTxis mkvidrT arc moeTxovebodaT metismeti
Tavazianoba.
Sardeni aRwers qarTls, sadac am dros mefobs vaxtang V
(1658-1675 ww.), qarTli am dros sparseTis politikuri
gavlenis qveS imyofeba. mogzaurobaSi saubaria qveyanaSi
arsebuli politikuri situaciisa da SinaaSlilobis Sesaxeb,
rac saboloo jamSi asustebda qveynis Semdgom ganviTarebas.
cxadia, Sardenis droindeli saqarTvelo ver dauxvdeboda
evropel mogzaurs im TavazianobiT, romelic parizelis
moTxovnebs
daakmayofilebda.
rTuli
politikuri
da
ekonomikuri situaciis gamo mosalodneli iyo
zogierTi
110
gaugebroba da usiamovnebebi. amas emTxveoda kavkasielebze,
rogorc velurebze winaswar SemuSavebuli azri, ris gamoc
mas eqmneboda yalbi warmodgenebi
mkvidri mosaxleobis
kulturuli donisa da
zne-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb. amasTan,
misi Tanmxlebi kaTolike misionerebi (zampis gamoklebiT)
naklebad ganaTlebulni iyvnen da mogzaurs araswor cnobebs
awvdidnen.
Sardeni aRfrTovanebulia mefis sasaxleSi arsebuli
iSviaTi wesrigiT, xazs usvams qarTvelebis sameurneo
kulturis ZiriTad sakiTxebs, qarTveli kacis xasiaTs,
qarTveli qalis iSviaT silamazes: `qarTvelebis tomi
umSvenieresia aRmosavleTSi da SeiZleba iTqvas mTels
qveyanazec, iq ar minaxavs arc erTi cudi saxis qali an kaci,
angelozebiviT lamazebic bevri Semxvda. qalebis umetesi
nawili bunebas iseTi sikekluciT dausaCuqrebia, rom sxva
aseTs versad SevxvdebiT. SeuZlebelia Tvali mohkraT aqaur
qals da ar SegiyvardeT, ar SeiZleba daxatoT qarTveli
qalis saxesa da tanadobaze umSvenieresi saxe da tanadoba:
mSvenierni, Tvaltanadni, werwetni da keklucni. iSviaTad
naxavT, rom qali uSnod iyos gasuqebuli. mxolod is
auSnoebs
qarTvel
qalebs,
rom
ferumarils
icxeben,
umSvenieresebi sxvebze ufro metad icxeben umarilsa, ase
hgoniaT ferumarili samkaulia da ise xmaroben rogorc
magaliTad CvenSi Tval-margalits da karg tanisamossa~.
rogorc vxedavT mogzauri aRfrTovanebulia qarTveli
qalis silamaziT, Tumca maT bevr uaryofiT Tvisebasac
miawers.
mogzauri
cnobas
gvawvdis
qarTvelTa
Rvinis
moyvarulobaze da qarTuli Rvinis xarixze: `ar moipoveba
sadme iseTi qveyana, sadac imdens da iseT karg Rvinos
svavdnen,
rogorc
saqarTveloSio`
avtori
garkveviT
saubrobs
aseve
qarTvelTa
niWierebaze,
Tumca
misi
Sexeduleba aqaur mosaxleobaze ucvleli rCeba, misi TqmiT
qarTvelebi `cudad izrdebian, amasTanave cud magaliTebsac
xedaven. amis gamo mTlad ucodinarni da biwierni arian.
qarTvelebSi bevria mzakvari, veragi, daundobeli, cbieri,
briyvi, ampartavani. qarTvelebma saocrad
urcxvad ician
uaryofa imisi, rac uTqvamT da moumoqmedebiaT. tyuili
marTlad gamohyavT. rac ergebaT SromisaTvis, imas ar
sjerdebian da metis Txovna uyvarT, Zlier ician javris
Catana da Tavis dReSi ar apatieben kacs danaSauls.
qarTvelebi Zalian angariani da vercxlis moyvarulni
arian... qalebic iseTive biwierebi da avni arian, rogorc
mamakacebi, qalebs Zalian uyvarT arSiyoba da mamakacebs am
uzneobaSi
didi
monawileoba
miuZRviT~
misi
azriT
qarTvelebs zne Cveuleba misi mezobeli qveynebisagan
SeuTvisebiaT.
Sardeni iZleva Zunw, magram saintereso cnobebs aWaris
Sesaxebac. upiratesad igi gonioSi, mebaJeebTan urTierTobis
fonze warmoaCens Tavis STabeWdilebebs.
Sardenis mixedviT igi gonios napirebs miadga `30-s, Sua
dRis ukan~ (oqtomberi) friad kmayofili imiT rom
`osmaleTis samflobeloSi movidnen wyeuli samegrelodan~,
man mebaJeebs Tavi vaWrad gaacno, TiTqosda misi mizani iyo
samegreloSi frinvelebis Sesyidva evropaSi wasayvanad.
mogzaurobaSi saubaria mebaJeebTan urTierTobis detalebsa
da im gadasaxadebze, romelic daakisres sabaJoze gasvlisas,
misi TqmiT mebaJe mogzaurs masTan patiJebda, magram imis
SiSiT, rom vaiTu ar gamZarcvoso uariT gaistumra,
mogvianebiT mogzaurisaTvis mouTxoviaT 200 dukati, Tan
uTqvamT `sxvaTa Soris, qristianebis qoneba, simarTle rom
vilaparakoT osmalebs ekuTvniso~. movitanT amonarids misi
naambobidan: ~miTxra amoiRe oqro romelic CanTaSi gaqvso. me
ar vqeni Seni araferi mmarTebs, ar SemiZlia winaaRmdegoba
gagiwio, Tu Zaladobas daiwyeb, SegiZlia waiRo yvelaferi,
rac gsurs, magram kargaT vici gzebi rogor unda davibruno
yovelive, rac ZaladobiT waerTmeva. am avazakma moatanina
borkilebi da rkinis sayelo. aman cota SemaSina. mqonda
saqme jaris xalxTan, romlebsac oqrom da Rvinom Tvalebi
auxvia da iseT yofaSi iyvnen, rom yvelafers izamdnen. erTi
maTgani momiaxlovda da miTxra: niors, ramdenad ufro mets
danayav,
imdenad ufro metad ayroldeba –e.i. ramdensac
ufro daagvianeb, imdenad ufro gaZneldeba saqmeo~. mogzauri
iZulebuli gaxda gadaexada usamarTlo gadasaxadi, magram
amasTan iZulebuli gaxda daefica, rom mica Tavisi nebiT da
amis Sesaxeb aravis etyoda.
111
112
tendenciurobisa
da
zogierTi
sxva
naklovanebis
miuxedavad Sardenis `mogzauroba saqarTveloSi~ uaRresad
sayuradRebo naSromia, romelSic warmodgenlia umniSvnelovanesi cnobebi XVII s-is saqarTvelos social-ekonomikuri da
kulturul-politikuri viTarebis Sesaxeb.
113
naTia beriZe, maka beJaniZe,
qeTevan futkaraZe
Jan muries cnobebi aWaris Sesaxeb
frangi orientalisti Jan murie me-19 saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi imyofeboda saqarTveloSi; man saqarTvelos TiTqmis
yvela kuTxe Semoiara da aRwera. am mogzaurobis dros
Sekrebili cnobebi da dakvirvebebi daedo safuZvlad mis
naSromebs _ “SoTa rusTaveli”, “vladikavkazidan Tbilisamde”, “Tbilisis muzeumi”, “kavkasiis arqeologia”; maT
Soris gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa naSromi “baTumi da
Woroxis auzi”, romelic 1886 wels daibeWda frangul enaze
parizSi “geografiul momoxilvebSi”, xolo momdevno wels
calke wignadac gamoica.
wigni yuradRebas ipyrobs imiT, rom avtori masSi
moTxrobili
ambebis
erTi
nawilis
momswre
da
TviTmxilvelia da amasTanave wignSi aRwerili Woroxis
auzis didi nawili amJamad Cvens sazRvrebSi ukve aRaraa.
murie dawvrilebiT cnobebs gvawvdis Woroxis auzis
istoriis,
baTumis
olqis
warsulis,
baTumis
olqis
mosaxleobis rasis, enis, erovnebis Sesaxeb.
“Woroxis xeobis qarTvelebi _ aRniSnavs murie, lazebTan
erTad am mxaris yvelaze Zveli mkvidrni arian. lazika
iveriasTan (qarTli) da albaneTTan (kaxeTis nawili) erTad
warmoadgenda provincias, romelic droebiT xarks uxdida
sparseTis mefeebs.”
dasavleTiT lazebma daikaves teritoria trapizonamde.
omebiT gamowveuli bedis cvalebadobis gamo es mosazRvre
qveyana xSirad gadadioda somxeTis mefeebis xelSi, magram
maT ver moaxerxes mamac qarTvelebze gabatoneba, romelnic
bolos
da
bolos
TavianTi
meTaurebis
daxmarebiT
brundebodnen
saerTo
samSobloSi.
Woroxis
da
mis
mravalricxovani Senakadebis midaoebSi mTebma, mdinareebma
da saerTod mTlianad am kuTxem miiRo saxelwodebebi,
romlebmac mas Semdeg mcire cvlilebebi ganicades da rac
maT qarTul warmoSobas mowmobs” (murie, 12).
murie islamis gavlenazec saubrobs da aRniSnavs, rom
“amaod cdilobda islami eqvsi saukunis ganmavlobaSi
114
cecxliTa da maxviliT erovnuli (qarTuli) cxovrebis
yovelgvari naSTis mospobas”. Tumca eqvsi saukuniT islamuri
reaqciis TareSis gansazRvrisas aWarbebs.
baTumis olqis mosaxleobis rasis, enisa da erovnebis
Sesaxeb ki, murie aRniSnavs: “baTumis olqis mkvidri
mosaxleoba ekuTvnis qarul rasas, sufTa qarTvelebs,
makrialisa da Cxalis xeobis garda yvelgan qarTulad
laparakoben. makrialis xeobis mosaxleobis ena Turqulis
da lazuris narevia, xolo Cxalis xeobaSi qarTulisa da
lazuris. lazebi qarTul rasas ekuTvnian, magram isini
laparakoben megrulTan daaxloebul enaze” (murie, 12).
muries kargad aqvs daxasiaTebuli baTumis olqis
mdinareTa sistema, dawvrilebiT ganixilavs Woroxs, rogorc
sanaosno mdinares. ganixilavs gzebs da aRniSnavs: “baTumis
olqSi gzebi jer kidev ar aris. aris mxolod sasapalne
saqonlisaTvis gatkepnili bilikebi. mTeli es mxare kopwia
gorakebis, mTebis, mindvrebisa da xevebis grovaa da
danarCen
samyarodan
mowyvetil
kuTxes
qmnis.
gare
samyarosTan urTierTobis, erTaderTi magram Zneli gza
Woroxze sanaosno gzaa, 80 versis manZilze baTumidan
arTvinamde. qalaqi baTumi Savi zRviT saimedod ukavSirdeba
evropas, xolo Tbilisamde da baqomde gayvanili rkinigziT
kavkasias da kaspiis zRvas. magram kargi da mravalricxovani
gzebis gayvanamde baTums ar eqneba Zalian didi savaWro
mniSvneloba" (murie, 25-26).
murie vaWrobasTan dakavSirebiTac gvawvdis cnobebs da
aRniSnavs, rom “TurqeTis mflobelobis dros baTumi gare
samyarosTan mowyvetis gamo SezRudul vaWrobas eweoda,
savaWro saqoneli SemohqondaT lazeTisaTvis, qobuleTisaTvis, aWarisaTvis _ inglisidan, Sveicariidan, (bambis
qsovili), damaskodan (abreSumis qsovili). Salis qsovilebi –
yirimidan da saqarTvelodan. rac Seexeba eqsports qveynis
moTxovnilebas akmayofilebda 30 000 qila simindi, 18 000 oya
brinji, Tafli, TeTri Tevzi, 5-6 tvirTi saSeni da saTbobi
xe-tye” (murie, 28).
savaWro TvalsazrisiT
saintereso
cnobas
gvawvdis
qobuleTze. es ukanaskneli im dros “patara savaWro centri”
yofila “oTxmoci duqniT, sadac gacxovelebuli vaWroba
warmoebda”
sainteresoa baTumis istoriis murieseuli dawyeba
Zv.w.IV saukunidan. “baTumi cnobili iyo 400 wlis winaT Cvens
eramde” (murie, 31). ras eyrdnoba avtori ar viciT, Tumca
arqeologiuri masala, romelic baTumis midamoebSi iqna
napovni (Savlakiani keramika, amforebis Zirebi da sxva) am
mosazrebas ueWvels xdis.
avtors vrclad aqvs daxasiaTebuli aWaris warsuli,
fizikur-geografiuli
Taviseburebani,
hava,
meurneoba,
eTnografiuli yofa, zneoba, adaTi, wes-Cveulebani da sxva.
“aWarlebis yvela istoriuli Tqmuleba, wers murie, Tamar
mefis cnobil saxes ukavSirdeba. am gadmocemis mixedviT iyo
dro, maTi qveyana qristianobas aRiarebda da mTebis gadaRma
deda-saqarTveloSi maTi naTesavebi, ufro sworad maTi
qarTleli winaprebi cxovrobdnen. am gadmocemebSi igrZnoba
eris Zlierebis dakargviT gamowveuli sinanuli da momavlis
bundovani imedi. (murie, 25-26).
Jan murie axasiaTebs am kuTxis mcxovrebTa garegnobas:
“aWareli Sua tanisaa, mxarbeWiani da kunTmagari, saxiT
pirxmeli da fermkrTalia. kexiani cxviri aqvs, Txeli tuCebi,
xSiri Savi wveri, CamoSvebuli grZeli ulvaSebi. gamoxedva
amayi aqvs, moZraobaSi cqviti, dadis Tamamad da vaJkacurad.
cudi cxenosania, cxeni ufro tvirTis sazidad yavs.
yovelTvis mzadaa TavdasxmisaTvis da TavdacvisaTvis,
eWviania da ar endooba arc ucxos, arc Tavisians. yovelTvis
SeiaraRebulia da umcires Seuracyofasac ar tovebs
upasuxod,
SurismaZiebelia.
sisxlis
samarTlis
statistika baTumSi savsea SurisZiebis niadagze momxdari
mkvlelobebiT. SurisZieba am mxareSi Semonaxulia, rogorc
bunebrivi samarTali” (murie, 34,35).
aqve murie dasZens rom “aWareli garegnobiT, mixvramoxvriT, xasiaTiT Zalian hgavs guruls, masaviT aris
Cacmulic. Tavze axuravs yavisferi yabalaxi, zogjer wiTeli
sarCuliT, tanze acvia yavisferi an nacrisferi maudis
qulaja, romlis qveS Ria feris axaluxi moCans. imave
qsovilis Sarvali wvivebTan da koWebTan viwrovdeba da
ramdenime arSinis wvrili Tokisagan dawnuli RvediT
ikvreba, romelsac qubad wodebuli Ria feris qamari faravs.
fexze Salis windebs da tyavis wuRa-mestebs icvams. qamarze
Camokidebuli aqvs qonwasmuli liTonis patara kolofi da
115
116
maTara. xelSi saxmarad xanjali, dana, da dambaCa aqvs
zurgze gardigardmo SaSxana hkidia” (murie, 34.35).
osmalTa aseuli wlebiT batonobam, udaoa garkveuli
kvali daaatyo am kuTxis mkvidrTa cxovrebas, zogi ucxo ram
SeiWra ZvelqarTul eTnografiul yofaSi, zneSi wesCveulebaSi.
qalis Cacmulobasa
da
aqauri
qorwilis
daxasiaTebisas murie miuTiTebs, rom: “qalebis tanisamosi
cotaTi gansxvavdeba Turqi qalebis tanisamosisagan. gareT
saxes Txeli leCaqis pirbadiT ifaraven. qorwils Turqul
yaidaze ixdian, oRond zog qarTul wessac umateben. qmris
ojaxSi patarZlis wayvanis dros naTesavebi simReriT, cekviT
da Tofis sroliT miacileben, siZis naTesavebi gamodian maT
Sesaxvedrad da imarTeba lxini. simRera da cekva iseTivea,
rogorc guruli da megruli. musikalur instrumentebs qvia
Conguri, gitara, stviri da sxva. micvalebulis glovis wesi
qarTulia.
xalxSi iSviaTad yavs vinmes erT colze meti, Tumca
yurani iZleva poligamiis nebas, begebi ki sargebloben am
uflebiT. mziTvad iseve rogorc yvelgan saqarTveloSi,
aZleven moZrav qonebas _ logins, sxvadasxva qsovilebis
zewrebs, matylis leibebs, muTaqebs da sxva” (murie, 34.35).
murie aseve xazs usvams qarTuli stumarTmoyvareobis
tradicias da dasZens, rom “saukeTeso logins stumrisaTvis
inaxaven. baTumis mazris mosaxleoba namdvil qarTvelurad
misdevs stumarTmoyvareobas.”
amrigad, muries cnobebSi Cans, rom is ara marto kargad
icnobs am mxares sxvadasxva samecniero literaturiT,
amasTanave aris gonebamaxvili da kargi damkvirvebelic, rac
mTlianobaSi mis cnobebs uamrav Rirsebas
sZens, unda
aRiniSnos isic, rom mis cnobebSi zogjer mcire uzustobanic SeiniSneba, Tumca mTlianobaSi avtori saintereso
da dasayrden cnobebs iZleva am mxariT dainteresebu;li
mkiTxvelisa da mkvlevarisaTvis.
literatura:
1.
J. murie “baTumi da Woroxis auzi” baT. 1962.
117
marina Salikava
ucxoeli mogzaurebi aWaruli
Cacmulobis Sesaxeb
tansacmeli _ adamianis pasportia, romelic asaxavs
tomobriv kuTvnilebas, wodebas, sqess da a.S. _ aRniSnavda
Tavis droze n. gagen-Torni (gagen-Torni n, 1933: 122)
tansacmlis TaviseburebaTa Seswavlas SeuZlia Suqi
mohfinos qarTveli xalxis sazogadoebrivi yofis metad
mniSvnelovan mxareebs. saerTod, tansacmelSi yovelTvis
aisaxeba ama Tu im kuTxis istoriuli bedis Tavisebureba,
rac gansakuTrebiT naTlad warmoCnda aWaruli samosis
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis garkveul etapebze.
aWarul xalxur Cacmulobaze qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier
bevri iTqva da daiwera. aseve igi monografiulad Seiswavla
izolda
samsoniam.
Tumca
AaWaruli
samosis
Sesaxeb
informaciul wyaros aSkarad amdidrebs ucxoel mogzaurTa
Canawerebi.
rogorc cnobilia, XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi gaCaRebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca osmalTagan mitacebul `samuslimano saqarTvelos~ mecnierul
Seswavlas. amas ramdenime faqtori ganapirpbebda, jer erTi,
am mxaris Sesaxeb mecnierbam Zalian cota ram icoda da
meorec, mzaddeboda ruseT-TurqeTis omi da qarTuli
inteligencia samxreT saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulis
warmoCeniT cdilobda carizmis dainteresebas. am mxaris
SemoerTebiT swored am mizniT imogzaures omis wina wlebSi
mecnierebisa da kulturis gamoCenilma moRvaweebma. am
mogzaurobaTa Sedegad Seiqmna metad Rirebuli naSromebi,
romlebic mraval saintereso istoriul movlenaTa aRweris
garda, mdidar eTnologiur masalas Seicavda.
maT Soris
aWaruli samosis aRwerilobasac vxvdebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom XIXs. 80-ian wlebSi carizmi interesdeba
mxaris sameurneo da kulturuli cxovrebiT _ rasac, ra
Tqma
unda
garkveulwilad
strategiuli
interesi
118
asazrdoebda. carizmis moxeleTa mier Seqmnili statistikuri xasiaTis mqone Canawerebi mraval mniSvnelovan
mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone informacias Seicavs. am mxriv
sayuradReboa samxedro korespondentis a. frenkelis naSromi ,,narkvevi Curuqsusa da baTumis Sesaxeb” sadac garda
mravali
sayuradRebo
cnobisa
vxvdebiT
dawvrilobiT
aRwerilobas aWaruli samosis Sesaxeb.
frenkeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom aqauri qarTvelebi
nacionaluri (da ara Turquli) tansacmliT imosebian. misi
TqmiT maT SenarCunebuli aqvT TavianTi Zveli Cacmuloba,
romelic Zalian hgavs guruls.
`mamakacebs acviaT qurTuki, romelsac aq `Coxas~ eZaxian.
Coxis SigniT atareben mkveTri feris perangs, romelsac
`elegs~ uwodeben. Sarvalis zeda nawili naoWebadaa
asxmuli. erTi SexedviT igi mouxerxebel samosad gveCveneba,
Tumca aqauri glexi masSi Tavs Zalian moxerxebulad
grZnobs.
Coxa da Sarvali mzaddeba Salis uxeSi naWrisagan,
romelic araa SeRebili da iseTive ferisaa, rogoric jer
kidev cxvars amSvenebda.
fexsamosi
Sedgeba
feradi
Zafebisagan
moqsovili
windebisa da tyavis waRebisagan.
mamakacis Cacmulobas avsebs mravalgvari atributi, maT
Soris aRsaniSnavia iaraRi, romlis gareSec isini erT
nabijsac ar gadadgamen.
aqaurebi ZiriTadad tyavis qamrebs atareben, Tumca
dResaswaulebisa da gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis dros
moixmaren abreSumis
mkveTri feris qamars, romelzedac
damagrebuli
aqvT
patara
qisa
wvrilmanebisTvis
da
tyavisagan
damzadebuli
wylis
WurWeli.
iaraRTagan
aRsaniSnavia: Tofi, xanjali, pistoleti _ `karabini~ da dana.
am aRWurvilobas Tan erTvis welzeve mimagrebuli tyviis da
qonis Sesanaxi patara yuTebi.
qalis samosi Sedgeba perangisagan, Sarvlisagan, romelic
Zalian waagavs mamakacis Sarvals. Sarvali welze magrdeba
grZeli TasmebiT, romelsac
`xvanjars~ eZaxian. am
Cacmulobis yvelaze lamazi nawilia zemodan Casacmeli
feradi kaba.
qalebs Tavze fesi axuravT, romlidanac mosCans grZeli
nawnavebi. es nawnavebi warmoadgens qalis Cacmulobis
erTgvar gagrZelebas da mis aucilebel Semadgenel nawils.
Tavis Semkulobas asrulebs erTgvari Cadri, romelsac
eZaxian `CarCabes,~ igi damzadebulia msubuqi, gamWvirvale
naWrisagan da cisferi ferisaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom arTvinis
SemogarenSi igi Ria yviTeli ferisa gvxvdeba.
sagareod Cacmuli qali zogjer quslian fexsacmels _
sandlebs
icvams,
Tumca
ZiriTadad
faCuCebi
acviaT.
(frenkeli, 1879: 19-20)
rogorc vxedavT, frenkeli xazgasmiT aRniSnavs rom
aWarlebi
imosebian
nacionaluri
(da
ara
Turquli)
tansacmliT. mamakacis Cacmulobis aRwerisas axsenebs aqauri
tanisamosis adgilobriv saxelwodebebs. mag: Coxa, elegi, da
a.S. saubrobs warmodgenili tansacmlis gamZleobasa da
xarisxianobaze. aseve yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom
aqauri xalxis tanisamosi _ `uxeSi, magram gamZle~ _ kargad
amJRavnebs xalxis xasiaTs.
saubrobs qalis Casacmelis av-kargianobaze da xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs nawnavebis, rogorc Cacmulobis erTiani ansamblis
Semadgenel nawilsa da mis gagrZelebas, romelic avsebs mas.
qalis fexsamosidan qalamanis garda axsenebs maRalquslian
fexsacmels,
romelsac
dResaswaulebsa
da
gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis dros icvamen. es ki TavisTavad
siaxlea, maSin roca aWaraSi fexsamosidan ZiriTadad
gavrcelebuli iyo qalamani, wuRa, Cilatani da a.S.
romelTac maRali qusli ar hqondaT. Tumca i. samsonias
TqmiT aWaraSi maRali wris qalebi atarebdnen gansxvavebul
fexsacmels _ foTinas, romelic yviTeli tyavisagan
ikereboda. (samsonia, 2005: 132). SesaZloa frenkelis mier
aRwerili fexsacmeli _ swored foTinas exebodes.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs aseve v. lisovskis
naSromi `Woroxis mxare~.
aWarelis
Cacmuloba da aRWurviloba _ aRniSnavs igi,
srulad Seesabameba adgilobriv klimatsa da adgilmdebareobis Taviseburebebs.
119
120
maT acviaT uxeSi waRebi, romelic fexze TasmebiTaa
mimagrebuli. es waRebi sxva araferia, Tu ara tyavis patara
nagleji, romelsac Sig Sali aqvs gamokruli.
acviaT
maudis
Sarvali,
romelic
uxvnaoWianobiT
xasiaTdeba. tanT acviaT Jileti da mokle maudis qurTuki,
romelic tans mWidrod ekvris. saxeloebic mWidro da
motmasnilia. qurTukze mkerdis orive mxares mikerebuli
aqvT masrebi, iseve rogorc Cerqezebs. qurTukis mxrebi da
idayvebi maudis ormagi qsovilisganaa nakeri, raTa advilad
ar gacvdes.
Tavze saucxood aqvT moxveuli Tavsaburavi, romelsac
muslimanuri wesis Tanaxamad mxolod Rame ixsnian.
welze Semortymuli aqvT tyavis qamari, romelzedac
hkidia Tujis patara yuTi, romelSic moTavsebulia qoni
iaraRis gasapoxad da tyavis patara qisa safantisaTvis.
welze
hkidiaT
adgilobrivi
warmoebis
xanjali
da
pistoleti.
arsebobs agreTve mamakacis Cacmulobis meore varianti,
romelsac
ZiriTadad
Turquli
saxasiaTo
niSnuliT
gamoarCeven da xalxuri Cacmulobisgan ganasxvaveben. aseTi
Cacmuloba Sedgeba farTo Sarvlisagan, romelic qvemoT
viwrovdeba, aseve farTo qurTukisa da adgilobrivad
damzadebuli maudis mosasxamisagan.
saerTod adgilobrivi zeda Casacmeli adgilobrivad
damzadebuli
Savi,
yavisferi
da
nacrisferi
feris
maudisagan ikereba, romelic uxeSia, magram gamZleobiT
xasiaTdeba.
zamTris periodSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba atrebs
maudis grZelmklavian mosasxams.
qalebis
Cacmuloba
TiTqmis
arafriT
gansxvavdeba
SavSeTis da artanujis mxaris qalTa Cacmulobisagan. isini
upiratesad wiTel-yviTeli feris xalaTebs icvamen, romelTa
gverdiTi Wrilebidan mosCans ganieri CiTis Sarvali,
romelic maT terfamde swvdebaT.
qalebi
fexsamosad
iyeneben
tyavis
waRebs.
xolo
Tavsaburavad _ erTgvar fess da TeTri feris Cadrs,
romliTac isini ucxo mamakacis mzerisagan icaven Tavs.
aWaruli
Casacmeli, miuxedavad uxeSi faqturisa,
gamoirCeva Taviseburi xibliT, romelSic kargadaa asaxuli
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xasiaTic. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom
am tansacmliT moZraobac mosaxerxebelia, roca saqme exeba
sakmaod rTul reliefs (lisovski, 1887: 56).
aWaruli xalxuri Cacmulobis Sesaxeb aseve saintereso
cnobebs Seicavs frangi orientalistis Jan muries naSromic.
man XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi imogzaura aWaraSi da
gamosca naSromi `baTumi da Woroxis auzi~, romelic
pirvelad parizSi gamoica 1886 wels.
murie, iseve rogorc sxva ucxoeli mogzaurebi aWarelis
Cacmulobas axlo ayenebs gurulis CacmulobasTan. igi
aRniSnavs, rom maT Tavze axuravT yavisferi yabalaxi,
zogjer wiTeli sarCuliT.
tanT acviaT moyvanili yavisferi an nacrisferi maudis
qulaja, romlis qveSac Ria feris axaluxi mosCans. axaluxi
patara wiTeli TasmebiT ikvreba. imave qsovilis Sarvali
wvivebTan da koWebTan viwrovdeba, wels qveviT ikeceba da
ramdenime arSinis wvrili Tokisagan dawnuli RvediT
ikvreba, romelsac quZad wodebuli Ria feris qamari faravs.
fexze Salis windebs da tyavis wuRa-mestebs icvams.
mxarze gadakidebul patara CanTaSi hilzebs da sxva saomar
mowyobilobas
atarebs.
qamarze
Camokidebuli
aqvs
qonwasmuli liTonis patara kolofi da maTara. xelSi
saxmarad xanjali, dana da dambaCa aqvs. zurgze gardigardmo
SaSxana hkidia.
qalebis tansacmeli cotaTi gansxvavdeba Turqi qalebis
tanisamosisagan, gareT saxes Txeli leCaqis pirbadiT
ifaraven (J. murie, 1962:34).
aWaruli samosis Sesaxeb mraval saitereso cnobas
vxvdebiT agreTve artur fon zutneris literaturuli
xasiaTis
nawarmoebSi
`aWarlebi~.
artur
zutneri
saqarTveloSi meuRlesTan erTad 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi (18761885w.w.) imyofeboda, zutnerebma saqarTveloSi gatarebul
wlebs `cxovrebis skola~ uwodes. artur zutneri ruseTTurqeTis omis dros samxedro korespodentic iyo. misi
romani `aWarlebi~ marTalia
literaturuli nawarmoebia,
121
122
Tumca mraval iseT sayuradRebo cnobas Seicavs, romelic
simarTlesa da realobazea dafuZnebuli.
zutneris TqmiT _ aWarlebisa da gurulebis erovnuli
samosi kavkasiaSi yvelaze moxdenilia: mokle, momdgari,
mkerdze
gadaxsnili
zedatani,
romelSic
Ria
feris
moJileto-moperango xifTani mosCans. Sarvali TeZoebze
ganieria, barZayebsa da wvivebze ki mWidrod SemokvarTuli,
welze Semokruli kuSagiT _ ganieri, zoliani abreSumis
SarfiT.
fexze Txeli, Wvintiani qalamnebi acviaT, romlebic
xSirad rbili tyavis gamaSebiT grZeldeba.
rogorc yvela kavkasiels, aWarelsac wesad aqvs iaraRis
tareba: sartyelSi garWobili xanjali da xSirad ori
dambaCa, uxvad movercxlili, romlebic Cveulebriv ukan,
xerxemliskenaa gaweuli. mkerdis orive mxares ki or rigad
Cawyobili, erTmaneTze filigranuli ZewkviT gadabmuli
vercxlis qiliSebi umSveneben. rogorc wesi, tyavis Tasmaze
mimagrebuli aqvT patara jibe, romelSic moTavsebulia
foladi, kvesi da patara kolofi qoniT, tyviebis gasapoxad.
qamarSi ki liTonis an tyavis brtyeli maTaraa Semaluli.
sayoveldReo tanisamosi nacrisferi an yavisferia; zeimze ki
cocxali tonebi Warbobs. gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia
lurji feris sxvadasxvanairi niuansebi. yabalaxi ki,
romlebic umetesad Calmiseburad hqondaT Tavze Semoxveuli,
iseT STabeWdilebas qmnidnen, TiTqos uzarmazari TeTri,
lurji, wiTeli da muqi yvavilebi niavis dabervaze Tavs
aqeT-iqiT xriano.
mandilosnebsa da gogonebs Tavze Cadrebi eburaT,
romelTa boloebi saxes ufaravdnen (zutneri. 2007: 32).
zemoT moyvanili ucxoel mogzaurTa Canawerebi aWaruli
Cacmulobis Sesaxeb, rogorc davinaxeT uamrav sayuradRebo
cnobas Seicavs. maTi Canawerebi saerTo jamSi avseben
erTmaneTs da sabolaod vRebulobT erTian, Camoyalibebul
saxes aWaruli xalxuri Cacmulobisa.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom TiToeuli maTgani aWarul
Cacmulobas
Turqulisagan
mkveTrad
ganasxvavebs
da
nacionalur
niadagze
dayrdnobiT
saubroben
mis
avkargianobaze, esTetikursa Tu praqtikul Rirebulebebze.
magaliTad, lisovski _ mamakacis Cacmulobis or tips
gamohyofs: erTs motmasnils, tanze momdgars, meores ki _
gaSlils, farTo stiliT Sekerils, Turqulis msgvss, Tumca
ara Turquls.
aWaris
mosaxleobis
sasaxelod
unda
iTqvas,
rom
ucxoelis mxridan imis aRiareba, rom aWaruli Cacmuloba
uZvelesi xalxuri Cacmulobis nimuSia da masSi, ucxo
kulturis
gardauvali
zegavlenis
miuxedavad
SenarCunebulia
qarTuli
xasiaTi
_
ukve
erTgvari
gamarjvebaa, es im SemTxvevaSi, roca ena da sarwmunoeba
Selaxuli iyo. aqaurma xalxma ki tansacmlis erovnuli
saxis SenarCunebiT dampyrobT faruli omi gamoucxada,
Tundac tansacmlisa da winda-paiWis qarTuli xasiaTis
qargulobiT, sadac jvris Ria gamosaxulebebTan erTad
qarTuli anbanis, umetesad xmovnebis gamosaxulebebsac
vxvdebiT. es ki naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, Tu ra Zlieri da
gautexelia qarTuli suli.
123
124
literatura:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Cacmulobis Seswavlis meTodika sabWoTa kavSiris
eTnografiaSi, ,,sabWoTa eTnografia, 1933, N 3-4
zutneri a. `aWarlebi~ Tb., 2007
lisovski v. Woroxis mxare, I-II, Tb.1887
murie J. baTumi da Woroxis auzi. baT., 1962.
samsonia i. xalxuri tansacmeli aWaraSi. baT., 2005
frenkeli a., narkvevi Curuqsusa da baTumis Sesaxeb
(rusul enaze), Tb., 1879
Temur tunaZe, Tamar oragveliZe
knut hamsuni baTumis Sesaxeb
baTumisadmi
interesi,
misi istoriuli ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva
etapze
sxvadasxvagvarad
gamoixateboda saqarTvelos mezobeli Tu Soreuli qveynebis
mxridan.
ruseT-TurqeTis
omebma
ki
baTumisaTvis
brZolas
gansakuTrebuli
simZafre da interesi SesZina.
1878
wlidan
baTumis,
rogorc qalaqis formirebisa da ganviTarebis axali
etapi iwyeba. am droidan
SavizRvispireTis es kuTxe
Zalze
swrafad
xdeba
polieTnikuri qalaqi, rac kapitalisturi urTierTobebis
gariJraJze,
savaWro-ekonomikuri
urTierTobebis
mzardi
mniSvnelobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
baTumis Sesaxeb araerTi ucxoelis STabeWdilebaTa
Canaweri Tu gamokvleva arsebobs, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia norvegieli prozaikosis, nobelianti knut hamsunis
kavkasiaSi,
maT
Soris
saqarTveloSi
„gancdili
da
nafiqrali“.
knut hamsuni daibada 1859 wels xelmokle glexis ojaxSi.
14 wlidan
moxetiale cxovrebas eweoda da mravali
profesia gamoicvala. sxvadasxva periodSi misi mogzaurobis
marSruts Seadgenda, amerika, fineTi, ruseTi, irani, TurqeTi,
kavkasia, maT Sorisaa saqarTvelo. 1918 wels sruldeba misi
mogzaurobebi da sacxovreblad sabolood mkvidrdeba
norholmSi. knut hamsuni 1920 wlis nobeliantia da dRemde
rCeba „yvelaze niWier, yvelaze gamoCenil da yvelaze
125
sakamaTo mwerlad“. mis Sesaxeb Tomas mani werda: „arasodes
miuniWebiaT nobelis premia sxva, ufro RirseulisaTvis,
vidre knut hamsunia“.
pirveli aRiareba man moipova moTxrobiT „Samili“ (1890 w.),
romelic
norvegiul
literaturaSi
Tavisebur
gadatrialebas moaswavebda, rogorc Tematuri da motivuri, ise
stilur-miTologiuri TvalsazrisiT. knut hamsunis saukeTeso nawarmoebebidan aRsaniSnavia „misteriebi“ (1892 w.);
„pani“ (1894 w.); „viqtoria“ (1898 w.); „miwis madli“ (1917 w.),
romlisTavisac mas nobelis premia mianiWes; „zRapruli
qveyana“ da „dedofali Tamari“. bolo ori nawarmoebi kavkasiasa da saqarTvelos exeba. knut hamsuni imTaviTve
germanofilobas amJRavnebda, swored germaniaSi aRiares igi
pirvelad msoflio donis mwerlad. 1945 wels hamsuns
norvegiaSi bralad dasdes samSoblos Ralati da daapatimres, xolo mogvianebiT Rrma moxucebulobis gamo sasjeli fuladi jarimiT Seucvales. knut hamsuni gardaicvala
1952 wels, dakrZalulia norholmSi.
moxetiale cxovrebiT cnobili mwerali erT-erT werilSi
Tavis megobars werda: „mxolod erTxel vimogzaure Cems
sicocxleSi da isic kavkasiaSi... es sruliad sxva samyaroa...
ufro mSvenieri xalxia, ufro wiTeli Rvino, ufro maRali
mTebi... da mjera, yazbegis midamoebSi RmerTi binadrobs“
(Jrenti, 2006:8). es erTaderTi mogzauroba aisaxa mis nawarmoebSi „zRapruli qveyana“, romelic 1903 wels gamoica.
baTumSi myofi hamsuni jer kidev naleqian yavas miirTmevda, roca Semdeg sityvebs werda: „samxrobis Jamia, sarkmelTan vzivar, Tvals vadevneb SiSvel mamakacebs cxenebiT,
rom Sevardebian Sav zRvaSi da cxenebes abanaveben. lurji
zRvis fonze maTi tani ufro muqi Cans. tyeSi aRmarTul
Tamaris cixis nangrevebs jer kidev mze adgas. ...xval isev
baqoSi mivdivarT, iqidan ufro Sors aRmosavleTisaken. male
gamoveTxovebi aqaurobas, magram yovelTvis momenatreba,
tyuilad xom ar davlie mtkvris wyali“ ((hamsuni, 2006:187)).
knut hamsunma ruseTsa da kavkasiaSi 1899 wlis seqtemberSi
imogzaura meuRlesTan erTad. kavkasiaSi gancdili da
nafiqralidan sul ramdenime furceli eTmoba baTums...
magram am mcire monakveTs informaciuli simcire ar etyoba,
126
masSi ostaturad cocxldeba Zveli drois cxovrebis stili
da ukve TiTqmis miviwyebuli tradiciebi, mkiTxvelis winaSe
naTeli da realuri xdeba qalaqis warsulis erTi Sexedvis
umniSvnelo, magram saxasiaTo niuansebi.
hamsuni wers: „baTumSi ormocdaaTi mosaxlea an cota
meti, garegnulad tiflissac hgavs da baqosac. erTmaneTSia
areuli didi, Tanamedrove qviTkiris saxlebi da TurqTa
mmarTvelobis droindeli patar-patara qvis Senobebi. quCebi
ganieri, magram moukirwylavia, xalxi da etli pirdapir
qviSaSi dadis. portSi bevri gemia, dawyebuli patara
ialqniani navebiT, romlebic aq samxreTis qalaqebidan
Camovidnen, damTavrebuli aleqsandriisa da marselis didi
gemebiT. qalaqi Waobian da arajansaR adgilas aris
gaSenebuli, magram garemoculia tyiT, nayofieri miwebis _
simindis yanebiTa da venaxebiT. ekal-bardebiT dafaruli
gorakebidan mosCans cixis nangrevebi.
aseTi landSaftia. aq, WaobSi dgas baTumi.
ciebam Semawuxa, ar vici ras mivawero _ restorans,
CemTvis mavne sakvebs, Tu havas. Zvlivs mivedi fostaSi,
sastumros msaxuri gamyva. fosta Cabnelebuli iyo... sanam
sarkmelTan mividodi Cemma megzurma wamiCurCula... qudi
movixade! vxedav masac qudi xelSi uWiravs. etyoba aseTi
wesia. aq sarkmelTan TavSiSveli unda mixvide. mere gavige
simarTle... Turme mefis portretTan yvela quds ixdis...“
(hamsuni, 2006:180). amgvari, erTi SexedviT mcire detalebiT
gadmoscems hamsuni imdroindeli baTumis mcxovrebTa qcevebs,
nebiT Tu uneblieT mimarTuls imperatoris suraTis
pativiscemisadmi. masSi kargad Cans Tu rogor gavlenas
axdens eTnofsiqikaze ideologiuri faqtori, rogor aisaxeba
es movlenebi adamianis qcevaSi, Tumca isic faqtia, rom
Zalad
Tavsmoxveuli
stereotipuli
qcevis
manerebi,
„suraTis“ gaqrobasTan erTad, male eZleva miviwyebas.
aleqsandre kuprini werda: „hamsuns Zvirfasi Tviseba aqvs,
roca ucxo qveynebsa da xalxze mogviTxrobs iseT
daxasiaTebebs, iseT wvrilman niSnebs poulobs, romelic
manamade aravis SeuniSnavs da amas ori-sami sityviT
gamoxatavs”.
hamsuns
susti
janmrTeloba
hqonda,
romelic
mis
nawerebSic
mJRavndeba: „ciebam damasusta, mesaaTis wamali
aRar moqmedebs. albaT, unda davtovo aquroba, Tumca tyeSi
jer ar vyofilvar da mwyemsebis saxlic ar minaxavs. im
RamiT ciebam sastikad Semomitia, ar mindoda msaxuri gamerviZebina, TviTon gadavedi savaWro duqanSi _ sastumros win.
iq winadRiT boTliT Rvino vnaxe. duqanSi daxlTan idga
maspinZeli, xolo ramdenime Savgremani kaci iatakze ijda da
rkinis tolCiT Rvinos svamda. maspinZels vkiTxe, koniaki Tu
Hhqonda. mimixvda da Tarodan boTli CamoiRo. aseT sasmels
namdvilad ar vicnob, etiketze aweria „odesa“.
_ es ara! veubnebi, sxva araferi gaqvT?
ver gaigo. etiketis varskvlavebi ise davTvale, rom Tvali
gaedevnebina, _ xuTi da fanqriT kidev ori mivumate. gaigo da
eqvsvarskvlaviani „odesa“ moitana. ra Rirs? oTxnaxevari.
xuTvarskvlaviani? _ samnaxevari. e. i. TiTo varskvlavi
TiToOrublia. xuTvarskvlaviani aviRe. Cinebuli koniaki
gamodga. davlie Tu ara dameZina. dRes ki, yvela Wkviani
qalbatonis da brZenkacis rCevis sawinaaRmdegod, Tavs
SesaniSnavad vgrZnob. koniakma miSvela” (hamsuni, 2006:187).
knut hamsuni hyveba somexi da rusi mesaaTebis istorias,
ramdenime winadadebiT gadmoscems maT xasiaTs... igi aRfrTovanebulia moxuci sparseliT, romelsac Tavi amayad da
mxned eWira, mTeli Tavisi aRnagobiT Rirsebas, rom asxivebda... brtyelsaxuraviani saxlis SuSabandSi ki pirdapir
iatakze eZina ai, Turme, rogor cxovrobs es amayi berikaci...
ver vityvi bednierebi ariano, magram Seguebulni arian amgvar
pirobebs, berdebian da kvdebian. Tu es cxovreba ise ganvle,
rom saflavis qvaze mwvane Calma amogitvirfes, maSasadame
saaqaoSi arafer dagklebia _ alahs gulmowyaleba gamoCenia
SenTvis! imaT ar awuxebT samoqalqo, an saarCevni uflebebis
uqonloba da arc profkavSirebis areboba, jibiT ar daaqvT
„forvertsis“ nomrebi... sabralo, sabralo aRmosavleTi! Cven
prusielebs isRa dagvrCenia _ SegibraloT.
baTumSic aris bulvari, saRamoobiT aq xalxi da etlebi
daseirnoben. ficxi cxenebi, abreSumis samoslis Sriali,
qolgebi, qaliSvilebis Rimili, misalmebis reveransebi _
yvelaferi isea, rogorc samxreTis Statebis qalaqebSi. arian
127
128
aq kudabzikebic, frantebic _ maRali _ manJetismagvari
sayeloebiT, abreSumis perangebiT, gverZe modgmuli qudebiT
da maxvili xeljoxebiT. swored baTumSi vnaxe erTi franti,
romelsac msoflioSi yvelaze wvrilWvintiani fexsacmeli
ecva. xalxi dacinviT uyurebda mas da mis fexsacmels,
magram sadme ki ar gauxvevia, an gaqceula, miuxedavad
masxrad agdebisa mSvidad ganagrZo Tavisi gza. viRac
usaqmurma moisurva misi fexsacmlisTvis daenerwyvebina,
magram frantma Tavisi ucnauri xeljoxi mouqnia da
Camoicila. maSin qudis aweviT mivesalme da vTxove,
sigaretze momikideT-meTqi, manac qudi aiwia, Tavazianad
momawoda asanTi da gza gaagrZela Tavisi Sveduri varcxnilobiT _ kefaze daxveuli nawnaviT.
es, SedarebiT vrceli amonaridi moviyvaneT im mizniT, rom
gveCvenebina ucxo xalxis, maTi kulturisa da Sexedulebebis
hamsuniseuli aRweris stili da manera. aq aSkaraa XX
saukunis dasawyisis polieTnikuri baTumis yovelRiuroba,
inovaciuri
kulturuli
elementebis
bedi.
kiTxulob
hamsunis nawers da aSkara xdeba Tu ra rTuli gza gamoiara,
ra sirTuleebi gadalaxa im droisaTvis ucnaurma, magram
TanamedroveobaSi Cveulebrivma „wvrilWvintianma fexsacmelma“.
knut hamsuni aRtacebulia kavkasiis xalxTa zne-CveulebiTa da TviTmyofadobiT, yofis simartiviTa da poeziiT.
ubralo adamianisa da bunebis harmoniuli urTierTobiT. mas
aSinebs sayovelTao teqnizacia, kavkasiisken, rom moiwevs da
aCqarebs
Zvirfasi
tradiciebis,
kulturis
unikaluri
niSnebis Sesustebas an srul Caqrobas. am konfliqtSi miwis
siyvaruli, hamsunis mixedviT, gadarCenis erTaderTi gzaa
(Jrenti, 2006:5-9).
knut hamsuni didi xani eswrafvoda Zveli civilizaciis
samSobloSi mogzaurobas, eSureboda miTebis, RmerTebisa da
legendebis samyaros xilvas. ixila kidec Qqveyana, sadac
mxolod geniosis kalami iyo saWiro, rom aRweril yovel
wvrilmans, yofiT faqts, sisxlsavse ferebsac da formas
wlebis Semdegac ar daekarga Tavisi eSxi da ise
gaecocxlebina istoria, rom etliT amtverebuli quCidan
mtvris suns zustad 106 wlis Semdegac moeRwia...
moaRwia kidec... 2009 wlis noemberSi gaimarTa hamsunis
dReebi saqarTveloSi _ „dabruneba zRaprul qveyanaSi“,1
romlis farglebSi Catarda sxvadasxva saxis RonisZiebebi:
konferencia saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi (18 noemberi);
knut hamsunis bareliefis prezentacia Zmebi nobelebis
saxelobis baTumis teqnologiur muzeumSi (19 noemberi);
baTumis xelovnebis muzeumSi moewyo gamofena: „hamsunis
baTumi“ da gaimarTa norvegiuli musikis saRamo; 20 noembers
ki baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo
universitetSi gaixsna literaturuli seminari _ „knut
hamsuni da kino“.
amdenad, knut hamsunis STabeWdilebebi baTumis Sesaxeb
mravalmxriv
saintereso
da
sayuradReboa,
rogorc
dokumenturi masala baTumisa da misi mcxovreblebis Sesaxeb.
knut hamsunis Canawerebi erTxel kidev mowmobs, rom kavkasia
da maT Soris saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo mimzidveli da
saintereso sxvadasxva profesiisa da interesis mqone
adamianebsaTvis.
129
130
literatura:
1.
JRenti o.., winaTqma. – Hhamsuni k., gancdili da
nafiqrali kavkasiaSi, Tbilisi, 2006
2. hamsuni k., gancdili da nafiqrali kavkasiaSi _
zRapruli
qveyana,
dedofali
Tamari.
Targmna
rezo
kveselavam, Tbilisi, 2006
1
k. hamsunis dReebis organizatorebi gaxldnen: knut hamsunis sazogadoeba
kavkasiaSi da
Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo
universitetis skandinaviis centri, romelTac am wamowyebaSi mniSvnelovani
mxardaWera
aRmouCina:
aWaris
ganaTlebis,
kulturisa
da
sportis
saministrom, q. baTumis meriam, norvegiis samefos sagareo saqmeTa
saministrom, norvegiis samefos saelCom da oslos erovnulma biblioTekam.
Temur Tunadze, Tamar Oragvelidze
KNUT HAMSUN ABOUT BATUMI
The interest towards Batumi, at different stages of its History, was expressed
differently by its neighbouring and distant countries. In 1878 started formation
and development of Batumi. Since that period Batumi has turned into
multiethnical littoral town, which at the dawn of the capitalist relationship, was
conditioned by the rapid growth of the trading-economic relationship.
There are numerous impressions and sketches of various travellers and
researchers about Batumi. Now we would like to draw your attention to
'Thoughts and Feelings' of Knut Hamsun in Caucasus, including Batumi.
Knut Hamsun (1852-1952) is the Norwegian writer. In 1920 he was awarded
the Nobel Prize. Till today he is considered to be 'the most intelligent,
outstanding and mostly disputed writer'. Thomas Mann wrote about him: 'No
one has ever deserved to be awarded more than Knut Hamsun'. Knut Hamsun is
the author of many famous works: Pan, Victoria, Mysterier, in Wonderland,
Queen Tamar and others. The latter two books are about Caucasus and Georgia.
The writer, famous for his wonderings, in one of his letters to his friend,
wrote: ' I have only once travelled and it was in Caucasus... it is another world...
the people are more beautiful, the wine is redder, the mountins are higher.. I
believe the God resides in Kazbegi surroundings. ' This only travelling was
depicted in his work 'in Wonderland' and the genial book was awarded the
worthy Nobel Prize.
Knut Hamsun travelled to Russian and Caucasus in September of 1899. 'In
Wonderland' was published in 1903. From 'Thoughts and Feelings' of the
Caucasus only several pages are dedicated to Batumi that clearly outlines the
life, style and forgotten traditions of old times. The past of the town is actually
revived.
131
naila CelebaZe
eriqsonis eTnografiuli kolaJi
aWaris Sesaxeb
erik eriqsoni eqimTa im pleadis warmomadgenelia,
romlebmac XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze TavianTi profesiuli
moRvaweobis paralelurad SeZles rogorc saqarTvelos, ise
kavkasiis xalxTa Sesaxeb sakmaod mdidari eTnografiuli
masalebis moZieba. am mxriv eriqsonis Rvawli gamorCeulia
ara marto imiT, rom igi scildeba specialur samedicino
sferos, aramed, uwinaresad avtoris farTo TvalsawieriT,
maSindeli
anTropologiuri
mecnierebis
saerTaSoriso
miRwevebis saTanado codniTaA da kvlevis Sesabamisi
meTodologiiT. eriqsonis amgvari xasiaTis araerTi naSromi
daibeWda ruseTis sxvadasxva samecniero Jurnalebsa da
anTropologiur krebulebSi – “Эстествознание и география,
`русский антропологический журнал”, “медицинская служба” da sxv.).
Tumca, raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, misi saxeli ar aris
Setanili arc samedicino da, miTumetes, arc did sabWoTa
enciklopediaSi. amis safuZvlad SesaZloa iqca eqimis
Semdgomi moRvaweoba, romlis Sesaxeb cnobebi CvenTvis
jerjerobiT miuwvdomelia.
eTnologiur mecnierebaSi eriqsonTa gvaris damsaxureba
Zalzed mniSvnelovania. am gvaris TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi arian sigurd eriqsoni (1888-1968) da msoflioSi
aRiarebuli fsiqoanalitikosi - erik eriqsoni (1902-1994).
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom maTi moRvaweoba eqim
eriqsonTan SedarebiT gacilebiT gvian - erTi Taobis Semdeg
daiwyo. ase, rom, jer kidev axalgazrda anTropologiur
mecnierebaSi erik eriqsonma SesZlo saTanado gamocdilebis
SeZena da farTo kvleva-Ziebebis safuZvelze araerTi
saintereso naSromis Seqmna (О половом разврате и неестественных
половых отношениях в коренном населении Кавказа, Отношение
мусульманских эаконов в душевно-больным в Персии, Турции и на
Кавказе,`` - (из воспоминании о Батуме и его окрестностях) , ``О призрении
душевно-больных
на Кавказе Док-ра мед. Э.В. Эриксона”,
132
Абастуманское ущелье`` , Отношение мусульманских эаконов в душевнобольным в Персии, Турции и на Кавказе, Опыт санитарного обзора
окрестностей Батума. Тифлись, 1901).
aWarisadmi miZRvnili naSromebidan mravalmxriv sayuradReboa erik eriqsonis `Опыт санитарного обзора окрестностей
Батума”, romelic 1901 wels TbilisSi gamoica. aRniSnul
naSromSi eriqsonma Seiswavla aWaris saojaxo da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis
araerTi
mniSvnelovani
sakiTxi,
romelTa garkveul nawils pirvelwyaros mniSvnelobac ki
gaaCnia. naSromis saTauridan gamomdinare, avtoris interesTa
sfero baTumsa da mis Semogarens moicavs da mas ruseTis
lazistanis saxelwodebiT moixseniebs. teqstis mixedviT
masSi igulisxmeba aWaris sanapiro zoli da qedamde WoroxaWariswylis xeobis dasaxlebebi.
Uunda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom erik eriksoni yoveli
eTnosis daxasiaTebas iwyebs istoriuli wyaroebis sakmaod
vrceli mimoxilviTa da analiziT, rac mkiTxvelSi moulodnelobis gancdas iwvevs. ase magaliTad, aseTi midgomiTaa
Seswavlili XIV-XV saukuneebSi qarTvel tyveTa syidvis
problemebi, TurqeTis haremebSi qarTvelebis - `gurjebis”
simravle da maTSi saarako Tanxebis (ramdenime aTasi
Turquli lira) gadaxdis faqtebi.
eriqsoni dawvrilebiT iZleva mosaxleobis eTnikuri
Semadgenlobis suraTs, saidanac vgebulobT, rom sakvlev
periodSi qalaqSi cxovrobda araerTi erovnebis adamiani,
romelTa eTnografiuli yofis sakiTxebi avtorma sakmaod
sainteresod warmoaCina. avtori saTanadod aRwers calkeuli
eTnosis gansaxlebis adgilebs. esenia: berZnebi, afxazebi 600ze meti; Cerqezebi-150-mde; qurTebi–500-mde; xemSilebi–400-ze
meti; cignebi (boSebi) da, aseve, gamuslimebuli negrebis
ramdenime ojaxi. avtori garkveul informacias iZleva
rusebis Sesaxebac. eriqsonis cnobiT, XIX saukuns 80-ian
wlebSi
SimSilobisagan
Tavis
dasaRwevad
ruseTis
mosaxleobis erTi nawili baTums Seefara. magram isini
mowyenilobis
mizeziT
maleve
asaxlebulan.
avtori
zemoTdasaxelebuli xalxebis Sesaswavlad farTod iyenebs
Sesadarebel masalas da miRebuli daskvnebiT mkiTxvels
sTavazobs
saintereso
analizs
calkeuli
eTnosis
Taviseburebebis, aWaris mosaxleobasTan maTi urTierTobebis,
adgilobriv
pirobebSi
maTi
adaptaciis,
gansxvavebul
kulturaTa urTierTdamokidebulebis calkeul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT.
avtori kargadaa garkveuli ojaxis formebisa da tipebis
SefasebaSic. igi wers, rom qarTvelebSi ojaxis ZiriTadi
tipi aris monogamiuri. exeba ra xalxuri aRzrdis sakiTxebs,
eriqsoni xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom mTels kavkasiaSi
biWis dabadebas gansakuTrebuli sixaruli mohqonda da igi
ojaxisa da gvaris didebad miaCndaT.Aavtori aqve ganixilavs
uvaJobis problemas da mas pirdapir ukavSirebs mravalcolianobis sakiTxs.U ufro metic, eriqsoni Tvlis, rom
aqedan gamomdinare kavkasiaSi Sinaberebi arc ki gvxvdebao. am
faqtis TvalsaCinod warmodgenisaTvis avtori uvaJobis
sakiTxs ganixilavs sxvadasxva rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis
mqone mosaxleobis magaliTze. erTis mxriv aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTielebis - fSavlebis, xevsurebisa da sxvaTa
mixedviT, romlebsac naxevradqristianebis saxeliT moixseniebs,
radgan
maTSi
jer
kidev
iyo
SemorCenili
winaqristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebi, xolo meores mxriv ki
kavkasiis muslimi mosaxleobis, kerZod aWarlebisa da
lazebis magaliTze, romlebsac marTalia SeuZliaT oTxi
colis moyvana, Tumca meorec iSviaTad mohyavTo. amdenad,
eqimi eriqsoni Tavisi eTnologiuri dakvirvebebis Sesajameblad
savsebiT
sworad
iyenebs
SedarebiT-istoriul
meTods.E
eriqsoni mosaxleobis samedicino mdgomareobas maTi
cxovrebis yvela sferos Seswavlis safuZvelze cdilobs.
eqimi gansakuTrebiT aris dainteresebuli mosaxleobis
sulieri mdgomareobiT da ar jerdeba mxolod samedicino
monacemebs, amitom saboloo Sefasebas umTavresad fsiqoanalitikuri
meTodebis
safuZvelze
iZleva.Aam
mizniT
avtorma SeZlebisdagvarad Seiswavla mosaxleobaSi Semonaxuli xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebis sistema, maTi gancdebi
da emociebi. eriqsonma daafiqsira avsulebis-qajebis Sesaxeb
arsebuli warmodgenebi.Eigi ganmartavs, rom mosaxleoba maT
qalebidan momdinared miiCnevs da isini mamakacebs sizmarSi
133
134
ecxadebaT, amis Sedegad qalebs arasrulfasovani nayofi
uCndebaT, romelic TiTqos araadamianuri ariso. aRsaniSnavia, rom am Sexedulebis mixedviT avsulebi moiazrebian
rogorc feriqalebi, romelTa Sesaxeb rwmena dRemde
Semoinaxa aWaris mosaxleobam.
eqimi eriqsoni farTo aRwerilobas iZleva aWaraSi
gavrcelebul daavadebaTa saxeebis, maTi gamomwvevi mizezebis
Sesaxeb da amasTan dakavSirebiT aRwers maT sanitarul
mdgomareobas. amis safuZvelze avtori saTanado yuradRebas
miapyrobs adgilobrivi muslimuri mosaxleobis higienas da,
aseve, eTnosTa Sedarebis safuZvelze mosaxleobis calkeul
jgufebSi maTi dacvis Taviseburebebs.
sainteresoa eriqsonis dakvirvebebi kavkasiis xalxebSi
qalisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxebac. amasTan dakavSirebiT
avtori saintereso paralelebsac avlebs. ase magaliTad,
avtoris TqmiT, kavkasiis zogi xalxi, kerZod, Cerqezebi
qalebs hyiddnen, raTa kargi iaraRi SeeZinaT. misive cnobiT
igives akeTebdnen qarTvelebic, konkretulad ki SavSelebi,
aWarlebi, qobuleTlebi, Tumca maTgan gansxvavebiT hyiddnen
mezobeli
kuTxeebidan
motacebul
qalebso.Aavtori
am
monacemebs
sxva
kuTxiTac
ganixilavs
da
amasTan
dakavSirebiT akeTebs saTanado daskvnas, rom aseTma syidvam
qalebis nakleboba gamoiwvia, rasac mohyva gogonebisa da
sxvisi
colebis
wayvana,
romelic
sisxlisaRebiT
mTavrdebodao.
avtori exeba borderebis e.w. `publiCni saxlebis”
sakiTxsac.Meriqsonis cnobiT 1898 wlisaTvis baTumSi aseTi
saxlebis mTeli quCac ki yofila, romlebSic ZiriTadad
rusi erovnebis adamianebi iyvneno. eriqsoni am mimarTebiT
gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs im garemoebas, rom am saxlebSi
ar SeiniSnebodnen adgilobrivebi, Tumca sxva adgilas
dasZens, rom ramdenime aseul maTganSi 30 Tu iqneba qarTveli
da somexio. avtori afiqsirebs agreTve pornografiuli
fotoebis, kartebisa da sxv. arsebobasac, romlebmac
TurqeTidan
amierkavkasiaSi,
ufro
metad
ki
baTumSi
SeaRwiao.Aaseve
avtori
exeba
kavkasiaSi
mamaTmavlobis
sakiTxs da mas dasavleT saqarTvelosaTvis Zalzed iSviaT
movlenad miiCnevs (kerZod aWarlebsa da lazebSi).Mmisi
azriT, gamokvleva rom Catarebuliyo, mcire procentic ar
Seikribeba `damaxinjebuli sqesobrivi grZnobebiT Sepyrobili
fsiqopatebisa
da
degeneratebisa”.
eriqsonis
dakvirvebiT aWaraSi aRniSnuli saxlebisadmi adgilobrivTa
daintereseba gamowveuli unda yofiliyo gaWianurebuli
qorwinebiT.Aaqedan Cans, Tu ramdenad kargad icnobda avtori
aWaris saqorwino tradiciebs, sadac winasaqorwino etapi niSnoba Tu niSanloba marTlac sakmaod didxans, zogjer
ramdenime weliwadsac ki grZeldeboda.
sayuradRebo
cnobebi
aqvs
eriqsons
mosaxleobis
statistikis Sesaxebac. misi varaudiT baTumSi 1901 wlisaTvis
daaxl. 30000 mcxovrebi unda yofiliyo.
avtori gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miapyrobs q. baTumSi
arsebul samedicino dawesebulebaTa qsels. did hospitalebs
Soris eqimi asaxelebs baTumis hospitals. im xanad baTumis
axalaSenebul saavadmyofoSi eriqsonis cnobiT, fsiqiur
avadmyofebs ar Rebulobdnen, Tumca SavizRvispireTidan
ufro malariiT daavadebulebi mohyavdaTo.
amrigad, eqim erik eriqsonis eTnografiuli kolaJi
moicavs metad mniSvnelovan cnobebs aWaris saojaxo da
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Sesaxeb, romlebic avtoris mier
savaraudod XIX s. dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
unda yofiliyo moZiebuli. amasTan, yoveli naSromis
struqtura,
farTo
Sesadarebeli
masalis
codna,
siaxlisadmi swrafva da saTanado meTodologiuri midgoma
eriqsons warmoaCens rogorc kvalificiur anTropologs.
faqtiurad, aWaris eTnologiuri Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT
eriqsonis naSromebis ZiriTadi nawili dRemde ar Sesula
samecniero mimoqcevaSi, rac kidev ufro met mniSvnelobas
aniWebs winamdebare statiaSi warmodgenil masalebs.
G
135
136
literatura:
1.
Эриксон Э.В. Опыт санитарного обзора окрестностей Батума.
Тифлись, 1901.
Эриксон Э.В. О половом разврате и неестественных половых
отношениях в коренном населении Кавказа, Москва, 1988
3. Эриксон Э.В. из воспоминании о Батуме и его окрестностях,
“Эстествознание и география “ 1899 №1
4. Эриксон Э.В. ``О призрении душевно-больных на Кавказе Док-ра
мед. Э.В. Эриксона”, Москва, 1904
Абастуманское ущелье, “Эстествознание и
5. Эриксон Э.В.
география “ Москва 1904 №4
6. Эриксон Э.В. Отношение мусульманских эаконов в душевнобольным в Персии, Турции и на Кавказе, Москва, 1905
7. `Русский антропологический журнал’’ Москва, 1905 № 3-4
SoTa maxaraZe
2.
137
zogierTi cnobebi
saafTiaqo dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb aWaraSi
(1860-1915 wlebSi)
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze aWaraSi arsebuli saafTiaqo
dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian
TavianT SromebSi mecnier-mkvlevarebi oTar bzikaZe, Temur
komaxiZe, ramaz surmaniZe, vladimer maxaraZe da sxvebi,
magram am periodSi aWaraSi moqmedi saafTiaqo dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb bevri ram kidev Sesaswavl-dasazustebelia.
profesori ramaz surmaniZe sando wyaroebze dayrdnobiT
(r. surmaniZe, etiudebi farmaciis istoriidan. gazeTi
“farmakoni”, #6 (53), agvisto 2008 w.), adasturebs, rom
“osmalTa mflobelobis periodSi, baTumSi yofila saeqimo
nawili, sadac 1860 wlidan msaxurobda farmacevti J. benli
(rogorc Cans warmoSobiT frangi). mas aq gauxsnia afTiaqi.
Ddakvirvebuli ucxoeli dauflebia qarTul enas, mas kargad
Seuswavlia adgilobriv mcxovrebTa xasiaTi, adaT-wesebi da
Zalze male didi avtoritetic mouxveWia. xalxi J. benlis
imdenad endoboda, rom avadmyofis sanaxavad saxlSic ki
miyavda, imdroindeli fanatizmis viTarebaSi arc ki eridebodnen ucxo kacisaTvis avadmyofebi eCvenebinaT da Tavisi
mdgomareoba gaeziarebinaT.
rusuli mmarTvelobis SemoRebidan meore wels baTumSi
axali afTiaqi gauxsniaT. oTar bzikaZis cnobiT, es iyo 1879
wels, roca loris meliqovis (axlandeli n. Jordanias)
quCaze afTiaqi gauxsnia kiliCenkos. momdevno wlebSi ki
gogeSvils, gapoians, zemlinskis, daviTaSvils da sxvebs
saafTiaqo maReziebi. maSindeli wesebis mixedviT, visac
rusuli universiteti ar hqonda damTavrebuli da ar gaaCnda
Sesabamisi diplomi, ruseTis sabrZanebelSi muSaoba ekrZaleboda. aseTi bedi ewia J. benlisac.
q. baTumSi rusTa mmarTvelobis dros saafTiaqo qsels
Seexo prof. vladimer maxaraZe da aRniSna, rom 1890 wlis
Semdeg afTiaqebi gaxsnes i. petkeviCma, v. vituSinskim,
138
naneiSvilma, s. eliaSvilma, g. nikitinma, T. gobroniZem, s.
avalinma da sxva. amiT Cveni codna imdroindel saafTiaqo
qselze garkveulad Seivso....”
P”pirveli afTiaqi gaTavisuflebul baTumSi 1880 wels
gaixsna. maSinve gaCnda saafTiaqo maRaziebic, sadac misi
mflobelebi
“SeTavsebiT”
avadmyofTa
mkurnalobasac
eweodnen da mxareSi eqimebis gamoCenamde sakmaod didi
klientura hyavdaT (r. surmaniZe, regionuli medicinis
ganviTareba daqarTveloSi. wigni I. s.s. “gamomcemloba aWara”,
baTumi, 2001, gv.70).
“baTumSi pirveli afTiaqi gaixsna 1880 wels saafTiaqo
saqmis mcidne kiliCenkos TaosnobiT. am afTiaqma iarseba ori
weli da kraxi ganicada.
1898 wels provizorma petkeviCma, 1899 wels provizorma v.a.
vituSinskim, xolo 1900 wels provizorma naneiSvilma
baTumSi gaxsnes kerZo afTiaqebi. Mmomdevno wlebSi amuSavda
s. eliaSvilis, giorgi nikitinis, T. gobroniZis, s. avalianisa
da sxvaTa afTiaqebi.
1900 wels baTumSi iyo 4 afTiaqi” (vl. maxaraZe, farmaciis
istoriisaTvis aWaraSi. gazeTi “farmakoni”, #5 (52), ivlisi,
2008 w.).
rogorc saarqivo masalebidan vgebulobT, XIX saukunis
dasasruls ruseTi, aWaraSi damkvidrebis Semdeg, sakuTari
mosaxleobis
janmrTelobis
interesebidan
gamomdinare,
baTumis
samkurnalo
gamajansaRebel
kerad
gadaqcevas
cdilobda. isini acxadebdnen, rom baTumi maTTvis iyo:
,,Теплица России, который несомнено может и должень превратится в
санитарную станцию". (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-7, anaw.1, saqme
461 gv.13).
ruseTis
mmarTvelobis
periodSi,
pirveli
afTiaqis
gaxsnis sakiTxi kamaTs ZiriTadad ar iwvevs, magram, rogorc
saarqivo masalebidan vgebulobT, jer kidev 1889 wlis 27
aprils (da ara 1898 wels) baTumis TviTmmarTvelobis
sxdomaze gadawyda sakiTxi baTumSi ukve rigiT
meore
afTiaqis gaxsnis Sesaxeb.
provizori
petkeviCi
arwmunebda
quTaisis
samxedro
gubernators, rom afTiaqis gaxsna qalaqs sargebels
moutanda da arc Semowirulobaze iqneboda damokidebuli
(aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-7, anaw.1, saqme 46 gv.1-22).
1894 wlis 22 ianvars, quTaisSi mcxovrebi provizori
Teofane beJanis Ze naneiSvili TxovniT Sevida baTumis
TviTmmarTvelobis winaSe, raTa qalaqSi gaxsniliyo rigiT
mesame afTiaqi. amis mTavar mizezad man daasaxela qalaqis
mosaxleobis raodenobrivi zrda (1894 wlis aRweris
mixedviT qalaqis mosaxleoba udrida 25 000 adamians) da
masTan SesabamisobaSi wliuri receptebis statistika. am
periodSi receptebis zust raodenobas adgenda quTaisis
sagubernio mmarTvelobis eqimTa ganyofileba. aRniSnul
sxdomaze erTi kuriozuli ambavic moxda. baTumis TviTmmarTvelobis 1894 wlis 14 martis sxdomaze sityviT
gamosulma somexma, vinme o.g. melqonianma aRniSna, rom
qalaqSi afTiaqebis raodenobis zrda gamoiwvevda uazro
konkurencias, rac asaxvas hpovebda medikamentebis xarisxze.
sxdomis Tavmjdomarem mianiSna, rom 1873 wlis 25 maiss,
afTiaqebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb miRebuli wesebis mixedviT
samxedro portebSi yovel afTiaqze modioda 7 000 mcxovrebi
da 12 000 recepti. sxdomaze damswre eqimebma g. mxeiZem da
eliavam xazi gausves qalaqSi mesame afTiaqis gaxsnis
aucileblobas da amasTan aRniSnes, rom swored konkurenciis mizniT iyo saWiro afTiaqebis raodenobis zrda, rac
Sesabamisad gamoiwvevda medikamentebis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis amaRlebas. gabrazebulma melqonianma butbutiT
datova sxdomis darbazi. (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-7, anaw.1,
saqme 183 gv.17).
gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg, rigiT mesame afTiaqi
gaixsna Tu ara 1894 wels dokumentalurad ucnobia.
“1902 wlis 3 oqtombers (Zv. st.) baTumSi gaixsna qalaqis
saavadmyofo (aJamad respublikuri centraluri klinikuri
saavadmyofo. (r. surnaniZe, regionuli medicinis ganviTareba
saqarTveloSi. wigni I. s.s. “gamomcemloba aWara”, baTumi, 2001,
gv. 44)”.
“saavadmyofos afTiaqi muSaobas Seudga 1902 wlis 28
oqtombers. afTiaqs dauTmes 2 oTaxi. erT oTaxSi idga
karadebi medikamentebisaTvis, xolo meore gamoyenebuli iyo
samarago
medikamentebisaTvis,
boTlebis,
sadezinfeqcio
139
140
[«Кавказское Товарищество Торговли Аптекарскими Товарами въ
Тифлисъ, отделенiя; въ Баку и Батумъ. Очеркъ 25-лътней въеятельности.
1882-1907 г. стр.34-35], xolo wignSi «Всеобщiй Адресъ Ежегодникъ
города Батума на 1902 годъ» , изд. книжнаго магазина М. Николадзе, Годъ
I-й, стр. 88, vkiTxulobT:
xsnarebis Sesanaxad.
afTiaqis gamged muSaobda eqimi al. Satilovi. wamlebis
damzadeba davalebuli hqonda saavadmyofos ferSals. yvela
galenur preparats afTiaqi Rebulobda kavkasiis amxanagobis
adgilobrivi sawyobidan. Aalkaloidebs, qloroforms da sxv.
iwerdnen hamburgidan jer merkis, Semdeg brandtisa da
timanisagan, rac garkveulwilad ekonomiuri iyo.
gaxsnidan 14 TveSi afTiaqSi Semovida 3310 recepti.
mxolod stacionaruli avadmyofebisaTvis (ambulatoriul
avadmyofebs
aqedan
wamlebi
ar
eZleodaT).
receptis
yoveldRiuri raodenoba saSualod 20-s udrida.
Aamave periodSi afTiaqSi daixarja: spirti – 8 vedro (64
litri), benzini 5 fuTi (80 kg.), mwvane saponi 10 fuTi (160
kg.), qloroformi 14 kg., Termometri 16 duJina (184 cali),
Spricebi – 18 cali, medikamentebisaTvis gadaixades 1442 man.
saafTiaqo sagnebisaTvis 450 man.” (r. surnaniZe, regionuli
medicinis
ganviTareba
saqarTveloSi.
wigni
I.
s.s.
“gamomcemloba aWara”, baTumi, 2001, gv. 65).
saarqivo masalebidan irkveva, rom “baTumSi moRvawe
qarTvel da rus qvelmoqmedTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT
araerTi samkurnalo da saafTiaqo dawesebuleba gaixsna. maT
Soris aRsaniSnavia rusi generali, grafi tatiSCevi,
romelmac 1896 wels baTumis saavadmyofos mSeneblobisaTvis
100 000 maneTi gaiRo. swored am da sxva qvelmoqmedTa damsaxurebiT, 1896 wlis 15 oqtombers baTumSi daiwyo saavadmyofo
120 sawoliT”. (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-7, anaw.1, saqme 244
gv.5).
vfiqrob am dokumentebs erTxel kidev kargad Seswavla
sWirdeba.
saarqivo da dokumenturi wyaroebiT dasturdeba, rom 1902
wlisaTvis
baTumSi
funqcionirebda
sami
afTiaqi,
8
saafTiaqo maRazia da saafTiaqo saqoneliT vaWrobis
kavkasiis amxanagobis baTumis ganyofileba. aRniSnuli
ganyofileba “saafTiaqo saqoneliT vaWrobis kavkasiis
amxanagoba”-m 1901 wels gaxsna baTumSi mixailovis (amJamad 9
aprilis) quCaze mdebare Saxnazarovis orsarTulian qvis
saxlSi,
romelic
sakuTrebaSi
23,000
maneTad
SeiZina
Джероянъ А.О., Лорисъ-Мелик. (axlandeli Jordanias q.), д.
Лемли-Оглы, Химическiе продук., резин. изд., парфюмерiя и пр.
Имнадзе И.В., Набережная (axlandeli gogebaSvilis q. ), д.
Куртъ-Оглы.
Курджiанъ Е. Г., Барятин. (axlandeli vaxtang gorgasalis q.),
д. Мдивани
Михайлиди И.Т., Лорисъ-Мелик. (axlandeli Jordanias q.), д.
Ипполитова.
Степановъ А.Н., Кутаисская, д. Григорiади.
Согоянцъ М.С., Кутаисская, д. Муфтеазади.
Чандарлiоти П.Д., Базарная (axlandeli zurab gorgilaZis q.,
прот. гауптвахты, Нурiя.
Якалисъ Н., Оглобжинская у. (axlandeli kostavas q.), Д.
Хелимъ-Эфенди. Химическiе продукты, резин. изд., парфюмерiя русск. и
загранич. фабрикъ, Фотографическiя принадлежности.
Кавказское Т-во торговли аптекарскими товарами, уголъ
Михайловской и Марiинскаго пр., с. д. (axlandeli 9 aprilisa da
memed abaSiZis quCebis kuTxeSi).
1904 wels x.m Smaevskis tipografiaSi baTumis TviTmmarTve-
141
142
АПТЕКИ:
Витушинскаго В.А., арендаторъ провизоръ Н.А. Бялускiй. ДондуковоКорсак., с. д., при аптекъ заводъ искуств. минер. водъ (axlandeli
gamsaxurdias q. #3 afTiaqi).
Петкевича Ю.Ю. , уголъ Марiинск. и Тифлисской, д. Iоселiани (memed
abaSiZis q. axlandeli #1 afTiaqi).
Элiашвили С.С., уг. Михайловской и Лорисъ-Мелик., д. Каппиди
(axlandeli 9 aprilisa da Jordanias quCebis kuTxeSi).
АПТЕКАРСКIЕ МАГАЗИНЫ.
lobis gadawyvetilebiT daibeWda qalaqis saavadmyofos
wesdeba, romelic daamtkica Sinagan saqmeTa ministrma,
Tavadma sviatopolsk-mirskim. (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-6,
anaw.1, saqme 635a gv.3).
baTumis TviTmmarTveloba, qvelmoqmedTa daxmarebiT, did
mzrunvelobas iCenda eqimTa sazogadoebis mimarT. saavadmyofos wesdeba iTvaliswinebda mosaxleobis momsaxurebas
minimaluri Tanxebis farglebSi, qalaqSi mudmivad Tu
droebiT mcxovreb mosaxleobaze, miuxedavad wodebisa da
erovnebisa ... … mTavari eqimi angariSvaldebuli iyo TviTmmarTvelobis winaSe, Tavis mxriv TviTmmarTveloba yoveli Tvis
dasawyisSi saavadmyofos Sesanaxad gascemda garkveul Tanxas. aseve baTumis TviTmmarTveloba saavadmyofos moTxovnis
safuZvelze
uTanxmdeboda
qalaqis
afTiaqs,
romelic
gascemda medikamentebs. qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba erTgvarad
saavadmyofosa da afTiaqs Soris Suamavlis rols asrulebda. saavadmyofos mier gacemuli receptebis nusxa inaxeboda afTiaqSi arsebul gansakuTrebul wignSi. baTumis
TviTmmarTvelobas ufleba hqonda gaexsna afTiaqi qalaqis
saavadmyofosTan. rogorc saavdmyofos ise afTiaqis gerbs
warmoadgenda baTumis gerbi warweriT qalaqis saavadmyofo
an kidev qalaqis afTiaqi ...
1905-1907 wlebSi, ruseTis imperiaSi mimdinare movlenebma
(iaponiasTan omi, ekonomikuri krizisi, ris gamoc rusuli
navTi ver gadioda Soreul aRmosavleTSi) gamoiwvia aWaraSi
savaWro-samrewvelo warmoebis dacema, ramac asaxva hpova
samkurnalo-profilaqtikur da saafTiaqo dawesebulebebis
saqmianobaze.
miuxedavad
aseTi
krizisuli
viTarebisa,
gamoCndnen adamianebi, romlebmac moraluri da finansuri
daxmareba gamoucxades aRniSnul dawesebulebebs. aseTi iyo
baTumis portis savaWro ganyofileba da baroni nolde,
romelic kavkasiis regions kurirebda. 1905-1907 wlebSi
baTumis portma sakuTari specialuri saxsrebidan qalaqis
samkurnalo-profilaqtikur da saafTiaqo dawesebulebebs
17,500 maneTi gamouyo (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-6, anaw.1,
saqme 648 gv.2).
aRniSnul periodSi, baTumis TviTmmarTvelobas qalaqis
saavadmyofos SenaxvisaTvis saWiro Tanxa ar gaaCnda, rac
143
aisaxa qalaqis Tavis ivane
andronikaSvilis specialur
mimarTvaSi, gakeTebuli TviTmmarTvelobis 1905 wlis 30
seqtembris sxdomaze. baTumis
TviTmmarTvelobis
iniciativiT amasTan dakavSirebiT mowveuli iqna qalaqis
sazogadoebis kreba, sadac
general-adiutantma,
rusma
Tavadma golicinma da kavkasiaSi samoqalaqo saqmeTa
mmarTvelma, general-maiorma
trofimovma, qalaqSi arsebuli viTarebis gamo didi
SiSi da Zrwola gamoTqves.
maT mimarTvaSi aRniSnulia:
,,Город Батуми по своему географическому положению, находится в исключителных условиях,
служа проводником для занесения
в империю зараэных болеэней
череэ свой порт и обяэань поэтому
принимат для локалиэации етих
болезней меры, требуюшых эначителных расходов". aWaris a/r
arqivi fondi i-6, anaw.1, saqme
648 gv.10).
rogorc zemoT Tqmulidan
Cans, rus mmarTvelebs ruseTis imperiis da sakuTari
mosaxleobis bedi ufro awuxebda da amitom gasamrjelosac ar iSurebdnen.
“1909 wlisaTvis aWaraSi
moRvaweobda 5 umaRlesi da 7
saSualo ganaTlebis mqone
144
farmacevti” (v. maxaraZe, farmaciisTvis aWaraSi. gazeTi
“farmakoni”, #5 (52), ivlisi, 2008 w.)
……” ... 1910 wlisaTvis baTumis olqSi moqmedebda 7 afTiaqi,
romelTagan 5 iyo normaluri, xolo 2 sasoflo. yvela
maTganSi wamlebi iyideboda sruli asortimentis mixedviT.
saangariSo wels am afTiaqebma miiRes 86391 recepti, amaTgan
Semosavlis ricxvma 49531 maneTs miaRwia, xolo xelze
gayiduli wamlebis Semosavali 6403 maneTi iyo, e.i. sul 55934
maneTi.
afTiaqebis revizias atarebda olqis eqimi (i.n. sokolovski). arc erT SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi darRveva, Secdoma da
danaSauli ar gamovlinebula.saerTod unda iTqvas, rom
afTiaqis muSakebi tradiciulad gamoirCeodnen keTilsindisierebiT, punqtualobiTa da kolegialobiT.
1910 wlisaTvis baTumis olqSi muSaobda 22 farmacevti da
14 afTiaqaris mowafe” (r. surnaniZe, regionuli medicinis
ganviTareba saqarTveloSi. wigni I. s.s. “gamomcemloba aWara”,
baTumi, 2001, gv71)
”...afTiaqebis gaxsna dawyebula aWaris raionebSic. Amis
Sesaxeb mkiTxvels auwyebs gazeTi “iveria”: “CvenTan erTi
sasiamovno ambavi mxolod isRa aris, rom amas winaT
provizorma b-nma i. kasinskim Cvens daba CuruqsuSi afTiaqi
gamarTa, Tumca imis survils erTi gavleniani kaci ar
swyalobda” (“iveria”, 163, 31 ivlisi, 1890 w.). CvenTvis ucnobia
provizor kasinskis vinaoba da isic, kerZod sad mdebareobda
es afTiaqi. arc is viciT, romeli gavleniani Cinovniki
ewinaaRmdegeboda qobuleTSi afTiaqis gaxsnas. Tumca es
cnoba sakurorto qalaqis istoriisaTvis mainc sainteresoa.
rogorc Cans am afTiaqma didxans iarseba. 1921 wlisaTvis
qobuleTSi erTi afTiaqis cnoba gvaqvs da es swored i.
kasinskis mier gaxsnili afTiaqi unda iyos” (r. surmaniZe,
etiudebi farmaciis istoriidan. gazeTi “farmakoni”, #6 (53),
agvisto 2008 w..).
1915 wels, baTumis olqSi arsebobda Semdegi afTiaqebi:
nikitinis, kokoCevis, petkeviCis, vituSinskis, eliaSvilis,
kandelakis, qobuleTSi kosinskis afTiaqi, CaqvSi kaxianis
afTiaqi, arTvinis olqSi CxeiZis afTiaqi arendirebuli
aboiancis mier. am periodSi receptebis raodenoba udrida
145
95.915, xolo mogebis Tanxa receptebis mixedviT Seadgenda
58.519. (aWaris a/r arqivi fondi i-81, anaw.1, saqme 123 gv.7).
saafTiaqo saqoneliT vaWrobis
kavkasiis amxanagobis baTumis
ganyofileba (Saxnazarovis
orsarTulian kerZo saxlSi)
kandelakis afTiaqi
baTumis ganyofilebis TanamSromlebi
zemoT aRniSnuli afTiaqebi quTaisis guberniisa da
baTumis saolqo mmarTvelobis saeqimo ganyofilebas da
kavkasiis samedicino sammarTvelos eqvemdebarebodnen.
(«Кавказское Товарищество Торговли Аптекарскими Товарами въ
Тифлисъ, отделенiя; въ Баку и Батумъ. Очеркъ 25-лътней въеятельности.
1882-1907г. стр.34-35; «Всеобщiй Адресъ Ежегодникъ города Батума на
1902 годъ» , изд. книжнаго магазина М. Николадзе, Годъ I-й
fotosuraTebi mogvawoda zaur margievma).
146
manuCar loria
icxak davidi aWaraSi mcxovreb
ebraelTa Sesaxeb
kavkasiaSi mcxovreb ebraelTa istoriis calkeul sakiTxebs
i. davidma rusul enaze fundameturi naSromi miuZRvna - «История
евреев на Кавказе», romelic or tomad gamoica. monografiaSi
yuradReba gamaxvilebulia kavkasiis ebraelebis statistikis,
demografiis, eTnolingvistikis, socialuri da sameurneo
yofis, tradiciis, religiis, ganaTlebis da sxva sakiTxebze. es
naSromi qronologiurad XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan XX
saukunis 20-ian wlebamde periods moicavs.
statiaSi zogadad mimovixilavT im cnobebs, romlebic aWaris
ebraul diasporas exeba. am mxriv mniSvnelovania avtoris mier
gamoyenebuli ucxoeTSi gamomavali periodikis masalebi,
mogzaurTa informaciebi, sadac vxvdebiT baTumSi ebraelTa dasaxlebis, saqmianobis, religiuri cxovrebis, sionizmTan dakavSirebul farTo sazogadoebisaTvis nawilobriv ucnob faqtebs.
XIX saukunis damdegidan saqarTvelos qalaqebSi dasaxlebas
iwyebs ruseTis ebraelebi. es moZraoba upiratesad 1804 wlis
brZanebis Semdgom SeiniSneba, rodesac ruseTis ebraelebs kavkasiaSi dasaxlebisa da miwebis sakuTrebaSi SeZenis neba misces. am
brZanebiT kavkasia da, ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelo gamocxadda
„evropel ebraelTa dasaxlebis zonad” (Sukini, 1940, 60-62).
kavkasiaSi Camosaxlebuli evropeli ebraelebi i. davidis
cnobebiT ZiriTadad poltavis, kremenCukis, berdiCevis, mogilevis, kievis, kurlandiis, vitebskis da sxva guberniebidan,
agreTve,
poloneTidan,
avstriidan,
belgiidan,
Cexoslovakiidan, amerikidan iyvnen. maTi didi nawili dasaxlda
saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT – TbilisSi, mogvianebiT quTaissa
da baTumSi (Давид, I ,1989:117).
aWara polieTnikuri regionia. qarTvelebis gverdiT
cxovroben: berZnebi, ebraelebi, qurTebi, slavebi da kavkasiuri
147
modgmis xalxebi. saarqivo, samecniero literaturuli da
savele-eTnografiuli masalebis urTierTSecerebiT Cans, rom
ebraelTa kompaqturi dasaxleba aWaraSi ZiriTadad 1878 wlidan
iwyeba (dawvr. ix.: loria, 2009). maTi gamoCena regionSi
SesaZlebeli gaxda mas Semdgom, rac berlinis traqtatis Sesabamisad baTumi daubrunda saqarTvelos da Sevida ruseTis
imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. aq Camoyalibda ZiriTadad ori
ebrauli saTvistomo: „aSqenazi” da „qarTveli ebraelebis”,
Tumca „sefardi” ebraelebis mcireodeni jgufebis arseboba
aWaraSi 1878 wlamdec dasturdeba, razec miuTiTebs icxak
davidi. igi aRniSnavs, rom SavizRvispira qalaq baTumiT ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdgom rusul jarTan erTad qalaqSi
Sevidnen „rusi ebraeli” xelosnebi, romlebmac iq arsebuli sefardi da qarTvel ebraelTa Temebis paralelurad, male Seqmnes rus ebraelTa Temi. igi iqve amatebs, rom baTumSi yvelaze
Zveli ebrauli saflavis qva TariRdeba imave, anu 1877 wliT
(Давид, I ,1989:389, 271). osmaluri marTvelobis periodSi
ebraelTa mcire jgufis arseboba aWaraSi marTlac SesaZlebeli
iyo.
z.
WiWinaZis
TqmiT:
„saqarTvelodan
gadasaxlebulni ebraelni osmaleTSic arian” (WiWinaZe, cnobis
furceli,№1971,1902).
saerTod, qarTveli ebraelebi, regionis osmalTa batonobisagan ganTavisuflebamde aWaraSi dasaxlebas eridebodnen,
razec sxvadasxva avtori miuTiTebda. am mxriv CvenTTvis
sayuradReboa iuda haliv Cornis cnoba digvireli ebraelebis
Sesaxeb: „roca rusebi Sevidnen, Turq batons iqauri ebraelebis
aWaraSi gadayvana ganuzraxavs, magram ar wayolian... ebraelebis
mier digviris mitovebis mTavari mizezi Turqebis mier maTi
ZaldatanebiTi gamahmadianebis mcdeloba yofila. gansacdels
Tavi imiT daaRwies, rom sul erTianad axalcixesa da awyurSi
gadasaxldnen” (Corni, 1945:174). amasve aRniSnavs i. davidic
„mahmadianTa sistematiuri Tavdasxmebis gamo 27-ma ojaxma XIX
saukunis 40-ian wlebSi samudamod datova abasTumani da axalci-
148
cxrili №2
xeSi gadasaxlda”. am mizezebiT iyo gamowveuli, rom ebraelebi
SeiaraRebulebi dadiodnen (Давид, I ,1989:84, 412).
Tbilisi
78,4
1,6
quTaisi
22,6
2,8
axalcixe
16,1
2,6
momdevno periodSi SesamCnevia ebraelTa raodenobrivi
Semcireba, rac dakavSirebuli iyo ekonomikur safuZvelze
ebraelTa gaZevebis konkretuli SemTxvevebiT. «The Jewish
Chronicle» 21.IX. 1884; «Недельная Хроника востока» 1889, №, 15, 21
cnobiT:
„baTumSi
qalaqis
mmarTvelebi
moiTxovdnen
ebraelebisagan xeli moeweraT valdebulebaze, romlis
mexedviTac isini ori dRis ganmavlobaSi datovebdnen qalaqs”
(Давид, I ,1989:311). amgvari viTarebis gamo Tu 1889 wels baTumSi
iyo 200 ebrauli ojaxi, 1890 wels 100 ojaxi darCa (Давид, II,
1989:312).
ebraelTa raodenoba 1897 wlis monacemebiT, kavkasiis guberniebsa da olqebSi Semdeg suraTs iZleva (ix. cxrili №2 –
Давид, I ,1989:57).
4.594
1.031
9.850
2.023
1,72
0,23
1,118
2.453
90
2.346
1,208
4.796
0,42
0,25
4,703
4,199
8,902
0,84
Tbilisis gubernia
717
4.666
574
3. 838
1.291
8.504
0,15
0,81
erevnis gubernia
1.197
876
2.073
0,25
elizavetis gubernia
yarsis olqi
yubanis olqi
quTaisis gubernia
stavropolis gubernia
aWaris mmaCis arqivis masalebis Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom 1890-1897 wlebSi baTumSi ebraelTa mateba
dakavSirebuli iyo mosaxleobis meqanikur moZraobasTan
(dawvr. ix.: loria, 2009)
1904 wlis monacemebiT Cans rom kavkasiaSi ebraelTa umravlesobam Tavi moiyara Semdeg qalaqebSi (ix. cxrili №3 – Давид, I
1989:58).
cxrili №3
qalaqis mosaxleoba
gubernia, olqi
elizavetis
yarsis olqi
quTaisis
Tbilisis
erevnis
baTumis olqi
sul:
149
soflis mosaxleoba
sul
0,4
5.256
992
dedakaci
86,6
ebraeli
(aTasobiT)
daRestanis gubernia
mmamakaci
baqo
mTliani mosaxleoba sul
mamakaci qali
sul
qalaqebi
gubernia, olqi
dedakaci
cxrili №1
kavkasiis qalaqebis mosaxleoba wels (Давид, I ,1989:409).
orive
ebrauli mosaxleoba
sul
mamakaci
sainteresoa i. davidis cnobebi zogadad kavkasiaSi
ebraelTa gansaxlebasTan mimarTebaSi ( ix. cxrili № 1).
ebraelTa
Tanafardoba
saerTo mosaxleobasTan
44
30
49
21
93
51
021
25
872
12
1893
97
2785
3093
2129
2194
4914
5287
737
184
1425
1608
3162
3792
201
162
363
92
65
157
477
12804
365
9942
842
22746
2
6590
0
5007
2
11597
150
am periodis aRwerebi urTierTsawinaaRmdegoa da aqedan gamomdinare, yovelTvis identur Sedegs ar iZleva. Sesabamisad, am
aRwerebTan dakavSirebiT unda gamoiTqvas Semdegi SeniSvnebi:
a) mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRwera, romelic upirvelesi
wyaroa erovnebis dasadgenad, ruseTSi ganxorcielda mxolod
XIX saukunis miwurulSi, Tanac eTnikuri Semadgenlobis
gasarkvevad gamoiyenes dedaena da ara erovnebis niSani;
b) ufro adrindeli periodisaTvis iyenebdnen kameraluri
aRweris masalebs da xelisuflebis organoebis mier Segrovil
periodul cnobebs; es monacemebi ar iyo sruli, Seicavda bevr
uzustobas, radgan erovnebas xSirad aigivebdnen sarwmunoebriv
da eTnografiul niSnebTan;
g) migraciuli procesebis farTo masStabis gamo sakmaod
didi iyo cvlilebani erovnul SemadgenlobaSi rogorc droSi,
ise sivrceSi; amave dros mimdinareobda asimilaciis procesi; es
garemoebani
da
xelisuflebis
moxeleTa
naklebi
kompetenturoba eTnikur sakiTxebSi bevrad aferxebda swori
cnobebis Segrovebas;
d) aranakleb mnivnelovania is garemoeba, rom carizmis
rusifikatoruli politika sagangebod iTvaliswinebda ruseTis ganapira mxareebSi erovnul-uflebrivi interesebis
Selaxvas, aTanabrebda eTnografiul da erovnul niSnebs da am
gziT cdilobda daenawevrebina erTiani erovnuli sxeuli
(dawvr. ix.: loria, 2009; jaoSvili, 1996).
sainteresoa
agreTve
kavkasiaSi
mcxovreb
ebraelTa
lingvistur sakiTxebTan da warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebuli
i. daviTis mosazrebebi. igi savsebiT marTebulad kavkasiaSi
mcxovreb ebraelebs yofs oTx enobriv jgufad: saqarTvelos
ebraelebi, romlebic laparakoben qarTul enaze, agreTve mis
dialeqtebze; CrdiloeT kavkasiis ebraelebi, romlebic laparakoben TaTur enaze; urmidan, salamasidan, Sirvanidan, samxreT
azerbaicanidan da qurTistanidan gamosuli ebraelebi, romlebic iyeneben arameul enas; ruseTidan, poloneTidan, maloro-
siidan da sxva adgilebidan mosuli ebraelebi, romlebic laparakoben „idiSze” (Давид, I ,1989:95).
aWaraSi rogorc ukve aRiniSna, cxovroben rogorc aSqenazi,
ise sefardi ebraelebi. zogadad ebraelTa amgvar dayofas xangrZlivi istoria gaaCnia. maT Soris gansxvaveba vlindeba
locvis wesebSi, sinagogis mowyobaSi, tradiciuli yofiTi
kulturis sxva sakiTxebSi. aSqenaz ebraelebs miekuTvnebian evropeli ebraelebis didi nawili. isini Camoyalibdnen Sua saukuneebis, germaniaSi da gavrceldnen evropis sxva qveynebSi, agreTve amerikaSi, afrikaSi, avstraliaSi. sefardi ebraelebi ki
Camoyalibdnen: espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, italiaSi, TurqeTSi,
aziaSi, balkaneTSi, afrikis nawilSi. mkvlevarTa nawili maTTan
aerTianebs im ebraelebsac romlebic ar arian aSqenazebi da
pirdapiri kavSiri ar aqvT sefardebTan. magaliTad, kavkasiis ebraelebi. am saTvistomoTa salaparako enaa idiSi da ladino, romlebic TandaTanobiT xmarebidan gamodis. es enebi ebraelTa
sxvadasxva xalxebTan asimilaciis produqts warmoadgens da
msoflios ebraelTa umravlesobam ar icis. amJamad, israelSi
saxelmwifo enaa
ivriTi – Zveli ebrauli. i. davidis
TvalsazrisiT, kavkasiis ebraelebi ar arian arc sefardebi da
arc aSqenazebi, isini warmoadgenen gansakuTrebul ucxo
eTnoss, warmoSobils iberiul-kavkasiuri geopolitikuri da
polieTnolingvistikuri garemos safuZvelze. misi varaudiT,
samxreT kavkasiaSi cxovrobdnen ebraelebi, iber-baskebi,
berberebi da keltebi. igi uaryofs ebraelTa semitur
warmoSobas da miaCnia, rom ebraelTa winapari _ habirus tomebis
pirvandeli formireba kavkasiaSi moxda. maT ganicades semitizacia, roca daiwyes gadaadgileba egvipte-palestinis mimarTulebiT (Zv. w. XVs.), aiTvises semituri ena, ganicades fizikurrasobrivi semitizacia-qanaanizacia. e. mamisTvaliSvils miaCnia,
rom i. davidis es mosazrebani gasaTvaliswinebelia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, igi qarTvelebis da kavkasieli ebraelebis anTropologiuri monacemebis, zogierTi toponimisa da legendis sxvagvarad gagebisaken gvibiZgebs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom germaneli
151
152
mecnieris fridrix kahnis mixedviT istoriuli israelis miwaze
kavkasiis xalxebis didi migraciebi xdeboda, romlebic Semdeg
ukan brundebodnen. daaxloebiT aseTive mosazreba germaniaSi
ufro adre gamoTqva s. vainsebergma. misi SexedulebiT, kavkasiaSi cxovrobda eniTa da wes-CveulebebiT gansxvavebul
ebraelTa ori Sto: qarTveli da mTieli ebraelebi. s.
vainsebergs Cauweria cnoba orive Stos saerTo warmomavlobis
Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac qarTveli ebraelebi miCneulni
arian sufTa Stod, romelic ar Sereula arc TaTebTan da arc
xazarebTan da rom kavkasieli ebraelebi warmoSobilan
palestinidan wasuli aTi tomisagan (Давид, I ,1989:29;
mamisTvaliSvili, 1995:48). asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom am erTi eris
ori Sto saukuneebis siRrmidan modis. saqarTveloSi qarTvelma
ebraelebma garkveulwilad Semoinaxes is sulieri da ideuri
siZliere, romelic exmareboda maT erovnuli meobis
gadarCenaSi. es procesi amave dros mimdinareobda qarTul
yofasTan da kulturasTan mWidro kavSirSi. sayuradReboa
isic, rom oficialuri statistikiT saqarTveloSi 100-mde erisa
da erovnebis warmomadgeneli cxovrobs, magram maT aRsaniSnavad aravin iyenebs ormag eTnonims, magaliTad: qarTveli
rusi, qarTveli somexi, qarTveli azerbaicaneli da a.S.
qarTveli ebraelis, rogorc saxelwodebis arseboba ara marto
am ori xalxis istoriuli Tanaarsebobis, aramed ebraelTa mier
qarTuli enis mSobliur enad gaTavisebisa da qarTul eTnografiul yofaSi myarad Semosvlis Sedegia.
i. davidi monografiaSi exeba saqarTveloSi arameul enaze
molaparake ebraelebis, anu „laxluxebis” dasaxlebasac.
romlis
mixedviTac
aRniSnuli
ebraelebi,
sparseTis
qveSevrdomebi iyvnen. somxeTis gavliT isini dasaxldnen
TbilisSi da Semdeg aWaraSi. maT Soris bevri yofila xaxami da
rabini, kerZod, gamoCenili rabini mixail mizraxi da misi Svili
icxak mizraxi, romelTac hyavdaT bevri moswavle qarTvel
ebraelTa Soris mTel saqarTveloSi: quTaisSi, foTSi da sxva
qalaqebSi (Давид, I ,1989:68).
sainteresoa
qarTveli
da
aSqenazi
ebraelebis
damokidebulebis ganxilvac. z. WiWinaZe gazeT droebaSi werda:
„evropis uriebis ToraSi saqarTvelos uriebi ar Sevlen da arc
maTSi eseni, mTeli weliwadi ulocveladac rom darCnen”
(WiWinaZe^ droeba^ ~103). aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom
kavkasiis ebraelebi religiuri TvalsazrisiT da tradiciis
mixedviTac ufro metad Zveli wes-Cveulebebis erTgulni iyvnen
(iveria^ ~143^ 1902* cnobis furceli^ ~1783^ 1902). ruseTidan
gamosul ebraelebTan dakavSirebiT aq moviSveliebT i. davids:
„sajarod ismis xmebi, romlebic iuwyebian ruseTSi ebraelTa
asimilacias” (Давид, I, 1989:486-572).
daskvnis saxiT unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom icxak davidis
naSroms aqvs didi mecnieruli Rirebuleba da igi did
daxmarebas
uwevs
ebrauli
TematikiT
dainteresebul
mkvlevarebs.
153
154
literatura
1.
2.
iveria, 143^ 1902.
loria m. saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis ebraelebi:
istoria, eTnografia, kultura, baT., 2009.
3. mamisTvaliSvili e. qarTvel ebraelTa istoria, 1995.
4. Sukini m. saqarTvelos ebraelTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba
XIX saukuneSi. – saqarTvelos ebraelTa istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis Sromebi, I, Tbilisi, 1940.
5. Corni i. mogzauroba imier da amierkavkasiaSi.- saqarTvelos
ebraelTa
istoriul-eTnografiuli
muzeumis
Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 1945
6. jaoSvili v. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tbilisi, 1996
7. WiWinaZe z. uriebis Tora da maTi dResaswauli - droeba,
103.
8. WiWinaZe z. cnobis furceli, 1971, 1902
9. cnobis furceli^ ~1783^ 1902&
10. Давид И. История евреев на Кавказе, I-II, Тель-Авив, 1989.
S i n a a r s i
Манучар Лория
ИЦХАК ДАВИД О ЕВРЕЯХ
ПРОЖИВАЮЩИХ В АДЖАРИИ
Ицхак Давид издал на русском языке фундаментальную
монографию- «История евреев на Кавказе» в двух томах, посвященную
отдельным вопросам истории проживания евреев на Кавказе. В данной
труде особое внимание уделено статистике, демографии, этнолингвистике, социальному и хозяйственному быту, традициям,
религии, образованию и другим вопросам, связанными с евреями
Кавказа. Этот труд хронологически включает в себя, период времени от
второй половины XVIII века до 20-х годов XX столетия.
В данной стате отмечен тот факт, что труд Ицхака Давида имеет
большую научную ценность и оказивает большую помощь лицам,
заинтересованными еврейской темматикой.
zaza SaSikaZe - ,,wiTeli aWaristanis sal-name”
4
fridon qardava - aWara profesor aleqsandr jakobs
sCemis wignSi ”omi aRmosavleTSi, ruseTsa da TurqeTs
Soris”
9
jemal karaliZe - a. frenkelis Txzuleba “narkvevebi
Curuq-susa da baTumis
Sesaxeb” _ XIX saukunis aWaris
istoriis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaro
19
revaz uzunaZe
wyaroebSi
25
–
baTumi
Zvel
evropul
osmalur
Sorena maxaWaZe - romani aWarisa da aWarlebis Sesaxeb
/artur zutneris ,,aWarlebi"/
31
ramaz surmaniZe
(aWaraSi)
36
–
frangi
mogzaurebi
saqarTveloSi
oTar gogoliSvili - didi saxelmwifoebis
olqiT daintereseba pirveli msoflio omis win
baTumis
malxaz CoxaraZe - ahmed javadis ~kavkasiaSi mogzauroba”
da samuslimno saqarTvelos erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi
sakiTxebi XX saukunis I meoTxedSi
47
merab megraliSvili - a.n krasnovi aWaris kulturulgeografiuli garemos Sesaxeb
55
kaxaber surgulaZe - saqarTvelo-burgundiis urTierTobis
istoriidan
58
ermile mesxia – baTumi
kresenStainis memuarebSi
62
irma bagrationi avtorTa etiudebSi
155
43
baron
baTumuri
fridrix
kres
STabeWdilebebi
fon
ucxoel
73
nodar kaxiZe - italieli mogzauri emil levie aWaris
Sesaxeb
83
nugzar mgelaZe, Temur tunaZe - artur fon zutneris
romani „aWarlebi“ da XIX saukunis II naxevris samxreTdasavleT
saqarTvelos
istoriisa
da
eTnologiis
problemebi
91
qeTevan iakobaZe, Tamaz futkaraZe - Sardenis cnobebi
aWaris Sesaxeb
110
naTia beriZe, maka beJaniZe, qeTevan futkaraZe - Jan muries
114
156
cnobebi aWaris Sesaxeb
marina
Salikava
Cacmulobis Sesaxeb
ucxoeli
mogzaurebi
aWaruli
118
Temur tunaZe, Tamar oragveliZe – knut hamsuni baTumis
Sesaxeb
125
naila CelebaZe Sesaxeb
aWara ucxoel avtorTa
SromebSi
132
(samecniero konferenciis masalebi)
eriqsonis eTnografiuli kolaJi aWaris
SoTa
maxaraZe
zogierTi
cnobebi
saafTiaqo
dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb aWaraSi (1860-1915 wlebSi)
138
manuCar loria - icxak davidi aWaraSi mcxovreb ebraelTa
Sesaxeb
147
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa:
fridon qardava, qeTevan iakobaZe
koreqtori naTia beriZe
xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 15.01.2010
qaRaldis zoma 60X84
1/8
SekveTa @#25, tiraJi 100
gamocemloba “alioni”
daibeWda Sps “GAMAprint”-is stambaSi
baTumi, m. abaSiZis 35
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