Low emission operation manual for chimney stoves

Transcrição

Future Bio Tec
Project ERANET “Future BioTec”
Workshop: “Technologies for clean biomass combustion“
Low emission operation manual
for chimney stoves
Hans Hartmann, Claudia Schön, Peter Turowski
Technologie- und Förderzentrum
im Kompetenzzentrum für Nachwachsende Rohstoffe
Future Bio Tec
Intention of the manual
• The manual wants to:
• highlight the user specific chances to
avoid emissions and heat losses
• prevent hazardous combustion
performances of chimney stoves
• support end users in the operation of
their stove
• provide guidance for manufacturers
when drafting their stove specific
manuals
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Definition chimney stoves
• free standing room heater (not walled, with a front window)
• relatively low heat storage
• single-layer fuel charging
• frequent recharging required
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How was the information collected?
Literature review
(performed by the partners from AT, SE, FI and GE). Regarded sources are:
•General handbooks on stoves
•Flyers for stove operation
•Stove specific operation manuals
•Chimney sweep advisory and teaching information
•Scientific research reports
Dedicated combustion trials on stove operation
•Combustion trials with stoves on test bench concerning loading procedure,
fuel type impact, moisture content, log size, charging time, etc.
Project workshops
•Common discussion of recommendations and scientific findings
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Main content of the manual
• Wood as fuel
• Log wood drying, storage and quality
control
• Stove technology
• Stove operation
- ignition
- heating operation
- ash handling & stove maintenance
- troubleshooting
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Ignition materials
Kindling materials
•
thin wood sticks
coniferous wood type preferred
coarse wood chips
Ignition aids
•
•
•
wax-wood
wool blocks
paraffin wood
fibre sticks
paraffin wood
fibre blocks
burning time: 5-7 min
no paper or carton
no liquids
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Fuel specification: Wood logs
Log wood standard requirements (EN 14961-5)
Fuel quality aspects explained:
•permissible fuels
•not suitable fuels
•moisture content aspects
•size, shape, etc.
Property class
Unit
Grades
A1
Wood
species
1.1.1 Whole trees
without roots
1.1.3 Stemwood
1.1.4 Logging
residues
1.2.1 Chemically
untreated wood
residues
To be stated
a
B
1.1.1 Whole trees
without roots
1.1.3 Stemwood
1.1.4 Logging
residues
To be stated
cm
D2
≤2
D5
2≤D≤5
D10
5 ≤ D ≤10
D15 10 ≤ D ≤15
D15+ > 15 (act. value to be stated)
D15 ≤ 15
D15+ ≥ 15 (actual
value to be stated)
cm
L20
L25
L33
L50
L100
L33 ≤ 33
L50 ≤ 50
L100 ≤ 100
Moisture, M
%,
wet basis
M20 ≤ 20
M25 ≤ 25
Volume or weight
m stacked
3
or m loose
or kg
To be stated which volume or weight is used when retailed
Proportion of split
volume
% of pieces
≥ 90 %
≥ 50 %
No requirements
Even and smooth
No requirements
No requirements
Diameter, D
b
Length, L
c
Equal energy contents
A2
1.1.3 Stemwood
1.2.1 Chemically
untreated wood
residues
Origin and source
The cut-off surface
3
≤ 20
≤ 25
≤ 33
≤ 50
≤ 100
M25 ≤ 25
M35 ≤ 35
a
2.3 kg
2.4 kg
2.1 kg
1.7 kg
1 litre
Softwood
Hardwood
Wood briquette
Brown coal
briquette
Heating oil
85 % of the firewood should be kept in specified diameter property class.
b
Length should be in the limits of ± 2 cm. It is allowed to have 15 % firewood shorter than requested length
including the limit value.
c
Moisture content should not be less 12 w-% on wet basis (M)
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Fuel specification: Briquettes
Suitable wood briquettes
Pure bark briquettes
Fuel differences in chimney stove (8 kW)
8
12,000
CO
OGC
lambda
8,000
6-
6,687
5,234
6,000
4,000
8,360
8,206
4
3,620
3,238
2,000
327
1,787
868
238
1,551
352
1,475
104
2,257
1,641
205
598
2,214
lambda
Gaseous emission
mg/Nm³
10,000
(13 % O2)
2
1,815
1,121
161
0
0
n=3
spruce
without
bark
n=3
spruce
with
bark
n=3
beech
without
bark
n=3
beech
with
bark
n=3
round
with
hole
n=3
round
without
hole
n=6
cubiform
n=3
eightedge
with hole
n=3
bark
cubiform
n=3
bark
sixedge
n=2
brown
coal
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Log wood storage and moisture content
Moisture content requirements for stoves:
¾ maximum: 20 %
¾ minimum:
8%
¾ natural wood drying requirement: minimum 1 year
(full summer)
¾ careful with log wood from artificial drying
Typical drying progress of wood logs
Variable fuel moisture in chimney stove (8 kW)
(Example here: 1 m logs, staked outdoor, Southern Germany)
10,000
CO
Gaseous emission
mg/Nm³
(13 8,000
% O2)
OGC
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Moisture content
35
%
40
45
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Stove functioning and stove selection
Information given in the manual:
¾Components and general functioning
¾Retrofit components and accessories
¾Criteria for choosing a good stove
¾Selection of proper stove power
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Suitable stove heat power output
Minimum required living space of rooms connected by a joint
airspace and heated with the designated wood stove
(for reference climate of Germany)
Specific heat demand of the building
70 kWh/(m² a)
Nominal heat power output of stove
5 kW
7 kW
9 kW
> 100 m²
> 100 m²
> 100 m²
50 m²
70 m²
90 m²
30 m²
40 m²
50 m²
i. e. modern buildings according to the
newest insulation standards
160 kWh/(m² a)
i. e. medium insulation standard*
300 kWh/(m² a)
i. e. older buildings with low insulation
standard
* mean value of building stock in Germany
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Stove ignition: proposed procedure
(top down method)
Starting the fire from the top: Ignition module
Top down ignition method
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Stove ignition:
“top down” vs. “traditional” method
g
h
Trials performed with 8 kW chimney stove with grate,
results are mean values of three replications, all were started from cold stage
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Recharging time
¾ Recharge when flames are
about to extinguish
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Charging with optimal log sizes
¾ recharge preferably with
medium-sized logs
¾ combine big logs
with smaller ones
undiluted
diluted
mg/Nm³
300
(13 % O2)
Particle emission
¾ save small logs for the
ignition batches
400
200
225
211
194
178
123
60
100
73
65
n=3
8x8x25
n=3
9x9x21
65
34
0
n=3
5x5x25
n=3
6x6x25
n=3
7x7x25
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Frequent charging mistakes
Avoid charging with Avoid too long logs! Avoid large space
only one big log!
between logs!
Avoid overloading!
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Fuel mass loading influence: CO and total dust
emissions
Gaseous emissions
OGC
lambda
4,390
4-
4,002
3
2,758
2,626
3,000
2,532
2
Total particle emissions
400
2,000
1,000
869
738
371
503
425
0
1
0
n=3
5x5
0.45 kg
n=3
5x5
0.92 kg
n=3
5x5
1.26 kg
n=3
5x5
1.75 kg
n=3
5x5
2.30 kg
mg/Nm³
(13 % O2)
Particle emission
Gaseous emission
mg/Nm³
(135,000
% O2)
4,000
5
CO
lambda
6,000
undiluted
diluted
312
300
200
211
190
150
135
86
100
106
66
97
60
0
n=3
5x5
0.45 kg
n=3
5x5
0.92 kg
n=3
5x5
1.26 kg
n=3
5x5
1.75 kg
n=3
5x5
2.30 kg
Chimney stove, 8 kW
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Fuel charging: briquettes
Swelling of briquettes during combustion
Fuel bridge on a bed of amber
Risk of bridge formation during combustion:
¾The operator shall break briquettes by hand
into suitable sizes before charging!
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Thanks for your attention!
The complete manual will be provided as download
on the BE2020 webpage www.bioenergy2020.eu
Technologie- und Förderzentrum (TFZ)
Schulgasse 18, D-94315 Straubing / Germany
Contact: [email protected]
www.tfz.bayern.de
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Low emission operation manual for chimney stoves

Transcrição

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