globalizacia magarrria!

„katonis werili”
yovelkvartaluri mowodeba
Tavisuflebisaken
“katonis werili” warmogidgenT amonaridebs Tavisuflebisadmi miZRvnili dinamiuri
gamosvlebidan da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mdgomareobis aRmweri Rrmaazrovani
statiebidan.
Tuki
gsurT
Cveni
Jurnalis
gamowera,
SeavseT
http://www.cato.org/pubs/letters/palmer-catoletters.pdf-ze ganTavsebuli statiis me-7 gverdze
mocemuli forma da gamoagzavneT igi miTiTebul misamarTze.
globalizacia magarrria!
tom g. palmeri
“katonis institutis”
ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli
Tqvens
winaSea
tom
g.
palmeris
mier
qveynis
sxvadasxva
universitetebis
studentebisTvis wakiTxuli leqciis Semoklebuli versia. palmeri gaxlavT “katonis
institutis” ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli da “katonis universitetis” direqtori.
mraval adamianSi globalizacia Zlier emociebs iwvevs, magram me
emociebis Sesaxeb saubars ar vapireb. mTavaria argumentebs azri
gaaCndeT, SesaZlebeli iyos maTi dadastureba an uaryofa, anu
Cveni gulisTqmebi gonebas unda davumorCiloT. me imedi maqvs, rom
SevZleb Tqveni goneba davarwmuno ise, rom Tqven Tqvens gulebs
SemoabrunebT da kacobriobis mxareze dadgebiT.
gloabalizaciis oponentebi am termins, Cveulebriv, adamianis
cxovrebis yvela im aspeqtis mimarT iyeneben, romelic maT ar
moswonT. me “globalizacias” ufro konkretuli mniSvnelobiT
gamoviyneb
da
masSi
sazRvrebis
miRma
gacela-gamocvlaze
1
saxelmwifoebis mier dawesebuli SezRudvebis Semcirebas da
Sedegad
saerTaSoriso
warmoebis
da
vaWrobis
metad
integrirebul da kompleqsur sistemas vigulisxmeb. yvelaze
saWirboroto sakiTxi albaT is aris, ra zegavlenas axdens
globalizacia realurad da ra moaqvs am zegavlenas – ziani Tu
sargebeli.
ZiriTadi politikuri sakiTxi imaSi mdgomareobs, saWiroa Tu
ara sazRvris gamoyeneba iseTi operaciebis Sesaferxeblad,
romlebic srulebiT SeuzRudavi iqneboda garigebis orive mxare
erT saxelmwifoSi rom iyos? unda SeeZloT Tu ara amerikel
fermerebs,
romlebsac
xorbali
mohyavT,
fineTis
macxovreblebisgan mobiluri telefonebis SeZena? aqvT Tu ara
ganel tansacmlis mwarmoeblebs sakuTari produqciis germaneli
avtomobilebis mwarmoeblebisTvis miyidvis ufleba?
Cemi azriT pasuxi dadebiTia. globalizaciis oponentebi,
rogorc memarcxene aseve memarjvene, ralf naderidan patrik
biuqenenamde da Jan mari lepenamde, ase ar fiqroben. sanam
agixsnideT, ratom mimaCnia, rom pasuxi dadebiTi unda iyos, minda
xazi gavusva, rom saqme ara statistikuri erTeulebis, aramed
realuri adamianebis, sisxlisa da xorcisagan Semdgari cocxali
arsebebis urTierTobebs exeba. arsebebisa, romlebsac gaaCniaT
sxeuli
da
goneba,
da
romelTa
cxovreba
azriani
da
mniSvnelovania.
imisaTvis raTa es sisxl-xorcSesxmuli arsebebi formalur
argumentebTan davakavSiroT, minda erTi magaliTi mogiyvanoT.
SarSan erTma megobarma, romelic maias tomis STamomavalia da
gvatemalaSi anTropologias aswavlis, maias mTianeTSi wamiyvana.
man miTxra, rom evropeli da amerikeli anTropologebi,
romlebsac
indielebis
“Seswavla”
surT,
ukmayofilebas
gamoTqvaven,
radgan
maias
qalebi
xeliT
Sekeril
lamaz
tradiciul tanisamoss yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aRar iyeneben. es
tanisamosi
sul
ufro
xSirad
mxolod
sazeimo
ceremonialebisTvis, magaliTad, naTlobebSi da qorwilebSi
gamoiyeneba. TiTqmis yvela Camomsvlels erTnairi reaqcia aqvs, da
maTi grZnobebi axlosaa SeSfoTebasTan. isini amtkiceben, rom
maias tomis warmomadgenlebs TavianT kulturas paraven; rom isini
globalizaciis
da
kulturuli
imperializmis
msxverpls
warmoadgenen.
stumrebi Tavs ar iwuxeben imiT, rom SeekiTxon maias qalebs,
ratom amjobineben isini Tanamedrove tansacmlis tarebas. amiT
Cemi megobari dainteresda. qalebma uTxres, rom tradiciul
tansacmelze uars amboben, radgan igi Zalian Zviri gaxda. magram,
ras unda niSnavdes es? es niSnavs, rom maias tomis qalebis Sroma
ufro Zvirfasi gaxda. imis magivrad, rom saaTebis ganmavlobaSi
2
xelis sakeravi manqaniT perangebi keron da Semdeg Tavadve Ciacvan,
isini am perangebs frang qalbatons mihyidian da am fulad sam
xel sagareo tanisamoss SeiZenen, an saTvales, an radios, an
tropikuli ciebis sawinaaRmdego wamals. qalebs SeuZliaT sxva
rameebic akeTon da mainc SeiZinon maTTvis Zvirfasi saqoneli. maT
aravin Zarcvavs. isini mdidrdebian da, am TvalsazrisiT, es kargia.
magram maTi TvalsazrisiT, visac Cemi megobari anti-globalist
“siRaribis maZiebel turistebs” uwodebs, visac moswonT Raribi
adamianebis kolorituli suraTebis Tvaliereba, es, ra Tqma unda,
did imedgacruebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
ase rom, rodesac Cven globalizaciaze vmsjelobT, modiT ar
daviviwyoT tansacmlis mwarmoebeli qalebi, romelTaTvisac es
tansacmeli axla Zalian Zvirfasia imisaTvis, rom Tavadve ataron.
miTebi globalizaciis Sesaxeb
globalizacia samuSao adgilebs spobs. savaWro politikas
samuSao adgilebis raodenobaze gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia,
Tumca mas SeuZlia samuSaoebis tipebze zemoqmedeba. Tuki
protqcionizmi
zrdis
samuSao
adgilebis
raodenobas
im
warmoebebSi, romlebic importiorebs uweven konkurencias, igi
Sesabamisad
amcirebs
adgilebis
raodenobas
eqsportze
orientirebul sawarmoebSi, anu sawarmoebSi, romlebic awarmoeben
saqonels, romelic unda gadacvliliyo im saqonelze, romlis
importic unda ganxorcielebuliyo, magram, romelic axla
gacilebiT Zviri Rirs protqcionistuli politkis, an sulac
aRar Semodis dawesebuli kvotebis gamo. bolo-bolo eqsporti
xom is fasia, romelsac Cven importis sanacvlod vixdiT, iseve
rogorc importi is fasia, romelsac ucxoelebi Cvens mier
eqsportirebuli saqonlisTvis ixdian. ase rom, Tuki Tqven sabaJo
tarifebis meSveobiT importirebuli saqonlis fasebze zegavlenis
moxdenas SeecdebiT, Sesabamisad Semcirdeba Tqvens mier eqsportze
gatanili saqonlis faseulobac. es ki eqsportze orientirebul
warmoebebSi samuSao adgilebis Semcirebas niSnavs.
globalizacia kapitalis nakadebs mimarTavs iqiT, sadac
yvelaze dabali xelfasebia da yvelaze Raribi muSa xelis
eqspluatacias uwyobs xels. es rom marTali iyos, burkina faso
da sxva gaRatakebuli dabal xelfasiani qveynebi ucxouri
investiciebiT gaivseboda. aseTi gancxadebis Semowmeba Zalian
advilia, da Cven asec moviqceviT. 1990-ian wlebSi aSS-s pirdapiri
ucxouri investiciebis 81 procenti msoflios sam regionSi
ganxorcielda:
gausaZlisad
Rarib
kanadaSi,
misavaTebul
dasavleT evropaSi da SimSilisagan dauZlurebul iaponiaSi.
3
ganviTarebadi, sul ufro zrdadi xelfasebis mqone qveynebis
(rogorebicaa indonezia, brazilia, tailandi da meqsika) wili 18
procents Seadgenda. xolo danarCeni msoflio, maT Soris
afrikac, darCenil 1 procents inawilebda. investorebi fuls iq
abandeben, sadac igi yvelaze did mogebas moitans, xolo aseT
adgilebs, ZiriTadad, maRal da ara dabal xelfasiani qveynebi
warmoadgenen. amas garda, ucxoeli investorebis mier dafuZnebuli
sawarmoebi Cveulebriv ufro maRal xelfasebs uxdian TavianT
TanamSromlebs, vidre maT Sinauri firmebi gadauxdidnen, radgan
ucxoelebs saukeTeso kadrebis mozidva da SenarCuneba surT.
xdeba
kapirtalis
eqsporti
mdidari
qveynebidan
mesame
msoflios qveynebSi, sadac xorcieldeba iafi muSa xelis
eqspluatacia,
ris
Sedegadac
iwarmoeba
didi
moculobiT
iaffasiani
saqoneli,
romelic
Semdeg
miedineba
mdidari
qveynebisaken, iqmneba savaWro proficitebi, rac Zirs uTxris
warmoebas mdidar qveynebSi, ase rom yvela wagebuli rCeba. aseT
istoriebs xSirad kolejebis saerTo sacxovreblebSi vismen. isini
ise daxlarTulia, rom arc ki vici saidan daviwyo. pirvel rigSi,
SeuZlebelia erTdroulad kapitaluri angariSebis da savaWro
proficitebi arsebobdes. Tuki Tqveni eqsportis moculoba
imports aWarbebs, eqsportis samgierod raRacas iRebT, da es
raRaca SeiZleba iyos im qveynis aqtivebi – an wminda investiciebi
– romelSic Tqven eqsports axorcielebT. Tuki Tqveni importis
movculoba ufro didia, vidre eqsportis – rasac ukve ramodenime
aTwleulia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aqvs adgili –
ucxoelebs, romlebic Tqvens qveyanaSi imports axorcieleben
samagierod raime unda SesTavazoT, da es Cveulebriv Tqveni
aqtivebia
(SeiZleba
Tqveni
kompaniebis
aqciebic
iyos).
fundamentaluri
sabuRaltro
gantoleba
Semdegnairad
gamoiyureba: danazogebs – investiciebi = eqsports – importi.
globalizaciis oponentebis mier waremodgenili “saSineli”
scenarebis umravlesobas safuZvlad saerTaSoriso savaWro
buRalteriis elementaruli safuZvlebis ucodinroba udevs.
globalizacia garemosdacviTi da SromiTi standartebis
gauaresebas iwvevs. kidev erTi sicrue is aris, TiTqos kapitali
iqeT miedineba, sadac yvelaze dabali garemosdacviTi da SromiTi
standartebi arsebobs. modiT faqtebs gadavxedoT. investorebi
fuls abandeben iq, saidanac maqsimaluri ukugebis miRebas
moelian. Cveulebriv es iq aris SesaZlebeli, sadac Sroma yvelaze
nayofieria, anu sadac adamianebi ufro mdidrebi arian, xolo rac
ufro mdidaria sazogadoeba, is ufro met da ara nakleb
yuradRebas aqcevs garemos dacvis sakiTxebs da Sromis pirobebs.
savaWro
xelSekrulebebis
viTomda
negatiuri
zegavlenis
sailustraciod yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli ori SemTxveva –
“Tinus/delfinis” da “xamanwka/kus” saqmeebi – realurad pozitiur
4
tendencias gviCveneben, radgan sxva qveynebma delfinebis da kuebis
dasacavad aSS-s sakanonmdeblo standartebi danerges.
igive Seexeba SromiT standartebsac. Cveulebriv, ucxoelebis
mflobelobaSi myof sawarmoebSi adgili yvelasaTvis sasurvelia,
radgan
es
sawarmoebi
ukeTes
xelfasebsac
ixdian
da
TanamSromlebs ukeTes pirobebsac sTavazoben, vidre adgilobrivi
kompaniebi.
globalziacia
mTel
msoflioSi
homogenuri
amerikuli
kulturis danergvas uwyobs xels. marTalia, rom amerika
bevrisaTvis kulturulad mimzidvelia, da rom zogierTi adamiani
– Cveulebriv es elitis warmomadgenlebi
arian – amas
ewinaaRmdegeba. magram ratom arafers ambobT im maniaze, romelmac
mTeli msoflio SturmiT daipyro – patara inglisel jadoqar
hari poterze, an im maniaze, romelmac mTeli msoflios Svidi
wlis bavSvebis gulebi moigo – iaponur pokemonis fenomenze, an
iaponur “animeze”, induri “bolivudis” filmebis industriaze, da
im uamrav popularul ara-amerikul kulturebze, romlebic ase
gvamdidreben Cven da amdidreben erTmaneTs? aRaraferi rom vTqvaT
tailandur samzareuloze an imaze, rom msoflioSi arsebul
nebismier enaze dawerili simReris mosmena aRaranair problemas
ar warmoadgens. Tuki kultura hermetulad daxuruli da
ucvleli iqneba, igi kultura ki ara, muzeumis eqsponati gaxdeba.
globalizacia kulturebis gamdidrebas emsaxureba.
globalizacia uTanasworobis wyaroa. uTanasworobis zrdis an
Semcirebis mizezebi mravalferovania, Tumca im gancxadebaSi, rom
globalizacia uTanasworobas iwvevs simarTlis mniSvnelovani
wilia, oRond es uTanasworoba Caketili bazris da ekonomikis
mqone da Ria savaWro politikis gamtarebel qveynebs Soris
arsebobs. amas im uTanasworobasTan, romelsac anti-globalistebi
gulisxmoben, saerTo araferi aqvs. im qveynebSi, romlebsac
TavianTi bazrebi vaWrobas da investiciebs gauxsnes, saSualo
klasi gaizarda, rac niSnavs, rom Semosavlebis uTanasworoba
Semcirda da ara piriqiT.
globalizaciis sargebeli
globalizacia mSvidobis ganmtkicebas uwyobs xels, radgan
konfliqtebis warmoqmnis stimulebs spobs. proteqcionizmi iseT
mentalitets da mis Sesabamis praqtikebs efuZneba, romlebic
sxvadasxva erebis urTierT sawinaaRmdego interesebze akeTeben
aqcents. amis sawinaaRmdegod, Tavisufali vaWroba xalxebs Soris
mSvidobian kavSirebs amyarebs. arsebobs Zveli aforizmi: rodesac
saqonels sazRvris gadakveTa ar SeuZlia, amas jarebi izamen.
5
vaWroba simdidres qmnis. warmoidgineT, rom viRacam Seqmna
manqana, romelic mogcemT saSualebas erT karSi is saqoneli
gaitanoT, romlis warmoebac Tqven iafad SegiZliaT, xolo
meoreSi – is saqoneli SemoitanoT, romelic gWirdebaT magram,
romlis
warmoebac
TqvenTvis
Zviri
da
problematuria.
avstralielebi erTi karidan cxvris gatanas SeZlebdnen, xolo
meoredan
maT
avtomobilebi
da
qseroqsebi
SemouvidodaT.
iaponelebi ki erTi karidan video da audio mowyobilobebs
gaitandnen, xolo meoredan navTobproduqtebs, xorbals da
TviTmfrinavebs
miiRebdnen.
aseTi
manqanis
gamomgonebeli
kacobriobis mxsnelad iqneboda gamocxadebuli, sanam ralf
naderi an peT biuqeneni ar aRmoaCendnen, rom es manqana iseTive
principiT muSaobs, rogorc nebismieri ... porti! amis Semdeg,
msxnelobis
magivrad
gamomgonebels
samuSao
adgilebis
gamanadgurebels da, sul mcire, ara-patriots Searqmevdnen. magram,
arsebobs raime gansxvaveba aseT jadosnur manqanasa da vaWrobas
Soris?
vaWroba
yvelasaTvis
momgebiania.
proteqcionistebisTvis
yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Secdoma imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini
„absolutur
upiratesobas‟
da
„SedarebiT
upiratesobas‟
erTmaneTisagan ver asxvaveben. maSinac ki, Tu pirvel rigSi mjdomi
adamiani yvelafers ukeTesad akeTebs vidre me, Cven orive
sargebels miviRebT, rodesac igi gaakeTebs imas ris gakeTebac
yvelaze kargad SeuZlia, xolo me gavakeTeb imas, ris gakeTebac me
SemiZlia yvelaze kargad da Cveni Sromis nayofs erTmaneTs
gavucvliT. mbeWdavis da iuristis cnobili Zveli magaliTi iseve
marTebulia saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisTvis, rogorc ofisis
SigniT. iuristi mbeWdavs kanonebTan muSaobaSic sjobs da
beWdvaSic, Tumca orive igebs, rodesac iuristi kanonebs mixedavs,
rac naklebi zaralis momtani iqneba nabeWdis gamosavlis
danakargis TvalsazrisiT, xolo mbeWdavi dabeWdavs, rac nakleb
zarals moitans dakarguli sakanonmdeblo Sromis TvalsazrisiT,
radgan mbeWdavi kanonebTan muSaobaze ukeTesad mainc beWdvas
axerxebs. saerTo gamosavali ufro maRali xarisxis iqneba da
orive ufro did Semosavals miiRebs. es agreTve erTerTi mizezia
imisa, rom vaWroba ase mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli mSvidobasTan.
zustad imis gamo, rom adamianebi sxva adamianebs uyureben
rogorc partniorebs orive mxarisaTvis momgebian urTierTobebSi,
da ara rogorc samkvdro-sasicocxlo mtrebs, SesaZlebeli xdeba
mSvidobiani da adamianuri urTierTobebis damyareba. kacobriobis
civilizacias safuZvlad vaWroba udevs.
Tavisufali vaWroba bavSvTa Sromis aRkveTis saukeTeso
saSualebaa. mTel msoflioSi daaxloebiT 250 milion bavSvs uwevs
muSaoba.
globalizaciasTan
da
Tavisufali
vaWrobis
gavrcelebasTan erTad momuSave bavSvebis raodenoba Semcirda, ki
ar gaizarda, da amas sakmaod TvalsaCino mizezebi gaaCnia. Raribi
6
qveynebi imitom rodi arian Raribi, rom aq bavSvebs uwevT muSaoba.
piriqiT – bavSvebi muSaoben, imitom rom isini Raribebi arian.
rodesac adamianebi warmoebis da Tavisufali vaWrobis Sedegad
mdidrdebian, maT urCevniaT bavSvebi skolaSi gaagzavnon, da ara
yanaSi. globaluri vaWroba bavSvTa Sromis mospobis da misi
ganaTlebiT Canacvlebis uswrafesi saSualebaa.
vaWroba, gamWvirvaloba da globalizacia angariSvaldebuli
da
demokratiuli
mTavrobebis
Camoyalibebas
da
kanonis
uzenaesobis damkvidrebas uwyoben xels. savaWro barierebis
damxobas iseTi mTavrobebis raodenobis mniSvnelovani gazrda
mohyva, romelTac “fridom hausi” (Feedom House) demokratiulis
klasifikacias aniWebs. “msoflios ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis”
CamonaTvalis (am dokumentis erTerTi gamomcemeli “katonis
institutia”) yvelaze gaxsnili bazris moqne qveynebidan (zeda
40%) 90% “fridom hausis” mier klasificirebulia, rogorc
„Tavisufali‟. amis swinaaRmdegod, yvelaze naklebad Tavisufali
bazris mqone qveynebis (qveda 20%) mxolod 20% warmoadgens
„Tavisufals‟,
xolo
50%-ze
meti
–
„ara-Tavisufals‟.
am
TvalsazrisiT meqsika Zalian kargi magaliTia: “CrdloeT amerikis
Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis” dadebis Sedegad
meqsikis ekonomikis gaxsnam SesaZlebeli gaxada saprezidento
arCevnebSi vinsente foqsis gamarjveba, ramac bolo mouRo
qveyanaSi “institucionaluri revoluciuri partiis” monopolur
mmarTvelobas. demokratiulad angariSvaldebuli mTavrobis da
kanonis uzenaesobis gulSematkivrebma mxari globalizacias unda
dauWiron.
Tavisufali vaWroba adamianis fundamentaluri uflebebis
ricxvs ganekuTvneba. anti-globalistebi da proteqcionistebi
TavianT msjelobas safuZvelSi im mosazrebas udeben, rom maT
Cemsa
da
Tqvens
Soris
nebayoflobiTi
gacvla-gamocvlis
Sesaferxeblad Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba gaaCniaT. magram,
fundamentaluri uflebebi yvela adamianisTvis erTnairi unda
iyos, xolo Tavisufal vaWrobaSi monawileoba fundamentaluri
uflebaa, romelic erTnairad xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvela
adamianisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, sazRvris romel mxares cxovrobs
igi. Tavisufali vaWroba ar aris privilegia; es adamianis
uflebaa.
vaWroba
adamianisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
saqmianobaa.
igi
gangvasxvavebs Cven yvela danarCeni cxovelisagan. igi CvenTvis
damaxasiaTebel msjelobisa da sxvaTa darwmunebis unarebs
efuZneba. rogorc adam smiTma 1763 wlis 30 marts Tavis leqciaSi
aRniSna, “Silingis SeTavazeba, rasac CvenTvis aseTi Cveulebrivi
da martivi mniSvneloba gaaCnia, realurad warmoadgens arguments,
romlis meSveobiTac Cven vcdilobT davarwmunoT pirovneba
moiqces ise, rogorc Cven gvsurs, radgan es misTvisac sasargeblo
7
iqneba”. misi sityvebiT, sxva cxovelebs SeuZliaT iTanamSromlon,
magram isini ar vaWroben: maT ar SeuZliaT vaWroba, radgan maT
msjelobis meSveobiT sxva cxovelebis darwmuneba ar SeuZliaT.
vaWroba ara marto adamianis, aramed civilizaciis erTerT
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebasac warmoadgens, da amas homerosic ki
aRniSnavs Tavis “odiseaSi”. me-9 nawilSi, romelSic odisevsi
ciklopebis qveyanaSi vizitis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, igi gvixsnis,
ratom arian ciklopebi “ukanono gulmxeci qmnilebebi”. odisevsi
gveubneba, rom:
“ciklopebs ar hyavT alisfer cxviriani xomaldebi
da arc xomaldis xuroebi, romlebic lamaz gemebs aagebdnen,
raTa am gemebiT gasuliyvnen zRvaSi da moexilaT xalxmravali
qalaqebi,
rogorc amas adamianebis umravlesoba akeTebs, raTa codna da
saqoneli
gauziaros
sxvebisagan”.
sxvebs
an
miiRos
ciklopi veluria, radgan igi sxvebTan ar vaWrobs. igi
cxovrobs
iseT
samyaroSi,
romliskenac
anti-globalistebi
iswrafvian, msoflioSi vaWrobis gareSe, msoflioSi, romelSic
nebismieri
saqoneli
mxolod
adgilobrivad
iwarmoeba.
proteqcionizmis uaryofa aucilebelia ara mxolod imis gamo,
rom igi araefeqturia. igi unda iqnas uaryofili, radgan mas
konfliqtebamde da omamde mivyavarT, imitom rom igi amoraluria,
da imitom rom igi aracivilizebulia.
imisaTvis raTa damoukidebloba SeinarCunos, “katonis instituti” uars ambobs samTavrobo dafinansebaze.
Semowirulobebi miiReba fondebisgan, korporaciebisgan da individebisgan. damatebiTi Semosavlebi miiReba
gamoqveynebuli masalebis realizaciidan. instituti aris ara-momgebiani, sagadsaxado SeRavaTebis mqone
saganmanaTleblo fondi, romelic dafuZnebulia “Sida saSemosavlo kodeqsis” 501(c)3 muxlis Sesabamisad.
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