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Transcrição

faH MaKap-ryp
faH MaKap-ryp
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ISBN 92 890 4337 7
ISSN 0258 - 4972
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1. 3adaYu no docmumenuto 36opoeb51 dnst ecex. Pe2uonanbnbze 3adatcu
e noddepotcxype2uonanbnoü cmpame2uu docmuotcenux 38,opoeb51 dJlSl
ecex. KorzexrareH, EsporleKcxoe perxoxanbxoe 61opo B03,1985
(EsporleHCxax cepHx Ily6nxKa.uxH "3Roposbe Aim scex" Ns 1).
2. Oxpymcatousast cpeda u oxpana 36opoebx: Eeponeücxast xapmust u
xommenmapuu. KollexrareH, EsponeHcicoe perxoxanbHoe 61opo B03,
1990 (Perxoxanbable rry6nxtcauxx B03, Espone%Icxa.x cepilx N235).
3. Omqem xoncjtepenzyuu Opeanu3alyuu O6bedunennbtx Halfuü no
oxpyatcatou feü cpede u pa3eumuto, Puo - de -3Kaneüpo, 3-14 wow/ 1992.
Hblo-1/1opK, OpraHI33aIjI3x O67.e,nxHeHHbIx Hamill, 1992, TOM 1
(AoxyNIeIIT A/Conf. 151/26).
4. Copox Iuecmast ceccust Bce.mupnoü accaM6neu 3dpaeooxpanenust,
3-14 .mast 1993. Pe3ontoayuu u peuzenust. Xexesa, BceMHpxax
opraxx3auxs 3ApasooxpaxeHr3x, 1993 (AOICyMeHT WHA46/1993/
REC/1), cTp. 21-23.
5. Oxpyotcatouyast cpeda u 3dopoebe. Coo6ufenue na Bmopoü
eeponeücxoü tconOepenzyuu, Xenbcunxu, Ounnstndust, 20-22 utonX
1994. Koneara.reH, Esponel3cxoe perHoxanbxoe 61opo B03, 1995
(AolcyMel-rr EUR/ICP/CEH 212 /FIN/).
6. Eeponeüctcuü "man deücmeuü no oxpyotcatoufeü epede u oxpane
3dopoebst. KorleHrareH, EsponeHcxoe perl3oxaniHoe 61opo B03, 1995
(AoIryMeHT EUR/ICP/CEH212 / A /).
143
144
C11Y>Kbbl 1-14FVIEHbI OKPY>KA10111E1;1 CPEAbI B EBPOfIE 2
7. MACARTHUR, I. & BONNEFOY, X. CnyJ/c6ba zuzuexbt DxpÿJJCatouyeü
cpedbz e cmpaxax Eeponbz 1. 063op npaxmutlecxoü deszmenbxocmu
1990-x. KonexrareH, Esponel3cxoe perHoxanbaoe 61opo B03, 1997
(PerHoaanbxble ny6nHxa.uHH B03, EBponeHcxasl cepHSi, N2 76).
8. I7nax deücmeuü dnsl cnyotc6 zuzuexbz oxpyatcatouyeü cpedbl cmpax
.aexmpanbxoü u BocmoYxoü Eeponba u xoebIx xe3aeucu.Mbzx
zocydapcme. itoxnad xa KoxcynbmamuexoM coeeuyaxuu B03, Co0u2,
Eonzapusi, 19-22 oxmsz6pst 1993. KonexrareH, Esponeï3cxoe
perxoxanbxoe 61opo B03, 1994 (AoxyMellT EUR/ICP/CEH 123).
9. JONSON, R. BeK npozpecca. JIoHAoH, I/IHcTHZyr HHCnexTOpos rxrHexbl
oxpyxcasouJeH cpeAbl, 1983.
10.3adatlu no docmuatcexuto 36opoebs1 dim ecex. EeponeücxaR nonumuxa
36paeooxpaxexusz. KonearareH, EsponeHCxoe pernoxanbxoe 61opo
B03, 1993 (EBponel3cKax cepnsi "3AopoBbe Arm Bcex", Ns 4).
11.EBPOIlEiiCKHÏ3 IjEHTP B03 no OKPYxCAE011172 CPEAE H OXPAHE 3AOPOBbSI.
3a6oma o 6ydyufeM Eeponbz. 3dopoebe u oxpydtcatouyasz cpeda e
EeponeücxoM pezuoxe B03. IIITyrrapT, Haymoe H3AaTeenbcxoe
o61uecTSo, 1995.
12.DEAN, R.B. CnyJtc6b1 zuzuexbz otcpy.wcatouyeü cpedbi. 063op
adMuxucmpamuexblx u lopudutlecKux nocmaxoenexuü. KOneHrareH,
EBponelicKoe perHOHânbHoe 61opo B03, 1983 (O61.uecTBeHHOe
3ApasooxpaxeHHe B Espone, Ns 19).
13.BCEMHPHASI KOMHCCHSI no OKPY)ICAfOITg)%I CPERE H PA3BHTHIO. Houle
o6uyee 6ydyuyee. Oxc(1)opA, I43AaTenbcTBO OxccbopAcxoro
yHHBepcHTeTa, 1987.
14.MuNRO, D.A. 3a6oma o 3eMne. Cmpamezusz zap.MOxutlxozo
cyuyecmeoeaxusz. rnaHA, BceMHpHbIK c0I03 oxpaxbi npHpoAbi, 1991.
15.SCHAEFER, M. 3dopoebe, oxpy.rcatouyast cpeda u pa3eumue. Hodxodbt
x pa3pa6omxe cmpamezuü 6nazononytlusz ntodeü 6 npedenax odxoü
cmpaxbz e ceeme 17pozparYrMbz -21. Xexesa, BceMHpHasl opraHH3auHSI
3Apasooxpa$eHHSI, 1993 (AoxyMellT WHO/EHE/93.1).
16.Pexomexdazyust 21: pyxoeodcmeo dnsz opzaxoe Mecmxoü enacmu
Benuxo6pumaxuu. JIoHAoH, MHHHCTepcTBO rocyAapcTSexxoro
ynpasneHHSI, 1993.
17.Ynpaenexue eonpocaMu oxpyncatouseü cpedbz. Pyxoeodcmeo àntz
opzaxoe Mecmxoü enacmu. Drummoyne, ABcTpanxixcxxH HHCTHryT
rHrxexbl oxpyxcalolueH cpeAbl, 1993.
18.Haula nnaxema - xaule 36 opoebe. qoxnad KoMuccuu B03 no oxpaxe
36opoebsl u otcpy-Jtcatouyeü cpedbz. )Kexesa, BceMHpxasl opraHH3auHSI
3ApBooxpaxeHHSI, 1992.
Cf11/ICOK J1VITEPATYP61
145
19.3a ycmoüYueoe u eapMouuuHoe pa3eumue.17po2paMMa Eeponeücxoeo
coo6ufecmea no nonumuxe u deücmeuRM e omxoucexuu oxpyncafoufeü
cpedbt u ycmoükueo2o pa3eumust. bploccenb, KoMHCCxx
EsponeHcxoro coo6luecTBa, 1992 (AoxyMexT COM92.23).
20.Cny3,c6bi eueueubt oxpymatoufeü cpedbt e omdeneuusix
3dpaeooxpaueuuR A.71b6epmbt. Tlpoexm o6pa3tfoeoü Modenu.
3AMOHT0H, YHHBepcHTeT Anb6epTbl, 1993.
21.PAUL-DAUPHIN, A. 17oxa3amenu 3dopoebtx eopodoe. KonexrareH,
EBponeHcicoe perxoxarrbxoe 61opo B03, 1994 (AoxyMeHT ICP/HCIT
94 01/PB04).
22.OKpywcatoufaR cpeda dnR Eeponbt. KoHOepeHZfust Ha ypoeue
Muuucmpoe, Jltozfepua, 28-30 anpensi 1993. fiepH, cIseAepanbxoe 61opo
no oxpyxcaloluex cpeAe, 1993.
23.Tu2ueua oxpyalcatoufeü cpedbz e ycnoaURx yp6auu3atfuu. ,Zoxnad
3KCnepmuoeo Ko.naumema B03. )Kexesa, BceMHpxax opraxH3auHx
3Apa.sooxpaxeHHx, 1991 (Cepxx Texxxiecxxx AoxnaAos B03, Ns
807).
24.SCHAEFER, M. Ynpaeneuue npoepaMMaMu Zu2ueubt oxpyalcatoufeü
cpedbt - CUCmeMHbtü 83211516. )KeHesa, BceMxpHâ51 Opraxx3auHx
3ApaBOOxpaHeHxx, 1994 (3anHCx4 no BOnpOcaM 06rgecTBeHHoro
3AOp0s1351, N259).
25.KOHTPOnbHASI KOMYICCH5I. 3a 36opoeyto oxpy3tcatoufyto cpedy:
ynpaeneuue cnyatc6an-tu eu2ueubt oxpy3xxtlouyeü cped bt. JIoHAoH, H.M.
KaHuenslpcxasl xoHTopa, 1991.
26.EBPOnERCKOE PErIIOHAJIbHOE SK)PO B03. 17oebtuleNue KeanuOUKatfuu
u Hay1tHbte uccnedoeaHUSt e o6nacmu o6ufecmeeHHo2o 36Opo8b51 :
nepcnexmuebt "Hoeoeo o6ufecmeeHHoeo 3dpaeooxpaueuuR ".
KapncTaA, LüseuHx. Hccne,gosaTenbcxxK ueHTp O61rkecTSeaxoro
sApasooxpaxeHHx, 1994.
27. CALDER, M. KoMtvtexmoeauue nepcouana, npoOeccuouanbuoe o6yYeuue
u noebttueuue KeanuOuxat{uu e o6nacmu eueueubt oxpy3tcatoufeü cpedbt.
RoKnad no o63opy B03, KonexrareH, EBponeilcxoe perxoxaJrbHoe 61opo
B03, 1994 (Aoxyr,leHT ICP/CEH 123).
ripunwxeHue I
cTpaHbl, B KOTOpb1X
ocyulecTBneH 063op
cnm6
MapT 1993 - MapT 1994 r.
Ha3BaHHe
ga-ra
CTp aHbI
BbInOJIHeHI35I
3xcnepT
o63opa
A.r16aHI35I
ABrycT 1993
K. Foanecjlya (B03)
beJiapycb
10. IITalnercac (JIIITBa)
3CTOHI35I
Mail 1993
MapT 1993
MapT 1994
Anpenb 1994
Mall 1993
bonrapnx
Pecny6nHlca. LIexI3x
gaHII5I
51. MaxapTyp (B03)
I KaMn3ynnc (I'peunsl)
51. Malca.pTyp (B03)
A. Kannoc (I'epNIaHHSI)
Opaxullsr
HIOHb 1993
I'epMannsi
Anpenb 1993
I'peunsl
1IIOlib 1993
Olcrx6pb 1993 H. BHnbcoH (CoeAHHexxoe
KoponescTBO)
Benrplul
Ka3axcTaH
KblprbI3cTaH
JIarsnsl
JIxTBa
ÎI. Focc (Benxxo6pnTaHnx)
3. 3anpanos (fionrapnx)
51. MaxapTyp (B03)
(Despanb 1994 10. IITaluexa.c (JIHTSa)
kIIoHb 1993
NC. RlolueM3H (cDpaxul3sl)
(Despanb 1994 A. HoxaxceH (Hopsernsl)
ï41oHb 1993
F. XIcylcc (CoeAnllexxoe
KoponeBCTBO)
MonAoBa
Hopsernsl
IIonbiva
MapT 1993
II. IIInalcy (10rocJlaBnsl)
cDespanb 1993 A. 10pesxi3 (JIaTBnx)
Ttexa6pb 1992 F. Xicyxc (CoeAHHexxoe
KoponescTSo)
(nepBbII3 npeABapnTenbHbIIi 0630p)
147
148
CJ1Y>K6b1 f1/11-V1EHbl OKPY>KAK)LLIE21 CPE,gbl B EBPOf1E 2
Ha3saHHe
ga.Ta
cTp aHbl
BbIIIOJIHeHHSI
3xcnepT
o63opa
IlopTyraJlxx
PyMbIHHSI
PoccHncxasl
Man 1993
Man 1993
Man 1993
51. MaxapTyp (B03)
X-JI. rlOTCJIOH (clipaHuxsl)
II.MapIIIaHAH3 (B03)
ozbeAepauHSi
CJIOBaxHx
Ta,LPxxxxcTaH
OxTx6pb 1993 A. IIIJIaxy (IOrocnasxsl)
AsrycT 1993 11. Tr3JIJIbe H A. BHrypy
(cDpaHuHA)
TypuHsi
TypxMexxcTaH
YxpaHHa
BenHxo6pHTaxx51
Hos16pb 1993
JI. Illnaxy (IOrocnasHsl)
Ho26pb 1993 M. XpHCTexceH (jjaHHSI)
CeIITx6pb 1993 10. IITalnexac (JIHTSa)
1/lioHb 1993
B. MyaccoHbe (4:1DpaHuHSI)
flpunoierrue 2
YyâCTHV1KVl COBewâHVIV1 pa60ye0
rpyn n bi, 1992 - 1994
IIepsoe coseulanne no n.naHHposaxHI-o o63opos
c.riyxc6 rHrHeHbl orcpyxcamuleH cpeAbi
KonexrareH, 12-13 Hou6psi, 1992
rocnoRHH Mai3lcn ZIxc3lixo6
KOHCyJIbTaHT no 6e3o11acxocTH nHIIZeBbIX npoAyicros H rHrHeae
oicpyxcaionqeii cpeAbl, PHxmaxsopT, CoemmeHHoe KoponescTSo
I'ocnoRHH Fp3X3M gxcyxc
gHpeicrop npocbeCCHoHânbHbrx II TeXHHLieciQ3x cny]K6, l onoBHOH 11Hcrl3Tyr
rHrHeHbi oxpyxcaromeii cpegbi, JlonsqoH, Coe,apHelizroe KoponescTSo
golcrop Jlxoxac KaneTHHac
3alvlecTxTenb MI3HI3cTpa 3,21pasooxpaxeHl33i, BI3nbHloc, JIHTBa
,Tloicrop lOnloc IITarneicac
RHpeicrop IleHTpa 3xonorH=iecxoii MeAHi.ZHHbI, BI3nbHIOC, JIHTBa
I'ocnoxca KpHCTHH Po6o
CaHHTapxblli HHxcexep, JIaM6epcaT, cDpaHuHsl
IIpoctleccop 3anpsiH 3anpslxos
3aMecrwrenb MHHHCTpa 3RpasooxpaHeHHa, COCpHSi, FionrapHx
149
150
011Y?K6bl EV1f V1EHbl OKPY>KAIOU.IEVI CPEAbI B EBPOPE 2
CeEpemapuam Eaponeüctiozo pezuonanbnozo 6iopo B03
rocno,z(HH Kcasbep Toxxecpya
PeTHOHanbHbTH COBeTHHK, IITTaHHpoBaHHe, rHrHexa oxpyxcaloTTxeH cpeAbl
H 3KOnorHSI
Zoxrop Ammo Kenna
PerxoxaTTbxbTÎ3 COBeTHHK, TOKCHKOTIOrHSi H 6e3onacxocTb npoAyKTOB
nHTaHHST
Jjoxrop C. TapxoscxxH
AHpexrop, I'HrHexa oICpyxcalollZeÎi cpeAbl
CoseLuaxHe pa6oyeK rpynnb>< no c.rrpic6aM rHrHeHbi
oicppicalou.;te;H cpeRbi B rrpaHax Esponbi
Ca.neHRp, clpaHHx, 9-10 asrycTa, 1993
Aoxrop MapHSI Xapanaxosa
AHpexrop oTAena npoctiHnaxrHHeCKOH McRHuHHbT H rocygapcTSexxoro
caxHTapxoro KoHTpO.rlx MHHHCTepcTBa 3ApasooxpaxeHHSI boTlrapHH,
Cocbxsl
I'ocnojjHH MaIiTCJI TIAC3Î-iK06
KOHCynbTaHT no 6e30nacHOCTH npOAyKTOB nHTaHHSI H rHTHeHe
OKpyxcaloluekl cpeztbl, PHKMaHBopT, COeAniTeHHOe Kopo]IeBcTSo
IIpoctieccop AHTOHHO JIo6aTO Ae Oapxa
HanHoxanbxaâ InxoJIa O61geCTSeHHOrO 3gpasooxpaxeHlix, JlHCca6OH,
IlopryranHx
CeKpemapuam Eeponeücxozo pezuonarcanozo 6sopo B03
rocnoAKH Kcasbep boxxeclya
PerHOHaTIbI3bIH COBeTHHx, IInaHHpOBaHHe, THrHeHa OKpy]TcaK)Ineii cpeJ_jbI
H 3xoTIOrHSI
I'ocnoAHH Sian MaxapTyp
BpeMeHHbII3 KOHCynbTaHT, IInaHHposaHHe, rHrHeHa oKpyxca.IoineH CpeAbI
H 3KOn0rH51
f1PV1f1O>KEHVIE 2
151
KOHCyJIbTâTHBHOe COBeIIxaHHe HO ILrlaHy AeÎiCTBHIÎ
RJISI CJIpIc6 rHTHeHbI OKpywalOI.i](eIÎ Cpe,gbl B CTpaHâX
ueHTpaJIbHOii H BOCTOL11IOÎI EBpOHbII H B HOBbIX
He3aBHCHMbIX rOCyaapCTBâX
Co4i3x, ro.nrapHSt, 19-22 otcrst6pst, 1993
An6anusc
,L(orcrop JIHpHM CenbciIo
KOMHTeT n0 OXpaHe OKppIcalOweIÎ Cpe,iZbI, MHHHCTepCTBO oXpaHbl
3R0p0sbSI H oxpyxcaioLuei3 cpe,qbl, MHHHCTepcTBO 3RpasooxpaxeHHSI,
(3a,uecmumenb npedcedameJlsi)
Ap.n-lenuR
goicrop rpaRp llonax AcnaHSIH
rnasiibdi cnenuaru-ICr no rHi-Hexe MHluicreperBa 3gpasooxpaxeiu3n, EpeBaH.
A3ep6aûdman
rocnoAHH BHicrop KocyMOB
CaxHTapxo-31HAeMHonorH*-Iecxoe yrlpasnexne, 3aMecTliTeJIb MHHHCTpa
3gpasooxpaxeHHx, Balky.
%ieJl apycb
Aoicrop ranHHa Kypraxcxasi
rnaBHbii3 cneuHarIHCT no rxrHexe oxpyxcaioLueH cpeAbi, MHHHCTCpCTBO
3gpaBOoxpaHeH143I, MHHCK
Pecny6nul:a LlexuR
Aoicrop Kaper MapxsapT
gHpeKTop,PlccneRoBaxxx H MexcRyxapoRHoe coTpyAHHHecTSo,
HauHOHanbHblIi HHCTHTyT o6IInecTBeHHorO 3ApaBOOXpaHeH42, rIpara
3cmonuR
IIpocpeccop PaAoT CHnna
,TIHpexrop I,IHCrHTyTa npoc]IHnaxrHnecxoi3 Me%ji'IuHHbI, MHHHCTepCTBO
COuHânbHhIX Ren 3CTOHCKOH PeCny6nHKH, TaJInHHH
Opant4uR
rocnoRHH IO63p IICHap
MeAHuxxcxHH HHCnexrop no caHHTapHH, rnasxoe ynpasnexxe no
caHHTapHH, MHHHCTCpCTBO COUHânbHbIX Ren, IIapi-vic
152
C11Y?K6b1 PViPV1EHbl OKPY)KAKA1IEV1 CPE,gbl B EBPO(,E 2
Tpy3uR
goICTOp Me)JHuHHbI Ji. Axcop6eHa.A3e
3aMecTHTenb HaLlanbHHKa CaHHTapHo-3IIHAeMHOnOTHilecKoro
yrlpasneHHSI, MHHHCTepCTBO 3ApasooxpaxeHHS1, T6HnHCH
Bexzpust
goxTop I'Hyna gypa
3aMecTHTenb HaiIanbHHxa oTRena TOKCHKOnorHH, HauxoxanbxblI3
HHCTHTyT o61HeCTBeHHOro 3Z[pasooxpaxeHHSI, I'iyAarieruT
Ka3axcmatt
Aoxrop TypraH6aH Maxaxos
rnaBHbIH BpaT-I Kb131:I11-OpAHHCKOH
06naCTHOH 6onbHHHbI
MHHHCTepCTBa 3ApaBOOxpaHeHHSI, AnMaTbl
Kb1pzb13c112an
Z(oK-rop Ca6blpAxcaH A6AexepHMoB
HananbHlix oT4ena caxHTapxH H 3HHAeMHOnorHH, MHHHCTepCTSO
3ApasooxpaxeHHA, bHHIKeK
Jlumea
gox-rop .Tluoxac Karim-mac
3aMecTHTenb MHHHCTpa3ApaBOoxpaHeHHSI, BHnbHIOC
Pecny6nuxa Mondoea
goKTop AyMHTpy MoH CHpeuAHy
HazianbHHK oTjZena PeclIy6ni3xaxcxoro I.leHTpa 3nH,geM14OJ70rxH,
KHInHHeB
Ilonbtua
gox-rop 36Hrxes XanaT
3aMecTHTenb MHHHCTpa 3ApaBOOxpaHeHHA H COuHanbHOrO
6narococToAHHSI, BapinaBa
PyMbtxux
goKTop Malian KyKy
gHpexTOp I4HCTHTyra rHrHeHbI H o6THecTBeHHOro 3gpasooxpaxeH451,
ByxapecT
f1PV111O>KEHVIE 2
153
Poccuücxasc ettedepaquR
Aoxrop MapxHa rJIa3KOBa
rJIaBHbIIi Cnel(HäJIHCT, rOCygapCTBeHHbIiï ICOMHTeT no caHHTapHO3nHAeMHonorlfilecxoMy Ha,zt3opy PocCHICxoli OeAepauxH, Mocxsa
CnoeaKuR
Aoxrop KaTapxxa CJIOTOBa
CrleuHaJIHCT HHCTHTyTa rHrxeHbl H 3nHZ(eMHOJI0rxH, baxcKa-bHCTpxua
C.oeeuuR
Aolcrop McTxa MaxaporlH-XHTII
AFlpexrop HHCTHTyTa 061uecTBeHHOrO 3RpasooxpaxeHHx, IIIo6.nslHa
TadmuKucmah
AOKTop AHaTOJIHH KOnbIJIbHOB
IlepBbIIi 3aMeCTHTeJIb MI3HHCTpa 3ApaBOOXpaHeHFiR Ta,Ij3xIIKi3cTaHa,
AyLUaH6e
YKpauua
Iipocpeccop AHApei3 CepAJox
AHpexrop Pecny6nHxa$cxoro uearpa rxrxeHbl, Knell
Bpemeuuace coeemuuxu
rOcnQgI3H )KaH A1oIIIeM3H
CaxHTapxbili HHxcexep, Ham', cDpaxuxsl
IbcnoRHH AxceliMc IIHTep Focc
KOHCyJIbTaHT no BOnpOCäM rHrHeHbl OKpy)xalOIueH Cpegbl, JIOHukOH,
Coegmernloe KoponescTBo
IbcnoAHH I'p3x3M Axcyxc
AHpexrop IIpocbeccHoHaJIblmx H TexlnlYecxHx CJIy)iC6, I'OJIOSxox HHcrH7yr
rHrxeHbl OxpyxcaloLUeli cpej$l, JIoHpcoH, COegaIeHaOe KopoJIeBCTBo
Aoxrop AHzSpeac Kannoc
CB060,11HbIIi H raH3eHCxxli ropoA I'aM6ypr. AenapTaMeHT TpyAa,
3gOpOBb51 H COLjHaJIbHbIX BOnpOCOB, I'aM6ypr, CleAepaTHBHax
Pecny6JIHKa I'epMaHHHSI
154
CJ]Y>KBbI f Vlf VIEHbI OKPY>KAK)ll.iEVI CPE,gbl B EBPOnE 2
bpHxcHT Myaccoxbe
CaxxrapxblH HHxcexep, 1IHOH, OpaHuHA
lox-Top MapneH P.M.IIpolcrop
AHpeKrop LLIxoJIbI rHrHeHbl OxpyxcalouleM cpegbl, Ay6nHHCKHÎ3 xonne,gxc
cxa6xceHHSI, Ay6rIHH, HpnaHRHA
Aoxrop IOnloc IITamexac
AHpelcrop lleHTpa 3xonorHtlecxoi3 Mc,ImIZHHbI, BHnbHIOC, JIHTSa
Aoxrop cDpaHtrecxo Cerium
KOHCyAbTaHT,LIIBeHuapHx
Î'ocnoAHH JIysrH IILiaxy
KoHCynbraHT no BonpocaM rHrHexbl oxpyxcax)Iueld cpe,l(bI,
0e,gepaTHBHaSI Pecny6nHxa iOrOCnaBHA (Cep6HA H LiepxoropHA)
IIpocpeccop 3anpslH 3anpAaos
Ampex-Top Haui3oxanbxoro ueHTpa o6IIZecTBeHHOro 3,aoposbA, COCpHA,
bonrapHA
1IpozpaMMa paseumusi 00H
rocnoAHH (13a6pHuHO Occe.nna
Pe3H4eHT-npeRcTaBHTenb IIP00H, CodHA, bonrapHA
KoMUCCUSZ Eeponeûcuux coo6u;ecma
I'ocno,aHH MaypHuxo KarlbAepoH
CocpHA, bonrapHA
Munucmepcmeo Jdpaeooxpanenusr So.naapuu
go 'crop TaHHO I'yranoB
MHHHCTp 3ApasooxpaxexHA
Aoxrop JIIO6oMHp KyMaxos
3aMecTHTe:Ib MHHHCTpa, I JIaBHbI1I rOCygapCTBeHHbIH CaHHTapHbIH
HHCnexrop
f1P14U1O?KEHVIE 2
155
Zjolcrop MapHSi Xapanaxosa
gxpexTop AenapTaMeHTa O6LgeCTSeHHOrO 3RpasooxpaxeH1-131 H
rocyAapcTSexxoro caxHTapxoro xoHTponsl
goxrop PIHxa Eana6axosa
ACCHCTCHT no nepesoAy Ha pyccxHH 513b1x
goxTop I4saH kIsaxoB
IIOMOIIkHHx aAMHHHCTpaTOpa
Beccena Kapnyxoscica
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Cpegbl B CTpaHaX PerNOHa.
ISBN 92 890 4337 7
L(eHa: 30 wBekt. cpp

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