Terrestrial microalgae on viennese buildings

Terrestrial microalgae on viennese buildings

Terrestrial microalgae on
Viennese buildings
Tatjana Darienko
Markus Gruber
Thomas Pröschold
Michael Schagerl
Terrestrial microalgae on Viennese buildings
Final report of project H-2081/2010
funded by Hochschuljubiläumsstiftung der Stadt Wien
Contributors:
Dr. Tatjana Darienko
Mag. Markus Gruber
Dr. Thomas Pröschold
Ao. Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Michael Schagerl
Project lead:
Ao. Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Michael Schagerl
Vienna, Mai 2013
Biofilmsonbuildings
1
Introduction
Terrestrial microalgae occur in almost all habitats such as soil, bark of trees, rocks and
as photobionts in lichens and are occurring in all geographical regions of the world
(Hoffmann 1989). They colonize both natural substrates and artificial surfaces.
Terrestrial microalgae are important contributors on the deterioration on artificial
substrates such as buildings, monuments, and walls in urban environments (Rindi &
Guiry, 2004; Rindi, 2007).
Biodestruction is the damage of the substrate caused by the activity of various
biological agents, especially bacteria, fungi, lichens and algae (Kovacik, 2000).
Depending on the environment and type of substrate, one of the most active and
harmful agents of biodestruction are algae, especially Chlorophyta (John, 1988;
Ortega-Calvo et al., 1991), which are the most important group of eukaryotic algae in
terrestrial environments. On stones and rocks, various taxa can cause different types
of destruction through the formation of cracks, micro cracks, or by the formation of
surface mats, which finally lead to the biodestruction of the rocks by the production of
organic acids or exopolysaccharides (Albertano, 1991; Kovacik, 2000). Furthermore,
algal crusts and thin mucilaginous layers commonly accumulate dust particles
resulting in discoloration of structures and art works. A significant danger of these
organisms emanates from indirect effects, especially from their capacity to form
associations with fungi and bacteria thus promoting corrosion of building materials.
These associations are particularly harmful to historical and cultural monuments
(Krumbein, 1988; Ortega-Calvo, 1991, 1993).
The role of algae in Vienna has rarely been studied. Only fragmentary data about
species composition are present in some old publications (Geitler, 1942a,b). The aim
of the present study was to investigate the species composition and distribution
patterns of those algae that may be involved in biodestructive processes on some
significant historical monuments in Vienna.
Biofilmsonbuildings
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Material and methods
We searched various buildings and monuments in the city of Vienna and its vicinity
for photoautotrophic biofilms in spring 2011. From each site, samples of 5-10
different areas have been collected and merged into one sample (Fig. 1).
Figure 1: Sampling locations in Vienna. For details see Table 1.
In total, 18 sites of biofilms were finally sampled from 6 areas, and organisms
cultured and investigated. Humidity of the substrates was measured by a moisture
meter MF-100 (Fa. VOLTCRAFT, Hirschau, Germany) and substrate types like
concrete, granite, sandstone and plaster were noted.
For incoming irradiance, the site openness was estimated: first, hemispherical photos
were taken using a digital camera Nikon Coolpix 4500 equipped with a Nikon fisheye
converter FC-E8 0.21 x. The camera was placed directly at the sampling spot, levelled
and oriented upwards with north direction marked. After processing the pictures with
Adobe Photoshop Version 8.0.1 in order to correct any pseudo-shading caused by the
photographer, the % site openness was calculated with the program Gap Light
Analyzer (GLA) Version 2.0 (Frazer et al., 1999).
The air quality parameter nitrogen oxide (NOx) was obtained from the Annual IGLReport (2012). We took the mean of the winter season 2010/11 of the nearest
measuring spot.
Details of each sampling site are summarized in Table 1.
Biofilmsonbuildings
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Table 1: Characteristics of the different sampling sites in Vienna
sampling site
exposition
substrate
humidity
openess
NOx
7
A Donauturm
south-east
concrete
43,0
40,77
65
9
Schönbrunn
south-east
sandstone
65,5
18,41
179
east
sandstone
76,7
16,76
179
north-east
sandstone
50,7
17,01
179
A Leschetizky
monument
north
concrete
55,0
11,37
B Adolf Ritter
monument
north
concrete
51,4
7,74
C wall near
Dänenstrasse
plaster
50,1
9,36
D Pfeiferauchender
Kosake
granite
34,5
13,48
49
C Obelisk - inside of
the sandstone
D Obelisk – sandstone
F Obelisk - crack
within sandstone
10
11
15
Türkenschanzpark
49
49
Hermannskogel
A wall
south-west
sandstone
58,8
25,56
23
B wall
north-east
sandstone
61,2
25,73
23
C wall - different
coloured sandstone
north-east
sandstone
34,0
25,73
23
D wall
north-west
sandstone
54,2
25,14
23
south-east
concrete
63,7
0,18
36
B Unter Stiege – Mitte
(horizontal)
concrete
56,6
0,58
36
C Unter Stiege - 1.
Plateau
(horizontal)
concrete
61,4
1,86
36
A Rinnböckkapelle
east
plaster
49,0
4,98
65
B Wall near
Rinnböckkapelle
south-west
plaster
63,0
18,13
65
north
granite
51,9
28,61
Jubiläumswarte
A Unter Stiege –
Stiegenanfang
19
49
Zentralfriedhof
D grave Fam Karl
Spellinger (Gruppe
7)
Biofilmsonbuildings
65
4
Each sample was cultivated on agarized (1.5 % w/v) Bold basal medium with 3-fold
nitrogen concentration (3NBBM without vitamins; medium 26a in Schlösser 1997) in
petri dishes (for sampling and cultivation design see Fig. 2). The cultures were
maintained in a culture room with a light:dark regime of 12h:12h at 18 °C. After two,
four and six weeks the cultures were investigated by light microscopy. Unialgal
cultures were identified by different identification keys: Ettl (1978), Komarek & Fott
(1983), Ettl & Gärtner (1995), Hindak (1996), Lokhorst (1996), Andreyeva (1998) for
eukaryotic algae, and Kondratyeva (1968), Kondratyeva et al. (1984), Komarek &
Anagnostidis (1998, 2005), Geitler (1932) for cyanobacteria. The light microscopical
pictures were taken using the POLYVAR microscope (Fa. Reichert-Jung, Vienna,
Austria) and AxioImager (Fa. Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany) both equipped with Colour
View-3 imaging system (Zen software, Zeiss company, Germany).
Figure 2: Sampling and cultivation methods to obtain unialgal cultures for light
microscopic identification
Some unialgal cultures could not be identified using traditional keys mentioned
above. Therefore, DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen
GmbH, Hilden, Germany) for DNA Barcoding. The SSU and ITS rDNA sequences
were amplified according to Luo et al. (2006) using the Taq PCR Mastermix Kit
(Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) with the primers (EAF3 and ITS055R) published
Biofilmsonbuildings
5
by Pröschold et al. (2001). Following the suggestion of Pawlowski et al. (2012), the
variable region 4 of the SSU rDNA (V4) of 19 strains was sequenced. Our sequences
were included in a data set of representatives of the green algal class
Trebouxiophyceae. The resulting data set of 81 sequences (216 bp) was analyzed by
distance method with the Jukes-Cantor algorithm (neighbor-joining) using PAUP*,
version 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002).
For finding a general species pattern along artificial gradients, an indirect gradient
analysis was performed with presence-absence data (software package CANOCO
version 4.5; Microcomputer Power, New York). Standard deviation of the gradients
was > 5.0, therefore the unimodal method of detrended correspondence analysis
(DCA) was applied (Lepš & Šmilauer 2005). Supplementary environmental variables
were projected post hoc into the plots to assist interpretation of the group orientation.
Variance inflation factors (VIF) for each variable were checked and variables with a
VIF above 5 were excluded to minimize the problem of multi-collinearity.
Biofilmsonbuildings
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Results
Biodiversity of algae and cyanobacteria in the different sampling sites studied
Algae were found in 19 of 22 samples origination from 6 sampling areas. In total, 66
taxa belonging to the divisions Cyanobacteria (18), Chlorophyta (34), Streptophyta
(7), Xanthophyta (3), Eustigmatophyta (1), Bacillariophyta (3) have been recorded
(Figure 3). From the sampling area Donauturm, only three cyanobacteria taxa have
been found (see Table 2).
40
30
20
10
0
Cy
an
ob
Ch act
lo eria
r
St oph
re
Ba pto yta
c
p
Eu illar hyt
sti iop a
gm h
a yta
X toph
an
th yta
op
hy
ta
Number of species
Figure 3: Taxa numbers of algal divisons found on various substrates
The dominant group of algae (34 taxa) on the substrates studied was the green algae.
Most of the species belong to the green algal class Trebouxiophyceae, which is typical
for different lithophytic substrates in the temperate zone (Figure 4).
Chlorophyceae
30
20
Zygnematophyceae
10
Trebouxiophyceae
0
Klebsormidiophyceae
Ulvophyceae
Figure 4: Diversity of different algal classes within green algae.
Biofilmsonbuildings
7
The sampling sites were different in species richness and species composition (Figure
5). The highest taxa number was observed on walls located in the Türkenschanzpark.
The number of species in the sample, collected from different areas on various
substrata ranged from 3 to 21, with an average value of 11.5 species (Figure 5).
Most abundant taxa were Phormidium autumnale (Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont,
Nostoc linckia (Roth) Bornet, Mychonastes homosphaera (Skuja) Kalina &
Puncochárová, Apatococcus sp., "Chlorella cf. luteoviridis", Chloroidium saccharophilum (Krüger) Darienko, Gustavs, Mudimu, Menendez, Schumann, Karsten, Friedl
et Pröschold, Trebouxia cf. crenulata, Dyctiochloropsis cf. symbiontica,
Klebsormidium flaccidum (Kützing) Silva, Mattox et Blackwell.
15
10
number of
species
5
rk
an
ns
kš
Ju
ge
bi
l
lŠ
um
sw
ar
Ze
te
nt
ra
lfr
ie
dh
of
M
itt
el
w
er
t
an
H
er
m
ch
ns
rk
e
TŸ
O
be
lis
k-
Sc
hš
nb
ru
zp
a
nn
0
Figure 5: Average species number per sampling area studied.
Türkenschanzpark (Appendix Plates 1-2): Macroscopic visible green biofilms on
the walls in the Türkenschanzpark consisted in total of 43 species belonging to
Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Streptophyta, Xanthophceae, Eustigmatophyta, and
Bacillariophyceae. The number of species per the sample ranged from 9 to 14, with an
average value of 12.8 species (Figure 6).
Biofilmsonbuildings
8
Cyanobacteria
Chlorophyta
Streptophyta
Bacillariophyta
Eustigmatophyta
Xanthophyta
Figure 6: Diversity of divisions in the Türkenschanzpark-area.
Obelisk-Schönbrunn (Appendix Plate 3): Overall, 33 taxa have been found, 15
belong to Cyanobacteria, 12 to Chlorophyta, 4 to Streptophyta, one each to
Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae and Eustigmatophyta, respectively. Coccoid
cyanobacteria were the most diverse group; widely distributed in this area were
Chroococcidopsis sp., Leptolyngbya foveolarum (Rabenhorst ex Gomont)
Anagnostidis et Komarek, Nostoc linckia (Roth) Bornet, Scytonema ocellatum Bornet
& Flahaul, Desmococcus olivaceus (Persoon ex Acharius) Laundon, Dilabifilum
arthopyreniae (Vischer & Klement) Tschermak-Woess, Klebsormidium flaccidum.
The number of species in the sample ranged from 8 to 16, with an average value of
12.7 species (Figure 7).
Cyanobacteria
Chlorophyta
Streptophyta
Bacillariophyta
Xanthophyta
Eustigmatophyta
Figure 7: Diversity of divisions in the Obelisk-Schönbrunn area.
Jubiläumswarte (Appendix Plate 4): Here algal growth was observed on surfaces of
walls and in spalled areas of plaster. Taxa found on this substrate include 33 species
from five divisions (Cyanobacteria 8, Chlorophyta 17, Streptophyta 4, Xanthophyceae
3, Eustigmatophyta 1). Chroococcidopsis sp., Gloeocapsa violascea (Corda)
Biofilmsonbuildings
9
Rabenhorst, Bracteacoccus minor, Scenedesmus abundans, Apatococcus sp.,
Trebouxia aggregata (Archibald) Gärtner, Klebsormidium crenulatum (Kützing)
Lokhorst, Klebsormidium flaccidum were the most common species. The number of
species in the samples ranged from 10 to 21, with an average value of 14.3 species
(Figure 8).
Cyanobacteria
Chlorophyta
Streptophyta
Xanthophyta +
Eustigmatophyta
Figure 8: Diversity of divisions in the Jubiläumswarte area.
Hermannskogel (Appendix Plate 5): Algal growth was observed in small cracks
and on wall surfaces. In total, 17 species from five divisions could be identified
(Cyanobacteria 1, Chlorophyta 11, Streptophyta 3, Xanthophyceae 1,
Bacillariophyceae 1). Apatococcus sp., Chloroidium ellipsoideum (Gerneck)
Darienko, Gustavs, Mudimu, Menendez, Schumann, Karsten, Friedl et Pröschold,
Diplosphaera chodatii Bialosuknia, Trebouxia crenulata Archibald, Stichococcus
bacillaris Nägeli were the most common species. The number of species in the
samples ranged from 6 to 10, with an average value of 7.5 species (Figure 9).
Cyanobacteria
Chlorophyta
Streptophyta
Xanthophyta
Bacillariophyta
Figure 9: Diversity of divisions in the Hermannskogel area.
Biofilmsonbuildings
10
Zentralfriedhof (Appendix Plate 6): Green biofilms on the walls were inhabited by
17 algal species belonging to Cyanobacteria (3), Chlorophyta (9), Streptophyta (3),
Xanthophyceae (1), Bacillariophyceae (1). The number of species collected from
different areas on various substrates ranged between 3 and 10, with an average value
of 7 taxa. Klebsormidium flaccidum, Mychonastes homosphaera, Interfilum terricola
(Petersen) Mikhailyuk, Sluiman, Massalski, Mudimu, Demchenko, Friedl et
Kondratyuk (Figure 10).
Cyanobacteria
Chlorophyta
Bacillariophyta
Xanthophyta
Figure 10: Diversity of divisions in the Zentralfriedhof area.
The different samples sites are documented in the Appendix Plates 1-6. The species
composition are summarized in Table 4 and documented in Appendix Plates 7-15.
DNA Barcoding of selected isolates from the different sampling sites
To detect the genetic variability of the most abundant species from different sampling
sites, DNA of 19 strains was extracted for sequencing of the V4 region of the nuclear
SSU rDNA. Expect of one strain from sample 11B, which belongs to Chlamydomonas
rapa (Chlorophyceae; data not shown), all isolates are members of different clades of
the Trebouxiophyceae. 7 out of 19 strains are possibly taxa, which have not described
before. The sequencing results are summarized in Table 3 and Figure 11.
Biofilmsonbuildings
11
Table 3: Molecular identification using the V4 region as DNA barcode
Sampling
site
Morphological identification
Clade in Figure
10
9C
Stichococcus minutus
Prasiola
9C
Trebouxia arboricola
Trebouxia
10A
Chloroidium saccharophilum
Watanabea
10A
Coccomyxa sp.
Elliptochloris
10A
Gloeocystis sp.
Prasiola
10B
Chlorella sphaerica
Watanabea
10B
Neocystis sp.
Prasiola
10C
Elliptochloris subsphaerica
Elliptochloris
10C
Chloroidium angustoellipsoideum
Watanabea
10C
Neocystis sp.
Prasiola
10C
Gloeocystis sp.
Prasiola
10C
Diplosphaera sp.
Prasiola
10C
Myrmecia biatorellae
Myrmecia
11A
Diplosphaera sp.
Prasiola
11A
Trebouxia arboricola
Trebouxia
11B
Apatococcus sp.
Apatococcus
11B
Chlamydomonas rapa
-
11D
Coccomyxa sp.
Elliptochloris
15A
Apatococcus sp.
Apatococcus
Biofilmsonbuildings
Note
new (?)
new (?)
new (?)
new (?)
new (?)
new (?)
new (?)
12
Figure 11: Molecular phylogeny of the Trebouxiophyceae based on 81 sequences
of the V4 region of SSU rDNA. The tree was calculated by the neighbor-joining
method using the Jukes-Cantor algorithm.
Biofilmsonbuildings
13
Species patterns
43 species were reported on concrete and brick walls (Cyanobacteria 32, Chlorophyta
11), and 38 species on stone walls (Cyanobacteria 17, Chlorophyta 18,
Xanthophyceae 2, Rhodophyta 1). On limewashed walls, 11 taxa could be detected
(Cyanobacteria 8, Chlorophyta 3). Cyanobacteria of genera such as Tolypothrix net et
Flahaut, Calothrix Bornet et Flahaut, Schizothrix Gomont, Nostoc Bornet et Flahaut,
Oscillatoria Gomont, Myxosarcina dominated on all types of substrate. Amongst
green algae, Desmococcus olivaceus, Chloroidium ellipsoideum, C. vulgaris,
Chlorococcum ellipsoideum (Korshikov) Philipose, Klebsormidium flaccidum, and
Stichococcus bacillaris were most abundant.
2.5
In each of the 6 sampling areas/19 locations, between 3 and 21 taxa were identified
(Figure 12). Highest taxa numbers were recorded at locations with intermediate
environmental conditions (Figure 12, locations plotted near the center).
15B
19B
11C
11B
7A
11A
19A
9D
10A
11D
-1.5
9C
15A
10C
15C
19D
10B
10D
9F
-2.0
3.0
Figure 12: Species number of sampling sites (minimum = 3, maximum = 21). For
environmental variables along artificial axes please compare to Figure 13.
Biofilmsonbuildings
14
0.8
Inteterr
Chloelli
Klebcren
Sticbaci
Diplchod
Trebcren
Apat_sp
open plast
conc
Desmabun
Klebflac
Desmoliv
sand
Mychhomo
humi
Sticminu
granite
sun
Nox
-0.6
Chro_sp
Hetelute
Nostlinc
Chlosacc
Gloe_sp
Phorautu
Scytocel
-1.0
1.0
Figure 13: DCA joint plot of species and post-hoc projected environmental
variables. Only species with a weight > 25% are shown.
A significant species pattern was found and post-hoc projection of variables indicated
a high correlation of axis 1 (x-axis) with humidity, sun exposition (sun), NOx
concentration in air and the substrate sandstone (sand); site openess (open) played a
minor role (Figure 13). Although the sandstone substrata were more oxposed to sun
than other substrata, they obviously provided elevated humidity to the phototrophic
biofilm, which can be explained by its high porosity. Cyanobacteria (Nostoc,
Scytonema) and Interfilum terricola prefer/tolerate elevated humidity and sun
exposition, whereas taxa like Stichcoccus, Trebouxia, Chloroidium ellipsoideum and
Apatococcus are mainly occrring in shaded areas with lower substrate humidiy and
low air pollution. Axis 2 (y-axis) is mainly explained by the substrate granite.
Biofilmsonbuildings
15
Discussion
In the sampling areas within the City of Vienna and its vicinity, 66 algal taxa were
recorded and further studied in unialgal cultures by light microscopy; some of them
needed an additional identification by means of DNA barcoding. Comparing the
biodiversity of the different sites, the species composition varies depending on the
offered substrates. Our findings are congruent with those published by John (1988),
who found that diversity of algae growing on walls differs by the type of substrate. A
detailed investigation of concrete walls of buildings and their colonization by algae
(predominantly Cyanobacteria and Chlorophyta) was performed in Singapore by Wee
& Lee (1980). The most common and abundant species included Trentepohlia
odorata (Wiggers) Wittrock, Gloeocapsa atrata Kützing emend. Hollerbach and G.
thermalis Lemmermann. The authors showed that under the tropical climatic
conditions prevailing in Singapore these algal species were able to cover new
buildings with a dense coating within 12 years.
The content of lime and his firmness are considered to be the most important factors
for growth. Modern building materials are rich in lime and they are considerably
harder than materials that were used before the beginning of last century. They are
less favorable for algal growth than materials that were used during the 15th-19th
century. However, the reduction of the pH of the surface layer caused by sufficient
humidity and the presence of acidic oxydes in air promote the active colonization by
algae of the modern materials (John, 1988). Similar investigations in the Ukraine were
carried out by Mikhailyuk (1999), who investigated the borders and walls of buildings
in Kanev Nature Reserve. A comparison of both studies indicates that the green and
yellow-green algae (Xanthophyceae) that form the crust on the walls of Lavra are
characterized by a significantly lower species diversity of diatoms. A possible
explanation may be the fact that the study by Mikhailyuk was a longer term
investigation covering more than one season resulting in a more complete assessment
of the species diversity and dynamics.
Algal growth can also be observed on hard substrate such as granite. Investigations of
algal communities on this substrate are very scarce and were carried out previously in
Spain (e.g. Noguerol-Seoane & Rifon-Lastra, 1997; Rifon-Lastra & NoguerolSeoane, 2001), the Alpine regions of Switzerland by Jaag (1945), who mainly focused
on Cyanobacteria, and in the southern part of Ukraine (Mikhailyuk et al., pers.
comm.). Jaag (1945) investigated the granite outcrops in the Swiss Alps, located at an
altitude ranging from 750 to 2700 m.a.s.l. 56 taxa belonging to the Cyanobacteria
(22), Chlorophyta (13), Bacillariophyceae (20), and Chrysophyceae (1) were recorded
in these algal communities. The study also lists several species, i.e. Tolypothrix
byssoidea (Bornet et Flahaut) Kirchner, Cylindrocystis brebissonii Meneghini,
Hormotila mucigena Borzi, and also species of the genus Coccomyxa that were
growing on the granite wall of a church. If cracks are present on the granitic rocks,
Biofilmsonbuildings
16
Jaag frequently observed the growth of Trentepohlia iolitus (L.) Wallroth. Mikhailyuk
et al. (2003) studied the epilithic, chasmoendolithic and epiphytic algae from the
granite outcrops in the south of the Ukraine. The results showed that algae never
formed macroscopic growth on bare surfaces and occurred only in 40% of the
cultivated samples. A total of 12 species of green algae were reported from bare light
exposed surfaces. The average number of species per sample was 0.2, and varied
generally between 0 and 1 species per sample. The richest samples contained 4
species. However, the samples from bare granite surfaces overshadowed by high grass
or bushy lichens showed a higher diversity of algae (18 representatives of
Chlorophyta). The algae were often well developed macroscopically. The average
number of species per sample was 3.0 and ranged between 4 and 9 species. Thirty­
eight algae were found in chasmoendolithic locations (Cyanobacteria 1, Chlorophyta
36, Xanthophyceae 1). Algae were found in 64% of the cultivated samples. The
average number of species per sample was 0.5 and ranged from 1 to 3 species. The
maximum number of species found in a sample was 7. Eighteen chlorophycean algae
were discovered on the surfaces of lichens. Comparing these results with those in our
study the average number of species is higher (7-14) in the sampling sites in Vienna.
Similar species compositions that we found in Vienna have been discovered on
sandstone in Luxembourg (Hoffmann & Darienko 2005). Not only the total number of
species is similar (66 in Vienna, 61 in Luxembourg), the dominant observed species
are mostly the same such as Apatococcus, Diplosphaera, Coccomyxa, Neocystis and
Gloeocystis. It however needs to be proved by molecular investigations, if these
species are genetically identical. Our study showed (see Table 3) that some of the
isolates may represent new lineages and maybe new species, but this also needs
further studies.
Biofilmsonbuildings
17
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20
Species
7A 9C 9D 9F 10A 10B 10C 10D 11A 11B 11D 11C 15A 15B 15C 19A 19B 19D
Apatococcus sp.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Bracteacoccus minor (Chodat) Petrová
1
1
1
cf. Gloeosphaeridium
1
1
1
1
cf. Pseudoendoclonium botryoides
1
1
Chamaesiphon polimorphus Geitler
1
Chlorella sp.
1
Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck
1
1
Chloroidium ellipsoideum (Gerneck) Darienko, Gustavs, Mudimu, Menendez, Schumann, Karsten, Fri
1
1
1
1
Chloroidium saccharophilum (W.Krüger) Darienko, Gustavs, Mudimu, Menendez, Schum 1
1
1
1
Chroococcidopsis sp.
1
1
1
1
1
Coenochloris cf. bilobata
1
Coenochloris cf. signiensis
1
1
Coenochloris sp.
1
1
Cosmarium cf. furcatospermum
1
Desmococcus olivaceus (Persoon ex Acharius) J.R.Laundon
1 1
1
1
Desmodesmus abundans (Kirchner) E.Hegewald
1
1
1
1
Diadesmis contenta (Grunow ex Van Heurck) D.G.Mann
1
Dilabifilum arthropyreniae (Vischer & Klement) Tschermak-Woess
1
Diplosphaera chodatii Bialosuknia
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Dyctiochloropsis symbiontica Tschermak-Woess
1
1
1
Elliptochloris bilobata Tschermak-Woess
Elliptochloris subsphaerica (H.Reisigl) H.Ettl & G.Gärtner
Eustigmatos magnus (J.B.Petersen) D.J.Hibberd
Gloeocapsa fusco-lutea Kirchner
Gloeocapsa rupestris Kützing
Gloeocapsa violascea (Corda) Rabenhorst
Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) Grunow
Heterochlorella luteoviridis J.Neustupa, Y.Nemcova, M.Eliás & P.Skaloud
1
Heterococcus viridis Chodat
Interfilum sp (filam)
Interfilum terricola (J.B.Petersen) Mikhailyuk, Sluiman, Massalski, Mudimu, Demchenko, Frie
Klebsormidium crenulatum (Kützing) Lokhorst
Klebsormidium dissectum (Gay) Lokhorst
1
Klebsormidium flaccidum (Kützing) P.C.Silva, K.R.Mattox & W.H.Blackwell
1
Klebsormidium nitens (Meneghini) Lokhorst
Leptolyngbya foveolarum (Rabenhorst ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komarek
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Leptolyngbya lurida (Gomont) Anagnostidis et Komarek
Leptosira erumpens (Deason & Bold) Lukesova
Lobochlamys sp
Luticola nivalis (Ehrenberg) D.G.Mann
Microcoleus vaginatus Gomont ex Gomont
Muriella terrestris J.B.Petersen
Mychonastes homosphaera (Skuja) T.Kalina & M.Puncochárová
Myrmecia astigmatica Vinatzer
Myrmecia biatorellae J.B.Petersen
Myrmecia incisa Reisigl
Neocystis cf. brevis
Nostoc linckia (Roth) Bornet
Nostoc punctiforme (Kützing) Hariot
Phormidium autumnale (Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont
Phormidium schroeteri (Hansgirg ex Hansgirg) Anagnostidis et Komarek
Plectonema gracillima (Zopf ex Hansgirg) Anagnostidis et Komarek
Plectonema notata (Schmidle) Anagnostidis et Komarek
Pleurocapsa minor Hansgirg
Prasiolopsis ramosa Vischer
Pseudococcomyxa simplex (Mainx) Fott
Schizothrix lardaceae Gomont
Scytonema ocellatum Bornet & Flahaul
Stichococcus bacillaris Nägeli
Stichococcus minutus Grintzesco & Peterfi
Stichococcus mirabilis Lagerheim
Stichococcus undulatus Vinatzer
Trebouxia aggregata
Trebouxia big(cf. crenulata)
Trebouxia sp.
Xanthonema cf. montanum
Xanthonema exile (G.A.Klebs) P.C.Silva
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Appendix: Sampling sites and light microscopical pictures of
cyanobacteria and algae observed in this study
Plate 1: Sampling site Türkenschanzpark
Plate 2: Sampling site Türkenschanzpark
Plate 3: Sampling site Obelisk Schönbrunn
Plate 4: Sampling site Jubiläumswarte
Plate 5: Sampling site Hermannskögel
Plate 6: Sampling site Zentralfriedhof
Plate 7
1 – Aphanothece saxicola Nägeli
2 – Chamaesiphon polymorphus Geitler
3 – Chroococcidopsis sp.
4 – Gloeocapsa fusco-lutea Kirchner
5 – Gloeocapsa rupestris Kützing
6 – Gloeocapsa violascea (Corda) Rabenhorst
7 – Gloeocapsa sp.1
8 – cf. Gloeocapsa varians
Plate 8
9 – Plectonema notata (Schmidle) Anagnostidis et Komarek
10 – Leptolyngbya foveolarum (Rabenhorst ex Gomont) Anagnostidis et
Komarek
11 – Nostoc linckia (Roth) Bornet
12 – Nostoc punctiforme (Kützing) Hariot
13 – Plectonema gracillima (Zopf ex Hansgirg) Anagnostidis et Komarek
14 – Phormidium autumnale (Agardh) Trevisan ex Gomont
15-16 – Pleurocapsa minor Hansgirg
Plate 9
17 – Scytonema ocellatum Bornet & Flahaul
18 – Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck
19 – Bracteacoccus minor (Chodat) Petrova
20 – Mychonastes homosphaera (Skuja) T.Kalina & M.Puncochárová
21 – Desmodesmus abundans (Kirchner) E.Hegewald
22 – Apatococcus sp.
23 – Heterochlorella luteoviridis J.Neustupa, Y.Nemcova, M.Eliás &
P.Skaloud
24 – Chloroidium angusto-ellipsoideum (Hanagata et Chihara) Darienko,
Gustavs, Mudimu, Menendez, Schumann, Karsten, Friedl &
Pröschold
Plate 10
25 – Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck
26 – Chlorella sp.
27 – Chloroidium saccharophilum (W.Krüger) Darienko, Gustavs, Mudimu, Menendez, Schumann, Karsten, Friedl & Pröschold
28 – Chloroidium ellipsoideum (Gerneck) Darienko, Gustavs, Mudimu,
Menendez, Schumann, Karsten, Friedl & Pröschold
29 – Coenochloris sp.
30 – Coenochloris cf. bilobata
31 – Coenochloris cf. signiensis
32 – Desmococcus olivaceus (Persoon ex Acharius) J.R.Laundon
Plate 11
33 – Diplosphaera chodatii Bialosuknia
34 – Dyctiochloropsis symbiontica Tschermak-Woess
35 – Muriella terrestris J.B.Petersen
36 – Elliptochloris bilobata Tschermak-Woess
37 – Elliptochloris subsphaerica (H.Reisigl) H.Ettl & G.Gärtner
38 – Myrmecia biatorellae J.B.Petersen
39-40 – Myrmecia incisa Reisigl
Plate 12
41 – Leptosira erumpens (Deason & Bold) Lukesova
42 – Neocystis cf. brevis
43 – Prasiolopsis ramosa Vischer
44 – cf. Pseudoendoclonium botryoides
45 – Stichococcus mirabilis Lagerheim
46 – Stichococcus bacillaris Nägeli
47 – Stichococcus minutus Grintzesco & Peterfi
48 – Stichococcus undulatus Vinatzer
Plate 13
49 – Trebouxia crenulata Archibald
50 – Trebouxia aggregata (Archibald) Gärtner
51 – Trebouxia sp.
52 – Interfilum terricola (J.B.Petersen) Mikhailyuk, Sluiman, Massalski,
Mudimu, Demchenko, Friedl & Kondratyuk
53 – Interfilum sp.
54 – Klebsormidium dissectum (Gay) Lokhorst
55 – Klebsormidium nitens (Meneghini) Lokhorst
56 – Klebsormidium flaccidum (Kützing) P.C.Silva, K.R.Mattox &
W.H.Blackwell
Plate 14
57 – Klebsormidium crenulatum (Kützing) Lokhorst
58 – Cosmarium cf. furcatospermum
59, 63 – Diadesmis contenta (Grunow ex Van Heurck) D.G.Mann
60 – Luticola nivalis (Ehrenberg) D.G.Mann
61 – Hantzschia amphioxys (Ehrenberg) Grunow
62, 64 – Hippodonta hungarica (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot, Metzeltin &
Witkowski
Plate 15
65, 66 – cf. Gloeosphaeridium firmum (Pascher) Pascher
67 – Xanthonema cf. montanum
68 – Eustigmatos magnus (J.B.Petersen) D.J.Hibberd
69, 70 – Xanthonema exile (G.A.Klebs) P.C.Silva
71, 72 – Heterococcus viridis Chodat
Plate 1
Plate 2
Plate 3
Plate 4
Plate 5
Plate 6
Plate 7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Plate 8
Plate 9
Plate 10
Plate 11
Plate 12
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Plate 13
Plate 14
Plate 15