docekologiuri mizezebiT adgilnacval pirTa
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ekologiuri mizezebiT adgilnacval pirTa
ekologiuri mizezebiT adgilnacval pirTa gansaxleba arsebuli problemis gadawyveta Tu axlis Seqmna? ekomigracia saqarTveloSi 1981-2006 tom trieri da medea turaSvili ECMI-is monografia #6 agvisto 2007 ekologiuri mizezebiT adg adgilnacval ilnacval pirTa gansaxleba arsebuli problemis gadawyveta Tu axlis Seqmna? ekomigracia saqarTveloSi 1981-2006 monografia #6 umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri (ECMI) direqtori: Dr. Marc Weller Copyright © 2007 The European Centre for Minority Issues am publikaciis an misi nawilis Targmanisa da gavrcelebis uflebis mosapoveblad mimarTeT: ECMI Schiffbruecke 12 24939 Flensburg Germany ISBN: 978-3-940532-01-5 umciresobaTa sakiTxebis evropuli centri xels uwyobs misi naSromebis gavrcelebas da Sesabamisi moTxovnis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi iZleva nebarTvas mocemuli naSromis gavrcelebasa da Targmanze 2 Sinaarsi Sesavali ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ........................................................................................... ...........................................................4 ........................... 4 gansaxleba da saxelmwifo programebi................................ programebi ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ............................................................................... ...............................................8 ............... 8 gansaxleba 1980 wlamde .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 ekomigrantebis organizebuli gansaxleba 1980-ian wlebSi............................................................................................ 10 daxmareba arasamTavrobo struqturebis mxridan .................................................................................................................... 16 saxelmwifo programebi SevardnaZis periodSi ...........................................................................................................................22 gansaxleba “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg.....................................................................................................................................24 ekoregionebSi................................ ................................................................ eko-migracia umciresobebiT dasaxlebul saqarTvelos regionebSi ..................................................................... .....................................33 ..... 33 Casaxleba samcxe-javaxeTSi.............................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Casaxleba qvemo qarTlSi ...................................................................................................................................................................................42 Casaxleba da eTnikuri daZabuloba umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi ............................................ ............................................ 50 daZabuloba samcxe-javaxeTSi ........................................................................................................................................................................ 51 daZabuloba qvemo qarTlSi..............................................................................................................................................................................54 socialursocialur-ekonomikuri adaptacia da intereTnikuri daZabuloba ................................................................ ......................................................................... ......................................... 62 saxlebis sakiTxi......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 63 miwis sakiTxi ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................65 enis sakiTxi....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ...................................................................... ...................................... 74 danarTi ................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ .......................................................................................... .......................................................... 82 ruka ................................................................ ................................................................................................ .................................................................... ....................................95 ....95 ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ 3 Sesavali egreT wodebuli ekologiuri migrantebis, anu ekomigrantebis gansaxleba saqarTvelos erT-erTi naklebad Seswavlili problemaa socialuri, politikuri da humanitaruli TvalsazrisiT. ekomigrantebi arian is pirebi, visac stiqiuri ubedurebis gamo mSobliuri soflebis datoveba mouxda. gadasaxleba da Sida migracia axali fenomeni ar gaxlavT saqarTvelosTvis. jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi gadaasaxles qarTvelebi naklebad dasaxlebul sasazRvro raionebSi. mogvianebiT, 1930-1950-iani wlebis sabWoTa koleqtivizaciis periodSi, aTasobiT mTis mosaxle nebiT Tu ZaliT qveynis barSi Camosaxlda stalinuri da regionebi, deportaciebis romlebic Sedegad 1940-ian mkvidri wlebSi masobrivi mosaxleobisagan daicala, xelaxla Seivso sxva regionebidan Camosaxlebuli qarTvelebiT. 1950-1960-ian wlebSi gansaxleba gansakuTrebiT aWaris mTiani mxaris mosaxleobas Seexo raTa daeregulirebinaT mosaxleobis zrda. demografiuli 1980-iani wlebis balansi da dasawyisidan mTiani mTiani regionebis regionebidan migraciis procesi kidev ufro gaaZliera klimaturma cvlilebebma, ramac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina mTis mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebaze. metic, ganvlili saukunis bolo meoTxedSi aTiaTasobiT adamiani darCa usaxlkarod wyaldidobebis, mewyerebis Tu zvavebis Sedegad. saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi momxdar bunebriv kataklizmebs sxvadasxva mTavrobebi _ 1980-iani wlebis sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba, gamsaxurdias reJimi, SevardnaZis mmarTveloba, dabolos, saakaSvilis dRevandeli mTavroba _ gansxvavebuli midgomebiT pasuxobdnen da pasuxoben. 1980-ianebis dasawyisSi Camosaxlebis procesi kargad iyo organizebuli. 1980-iani wlebis bolos saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi bunebrivma kataklizmebma mkveTrad imata. amas Tan daerTo sabWoTa xelisuflebaSi mTavrobis zviad gansaxlebis wyobilebis gamsaxurdias politikis damxoba da meTaurobiT ZiriTadi misi Tanamdevi mosuli mizani iyo korufcia. nacionalisturi nacionalisturi 4 programis gatareba, kerZod, eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleobis Casaxleba eTnikuri umciresobebiT dasaxlebul da sazRvrispira raionebSi, ekologiuri ubedurebis Sedegad adgilnacvali pirebi ki am politikis gatarebis iaraRad iqcnen. SevardnaZis xelisuflebis periodSi es problema ignorirebuli iyo pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, mTavrobam garkveuli gadawyvetisaken, Tumca “vardebis nabijebi am revoluciis” gadadga sakiTxebis Semdeg ki, ekomigrantTa gadaWrisaTvis saakaSvilis problemebis mizanmimarTuli politikis arseboba jer kidev ar SeimCneva. 1981 wlidan dRevandlamde gansaxlebis saxelmwifo programis farglebSi daaxloebiT 11,000 ojaxi gadaasaxles (daaxloebiT 60,000 adamiani), ZiriTadad aWarisa da svaneTis maRalmTliani regionebidan.1 amave periodSi migrantTa daudgeneli saqarTvelos raodenoba, sxva ZiriTadad mxareebSi maTi aWaridan, damoukideblad mSobliuri regionebis gadasaxlda mosaxleobiT gadatvirTulobisa da mciremiwianobis gamo. 1980-ianebSi da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ekomigrantTa mimRebi ZiriTadi regionebi iyo kaxeTi, imereTi, samegrelo, Sida qarTli, guria, samcxe da javaxeTi.2 mogvianebiT, 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, migrantTa ZiriTadi mimRebi gaxda qvemo qarTli. rogorc cnobilia, qvemo qarTli da samcxe-javaxeTi eTnikurad araqarTveli mosaxleobiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli mxareebia. samcxe-javaxeTi upiratesad somxuria, gansakuTrebiT javaxeTis regioni (axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionebi) alag-alag rusi duxoborebis, berZnebis da mkvidri qarTvelebis mcirericxovani dasaxlebebiT. qvemo qarTlis sam raionSi (marneulSi, 1 es Sefaseba efuZneba Semdeg daangariSebebs: T. futkaraZis mixedviT (ix. qvemoT), 1981-1988 wlebSi aWaridan mTlianobaSi 1,572-1,600 ojaxi Camoasaxles. xulos, Suaxevisa da qedis raionebis gamgeobebis mowodebuli statistikuri masalebis mixedviT, 1989 wlidan dRemde aWaridan daaxloebiT 6,151 ojaxi gadaasaxles, l. niJaraZis mixedviT (ix.qvemoT) ki svaneTidan, 1987 wlidan moyolebuli, ekomigrantTa saxelmwifo programiT 2,620 ojaxi Camoasaxles. mTlianobaSi am cifrebis jami 10,857 - 10,885 ojaxs Seadgens. Tamaz futkaraZe, aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis istoriul-eTnologiuri problemebi, baTumi: baTumis universiteti, 2006, gv.72. luara niJaraZe, svanebis migracia da misi gansaxlebis arealebi, Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba 1999 gv.14-15. xulos, qedisa da Suaxevis raionis gamgeobebis mier mowodebuli monacemebi ixiliT cxril 6-Si. 2 1994 wlamde samcxe da javaxeTi damoukidebeli administraciuli regionebi iyo. 5 dmanissa da bolnisSi) eTnikuri azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba dominirebs, xolo walkis raioni somxebiT, qarTvelebiTa da berZnebiTaa dasaxlebuli. erovnuli umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi ekomigrantebis talRa xSirad armcodne, daZabulobas gansxvavebuli ekomigrantebi adgilobrivi socialuri adgilobriv problemebs iwvevs. awydebian TemTan da da kulturuli integraciis arajerovnad axalCamosaxlebulTa mimarT adgilobrivebsa axalCamosaxlebulebs da eWvebi da socialuri gzaze sawyisebis xSirad Semzadebul undobloba Soris normebis seriozul mimReb Cndeba. cudi mqone TemSi Sesabamisad, urTierTobebi viTardeba. am dokuments ormagi amocana akisria. erTi mxriv, igi aRwers da informacias iZleva Camosaxlebis procesebisa da politikis (an aseTis ararsebobis) Sesaxeb, romelic ekologiur migrantTa gansaxlebis process warmarTavda (da warmarTavs). misi mizania Camosaxlebis procesTan dakavSirebuli Zalze saWiro monacemebis miwodeba mkiTxvelisaTvis da gadasaxlebis politikis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamokveTa. dokumenti Seicavs agreTve rekomendaciebs ekologiuri migraciis menejmentis politikis gaaqtiurebisaTvis, meore mxriv ki miznad isaxavs imis ganxilvas, Tu ratom warmoiSoba daZabuloba CasaxlebulTa zogierT (ara yvela) mimReb TemSi, gansakuTrebiT ki erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi da rogor SeiZleba Tavidan aviciloT es daZabuloba Casaxlebis procesis menejmentis gaumjobesebiT. saqarTveloSi ekomigrantTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Zalze mwiri informacia arsebobs. am sakiTxs ratomRac gverds uvlis rogorc saqarTvelos akademiuri da politikuri istebliSmenti, ise saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba. amitom am mcireodeni literaturuli pirvelwyaroebis Seswavlis garda, mocemuli dokumenti efuZneba mTavrobis im warmomadgenelTa, mecnierTa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis eqspertTa interviuebs, vinc dainteresebulia da Seswavlili aqvs interviuebs da mocemuli savele sakiTxi. kvlevebs gansakuTrebuli rogorc svaneTsa da yuradReba aWaraSi, daeTmo saidanac 6 Camoasaxles ekomigrantTa mniSvnelovani nawili, aseve interviuebs da savele kvlevebs ekomigrantTa dasaxlebis adgilebSi, kerZod, samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi. dokumentis pirvel nawilSi mimovixilavT sabWoTa periodSi, gamsaxurdias, SevardnaZisa da saakaSvilis mmarTvelobis dros gatarebul samTavrobo RonisZiebebsa da programebs, meore nawils davuTmobT samcxejavaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi Camosaxlebis process, daskvniT nawilSi ki ganvixilavT, Tu ram gamoiwvia samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi situaciis daZabva ekomigrantTa Camosaxlebis Semdeg. naTelia, rom mTavrobis politika da ekogansaxlebis menejmenti bolo 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, sul mcire, aramyari iyo, sustad dagegmili da calkeul Carevebze dafuZnebuli, Tu srulebiT ugulebelyofili ara. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan erTad ekomigraciis politikis ararseboba uaryofiTad aisaxa samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis regionebis eTnopolitikur siatuaciaze. aman Tavisi wili `navTi daasxa~ daZabulobis zrdas im regionebSi, sadac urTierToba xelisuflebasa da adgilobriv erovnul umciresobebs Soris isedac Sors iyo harmoniulisgan. saqarTvelom uflebaTa 2005 wlis dacvis dekemberSi evrosabWos CarCo-konvenciis (FCNM) erovnuli umciresobebis ratifikaciiT erovnuli umciresobebis integraciisa da dacvisaken mniSvnelovani nabiji gadadga. ase rom, gansaxlebisa da Sida saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso ekomigrantebi aWaridan da migraciis gaazrebuli sazogadoebis svaneTidan, didi marTalia, politikis interesis SemuSaveba sagani qarTvelebi gaxda. arian da erovnul umciresobebs ar warmoadgenen, magram isini izolirebuli mTiani regionis mosaxleobas miekuTvnebian, romlebsac fesvebs swyveten da saqarTvelos sxva, maTTvis sruliad gansxvavebul mxareSi, xSirad srulebiT gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone araqarTuli eTnikuri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul raionebSi asaxleben. amasTanave, es xdeba im periodSi, rodesac mTlianad qveyana udidesi politikuri da ekonomikuri sirTuleebis winaSe dgas. ekomigrantebi daucvelni arian da specialuri zomebis miRebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom isini uzrunvelyofil iyvnen sacxovrebeli pirobebiT da 7 moxdes maTi integrireba mimReb TemSi. amdenadve mniSvnelovania maTi mimRebi _ mkvidri mosaxleobis azerbaijanelebi ekomigrantebis da _ uflebebis berZnebi Camosaxlebas (da dacva, ara eTnikurad romlebsac mxolod xSirad isini) araqarTul somxebi, warmoadgenen. regionebSi mimRebi mosaxleobis uflebebis darRveva da ukmayofileba mohyveba. ekologiuri mizeziT gadaadgilebis problemebis gadawyvetis martivi gzebi ar arsebobs. mTavrobis politika mimarTuli unda iyos dabalansebisaken: erTi mxriv, mTavroba ekomigrantebs unda daexmaros sacxovreblisa da sasoflosameurneo daniSnulebis miwis povnaSi; xolo meore mxriv, Tu ekomigrantebis Casaxleba upiratesad erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi moxdeba, xelisuflebam am politikis gatareba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT dakavSirebiT gansaxlebis unda modelebis uzrunvelyos. proeqtirebisa ekomigrantebTan da yvela monawile mxaresTan dialogis meqanizmebis meSveobiT realuri politikis SemuSaveba udavod mniSvnelovani ekomigrantebsa konsensusis da da maT misaRwevad win gadadgmuli mimReb adgilobriv da, Sedegad, mimReb nabiji gaxdeba mosaxleobas regionebSi mTavrobas, Soris daZleuli sruli iqneba daZabuloba da konfliqtebi. vimedovnebT, rom mocemuli angariSiT SevZlebT, Cveni mokrZalebuli wvlili SevitanoT ekologiuri mizezebiT adgilnacvali mosaxleobis gansaxlebasTan SemuSavebaSi samTavrobo organizaciebsa da dakavSirebuli struqturebs, sazogadoebas Soris SeTanxmebuli Sesabamis dialogsa da politikis arasamTavrobo ganxilvebSi. es Tanabrad waadgeba Casaxlebul mosaxleobas da mimReb Tems, xolo momavalSi _ saqarTveloSi regionuli integraciis processac. gansaxleba da saxelmwifo programebi gansaxleba 1980 wlamde saqarTveloSi, rogorc xdeboda regionebidan mTiani mTagorian barSi qveyanaSi, saukuneebis nebayoflobiTi Tu ganmavlobaSi ZaldatanebiTi migracia. gansakuTrebiT meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi iseTi regionebidan, 8 rogorebicaa aWara, svaneTi, zemo samegrelo, leCxumi, raWa, zemo imereTi, xevi, mTiuleTi, xevsureTi da TuSeTi, asiaTasobiT mTieli Camosaxlda an Camoasaxles baris regionebSi. am procesma koleqtivizaciis Sedegad kidev ufro moikriba Zala 1920-iani wlebis miwuruls da 1950-ian wlebamde gastana. CamosaxlebulTa umravlesoba barSi mudmivad dasaxlda, Tumca zogierTi axerxebda sezonuri migraciis gagrZelebas3. koleqtivizaciam Rrma gavlena moaxdina soflis cxovrebaze da saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobis yofaze. mTis mosaxleoba advilad ver Seegua koleqtivizacias, ase rom, mTis regionebi rTulad problema masobrivi, sakontrolebeli sabWoTa da reJimma ZaldatanebiTi samarTavi 1940-1950-ian da iyo wlebSi naxevrad sabWoTa mTis reJimisaTvis. glexkacobis nebayoflobiTi es barSi CamosaxlebiT gadawyvita. magaliTad, 1940-ian wlebSi xevsureTis TiTqmis mTeli mosaxleoba gadaasaxles da regioni praqtikulad daicala. es ar Seexo mxolod im muSaxels, romelic samuSaod iyo kolmeurneobebSi saWiro.4 1989 da wlisTvis ramdenime iseTi samrewvelo regionebis proeqtze mosaxleoba, rogorebicaa TuSeTi, fSavi, raWa-leCxumi da Sida qarTlis mTiani nawili, Semcirda da meoce saukunis pirvel aTwleulebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis raodenobis naxevarze naklebi Seadgina.5 koleqtivizaciis procesSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis mizani iyo, Seeqmna sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis axali sistema mTis mciremiwiani regionebidan mosaxleobis iseT regionebSi CamosaxlebiT, rogorebicaa qvemo qarTli, gare kaxeTi, afxazeTi da mdinare rionis auzi, sadac miwa manamde ar muSavdeboda. Sedegad, zemoxsenebulma regionebma miiRes mTiani mxareebidan 3 ase moxda TuSebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic kompaqturad Caasaxles kaxeTSi, alvanis velis sam sofelSi. bevri maTgani dRemde adis zafxulobiT TuSeTSi. xevsurebis nawilic, romlebic metwilad Tbilisisa da rusTavis garSemo daasaxles, inarCunebs sezonuri migraciis Cveulebas. 4 1940-1950-iani wlebis represiuli politika garkveulwilad ganmeorda 1970-ianebis blos da 1980-ianebis dasawyisSi. istorikosma ronald grigor sunim aRwera, rogor ganaviTara disidenti nacionalistebis moTxovnebis gaTvaliwinebiT socialisturma mTavrobam ukve 1970-iani wlebis bolos mosaxleobis gansaxlebis erTiani strategia da SeimuSava sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis sistema, romelic garkveulwilad gavlenas axdenda mTavrobis politikaze. erTma aseTma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom mTidan iZulebiT migrirebulTa didi nawili ukmayofilo iyo gadasaxlebis gamo da amitom mTavrobam gadawyvita, mTis zogierTi sofeli aRedgina. ronald grigor suni, qarTveli eris formireba [The Making of the Georgian Nation] (Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1994), gv. 309-310. 5 magaliTad, Sida qarTlis _ javisa da axalgoris mTiani raionebis mosaxleoba 34.7%-iT Semcirda 1921dan 1989 wlamde. daaxloebiT 114 sofeli dacarielda. amave periodSi sami axali sofeli dafuZnda amave raionebis dablob nawilebSi. ufro detaluri informaciisaTvis ixileT danarTSi cxrili 7. vaxtang jaoSvili saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1996w. gv 229-230. 9 Camosaxlebulebi. amave periodSi, 1940-ian wlebSi, mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebi, upiratesad germanelebi (1941), mesxebi (1944) da pontoeli berZnebi (1949) koleqtiurad gaasaxles saqarTvelodan. mTlianobaSi daaxloebiT 170,000 adamiani iqna deportirebuli nawilebulidan politikis saqarTvelodan deportirebul Sedegad, milionobiT mTavrobas ar _ sabWoTa adamianTan uWirda kavSiris erTad. mciremiwiani sxva amgvari regionebidan migrirebuli mosaxleobis dasasaxleblad miwis povna. aseTi regionebi ki, sadac mosaxleobas miwa cota hqonda, iyo aWara, svaneTi, zemo imereTi, raWa, leCxumi da xevsureTi.6 erT-erTi Sefasebis mixedviT, qvemo qarTlis 12 yofil germanul sofelSi raWidan, leCxumidan da zemo imereTidan 2,390 axali komli Camoasaxles ganmavlobaSi mxolod 1941 wlis Semodgomaze; 1945 wlis meore naxevris imereTidan da qarTlidan 5,500 ojaxi daasaxles mesxeTSi; xolo 1946-50 wlebSi afxazeTSi (saidanac berZnebi iqnen deportirebulni) 4,200-ze meti ojaxi Caasaxles samegrelodan, raWa-leCxumidan da svaneTidan. mTlianobaSi 1941-dan 1950 wlamde periodSi mesxeTSi, qvemo qarTlsa da afxazeTSi Caasaxles daaxloebiT 60,000 adamiani.7 meore msoflio omis Semdeg mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, da maT Soris saqarTveloSic, mniSvnelovnad imata industrializaciam. aman gamoiwvia saqarTvelos mTiani regionebidan barSi migrantTa nakadis xelaxali zrda (rogorc iZulebiT, ise nebayoflobiT). ekomigrantebis ekomigrantebis organizebuli gansaxleba 19801980-ian wlebSi ekologiuri mizezebiT adgilnacval pirTa pirveli organizebuli gadasaxleba 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moxda. 1981-83 wlebSi, mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, dedofliswyaros, gurjaanisa da sagarejos raionebSi (kaxeTi), xobis (samegrelo), aspinZisa da adigenis raionebSi (samcxe-javaxeTi) da kaspis raionSi (Sida qarTli) maRalmTiani aWaridan 1,010 ojaxis Casaxleba ganisazRvra.8 6 mayvala naTmeliZe, demografiuli procesebi saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, Tbilisi: CIPPD 2002, gv. 86. 7 vaxtang jaoSvili saqarTvelos mosaxleoba..., gv 224-26. 8 Tamaz futkaraZe, aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis...…, gv.72. 10 gadasaxlebis es programebi kargad organizebuli da jerovnad dagegmili iyo. xelisuflebis mxridan dazaralebuli ekomigrantebisaTvis xdeboda sesxis gamoyofa _ erT ojaxze 4,500 sabWoTa (rusuli) rublis9 odenobiT, saidanac migranti ojaxebi valdebulni iyvnen, mxolod 45% daebrunebinaT. ekomigrantebi dasaxldnen aspinZis raionisa da adigenis raionis ramdenime sofelSi, sadac isini saxelmwifo sesxis TanxebiT axali saxlebis aSenebas gegmavdnen. finansur daxmarebasTan erTad saxelmwifo sakuTar Tavze iRebda saxlebisaTvis saWiro saSeni masalebisa da mowyobilobebis transportirebas. metic, ekomigrantebs gansaxlebis adgilebSi samuSaoze miRebis upiratesi ufleba eniWebodaT. sabWoTa periodSi ekomigrantebisaTvis gamosayofi miwis nakveTis minimumi 0.25 heqtars Seadgenda, Tumca realurad bevri ojaxi gacilebiT mets _ 1.25 heqtaramde nakveTs iRebda. 1987 wels svaneTi bolo wlebis yvelaze mZime zamTris mowme gaxda. ianvarSi ramdenime sofeli 3-dan 5 metramde Tovlis safarqveS aRmoCnda. Tovlis simaRle imdenad didi iyo, rom daaxloebiT 2,000 saxli zvavSi mohyva, xolo 85 adamiani gardaicvala. gansakuTrebiT dazaralda mestiisa (zemo svaneTi) da lentexis (qvemo svaneTi) raionebi. gzebi Caiketa, soflebTan kavSiri gawyda, komunikaciis yvela saSualeba mwyobridan gamovida. riskis zonidan 16,000 adamiani iqna evakuirebuli.10 stiqiuri ubedurebis momdevno ramdenime dReSi, 1987 wlis 12 Tebervals sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis centralurma komitetma da sabWoTa kavSiris stiqiuri ministrTa ubedurebis dadgenileba sabWom gamosca Sedegebis adgilobriv dadgenileba likvidaciisaTvis xelisuflebasa da “saqarTvelos daxmarebis partiis ssr-Si Sesaxeb”. warmomadgenlebs avalebda qmediTi zomebis miRebas da sacxovrebeli adgilis problemebis gadaWras. im droisaTvis, saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWom daxmarebis saxiT 9 im droisTvis rusuli rublisa da aSS dolaris Sefardeba daaxloebiT 1:1 iyo. samTavrobo komisiam daadgina, rom mTeli kuTvnili qoneba dakarga 409 ojaxma, 876 ojaxuri meurneoba nawilobriv iyo dazianebuli, xolo 3,468 ojaxi gadasaxlebas eqvemdebarebida, Tumca maTi saxlebi ar iyo dangreuli. luara niJaraZe, svanebis migracia da misi..., gv. 13-17. 10 11 sacxovrebeli saxlebis aRdgenisa da xelaxla agebisaTvis, TiTqmis 65 milioni rubli gamoyo. svaneTSi momxdari stiqiuri ubedurebis sapasuxod mTavrobam gamosca dadgenilebebi, romelTa Tanaxmad usaxlkarod darCenili mosaxleobisaTvis axali saxlebi unda aegoT. damatebiT miwa gamoyves agraruli daniSnulebisaTvisac.11 xelisuflebam daaxloebiT 300 milioni rubli gamoyo saxlebis mSeneblobisaTvis da angariSebi gauxsna adgilnacval ojaxebs. garda amisa, saqarTveloSi da mTlianad sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT kerZo pirTa, kompaniaTa da organizaciaTa mier gaRebulma Semowirulobebma 74 milion rubls mniSvnelovani miaRwia.12 samSeneblo Sedegad, 5,700 samuSaoebi saxlis aTamde aSeneba samSeneblo daigegma firmam da iTava.13 daaxloebiT 2,500 ojaxi zemo da qvemo svaneTidan sacxovreblad gaanawiles marneulis, TeTriwyaros, bolnisis, sagarejos, gardabnis, dmanisis, kaspis, wyaltubos, xonis, ozurgeTisa da lanCxuTis raionebSi. 1989 wlis aprilSi stiqiuri ubedureba aWaras daatyda Tavs. mewyerma waleka maRalmTiani aWara, kerZod ki, xulos, Suaxevisa da qedis raionebis soflebi, ris Sedegadac 5,657 ojaxi (24,287 adamiani) dazaralda.14 sapasuxod, sabWoTa xelisuflebam daiwyo stiqiuri ubedurebis Sedegad dazaralebuli mosaxleobis saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi gansaxleba, maT Soris zRvispira aWaraSi da guriis, Sida qarTlis, qvemo qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTisa da javaxeTis regionebSi. mTavrobam daiwyo gadasaxlebis programa da mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo Tanxebi gamoyo axali saxlebis mSeneblobisaTvis. sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofis garda, programa aWaridan adgilnacvali mosaxleobisaTvis iTvaliswinebda grZelvadian sesxebsac, raTa maT Tavad SeeZinaT axali saxlebi. magram, es stiqiuri ubedureba maSin moxda, roca 11 mTavrobis rezolucia # 2, 3, 4, 1987w. gamoyofili iqna sakmarisi finansebi, rom mTavroba adgilnacval ojaxebs daxmareboda. TiToeul ojaxs 4,000 rubls an ojaxis TiToeul wevrs 500 rubls aZlevdnen. maT aseve ufasod uzrunvelyofdnen avejiT da samzareulos mowyobilobebiT. garda amisa, maT SeeZloT aeRoT SeRavaTiani uprocento sesxi 4,000 rublis odenobiT. 13 ministrTa sabWos sainformacio saagento, stiqia da adamianebi [Стихия и люди], Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1987, gv. 235. 14 44 saxli mTlianad daingra, xolo 1,152 dazianda. garda amisa, 3,250 ha. miwa sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis gamousadegari gaxda. Tamaz futkaraZe aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis..., gv. 75. 12 12 sabWoTa kavSiri ukve daSlis zRvarze idga. ase rom, procesi saTanadod ar gakontrolda. aWaraSi uSualod stiqiuri ubedurebis Semdgom geologiuri daskvnebis gacemis procesi korufciis maRali xarisxiT xasiaTdeboda. Sedegad, gansaxlebis programis farglebSi bevrma iseTma adamianma miiRo gadasaxlebis ufleba, visac uSualod ar Sexebia stiqia da ubralod miwis da qonebis miReba surda.15 albaT nawilobriv amiT SeiZleba aixsnas ukumigraciis is maRali maCveneblebi, rac gadasaxlebis Semdgom wlebSi dafiqsirda (ix. gv. 33). bevr axaldasaxlebuls hqonda arCevani, dabrunebuliyo sakuTar saxlSi, aWaraSi, Tuki ver SeZlebda, kargad morgeboda axal sacxovrebel garemos. metic, maT SeeZloT ekonomikuri sargebeli mieRoT axaldasaxlebis adgilebSi maTi arsebuli qonebis oficialurad Tu araoficialurad gayidvis an gaqiravebis Sedegad. amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia is, rac potenciuri aWareli ekomigrantebisaTvis adgilas, TeTriwyaros savargulebiT da erT-erT raionSi saZovrebiT. moxda. sofel yvelaze es mimzidvel raioni daniSnulebis mdidaria SavsaydarSi 20 saxnav-saTesi saxli aaSenes ekomigranti ojaxebisaTvis, romlebic sofelSi realurad Camovidnen, magram or-sam weliwadSi maT gayides an ubralod datoves es saxlebi. axali saxlebi ki adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma iyides an daikaves. saxelmwifo programis sawyis etapze aWaridan Camosaxlebulma 943-ma ojaxma SeZlo saxlis gulisxmobda yidva saxelmwifo sruliad axali infrastruqturiTa da sesxiT. saxelmwifo dasaxlebebis instituciebiT; programa mSeneblobas, grZelvadiani agreTve srulyofili dabalprocentiani sesxebis gacemas adgilnacvali mosaxleobisaTvis, raTa maT sakuTari ZalebiT SeZlebodaT saxlebis aSeneba; aseve adgilnacvali pirebis Sesaxlebas adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis mier mitovebul saxlebSi.16 stiqiuri ubedurebebis msxverplT, Casaxlebis raionebSi saxlebi ufasod eZleodaT.17 yoveli ekomigranti ojaxi iRebda 0.25 h. sakarmidamo da 0.25 h. 15 interviu xulos raionis gamgeobis ltolvilTa da gansaxlebisa ganyofilebis ufros kaxaZesTan, 6 oqtomberi, 2006 w. 16 Tamaz futkaraZe, aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis...…, gv. 75-77. 17 saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos 1988 wlis 12 ianvris # 14-r dadgenilebis mixedviT. guram 13 saxnav-saTes miwis nakveTs. garda amisa, ekomigrantebs saSualeba hqondaT, damatebiT, ijariT aeRoT miwis nakveTi. mTavroba aseve TiToeul ojaxs daxmarebis saxiT 4,000 rubls da avejs aZlevda. garda amisa, ojaxebs 4,000 rublis odenobis uprocento sesxi eZleodaT saqonlis sadgomebisa Tu sxva daniSnulebis saTavsoebis asagebad.18 ekomigrantebisaTvis gankuTvnil axal saxlebSi oTaxebis raodenoba ojaxis wevrebis raodenobis etapebze xelisufleba gadmosaxlebuli mixedviT ganisazRvreboda. Tvlida, rom axal soflebSi ojaxebi erTi Camosaxlebis soflidan erTad unda Tu adreul qalaqidan dasaxlebuliyvnen. magaliTad, mestiis raionis sofel xaiSidan Camosaxlebuli ojaxebi erTad daasaxles TeTriwyaros raionis sofel durnukSi, romelsac saxeli Seecvala da axali xaiSi ewoda. saxelmwifos mier aSenebuli saxlebi ori tipisaa: qvemo qarTlSi aSenebuli saxlebi, Cveulebriv, orsarTuliania 6-10 oTaxiTa da aivniT. qvemo qarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, javaxeTsa da saqarTvelos sxva nawilebSi saxlebi cudi proeqtiT aSenda _ gansxvavebul doneebze ganlagebuli oTaxebi Sida kibeebiT ukavSirdeboda erTmaneTs. ekonomikur krizisSi myofi xelisufleba cdilobda, mSeneblobis procesis Rirebuleba Seemcirebina arsebuli proeqtebis struqturis darRvevisa da ukve dawyebul saxlebSi mTliani sacxovrebeli farTis Semcirebis xarjze. saxlis mSeneblobis Rirebulebam daaxloebiT 45,000-55,000 rubls miaRwia. saxlebis xarisxi sakaod dabali iyo da dRes _ daaxloebiT ori aTeuli wlis Semdeg _ Senobebi dabzarulia da bevr maTgans safuZvliani rekonstruqcia sWirdeba. ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros yovelwliuri angariSis (2006) mixedviT, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan saxelmwifo programis farglebSi saqarTvelos 17 raionSi 55 axali soflis aSeneba iyo gansazRvruli. mTlianobaSi 5,094 saxli unda aSenebuliyo, Tumca faqtobrivad mxolod 3,090 aSenda, romelTaganac 2,723 dasaxlebulia, xolo darCenili 367 Senoba an carielia, an sxvebis mier aris dakavebuli. 280 dagegmili saxlis mSenebloba saerTod ar dawyebula, xolo 1,724 saxli dausrulebeli darCa. 18 igive 14 saxelmwifo programebis farglebSi svaneTidan da aWaridan Camosaxlebul ekomigrantebs saxelmwifos mier maTTvis gamoyofili saxlebis gayidvis ufleba ar hqondaT 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi. garda amisa, axali saxlebis registracia ekomigrantebis saxelze mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, Tu ojaxis yvela wevri amoewereboda Tavisi Zveli sacxovrebeli adgilidan, romelic geologiuri sacxovreblad Tu uvargisad hidrometeorologiuri iqna miCneuli. Tumca, daskvnebis safuZvelze sakmaod racionalur am winapirobas saTanado yuradReba ar mieqca. rogorc sabWoTa periodSi, ise SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros, ekomigrantebs saSualeba hqondaT, Tavis Zvel saxlebs dahbrunebodnen; amdenad, rig SemTxvevebSi maT ormagi registracia hqondaT da ukan dabrunebulT xelaxla SeeZloT daxmarebis Txovna.19 1991 wels saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri da aramyari damoukideblobis politikuri gamocxadebis situacia Semdeg, susti saxelmwifos imis SesaZleblobas ar aZlevda, rom gansaxlebis gegmebi ganxorcielebuliyo. metic, xelisuflebas ar SeeZlo im saxlebis mSeneblobis dasruleba, romlebic ukve dawyebuli iyo da romlebsac axali mflobelebi elodnen. aman ekomigrantebs aSkarad seriozuli problemebi Seuqmna; problemebi, romlebsac kidev ufro aRrmavebda susti koordinacia da informaciis TiTqmis sruli ararseboba. bevrma migrantma mxolod dasaxlebis axal adgilebSi Casvlisas aRmoaCina, rom maTi saxlebi an dasrulebuli ar iyo, an saerTod ar iyo aSenebuli. mTavrobis daxmarebis molodinSi, zogjer xelisufalTa mier daimedebuli mravali ojaxi axali gansaxlebis adgilebSi rCeboda da an TveobiT Tu wlobiT droebiT TavSesafarSi cxovrobda, an sakuTari saxsrebiT qiraobda sacxovrebel farTs. aseT pirobebSi bevrma ekomigrantma sabolood yvelanairi imedi dakarga da aWaris mSobliur sofelSi dabrunda naTesavebTan. konkretuli radgan gegma an ar arsebobda saxelmwifo ekomigrantebis programa da gansaxlebis mimReb raime regionebs ki zemoxsenebuli problemebi hqondaT saxlebTan dakavSirebiT, mTeli 1990-iani wlebis 19interviu ganmavlobaSi SeimCneoda mravali ekomigrantis ukan dabrunebis lentexis raionis gamgebel soso qurasbedianTan, 5 ivnisi, 2006 w. 15 tendencia. samTavrobo struqturebis mxridan ignorirebis poziciam ekomigrantebSi imedgacrueba warmoSva.20 daxmareba arasamTavrobo struqturebis mxridan sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis bolo wlebSi qarTvelma erovnulma aqtivistebma ramdenime organzacia daafuZnes. erTi aseTi organizacia iyo saqarTvelos saadgilmamulo, mosaxleobis gansaxlebisa da daxmarebis fondi, romelic qarTuli erovnuli moZraobis erT-erTi pirveli lideris, merab kostavas iniciativiT sabWos daarsda dadgenilebis 1989 wlis seqtemberSi Sesabamisad.21 fondi saqarTvelos Seiqna rogorc ssr ministrTa saqvelmoqmedo organizacia. 1989 wlis oqtomberSi _ merab kostavas gardacvalebis Semdeg _ fonds misi mTavari damaarseblis saxeli daerqva: merab kostavas saxelobis saqarTvelos saadgilmamulo, mosaxleobis gansaxlebisa da daxmarebis fondi.22 20 rac Seexeba aWaras, mTlianobaSi daaxloebiT 4,343 ojaxi iqna gadmosaxlebuli xulos raionidan, 1,696 Suaxevis raionidan da 112 qedis raionidan. maTgan, 1989 wlidan moyolebuli, xuloSi dabrunda 534 ojaxi, SuaxevSi _ 277 ojaxi, xolo qedaSi _ 35 ojaxi (qedisa da Suaxevis raionebis gamgeobaTa mier mowodebuli masalebis mixedviT). dabrunebulTa umetesobam datova samegrelos, imereTis, guriis regionebi, aseve axalqalaqi, gardabani da marneuli (qvemo qarTli). saubrebma aWaraSi dabrunebul migrantebTan da baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis profesor, aWaraSi migraciis sakiTxebis eqspert profesor Tamaz futkaraZesTan gviCvena, rom eTnikurad qarTuli regionebidan _ samegrelodan, imereTidan da guriidan 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi ekomigrantTa ukan dabrunebis mizezebi Semdegia: 1) saxlebi, romelTa aSenebis piroba xelisuflebam 1980-iani wlebis bolosa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dado, ar dasrulda. axal regionebSi Casaxlebuli ekomigrantebi iZulebuli iyvnen, droebiT sacxovrebelSi ecxovraT mTavrobis mier mSeneblobis dasrulebis imediT (rac realurad ar ganxorcielda, da migrantebma, romlebic ukan ar dabrundnen, sakuTari ZalebiT daasrules saxlebis mSenebloba). 2) dasavleT saqarTvelos regionebis, guriis, imereTisa da samegrelos ekonomika metwilad citrusebisa da Cais masStabur moyvanaze iyo damyarebuli. magram sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas mrewvelobis bevri dargis rRveva mohyva da maT Soris soflis meurneobis iseTi dargebisac, rogorebic mecitruseoba da meCaieoba iyo. Sedegad, marto ekomigrantebi ki ara, aramed mkvidri mosaxleobis didi nawilic umuSevari da siRatakemede miyvanili aRmoCnda. dRemde guria, samegrelo da nawilobriv imereTic saqarTvelos uRaribes regionebadaa miCneuli. 3) qveyana CaTreuli iyo eTnikur da samoqalaqo omebSi, romlis erT-erTi epicentri swored afxazeTis mosazRvre samegrelo iyo. ase rom, autanelma politikurma, socialurma da ekonomikurma pirobebma bevri ekomigranti aiZula, mSobliur mxareSi dabrunebuliyo (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. cxrili 5). 1989-1998 wlebSi xulos raionSi dabrunebul da 1987-2006 wlebSi SuaxevSi dabrunebul ekomigrantTa Sesaxeb monacemebi mogvawodes xulosa da Suaxevis raionebis migraciisa da veteranTa saqmeebis ganyofilebebma (detaluri informaciisaTvis ixileT cxrili 5). 21 miiRes rogorc Sesworeba #1 saqarTvelos saadgilmamulo, mosaxleobis gansaxlebisa da daxmarebis fondis sakrebulos sxdomaze. (1989w. 1 seqtemberi) da registrirebul iqna saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos #528 dadgenilebiT (1 noemberi, 1989 w). 22 kostavas fondis kidev erTi damfuZnebeli iyo vaJa adamia, romelic 1990 wels saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWos wevri gaxda da kvlav parlamentis wevri iyo 1992-1994 wlebSi. sxva damfuZneblebi iyvnen politikosebi da erovnuli aqtivistebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad mrgval magidasTan asocirdebodnen (gamsaxurdias politikuri bloki), magram 1991 wlis agvistoSi gaemijnnen gamsaxurdias. 16 fondis wesdebaSi saxelobis Camoyalibebuli saqarTvelos principebis saadgilmamulo, mixedviT mosaxleobis merab kostavas gansaxlebisa da daxmarebis fondi miwas unawilebda qarTvel mosaxleobas.23 fondis mizani iyo `daxmareboda ekologiuri gamoeyvana ezruna saqarTvelos mdgomareoba qveyana; qvrivebze, erovnuli iyo; oblebze, qristianuli, usaxsro konteqstSi regionebi” gulisxmobda da rTuli da demografiuli ekonomikuri saqvelmoqmedo ojaxis Tu krizisidan saqmianoba mzrunvelobis da gareSe 24 programisa cxovrebis sadac demografiuli ewarmoebina darCenil moxucebulebze”. fondis regionebs, fraza da 1990-ianebis “demografiuli regionebs, dasawyisis politikuri TvalsazrisiT problemuri dasaxlebuls upiratesad erovnuli umciresobebiT, anu afxazeTs, javaxeTs da qvemo qarTls. radgan es regionebi saqarTvelos kritikuli gare sazRvris mniSvnelobis gaswvriv sakiTxad mdebareobs, Tvlidnen am erovnuli moRvaweebi teritoriebze eTnikurad qarTuli mosaxleobis warmomadgenlobis gaZlierebas, raTa gaeneitralebinaT mezobeli saxelmwifoebis, magaliTad, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis pretenziebi am teritoriebze da Tavidan aecilebinaT separatistuli tendenciebi. am politikuri areulobis periodSi saqarTveloSi bevri politikuri partia da organizacia daarsda. es opoziciuri Zalebi xSirad zustad gansazRvruli mizniT iqmneboda, istoriuli magaliTad, Zeglebisa da ekologiuri Senobebis problemebis dacvis mizniT.25 gadasawyvetad mzardi an erovnuli moZraobis saerTo TvalsazrisiT, is faqti, rom eTnikuri qarTvelebi qveynis 23 merab kostavas saxelobis saqarTvelos saadgilmamulo, mosaxleobis gansaxlebisa da daxmarebis fondi. 1989 wlis 1 seqtembris wesdebis mixedviT, fondis mTavari amocanebi da miznebi iyo: a) saqarTvelos erovnuli aRorZinebis xelSewyoba saqarTvelos ssr teritoriaze arsebuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad; b) miwis fondis Seqmna, romelic fonds gadaecemoda SeuzRudavi sargeblobis uflebiT; g) saxlebis fondis Seqmna saqarTvelos ssr teritoriaze moqmedi saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisagan da aseve mosaxleobisagan saxlebis Sesyidvis meSveobiT da saxlebis aSenebis gziT; d) demografiuli TvalsazrisiT problemuri regionebis, bunebrivi kataklizmebis msxverplTa, upatrono moxucebulTa, respublikaSi da mis farglebs gareT myof studentTa da mravalSviliani ojaxebis daxmareba. 24 igive. 25 magaliTad, erovnuli moZraobis erT-erTi sakvanZo amocana iyo azerbaijanis sazRvarTan ganlagebuli daviT garejis samonastro kompleqsis dacva. am istoriul Zegls safrTxes uqmnida mis maxloblad ganlagebul samxedro poligonze mimdinare samxedro wvrTnebi, radgan Wurvebs xSirad kompleqss uSendnen. vandalizmis aseTma aqtebma sxvadasxva erovnuli politikuri partiebis mobilizacia gamoiwvia. 17 yvela mxareSi ar warmoadgendnen mosaxleobis absolutur umravlesobas, saqarTvelos ganviTarebis umTavresi Semaferxebeli faqtori iyo. ramdenime politikuri partia am sakiTxis gadaWras iuridiuli pirebisa da fondebis meSveobiT cdilobda, romelTa daxmarebiTac finansur resursebs izidavdnen. sxvadasxva politikuri organizaciebi zewolas axdendnen mTavrobaze, rom misgan advilad mieRoT dafinanseba da amave dros zegavlenasac axdendnen mis politikaze.26 marTlac, merab kostavas fondi am organizaciaTagan erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani iyo. misi saqmianoba saxelmwifo saagentoebze da nebayoflobiT kerZoO Semowirulobebze iyo dafuZnebuli. 1989-1991 wlebis periodSi am Tanxebma 35 milion rubls miaRwia. Tavdapirvelad fuladi saxsrebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi TavSesafris gareSe darCenili ojaxebisaTvis saxlebis yidvasa da aSenebaze ixarjeboda. sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis Semdgom ekonomikur 27 krizisTan erTad da nacionalisturi, xSirad ki qsenofobiuri politikis gavleniT, romelmac saqarTvelo bevrma moicva 1990-iani warmomadgenelma eTnikuri berZnebis wlebis iwyo Tems dasawyisSi, saqarTvelodan walkisa da erovnuli emigracia. axalqalaqis umciresobebis emigracia Seexo raionebSi, rusi duxoborebis Tems ninowmindis raionSi, avarelTa Tems yvarlis raionSi, aseve samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis somxur da azerbaijanul Temebs. am wlebSi somexTa da azerbaijanelTa emigracia sakmaod didi iyo. amave periodSi saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan rusebis, berZnebis da ebraelebis didma raodenobam datova qveyana.28 sanam erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenelebi sakuTar qonebas yiddnen da qveynidan wasasvlelad emzadebodnen, kostavas fondi emigrantebisagan iafad yidulobda saxlebs ekomigrantebis an sxva Zalze potenciuri mosaxleebisaTvis.29 fondis programa ekomigrantTa daxmarebis sxva zomebsac 26 mTavroba mosaxleobas da sxva organizaciebs mouwodebda, fuladi Sewirulobebi gaeRoT aseTi fondebisaTvis da male mTeli saqarTvelo moicva humanitarulma aqciebma. 27 interviu kostavas fondis Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsrulebel daviT kupreiSvilTan, 11 marti, 2006 w. 28 detaluri informaciisaTvis ixileT cxrili 1 danarTSi. 29 interviu kostavas fondis Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsrulebel daviT kupreiSvilTan, 11 marti, 2006 w. 18 iTvaliswinebda, Tumca realurad sacxovrebeli saxlebisa da 0.15-dan 0.25 heqtaramde sakarmidamo miwis garda fondi verafriT exmareboda maT. imisaTvis, rom gaekontrolebinaT beneficiaris (mimRebis) damkvidreba axal sacxovrisze, fondis mflobelobaSi ar saadgilmamulo, mier SeZenili gadadioda. saxlebi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ekomigrantebis merab gansaxlebisa da kostavas daxmarebis srul saxelobis fondi im pirebisaTvis, visac sacxovrebeli sWirdeboda, saxlebis SeTavazebis orgvar proceduras iyenebda: pirveli gulisxmobda erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgeneli emigrantebisagan saxlebis Sesyidvas. es saxlebi gadaecemoda SeWirvebul qarTvel mosaxleobas, ekomigrantebis CaTvliT. axalmosaxleebs saxlis dakavebis grZelvadiani ufleba eniWebodaT, magram saxlis Sesyidvis Rirebuleba gadaxdili unda yofiliyo fondisa da gadmosaxlebuli ojaxis urTierTSeTanxmebis iTvaliswinebda konkretuli Sedegad gansazRvrul grZelvadiani saxlebis vadaSi. dabalprocentiani SesaZenad. fuladi meore procedura sesxebis gamoyofas Tanxebis raime saxiT aradaniSnulebisamebr xarjvis an daudevrobis Tavidan asacileblad fondma angariSebi gaxsna saxlebis gamyidvelTaTvis da Tanxis gadaricxva pirdapir am angariSebze xdeboda. saxlebis gadacemasTan dakavSirebiT, fondi orive SemTxvevaSi Semdegi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT debda xelSekrulebas: saxli da sakarmidamo Tanxmobis gareSe. miwa ase ar SeiZleboda rom, gayiduliyo axalmosaxleebs fondis saxlebis sruli werilobiTi iuridiuli gankargvis ufleba ar eniWebodaT.30 sesxis mTlianad dafarvis Semdegac ki, fonds rCeboda marTvis ufleba, xolo saxlis gayidvis mcdelobis SemTxvevaSi fonds hqonda upiratesi Sesyidvis ufleba. kostavas fonds gaunawilebia. Sesyiduli isini saxlebi exmarebodnen sxva mxolod iseT ekomigrantebisaTvis jgufebsac, ar rogorebicaa SeWirvebuli ojaxebi da mravalSviliani ojaxebi. fondi jer kidev flobs ramdenime aseul heqtar miwas saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebSi, magaliTad, 30 igive 19 daaxloebiT 250 heqtars qvemo qarTlSi, marneulis raionSi.31 mTlianobaSi 1989-1991 wlebSi kostavas fondma daaxloebiT 800 saxli Seisyida mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, afxazeTis CaTvliT. am 800 saxlidan daaxloebiT 300320 ekomigrantebs gadaecaT.32 samcxe-javaxeTSi da, gansakuTrebiT, ninowmindis raionSi, fondma 258 saxli Seisyida ekomigrantebisa da sxva SeWirvebuli ojaxebisaTvis (maT Soris 217 ninowmindis raionSi) fondma aWaridan wamosul ekomigrantebs ninowmindis raionSi gamouyo saxlebi, xolo svaneTidan wamosul ekomigrantebs _ afxazeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi.33 cxrili 1: merab kostavas fondis mier ekomigrantebisa da sxva SeWirvebuli mosaxleobisaTvis gamoyofili saxlebis mdebareoba da raodenoba.34 raioni saxlebis raodenoba adigenis raioni 6 axalcixis raioni 29 marneulis raioni 8 bolnisis raioni 15 mestiis raioni 5 walenjixis raioni 1 onis raioni 1 mcxeTis raioni 5 TianeTis raioni 1 yvarlis raioni 8 senakis raioni 1 ninowmindas raioni 217 31 igive. unda aRiniSnos, rom, marTalia, im periodis kanonmdebloba krZalavda sazRvridan 21 kilometris radiusSi miwis Sesyidvas, magram fondisTvis daiSva gamonaklisi, radgan mTavrobis bevri lideri kostavas fondisa da kostavas sazogadoebis wevri iyo. 32 interviu kostavas fondis Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsrulebel daviT kupreiSvilTan, 15 seqtemberi, 2006 w. 33 igive. 34 merab kostavas saxelobis saadgilmamulo, mosaxleobis gansaxlebisa da daxmarebis fondis mier 2006 wlis 25 seqtembers mowodebuli monacemebi. dmanisis raionis gamgeobis mowodebuli monacemebis mixedviT, mTavrobam, kostavas fondma da rusTavelis sazogadoebam damatebiT 575 saxli Seisyides. kostavas fondis mier afxazeTSi Sesyiduli saxlebis Sesaxeb monacemebi xelmiuwvdomelia. 20 axalqalaqis raioni 6 ninowmindis raionis mkacri klimatis gamo javaxeTi `saqarTvelos cimbiris~ saxeliT aris cnobili da Tanac axalmosulebTan adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Zalze uaryofiTi damokidebulebis gamo ekomigrantebs zogadad ar hqondaT iq Casaxlebis survili. 1990-1995 wlebSi javaxeTSi politikuri situacia arastabiluri iyo, xolo centralurma xelisuflebam regionze faqtobrivad kontroli dakarga. eTnikuri qarTveli migrantebi Tvlidnen, rom isini aq safrTxeSi aRmoCndebodnen. ase rom, am regionSi Casaxlebis procesis xelSewyobis mizniT fondi cdilobda, xelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna maTTvis, vinc am regionis soflebSi dasaxldeboda. aq saxlebis gadacema usasyidlod xorcieldeboda, kreditis dabrunebis nebismieri pirobis gareSe, Tumca axal mflobelebs ufleba ar hqondaT, gaeyidaT an gaeqiravebinaT saxlebi 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini saxlebis datovebas gadawyvetdnen, fondisgan unda mieRoT dasturi gadaadgilebaze, raTa mas saxlebi sxva ojaxebisTvis SeeTavazebina. miuxedavad imisa, rom fondma ninowmindaSi 217 saxli Seisyida,35 am raodenobidan sinamdvileSi mxolod 68 saxli gadavida axali mflobelebis xelSi, romlebsac ekomigrantebi, SeWirvebuli ojaxebi da mravalSviliani ojaxebi warmoadgendnen.36 danarCeni saxlebi an carieli darCa, an isini adgilobrivma somxebma daikaves. kidev erTi kerZo organizacia, romelic ekomigrantebs exmareboda, iyo rusTavelis sazogadoeba, romelic 1989 wlis martSi dafuZnda da romelic ZiriTadad qvemo organizaciamac sazogadoebisa qarTlSi SeiZina da repatriaciis saxlebi fondisgan sakiTxebze ekomigrantTaTvis, gansxvavebiT, muSaobda. magram, rusTavelis am kostavas sazogadoeba ekomigrantebs saxlebs sruliad usasyidlod gadascemda, nebismieri vadebisa da pirobebis gareSe. bevrma ekomigrantma, vinc amgvari saxiT miiRo qoneba 35 igive. 14 saxli daba ninowmindaSi, 31 spasovkaSi, 36 efremovkaSi, 20 orlovkaSi, 47 gorelovkaSi da 69 samebaSi. 36 es iyo: 19 saxli spasovkaSi, 6 efremovkaSi, 4 orlovkaSi, 18 gorelovkaSi da 15 samebaSi. 21 rusTavelis sazogadoebisagan, mogvianebiT gayida es uZravi qoneba da regioni datova.37 saxelmwifo programebi programebi SevardnaZis periodSi 1991-1993 wlebidan saqarTvelom mravali eTnopolitikuri konfliqti da sisxliani samoqalaqo omi gadaitana. am periodSi ekomigrantebi, iseve rogorc sazogadoebis sxva wevrebi, saxelmwifom sruliad miiviwya. es ekologiuri migrantebis ukumigraciis yvelaze maRali maCveneblis mqone wlebia, gansakuTrebiT samegrelodan _ regionidan, romelic konfliqtebis epicentrSi iyo moqceuli. es iyo aseve periodi, rodesac mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba da vaWroba mniSvnelovnad gauaresda da ekonomika kolafsis zRvarze imyofeboda. aseT viTarebaSi marTlac Zalze Zneli iyo ekomigrantTaTvis Tavis Senaxva da axal garemosTan adaptireba. 1993 wlis bolos, samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdegac ki, socialur-politikuri da ekonomikuri situacia qveyanaSi imdenad mZime iyo, rom xelisuflebas Zala ar Seswevda ekomigraciis procesebis marTvis raime programa ganexorcielebina. Tumca 1992 wlis ianvarSi dawyebuli miwis reforma 1998 wlamde gagrZelda. reformis mTavari mizani iyo saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi myofi sasoflosameurneo daniSnulebis miwis gadacema kerZo sakuTrebaSi. am periodSi sxvadasxva raionebSi dasaxlebul ekomigrantTa uravlesobam saxlebi da 0.151.25 heqtari nakveTebi miiRo. ekomigrantebma miwis nakeTebi sxva moqalaqeebTan Tanabar pirobebSi miiRes. xolo rac Seexeba saxnav-saTesi miwis ijaras, ekomigrantebs iseve hqondaT miwis ijariT aRebis ufleba, rogorc soflis sxva mcxovreblebs.38 miwis sakiTxi ufro detalurad iqneba ganxiluli am dokumentis bolo nawilSi. SevardnaZis wlebSi mTavroba mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi akmayofilebda ekomigrantebs sacxovrebliT. 1997 wels SevardnaZem prezidentis brZaneba 37 interviu merab kostavas fondis Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsrulebel daviT kupreiSvilTan, 15 seqtemberi, 2006 w. 38 ix. miwis mesakuTreTa uflebebis dacvis asociacia. miwaTsargeblobis sakiTxebze erovnuli umciresobebisa da ekomigrantebis uflebebis samarTlebrivi analizi, 2006 w. 22 gamosca, romlis mixedviTac walkis raionSi dacarielebuli saxlebis SesyidvisaTvis daaxloebiT 3 milioni aSS dolari gamoyves. saxlebi SearCies da Seafases, magram realurad mxolod maTi mcire nawili Seisyides. gamoyofili Tanxebis didi nawili ki ukvalod gaqra.39 mogvianebiT, 2002 wels prezidentma 160,000 lari gamoyo Tavisi saprezidento fondidan ninowmindis raionis sofel spasovkaSi 22 saxlis SesyidvisaTvis. es saxlebi iyides im migrantTa dasaxmareblad, naTesavebTan dasaxlda. saministros daevala, vinc 1990-ian saxlebis Tumca wlebSi Sesyidva realurad Cavida ltolvilTa mxolod 11 am regionSi da da gansaxlebis saxli Seisyides. savaraudod korufciis gamo danarCeni saxlebis SesyidvisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi ubralod aorTqlda. am procesSi CarTuli soflebi adgilobriv xelisuflebas adanaSaulebdnen, xolo es ukanasknelni _ ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros waromadgenlebs. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg pirveli saprezidento brZaneba ekomigraciis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT 1998 wels gamoica. brZaneba miznad isaxavda ekomigrantebis socialuri da iuridiuli poroblemebis gadaWras da iTvaliswinebda ekologiuri migraciis procesebis monitoringis sistemis Seqmnas. pirvel etapze monitoringma saqarTvelos 17 raioni moicva, xolo meore etapze walkisa da ninowmindis raionebic.40 minitoringi miznad isaxavda mTavrobis mier aSenebuli saxlebis mdgomareobis Seswavlas da saqarTvelos mTiani regionebidan CamosaxlebulTa raodenobis dadgenas. mTavrobis RonisZiebebma da monitoringma gamoavlina, rom 1987 wlidan moyolebuli, 4,284 ojaxi aRiWurva uflebiT, rom axali saxlebi mieRoT mTavrobisgan.41 Tumca realurad mxolod 2,880 ojaxi dabinavda da 3,090 saxli aigo. vinaidan bevri saxli dausrulebeli darCa, 1,155 ojaxi 39 jonaTan uiTli, konfliqtis ganeitraleba walkis raionSi, saqarTveloSi: migracia, saerTaSoriso intervencia da saxelmwifos roli (ECMI naSromi No.36, dekemberi 2006) gv. 9 40brZanebuleba #67 - “1987 wlidan dawyebuli stiqiuri ubedurebebis Sedegad dazaralebuli ojaxebis socaluri da iuridiuli problemebis gadawyvetis saxelmwifo programis (1998-2005)“ Sesaxeb. 41 4,284 ojaxidan, 2,094 iyo svaneTidan, 2,145 ojaxi aWaridan da 45 ojaxi saCxeris raionidan (zemo imereTi). 23 YTavis Zvel saxlebSi ganagrZobda cxovrebas svaneTsa da aWaraSi.42 walkis raionis 16 sofelSi migrantebis sami kategoria ganirCeva: a) ekomigrantebi, b) raionis SigniT gadaadgilebuli pirebi da g) sakuTari iniciativiT Camosaxlebuli pirebi.43 marTalia, monitoringis ekomigrantebis gadadgmuli es winaSe mdgari pirveli nabiji, programa mniSvnelovani problemebisaTvis magram iyo, rogorc yuradRebis programa, miqcevisken rogorc aseTi, ar iTvaliswinebda raime Tanmimdevruli zomebis gatarebas. ar gadaidga momdevno nabijebi adgilnacval pirTa pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad da programa aseve ar Seexo im ekomigrantTa problemebs, romelTac 1990-ian wlebSi dakarges sakuTari saxlebi an miwa. mokled, miuxedavad imisa, rom damoukideblobis Semdgomi areuloba aRdgena iwyo, ekomigrantebs garkveul 1995-2002 an maT, wilad wlebis visac Cawynarda monakveTma saxifaTo da ekonomikam nel-nela araferi moutana axali zonebidan saswrafo gadasaxleba sWirdeboda. mTavrobas ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli raime realuri strategia an programa ekomigrantTa problemebis gadasawyvetad. gansaxleba “vardebis “vardebis revoluciis” Semdeg 2004 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac arCeul iqna prezidenti m. saakaSvili da dakompleqtda garkveuli axali ministrTa mcdelobebi kabineti, ganaxocriela saqarTvelos axalma ekomigrantTa mTavrobam problemebis gadasaWrelad. „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdeg ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis pirvelma ministrma, eTer astemirovam safuZveli daudo saqarTvelos mTian 42 2,880 ojaxidan, 1,790 iyo svaneTidan, 1,045 aWaridan da 45 ojaxi saCxeridan. monitoringma agreTve aCvena, rom 2,880 ekomigranti ojaxidan, 266 droebiT TavSesafarSi cxovrobda, radgan maTi saxlebi dasrulebuli ar iyo. am 266 ojaxidan 20 vagonebSi an sakuTari xeliT aSenebul xis saxlebSi cxovrobda. monitoringis jgufi agreTve waawyda migrantebis mxridan saxlebis araoficialuri gaqiravbis ramdenime faqts. garda amisa, 178 saxli aramigrant adgilobriv mosaxleobas hqonda dakavebuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom es cifrebi ar Seesabameba ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros 2006 wlis monacemebs (citireba gv. 13) 43 “g” kategorias ekuTvnian ojaxebi, romelTac 1989 wels aWaraSi momxdari stiqiuri ubedurebis Semdeg axalqalaqis raionSi gamouyves saxlebi, Tumca maT datoves, gayides an qveijariT gasces es saxlebi da walkaSi gadavidnen. garda amisa, monitoringis dros aRmoCnda, rom arian migrantebi xobis raionidan (sofeli dedalauri), romlebic maT mSobliur raionSi stiqiuri ubedurebis Semdeg gadasaxlebulni iyvnen walkis raionSi; aseve guriidan sakuTari iniciativiT, ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT gadasaxlebulebi. Tamaz futkaraZe, aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis..., gv. 92 24 regionebSi ganlagebuli saxlebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segrovebas, geologiur daskvnebze dayrdnobiT. amave periodSi, 2004 wels, mTavrobam wamoiwyo ekomigrantTa saxlebiT uzrunvelyofis programa.44 mTavrobis mier gadadgmuli samTavrobo dadgenilebis ninowmindis raionebSi Seqmnas konfliqtis miReba, ekomigraciis iTvaliswinebda.45 aWaridan kidev Camosaxlebul sapasuxod erTi romelic procesebis dadgenileba qarTvel momzadda.46 nabiji walkaSi iyo 2004 walkis, wlis axalqalaqisa maregulirebeli adgilobriv ekomigrantebs dadgenilebaSi ivnisSi komisiis somxebsa Soris da da warmoqmnili naTqvami iyo, rom dauyovnebliv saWiroa ekomigraciis procesebis regulireba, misi iuridul CarCoebSi moqceva da am sakiTxebis gadawyvetisaTvis axali midgomebis moZieba. am miznebis gansaxorcieleblad brZanebuleba iTvaliswinebda maregulirebeli komisiis Seqmnas, romelic ori kviris vadaSi CamosaxlebulTa, adgilobrivi Temisa da sxva problemebis gadawyvetisaTvis winadadebebis formulirebas SeZlebda. Tumca am brZanebulebas aranairi zomebi da qmedebebi ar mohyolia. komisia ki Camoyalibda, magram is funqcionirebad organod ar ganviTarda. ase rom, man male arseboba Sewyvita. naTelia, rom kvlav arsebobs problemebi _ rogorc ekomigrantTa socialuri, ekonomikuri da iuridiuli saWiroebebis mogvarebis, ise CamosaxlebulTa da adgilobrivTa Soris mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. 44 am programis amoqmedebis pirvel wlebSi 160 saxli Seisyides walkis raionSi da 10 saxli TeTriwyaros raionSi, xolo 2004 wels kidev 53 saxli _ TeTriwyaros raionSi, 124 saxli _ walkis raionSi, 2 saxli _ bolnisis raionSi da 1 saxli _ gardabnis raionSi 2005 wels. (informacia mogvawoda saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministrom, ECMI-isTvis 2005 wlis 5 dekembers miweril 1/0117/6993 werilSi). 45 2004 wlis 3 ivnisis #40 samTavrobo dadgenileba “mTiani aWaridan walkis, axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionebSi ekologiuri migraciis procesebis marTvis saxelmwifo komisis dafuZnebis’ Sesaxeb. 46 2004 wlis maisSi sofel qvemo xarebaSi Semdgari fexburTis matCi _ sofelSi mcxovreb aWarel da sofel kizilkalisadan Camosul somex bavSvebs Soris _ CxubSi gadaizarda. msxverpli ar yofila, magram ramdenime adamiani daiWra. Sejaxebis Semdeg aWarlebi Camovidnen TbilisSi, sadac maT saprotesto demonstracia moawyves. incidentis gamoZiebis dros, somxebma da berZnebma ganacxades, rom aWarlebi maT uflebebs arRvevdnen, maSin roca aWarlebi acxadeben, rom somxebi da berZnebi regionSi qarTvelebis cxovrebas ewinaaRmdegebian. am movlenebis Sedegad, mTavrobam gamosca dadgenileba, zemoxsenebuli komisiis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb. jonaTan uiTli: konfliqtis ganeitraleba walkis raionSi, saqarTveloSi: migracia, saerTaSoriso intervencia da saxelmwifos roli (ECMI naSromi No.36, dekemberi 2006) gv. 9 25 Tumca garkveuli katastrofebis zomebi gamomwvevi, iqna miRebuli mimdinare mTian da regionebSi ekologiuri mosalodneli problemebis gamosavlenad. 2005 wlis maisSi ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis axali ministris –- giorgi xeviaSvilis daniSvnis Semdeg, 2006 wlis martSi, saministrom aamoqmeda axali programa, romelic miznad isaxavda bunebrivi kataklizmebis Sedegad dazaralebuli da saswrafo gadasaxlebis aucileblobis winaSe mdgari ojaxebis monacemTa sainformacio bazis Seqmnas. saministrom SeimuSava Sefasebis sistema, raTa gansazRvruliyo dazianebis xarisxi da am daskvnebis Sesabamisad momxdariyo mosaxleobis gansaxleba. dazianebis Sefasebis sistema Semdeg oTx kategorias moicavda: I kategoria: stiqiuri ubedurebis Sedegad saxli an misi nawili dangreulia; II kategoria: stiqiuri ubedurebis Sedegad saxli dazianebulia, sacxovreblad gamousadegaria da aRdgenas ar eqvemdebareba; III kategoria: stiqiuri ubedurebis Sedegad saxli dazianebulia, magram aRdgenas eqvemdebareba; IV kategoria: saxli dauzianebelia, magram saxlis mimdebare miwis nakveTi ganadgurebuli da gamoyenebisaTvis uvargisia. saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros migraciis, repatriaciisa da iZulebiT adgilnacval pirTa departamentis xelmZRvanelis informaciis mixedviT mTeli qveynis masStabiT I-IV kategoriebis saxlebis da samosaxloebis raodenoba Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: cxrili 2: dazianebuli saxlebi kategoriebisa da saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT. regionebi I kat. II kat. III kat. IV kat. sul samcxe-javaxeTi 678 52 1,226 8 1,964 mcxeTa-mTianeTi 85 84 467 132 765 guria 308 359 995 895 2,554 26 imereTi 1,203 2,629 8,506 666 13,004 samegrelo-zemo 305 739 1,341 678 3,066 raWa-leCxumi 316 544 999 922 2,781 kaxeTi 123 59 557 160 899 Sida qarTli 798 614 1,279 67 2,758 qvemo qarTli 32 11 236 0 279 aWara 189 469 558 2,052 3,268 sul 4,037 5,560 16,164 5,580 31,341 svaneTi pirvelwyaro: ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros 2006 wlis angariSi mTiani aWaridan da svaneTidan I-IV kategoriis saxlebis raodenoba mocemulia cxrilSi qvemoT: cxrili 3: dazianebuli saxlebi kategoriebis mixedviT mTiani raioni I kat. I kat. I kat. I kat. sul xulos raioni 48 55 97 952 1,152 13 105 153 661 932 qedis raioni 10 24 45 368 310 sul 71 184 295 1,981 2,531 aWaris raionebSi Suaxevis raioni pirvelwyaro: aWaris jandacvis, Sromisa da socuzrunvelyofis saministros, ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis departamenti cxrili 4: dazianebuli saxlebi kategoriebis mixedviT svaneTSi raioni I kat. I kat. I kat. I kat. sul mestiis raioni 18 218 418 827 1,481 27 lentexis 130 239 388 587 1,344 138 457 806 1,414 2,825 raioni sul pirvelwyaro: mestiisa da lentexis raionis gamgeobebi bunebrivia, yvelaze saswrafoa I da II kategoriis samosaxloebidan mosaxleobis gayvana, radgan maT sakuTar saxlebSi cxovreba an saerTod ar SeuZliaT, an usafrTxod ver cxovroben. III da IV kategoriis ojaxebi zogjer ganixileba potenciur ekonomikur an demografiul migrantebad, anu isini metwilad Tavs ver inaxaven saxnav-saTesi miwis naklebobis gamo. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa Tanaxmad, xulos da Suaxevis raionebSi tipuri aWaruli ojaxi 0.25-0.75 heqtaramde miwas flobs mTis regionebSi miwis naklebobis gamo.47 radgan mTis regionebSi soflis mosaxleobisaTvis miwa xSirad Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaroa, aWarlebi ekonomikuri siduxWiris seriozuli problemis winaSe dganan, rac maT qveynis sxva regionebSi axali ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis Ziebisaken ubiZgebs. mTlianobaSi, marto mTiani aWaridan I-IV kategoriis 2,531 ojaxs sWirdeba gansaxleba saqarTvelos sxva nawilebSi mokle Tu saSualo vadaSi. xangrZlivi periodis perspeqtivaSi mosaxleobis zrdisa da miwis simciris gaTvaliswinebiT, gadasaxleba am sami gaxdeba raionis saWiro mosaxleobis imisaTvis, rom bevrad didi regionSi nawilis racionaluri ekologiuri pirobebi iqnas SenarCunebuli. potenciuri migrantebis raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT ki aWaris xulosa da Suaxevis raionebSi, imdenad didia, rom mTavrobis zogierTi warmomadgenlis SefasebiT, migraciis procesebis warmatebulad samarTavad ramdenime milioni dolaria saWiro.48 mTavrobis mier saxlebis Sesyidvis procesi ki mosaxlebisaTvis Zalze neli da arasakmarisia. 47 interviuebi Suaxevis da xulos raionebis ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis ganyofilebebis ufrosebTan, nodar qaTmaZesa da guram kaxaZesTan, 6-7 oqtomberi, 2006 w. 48 interviu aWaris janmrTelobis, socialuri dacvisa da dasaqmebis saministros, ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis departamentis ufros kaxa guCmaniZesTan, 9 oqtomberi, 2006 w. 28 udavoa, rom ekologiuri mizezebiT dazianebuli an dazianebis saSiSroebis winaSe mdgari saxlebisa amsaxveli amgvari mianiSnebs am Tu monacemTa problemiT miwis bazis mTavrobis nakveTebis Seqmna axlandeli mniSvnelovani daiinteresebaze da mdgomareobis dasawyisia, rac ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministro am arsebiTi nabijis gadadgmisaTvis qebas imsaxurebs. 2004-2005 wlebSi ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministrom 264 saxli Seisyida am raionSi.49 rac Seexeba saxlebis Sesyidvas 2006 wels, saministrom 216 saxli Seisyida ekomigrantebisa da mesxi repatriantebisaTvis. maTgan 156 saxli walkis raionSi iqna Seisyida, 26 _ TeTriwyaros raionSi, 17 _ axmetis raionSi da erTi saxli _ gardabnis raionSi. repatriantebisaTvis 6 saxli iqna Sesyiduli goris raionSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom walkis raionSi Sesyiduli saxlebi ukve ukanonod hqondaT dakavebuli migrantebs, xolo sxva Sesyiduli saxlebi gadaecaT mTiani aWaridan da svaneTidan wamosul ekomigrantebs.50 es ki imisaTvis gakeTda, rom momxdariyo im ekomigrantTa statusis legalizeba, vinc ukve raionebSi daikava SeZenili walkis raionis saxlebi ki berZenTa svaneTidan kuTvnili da mTiani saxlebi. danarCen aWaridan wamosul ekomigrantebs gadaecaT. ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros mier gadadgmuli kidev erTi nabiji iyo 2006 wlis zafxulSi sacxovrebeli pirobebis Sefaseba walkis raionSi. saministrom Seqmna monitoringis jgufi, romelSic Sevidnen saministros warmomadgenlebi, walkis raionis adgilobrivi administracia da Tbilisisa da walkis berZnuli Temis warmomadgenlebi. monitoringi miznad isaxavda saxlebis mdgomareobis garkvevas, gasayidi saxlebis, legalurad da aralegalurad dakavebuli saxlebis Sesaxeb informaciis moZiebas da a.S. monitoringis Sedegad, ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministrom walkaSi arsebuli situaciis naTeli suraTi miiRo da es informacia, saministros 49 dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT sqolio 44. interviu saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros, migraciis, repatriaciisa adgilnacval pirTa sakiTxebis departamentis xelmZRvanel zaza imedaSvilTan. 26 ianvari, 2007 w. 50 da 29 gancxadebiT, ekologiur migrantTa mimarT politikis SemuSavebis safuZveli gaxdeba. 2007 wlis ganmavlobaSi saministro gegmavs ekologiuri migraciis mkafio politikis formulirebas, romelic ekologiur daaregulirebs. gazrdas. vinaidan am laridan (2006 aseve saministros saxlebis da ekologiur apirebs wina laramde Sesyidvis biujetidan sakiTxebs 2007 wels naklebi iqneba, dafinanseba 2007 Seqmnas, moculobis varaudiT, SedarebiT Semcirda bazis migrantTa saxlebis wlebTan saxelmwifo 1,000,000 sakanonmdeblo warmomadgenlebis raodenoba daniSnulebiT wels) saTanado migraciasa saministro Tumca, Sesyiduli aseve wels.51 1,257,000 amgvarad, saministro mxolod 175-190 saxlis Sesyidvas moaxerxebs 2007 wels, 2006 welTan (216 saxli) SedarebiT. svaneTsa da aWaraSi mdgomareoba dRemde ar gamosworebulia. mestiis raionis administraciam (gamgeobam) gadasaxlebis 219 Txovna miiRo, romelTaganac 34 ojaxs dauyovnebeli gadasaxleba sWirdeboda.52 lentexis raionSi daaxloebiT 600 ojaxs aqvs oficialuri geologiuri daskvna, romelic adasturebs, rom maT saxlebs safrTxe emuqreba.53 amitom TandaTanobiT izrdeba potenciuri migrantebis raodenoba. svaneTis msgavsad, Zalian bevri ojaxi elodeba Camosaxlebas aWaridanac. aWaris ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis departamentis statistikuri informaciis mixedviT, xulos, Suaxevisa da qedis raionebidan (I da II kat.) mTlianobaSi 255 ojaxs sWirdeba dauyovnebeli gadasaxleba, xolo kidev 2,276 ojaxs mTavrobis daxmareba sWirdeba saxnav-saTesi miwis naklebobis gamo (III da IV kat.). amave dros aWaraSi ekologiuri mdgomareoba kvlav arasaimedoa. stiqiuri ubedurebebi ar Sewyvetila. isini mTeli 1990-iani da 2000-iani wlebis manZilze grZeldeboda, bolo ki 2005 wlis agvistoSi moxda. Zlieri wvimis Sedegad 51 igive. interviu ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros warmomadgenelTan murgvlianTan, 4 ivnisi, 2006 w. 53 interviu lentexis raionis gamgebel soso qurasbedianTan. 2 ivnisi, 2006 w. 52 mestiis raionSi, eliso 30 qedis raionis dandalos xeobaSi Camowva mewyeri, romelmac ramdenime saxli da eleqtroenergiis mimwodebeli qvesadguri daaziana, xolo 5 ojaxi evakuirebul iqna. noemberSi uxvTovlobis Sedegad Suaxevis raionis sofel nigazeuls mewyeri Camoawva. soflis raionul centrTan damakavSirebeli centraluri gza Caiketa, ris Semdegac, mewyeris ganmeorebis saSiSroebis gamo soflis mosaxleobam evakuacia moiTxova. amgvari viTareba mudmivad auaresebs arsebul socialur-ekonomikur situacias. naTelia, rom aTasobiT aWareli mTieli sasowarkveTil mdgomareobaSia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mosaxleobis nawilze svaneTSic. mTlianobaSi, potenciur migrantTa ricxvi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, gansakuTrebiT mTian aWaraSi. garda mewyerebisa da wyaldidobebisa, aWaris regions gamoarCevs ori Zalze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli, romelic aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli migraciis sakiTxis ganxilvisas. maTgan pirvelia mTian aWaraSi (xulo, Suaxevi, qeda) Sobadobis maCvenebeli, romelic mniSvnelovnad aRemateba qveynis saSualo maCvenebels da saSualod erT ojaxze 3-5 bavSvs Seadgens. meore sakiTxia aWaraSi, rogorc mTian regionSi, saxnav-saTesi da saZovari teritoriebis simcire. SedarebisTvis, aRmosavleT kaxeTis dedofliswyaros raioni (2,529 km2) daaxloebiT samjer ufro didia, vidre xulos raioni (710 km2), maSin, roca mosaxleobis mixedviT dedofliswyaros mosaxleobis raionis (32,288 mosaxleoba adamiani) (23,087 mxolod adamiani) xulos Seadgens.54 72%-s raionis garda amisa, dedofliswyaros raionis saxnav-saTesi miwa bevrad ufro nayofieria. es ori faqtori mniSvnelovan rols darRvevaSi. sabWoTa farTsa mosaxleobis da adamianis sxva TamaSobs xelisufleba cdilobda, raodenobas regionebSi aWaraSi Soris demografiuli rom yovel es Seusabamoba aTwleulSi daebalansebina.55 gadasaxlebiT balansis miwis aTasobiT Tumca, demografiuli inJineriis amgvari RonisZiebebi sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevasTan erTad Sewyda. mosaxleobis 54 55 Sedegad, simravles dRes mTiani bunebrivad aWara moaqvs Warbadaa miwis dasaxlebuli. nakleboba. ojaxebis saqarTvelos 2002 wlis aRwera. detaluri informaciisaTvis ixileT danarTSi cxrili 4. 31 dayofisas miwis simcire axal ojaxebs Sors, mTis ferdobebze, miwis damuSavebisaken ubiZgebs. am dros mTis ferdobebze tye ise ikafeba, rom buneba kompensirebas ver axerxebs da auarebeli wylis arxebi da irigaciis sistemebi safrTxes uqmnis problema ekologiur mTebis problemebs geologiur amwvavebs da balanss. demografiuli ekologiur katastrofebs warmoSobs. asobiT aWaruli ojaxi uimedod elodeba gadasaxlebas. garda amisa, aTasobiT ojaxi aWaraSi SeiZleba ekologiuri ubedurebis uSualo safrTxis winaSe ar dgas, magram maT Zalze mcire miwa abadiaT. aseTi adamianebi _ jgufi, romelsac, SegviZlia, “demografiuli migrantebi” vuwodoT _ mowadinebulni arian, saqarTvelos sxva mxareSi gadasaxldnen da isini xSirad Cndebian saqarTvelos sxva nawilebSi spontanuri migrantebis saxiT. mTiani aWaris tipur ojaxs 4-5 Zroxa da zogjer ramdenime cxvari an Txa hyavs. erT ojaxze 0.25 heqtarze meti ar modis da es maSin, rodesac miwa ukiduresad saWiroa saqonlisa da saojaxo meurneobis Sesanaxad, aucilebeli kulturebis soflis moyvanaze mesveurTa rom mkacri aRaraferi vTqvaT. mflobelobis yoveli qveS kvadratuli imyofeba, xolo metri zogierT sofelSi gzebi ise viwroa, rom iq transportis gavla ar xerxdeba da samSeneblo masalebs sacxovreblis Sesabamisad, soflis Sesasvlelidan gadakeTeba Zalze ekologiuri da did xeliT drosa demografiuli da ezidebian. muSaxels migracia Sedegad, moiTxovs. adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da administraciis mTavari problemebia da mTavrobis mxridan dauyovnebliv yuradRebis miqceva sWirdeba. Cven ganvixileT ekomigraciis procesis zogadi tendenciebi da am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo politika. Semdeg nawilSi SevafasebT im pirobebs, romlebSic aRmoCndnen ekomigrantebi mimReb regionebSi Casvlisas. yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlze. es is regionebia, sadac ekomigrantebis yvelaze didi nawili dasaxlda da sadac upiratesad erovnul umcresobaTa warmomadgenlebi cxovroben. 32 ekoeko-migracia umciresobebiT dasaxlebul saqarTvelos regionebSi Casaxleba samcxesamcxe-javaxeTSi samcxe-javaxeTSi ekomigrantTa Casaxleba gansakuTrebiT intensiuri 1981 da 1990 wlebs Soris iyo. Casaxleba ramdenime mcire talRad ganxorcielda: 198183, 1985, 1989 da 1990 wlebSi, xolo amis Semdeg am regionSi sul ramdenime ekomigranti Casaxlda. ekomigrantebis umetesoba aq mTiani aWaris _ xulos raionis soflebidan Camovida, saidanac is mewyerebsa da gamoeqca. aWaris sxva raionebidan aq mxolod mcire nawili wyaldidobebs Camovida. samcxe- javaxeTSi svaneTidan wamosuli ekomigrantebi ar Casaxlebulan, radgan am regionidan ekologiuri mizezebiT adgilnacvali pirebi sxvagan, dasavleTSi _ afxazeTSi da samxreTSi _ qvemo qarTlSi gadasaxldnen. 1981-1988 wlebSi Camosuli mosaxleoba metwilad aspinZisa da adigenis raionebSi Caasaxles.56 es regionebi ori mizeziT iyo mimzidveli migrirebuli mosaxleobisaTvis. pirvel rigSi imitom, rom isini mTian aWarasTan axlosaa da miuxedavad imisa, rom am regionebs Soris damakavSirebeli gzebi cud mdgomareobaSia. meore mxriv imitom, rom am raionebSi Casaxlebis istoriuli gamocdileba ukve arsebobs 1940-iani wlebidan, rodesac mesxebi iZulebiT iqnen deportirebulni Sua aziaSi da maT nacvlad saqarTvelos sxva nawilebidan Camoasaxles aq xalxi (ix. zemoT). is faqti, rom samcxis qarTuli mosaxleobis umetesoba regionSi axlaxans Casaxlda, bevri migrantis azriT, ufro stumarTmoyvares xdis am regions axalCamosulTaTvis. soflebi iveria, gulsunda da miraSxani sruliad axali soflebia, romlebic ekomigrantTaTvis gaSenda aspinZis raionSi. 1944 wels Turqi mesxebis samcxidan da javaxeTidan deportirebis Semdeg am adgilebSi mxolod mesxTa 56 aspinZis raionSi soflebi oSora, miraSxani, iveria, gulsunda, rusTavi da oTa. adigenis raionSi soflebi Wela, zanavi, sairme, cixisubani da kikineTi. 33 saxlebis nangrevebiRa daefuZnebina es iyo soflebi darCenili.57 da iq mTavrobam gadawyvita, ekomigrantTaTvis xelaxla saxlebi aeSenebina. aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes miraSxani aspinZis raionis samagaliTo sofelia, sadac saukeTeso xarisxis miwa da wyalia. 1980-ian wlebSi aspinZisa da adigenis raionSi Casaxlebul ekomigrantebs 0.5 heqtar miwas aZlevdnen, saidanac 0.15 sakarmidamo miwa iyo, xolo 0.35 - savarguli. 1989-90 wlebis CamosaxlebasTan SedarebiT, 1982-83 wlebisa da 1985 wlis Camosaxlebebi ufro mcire masStabisa iyo.58 1989 wlis aprilis mewyerebis Sedegad dazaralda mTiani aWara. kerZod, xulos, Suaxevisa da qedis raionis soflebSi 5,657-ma ojaxma (24,287 adamiani) ganicada ekologiuri ziani. Camosaxlebebma moicva samcxe-javaxeTis sxva raionebic: borjomi, axalqalaqi da ninowminda. am raionebSi manamde ekomigrantebi ar CausaxlebiaT.59 1989 wels saxelmwifo programis daxmarebiT 477 ojaxis (1,693 adamiani) Casaxleba ganisazRvra axalqalaqis raionSi, Tumca dRes am regionSi mxolod 221 ojaxia (968 adamiani), romelTaganac 15-ma sakuTari saxsrebiT iyida saxli, 12 ojaxs ki is saerTod ara aqvs.60 danarCenebi an Tavisi pirvandeli dasaxlebis adgilebs daubrundnen, an javaxeTSi arsebuli sirTuleebis gamo walkaSi gadasaxldnen. metic, vinaidan ar arsebobda adgilze saxelmwifo kontrolis meqanizi, zogierTma ekomigrantma aralegalurad, Zalze dabal fasad gayida Tavisi saxli da regionidan wavida. amis kargi magaliTia axalqalaqis raionis sofeli azmana. sofeli mxolod ekomigrantTaTvis aSenda. saxelmwifo 70 saxlis aSenebas gegmavda, romelTaganac mxolod 50 dasrulda. axalqalaqis gamgeobis mier mowodebuli monacemebis mixedviT sofelSi ekomigrantTa raodenoba 1989 wels 70 ojaxs Seadgenda, magram 1991 wlisaTvis ukve mxolod 38 ojaxi darCa. dReisTvis am sofelSi ekomigrantTa 40 ojaxi (125 adamiani) cxovrobs. 57 Turqi mesxebis deportaciis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvi ixileT: tom trieri da andrei xanJini: Turqi mesxebi gzis gasayarze. integracia, repatriacia Tu gadasaxleba?. hamburgi: LIT. 58 dawvrilebiTi informacia ixileT danarTSi, cxrili 2. 59 im periodSi ekomigrantebis mimRebi soflebi iyo axalqalaqis raionSi: okami, azmana, gogaSeni, apnia, ptena, CunCxa da koTelia, ninowmindis raionSi _ spasovka da borjomis raionSi _ balanTa. 60 axalqalaqis gamgeobis mier mowodebuli oficialuri monacemebi (2006 w.) 34 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ninowmindis raionSi kostavas fondma 217 saxli Seisyida duxoborebisagan maTi didi nawilis qveynis gareT (ZiriTadad ruseTSi) migrirebis periodSi, 1989-1991 wlebSi.61 es saxlebi gankuTvnili iyo ara mxolod ekomigrantebisaTvis, ojaxebisaTvisac. jamSi 215 aramed ojaxi sxva moamzades gaWirvebuli qarTuli CasaxlebisaTvis, magram faqtobrivad mxolod 159 dasaxlda. gadmosaxlebulTa did nawils axal klimatTan, socialur da politikur mdgomareobasTan adaptacia gauWirda da umetesobam regioni datova. gamonakliss mxolod spasovkaSi Casaxlebulebi warmoadgenen. aq kompaqturad Casaxlebulma ekomigrantebma darCena moaxerxes (ixileT qvemoT). rac Seexeba sxva soflebSi Casaxlebul migrantebs, axalCasulebi sami barieris winaSe aRmoCndnen, romlebmac maT am soflebSi (gorelovka, efremovka, orlovka da sameba) mudmivad darCenas SeuSala xeli. pirveli iyo klimati, romelic aq Zalze mZimea, zamTarSi temperatura -25 С°mde ecema da gzebi didTovlobis gamo Svid Tves Caketilia. meorec, zog SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT araekologiuri mizeziT migrirebulni, soflis cxovrebas - miwis damuSavebas Tu saqonlis moSenebas _ ar iyvnen Cveulni. dabolos, maTi gansakuTrebiT Casaxlebis daZabuli ekomigrantebma), romelTac adreul iyo. ase wlebSi rom, kostavas SidaeTnikuri Casaxlebulma fondma gadasca situacia qarTvelebma saxlebi, (ara metwilad datoves es soflebi da sadReisod mxolod ramdenime qarTuli ojaxia iq darCenili. Tumca, bevrma ekomigrantma ninowmindisa da axalqalaqis raionebSi Casaxlebis pirvelsave wlebSi datova Casaxlebis adgilebi imave mizeziT, romliTac araekologiurma migrantebma. sainteresoa sofel spasovkis magaliTi, radgan aq Camosaxlebuli eTnikuri qarTuli ojaxebi umravlesobas somxuri). ZiriTadad rusi maTi qarTvelebisaTvis, duxoborebi saxlebi an darCnen. an `farvanam~ 1989 wlamde Seadgendnen kostavas da aq (mxolod fondma `javaxkma~ mosaxleobis did oTxi iyo Seisyida (somxuri ojaxi eTnikuri organizaciebi) 61 Tamaz futkaraZe, aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis... gv. 78-79; hedvig lomi, “duxoborebi saqarTveloSi: kvleva ninowmindis raionSi miwis mflobelobis da intereTnikuri urTierTobebis sakiTxis Sesaxeb” (ECMI naSromi No. 35, noemberi 2006 w). 35 eTnikuri somxebisaTvis.62 soflis dRevandeli Semadgenloba aseTia: sofelSi mcxovrebi 104 ojaxidan 84 qarTulia, 16 somxuri da 4 rusi duxoborebisa.63 spasovkaSi mcxovrebi ekomigrantebi xulos raionidan Camoasaxles da isini sakmaod dramatul viTarebaSi aRmoCndnen. 1990 wlis gazafxulze xulodan ninowmindis raionisaken 117 ojaxi gamoemgzavra, raTa dasaxlebuliyvnen saxlebSi, romlebic maT kostavas fondma SesTavaza. amave periodSi somxebi javaxeTSi qarTvelebis Casaxlebis sawinaaRmdego demonstraciebs awyobdnen da centralurma javaxeTSi mTavrobam saprotesto metwilad gamosvlebis dakarga gamo kontroli da am regionze. mosalodneli eTnikuri areulobebis Tavidan asacileblad xelisuflebam gadawyvita im migrantebis SeCereba, romlebic gaegrZelebinaT gza. ukve axalcixeSi Sedegad, migrantTa iyvnen, rom didi nawili ninowmindisken xuloSi ar dabrunda, magram darCa 22 ojaxi, romelic kvlav cdilobda, daniSnulebis adgilamde mieRwia. sabolood isini spasovkaSi Cavidnen da TavianT saxlebSi Sesaxldnen. dasaxlebulTa dasacavad policiis Zalebi gamoyves, romlebic srul sam wels darCnen sofelSi. migrantTa am pirveli talRis Semdeg danarCeni ojaxebic Camovidnen spasovkaSi. cxrili 5: ekomigrantTa Casaxleba spasovkaSi, 1990-2004 ww. Casaxlebis ojaxebis/adamianTa warmoSobis weli raodenoba raioni 1990 22 ojaxi xulo - 3 ojaxi axalcixe - 2 ojaxi aspinZa 1991 - 1992 3 ojaxi xulo 1995 4 ojaxi xulo 1996 18 ojaxi xulo 62 `farvana~ da `javaxki~ somxuri organizaciebia, romebic javaxeTis somxebma daafuZnes. es organizaciebi daarsda, rogorc somexi nacionalistebis pasuxi qarTuli erovnuli fondebis (kostavasa da rusTavelis) mimarT. lia meliqiSvili faruli konfliqtebi mravaleTnikur sazogadoebaSi. mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi 1998. 63 interviu ninwmindis raionis gamgeblis moadgile akaki vanaZesTan, 25 seqtemberi, 2006 w. 36 1997 - 1998 1 ojaxi xulo - 1 ojaxi aspinZa 2000 - 2001 13 ojaxi xulo - 1 ojaxi adigeni 2002 - 2003 14 ojaxi xulo - 1 adamiani aspinZa - 1 ojaxi axalcixe 2004 1 ojaxi xulo - 1 adamiani axalcixe pirvelwyaro: monacemebi mogvawoda ninowmindis raionis gamgeobam. Tavidan spasovkaSi sacxovrebeli pirobebi autaneli iyo. sam ojaxs uwevda erT saxlSi cxovreba. miuxedavad imisa, rom kostavas fondma ramdenime saxli iyida mimdebare soflebSi, ekomigrantebs eSinodaT spasovkis datovebisa, sadac aWarlebi kompaqturad cxovrobdnen da ar undodaT sxva soflebSi marto gadasvla. garkveuli drois Semdeg zogierTma ojaxma sakuTari saxsrebiT daiwyo saxlebis SeZena ruseTSi mimavali duxoborebisagan. magram sacxovreblis problema sofelSi dRemde ar aris srulad gadaWrili. 1990-ian wlebSi zogierTi ekomigranti sakuTari iniciativiT Camovida spasovkaSi da maTgan 16 ojaxs dRemde ara aqvs sakuTari saxli da naTesavebTan an Zvel, dazianebul, duxoborebis mier mitovebul saxlebSi cxovroben.64 saintereso faqtia, rom zogierTma ojaxma gayida maTTvis kostavas fondis mier gadacemuli saxlebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxlis mflobelobis Sesaxeb dokumentacia kostavas fondSi inaxeboda da 25-wliani periodis ganmavlobaSi maTi gayidva araformalurad kanoniT ikrZaleboda, moaxerxes sakuTari saxlebis saxlebis pirobiTma gayidva. mflobelebma aseTi saxlebis myidvelebi, Cveulebriv, an ekomigrantebi iyvnen, romlebic aWaridan spasovkaSi mogvianebiT Camovidnen, an zogjer adgilobrivi somxebi, romlebic ZiriTadad mTis 64 moSorebuli soflebidan Camodiodnen aq, gansakuTrebiT sofel interviu ninowmindis raionis gamgeblis moadgile akaki vanaZesTan, 25 seqtemberi, 2006 w. 37 fokidan.65 raionSi ase rom, Seisyida, adgilobrivma bevri an saxli, dangreulia, somxebma daikaves romelic an fondis Sig kostavas fondma ekomigrantebi nebarTvis gareSe. ninowmindis cxovroben, an spasovkisa da gorelovkis mcxovrebni, rogorc qarTvelebi, ise duxoborebi, romlebsac am kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT gamokiTxva CautardaT, amboben, rom kostavas fondis mier Sesyiduli saxlebis nawili dangreulia. isini ZiriTadad adgilobrivma somxebma daangries, nawilobriv imitom, rom maT sakuTari miwebis gafarToeba an samSeneblo masalis gamoyeneba surdaT, nawilobriv ki imitom, rom xeli SeeSalaT qarTvelTa dasaxlebisaTvis am regionSi. rogorc ninwmindis raionis gamgeblis moadgilem, akaki vanaZem ganacxada, mxolod sofel samebaSi maT 70 saxli daangries.66 oficialuri monacemebiT, kostavas fondis sakuTrebaSi myofi 50 saxli adgilobriv somex mcxovreblebs aqvT dakavebuli.67 kostavas fondi mzadaa, mWidrod iTanamSromlos ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministrosTan, rom darCenili saxlebis Semdgomi dazianeba aicilos Tavidan. Tumca fondi keTilgonivrulad ikavebs Tavs da somxebs Zalis gamoyenebiT ar aiZulebs fondis sakuTrebaSi myofi saxlebis daclas.68 am dros spasovkaSi mcxovrebi ojaxebi, romlebsac sacxovreblis seriozuli problemebi aqvT, an ojaxebi, romlebic gaizarda da dayofa surT, mzad arian axlomdebare soflebSi gadasaxldnen, sadac kostavas fondis kuTvnili saxlebi jer kidev metnaklebad normalur mdgomareobaSia darCenili, magram did somxur TemebSi dasaxlebisa eSiniaT. ekomigrantebis dabinavebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev ufro rTuli mdgomareobaa borjomis raionis sofel balanTaSi. saxelmwifo programis mixedviT am sofelSi 32 ojaxis Casaxleba iyo gansazRvruli da maTTvis 50 saxli unda aSenebuliyo. magram balanTaSi 1989 wels mxolod 20 ojaxi Camovida xulodan. 65 hedvig lomi, “duxoborebi saqarTveloSi: kvleva ninowmindis raionSi miwis mflobelobis da intereTnikuri urTierTobebis sakiTxis Sesaxeb”, (ECMI naSromi No. 35, noemberi, 2006), gv. 12. 66 interviu ninowmindis raionis gamgeblis moadgile akaki vanaZesTan, 25 seqtemberi, 2006 w. 67 10 saxli orlovkaSi, 10 gorelovkaSi, 14 efremovkaSi, 15 samebaSi da erTi qalaq ninowmindaSi. monacemebi mogvawoda ninowmindis gamgeobam. 68 interviu kostavas fondis Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsrulebel daviT kupreiSvilTan, 15 seqtemberi, 2006 w. 38 maT aRmoaCines, rom maT CamosvlisTvis mxolod 6 saxli iyo aSenebuli da didma nawilma sakuTari xeliT aSenebul xis saxlebSi gadawyvita dasaxleba im imediT, mSeneblobas. rom mTavroba ra gasakviria, axaldasaxlebis adgilebi bolos rom da bolos umravlesobam datova, radgan daasrulebda ori saxlebi wlis ar saxlebis ganmavlobaSi aSenda da dRes sofelSi mxolod erTi ekomigranti ojaxiRaa darCenili. rogorc balanTis sakrebulos xelmZRvanelma agvixsna, ekomigrantTa wasvlis mizezi mkacri klimaturi pirobebi, ekonomikuri siduxWire da sacxovreblis ararseboba iyo.69 bevri ojaxi, romelmac balanTa datova, xuloSi aRar dabrunebula da spontanurad dasaxlda qvemo qarTlSi. axalqalaqis raionis sofeli azmana erTaderTi sofelia javaxeTSi, romelic mTlianad ekomigrantebiTaa dasaxlebuli da somxuri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul sivrceSi patara eTnikur qarTul kunZuls warmoadgens.70 aris aseve soflebi, romlebic nawilobriv ekomigrantebiT da nawilobriv mkvidri qarTvelebiT aris dasaxlebuli.71 eTnikurad qarTuli soflebis urTierToba mezobel soflebTan mosaxleobis migrantebma SezRudulia. umravlesoba metwilad qarTul somxuri javaxeTSi enas ar ar ician. dasaxlebuli flobs, ase xolo rom, somxuri qarTvelma intereTnikuri komunikaciebisaTvis xSirad rusuli ena gamoiyeneba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im Taobas, romelmac sabWoTa periodSi daamTavra skola. Tumca aWaridan Camosuli ekomigrantebis umetesobam sustad icis rusuli. sainteresoa, rom javaxeTis mkvidri qarTuli mosaxleoba Cveulebriv somxuradac laparakobs, rasac ver vityviT ekomigrantTa umetesobaze. bunebrivia, rom ekomigrantTa axalgazrda Taoba ukeTesad laparakobs somxurad, vidre ufro asakovani. magaliTad, okami Sereuli qarTul-somxuri sofelia, sadac dRes bevri ekomigranti cotaTi mainc laparakobs somxurad. 69 interviu balanTis sakreblos ufros iuri berZeniSvilTan 16 oqtomberi, 2006. mxolod ekomigrantebiT dasaxlebuli soflebi (iveria, gulsunda, miraSxani) gaSenda aseve aspinZis raionSi. 71 es soflebia koTelia da ptena axalqalaqis raionSi da oSra, rusTavi da oTa _ aspinZis raionSi. 70 39 rogorc zogadad samcxe-javaxeTis soflis mosaxleoba, ise ekomigrantebic wvrili fermerobiT irCenen Tavs da ZiriTad Semosavals iReben mesaqonleobiT, mecxvareobiT da miwaTmoqmedebiT (ZiriTadad kartofili da Tiva). ojaxebis umetesobas 2-4 Zroxa hyavs, zogierTebs ki damatebiT ramdenime cxvari. garda sakarmidamo miwisa, soflis mcxovrebTa umetesoba amuSavebs 1,25 heqtar miwis nakveTs, romelic maT 1992-1998 wlebis miwis reformis periodSi aiRes ijariT. dRes soflis mosaxleobas damatebiTi miwis nakveTebis aReba SeuZlia ijariT _ 1 heqtarze 15-20 larad (teritoriul-administraciuli erTeulisa da miwis xarisxis mixedviT). Tumca mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos xelisuflebam 2005 wels sasoflo-sameurneo miwis privatizaciis meore etapi daiwyo, ijariT aRebuli sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi produqtebs, nel-nela kerZo rogoricaa rZe, gadava.72 sakuTrebaSi xorci da kartofili, ZiriTadad piradi moxmarebisaTvis awarmoeben, xolo Warbi produqcia an adgilobriv bazarze gaaqvT gasayidad, an ufro Sors miaqvT, gansakuTrebiT axalcixeSi, quTaissa da TbilisSi. saqarTvelos bevri regionisaTvis Cveuli socialur-ekonomikuri problemebi, bunebrivia, rom samcxe-javaxeTisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli. samcxe-javaxeTis mosaxleobaze, miuxedavad eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa, Rrma gavlena moaxdina im ekonomikurma krizisma, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevas mohyva. umuSevrobis maRalma maCvenebelma gamoiwvia sezonuri migracia ruseTSi; susti infrastruqturis gamo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis somxeTSi gamgzavreba ufro mimzidvelia, vidre saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi; javaxeTis adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi qarTuli enis arasakmarisi codna iwvevs maT izolirebas saqarTvelos danarCeni sazogadoebisagan; bunebrivi gazis, eleqtroenergiis, wylis, kanalizaciisa da gzebis infrastruqtura, 1980-iani wlebis bolodan moyolebuli, ar SekeTebula. iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi, aqac korufciis da organizebuli danaSaulis maRali maCvenebelia. regionSi 72 saqarTvelos kanoni “saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi sasoflo-sameurneo miwis privatizaciis Sesaxeb” 2005 wlis 8 ivlisis monacemebiT. 40 stabilurobis gauaresebis SemTxvevaSi, kidev erTi potenciurad Zalze saSiSi faqtori iCens Tavs _ cecxlsasroli iaraRis ukanono floba da Senaxva.73 mTlianobaSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi aWareli ekomigrantebi dasaxlebulni arian aspinZis raionSi (oSra, iveria, miraSxani, rusTavi, gulsunda, oTa), adigenis raionSi (Cela, sairme, zanavi, kirkineTi), axalqalaqis raionSi (koTelia, ptena, CunCxa, okami, azmana, afnia, gogaSeni) da ninowmindis raionSi (spasovka). mTlianobaSi aWaridan samcxe-javaxeTSi 679 ojaxi Camosaxlda saxelmwifo programis farglebSi. Tumca mkacri klimaturi pirobebisa da eTnikuri daZabulobis gamo ramdenime aTeuli ojaxi Tavisi pirvandeli dasaxlebis adgilebs daubrunda an ramdenime weliwadSi sxvagan gadasaxlda. potenciuri migrantebi xSirad maTi saWiroebebis saTanado Sefasebisa da adgilobrivi mkacri bunebis Tu sasoflo-sameurneo pirobebis gauTvaliswineblad irCeodnen. metic, bevrma axalCasulma (ara ekomigrantma) saxlisa da qonebis SeZenis formiT materialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis SesaZlebloba gamoiyena da maleve datova regioni.74 Tumca, iyvnen iseTi Casaxlebulebic, romlebmac regionSi darCena moaxerxes, maT winaSe mdgari sirTuleebis miuxedavad. es metwilad is ekomigrantebi iyvnen, visac marTlac arsad hqonda wasasvleli, radgan maTi saxlebi aWaraSi dangreuli iyo. aseTi iyo ninowmindis raionis sofel spasovkaSi Casaxlebuli ekomigrantebis SemTxveva. axali spasovkis dasaxlebis xangrZlivi arsebobis mizezi is upiratesoba iyo, rom aq ekomigrantebi kompaqturad iyvnen Casaxlebulni. amis sapirispirod, axalqalaqis soflebidan Zalze didi iyo ukumigraciis maCvenebeli. TiTqmis yvela, visac aWaraSi saxli da miwa hqonda, ukan dabrunda. 73 javaxeTSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri sitaciis detaluri ganxilvisaTvis, ixileT jonaTan uiTli. javaxeTis mxaris regionuli integraciis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi [Obstacles Impeding Regional Integration of the Javakheti Region of Georgia], ECMI naSromi #22, seqtemberi 2004. http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_22.pdf. 74 lia meliqiSvili faruli konfliqtebi mravaleTnikur sazogadoebaSi. mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi 1998. 41 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom spasovkis mosaxleobis mdgomareoba srulebiT ar aris saxarbielo da is ver iqneba STagonebis wyaro da magaliTi gansaxlebis axali programebisaTvis. marTalia, ninowmindis raionSi SemorCnen migrantebi, magram spasovka Tavidanve eTnikuri qarTvelebis patara kunZulad aRiqmeboda somxur zRvaSi. Zalze dabalia regionis sazogadoebasTan maTi integraciis done da Zalze iSviaTia urTierToba somex mcxovreblebTan. dRes samcxe-javaxeTis xuTi raionis gamgeobaTa monacemebis mixeviT, regionSi ekomigrantTa 650 ojaxi cxovrobs (ix. cxrili 2). Casaxleba qvemo qarTlSi pirveli Camosaxlebebi qvemo qarTlSi 1987 wels svaneTidan da 1989-1990 wlebSi mTiani aWaridan daiwyo. svani da aWareli migrantebi qvemo qarTlis eqvs raionSi Caasaxles.75 qvemo qarTlSi miwis ganawilebasa da saxlebis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT xelisuflebam ramdenime rezolucia gamosca.76 mTlianobaSi ekomigrantebisaTvis 584,32 heqtari miwa gamoiyo bolnisis, gardabnis, marneulis, TeTriwyarosa da dmanisis raionebSi; daigegma 49 axali soflisa da 5,700 saxlis mSenebloba.77 Tumca, 1993 wlis bolosTvis ki realurad saxlebis mxolod erTi mesamedi (1,992) iyo dasrulebuli. 1987 wlis zvavebis Semdeg zemo da qvemo svaneTidan daaxloebiT 2,500 ojaxis Camosaxleba ganisazRvra marneulis, gardabnis, bolnisis, dmanisisa da TeTriwyaros raionebSi. Tumca realurad mxolod 1,645 ojaxi Camovida. 1989 wels, aWaraSi talRaSi momxdari ZiriTadad stiqiuri xulos, qedisa ubedurebebis da Suaxevis Sedegad Camosaxlebis raionidan wamosuli ekomigrantebi Sediodnen. daaxloebiT 708 ekomigranti ojaxi qvemo qarTlis regionis oTxi raionis aT sofelsa da erT qalaqSi gaanawiles.78 svaneTidan 75 ixileT danarTSi cxrili 3. saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos 1987 wlis # 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 dadgenilebebi. 77 laura niJaraZe, svanebis migracia da misi...…, gv.13-17. 78 gardabnis raionis soflebi: vaziani, muxrovani, krwanisi; marneulis raionis soflebi: axali dioknisi, xixani, Sulaveri, kulari; bolnisis raioni: qalaqi bolnisi da soflebi: xatissofeli, disveli; TeTriwyaros raioni: sofeli samRereTi; walkis raioni calke iqneba ganxiluli. 76 42 Camosaxlebis msgavsad, aqac mTavrobis rezolucia ekomigrantebs uflebas ar aZlevda, saxlebi gaeyidaT an sxvisTvis gadaecaT 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi. svanebis Casaxlebebi qvemo qarTlSi, kerZod ki bolnisSi, TeTrwyaroSi, marneulSi, gardabansa da dmanisSi daaxloebiT erTnairi sqemiT moxda. garda svaneTidan Camosaxlebuli 1,645 ojaxisa (ixileT zemoT), 147 ojaxi Camoasaxles leCxumidan da 1989 wels _ 708 ojaxi aWaridan. miuxedavad imisa, rom es xuTive raioni mravaleTnikuria, umeteswilad ekomigrantebi qarTul soflebSi Caasaxles, gansakuTrebiT ki im soflebSi, romlebic 1950-ian - 1960ian wlebSi sabWoTa urbanizaciis periodSi kavSirSi dawyebuli industrializaciis mosaxleobam.79 datova garda amisa, Tanamdevi ekologiuri migrantebisaTvis ramdenime axali sofeli aSenda. garda imisa, rom mTavrobam bolnisis raionis sam sofelSi ekomigrantTaTvis aaSena saxlebi, azerbaijanuli TviT q. bolnisSic ojaxisagan (5000 Seisyida adamiani), saxlebi romelic daaxloebiT 1989-1990 980 wlebSi azerbaijanSi gadasaxlda _ maT Soris bevri nacionalisti aqtivistebisa da organizaciebis Zlieri zewolisa da bolnisis intereTnikuri urTierTobebis seriozulad daZabvis gamo. am saxlebidan daaxloebiT 320 svaneTidan, aWaridan da leCxumidan Camosaxlebul ekomigrantebs gadaecaT.80 kvlevis periodSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan da aWarel mosaxleobasTan saubrebma gamoavlina, rom TeTriwyaros raioni arsebuli da potenciuri ekomigrantebisaTvis yvelaze sasurveli adgilia. aWaris mosaxleobas maT mSobliur mxareSi miwis naklebobis gamo didi survili aqvs, miwis damuSavebaSi CaerTos Camosaxlebis Semdeg. amave dros, TeTriwyaro vrceli da maRalmosavliani sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebiT mdidari raionia. garda amisa, regionSi kargad aris ganviTarebuli mesaqonleoba, 79 magaliTad, bolnisis raionis sofeli tanZia Zveli sofelia. aq cnobili mwerali da sazogado moRvawe sulxan-saba orbeliani daibada me-17 saukuneSi. svani ekomigrantebis Camosvlis periodSi am sofelSi mxolod 40 qarTuli ojaxi cxovrobda. dRes, adgilobrivi oficialuri pirebis informaciiT, es bolnisis raionis erT-erTi yvelaze ayvavebulia sofelia, kargad ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebiTa da mesaqonleobiT. 80 interviu bolnisis raionis sakrebulos xlmZRvanel petre daneliasTan. 29 agvisto, 2006 w. 43 xolo msgavsi sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianoba mTis mosaxleobisTvisac Semosavlis tradiciuli wyaroa. amitom savaraudoa, rom 1987 wels svaneTSi Camowolili zvavebis Semdeg sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam swored am mizeziT gadawyvita saxlebis yvelaze masobrivi mSenebloba TeTriwyaros raionSi ganexorcielebina. rva sofelSi 918 saxlis aSeneba iyo gansazRvruli, romelTagan realurad mxolod 591 saxli dasrulda. xuTi sruliad axali sofeli dafuZnda.81 sainteresoa sofel Savsaydris SemTxveva, sadac naTlad Cans xelisuflebis mier migraciis kontrolis procesSi daSvebuli Secdomebi. am sofelSi oci saxli aSenda da ojaxic amdenive Camoasaxles. magram migraciis procesis arasaTanado marTvis gamo ekomigrantebma saxlebi mkvidr mosaxleobas mihyides da sami wlis ganmavlobaSi nel-nela svaneTSi dabrundnen. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelma dagvidastura, rom saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi ramdenime saxli ukanonod gasxvisda, Tumca, arc aseTi saxlebis zusti raodenobaa cnobili da arc raime zomebi miuRia vinmes.82 ekologiuri migraciis kvlevisas sainteresoa dmanisis raionis SemTxvevac. dmanisis somxebi, raionis berZnebi mosaxleobas da rusi Seadgenen duxoborebi. qarTvelebi, garda 300 azerbaijanelebi, ekomigranti ojaxisa, dmanisis raionma afxazeTidan iZulebiT adgilnacvali pirebic miiRo. sofeli ganTiadi ekomigrantebsa da mkvidr mosaxleobas (am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad qarTvelebs) Soris warmoadgens. es cudi urTierTobebis dmanisis raionis arcTu erTaderTi sasiamovno sofeli magaliTs iyo, sadac ekomigarntTaTvis axali saxlebi aSenda. gegmis mixedviT ganTiadSi 1991 wels svanebis Svidi ojaxi Camoasaxles, Tumca mcire xanSi saSineli incidentis gamo yvela iZulebuli gaxda, sofeli daetovebina. 1992 wels mTvrali svani axalgazrdebis jgufma soflis axalgazrda adgilobrivi mcxovrebi (qarTveli) mokla, ris Semdegac soflis mcxovreblebma saSinlad iZies Suri da sruliad udanaSaulo svani migranti mokles. umokles droSi sofelSi 81 82 soflebi xaiSi, golTeTi, didgori, marabda da samRereTi. interviu TeTriwyaros raionis gamgeblis moadgile enver gabuldanTan, 20 oqtomberi, 2006 w. 44 Camosaxlebulma svanma migrantebma an miatoves saxlebi (romlebic Semdeg adgilobrivma ojaxebma daikaves) an gacvales, rom soflidan wasuliyvnen. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa TqmiT, dmanisis raionSi bevri SemTxeva dafiqsirda, rodesac saxelmwifos mier aSenebuli saxlebi adgilobriv mkvidr mosaxleobas an iZulebiT adgilnacval pirebs mihyides, maSin, roca im pirebma _ ekomigrantebma, visTvisac saxlebi iyo gankuTvnili, raioni datoves raionis da mSobliur gamgeobam daubrundnen.83 mxares adgilobrivi mosaxleobis 2004 wels kuTvnili dmanisis saxlebis (ekomigrantebisa da iZulebiT adgilnacvali pirebis CaTvliT) registracia daiwyo. saxlebs maT uformeben, vinc amJamad, registraciis mimdinareobisas, iq cxovrobs da didia albaToba, rom saxelmwifos mier ekomigrantebisaTvis aSenebuli saxlebi araekologiur migrant mosaxleobas gauformdes. garda imisa, rom saxelmwifom, rusTavelis sazogadoebasTan da kostavas fondTan erTad saxlebi aaSena, dmanisis raionSi 575 saxlic Seisyida eTnikurad araqarTveli mosaxleobisagan, romelic 1989-1992 wlebSi qveynidan wavida.84 dmanisis raionis sofeli guguTi imis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT, Tu rogor mimdinareobda xSirad es procesi. guguTi uSualod saqarTvelo-somxeTis sazRvarTan mdebare patara sofelia, romelic 1990-ian wlebSi daarsda gansaxlebis saxelmwifo programis gegmis faglebSi. sofeli daarsda ori iqve arsebuli azerbaijanuli soflis, muRalosa da saaTlos gaerTianebis Sedegad. mosaxleobis 94% kostavas fondma 1989 wels azerbaijanSi 239 saxli muRalosa wavida Seisyides. da da saaTlos rusTavelis adreul 1990-ian azerbaijanuli sazogadoebam wlebSi da guguTSi migrantebi dasaxldnen, romelTaganac 43 ojaxi aWaridan sakuTari surviliT Camosaxlebuli ekomigranti iyo. Tumca bevrma maTganma an gayida saxli, an miatova da mogvianebiT gayida. saxlebi mihyides qalaq dmanisidan da saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan Camosul mosaxleobas, rogorc sazafxulo 83 interviu dmanisis raionis ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis ganyofilebis xelmZRvanel dali kvicianTan, 22 oqtomberi, 2006w.. 84 ufro zustad, dmanisis raionis gamgeobis 2004 wlis 24 noembris #182 dadgenilebis mixedviT, saxlebi Seisyides: qalaq dmanisSi (461 saxli), soflebSi guguTi (239 saxli), loxandara (9), irganCai (23), dalari (22), salamaleiqi (46), vake (3), qvemo orozmani (6), useinkendi (3), amamlo da kariani (1). 45 kotejebi.85 arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom uaxloes momavalSi cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebis gamo sofels es mudmivi mcxovreblebic datoveben. naTelia, rom CamosaxlebisaTvis migrantTa SerCevisas menejmentis sisustis, SerCevis procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli korufciisa da gansaxlebis procesis marTvis erTiani politikis ararsebobis gamo aq mudmivi dasaxleba aRar iarsebebs. qvemo qarTlSi migraciis ekologiurma da dasaxleba. yvelaze moyolebuli berZnebiTa arastabilurobasTan, saqarTvelos demografiuli regionia. azerbaijanelebiTa tendenciebis faza 1997-1998 wlebze movida, rodesac araekologiurma migrantebma spontanurad iwyes walkaSi walka rTuli meore da es da TvalsazrisiT me-19-e saukunis pirveli somxebiT, da SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT dasaxlebuli.86 politikur ekonomikis berZnulma erT-erTi raioni qarTvelebiTac gaRvivebasTan saqarTvelos erTad, iyo daRmasvlasTan rac mosaxleobam, sabWoTa maT da kavSiris Soris naxevridan nacionalisturi rRvevas walkis mohyva, raionidanac, saberZneTSi daiwyo migracia. 1979 da 2002 wlebs Soris periodSi walkis berZnuli mosaxleoba 85%-iT Semcirda da 30,811 adamianidan 4,589-mde Camovida. es procesi grZeldeba da 2006 wlis bolosTvis, walkis raionis gamgeobis gaangariSebiT, raionSi mxolod 1,234 berZeni darCeba.87 amave dros walka ekologiuri mizezebiT adgilnacval pirTa da sxva migrantebis masobrivi Camosvlis mowme gaxda. marTalia, walkaSi migrirebis procesi, 1998 wlidan moyolebuli, dRemde grZeldeba, magram es procesi mainc or talRad SeiZleba daiyos: pirveli talRa daemTxva 1997-1998 wlebs, xolo meore -2002-2003 wlebs. walkaSi migraciis pirveli talRa 1997 wels daiwyo, rodesac prezident SevardnaZis brZanebulebiT, 3,000,000 aSS dolari iqna gamoyofili berZnebis mier mitovebuli saxlebis SesaZenad (soflebSi gumbaTi, qvemo xareba da xando). am drois ganmavlobaSi mxolod daaxloebiT 50-ma ekomigrantma ojaxma 85 rac Seexeba 2006 wlis bolos monacemebs, sofelSi 142 ojaxi cxovrobda, romelTagan mxolod 54 iyo mudmivi mcxovrebi -aWaridan Camosaxlebuli 11 ojaxis CaTvliT. 239 saxlidan 86 dazianebuli iyo. maTgan umetesoba aRdgenas ar eqvemdebareboda. 86ixileT cxrili 1 danarTSi, ufro detaluri informaciisaTvis. 87 monacemebi mogvawoda walkis raionis gamgeobam. jonaTan uiTli “konfliqtis ganeitraleba walkis raionSi, saqarTveloSi: migracia, saerTaSoriso intervencia da saxelmwifos roli (ECMI naSromi No.36, dekemberi, 2006) gv. 9. 46 moaxerxa am saxlebSi dasaxleba. xelisuflebam marto saxlebis sworad ganawileba ki ara, aramed maTi saTanadod registrirebac ki ver SeZlo, vinc mTavrobisagan es saxlebi miiRo.88 migraciis meore uzarmazari talRis raodenoba ganmavlobaSi, Cavida 2002 wlidan, saqarTvelos walkaSi sxvadasxva migrantTa regionebidan. romelTaganac 70% mTiani aWaridan, kerZod ki xulos raionidan Camosuli iyo. es migracia spontanurad da araorganizebulad moxda. 2002-2003 wlis nakadSi Camosulebis umravlesobas ekologiuri ki ara, ekonomikuri migrantebi warmoadgendnen, romlebic baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneblobaze samuSaos povnis perspeqtivam miizida. zog SemTxvevaSi es adamianebi yofili ekomigrantebi iyvnen, romlebic Tavis droze dasaxldnen ninowmindis, axalqalaqis, adigenis, guriis da saqarTvelos sxva raionebSi, Tumca ki warumateblad.89 gavida dro da spontanur migrantTa ricxvi mkveTrad gaizarda. magaliTad, sofel guniakalaSi, sadac 2002 wels mxolod 7 svanuri da 2-3 aWaruli ojaxi saxlobda, axla 27 svanuri da 100 aWaruli ojaxia.90 xelisufleba aranair zomebs ar iRebs migraciis regulirebisaTvis. am wlebis ganmavlobaSi, axalCamosulebma ukanonod daikaves berZnebis mier mitovebuli saxlebi soflebSi Tikilisa, avralo, guniakala da karakomi da aseve TviT qalaq walkaSi. sakuTrebas Zalian mezobel xSirad, berZnebs adgilobriv somxebsac). miaqiraveben xolme rodesac an darCenili Tavisi berZnebi naTesavebs berZnebi midian, utoveben ki Semdeg mezoblebis/naTesavebis (zog isini Tavis SemTxvevaSi araoficialurad mitovebul saxlebs axalCamosulebs, vidre es ukanasknelni damoukideblad SeZlebdnen miwis, sakuTrebis SeZenas an ijariT aRebas. 88 igive ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis saministros mier 2001 Catarebuli monitoringis mixedviT walkis raionSi 371 axali ojaxi (1,855 adamiani) iyo Camosuli, romelTaganac 204 ojaxi stiqiuri ubedurebisgan iyo dazaralebuli, xolo danarCeni 127 ojaxi sakuTari surviliT gadmosaxlda walkis raionSi ninowmindis, axalqalaqis, adigenis, guriis da saqarTvelos sxva raionebidan. Tamaz futkaraZe aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis..., gv. 98-90. 90 interviu sofel guniakalas skolis direqtoris moadgile ineza korZaiasTan, 15 agvisto, 2006w; walkis gamgeobis mier mowodebuli masalebis mixedviT, walkis raionSi 1997 wels 19 ojaxi Camovida, 1998 wels 134, 1999 wels 98, 2000 wels 144, 2001 wels 137, 2002 wels 195, 2003 wels 331, xolo 2004 wels 115 ojaxi. 89 47 Cveulebriv, adgilobrivi berZnebi araformalurd 500-600 aSS dolarad yiddnen saxlebs. Tumca gayidvis procesSi sabuTebi ar formdeboda, ase rom, am gayidvas iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia da registrirebuli ar aris.91 sxva SemTxvevebSi, migrantebi ubralod ikavebdnen cariel saxlebs. nebismier SemTxevaSi, situacia Zalze garTulda, radgan umetesoba berZnebisa, vinc saxlebi datova da saberZneTSi gadasaxlda, kvlav am qonebis oficialuri mflobelia da axalCamosulebi dakavebul saxlebze maTi Tanxmobis gareSe mflobelobis uflebas ver aformeben. ase rom, vinaidan axalCamosulebi ar arian saxlebis registrirebuli mflobelebi, isini ver registrirdebian sofelSi da miwis privatizaciaze ganacxadis gakeTebis uflebac ara aqvT. mxolod ramdenime iRblianma moaxerxa saxlis yidva da legalizeba mTavrobis daxmarebiT.92 dabinavebasTan erTad ekomigrantebisTvis erT-erTi mTavari problemaa miwis ganawlebis sakiTxic. umetesobam, vinc Casaxlda da berZnebis saxlebi daikava, ar icoda, Tu sad mdebareobda saxlis kuTvnili miwa. magaliTad aviRoT sofeli, sadac mxolod 10 berZnuli ojaxia darCenili. es ojaxebi floben (an uSualod Tavisas, an naTesavebis da mezoblebis qonebas) yofili koleqtivis miwis mTel teritorias, maSin, roca asobiT axalCamosuli verafers iRebs. Tumca berZnebi zogjer ijariT aZleven miwas migrant ojaxebs.93 miuxedavad imisa, rom darCenili berZnebi TavianTi naTesavebis araformaluri SeTanxmebis safuZvelze gankargaven, aqvT. ase rom, erTi mxriv, berZnebs kuTvnil miwas maT amis ufleba mainc iuridiuli ufleba aqvT miwis gankargvaze, im miwis CaTvliT, romelic wasulma naTesavebma da mezoblebma andes maT; magram meore mxriv, amgvari SeTanxmeba axalCamosuli aWarlebisa da svanebis ukmayofilebas iwvevs da xSirad es konfliqtSic gadaizrdeba xolme. magaliTad, sofel guniakalaSi ori berZeni “miwaTmflobeli” gankargavda soflis yofili kolmeurnebis kuTvnil miwas ijaris xelSekrulebiT da Semdeg isini qveijariT aZlevdnen mas migrantebs. Tumca, es ori piri ijaris 91 92 93 jonaTan uiTli “konfliqtis ganeitraleba walkis..., gv.10 interviu walkis raionis gamgebel mixeil cqitiSvilTan, 2006 wlis 15 ivlisi. igive 48 gadasaxads mTavrobas mxolod im miwisaTvis uxdida, romelsac isini Tavis pirad sargeblobaSi itovebdnen. soflis qarTvel da berZen mosaxleobas Soris amasTan dakavSirebiT bevri usiamovneba moxda da 2006 wlis dasawyisSi mdgomareoba ise daiZaba, rom saWiro gaxda gamgeblis Careva, raTa problema mogvarebuliyo. Sedegad, miaRwies SeTanxmebas, rom sadavo miwa (anu yofili kolmeurneobis miwa, romelsac wasuli berZnebis naTesavebi flobdnen da zedmeti miwa, romelzec msxvili miwaTmflobelebi ijaris gadasaxads ar ixdidnen) Tanabrad ganawildeboda da erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi yvela moixmarda, visac sWirdeboda. miwiT sargeblobisaTvis ki mcire renta unda gadaexadaT.94 migraciis procesma piks 2002-2003 wlebSi miaRwia. 2004-2006 wlebSi procesis tempi davarda, xelisuflebam Tumca migracia problemis kvlav gadawyveta grZeldeba. daiwyo; bolo saxelmwifo periodSi programis farglebSi 2005 wels 21 ekomigranti ojaxi Caasaxles walkis raionis sofel oliankaSi. metic, gamoiyo fuladi saxsrebi walkaSi ukve aralegalurad mcxovrebi 264 ekomigranti ojaxisaTvis da migrantebi registraciaSi gaatares. ase rom, maTi yofna legalizebulia. jamSi, pirveli axalmosaxleebi svaneTidan da aWaridan 1987-1989 wlebSi gamoCndnen, 1990-iani wlebis bolos ki, gaxSirebuli zvavebis gamo svaneTisa da, gansakuTrebiT, aWaris mosaxleobam isev iwyo walkis raionSi dasaxleba. garda amisa walkis raionSi ara mxolod ekologiuri, aramed, ekonomikuri motivaciiT ganpirobebuli migraciac gaZlierda, gansakuTrebiT 2002-2003 wlebSi. amJamad TeTriwyaros, dmanisis, bolnisis, marneulisa da gardabnis raionebSi mTlianobaSi 2,341 aWaruli da svanuri ojaxi (10,701 adamiani) cxovrobs, romelic aq saxelmwifo programis Sedegad Caasaxles. garda amisa, walkis gamgeobis mier mowodebuli monacemebis mixedviT walkis raionSi 2006 wlis zafxulisTvis 1,950 aWaruli da svanuri ojaxi (daaxloebiT 7,685 adamiani) cxovrobs, romelTaganac mxolod 20%-ia ekomigranti.95 am cifrs 94 interviu sofel guniakalas skolis direqtoris moadgile ineza korZaiasTan, 15 agvisto, 2006w. walkis gamgeobis mier mowodebuli moncemebis mixedviT. procentuli Sefardeba mogvawoda walkis raionis gamgeblma, mixeil cqitiSvilma, 2006 wlis 12 ivliss. 95 49 emateba 381 ojaxi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionebidan, maT Soris samcxe- javaxeTidan, imereTidan, samegrelodan, guriidan da sxva (yvelaze metni arian aWarlebi, romlebic pirvelebi Camosaxldnen aq) da aseve iZulebiT adgilnacvali pirebi (245 ojaxi) afxazeTidan, romelTac amJamad walkis raioni maspinZlobs.96 Casaxleba Casaxleba da eTnikuri daZabuloba umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi zemoT ganvixileT ekologiuri migraciis tendenciebi, am sakiTxis mimarT arsebuli gansxvavebuli saxelmwifo midgomebi da samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi CasaxlebasTan dakavSirebuli monacemebi. axla ki vagrZelebT imave Temis ganxilvas, qvemoT mocemul TavSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mimReb TemebSi arsebul situaciaze, kerZod ki socialur-ekonomikur adaptaciasa da migrantebsa urTierTobebis da mkvidr mosaxleobas Soris daZabuli sakiTxebze. saqarTvelo mravaleTnikuri moyolebuli, erovnuli qveyanaa da, umciresobebis marTalia, 1980-iani warmomadgenelTa wlebidan xvedriTi wili qveyanaSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, magram saqarTvelos mTliani mosaxleobis 16% kvlav erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenlebze modis (2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT). magram integraciis done, gansakuTrebiT ki umciresobebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebSi - samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi kvlav Zalze dabalia, rac xels uSlis am regionebisa da misi mkvidri mosaxleobis srul socialur-politikur da ekonomikur monawileobas. Tu sabWoTa periodSi qveynis demografiuli Semadgenloba safrTxes ar uqmnida SidaeTnikur Tanxmobas, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Tanamdevma gardamavalma wlebma _ damaxasiaTebeli eTnopolitikuri daZabulobiT da ekonomikuri krizisiT _ postsabWoTa saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba kiTxvis qveS daayena. albaT arsebobda struqturuli da istoriuli mizezebi, ris gamoc totalitaruli 96 reJimis rRvevas eTnopolitikuri daZabulobis warmoSoba igive 50 mohyva, magram faqtia, rom zviad gamsaxurdias meTaurobiT xelisuflebaSi xisti nacionalisturi reJimis mosvlam xeli ar Seuwyo saxelmwifos Senebis process, romelic uSualod damoukideblobis gamocxadebamde, 1991 wels da mas Semdeg unda dawyebuliyo. damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirvel wlebs Tan axlda erovnuli uciresobebis mimarT saxelmwifos gaucxoeba da qveynis araqarTvel mosaxleobaSi daucvelobis farTod gavrcelebuli SegrZneba. es periodi daaxloebiT daemTxva tragikul ekologiur katastrofebs svaneTsa (1987w.) da aWaraSi (1989w.). aucilebeli gaxda Zalian bevri xalxis gadasaxleba. sabWoTa mTavrobam gadawyvita, saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi gaenawilebina isini, maT Soris javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi, sadac mosaxleobis umetesobas mniSvnelovanwilad erovnuli komunisturi umciresobebi reJimis warmoadgendnen. totalitarulma bunebam maSin Seakava eTnikuri daZabulobis da eTnikuri konfliqtis gaRviveba regionSi, magram 1989 wlidan da, gansakuTrebiT 1991 wlidan, eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi saqarTvelos yvelaze didi problema aRmoCnda. qveyana samoqalaqo omSi iqna CaTreuli samxreT centraluri qveyanaSi, oseTTan xelisufleba rom aRaraferi (1990-92ww.) mTlianobaSi vTqvaT da afxazeTTan ver erovnuli (1992-93). akontrolebda umciresobebiT metic, situacias kompaqturad dasaxlebul regionebze, sadac bevri ekomigranti iyo Casaxlebuli. daZabuloba samcxesamcxe-javaxeTSi 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis garda gansakuTrebiT daiZaba situacia javaxeTSi. aq adgilobrivma somxebma uari ganacxades prezident gamsaxurdias mier daniSnuli regionis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis, prefeqtis, miRebaze da regionSi avtonomiis gamocxadebisaken moTxovnebs mimarTuli axmovanebda kampania regionaluri gaaCaRes. adgilobrivi saparlamento organizacia somxebis javaxki, romelic im droisaTvis didi adgilobrivi Zala gaxda. im dros axalqalaqSi axali Camosulebi iyvnen ekomigrantebi mTiani aWaridan da ekomigrantebis sxva jgufebi ki ninowmindisken miemarTebodnen. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, javaxeTSi aWarlebis Camosvlas SiSi da eWvebi mohyva. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba 51 metwilad ewinaaRmdegeboda saxelmwifo politikas. eTnikuri qarTvelebis saqarTvelos erovnuli maTTan mTavrobis Casaxlebis RonisZiebebi demografiuli balansis Secvlisa da mkveTrad antisomxuri tonis mqone qmedebad aRiqmeboda.97 somxurma rodesac mosaxleobam demonstraciebi aWarlebi regionSi moawyo da, javaxeTSi qarTvelTa sxvagvarad Cavidnen, Casaxlebebis rom vTqvaT, javaxeTis sawinaaRmdego Seecada, regionSi axalCamosulTa Casaxleba ar daeSvaT. spasovkis qarTul mosaxleobas (ninowmindis raioni) miaCnia, rom Camosaxlebis dRidan isini mudmiv diskriminacias ganicdian adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mxridan. qarTvelebi amtkiceben, rom miwa, romelzec isini cxovroben, maT winaprebsa da qarTvel ers ekuTvnis. ase rom, maTi azriT, maT unda hqondeT yvela is ufleba da Tavisufleba, rac saqarTvelos sxva moqalaqeebs aqvT.98 am argumentis istoriulad ekuTvniT. sapirispirod cxovrobdnen metic, isini javaxeTis javaxeTis pretenzias somxebi acxadeben, rom teritoriaze, ase rom, es gamoTqvamen, rom isini miwa sxvadasxva maT qarTuli mTavrobebi Segnebulad cdiloben samcxe-javaxeTSi demografiuli suraTis Secvlas da somxuri mosaxleobis fardobiTi wilis Semcirebas.99 unda aRiniSnos, rom adreul 1990-ian wlebSi merab kostavas fondma, romelsac xels uwyobdnen rogorc saqarTvelos mTavroba, ise mosaxleobis farTo masebi, Riad ganacxada, rom surda, mTavrobis mimarT “loialuri sazogadoeba” Camoeyalibebina javaxeTSi daniSnuli cnobdnen) umciresobebiT (Semdgari aRmasrulebeli dasaxlebul qarTvelebisgan, xelisuflebis regionebSi vinaidan somxebi warmomadgenlebs da qveynis ar sazRvrebi gaemagrebina eTnikuri qarTveli mosaxleobiT.100 1990-iani wlebis gansaxlebis programebi 97 mxolod ekologiuri migrantebisaTvis ki ar iyo Seqmnili, rostom sarkisiani. 2002. “javaxki: socialur-ekonomikuri ugulebelyofa Tu eTnikuri areuloba”, diplomatia da msoflios movlenebi, DWA Discussion Paper no 101, ix: http://departments.oxy.edu/dwa/papers/101b.pdf 98 interviuebi sofel spasovkis mcxovreblebTan, 24 seqtemberi, 2006 w. 99 lia meliqiSvili, faruli konfliqtebi mravaleTnikur sazogadoebaSi. mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi 1998. 100 interviu merab kostavas fondis Tavmjdomaris movaleobis Semsrulebel daviT kupreiSvilTan, 15 seqtemberi, 2006 w. 52 romelTac marTlac saswrafod sWirdebodaT saxlebi da miwis nakveTebi, aramed sxva qarTuli mosaxleobisTvisac. eTnikurad qarTuli mosaxleoba Cavida javaxeTSi aspinZidan, Tbilisidan. amasTan, bevri patriotuli motivebiT xaragaulidan, acxadebda, rusTavidan, rom xelmZRvanelobda. am kaspidan regionSi sinamdvileSi da dasaxlebisas iyo ekonomikuri motivaciac _ ufaso saxlebisa da miwis miReba mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebda maT ekonomikur mdgomareobas.101 Tumca, vidre gadawyvetilebis mimRebi centri Tavis nacionalistur programas asrulebda _ CasaxlebisaTvis emzadeboda da saxlebs yidulobda momaval mcxovrebTaTvis, mas gamorCa mTavari _ is, rom axalCasulebs gauWirdebodaT adaptacia regionTan, nawilobriv javaxeTis mkacri klimaturi pirobebis, izolirebuli geografiuli mdgomareobisa da nawilobriv mcxovrebTa socialuri mowyobis wesis gansxvavebulobis gamo. es gansxvavebebi aixsna, rogorc „eTnikuri“ Seusabamoba adgilobriv somxebsa da Camosul qarTvelebs adaptaciasTan Soris. dakavSirebiT am yvelaferma seriozuli qarTul problemebi mosaxleobaSi da imedgacrueba gamoiwvia. amis gamo CasaxlebulTa didma nawilma or-sam weliwadSi javaxeTi datova. Sedegad, qarTveli migrantebisaTvis kostavas fondis mier gadacemuli saxlebis (217 saxli) didi nawili an daangries, an adgilobrivma mosaxleobam daiwyo misi sacxovreblad an saqonlis sadgomad gamoyeneba. gansaxlebis SemTxveviTma xasiaTma, mimRebi mosaxleobis Tvalsazrisis gauTvaliswineblobam, korufciam da saxlebis aTvisebis gegmis ararsebobam didi fuladi saxsrebis, droisa da mcdelobis fuWad xarjva gamoiwvia. regionSi (gansakuTrebiT axalqalaqis raionSi) qarTveli migrantebis Casvlisas, adgilobrivi somxebis mxridan wamosuli erT-erTi pretenzia is iyo, rom axalCamosulebs axal saxlebs aZlevdnen, maSin, roca adgilobrivi Raribi mosaxleoba patara qoxebSi agrZelebda cxovrebas.102 aq adgilobrivma mosaxleobam Tavi ignorirebulad da axalCamosul qarTvelebTan SedarebiT diskriminirebulad igrZno. amave dros axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis raionSi axalCasaxlebuli 101 102 qarTvelebi Ciodnen, rom mTavroba maT yuradRebas ar igive, Tamaz futkaraZe aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis..., gv. 136-137. igive. 53 aqcevs, rom maTi uflebebi daculi ar aris da rom adgilobrivi somxebi maT `meorexarisxovan moqalaqeebad~ Tvlian.103 marTlac, aman Zalze gaarTula maTi adaptacia adgilobriv pirobebTan. daZabuloba qvemo qarTlSi adreuli Casaxlebebi qvemo qarTlSi ufro kargad iyo organizebuli da dagegmili, vidre javaxeTSi. es nawilobriv im faqtiT aixsneba, rom aq pirveli didi Casaxleba sabWoTa periodSi _ 1987 wels moxda, rodesac centraluri xelisufleba ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre 1989 wlis Casaxlebebis dros. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekomigrantebi kompaqturad da xSir SemTxvevaSi srulebiT axal soflebSi ganaTavses (xixani, axali dioknisi, disveli, xatissofeli), iyo Sereuli eTnikuri soflebic (Sulaveri, krwanisi, vaziani, muxrovani, samRereTi). qvemo qarTlSi eTnikuri urTierTobebis mxriv javaxeTTan SedarebiT ganxvavebuli suraTi iyo. marTalia, axalCamosulTaTvis adaptaciis procesi advili ar iyo, magram sirTuleebi aucileblad eTnikuri sakiTxebidan ar gamomdinareobda. javaxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, qvemo qarTlis mravalricxovani azerbaijaneli mosaxleoba Riad ar acxadebda, rom ekomigrantebs ar miiRebda. sul ramdenime SemTxveva iyo, rodesac qvemo qarTlis mosaxleoba xmamaRla alaparakda ekomigrantebis Camosaxlebaze. magram ekomigrantTa Camosaxlebis pirveli talRidan adgilobrivi ramdenime weliwadSi azerbaijanelebisa TvalsazrisiT.104 svani da Camosaxlebuli ekomigrantebis sadac adgilobrivi mcxovrebTa mdgomareoba integracia gauaresda, svanebis kerZod, urTierTobis da adaptacia regionSi, umravlesoba eTnikurad da kulturulad gansxvavebuli azerbaijaneli iyo, rTuli aRmoCnda rogorc svanebis, ise azerbaijanelebisaTvis. 103 Tamaz futkaraZe “aWaris mosaxleobis migraciis..., gv.138; lia meliqiSvili faruli konfliqtebi mravaleTnikur sazogadoebaSi. mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, Tbilisi 1998. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qvemo qarTlSi Casaxlebul ekomigrantTa umetesoba svaneTidan iyo. walkis raioni calke iqneba ganxiluli, radgan am regionSi eTnikuri urTierTobebis da daZabulobis specifikuri modeli vlindeba. 104 54 aWarlebisgan gansxvavebiT, svanebi xSirad kriminalebad aRiqmebian qvemo qarTlis mkvidri mosaxleobis mier. imisTvis, rom es warmodgena aixsnas, aucilebelia, gaviTvaliswinoT, rom qvemo qarTlSi, kerZod ki marneulis, gardabnis, TeTriwyaros, bolnisisa da dmanisis raionebSi svan ekomigrantTa ojaxebi ufro metia, vidre aWarlebisa. ase rom, svani migrantebi ufro Canan regionSi. garda amisa, aWarlebTan SedarebiT, svanebi ufro urbanul garemoSi daasaxles, magaliTad, bolnisSi, dmanissa da gardabanSi, ris gamoc maT saSualeba miecaT, ufro aqtiurad Cabmuliyvnen raionebis socialur- ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. SedarebiT urbanul garemoSi moxvedris gamo svanebs aWarlebTan SedarebiT, romlebic, rogorc wesi, kompaqturad cxovrobdnen soflebSi, bevrad ufro didi Sexeba hqondaT adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. radgan svanebi bevrjer sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi aRmoCndnen mxilebulni, maT kriminalebis iarliyi miekeraT, ase rom, qvemo qarTlis romelime raionSi momxdari danaSaulis Camdenad xSirad isini miiCnevian. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgom qaossa da ukanonobaSi danaSaulebaTa ricxvi mTel postsabWoTa sivrceSi arnaxulad gaizarda. qvemo qarTlSi, sadac svanebis nakadis Camosvla TiTqmis daemTxva sabWoTa xelisuflebis aRsasruls, svanebis adgilobrivma CamosvliT marneulisa yaCaRobiT, da iyo dmanisis qurdobiT da mosaxleobam CaTvala, ganpirobebuli. aseTi raionebSi. rom iyo adgilobrivi mkvlelobebiT iyo danaSaulis ganwyoba mosaxleoba Sewuxebuli da zrda gardabnis, ZarcviT, mosaxleobis sasowarkveTa raRac momentSi gadaizarda konfliqtebSi, romlebsac eTnikuri sarCuli daedo. magaliTad, 1989 wlis ivnisSi svan da azerbaijanel axalgazrdebs Soris dawyebuli Cxubi masobriv demonstraciaSi gadaizarda qalaq marneulSi. es SemTxeva marneulelma, gardabnelma, bolniselma da dmaniselma aqtivistebma regionisTvis avtonomiis miniWebis moTxovnis gasaxmovaneblad gamoiyenes. sawyisi SemTxeva ki sruliad trivialuri iyo: axalgazrda svani da axalgazrda azerbaijaneli taqsis rigSi SekamaTdnen, rac Semdeg muSti-krivSi gadaizarda. mimdebare SenobaSi mcxovrebma svanebma, Cxubi SeamCnies, gamovidnen nacnobis misaxmareblad da azerbaijanels scemes. sapasuxod imave dRes azerbaijanelTa jgufi svanebis saxlebs daesxa Tavs. 55 situacia rusTavidan da Tbilisidan Casulma policielebma gaaneitrales. Tumca, momdevno dRes marneulSi 10,000 adamiani gamovida demonstraciaze. isini moiTxovdnen qvemo qarTlidan svanebis gaZevebas, regionSi avtonomiis gamocxadebas, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebSi qarTveli Cinovnikebis azerbaijanelebiT Canacvlebas da a.S. imave periodSi azerbaijanelTa jgufebi Tavs daesxnen gardabnis raionis policias da brZola gaimarTa azerbaijanelebsa da qarTvelebs Soris qalaq bolnisSi, ris Sedegadac 14 adgilobrivi mosaxle daiWra. demonstraciebis Tanamdevi qaosi ivnisis pirvel naxevramde gagrZelda.105 Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom es dramatuli movlenebi qvemo qarTlSi 1989-1990 wlebSi arsebuli saerTo daZabulobis fonze moxda da orive mxares _ qarTvelebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris myofi agresiulad ganwyobili nacionalisti agitatorebis waqezebiT ganxorcielda. qarTveli liderebis nacionalisturma situaciis gamwvavebaSi, bolnisidan politikam rac aTasobiT mniSvnelovani sabolood azerbaijanelis qvemo wvlili qarTlidan emigrirebiT Seitana da, kerZod, damTavrda. eTno- politikuri klimatis kidev ufro gamwvavebis SiSiT maT saqarTvelo datoves da azerbaijans miaSures. SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis wlebSi SidaeTnikuri gamosworda da, svanebsa da urTierToba konfrontaciis magaliTebic marTalia, mTlad da/an TiTze Tbilad Temebs ver situacia adgilobriv CaiTvleba, Soris CamosaTvlelia. mosaxleobas Soris magram Zaladobrivi gamo mobilizaciis konfliqtis Tumca mTlianobaSi ramdenjerme umniSvnelo daZabuloba seriozul konfliqtebSi gadaizarda. erT-erTi bolo 2003 wels moxda. sofel jandaris azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba, romelic svanebiT dasaxlebul sofel lemSvenieras maxloblad mdebareobs, maTgan gardabnis mimarTulebiT mimaval gzaze mudmivma Zarcvam, srolam da Zaladobam Seawuxa. jandaris mcxovreblebma policiis pasiuri poziciis gamo mitingi moawyves da protesti gamoTqves, Tumca ki uSedegod. mogvianebiT azerbaijanelebma ori masobrivi mitingi moawyves qalaq gardabanSi policiis ganyofilebis, 105 gia tasoevi “ra xdeboda qvemo qarTlSi”, literaturuli saqarTvelo, 30 ivnisi, 1989 w, gv 2; iakob futkaraZe dayofa dauSvebelia. komunisti 6 ivlisi, 1989 w. gv 3. 56 generaluri prokuraturisa da qalaqis sasamarTlosTan. meore mitingi dasrulda svanis gasamarTlebiT, romelsac Zarcva edeboda bralad, magram sasamarTlom igi gaanTavisufla, ris Semdegac masobrivi mitingi sazogadoebriv areulobaSi gadaizarda: demonstrantebma Senobebis fanjrebis msxvreviT daiwyes, mogvianebiT ki rkinigzis blokireba moaxdines. iusticiis sabWos xelmZRvaneli demonstrantebs Sexvda da maT svanis gaTavisuflebaze pasuxismgebeli mosamarTlis samsaxuridan gaSvebas dahpirda. am incidentis da mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg Tavdasxmebi azerbaijanul mosaxleobaze Sewyda da situacia damSvidda. qvemo qarTlis bevri mcxovrebi _ rogorc qarTveli, ise azerbaijaneli _ Tvlis, rom maTi eTnikuri jgufis uflebebi xSirad irRveva. bevri azerbaijaneli darwmunebulia, rom miwebis gamoyofis, sajaro Tanamdebobebze daniSvnisa da vaRiaroT, rom mosaxleoba sxva SemTxevebSi marTlac daCagrulia. aris qarTvelebs raRac magaliTad, upiretesobas sferoebi, im faqtis sadac gamo, rom aniWeben. unda azerbaijanuli azerbaijaneli qalebi ZiriTadad saxlSi mSobiaroben, maT ar SeuZliaT dabadebis mowmobis aReba, ase rom, ver iReben oficialur sabuTebs Tavisi SvilebisaTvis. Sesabamisad, aris ojaxebi da arian adamianebi, romlebic pasportebisa da regitrirebuli sakuTrebis gareSe cxovroben. isini saxlebs ver iformeben, radgan saWiro xelisuflebis sabuTebi ara warmomadgenelma aqvT. aRniSna, rogorc marneulis “axalCamosuli adgilobrivi qarTvelebi ufro legalurad cxovroben, vidre mkvidri azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba”.106 meore mxriv, Camosaxlebuli qarTvelebi Tvlian, rom isini araTanabar pirobebSi arian azerbaijanul mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT _ ekonomikuri pirobebiT, umuSevrobiTa da eTnikuri qarTvelebis gare migraciis maRali maCveneblebiT.107 106 interviu marneulis raionis privatizaciis ganyofilebis ufros zaal nadiraZesTan, 14 noemberi, 2006w. 107 kavkasiis mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis instituti, qvemo qarTlis regionSi kulturaTSorisi TanamSromlobis kavSiri “mosti”, saqarTvelos azerbaijanel qalTa kavSiri: “marneuli-gardabnis raionebSi konfliqtis faqtorebis analizi: sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi, Tbilisi, 2003. marTlac, qarTuli mosaxleoba zogadad ekonomikurad ufro SeWirvebulia, vidre azerbaijanelebi. Tumca, adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis varaudebi, qarTvelebis gare migraciis maRali maCveneblis Sesaxeb ar mtkicdeba. 57 unda aRiniSnos, rom qvemo qarTlis xuTi raionis TiTqmis yvela oficialuri piri (walkis garda) uaryofs raionebSi qarTul da azerbaijanul mosaxleobas Soris seriozuli daZabulobisa da, gansakuTrebiT, eTnikuri safuZvlis mqone daZabulobis arsebobas. yvela aRiarebs, rom situacia Zalze daZabuli soflis iyo ekomigrantebis mosaxleobas kargi Camosaxlebis urTierToba adreul aqvs wlebSi, magram dRes erTmaneTTan; isini erTad aRniSnaven dResaswaulebs da zeimebs da iSviaT SemTxvevebSi qorwindebian kidec. marneulis marneulis raioni eTnikuri raionis migraciisa da ganyofilebis ufrosis azriT, eTnikuri stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba, radgan sxvadasxva warmomavlobis damokidebulni privatizaciis adamianebi ekonomikurad arian erTmaneTze da erTimeoresTan dakavSirebulni.108 Tumca dmanisis raionis gansaxlebis ganyofilebis ufrosma aRniSna, rom svan ekomigrantebs, iseve rogorc iZulebiT adgilnacval pirebs, dmanisis raionSi isev “axalmosulebis” iarliyi aqvT, ase rom, maT adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan advilad gamoarCevT.109 vidre walkis raionSi arsebuli situaciis aRweraze gadavalT, sainteresoa, erTmaneTs SevadaroT qvemo qarTlsa da javaxeTSi integraciis procesebisa da intereTnikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba ekomigrantebis Camosaxlebis Semdeg. aSkaraa, rom upiratesad umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi ekologiuri migrantebis sruli integracia ar momxdara, magram SesamCnevia, rom ekomigrantebi qvemo qarTlSi (walkis gamoklebiT) zogadad ufro kargad arian integrirebulni, vidre javaxeTSi. jer erTi, qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba mTlianobaSi bevrad ufro stumarTmoyvare aRmoCnda ekomigrantebis mimarT, vidre javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleoba, miuxedavad 1989-1990 wlebSi qarTul da azerbaijanul Temebs Soris warmoqmnili daZabulobisa. amis sapirispirod, javaxeTis 108 interviu marneulis raionis privatizaciis ganyofilebis ufros zaal nadiraZesTan, 14 noemberi, 2006w. 109 interviu dmanisis raionis ltolvilTa da gansaxlebis ganyofilebis ufros dali kvicianTan, 22 oqtomberi, 2006w. 58 somxuri mosaxleoba Camosaxlebebs, mTlianobaSi rasac imiT mizanmimarTulad xsnidnen, “gaqarTulebis” mizanmimarTul rom mcdeloba Casaxlebis iyo, rac, ewinaaRmdegeboda procesi rogorc regionis ukve vnaxeT, garkveulwilad simarTles Seesabameboda, kerZod, 1980-iani wlebis bolosa da 1990-ianebis dasawyisSi. es argumentebi gamyarda masobrivi demonstraciebiTa da avtonomiis mosaxleoba gamwvavebuli ar moTxovniT. ewinaaRmdegeboda qvemo qarTlSi qarTveli azerbaijanuli ekomigrantebis Casvlas. mTlianobaSi azerbaijaneli aqtivistebi naklebad radikalurni iyvnen, vidre maTi javaxi kolegebi da sakuTar moTxovnebSi ZiriTadad azerbaijanelTa uflebebis dacvisa da adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi umciresobaTa CarTvis moTxovniT Semoifarglebodnen. meore, qvemo qarTlSi ufro Sereuli soflebia da axalCamosulebi da mkvidri mosaxleoba ufro gaxsnilia urTierTobisaTvis, maSin, roca qarTuli soflebi javaxeTSi ZiriTadad sruliad izolirebulia sxva soflebisagan da praqtikulad ar arsebobs komunikacia somxur da qarTul mosaxleobas Soris. mesamec, qarTvelebi ufro metad arian warmodgenilni qvemo qarTlis adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis oraganoebSi, vidre javaxeTSi. es, erTi mxriv, kargia, radgan ekomigrantebs, izRudeba es regioni magram, eTnikuri meore ukeTes mxriv, sacxovrebel cudia, pirobebs radgan amgvarad azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis politikuri marneulis, gardabnis, bolnisis, adgilobriv sakrebuloebsa da dmanisisa gamgeobebSi da axalCamosaxlebulebic sakmarisad arian Cvenma informatorma rom qarTlSi axsena, qvemo nawilobriv monawileoba. TeTriwyaros qarTuli Soris sTavazobs raionis mosaxleoba warmodgenilni. da maT erT-erTma gansakuTrebiT maRal Tanamdebobebs svanebi aRweven.110 isic aRiniSna, rom 1980-iani wlebis bolos (erovnuli mobilizaciis talRis periodSi) qvemo qarTlSi ramdenime gamorCeuli azerbaijaneli gadaayenes postidan (magaliTad, kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomare) da axalCamosaxlebuli svanebiT Secvales.111 amis sapirispirod, 110 igive 111 jonaTan uiTlis interviuebi, ivlisi, 2006 w. 59 dabalia ekomigrantTa warmomadgenloba javaxeTis ori raionis, ninowmindisa da axalqalaqis adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebSi. zemoT moyvanili faqtorebi arTulebs ekomigrantTa integracias adgilobriv TemTan, gansakuTrebiT javaxeTSi. javaxeTSi mcxovrebi ekomigrantebi xSirad namdvil patriotebad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze qarTvelebis uflebis damcvelebad Tvlian Tavs sakuTar miwa-wyalze. isini xSirad grZnoben, rom somxebs maTi javaxeTidan gasaxleba, avtonomiis gamocxadeba da somxeTTan mierTeba undaT. qvemo qarTlSi aseTi nacionalisturi tendenciebi (walkis garda) naklebad gansxvavebulma SeimCneva. aSkaraa, gamocdilebam rom gavlena Casaxlebis moaxdina da imaze adaptaciis Tu rogori damokidebuleba aqcT migrantebs axal mezoblebze. rac Seexeba walkis raions, aq ekomigrantTa socialur-fsiqologiuri adaptacia kidev ufro rTuli iyo, vidre javaxeTis regionSi. Casaxlebis procesis gaTvaliswinebiT, naTelia, rom migrantTa didi umravlesoba am raionSi aralegalurad dasaxlda. maT ZiriTadad migrirebuli berZnebis kuTvnili dacarielebuli saxlebi daikaves. rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, am migrantebis umravlesoba ekologiuri migranti ki ara, aramed ufro isini iyvnen, vinc sakuTari ekonomkuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis gzebs eZebda da vinc baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis perspeqtivam miizida. navTobsadenis 2002-2003 wlebSi mSeneblobaze dawyebuli samuSaos migrantebis Sovnis masobrivi spontanuri Casaxlebebis Semdeg danaSaulebaTa ricxvi aq mkveTrad gaizarda. saxalxo damcvelis 2005 wlis angariSSi sisxlis samarTlis rva seriozuli danaSauli moxvda, 2005 wlis mxolod pirveli 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. angariSis mixedviT, damnaSaveebi svaneTidan da aWaridan Camosuli migrantebi iyvnen, romlebic sisastikes iCendnen ZiriTadad berZnuli mosaxleobis mimarT.112 zogierT saqmeSi adgilobrivi mezoblebisa da kriminalebi esxmodnen konfrontacia. 112 naTesavebis aseTi Tavs. somxebi dacvas am SemTxvevebis acxadebdnen, cdilobdnen, gancxadebam damaxasiaTebeli rom isini romelTac kidev berZeni qarTveli ufro magaliTia gaaRviva danaSauli, saqarTvelos parlamentisadmi wardgenili saxalxo damcvelis angariSi, 23 dekemberi, 2005. 60 romelic 2005 (savaraudod wlis martSi qarTvelebi) moxda sofel avraloSi. binis qurdebi moxucebuli berZeni wyvilis saxlSi SeiWrnen, mflobelebs scemes da 850 aSS dolari waiRes. imave saRamos mezobeli soflis, kizilkilisas mkvidri somxebi xis komblebiT SeiaraRdnen da sofel avraloSi Cavidnen, sadac maT scemes daaxloebiT 10 qarTvels, soflis mcxovreblebs, romelebic maT SemTxveviT Sexvdnen quCaSi. isini SeiWrnen adgilobriv skolaSic da iqauroba daarbies. Tu rogor moxda es SemTxveva da misi eskalacia, imaze miuTiTebs, rom raionis zogierT nawilSi adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris urTierTobebi Zalze daZabulia da dauyovnebel yuradRebas saWiroebs. walkis raionSi sisastikis sxva ramdenime SemTxvevac moxda. Tumca, Cans, walkis mosaxleobam konsensuss miaRwia, radgan 2005 wlis martSi walkaSi policiis Zalebis Semdeg113 Casvlis kanoni amoqmedda da, Sedegad, seriozulad iklo danaSaulma. aman pozitiuri gavlena moaxdina Temebs Soris arsebul daZabulobazec, dakavSirebuli problemebi Tumca jer miwis isev nakveTebTan daZabulobis da saxlebTan potenciur wyaros warmoadgens.114 imisTvis, rom vaCvenoT, Tu rogor aisaxeba regionSi arsebuli daZabuloba qveynis stabilurobaze da ramdenad mtkivneuli SeiZleba gaxdes es sakiTxi mTavrobisaTvis, upriani iqneba, gavixsenoT 2006 wlis 9 martis movlenebi. mTvral svanebsa da somxebs Soris momxdari Cxubi 23 wlis gevorq gevorqianis sikvdiliT dasrulda. miuxedavad imisa, rom eWvmitanilebi saswrafod daakaves da gamoZieba daiwyo, romelic mkvlelebis gasamarTlebis xangrZliv procesSi gadavida, adgilobrivi somxebi walkis policiis Senobis win Seikribnen da eWvmitanil borotmoqmedTa linCis wesiT dasjas iTxovdnen. masobrivi gamosvlis gamgeobis SenobaSi eskalaciis SeiWrnen, Sedegad saprotesto sadac fanjrebi aqciis Caamtvries monawileebi da inventari daazianes. walkis daZabuli situacia mezobel javaxeTsac gadaedo. 12 marts 113 2006 wlis ivlisSi saberZneTis mTavrobam sapatrulo policiis 16 manqana aCuqa walkis raionis policias. 114 miwisa da saxlebis sakiTxi ganxiluli iqneba qvemoT, TavSi socialur-ekonomikuri migraciis Sesaxeb. 61 axalqalaqSi somxurma organizaciebma, gaerTianebulma javaxkma da virkma, demonstracia adgilobriv moawyves. Semdeg brbo filialSi SeiWra da Tbilisis saxelmwifo gaaprotesta im universitetis eTnikuri qarTvelebis raodenoba romlebic iq swavlobdnen. SeiWrnen adgilobrivi sasamarTlos SenobaSic. bolos ki gaafTrebulma brbom regionis qarTuli saepiskoposos rezidencia amoiRo mizanSi. isini eklesias iaraRis damalvaSi adanaSaulebdnen. Zalovanebi da saepiskoposos administracia daTanxmda, rom aqciis monawileni SigniT SeeSvaT; rogorc ki demonstrantebi darwmundnen, rom SigniT iaraRi ar iyo, brbo gabrunda.115 marTlac, aRiqvams javaxeTis qarTuli regionebSi. qarTul ganwyobilebebis demonstraciebi sazogadoeba gavlenas situacias mediasaSualebebsac gaRvivebaSi javaxeTis axdens imaze, Tu umciresobebiT miuZRviT somxebis dasaxlebul wvlili Sesaxeb rogor negatiuri statiebis iseTi hedlainebiT, rogoricaa: “samcxe-javaxeTis separatistebs saqarTvelosTan omi undaT” an “neli moqmedebis bombi _ separatistebis moTxovnebi javaxeTSi”.116 mediis amgvari damokidebuleba stereotipebis rRvevisa da regionaluri integraciis aSkara Semaferxebeli faqtorebia. bevri magaliTi arsebobs imisa, rodesac media erovnuli umciresobebis zogadad uaryofiT suraTs xatavs. garkveulwilad mediaSi erovnuli umciresobebis mimarT negatiuri yuradRebis gamaxvilebis Sedegad, gansakuTrebiT javaxeTis somxebis mimarT, qarTuli sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilisaTvis qveyanaSi eTnikuri umciresobebis problemebi ugulvebelyofilia, meore mxriv, bevri eTnikuri qarTveli miiCnevs, rom qarTuli mosaxleoba yvelaze diskriminirebuli da Seviwroebuli eTnosia umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi. socialursocialur-ekonomikuri adaptacia da intereTnikuri daZabuloba bunebrivia, rom socialur-ekonomikuri faqtori arsebiT rols TamaSobs axal dasaxlebebSi 115 116 ekomigrantebis adaptaciisa da integraciis procesSi. `mesinjeri` 16 marti, 2006, #50; `axali Taoba~ 17 marti, 2006, 74 `axali Taoba~ 19-25 marti, 2006, #76; `kviris palitra~ 20-26 marti 2006, #12. 62 miuxedavad imisa, rom migrantTa dasaxlebebis dafuZnda, sabWoTa saxelmwifos nawili epoqis mier qveynis dasrulebas kontrolirebadi damoukideblobis Tan mohyva ekologiur gamocxadebamde uamravi sirTule ekomigrantebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT javaxeTSi. saxelmwifo ekonomikis daSlas Tan mohyva regionis mwiri resursebis ganawilebisaTvis brZola adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da ekomigrantebs Soris, ris Sedegadac axalmosaxleebsa da maspinZlebs Soris daZabuloba gazarda. sabWoTa epoqis miwuruls javaxeTSi somxebi da duxoborebi, xolo qvemo qarTlSi azerbaijanelebi, somxebi mesaqonleobas, wvril meurneobas, da berZnebi vaWrobasa da tradiciulad msubuq misdevdnen. am regionebSi Camosvlis Semdeg ekomigrantebs soflis mrewvelobas mxolod axal eTnikur da kulturul garemosTan ki ar mouxdaT Segueba, aramed isini aRmoCndnen gansxvavebul socialur-ekonomikur garemoSi, sadac adgili unda daemkvidrebinaT. ekomigrantebis winaSe wamoWrili umTavresi problemebi socialur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT iyo (da dResac aris) saxlebis, miwisa da enis sakiTxebi. es sakiTxebi cal-calkea ganxiluli momdevno TavebSi. saxlebis sakiTxi javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi adreul etapze gansaxlebul bevri ekomigrant ojaxs cudi sacxovrebeli pirobebi hqonda. rogorc aRvniSneT, saxelmwifom ar daasrula ekomigrantebisaTvis axali soflebis Seqmnis ambiciuri gegmebi, ris Sedegadac bevrma ekomigrantma Camosvlisas aRmoaCina, rom misi saxli naxevrad iyo aSenebuli, zogi ki saerTod ar uzrunvelyves sacxovrebliT. visac amis SesaZlebloba hqonda, sakuTari saxsrebiT daasrula mSenebloba, sxvebma ki droebiTi TavSesafarisaTvis primitiuli xis saxlebi aiSenes im imediT, rom bolos da bolos maT xelisufleba daexmareboda da saxlebs dausrulebda. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, ekomigrantebs axalaSenebuli saxlebi im pirobiT gadasces, rom isini am sacxovreblis iuridiuli mflobelebi 25 wlis Semdeg gaxdebodnen. Tumca, bevr SemTxvevaSi es winapiroba dairRva. ekomigrantebma, 63 vinc axal garemos ver Seegua, saxlebi an aralegalurad gayides, an ubralod datoves da wavidnen. Sedegad, registraciis, iuridiuli mflobelobisa da gankargvis uflebis sakiTxebi qaosma moicva. dRes aTasobiT adamiani cxovrobs saxlebSi, romlebic maT oficialurad ar ekuTvniT da romlis gankargvis uflebac ara aqvT. arc ise didi xnis win qvemo qarTlis regionalurma administraciam saxlebis registrireba daiwyo. am RonisZiebis farglebSi gaTvaliswinebulia agreTve ekomigrantebisaTvis oficialuri dokumentaciis gadacema im saxlebze, romlebic dakavebuli aqvT. es procesi ukve daiwyo dmanisis, TeTriwyaros, marneulisa da ekomigranti gardabnis raionebSi. oficialuradaa rac Seexeba registrirebuli, javaxeTs, Tumca aq yvelas bevri ara aqvs miRebuli saxlis mflobelobis sabuTebi. magaliTad, spasovkaSi (ninowmindis raioni) im saxlebis dokumentacias, romelic ekomigrantebs kostavas fondma gadasca, kvlav fondi ganagebs, Seesabameba (25 wlis wesi). sakuTari iniciativiT rac kostavas fondis pirobas srulad xolo sxva ekomigrantebi - vinc spasovkaSi Camosaxlda - maT mier dakavebul saxlebs formaluradac ar floben, radgan, rogorc wesi, saxlebi araoficialuri SeTanxmebis Sedegad iyides Zveli mflobelebis - duxoborebisgan. aseve aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mcxovreblebma es kostavas saxlebi fondis mier araoficialurad gadacemuli mihyides saxlebis axalCamosul ekomigrantebs da Tavad walkaSi gadasaxldnen. rogorc ukve ganvixileT, saxelmwifo 1980-iani wlebis bolos ekomigrantebisaTvis axali soflebis daarsebas gegmavda - saWiro SenobebiT da infrastruqturiT: skolebiT, sabavSvo baRebiT, saavadmyofoebiT, kulturuli centrebiT da a.S. Tumca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgomi ekonomikuri rRvevis Sedegad mTavrobam ver SeZlo am amocanis Sesruleba. ase rom, kidev erTi ekomigrantebis seriozuli winaSe dgas, problema, irigaciisa romelic da sasmeli zogierT wylis sofelSi sistemebis 64 ararsebobaa.117 es problema gansakuTrebiT mwvavea gardabnis, marneulisa da axalqalaqis raionebSi soflebisaTvis. es 1980-ian problema wlebSi Zalze gaSenebuli arTulebs ekomigrantTa ekomigrantTaTvis miwis damuSavebas da arsebobis erTaderT wyarod maT mesaqonleoba rCebaT. sadac ekomigrantebi sasmeli wylis ukve sistema arsebul soflebSi gayvanilia, Tumca Caasaxles, aseT iq soflebSi sarwyavi da ekomigrantebs problemebi eqmnebaT saxnav-saTesi miwis xelmiuwvdomlobis gamo, rac xSirad adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan daZabulobasa da konfliqtebSi gadaizrdeba xolme. amgvari daZabuloba zogjer eTnikur daZabulobad aRiqmeba, rogorc Sida qarTlSi, ise javaxeTSi. miwis sakiTxi sabWoTa periodSi meurneobebis saxnav-saTesi (saxelmwifo miwa fermebis) kolmeurneobebisa mflobelobaSi iyo da da sabWoTa saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda. soflis mcxovreblebs mxolod sakarmidamo nakveTebi hqondaT. sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis privatizaciis procesi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdgom reformebTan erTad daiwyo da sakuTrebis sakiTxma bevri kamaTi da konfliqtic warmoSva. miwis mflobelobis sakiTxi udavod is mTavari impulsia, rac ekomigrantebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris daZabulobis warmoSobas aZlevs biZgs. miwis privatizebis procesi saqarTveloSi SeiZleba or fazad daiyos: 1992 wlidan 1998 wlamde da 2005 wlis Semdeg. 1992-1998 wlebis miwis reformam daadgina, rom kerZo mesakuTris mflobelobaSi unda gadasuliyo sasoflo sameurneo miwis 0.15-dan 1.25 heqtaramde zomis nakveTebi (qveynis mTian nawilSi 3.0 heqtaramde). darCenili miwa ki saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi darCa da mxolod gamoyenebis uflebiT ganawilda.118 ase rom, 1992-1998 wlebis miwis reforma ar 117 es sakiTxi exeba soflebs: axal diokniss, xixans da Sulavers –marneulis raionSi, lemSvenieras, krwaniss da muxrovans _ gardabnis raionSi, koTelias, okamsa da ptenas _ axalqalaqis raionSi. 118 saqarTvelos ministrTa kabinetis 1992 wlis 18 ianvris #48 rezoluciis mixedviT, termini “gamoyeneba” gulisxmobs ‘ijaras’, ‘qiravnobas’, ‘uzufruqts’ an ‘aRnagobas’. amave dros, kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra, rom miwis reforma ar SeiZleba ganxorcielebuliyo saqarTelos saxelmwifo sazRvris gaswvriv, 21km-ian sasazRvro zonaSi, rac gulisxmobda, rom samcxe-javaxeTisa da qvemo qarTlis 65 gulisxmobda miwis privatizebas privatizacia mxolod 2005 Tavisi wels, SinaarsiT. „saxelmwifo qveyanaSi realuri sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurnelo daniSnulebis miwis privatizaciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis“ miRebis Sedegad daiwyo. dRes samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi bevri miwis nakveTia gankuTvnili privatizaciisaTvis. 2005 wlis kanonis mixedviT sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis privatizacia pirdapiri miyidvis, specialuri auqcionebisa da Ria auqcionebis meSveobiT unda ganxorcieldes. pirebs, romlebsac ukve ijariTa aqvT aRebuli saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi miwa, miwis pirdapiri Sesyidvis upiratesoba eniWebaT. miwa, eqvemdebareba. soflis, romelic amgvar dabis, ijariT auqcionSi Temisa da ar iyo gacemuli, monawileobis qalaqis specialur ufleba sakrebulos aqvT auqcions konkretuli teritoriul sazRvrebSi mcxovreb („sakomlo wignSi“ aRricxul) an piradobis mowmobis safuZvelze adgilobrivi registraciis mqone saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs. ijariT gaucemeli, an adre ijariT gacemuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis privatizacia xorcieldeba Ria auqcionis formiT da am SemTxvevaSi Ria auqcionSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqesa da saqarTveloSi registrirebul kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirs. kanonmdebloba raime SezRudvebs ar iTvaliswinebs saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis ijarasTan somxeTis, azerbaijanisa da TurqeTis sazRvrTan mdebareobis gamo am regionebis zogierTi nawilis mosaxleoba ver miiRebda tradiciul 0.15-1.25 heqtar miwas. mizezi qveynis saxelmwifo sazRvris dacvis amocana iyo. Tumca es wesi ar daicves mTeli qveynis masStabiT. SezRudvebi gamoiyenes qvemo qarTlSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi da Savi zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv, 3-kilometrian zonaSi. realurad yvelaze metad es politika Seexo qvemo qarTlSi azerbaijanelebs da samcxe-javaxeTSi somxebs, iseve, rogorc am regionebis yvela sxva mcxovrebs. da mainc, umTavresi gansxvaveba, rac samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTls Soris SeiniSneba, is aris, rom brZanebulebis miuxedavad, samcxe-javaxeTSi mosaxleobas mainc dauriges miwebi sasazRvro zonaSi, radgan aq adgilobrivi administracia ZiriTadad eTnikuri somxebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic sakuTari interesebis dasacavad gauTvaliswinebel RonisZiebebs mimarTaven da eTnikur somxebs arakanonierad unawileben miwas. ase rom, samcxe-javaxeTSi miwa SedarebiT samarTlianad gaanawiles. gansxvavebuli mdgomareobaa qvemo qarTlSi, sadac raionisa da soflis gamgeblebi (gansakuTrebiT es ukanasknelebi) xSirad miwas ijariT aZlevdnen kerZo pirebsa da kompaniebs. ase rom, 1993-96 wlebSi 21-kilometriani zolis didi nawili ijariT aRmoCnda gacemuli raionis gamgeblis naTesavebisa da axloblebisaTvis. Tumca zogjer soflis gamgeblebi (ZiriTadad azerbaijanelebi da qarTvelebi) raionis avtoritetebTan garigebis Sedegadac naxulobdnen sargebels. mogvianebiT, 1994 wlidan, 21-kilometriani SezRudva gauqmda da reformis Sedegad qvemo qarTlisa da samcxe-javaxeTis mosaxleobam 0.15-dan 1.25 heqtaramde sasoflo-sameurneo miwa miiRo eTnikuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad. interviu “miwis mesakuTreTa uflebebis dacvis asociaciis” direqtor jaba ebanoiZesTan, 27 noemberi, 2006 w. 66 dakavSirebiT. 2005 ekomigrantebsa da wels sxva sasoflo-sameurneo privatizebis privatizebis fermerebs, daniSnulebis sruli ufleba meore etapis romelTac ijariT miwebi, eniWebaT aRebuli dawyebis hqondaT miwis kanonmdeblobaSi Semdeg, aRebuli nakveTebis gansazRvruli principebis Sesabamisad.119 anu ekomigrantebs sruli ufleba aqvT, monawileoba miiRon pirdapir zemoT aRvniSneT, SesyidvebSi am da uflebebis specialur auqcionebSi, gamoyenebisaTvis Tumca, saWiroa, rogorc rom isini registrirebulni iyon sakrebulos „sakomlo wignSi“.120 aqve unda iTqvas, rom, marTalia, kanonis mixedviT yovel pirs erTnairi ufleba aqvs arsebuli miwis miRebaze, magram bevri ekomigranti Civis, rom miwa araTanabrad nawildeba. magaliTad, sofel spasovkis mcxovrebni xazgasmiT aRniSnaven, rom ninowmindis raionSi arian fermerebi, romlebic 500800 heqtar miwas floben, maSin, roca aWarel fermerebs 2.5 heqtarze meti ara aqvT. msgavsi situaciaa axalqalaqis raionis zogierT nawilSic. xSirad miwis floba eTnikur kuTvnilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. bevri Civis, rom maT Segnebulad eubnebian uars ufro meti miwis gamoyofaze im niSniT, rom isini somxur TemSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi arian.121 amgvari pretenziebi namdvilad ar uwyobs xels mezobluri urTierTobebis gaumjobesebas. 1990-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi privatizaciisa da miwis ganawilebis process Cveulebriv adgilobrivi xelisufleba akontrolebda da xSirad adgilobrivi xelisufleba Zalauflebas ametebda. garda amisa, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba iCagreboda sakuTari uflebebis arcodnisa da miwis privatizebis an ijariT aRebisaTvis finansuri SesaZleblobebis uqonlobis gamo. metic, miwis nakveTebis mniSvnelovani nawili adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa xelSi iyo koncentrirebuli, an naTesauri Tu korufciuli garigebis obieqti xdeboda, rac mosaxleobis uaryofiT reaqcias iwvevda miwebis 119 saqarTvelos kanoni “saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis privatizaciis Sesaxeb”, 2005 wlis 8 ivlisis redaqcia. 120 agreTve saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom “sakomlo wignSi” Canaweri Sesabamis dasaxlebaSi miwis an saxlis sakuTrebaSi flobis safuZvelze keTdeba. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac ekomigrantebi “sakomlo wignSi” ar arian registrirebulni da, amdenad, maT ufleba ara aqvT, monawileoba miiRon specialur auqcionebSi. 121 saubrebi sofel spasovkis mcxovreblebTan, 24 seqtemberi, 2006w. 67 diskriminaciuli dayofis gamo. amasTanave ijaris xelSekrulebebis didi nawili jerovnad ar iyo momzadebuli, rac amJamad dawyebul privatizaciis meore etaps aferxebs.122 ekomigrantebi xSirad miviwyebulad da izolirebulad Tvlian Tavs mTavrobisagan, romelmac im konkretul adgilebSi daasaxla migrantebi da regionSi integrirebis procesSi arafriT daexmara. sainteresoa, daCagrulad rom ekomigrantebi grZnoben Tavs, miwis magram miRebasTan qvemo qarTlis dakavSirebiT bevri xSirad azerbaijaneli fiqrobs, rom zogjer miwis ganawilebisas upiratesoba eTnikur qarTvelebs eniWebaT, gansakuTrebiT ki svanebs. magaliTad, sofel kapanaxCis sabWoTa meurneobis yofil Tavmjdomares (svans) adgilobrivma azerbaijanlebma brali dasdes, rom man 2003 wels mTeli arsebuli miwa Tavis naTesavebs gaunawila, ramac seriozuli mosaxleobas yovelTvis ar daZabuloba Soris.123 Tumca acxadeben. warmoSva azerbaijanel azerbaijanelebi azerbaijanuli da qarTvel ukmayofilebas mosaxleoba sakuTari (svan) xmamaRla uflebebis darRvevis Sesaxeb oficialur gancxadebebs ZiriTadad ar akeTebs, Tumca iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac adgilobrivma fermerebma orjer moawyves demonstracia qalaq marneulSi 2004 wels.124 122 kanoni gansazRvravs, rom saijaro xelSekrulebis qonis SemTxvevaSi moqalaqes ufleba eniWeba, pirdapiri SesyidviT moaxdinos im miwis privatizeba, romelic ijariT hqonda aRebuli. Tu moqalaqis saijaro xelSekruleba araadekvaturia, moqalaqes specialur auqcionSi mouxdeba monawileobis miReba. 123 “konfliqturi faqtorebis analizi marneul-gardabnis raionebSi: sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi,” kavkasiis mSvidobis, demokratiisa da ganviTarebis instituti; qvemo qarTlis regionSi kulturaTaSorisi TanamSromlobis kavSiri “most” da saqarTvelos azerbaijanel qalTa kavSiri, 2003w. 124 kidev erTi aRsaniSnavi faqti moxda 2004 wlis 3 dekembers marneulis raionSi. sofel kuTliaris daaxloebiT 300-mde azerbaijaneli mcxovrebi Tavs daesxa adgilobrivi sacxenosno fermis mepatroneebs, romlebic gankargavdnen soflis mimdebare miwis umetes nawils. mosaxleoba 320 heqtari miwis xelaxla gadanawilebas moiTxovda. Setakebis Sedegad mokles xanSi Sesuli azerbaijaneli qali, ramdenime adamiani ki daiWra. situacia imdenad mZime iyo, rom problemis gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebul molaparakebebSi azerbaijanis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebma da diplomatebma miiRes monawileoba. saqarTveloSi azerbaijanis elCma peticia miswera saqarTvelos prezidents, sadac marneulis azerbaijanuli mosaxleobisaTvis miwis saWiro raodenobis gamoyofisken mouwodebda. incidents mohyva kidev erTi _ azerbaijanuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis jgufis Ria werili saqarTvelos prezidentis mimarT, sadac laparaki iyo saqarTveloSi miwis privatizebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT azerbaijanuli Temebis uflebebis darRvevis Sesaxeb. es SemTxveva naTlad gvaCvenebs, rom miwis sakiTxi erT-erTi sakvanZo sakiTxia, rogorc qarTveli, ise araqarTveli adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis. radgan miwa Semosavlis miRebis erTaderTi wyaroa soflis mosaxleobisaTvis, isini ibrZvian ara ubralod miwis nakveTis, aramed arsebobis wyarosaTvis. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am konfliqts ufro ekonomikuri safuZveli aqvs, vidre eTnikuri. miuxedavad amisa, daZabulobas eTnikuri aspeqti aqvs da arsebobs realuri riski, rom miwis Taobaze kamaTi gamwvavebis SemTxvevaSi Sereul Temebs Soris Ria eTnikur konfliqtSi gadaizardos. marika liparteliani, “Tavdasxma sacxenosno fermaze kuTlarSi danakargiT dasrulda”, rezonansi, 6 dekemberi, 2004 w, #333 sivil jorjia, “azerbaijaneli arasamTavroboebi Sewuxebulni arian azerbaijanelTa uflebebis gamo saqarTveloSi”, 9 dekemberi, 2004 w. 68 miwis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT walkis raioni sruliad gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa. walkis raionSi axalCamosulebsa da mkvidr mosaxleobas Soris arsebuli mTavari problema miwis simcirea. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saerTod walkaSi Camosulebs Soris ekomigrantebis wili Zalze mcirea. marTalia, sxva axalCamosulTagan (spontanuri migrantebi) gansxvavebiT, ekomigrantebi regionSi Cveulebriv oficialurad arian dasaxlebulni, magram ekomigrantebs da sxva axalCamosulebs mainc saerTo problemebi aqvT, kerZod: arc erT am jgufs ar miuRia miwa, Tu ar CavTvliT 0.2 heqtar sakarmidamo nakveTs. tradiciulad berZnul soflebSi migrantebi miwas berZnebisgan iReben ijariT. es ukanasknelni TavianTi imigrirebuli naTesavebis kuTvnil _ TiTqmis mTeli soflis saxlebsa da miwebs akontroleben. logikuria, rom berZnebs am miwis gankargvis ufleba axalCamosuli hqondeT, magram qarTvelebisaTvis aSkara diskomfortis materialuri mizezi uTanasworoba xdeba. qarTvelebi xSirad amboben, rom `sakuTar qveyanaSi~, `sakuTar miwaze~ maT ise epyrobian, rogorc stumrebs”.125 es grZnoba zrdis daZabulobas, migrantTa moTxovnebi ufro agresiuli xdeba, miT umetes, rom miwa, romelsac migrantebi berZnebisgan ijariT iReben, ver iqneba privatizebuli. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa gancxadebiT, 1999 wlis saxelmwifo gadawyvetileba iTvaliswinebda walkaSi yofili kolmeurneobis kuTvnili miwis 0.5-1.15 heqtaramde ganawilebas yvela ojaxisaTvis, miuxedavad maTi eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa, magram zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo aWarlebis umravlesobas miwa ar misces. garda amisa, aWareli migrantebis umetesoba regionSi 1999 wlis Semdeg Camovida. ase rom, ekomigrantebis did nawils da da sxva Sida migrantebs walkis raionSi formalurad miwa ar ekuTvniT.126 rogorc ki walkaSi miwis privatizaciis meore etapi daiwyeba (2005 wlis kanonis safuZvelze), 2000 wlis Semdeg sakuTari iniciativiT Camosaxlebuli ixileT saitze: http://www.civil.ge/eng/article_ngo.php?id=8542. 125 interviuebi walkis raionSi, 25-26 ivlisi, 2006 w. 126 interviu walkis raionis gamgebel mixeil cqitiSvilTan, 25 ivlisi, 2006 w. 69 migrantebi seriozuli problemebis winaSe dadgebian. saxlebis Rirebuleba xSirad nawil-nawil aris gadaxdili da ramdenime sofelSi ekomigrantebs jerac ara aqvT dafaruli adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan (berZnebi da somxebi) nayidi saxlebis mTliani Rirebuleba. Rirebulebis srul dafarvamde qoneba (iuridiulad) im Zveli mflobelis an gamyidvelis sakuTrebaSi rCeba, vis saxelzec iyo registrirebuli Tavidan. Sesabamisad, Semsyidvelebi (migrantebi) ar arian gaformebulni am saxlebSi, ase rom, ufleba ara aqvT, monawileoba miiRon miwis privatizaciis specialur auqcionebSi. maT jer kidev aqvT Ria auqcionSi monawileobis imedi, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi sasurveli adgilobrivi miwis Sesyidvis albaToba minimaluria. marTalia, spontanurad CamosulTa umravlesoba ekomigranti ar aris, magram sakuTari iniciativiT Camosul ekomigrantTa Sefardeba ar aris umniSvnelo. magaliTad, TeTrwyaroSi maTi raodenoba daaxloebiT 220-ia.127 Tu es sakiTxebi ar mogvarda, aman, SesaZloa, daZabulobis axali wyaro warmoSvas. problemebi arsebobs miwis privatizaciis TvalsazrisiTac. pirvel rigSi, miwis privatizaciis kanoni ar exeba adre berZnebis mflobelobaSi myof miwas, romelic formalurad axlac im berZnebs ekuTvnis, vinc ukve datova qveyana. xSirad es maRali xarisxis niadagia, romelic xelmiuwvdomelia axalCamosuli migranti mosaxleobisaTvis. meorec, miwis privatizaciis kanoni iTvaliswinebs arakerZo mflobelobaSi arsebuli miwis gayidvas specialuri auqcionebis saSualebiT, magram am auqcionSi monawileobis ufleba mxolod soflis sakrebuloSi registrirebul pirebsa aqvT. ase rom, axalCamosulebs amis aranairi ufleba ar gaaCniaT. am mizeziT walkis raionis gamgebelma mixeil cqitiSvilma raionSi privatizaciis kanonis ganxorcieleba droebiT SeaCera. is cdilobs, centraluri xelisufleba daarwmunos, rom an auqcionebSi monawileobis Tanabari ufleba miscen axalCamosulebs, an sxva saSualebebiT gadaWran es problema.128 es problema mainc centraluri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma unda moagvaron. 127 128 interviu TeTriwyaros raionis gamgeblis moadgile enver gabuldanTan, 20 oqtomberi, 2006 w. interviu walkis raionis gamgebel mixeil cqitiSvilTan, 15 ivlisi, 2006w. 70 am dros walkis somxuri mosaxleobac Civis diskriminaciis Taobaze. acxadeben, rom adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi Tanamdebobebis isini dakavebisas qarTvelebs upiratesoba eniWebaT da, Sedegad, somxebs daskvna gamoaqvT, rom axalCamosulebisaTvis xSirad ufro advilia maTi iuridiuli da administraciuli problemebis gadaWra, vidre somxebisa da berZnebisTvis. es pretenzia exeba samuSao adgilebsac. adgilobrivi somxebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli Temaa baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqti, romelic 2002-2005 wlebSi walkis raionisTvis samuSao adgilebis mTavari wyaro iyo. marTlac, aRmoCnda, rom daqiravebuli somxebisa da adgilobrivi muSaxelis wili gacilebiT naklebi iyo, vidre qarTvelebisa xolo proeqtSi dasaqmebuli qarTvelebi, rogorc wesi, iyvnen aWaridan da svaneTidan axalCamosulebi, ekomigrantebis CaTvliT. milsadenidan 2 kilometrSi mdebare sofel kizilkilisas somexi mcxovreblebi Ciodnen, rom maTi soflidan mxolod 5 adamians misces milsadenze samuSao adgili.129 aseTma viTarebam somexi mosaxleobis ukiduresi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia da udavod seriozuli gavlena moaxdina regionSi SidaeTnikur urTierTobebze. rac Seexeba miwis sakiTxs javaxeTSi, mdgomareoba arc aq aris ukeTesi _ Tu uaresi ara. gansakuTrebiT es exeba sofel spasovkas, sadac miwasTan dakavSirebuli daZabuloba gansaxlebis adreul wlebSi TiTqmis Zaladobriv konfliqtSi gadaizarda. Casaxlebis pirvel wlebSi (1990) ekomigrantebma TxovniT mimarTes soflis adgilobriv xelmZRvanels (erovnebiT somexs), rom maTTvis ijariT gamoeyo 1,000 heqtari miwa. es Txovna kanonis farglebs ar scildeboda, Tumca adgilobrivma xelisuflebam masze uari ganacxada. Sedegad, qarTvelma migrantebma gadawyvites, sakuTari uflebebi daecvaT da soflis skolis win demonstracia moawyves arsebuli pirobebis mimarT protestis gamosaxatad. ekomigrantebsa da soflis adgilobriv mmarTvelobas Soris situacia gamwvavda. amasTanave sofelSi sxva soflebidan 500 somexi Semovida. safrTxis winaSe damdgarma aWarlebma ninowmindis raionis xelisuflebas mimarTes. am dros kostavas sazogadoebasTan asocirebuli 129 mSeneblobis periodSi bp-s politika mimarTuli iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobis daqiravebisken. amasTan prioriteti eniWeboda mosaxleobas, romelic milsadenidan 2 km-s zonaSi an miwiszeda konstruqciebidan 5 km-s zonaSi cxovrobda. 71 qarTuli paramilitaristuli jgufebi daba ninowmindaSi iyvnen ganlagebulni. rodesac spasovkaSi miliciis nawilebi Cavida, situacia ukve ukiduresad iyo daZabuli. rogorc iqauri aWarlebis lideri acxadebda, maT eSinodaT, rom somxebi daesxmodnen Tavs. miliciis jgufma orive mxaresTan molaparakebis Sedegad moaxerxa konfliqtis ganmuxtva da sabolood qarTvel migrantebs miwa gamouyves.130 mogvianebiT kidev erTma incidentma gamoiwvia daZabuloba. 1995 wels spasovkis mcxovreblebs saTibebi CamoarTves. miwis mflobelobasTan dakavSirebuli es saqme bundovani iyo da adgilobrivma oficialurma pirebma gadawyvites, spasovkis mcxovrebTaTvis am miwis gamoyeneba SeezRudaT. bunebrivia, aman seriozuli ukmayofileba gamoiwvia qarTul mosaxleobaSi. saerTod, spasovkis mcxovrebelebi Civian, rom soflis miwebi sxva soflebis somex mcxovreblebs gadasces, maSin, roca spasovkaSi Casaxlebulebi miwis naklebobas ganicdian. 1996 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT ekomigrantebs 4 heqtari miwa spasovkaSi aeRoT saSualeba ijariT. hqondaT, miuxedavad ojaxze imisa, rom ekomigrantebma miwis ijariT aRebis TiToeul kontraqtze 80 lari gadaixades, maT ar miuRiaT oficialuri kontraqtebi, riTac am miwis ijariT aRebis SeZlebdnen.131 dadasturebas dRes _ privatizaciis moaxloebisas _ oficialuri dokumentebis arqona niSnavs, rom maT, visac miwis privatizeba moundeba, amis SesaZlebloba ar eqnebaT, radgan isini miwis ijariT aRebis sabuTs ver waradgenen. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom es problemebi xSirad gvxvdeba mxolod somxebiT dasaxlebul soflebSic, sadac garkveul jgufebs _ xSirad oficialuri pirebis naTesavebs _ privilegirebulad aZleven miwas. spasovkis mcxovrebTa SemTxvevaSi ki arsebobs daZabulobis eTnikur konfliqtSi gadasvlis albaToba.132 dRes spasovkaSi miwis naklebobaa, rac ekomigrantebs ojaxebis zrdasTan 130 131 132 erTad walkaSi gadasvlisaken ubiZgebs, maSin, rodesac sxva interviu sofel spasovkis mkvidr jemal vanaZesTan, 24 seqtemberi, 2006 w. igive interviuebi spasovkaSi, 23-25 seqtemberi, 2006 w. 72 (somxuri) soflebis mcxovreblebi spasovkis mimdebare miwebs ijariT iReben. es faqti qarTuli mosaxleobis did ukmayofilebas iwvevs. enis sakiTxi ekomigrantebis integraciisa da adaptaciis mniSvnelovani sakiTxi da arsebiTi faqtoria procesSi kidev erTi enis sakiTxi. rogorc walkis adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenelma ganacxada saubrisas, „megobrebs konfliqtebis gadawyveta erTmaneTSi komunikaciiT SeuZliaT, magram, rodesac jgufebi komunikacias ver axdenen enobrivi barieris gamo, konfliqtis gadaWris sxva meqanizmi ar arsebobs.”133 es problema arsebobs rogorc qvemo qarTlSi, ise javaxeTSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qvemo qarTlsa da javaxeTSi qarTuli soflebi somxuri da azerbaijanuli soflebiTaa garSemortymuli, magram am soflebs Soris urTierToba Zalze SezRudulia. es gansakuTrebiT exeba im qarTul soflebs, romlebic mxolod ekomigrantebiTaa dasaxlebuli. aWareli ekomigrantebis Zalian mcire procenti laparakobs rusulad, xolo somxuri, azerbaijanuli da berZnulii mosaxleobis Zalian mcire nawili _ qarTulad. marTalia, erovnuli umciresobebis bevr warmomadgenels aqvs qarTulis swavlis survili da gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebi acnobiereben, rom es maT qarTul sazogadoebaSi integraciasa da karieruli SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas daexmareba, magram wlebia saWiro, rom qveynis yvela Temma erT saerTo enaze SeZlos urTierToba. udavo faqtia, rom gansxvavebuli eTnikuri Temebi Znelad amyareben urTierTobas erTmaneTTan da erTad ar ganixilaven socialur an ekonomikur sakiTxebs. ase rom, eTnikur safuZvelze Seqmnili komunaluri problemebis mogvareba Znelia adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis (gamgobis) Carevis gareSe. mTlianobaSi, Camosaxlebuli da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ZiriTadi problemebi socialuri da ekonomikuri xasiaTisaa. miwis mcire nakveTebze martivi 133 SekamaTebac ki SeiZleba advilad gadaizardos seriozul interviu walkis raionis gamgebel mixeil cqitiSvilTan, 15 ivlisi, 2006 w. 73 konfliqtSi, aRqmuli romelic ara bevr mxolod SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis, eTnikur aramed konfrontaciad adgilobrivi iqneba xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa da sxvadasxva interesTa jgufebis mierac. am mxriv qvemo qarTli da javaxeTi gansakuTrebiT nayofieri niadagia da eWvgareSea, rom socialur-ekonomikur situaciaSi arsebuli konfliqtis gaRvivebis SesaZlebloba safrTxes uqmnis stabilurobas regionSi. es faqti kidev ufro usvams xazs saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier adgilobriv erovnul umciresobebsa da Camosaxlebulebs Soris daZabulobis winaaRmdeg politikis SemuSavebis aucileblobas. aseve umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia sistematuri zomebis miReba ekologiuri migraciis regulirebisaTvis. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi migraciis umarTavma procesma, romelic ekonomikur krizissa da politikur areulobas daemTxva, bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi aTasobiT saqarTvelos moqalaqe datova samarTlebriv vakuumSi. migraciis procesebs qveynis zogierT regionSi eTnikur jgufebs Soris urTierTobebis gauareseba mohyva. radgan stiqiuri ubedurebebis Sedegad dazaralebuli ojaxebis ricxvi Zalze didia rogorc aWaraSi, ise svaneTSi da 60,000-ze meti adamiani iyo gansaxlebuli bunebrivi kataklizmebis gamo, ekologiuri migraciis sakiTxi bevrad meti yuradRebis daTmobas imsaxurebs, vidre es dRemde xdeba. saWiroa, Camoyalibdes migraciis marTvis politikis sistema. 2006 wels saqarTvelos mTavroba afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi samoqalaqo omis Sedegad qveynis SigniT gadaadgilebul dakavebuli pirTa intergaciis strategiis SemuSavebiT iyo da saTanado yuradReba ver dauTmo ekomigrantebs. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ekomigraciis menejmenti rTuli da resurstevadi sakiTxia. uaxloes warsulSi garkveuli winsvla SeimCneva. “vardebis Semdeg axalma xelisuflebam mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadadga revoluciis” mTeli qveynis masStabiT (svaneTisa da aWaris CaTvliT) ekologiuri mizeziT dazaralebuli 74 an potenciur migranti ojaxebis monacemTa bazis Seqmnis dasrulebisTvis. Tumca es qveynis winaSe mdgari seriozuli problemis realurad gadawyvetis kompleqsuri strategis SemuSavebis mxolod sawyisi etapi unda iyos. mocemul dokumentSi vecadeT, ekologiuri migraciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri aspeqtidan orze gagvemaxvilebina yuradReba: pirveli, ekomigrantebis mdgomareobis gaanalizebiT, mogvewodebina saWiro informacia ekologiuri migraciis menejmentis strategiis SesamuSaveblad, sadac ekologiuri mizeziT gadaadgilebulTa moTxovnebi iqneboda gaTvaliswinebuli; da meore, SevecadeT yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina upiratesad erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebze da im problemebze romlebac Tavi iCines ekologiuri migraciebis Sedegad. pirveli sakiTxi qvemoT iqneba konkretulad ganxiluli. mas Tan darTuli aqvs rekomendaciebi. Cveni azriT, saWiroa, SemuSavebul iqnes ekomigrantebis dacvis sakanonmdeblo struqtura da, rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania, ekologiuri migraciis procesis marTvis mravalmxrivi saxelmwifo strategia. meore sakiTxi, mimoxilvas. am ekomigrantebis kvlevis dasaxleba, Sedegad naTeli aseve gaxda, saWiroebs rom saboloo ekomigraciam zogan seriozuli daZabuloba warmoSva mimReb TemebSi. kerZod, am naSromSi aqcenti gakeTda samcxe-javaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlze da mis eTnikuri umciresobebis warmomadgenel mosaxleobaze. es imas ar niSnavs, rom problemebi ar iyo mimReb qarTvel TemebSi. faqtia, rom samegreloSi Casaxlebuli bevri ekomigrantic ukan dabrunda da maT adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan daZabuloba SeeqmnaT bevr sxva regionSic. Tumca umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi Casaxlebisas ikveTeba tendencia, rom Casaxleba eTnikur TvalsazrisiT ganixileba da adgilobriv mcxovreblebsa da Camosulebs Soris daZabulobac eTnikur konfliqtad damaxasiaTebeli aRiqmeba. gegmis postsabWoTa mTavrobebis xeli mimReb TemebSi eWvgareSea, ararsebobam, rom sabWoTa migraciis procesisaTvis xelmZRvanelebisa da mier daSvebulma Secdomebma mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo daZabulobis Seqmnas. arada, adgilebze ukeTesi 75 politikis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi am problemebis didi nawili Tavidan iqneboda acilebuli. savaraudoa, rom saxelmwifo gansaxlebis politika nawilobriv sasazRvro ubnebsa da umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi eTnikuri qarTvelebis warmomadgenlobis gaZlierebis nacionalisturi programiT iyo nakarnaxevi. Tumca, isic unda vaRiaroT, rom gansaxlebisas im faqtiTac xelmZRvanelobdnen, rom mza saxlebi ufro xelmisawvdomi iyo erovnuli umciresobebis mier datovebul regionebSi, rogorc, magaliTad, walkaSi 1990iani wlebis bolos da Semdgom periodSi. am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi Sida migrantTa dasaxlebis mimarT dabalansebuli midgomis SemuSaveba. mocemuli naSromis mizani ar aris iseT kompleqsuri SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, Tu ra moculobiT SeiZleba ekologiuri da sxva Sida migrantebis Casaxleba umciresobebiT dasaxlebul iseT regionebSi, rogoric javaxeTi da qvemo qarTlia. Tumca sasargeblo da realuri iqneboda erovnuli umciresobebis uflebaTa dacvis CarCo-konvenciis gaxseneba da misi pirobebis _ rogorc am mimarTulebiT politikis warmarTvis gaTvaliswineba. 2005 dekemberSi wlis saxelmZRvanelo saqarTveloSi principebis _ ratificirebuli am konvenciis me-16 muxlSi dadgenilia, rom: mxareebma Tavi unda Seikavon iseTi qmedebebisgan, romlebic erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul romlebic teritoriebSi miznad isaxavs mosaxleobis raodenobriv CarCo-konvenciidan Sefardebas gamomdinare cvlis uflebebisa da da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvas. erovnuli umciresobebis CarCo-konvenciis ganmartebiT moxsenebaSi (muxli 8182) miTiTebulia, rom es muxli krZalavs “mxolod im zomebs, romlebic CarCokonvenciaSi mocemuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvas isaxavs miznad“. aseve aRniSnulia, rom es akrZalva ar vrceldeba uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis iseT amkrZalav RonisZiebebze, romlebic dasabuTebuli da 76 legitimuria. dasabuTebuli mcxovrebTa gadasaxleba SeiZleba gansaxlebis magaliTia soflis kaSxlis mSeneblobis SemTxvevaSi. meore magaliTi ki iyos ekologiuri aq mniSvnelovania farglebSi. erT-erTi mizeziT moqalaqeTa is, Casaxleba rom gadasaxleba xdeba qveynis CarCo-konvenciis Sesabamisad. am mxriv CarCo-konvenciis aSkara darRveva iqneboda imis xazgasma, rom ekomigrantebisaTvis gansaxlebis adgilis SerCevisas miznadaa dasaxuli erovnuli umciresobebiT dasaxlebul regionebSi demografiuli suraTis Secvla, Tumca konvenciis darRveva ar iqneboda adgilnacval pirTaTvis Sesaferisi gansaxlebis adgilis pona. rogorc qvemoTaa aRniSnuli ekologiuri migraciis SemuSavebaSi uzrunvelyofili warmomadgenlebis, rekomendaciebSi, strategiis aramed SemuSaveba. unda mimRebi iyos Temebis ara Cveni azriT, gansaxlebis mxolod monawileoba; saWiroa politikis ekomigrantTa amasTanave es monawileoba mxolod politikis SemuSavebiT ki ar unda Semoifarglebodes, aramed orive jgufma aqtiurad unda iTanamSromlos ufro praqtikul etapzec _ rodesac moxdeba ekomigrantTa axali ganTavsebis adgilebis gansazRvra. momaval mimReb TemebTan konsultaciebis procesi ukiduresad mniSvnelovani iqneba imisaTvis, rom davrwmundeT, rom erovnuli umciresobebi (aseve qarTuli mimRebi Temebic) ar arian winaaRmdegni. amgvarad Tavidan aviridebT daZabulobas ekomigrantebis dasaxlebis adgilebSi. axla davubrundeT mTavar sakiTxs anu ekomigrantebs. vfiqrobT, rom am problemebis mogvarebis saxelisuflebo mcdelobebi or sivrces unda Seexos: pirvel rigSi, xelisuflebam unda imuSaos momavalSi ekologiuri adgilnacvalobis gegmaze da, saWiroa, rom man gansaxlebis mravalmxrivi strategia Camoayalibos; meore rigSi, muSaoba unda Seexos im ekomigrantTa problemebs, romlebic 1987 wlidan Casaxldnen da dRemde awydebian sirTuleebs, ZiriTadad saxlebisa da miwebis formalur mflobelobasTan dakavSirebiT. 77 rekomendaciebi: saSualo da grZelvadiani RonisZiebebi RonisZiebebi ekologiuri miReba. migraciis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba warmatebuli Sesabamisi ekologiuri politikisa da am kanonmdeblobis migraciis sakmaod susti SemuSaveba Sesaxeb jgufis da gansaxlebis dacvis erT-erTi umTavresi safuZvelia. dRes ekomigrantebi, maTi situaciis specifikurobis gamo, uufleboni da daucvelni arian. arsebuli qarTuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi ar aris valdebulebebis dacva. gaTvaliswinebuli am mizniT ekomigrantTa saqarTvelos uflebebisa parlamentma unda da miiRos kanoni ekologiuri mizeziT adgilnacval pirTa Sesaxeb. amis alternativa SeiZleba aseve iyos arsebul kanonmdeblobaSi Sesworebebis Setana. qveynis SigniT adgilnacval pirTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni134 (bolos Sesworda 2006 wlis ivnisSi) ar ganixilavs bunebrivi da/an xelovnuri katastrofebis Sedegad adgilnacval pirebs da, amdenad, ewinaaRmdegeba “Sida adgilnacvalobis ZiriTad principebs”, romlebic gaerom 1998 wels daadgina.135 ekologiuri mizeziT adgilnacval pirTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT saqarTvelos parlaments SeuZlia, Sesworebebi miiRos adgilnacvali pirebis Sesaxeb ukve arsebul kanonSi ekomigrantTa statusis, uflebebisa da valdebulebebis CamatebiT Sida adgilnacvalobasTan dakavSirebiT gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebis Sesabamisad. amas mohyveba _ gaeros saxelmZRvanelo pricipebis Sesabamisad _ “adgilnacvali piris” ganmartebis gakeTeba, rogorc “pirisa, romelic iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili da gadaadgilebuliyo qveynis teritoriis farglebSi SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis, bunebrivi adamianis Tu adamianis moqmedebiT uflebebis gamowveuli masobrivi ubedurebis darRvevis gamo, an an mis Tavidan asacileblad”. ekologiuri migraciis marTvis grZelvadiani strategia. sasurvelia, rom centralur doneze dafuZndes uwyebaTaSorisi organo, romelic ltolvilTa 134 kanoni ixileT veb-gverdze: http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDLEGAL/44ab85324.pdf 135 sruli teqsti ixileT veb-gverdze: http://www.reliefweb.int/ocha_ol/pub/idp_gp/idp.html 78 da gansaxlebis saministros, finansTa saministros, garemos da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros, soflis meurneobis saministros da sxva Sesabamisi aRmasrulebeli organoebis maRali rangis pirebiT iqneba dakompleqtebuli. es saxelmwifo uwyebebi, maTi kompetenciebis Sesabamisad, SeZleben, adekvaturad dagegmon da Camoayalibon gansaxlebis grZelvadiani stretegia. garda amisa, centralurma xelisuflebam unda imuSaos ramdenime adgilobriv da organizaciebTanac, saerTaSoriso raTa organizaciasTan, gansaxlebis programis aseve donor Camoyalibebisa da Sesrulebis procesSi maTi finansuri da informaciuli daxmareba moipovos. amave dros, saWiroa, mTavrobam iTanamSromlos adgilobriv da saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan, informaciisa da monacemTa, aseve gamocdilebis gaziarebis mizniT da aqtiurad CarTos erovnuli da saerTaSoriso saagentoebi (UNHCR, IOM, CoE, INGOs) strategiuli gegmis SemuSavebaSi. amdenadve mniSvnelovania ekologiur migrantTa Temebis da mimRebi Temebis warmomadgenelTa CarTva strategiis SemuSavebaSi. ekologiuri migrantebis strategiis SemuSavebisaTvis mdgomareobis Semdgomi aucilebeli kvleva. metic, iqneba saWiroa, Casaxlebamde gamokvleul iqnes savaraudo mimRebi Temebic. garemos dacvis sakiTxebi, ekonomikuri pirobebi eTnikuri da demografiuli faqtorebi da kulturuli gansxvavebebi adaptaciis procesis mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtorebia.136 gansaxlebis strategia ramdenime punqts unda moicavdes, romlebic urTierTkavSirSia: moqmedebaTa saTadarigo gegma. centralur xelisuflebasa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs moulodneli stiqiuri ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis specialuri strategia sWirdebaT. unda Camoyalibdes specialuri samoqmedo gegma, romelic stiqiuri adamianebis saWiroebebs ubedurebebis Sedegad dazaralebuli daakmayofilebs. barSi unda aSendes droebiTi 136 swrafi da mSvidi adaptaciis procesi sxvadasxva kulturis, eTnikuri da religiuri kuTvnilebis adamianebs Soris mSvidobiani da megbruli urTierTobis damyarebas Seuwyobs xels. metic, adaptaciis procesis warmatebas xels Seuwyobs mimReb regionebSi adeqvaturi dagegmva. 79 TavSesafarebi da ganTavsebis adgilebi; unda Seiqmnas specialuri sarezervo fondebi _ samedicino da humanitaruli daxmarebisaTvis da a.S. gansaxlebis daxmarebis programa. daxmarebis am programam migrantebs xeli unda Seuwyos ekonomikur adaptacaSi ekologiur Casaxlebis yvelaze rTul _ pirvel periodSi. Casaxlebis dros ekomigrantebs xeli unda SeewyoT finansuri daxmarebebiT. saxelmwifos daxmarebis gareSe ekomigrantisaTvis ukiduresad Znelia axali cxovrebis dawyeba ucnob adgilas. saqarTvelos SigniT adgilnacval pirTa (ekologiuri Tu omis mizeziT) ukve arsebuli gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom 10, 15 an 20 wlis Semdegac ki, adgilnacvali pirebi sustad arian adaptirebulni maTi dasaxlebis adgilas. adgilnacvali pirebi sazogadoebis erT-erT uRaribes segmentad rCebian. integraciis programa, romelic socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo integraciis yvela aspeqts moicavs. programaSi saTanadod unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli mimRebi Temebis adgilobrivi specifika da axali mimRebi Temebis SerCevis procesSi sistematuri Sefasebisa da konsultaciebis praqtika. 1987 wlidan Casaxlebuli ekomigrantebisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis programa. programa mimarTuli iqneba im ekomigrantebis daxmarebisken, visac jer kidev aqvs problemebi saxlebis formalur mflobelobasTan da miwis xelmisawvdomobasTan TuU mflobelobasTan dakavSirebiT. moklevadiani RonisZiebebi ECMI - aWaris damoukidebel JurnalistTa saxlTan TanamSromlobiT iniciativas aiRebs da organizebas gaukeTebs xelisuflebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa monawileobiT mrgvali magidis Sexvedrebis serias, romlis mizani iqneba grZelvadiani miznebis xelSemwyobi qmedebebis inicireba. 80 ltolvilTa saerTaSoriso da gansaxlebis arasamTavrobo saministro, savaraudod organizaciebTan adgilobriv TanamSromlobiT, da SeZlebs, Seafasos miwis mflobelobasTan dakavSirebuli mdgomareoba, gansakuTrebiT walkis raionSi. arsebul mdgomareobaSi, rodesac miwis didi nakveTebi emigrirebuli berZnebis mflobelobaSia, saWiroa kvlevis Catareba, romelic daadgens miwis arsebul mflobelebs, ris safuZvelzec miReben Sesabamis zomebs am miwis Sesyidvisa da amJamad soflebSi mcxovrebTa Soris misi oficialur gadanawilebis uzrunvelsayofad. xelisuflebam meti yuradReba unda dauTmos ekologiur migrantebs da meti Tanxebi unda gamoiyos maTi gansaxlebis programebisaTvis. 2004-2005 wlebSi saxelmwifos mier Sesyiduli saxlebi ZiriTadad imaTTvis iyo gankuTnili, vinc ukve mimRebebs Casaxlda udavod iq sakuTari sWirdebodaT iniciativiT. sakuTari marTalia, statusis daxmarebis legalizeba, am magram saxelmwifo veRar daexmara bevr im ojaxs, romelic saswrafo gadasaxlebas saWiroebs. ekomigrantebisa da ekomigraciis mimarT sistematizebuli midgomis SemuSaveba qmediT saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, politikaze moaxdinos socialuri dayrdnobiT krizisebis saSualebas prevencia da miscems xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi Seamciros finansuri danaxarjebi, amave dros xeli Seuwyos integraciisa da ganviTarebis procesebs qveyanaSi. xangrZlivi periodis perspeqtivaSi amgvari RonisZiebebi xels Seuwyobs mTavrobis SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas, qveyanaSi stabilurobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebas. 81 sul saqarTveloSi Tbilisi baTumi walka dmanisi TeTriwyaro marneuli gardabani bolnisi borjomi aspinZa adigeni axalcixe ninowminda axalqalaqi raioni cxrili 1 danarTi 3,433.011 68.75% 371,608 7,44% 1979 wlis aRwera qarTve ruseb l. i 3,067 1,788 4.40% 2.57% 370 3,830 1.1% 10.46% 21,702 2,910 43.10% 5,78% 18,007 424 90.15% 2.13% 9,651 56 77.76% 0.45% 25,351 1,631 68.10% 4.38% 12,032 1,377 17.52% 2,00% 46,306 6,614 46.01% 6,57% 6,453 3,250 6.42% 3,32% 15,665 2,416 44.4% 6,86% 5,774 691 12.95% 1.55% 1,710 360 3.47% 0,73% 73,126 24,781 59.80% 20,26% 656,431 129,143 62.15% 12,23% 95,105 1,90% 70 0.10% 33 0.09% 230 0,46% 21 0.11% 14 0.11% 1,403 3.77% 2,031 2,96 1,423 1,41% 3,791 3,77% 3,637 21,68% 3,537 7.94% 30,811 62,45% 2,576 2,11% 16,179 1,53% berZn. 448,000 8,97% somxe bi 63,692 91,70% 32,231 87.99% 24,035 47,74% 1,263 6.32% 2,654 21.38% 4,699 12.62% 6,396 9,31% 2,093 2,08% 12,986 28,37% 5,044 14,32% 2,308 5.18% 13,996 38,37% 13,936 11,40% 152,900 14,48% 255,678 5,12% 142 0,20% 87 0.24% 119 0,24% 46 0.23% 14 0.11% 64 0.17% 45,914 66.84% 39,956 39.70% 72,965 72,57% 2,336 6,63% 32,164 72.16% 2,231 4,52% 528 0,43% 12,867 1,22% azer. 3,787.393 70.1% 341,172 6.3% 1989 wlis aRwera qarTve rusebi l 3,005 1,737 4.3% 2,5% 454 3,161 1.2% 8.3% 25,648 3,426 46.8% 6,2% 19,491 294 91.6% 1.4% 10,753 45 80.1% 0.3% 28,057 1,768 82.0% 4.53% 17,688 1,210 21.7% 1.48% 52,396 6,263 45.7% 5.5% 7,805 2,930 6.5% 2.43% 16,732 2,367 45.9% 6.5% 14,590 579 28.1% 1.1% 1,613 320 3.6% 0,7% 90,253 21,112 65.9% 15,14% 824,412 124,867 66.1% 10,0% 100,324 1.9% 68 0,10% 35 0.09% 239 0,4% 23 0.1% 15 0.11% 1,313 3.36% 2,345 2.87% 1,522 1.3% 3,657 3.4% 8,413 23.1% 3,174 6.1% 27,127 61,0% 2,747 2,0% 21,722 1,7% berZn. 437,211 8.1% somxe bi 63,092 91,3% 33,964 89.62% 23,469 42,8% 1.237 5.8% 2,565 19.1% 3,877 9.94% 5,545 6,8% 1,617 1.4% 12,581 10.45% 4,520 12.4% 187 0.4% 12,671 28,5% 13,394 9,8% 150,138 12,0% 82 307,556 5.7% 171 0.2% 43 0.11% 118 0.2% 50 0.23% 11 0.08% 61 0.15% 53,808 65.98% 48,781 42.5% 91,923 76.35% 2,499 6.8% 33,107 63.9% 2,281 5.1% 665 0.9% 17,986 1.4% azer. 3,661.173 83.75% 67,671 1,55% 2002 wlis aRwera qarTve ruseb l. i 3,124 157 5.27% 0.06% 476 963 1.39% 2.75% 28,473 410 64.72% 0,89% 19,860 101 95.70% 0.46% 10.671 34 82.02% 0.26% 27,301 585 84.21% 18.0% 19,926 414 26.82% 0,56% 60,832 994 53.20% 0,87% 9,503 523 8.04% 0,44% 18,769 689 74.03% 2,72% 8,759 156 31.24% 0.56% 2,510 125 12.02% 0,60% 104,313 6,300 85.64% 5,17% 910,712 32,580 84.19% 3,01% 15,166 0,35% 51 0.08% 5 0.01% 129 0,28% 7 0.03% 8 0.06% 540 1.67% 438 0,59% 236 0,21% 396 0,33% 1,281 5,05% 218 0.78% 4,589 21,97% 587 0,48% 3,792 0,35% berZn 248,929 5,69% somxe bi 57,516 94,33% 32.857 95.78% 16,879 36,59% 698 3.36% 2,273 17.47% 3124 9.64% 4,316 5,81% 1,060 0,93% 9,329 7,89% 2,632 10,38% 147 0,52% 11,484 54,98% 7,517 6,17% 82,586 7,63% 284,761 6,51% 3 0,00% 2 0.00% 13 0,03% 17 0.08% 0 0.00% 24 0.27% 49,026 65.98% 49,993 43.72% 98,245 83.10% 1,641 6,47% 18,716 66.76% 1,992 9,54% 301 0,25% 10,942 0,01% azer. xulo xulo kikineTi cixisubani xulo xulo xulo xulo xulo xulo xulo apnia gogaSeni okami azmana CunCxa ptena koTelia 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1989 1988 1985 1985 66 53 67 53 80 60 131 27 42 22 53 34 34 101 ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili 12 14 15 24 15 36 78 14 32 25 254 43 36 42 70 53 83 registrirebuli mosaxleoba (ojaxebis mix.) 78 58 140 xulo zanavi 1982-83 ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili ar aris cnobili 36 78 14 32 25 254 43 dasrulebuli saxlebis raodenoba* axalqalaqi xulo sairme 1982 36 78 14 32 25 254 43 gegmurad asaSenebeli saxlebis raodenoba* 78 xulo 1981 19821982-83 1982-83 1980-1981 1981 Casaxlebis wlebi jami adigeni Wela xulo xulo xulo xulo xulo rusTavi iveria gulsunda miraSxani oTa jami xulo oSra aspinZa warmoSobis raioni Casaxlebis adgili soflebi Casaxlebis raioni 36 37 22 53 55 34 70 78 12 14 15 24 15 36 78 14 32 25 254 mosaxleobis realuri raodenoba (ojaxebis mix.) 43 35 (145 adamiani) 7 (34 adamiani) 62 (222 adamiani) 40 (171 adamiani) 38 (209 adamiani) 35 (127 adamiani) 16 (60 adamiani) 78 ojaxi 12 ojaxi 14 ojaxi 15 ojaxi 24 ojaxi 49 (261 adamiani) 36 (175 adamiani) 80 (335 adamiani) 14 (75 adamiani) 60 (280 adamiani) 25 (153 adamiani) 1279 adamiani 254 ojaxi 15 ojaxi dRes mcxovrebi ekomigrantebi** cxrili 2: saxelmwifos programiT gansaxlebuli ekomigrantTa raodenoba samcxe-javaxeTSi 1981-1990 ww. balanTa xulo 1989 50 50 6/danarCenebi cxovroben vagonebSi 6 873 32 32 32 32 19 gadaeca ekomigrantebs 19 477 313 679 20 20 20 22 307 1 ojaxi (6 adamiani) 650 ojaxi 84 ojaxi (336 adamiani) 1 ojaxi (6 adamiani) 233 ojaxi 968 adamiani 84 ojaxi (336 adamiani) borjomis gamgeobebSi 2005-2006 84 ** soflebis mixedviT ekomigrantTa raodenoba, oficialuri registraciis moancemebiT adigenis, aspinZis, axalqalaqis, ninowmindis da pirvelwyaro: * borjomis, adigenis, ninowmindis, axalqalaqis, aspinZis raionebSi Segrovebuli monacemebi sul samcxe-javaxeTSi jami borjomi jami 1990 31 saxli iyida kostavas fondma 31 xulo ninowminda spasovka 510 jami jami dmanisi jami bolnisi jami 1987 1987 1987 mestia mestia 1989 1989 1989 leCxumi aWara svaneTi qalaqi dmanisi ganTiadi 1989 xulo xatissofe li qalaqi bolnisi 1987 1989 mestia xulo tanZia disveli jigraSeni mestia xaiSi (dumuki) WivWavi goleTi marabda CxikvTa Savsaydari samRereTi aleqseevka 1987 Casaxlebis wlebi 350 120 gegmurad asaSenebeli saxlebis raodenoba 169 32 dasrulebu li saxlebis raodenoba 350 120 registrireb uli mosaxleoba (ojaxebis mix.) 20 152 80 8 300 292 424 8 300 292 252 ekomigrantebma daikaves 1989 wels azerbaijanelebis mier datovebuli saxlebi 52 152 220 85 8 300 ojaxi 292 saxlebs 7 258 ojaxi 251 539 147 37 135 147 37 135 743 20 120 80 561 92 171 15 2 20 63 maT 187 31 mosaxleobis realuri raodenoba (ojaxebis mix.) 52 152 220 lentexi 1987 101 92 101 lentexi 1987 199 194 199 lentexi 1987 15 15 15 mestia 1987 30 0 30 mestia 1987 20 20 20 xulo 1989 83 69 83 osuri sofeli, romelsac osebi toveben da ekomigrantebi yiduloben (xelisuflebis daxmarebis gareSe) yofili berZnuli sofeli. daaxloebiT 100-150 saxli carielia 918 591 918 mestia didgori TeTriwyaro warmoSobis raioni Casaxlebis adgili soflebi Casaxlebis raioni adamiani) --129 ojaxi 587 adamiani 129 (587 adamiani) 537 ojaxi 2583 adamiani 147 (750 individual.) 37 (180 adamiani) 135 (631 adamiani) 20 (107 adamiani) 553 ojaxi 2262 adamiani) 118 (478 adamiani) 80 (437 adamiani) 89 (490 adamiani) 171 (680 adamiani) 12 (64 adamiani) 2 (8 adamiani) 0 63 (284 adamiani) 187 (594 32 (142 adamiani) dRes arsebuli mosaxleoba cxrili 3: saxelmwifos programiT gansaxlebuli ekomigrantTa raodenoba qvemo qarTlSi, 1981-1989 ww. 3569 793 45 105 240 150 110 143 75 122 49 815 350 219 registrireb uli mosaxleoba (ojaxebis mix.) 2480 460 34 54 94 120 82 76 57 109 36 662 301 159 mosaxleobis realuri raodenoba (ojaxebis mix) 86 pirvelwyaro: TeTriwyaros, bolnisis, dmanisis, marneulisa da gardabnis gamgeobis reestrebi. 2006. 1992 40 0 3239 45 105 92 150 82 0 20 485 350 115 dasrulebu li saxlebis raodenoba sul qvemo qarTlSi (walkis gareSe) 1987 mestia xulo 240 150 110 143 75 122 47 804 350 210 gegmurad asaSenebeli saxlebis raodenoba 364 1992-1995 1987 1991 xulo mestia xulo 1989-90 1989-90 1989-90 aWara aWara aWara 1989 1987 mestia Suaxevi 1987 Casaxlebis wlebi lentexi warmoSobis raioni 793 Sulaveri (mareti) xixani Tamarisi axali ioknisi weraqvi yulari (maradisi) qalaqi gardabani lemSvenier a krwanisi vaziani muxrovani Casaxlebis adgili soflebi jami marneuli jami gardabani Casaxlebis raioni arsebuli 460 ojaxi 2473 adamiani 2341 ojaxi 10,701 adamiani 34 (146 adamiani) 54 (245 adamiani) 94 (366 adamiani) 120 (870 adamiani) 82 (396 adamiani) 76 (450 adamiani) 57 (269 adamiani) 109 (424 adamiani) 36 (129 adamiani) 662 ojaxi 2796 adamiani 301 (1383 adamiani) 159 (591 adamiani) dRes mosaxleoba Casaxlebis adgili 1961-70 w. Casaxlebuli ojaxebi 1971-80 w. Casaxlebuli ojaxebi 306 120 180 470 1655 120 70 115 112 598 168 sul 1961-89 wlebSi Casaxlebuli ojaxebi 579 1980-89 w. Casaxlebuli ojaxebi 42 277 141 6 534 Suaxevis raioni (1989-2006) 98 30 68 30 9 xulos raioni (1989-1998) 36 84 97 54 26 54 36 35 qedis raioni (1989-2006) 3 3 26 3 cxrili 6. ekomigrantebi mTiani aWaridan 1989-2005 w. 87 SeniSvna 1: ukan dabrunebuli 277 migrantidan 22 ekomigranti dasaxlda baTumSi, qobuleTSi, ozurgeTsa da walkaSi, xolo danarCeni 253 kvlav Suaxevis raionSi dabrunda. SeniSvna 2: 534 ukan dabrunebuli ekomigrantebidan yvela xolos raionSi dabrunda. pirvelwyaro: xulosa da Suaxevis gamgeobebis mier 2006 wlis oqtomberSi mowodebuli monacemebi. samegrelo guria imereTi qvemo qarTli kaxeTi Sida qarTli aWara (baTumi, qobuleTi, xelvaCauri) samcxe-javaxeTi sxva sul mimRebi regioni cxrili 5. sxvadasxva mimRebi regionidan Suaxevis, qedisa da xulos raionebSi ukumigracia. aWara: qobuleTisa da 278 140 xelvaCauris raionebi 2 baTumi 116 70 3 krasnodaris mxare 50 (ruseTi) 4 gardabnis raioni 65 5 ozurgeTis raioni 178 160 6 jami 572 485 pirvelwyaro: Suaxevis gamgeobis oficialuri monacemebi, noemberi 2006 w. 1 # 1961-89 wlebSi cxrili 4. demografiuli balansisa da stiqiuri ubedurebebis gamo mosaxleobis gansaxleba Suaxevis raionidan xelvaCauris raioni qobuleTis raioni baTumi Casaxlebis raioni 27 59 7 6 2 1 6 1 1993 1994 1995 1996 26 43 16 10 3 3 5 6 1 1 242 102 57 20 15 39 32 6 1 1989 1990 1991 1992 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 xulos raioni mogvawoda xulos 2006. weli ojaxebis radenoba 114 514 sul raionSi gamgeobam 1993 1994 1995 1996 1989 1990 1991 1992 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1989 1990 1991-92 1993 1997 1999 2000 2001 2004-05 1 92 65 1 2 3 91 50 3 1 84 114 3 5 2 2 3 1 33 Suaxevis raioni mogvawoda Suaxevis 2006. weli ojaxebis raodenoba 151 244 88 sul raionSi gamgeobam 1989 1 qedis raioni mogvawoda gamgeobam2006 weli ojaxebis raodenoba 1 sul raionSi qedis bolnisis raioni ozurgeTis raioni lanCxuTis raioni Coxatauris raioni 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 2000 1989 1990 1993 1995 1998 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2000 51 42 2 14 7 1 1 2 28 3 31 88 13 4 2 173 71 1 4 4 2 1 1 1 105 17 6 1 1 2 1998 1989 1990 1991 1992 1995 2 1997 151 138 258 130 113 1989 - 1989 1990 1991 - 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2000 1989 1990 1991 1992 1995 1997 19982003 1 51 11 1 117 154 2 3 1-1 1 63 271 5 160 89 1989 1990 1993 1996 1998 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2000 - 2 1 - 2 - 1 4 rusTavi walkis raioni TeTriwyaros raioni gardabnis raioni marneulis raioni 67 7 5 19 4 7 1 1 87 38 49 1997 1998 1999 2000 27 45 1 1 2 3 2 352 2 3 2 1 15 17 3 8 2 1 9 6 2 1989-91 1992-93 1994-96 1997-98 1999 2002-05 1989 1990 1994 1995 1997 1998 2003 1989-90 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 109 1 81 423 1997 1998 1999 2000 - 1989 1990 1991 1995 1997 1998 2003 1989-90 1991 1992 1993 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2006 1 2 - 1 87 65 2 0 155 0 90 1997 1998 1999 2000 1989 1990 1992 2005 - 5 1 2 6 - - 8 0 wyaltubos raioni abaSis raioni zestafonis raioni baRdadis raioni Terjolis raioni samtrediis raioni vanis raioni dmanisis raioni xonis raioni 80 121 1989 10 1 1990 1993 1989-90 1 1 0 41 74 2 2 1 3 1 2 197 15 1 1 1 247 17 1 1 - 41 100 182 42 1990 1990 1993 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1998 1989-90 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1989 1990 1992 1996 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 80 11 1 1 124 266 215 2 580 1989 1990 1990 1993 - 1989 1993 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 2005 1989-90 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1989 1990 1992 1996 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 - 33 2 1 1 3 50 11 - 103 28 1 136 49 2 3 7 2 9 185 2 0 2 64 131 1 26 91 1989 1990 1992 1996 2000 1989 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2 2 33 2 1 4 13 24 37 50 goris raioni kaspis raioni yvarlis raioni axmetis raioni lagodexis raioni sagarejos raioni siRnaRis raioni dedofliswya ros raioni yvarlis raioni walenjixis raioni zugdidis raioni xobis raioni - - 55 7 1 17 2 49 4 1 2 1989 1990 1991 1994 1989 1990 2000 1989 1989 24 69 2 3 1989 1990 1994-95 2004-05 103 40 9 2 1 7 22 3 206 28 2 1989 1989 1990 1991 1993 1989 1990 1989 1990 1989 1990 1997 63 17 56 24 74 103 52 29 0 3 236 121 1989 1990 2000 1989 1990 1991 1994 2005 1989 1989 1990 1991 1993 1989 1990 1989 1990 1990 1989 1990 1997 7 - 11 9 11 1 - - 18 3 67 5 4 62 2 0 7 0 11 9 12 0 21 71 64 37 92 1990 1999 2000 3 4 7 1989 1990 1995-97 1989-93 1994 1995 1996 1997-98 2001 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1996 1997 1999 1989-1994 1995 1996 1990 36 7 5 - 70 3 4 3 7 2 385 59 2 18 17 36 13 1 88 2 5 2 48 0 89 4,857 531 95 4 1989 1989 2 1 - - - 0 2 1 1,696 - 0 93 * walkis raionis Sesaxeb monacemebi mogvawoda walkis gamgeobam, 2006 pirvelwyaro: qedis, Suaxevisa da xulos raionis gamgeobebi, 2006. sul foTi aspinZis raioni adigenis raioni axalqalaqis raioni ninowmindis raioni 1989 4 112 4 - - 4,074 8,843 9,282 4,985 5,067 svaneTi raWa-leCxumi TuSeTi xevi mTiuleTi xevsureTi fSavi 2,259 3,589 10,483 8,727 1,618 10,1292 18,823 1926 - - - - - 99,126 27,128 1939 1,411 2,047 8,522 7,976 543 75,700 31,000 1959 - - - - - 56,900 30,400 1979 1,127 652 6,822 6,376 101 46,600 26,120 1989 -77.7% -87.8% -26.5% -27.9% -97.5% -54% +38.77% cvlileba 1886-1989 94 pirvelwyaro: vaxtang jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1996, gv 130 da 170. 1886 regioni cxrili 7. mTiani regionebis mosaxleoba 1886-2002 wlebis aRwerebis mixedviT ruka 95
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