Scientific Electronic Library Online Anexo 1 – Exemplo de

Transcrição

SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online
FAPESP - CNPq – BIREME - FapUNIFESP
Rua Onze de Junho, 269 – CEP 04041-050 - São Paulo-SP – Brasil. Tel.: 55-11-5083-3639
www.scielo.org | www.scielo.br
Scientific Electronic Library Online
Anexo 1 – Exemplo de XML marcado
São Paulo
Janeiro 2014
Anexo 1 – Exemplo de XML marcado
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article
PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.0 20120330//EN" "JATSjournalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
dtd-version="3.0" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Braz. oral res</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Brazilian Oral Research</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Braz. oral res.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1806-8324</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1807-3107</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Pesquisa Odontológica</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1806-83242013005000032</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/S1806-83242013005000032</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Pediatric Dentistry</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Malocclusion and socioeconomic indicators in primary
dentition</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sousa</surname>
<given-names>Raulison Vieira de</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">(a)</xref>
</contrib>
<name>
<surname>Pinto-Monteiro</surname>
<given-names>Ana Karla de Almeida</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">(b)</xref>
</contrib>
<name>
<surname>Martins</surname>
<given-names>Carolina Castro</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">(c)</xref>
</contrib>
<name>
<surname>Granville-Garcia</surname>
<given-names>Ana Flávia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">(a)</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
</contrib>
<name>
<surname>Paiva</surname>
<given-names>Saul Martins</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">(c)</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">
<label>(a)</label>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatrics</institution>
<institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Dentistry</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual da Paraíba</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
</addr-line><country>Brazil</country>Department of Pediatrics, School of Dentistry,
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual da Paraíba - UEPB, Campina
Grande, PB, Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>(b)</label>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Orthodontics</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do
Norte</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Caicó</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">RN</named-content>
</addr-line><country>Brazil</country>Department of Orthodontics, School of
Dentistry,
<institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte UERN, Caicó, RN, Brazil</institution></aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>(c)</label>
<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatrics</institution>
<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas
Gerais</institution>
<addr-line>
<named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
<named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
</addr-line><country>Brazil</country>Department of Pediatrics, School of Dentistry,
<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG,
Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil</institution></aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="c01">
<bold>Corresponding Author:</bold> Ana Flávia Granville-Garcia
E-mail:<email>[email protected]</email>
</corresp>
<fn fn-type="conflict">
<p>
<bold>Declaration of Interests:</bold> The authors certify that they have no
commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in
connection with the manuscript.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>02</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2013</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection">
<season>Jan-Feb</season>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>28</volume>
<issue>01</issue>
<fpage>54</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>17</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>01</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="rev-recd">
<day>14</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<license license-type="open-access"
xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
<license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted
non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract xml:lang="en">
<p>The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and
associations with socioeconomic indicators among preschoolers. A cross-sectional
study was conducted with 732 children 3 to 5 years of age in the city of Campina
Grande, Brazil. Three dentists underwent a calibration exercise (K = 0.85-0.90) and
diagnosed malocclusion based on the criteria proposed by Foster & Hamilton and
Grabowski <italic>et al.</italic> Parents/guardians answered a questionnaire
addressing sociodemographic aspects. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics
and bivariate Poisson regression (PR; α = 5%). The prevalence of malocclusion was
62.4%. The most frequent types were increased overjet (42.6%), anterior open bite
(21%) and deep overbite (19.3%). An association was found between malocclusion and
age: the prevalence of malocclusion was greater among younger children, with the
highest prevalence among 3-year-olds (PR = 1.116; 95%CI = 1.049-1.187). The
prevalence of malocclusion was high. Mother's schooling and household income were
not
associated with malocclusion. Socioeconomic factors were also not associated with
the
occurrence of malocclusion.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>Malocclusion</kwd>
<kwd>Socioeconomic Factors</kwd>
<kwd>Income</kwd>
<kwd>Child</kwd>
<kwd>Overbite</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<funding-group>
<award-group>
<funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico</funding-source>
<award-id>471-790-2011/7</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
<counts>
<table-count count="3"/>
<ref-count count="30"/>
<page-count count="7"/>
</counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<sec sec-type="intro">
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>From a public health perspective, the assessment of malocclusion in the deciduous
dentition should focus on magnitude and severity as a guide to establishing strategies
aimed at preventing occlusal problems later in life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref> Increased overjet, deep overbite, lateral crossbite and anterior open bite are
the most common types of malocclusion in the primary dentition.<xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref> Some malocclusions that arise at 3 years of age may improve over subsequent
years (open bite), whereas others may worsen (distoclusion, lateral crossbite and
unfavorable vertical occlusal conditions).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</p>
<p>Genetic factors, ethnic factors, nonnutritive sucking habits, impaired nasal breathing
and functional atrophy of the maxilla due to the underdevelopment of dental arches are
frequently associated with malocclusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<sup>-</sup>
<sup>8</sup>
</xref> Few epidemiological surveys have addressed the primary dentition and even
fewer
studies have associated malocclusion with socioeconomic indicators. Investigations of
this type are important for the allocation of public funds for health services. Previous
studies have generally evaluated only one type of malocclusion and one socioeconomic
indicator.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
</p>
<p>The World Health Organization recommends periodic surveys of the main oral health
problems. Epidemiological studies on malocclusion are important in identifying occlusal
changes during growth and in determining the distribution of oral health conditions in a
population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>10</sup>
</xref> Moreover, malocclusion can exert an impact on a child's quality of life.<xref
ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>11</sup>
</xref>
</p>
<p>Considering the scarcity of such investigations, the aim of the present study was to
determine the prevalence of malocclusion and associations with socioeconomic
indicators
among preschoolers in Brazil. </p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods">
<title>Methodology</title>
<sec>
<title>Sample </title>
<p>A cross-sectional study was conducted with 732 children 3 to 5 years of age,
enrolled
at 33 (15 private and 18 public) preschools in the city of Campina Grande, Brazil.
The participants were selected from a total population of 12,705 children in this age
group (corresponding to 6.6% of the population). </p>
<p>A two-phase sampling method was used to ensure representativeness: </p>
<p>
<list list-type="order">
<list-item>
<label>1</label>
<p>random selection of preschools from each health district (18 of 127 public
schools and 15 of 122 private schools selected by lots); and </p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>2</label>
<p>random selection of children from each preschool</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
<p>The sample size was calculated considering a 4% margin of error, 95% confidence
level
and 50.0% prevalence rate of malocclusion. A correction factor of 1.2 was applied to
compensate for the design effect. The minimum sample size was estimated at 720
schoolchildren, to which 20% was added to compensate for possible losses, totaling
864 preschoolers. </p>
<p>This study received the approval of the Human Ethics Research Committee of the
<italic>Universidade Estadual da Paraíba </italic>- UEPB (00460133000-11). All
parents/guardians received information regarding the objectives, and signed terms of
informed consent.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Eligibility criteria</title>
<p>
<list list-type="bullet">
<list-item>
<label>•</label>
<p>Inclusion criteria</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>•</label>
<p>age 3 to 5 years</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>•</label>
<p>exclusively in the primary dentition phase</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>•</label>
<p>no loss of mesiodistal diameter due to caries</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>•</label>
<p>no previous orthodontic treatment</p>
</list-item>
<list-item>
<label>•</label>
<p>agreement to participate in the clinical exam</p>
</list-item>
</list>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Training and calibration exercise</title>
<p>The theoretical phase involved a discussion of diagnostic criteria for malocclusion
and an analysis of photographs. A specialist in orthodontics was the gold standard in
the theoretical framework and coordinated this step, instructing three dentists on
how to perform the exam. The clinical phase was performed in a randomly selected
preschool outside the main sample. Each dentist examined 50 children and
interexaminer agreement was tested. Thirty children were reexamined after a sevenday
interval to determine intraexaminer agreement. Kappa coefficients were 0.85 and 0.90
for interexaminer and intraexaminer agreement, confirming that the examiners were
able to perform the epidemiological study.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">
<sup>12</sup>
</xref>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Pilot study</title>
<p>A pilot study was conducted to test the methodology. The children in the pilot study
(n = 40) were not included in the main sample. The results revealed no
misunderstandings regarding the questionnaire or need to change the method.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Non-clinical data collection</title>
<p>Parents answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic data (mother's schooling
and
monthly household income). Income was dichotomized based on the Brazilian
minimum
wage (= US$ 312.50).</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Clinical data collection</title>
<p>The exams were performed at the selected preschools in the knee-to-knee position,
aided by a portable lamp attached to the examiner's head (Petzl<sup>(r)</sup>,
Clearfield, USA). Individual cross-infection protection equipment was used. Packaged
and sterilized disposable mouth mirrors (Prisma<sup>(r)</sup>, São Paulo, Brazil) and
WHO probes (Trinity<sup>(r)</sup>, Campo Mourão, Brazil) were used.</p>
<p>The clinical examination recorded aspects of overbite, overjet and crossbite using
criteria recommended by Foster and Hamilton<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref> and Grabowski <italic>et al.</italic>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref> which have been used by other authors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref> Horizontal overlap of the incisors was considered overjet. The measurement
(in millimeters) was performed with the teeth in centric occlusion and the probe
positioned parallel to the occlusal plane. No distance between upper and lower
incisors was defined as normal overjet (0 mm); increased overjet was recorded when
the distance was > 2 mm, and anterior crossbite was recorded when the distance
was
< 0 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref> Anterior crossbite was recorded when the lower incisors were observed in
front of the upper incisors.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref> Anterior open bite was recorded in the absence of contact between anterior
teeth when posterior teeth were in occlusion.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref> Normal overbite was defined when upper incisors overlapped lower incisors
by
2 mm. Overbite greater than 2 mm was designated deep overbite.<xref reftype="bibr"
rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref> Posterior crossbite was recorded when upper primary molars were occluded in
lingual relationship to lower primary molars in centric occlusion.<xref
<sup>13</sup>
</xref> The participant was diagnosed with malocclusion when exhibiting at least one
of the aforementioned conditions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p>Descriptive statistics were performed to describe the prevalence of malocclusion
and
characterize the sample. Bivariate Poisson regression (PR) was used to test
associations between outcome (malocclusion) and independent variables (age, sex,
and
socioeconomic variables; <italic>p</italic> < 0.05). Statistical analysis was
conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS for Windows,
version 18.0 SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA).</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results">
<title>Results</title>
<p>A total of 732 pairs of parents/guardians and children participated in the present
study, corresponding to 84.72% of the total sample selected (n = 864). The loss of 132
children (15.28%) was attributed to absence from preschool more than three times on
the
days scheduled for the clinical exams (n = 76) and lack of cooperation during the exam
(n = 56).</p>
<p>The prevalence of malocclusion was 62.4%. A total of 42.6% of the children had
increased
overjet, 2.2% had anterior crossbite, 19.3% had deep overbite, 21% had anterior open
bite and 11.6% had posterior crossbite. Among the last group named, 94.1% had
unilateral
posterior crossbite (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Table 1</xref>).</p>
<p>
<table-wrap id="t01">
<label>Table 1</label>
<caption>
<title>Prevalence of malocclusion and types of malocclusion in 3-5-year-old
children.</title>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="all">
<colgroup width="33%">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> Variables</th>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> n</th>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> %</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Increased overjet</td>
<td align="center">312</td>
<td align="center">42.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Anterior crossbite</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Deep overbite</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Anterior open bite</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Posterior crossbite (94.1% unilateral)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Presence of malocclusion</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Males, children four years of age, those who attended public school and those whose
parents reported an income of 1 minimum wage or less accounted for the highest
percentages of the sample (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 2</xref>).</p>
<p>
<caption>
<title>Sample characteristics related to socioeconomic indicators.</title>
</caption>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> Variable</th>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> n</th>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> %</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background-color:#e5e5e5" align="center"> Age
(years)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> 3</td>
<td> 31.4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> 46.6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> 22.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background-color:#e5e5e5" align="center"> Sex</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Male</td>
<td> 52.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Female</td>
<td> 47.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background-color:#e5e5e5" align="center"> Type of
preschool</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Private</td>
<td> 48.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Public</td>
<td> 51.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3" style="background-color:#e5e5e5" align="center"> Income</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> ≤ 1 minimum wage</td>
<td> 50.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> > 1 minimum wage </td>
<td> 49.7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Total</td>
<td> 100.0</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p>Age was the only variable significantly associated with malocclusion, more prevalent
among 3-year-olds (PR = 1.116; 95%CI: 1.049-1.187; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t03"
>Table 3</xref>).</p>
<p>
<caption>
<title>Bivariate Poisson regression of malocclusion and socioeconomic variables.
</title>
</caption>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> Variable</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> Malocclusion</th>
<th colspan="2" style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> PR</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th> </th>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> Present n (%)</th>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> Absent n (%)</th>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> p-value<sup>(1)</sup></th>
<th style="background-color:#e5e5e5"> (95% CI)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="background-color:#e5e5e5" align="center"> Sex</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Female</td>
<td align="center">216 (62.1)</td>
<td align="center"> 1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Male</td>
<td> </td>
<td align="center"> 1.004 (0.962–1.049)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="background-color:#e5e5e5" align="center"> Age
(years)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">0.001*</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center">0.017*</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="background-color:#e5e5e5" align="center"> Type of
school</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Public</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> Private</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="background-color:#e5e5e5" align="center"> Income</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> ≤ 1 minimum wage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> > 1 minimum wage</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="5" style="background-color:#e5e5e5" align="center"> Mother’s
schooling</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> ≤ 8 years</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"> > 8 years</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot>
<fn id="TFN01t03">
<label>(1)</label>
<p> Bivariate Poisson regression</p>
</fn>
<fn id="TFN02t03">
<label>*</label>
<p> significant at a 5.0% level</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion">
<title>Discussion</title>
<p>The prevalence of malocclusion in the deciduous dentition was high in the present
study
(62.4%). Previous investigations report rates ranging from 36.46% to 87.0% in Brazilian
studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
<sup>-</sup>
<sup>17</sup>
</xref> and 26.06% to 74.7% in international studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>18</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>19</sup>
</xref> This divergence demonstrates that the prevalence of malocclusion can vary
across
countries/regions. The differences may also be explained by differences in the age
groups analyzed, the diagnostic criteria and the nomenclature regarding malocclusion.
This study eliminated the confounder effect of no loss of mesiodistal diameter due to
caries by excluding children with this condition.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
</p>
<p>Increased overjet was the most frequent type of malocclusion (42.6%). Previous
studies
report rates ranging from 12.1% to 32%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">
<sup>20</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>21</sup>
</xref> This difference is likely due to the cutoff point used for the diagnosis. In the
present study, increased overjet was defined as ≥ 2 mm, which is the same value used in
other studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>10</sup>
</xref> However, a number of researchers use ≥ 3 mm.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">
<sup>22</sup>
</xref> This type of malocclusion does not self-correct with age, primarily due to the
impact of persistent, newly formed functional factors that disrupt dentition
development.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</p>
<p>Anterior open bite was the second most frequent type of malocclusion and is
generally
one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions in this age group (3-5 years), with
prevalence rates ranging from 6.0% to 27.9%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>19</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>21</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>23</sup>
</xref> Anterior open bite has been reported to be associated with nonnutritive sucking
habits, common in this phase of life.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>16</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>21</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>24</sup>
</xref> These habits may be related to cultural and economic differences across
populations,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>25</sup>
</xref> which may influence the variability in results.</p>
<p>Deep overbite was the third most frequent type of malocclusion (19.3%), in
agreement
with a previous survey using a similar methodology (19.7%).<xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="B14">
<sup>14</sup>
</xref> There are also reports of lower prevalence rates in Brazilian studies (7.0% to
13.2%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">
<sup>20</sup>
</xref> In these studies, the diagnostic criterion was the "incisal tip of the lower
central incisors touching the palate in centric occlusion",<xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="B13">
<sup>13</sup>
</xref> unlike the present study, in which an overbite greater than 2 mm was
designated
as deep bite.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref> Prevalence rates in Germany are reported to range from 24.3%<xref
<sup>4</sup>
</xref> to 33.2%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref> This divergence may be related to ethnic differences, insofar as Brazil has a
considerable degree of racial miscegenation,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref> unlike the German population.</p>
<p>Posterior crossbite is believed to be transferred from the deciduous to the permanent
dentition and can have long-term effects on the growth and development of the teeth
and
jaws.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">
<sup>25</sup>
</xref> This type of malocclusion has been associated with nonnutritive sucking habits,
mouth breathing and hypertrophy of the adenoids and tonsils.<xref ref-type="bibr"
rid="B05">
<sup>5</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>21</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>26</sup>
</xref> Posterior crossbite was the fourth most common type of malocclusion
diagnosed
(11.6%), with most cases occurring unilaterally (94.1%). The literature reports rates
ranging from 11.6% to 13.4%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>14</sup>
</xref> In a national survey carried out in Brazil, the prevalence of posterior
crossbite was 21.9%, ranging from 10.1% to 25.3% among its different regions.<xref
<sup>20</sup>
</xref> Since Brazil is a large country with considerable climate differences, a cold,
wet climate in some regions may favor the development of allergies and breathing
difficulties, the consequences of which may be mouth breathing and malocclusion.<xref
<sup>27</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>28</sup>
</xref> Indeed, higher prevalence rates of this type of malocclusion (19.9% to 25.3%)
have been reported in these regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">
<sup>20</sup>
</xref> However, the city of Campina Grande is located in the northeastern region of
the
country, with a warm, humid climate, where allergies and breathing difficulties are less
common.</p>
<p>Anterior crossbite was the least common type of malocclusion, in agreement with
findings
described in previous studies (0.1% to 6.7%).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>14</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>21</sup>
</xref> The rate reported in a national survey was 2.8%, ranging from 1.4% to 3.6%
among
the different regions.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">
<sup>20</sup>
</xref>
</p>
<p>Age was the only variable associated with malocclusion, in agreement with findings
reported in the literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>9</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>25</sup>
</xref> The greater prevalence of malocclusion at younger ages suggests self-correction
over time.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>4</sup>
</xref> However, these findings should be viewed with some latitude, seeing that any
type of occlusal abnormality was considered malocclusion; this could also be considered
a limitation to the present study. A number of authors argue that anterior open bite is
a type of malocclusion that regresses with age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</p>
<p>Sex was not associated with malocclusion, as confirmed in previous studies.<xref
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>25</sup>
</xref> Whereas a number of authors argue that children with greater purchasing
power
and those whose mothers have a lower schooling level are more likely to develop
malocclusion due to greater access to and frequency of pacifier use,<xref
<sup>29</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>30</sup>
</xref> no significant associations were found in the present study between
socioeconomic indicators and malocclusion, in agreement with findings reported in
previous studies.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">
<sup>6</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>9</sup>
</xref> It seems that another factor unassociated to social class has occurred, namely
the greater participation of women in the workforce, with a consequent reduction in
breastfeeding and greater susceptibility to the adoption of nonnutritive sucking
habits.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B07">
<sup>7</sup>
</xref>
<sup>,</sup>
<sup>25</sup>
</xref> Moreover, genetic and environmental factors can affect children<xref
<sup>6</sup>
</xref> regardless of social class. </p>
<p>This study has limitations that should be considered, particularly the fact that the
socioeconomic data were collected using a questionnaire, and that the information
contained in the parents' report may display a degree of bias, especially with regard to
household income. </p>
<p>The present study offers a profile of malocclusion in the primary dentition.
Malocclusion is not dependent on socioeconomic indicators and should be investigated
in
all children, regardless of social class. Although the data suggests that malocclusion
may decrease with age, and that self-correction is possible, it constitutes a public
health problem, as can be seen in the high prevalence found in the present study. The
prevention of malocclusion should be prioritized in public polices to avoid possible
deleterious consequences to the permanent dentition. Moreover, the prevention of
malocclusion is less costly than its treatment at an older age. </p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="conclusions">
<title>Conclusion</title>
<p>The prevalence of malocclusion in the primary dentition was high. Increased overjet
and
anterior open bite were the most common types. Malocclusion was significantly
associated
with age, but not with socioeconomic indicators. </p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<p>This study was supported by the <italic>Universidade Estadual da Paraíba</italic> UEPB and the following Brazilian funding agencies: <italic>Coordenação de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES - Ministério da Educação),
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais </italic>(FAPEMIG) and
<italic>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico</italic>
(CNPq/471-790-2011/7).</p>
</ack>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B01">
<label>1</label>
<mixed-citation>1. Almeida ER, Narvai PC, Frazão P, Guedes-Pinto AC. Revised criteria
for the assessment and interpretation of occlusal deviations in the deciduous
dentition: a public health perspective. Cad Saude Publica. 2008
Apr;24(4):897-904.</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Almeida</surname>
<given-names>ER</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Narvai</surname>
<given-names>PC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Frazão</surname>
<given-names>P</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Guedes-Pinto</surname>
<given-names>AC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Revised criteria for the assessment and interpretation
of occlusal deviations in the deciduous dentition: a public health
perspective</article-title>
<source>Cad Saude Publica</source>
<month>Apr</month>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>24</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>897</fpage>
<lpage>904</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B02">
<label>2</label>
<mixed-citation>2. Petersen PE. The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous
improvement of oral health in the 21st century - the approach of the WHO Global Oral
Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003 Dec;31 Suppl
1:S3-23.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Petersen</surname>
<given-names>PE</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> The World Oral Health Report 2003: continuous
improvement of oral health in the 21st century - the approach of the WHO Global
Oral Health Programme</article-title>
<source>Community Dent Oral Epidemiol</source>
<month>Dec</month>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>31 Suppl 1</volume>
<fpage>S3</fpage>
<lpage>23</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B03">
<label>3</label>
<mixed-citation>3. Grabowski R, Stahl F, Gaebel M, Kundt G. Relationship between
occlusal findings and orofacial myofunctional status in primary and mixed dentition.
Part I: Prevalence of malocclusions. J Orofac Orthop. 2007 Jan;68(1):26-37. English,
German. </mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Grabowski</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Stahl</surname>
<given-names>F</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gaebel</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kundt</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Relationship between occlusal findings and orofacial
myofunctional status in primary and mixed dentition. Part I: Prevalence of
malocclusions</article-title>
<source>J Orofac Orthop.</source>
<month>Jan</month>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>68</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>26</fpage>
<lpage/>
<page-range>26-37. English, German. </page-range>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B04">
<label>4</label>
<mixed-citation>4. Berneburg M, Zeyher C, Merkle T, Möller M, Schaupp E, Göz G.
Orthodontic findings in 4- to 6-year-old kindergarten children from southwest
Germany. J Orofac Orthop. 2010 May;71(3):174-86. English, German.</mixedcitation>
<name>
<surname>Berneburg</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Zeyher</surname>
<given-names>C</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Merkle</surname>
<given-names>T</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Möller</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Schaupp</surname>
<given-names>E</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Göz</surname>
<given-names>G</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Orthodontic findings in 4- to 6-year-old kindergarten
children from southwest Germany</article-title>
<source>J Orofac Orthop</source>
<month>May</month>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>71</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>174</fpage>
<lpage/>
<page-range>174-86. English, German.</page-range>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B05">
<label>5</label>
<mixed-citation>5. Katz CR, Rosenblatt A, Gondim PP. Nonnutritive sucking habits in
Brazilian children: effects on deciduous dentition and relationship with facial
morphology. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004 Jul;126(1):53-7.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Katz</surname>
<given-names>CR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rosenblatt</surname>
<given-names>A</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Gondim</surname>
<given-names>PP</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Nonnutritive sucking habits in Brazilian children:
effects on deciduous dentition and relationship with facial
morphology</article-title>
<source>Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop</source>
<month>Jul</month>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>126</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>53</fpage>
<lpage>57</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B06">
<label>6</label>
<mixed-citation>6. Peres KG, Barros AJ, Peres MA, Victora CG. Effects of breastfeeding
and sucking habits on malocclusion in a birth cohort study. Rev Saude Publica. 2007
Jun;41(3):343-50.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Peres</surname>
<given-names>KG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Barros</surname>
<given-names>AJ</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Peres</surname>
<given-names>MA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Victora</surname>
<given-names>CG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Effects of breastfeeding and sucking habits on
malocclusion in a birth cohort study</article-title>
<source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
<month>Jun</month>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>343</fpage>
<lpage>350</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B07">
<label>7</label>
<mixed-citation>7. Heimer MV, Katz CR, Rosenblatt A. Non-nutritive sucking habits,
dental malocclusions, and facial morphology in Brazilian children: a longitudinal
study. Eur J Orthod. 2008 Dec;30(6):580-5.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Heimer</surname>
<given-names>MV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
</name>
<name>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Non-nutritive sucking habits, dental malocclusions, and
facial morphology in Brazilian children: a longitudinal study</article-title>
<source>Eur J Orthod</source>
<month>Dec</month>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>30</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>580</fpage>
<lpage>585</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B08">
<label>8</label>
<mixed-citation>8. Limme M. [The need of efficient chewing function in young children
as
prevention of dental malposition and malocclusion]. Arch Pediatr. 2010 Dec;17 Suppl
5:S213-9. French. </mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Limme</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> [The need of efficient chewing function in young
children as prevention of dental malposition and malocclusion]</article-title>
<source>Arch Pediatr</source>
<month>Dec</month>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>17 Suppl 5</volume>
<fpage>S213</fpage>
<lpage>9. French.</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B09">
<label>9</label>
<mixed-citation>9. Vasconcelos FM, Massoni AC, Heimer MV, Ferreira AM, Katz CR,
Rosenblatt A. Non-nutritive sucking habits, anterior open bite and associated factors
in Brazilian children aged 30-59 months. Braz Dent J.
2011;22(2):140-5.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
<given-names>FM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Massoni</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Heimer</surname>
<given-names>MV</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ferreira</surname>
<given-names>AM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
</name>
<name>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Non-nutritive sucking habits, anterior open bite and
associated factors in Brazilian children aged 30-59 months</article-title>
<source>Braz Dent J</source>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>22</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>140</fpage>
<lpage>145</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<label>10</label>
<mixed-citation>10. Frazão P, Narvai PC, Latorre MR, Castellanos RA. [Malocclusion
prevalence in the deciduous and permanent dentition of schoolchildren in the city of
São Paulo, Brazil, 1996]. Cad Saude Publica. 2002 Sep-Oct;18(5):1197-205. Portuguese.
</mixed-citation>
<name>
</name>
<name>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Latorre</surname>
<given-names>MR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Castellanos</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> [Malocclusion prevalence in the deciduous and
permanent
dentition of schoolchildren in the city of São Paulo, Brazil,
1996]</article-title>
<season>Sep-Oct</season>
<year>2002</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>1197</fpage>
<lpage>205. Portuguese.</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<label>11</label>
<mixed-citation>11. Marques LS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Paiva SM, Pordeus IA. Malocclusion:
esthetic impact and quality of life among Brazilian schoolchildren. Am J Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 2006 Mar;129(3):424-7.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Marques</surname>
<given-names>LS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ramos-Jorge</surname>
<given-names>ML</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<given-names>SM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pordeus</surname>
<given-names>IA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Malocclusion: esthetic impact and quality of life among
Brazilian schoolchildren</article-title>
<source>Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop</source>
<month>Mar</month>
<year>2006</year>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>424</fpage>
<lpage>427</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<label>12</label>
<mixed-citation>12. Altman DG. Practical statistics for medical research. 1st ed.
London: Chapman and Hall; 1991. 611 p.</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<name>
<surname>Altman </surname>
<given-names>DG</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source xml:lang="en">Practical statistics for medical research</source>
<edition>1st ed</edition>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Chapman and Hall</publisher-name>
<year>1991</year>
<fpage>611 </fpage>
<lpage>611 </lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<label>13</label>
<mixed-citation>13. Foster TD, Hamilton MC. Occlusion in the primary dentition: study
of
children at 2 and one-half to 3 years of age. Br Dent J. 1969 Jan
21;126(2):76-9.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Foster</surname>
<given-names>TD</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hamilton</surname>
<given-names>MC</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Occlusion in the primary dentition: study of children
at 2 and one-half to 3 years of age</article-title>
<source>Br Dent J</source>
<day>21</day>
<month>Jan</month>
<year>1969</year>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>76</fpage>
<lpage>79</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<label>14</label>
<mixed-citation>14. Carvalho AC, Paiva SM, Scarpelli AC, Viegas CM, Ferreira FM,
Pordeus
IA. Prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in a population-based sample of
Brazilian preschool children. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2011
<name>
<surname>Carvalho</surname>
</name>
<name>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Scarpelli</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Viegas</surname>
<given-names>CM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<given-names>FM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Pordeus</surname>
<given-names>IA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in a
population-based sample of Brazilian preschool children</article-title>
<source>Eur J Paediatr Dent</source>
<month>Jun</month>
<year>2011</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>107</fpage>
<lpage>111</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<label>15</label>
<mixed-citation>15. Frazão P, Narvai PC, Latorre MR, Castellanos RA. Are severe
occlusal
problems more frequent in permanent than deciduous dentition?. Rev Saude Publica.
2004 Apr;38(2):247-54.</mixed-citation>
<name>
</name>
<name>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Latorre</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Castellanos</surname>
<given-names>RA</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Are severe occlusal problems more frequent in
permanent
than deciduous dentition?</article-title>
<source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
<month>Apr</month>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>247</fpage>
<lpage>254</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<label>16</label>
<mixed-citation>16. Leite-Cavalcanti A, Medeiros-Bezerra PK, Moura C. [Breast-feeding,
bottle-feeding, sucking habits and malocclusion in Brazilian preschool children]. Rev
Salud Publica (Bogota). 2007 Apr-Jun;9(2):194-204. Portuguese. </mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Leite-Cavalcanti</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Medeiros-Bezerra</surname>
<given-names>PK</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Moura</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> [Breast-feeding, bottle-feeding, sucking habits and
malocclusion in Brazilian preschool children]</article-title>
<source>Rev Salud Publica (Bogota)</source>
<season>Apr-Jun</season>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>194</fpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<label>17</label>
<mixed-citation>17. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde.
Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Coordenação
Nacional de Saúde Bucal. SB Brasil 2003: condições de saúde bucal da população
brasileira 2002-2003: resultados principais. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde;
2005. [cited 2013 Jan 11]. Avaliable from:
http://dtr2001.saude.gov.br/editora/produtos/livros/pdf/05_0053_M.pdf.</mixedcitation>
<element-citation publication-type="web">
<collab>Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Secretaria de
Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Coordenação Nacional de
Saúde Bucal</collab>
</person-group>
<source xml:lang="pt">SB Brasil 2003: condições de saúde bucal da população
brasileira 2002-2003: resultados principais</source>
<publisher-loc>Brasília, DF</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Ministério da Saúde</publisher-name>
<year>2005</year>
<date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2013 Jan 11</date-in-citation>
<comment content-type="cited">a Available from:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
xlink:href="http://dtr2001.saude.gov.br/editora/produtos/livros/pdf/05_0053_M.pdf"
>Avaliable from:
http://dtr2001.saude.gov.br/editora/produtos/livros/pdf/05_0053_M.pdf</extlink>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<label>18</label>
<mixed-citation>18. Dhar V, Jain A, Van Dyke TE, Kohli A. Prevalence of gingival
diseases, malocclusion and fluorosis in school-going children of rural areas in
Udaipur district. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2007
Apr-Jun;25(2):103-5.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Dhar</surname>
<given-names>V</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Jain</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Van Dyke</surname>
<given-names>TE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Kohli</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Prevalence of gingival diseases, malocclusion and
fluorosis in school-going children of rural areas in Udaipur
district</article-title>
<source>J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>25</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>103</fpage>
<lpage>105</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<label>19</label>
<mixed-citation>19. Stahl F, Grabowski R. Malocclusion and caries prevalence: is there a
connection in the primary and mixed dentitions?. Clin Oral Investig. 2004
<name>
<surname>Stahl</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Grabowski</surname>
<given-names>R</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Malocclusion and caries prevalence: is there a
connection in the primary and mixed dentitions?</article-title>
<source>Clin Oral Investig</source>
<month>Jun</month>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>8</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>86</fpage>
<lpage>90</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<label>20</label>
<mixed-citation>20. Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde.
Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Coordenação
Nacional de Saúde Bucal da População Brasileira. SB Brasil 2010: pesquisa nacional de
saúde bucal - resultados principais. Brasília (DF): Ministério da Saúde; 2011 [cited
2013 Jan 20]. Available from:
http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/geral/projeto_sb2010_relatorio_final.pdf.</mixedcitation>
<element-citation publication-type="web">
<collab>Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Secretaria de
Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Atenção Básica. Coordenação Nacional de
Saúde Bucal da População Brasileira</collab>
</person-group>
<source xml:lang="pt">SB Brasil 2010: pesquisa nacional de saúde bucal - resultados
principais</source>
<publisher-loc>Brasília, DF</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>Ministério da Saúde</publisher-name>
<year>2011</year>
<date-in-citation content-type="access-date">cited 2013 Jan 20</date-in-citation>
<comment content-type="cited">a Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"
xlink:href="http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/geral/projeto_sb2010_relatorio_final.pdf"
>Available from:
http://189.28.128.100/dab/docs/geral/projeto_sb2010_relatorio_final.pdf</extlink>
</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<label>21</label>
<mixed-citation>21. Góis EG, Ribeiro-Júnior HC, Vale MP, Paiva SM, Serra-Negra JM,
Ramos-Jorge ML, et al. Influence of nonnutritive sucking habits, breathing pattern
and adenoid size on the development of malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2008
Jul;78(4):647-54.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Góis</surname>
<given-names>EG</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ribeiro-</surname>
<given-names>HC</given-names>
<suffix>Júnior </suffix>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Vale</surname>
<given-names>MP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Serra-Negra</surname>
<given-names>JM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Ramos-Jorge</surname>
<given-names>ML</given-names>
</name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Influence of nonnutritive sucking habits, breathing
pattern and adenoid size on the development of malocclusion</article-title>
<source>Angle Orthod</source>
<month>Jul</month>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>78</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>647</fpage>
<lpage>654</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<label>22</label>
<mixed-citation>22. World Health Organization. Oral health survey: basic methods. 4th
ed. Geneva: ORH/EPID; 1997. 66 p.</mixed-citation>
<element-citation publication-type="book">
<collab>World Health Organization</collab>
</person-group>
<source xml:lang="en">Oral health survey: basic methods</source>
<edition>4</edition>
<publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>ORH/EPID</publisher-name>
<year>1997</year>
<fpage>66</fpage>
<lpage>66</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<label>23</label>
<mixed-citation>23. Karjalainen S, Rönning O, Lapinleimu H, Simell O. Association
between early weaning, non-nutritive sucking habits and occlusal anomalies in
3-year-old Finnish children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 1999
Sep;9(3):169-73.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Karjalainen</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Rönning</surname>
<given-names>O</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lapinleimu</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Simell</surname>
<given-names>O</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Association between early weaning, non-nutritive
sucking habits and occlusal anomalies in 3-year-old Finnish
children</article-title>
<source>Int J Paediatr Dent</source>
<month>Sep</month>
<year>1999</year>
<volume>9</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>169</fpage>
<lpage>173</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<label>24</label>
<mixed-citation>24. Katz CR, Rosenblatt A. Nonnutritive sucking habits and anterior
open
bite in Brazilian children: a longitudinal study. Pediatr Dent. 2005
Sep-Oct;27(5):369-73.</mixed-citation>
<name>
</name>
<name>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Nonnutritive sucking habits and anterior open bite in
Brazilian children: a longitudinal study</article-title>
<source>Pediatr Dent</source>
<season>Sep-Oct</season>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>27</volume>
<issue>5</issue>
<fpage>369</fpage>
<lpage>373</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<label>25</label>
<mixed-citation>25. Macena MC, Katz CR, Rosenblatt A. Prevalence of a posterior
crossbite and sucking habits in Brazilian children aged 18-59 months. Eur J Orthod.
2009 Aug;31(4):357-61.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Macena</surname>
<given-names>MC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
</name>
<name>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Prevalence of a posterior crossbite and sucking habits
in Brazilian children aged 18-59 months</article-title>
<source>Eur J Orthod</source>
<month>Aug</month>
<year>2009</year>
<volume>31</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>357</fpage>
<lpage>361</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<label>26</label>
<mixed-citation>26. Scavone-Júnior H, Ferreira RI, Mendes TE, Ferreira FV. Prevalence
of
posterior crossbite among pacifier users: a study in the deciduous dentition. Braz
Oral Res. 2007 Apr-Jun;21(2):153-8.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Scavone-</surname>
<given-names>H</given-names>
<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
</name>
<name>
<given-names>RI</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Mendes</surname>
<given-names>TE</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<given-names>FV</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Prevalence of posterior crossbite among pacifier users:
a study in the deciduous dentition</article-title>
<source>Braz Oral Res</source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>153</fpage>
<lpage>158</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<label>27</label>
<mixed-citation>27. Emmerich A, Fonseca L, Elias AM, Medeiros UV. [The relationship
between oral habits, oronasopharyngeal alterations, and malocclusion in preschool
children in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil]. Cad Saude Publica. 2004
May-Jun;20(3):689-97. Portuguese. </mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Emmerich</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Fonseca</surname>
<given-names>L</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Elias</surname>
<given-names>AM</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Medeiros</surname>
<given-names>UV</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> [The relationship between oral habits,
oronasopharyngeal alterations, and malocclusion in preschool children in Vitória,
Espírito Santo, Brazil]</article-title>
<season>May-Jun</season>
<year>2004</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>689</fpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<label>28</label>
<mixed-citation>28. Vázquez-Nava F, Quezada-Castillo JA, Oviedo-Trevino S,
Saldivar-González AH, Sánchez-Nuncio HR, Beltrán-Guzmán FJ, et al. Association
between allergic rhinitis, bottle feeding, non-nutritive sucking habits, and
malocclusion in the primary dentition. Arch Dis Child. 2006
Oct;91(10):836-40.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Vázquez-Nava</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Quezada-Castillo</surname>
<given-names>JA</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Oviedo-Trevino</surname>
<given-names>S</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Saldivar-González</surname>
<given-names>AH</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Sánchez-Nuncio</surname>
<given-names>HR</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Beltrán-Guzmán</surname>
<given-names>FJ</given-names>
</name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Association between allergic rhinitis, bottle feeding,
non-nutritive sucking habits, and malocclusion in the primary
dentition</article-title>
<source>Arch Dis Child</source>
<month>Oct</month>
<year>2006</year>
<volume>91</volume>
<issue>10</issue>
<fpage>836</fpage>
<lpage>840</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<label>29</label>
<mixed-citation>29. Roig AO, Martínez MR, García JC, Hoyos SP, Navidad GL, Alvarez JC,
et al. Factors associated to breastfeeding cessation before 6 months. Rev Lat Am
Enfermagem. 2010 May-Jun;18(3):373-80.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Roig</surname>
<given-names>AO</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Martínez</surname>
</name>
<name>
<surname>García</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Hoyos</surname>
<given-names>SP</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Navidad</surname>
<given-names>GL</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Alvarez</surname>
<given-names>JC</given-names>
</name>
<etal/>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Factors associated to breastfeeding cessation before 6
months</article-title>
<source>Rev Lat Am Enfermagem</source>
<season>May-Jun</season>
<year>2010</year>
<volume>18</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>373</fpage>
<lpage>380</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<label>30</label>
<mixed-citation>30. Sousa RLS, Lima RB, Florêncio Filho C, Lima KC, Diógenes AMN.
Prevalência e fatores de risco da mordida aberta anterior na dentição decídua
completa em pré-escolares na cidade de Natal/RN. Rev Dental Press Orthod Orthop
Facial. 2007 Mar-Apr;12(2):129-38.</mixed-citation>
<name>
<surname>Sousa</surname>
<given-names>RLS</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lima</surname>
<given-names>RB</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Florêncio</surname>
<suffix>Filho</suffix>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Lima</surname>
<given-names>KC</given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname>Diógenes</surname>
<given-names>AMN</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"> Prevalência e fatores de risco da mordida aberta
anterior na dentição decídua completa em pré-escolares na cidade de
Natal/RN</article-title>
<source>Rev Dental Press Orthod Orthop Facial</source>
<season>Mar-Apr</season>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<fpage>129</fpage>
<lpage>138</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>

Scientific Electronic Library Online Anexo 1 – Exemplo de

Transcrição

Documentos relacionados

Redes e Internet

FreePDF, Job 7 - Rita Graber Biel CH

manual de serviço

Rangliste FAI 5