docpostmodernistuli tendenciebi Tanamedrove qarTul romanSi
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postmodernistuli tendenciebi Tanamedrove qarTul romanSi
avtoris stili daculia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti qarTuli literaturis instituti sofiko ZnelaZe postmodernistuli tendenciebi Tanamedrove qarTul romanSi filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili d i s e r t a c i a samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis doqtori, profesori Tamar paiWaZe Tbilisi 2014 Sinaarsi Sesavali ................................................................................................................................... 3 Tavi I. postmodernistuli romanis definiciisaTvis 1.1. romani, rogorc Janri ............................................................................................... 10 1.2. postmodernizmis genezisisaTvis (istoriul-analitikuri diskursi) ..20 1.3. postmodernistuli modeli da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi refleqsia.... 41 1.4. postmodernistuli romani, rogorc aseTi ................................................... 54 1.5. postmodernistuli romanis qarTuli orientirebi .................................. 106 I Tavis daskvna .....................................................................................................................120 Tavi II. postmodernistuli narativi da Tanamedrove qarTuli romani 2.1. zurab qarumiZe ............................................................................................................................................124 2.2. laSa imedaSvili ..................................................................................................................................... 129 2.3. zaza burWulaZe ........................................................................................................................................ 134 2.4. nestan kvinikaZe ......................................................................................................................................... 141 2.5. aka morCilaZe ........................................................................................................................................... 148 2.6. qarTvel 60-ianelTa saxeebis postmodernistuli interpretacia ..... 191 II Tavis daskvna .................................................................................................................................................. 206 daskvnebi ................................................................................................................................................................. 209 gamoyenebuli literatura ..................................................................................................................... 215 2 postmodernistuli tendenciebi Tanamedrove qarTul romanSi Sesavali postmodernizmze, rogorc Tanamedrove literaturul procesze, mravalgzis XX iTqva da daiwera. qarTul SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi ki masze saukunis bolos daiwyes saubari. aSkaraa tendencia, rom literaturaTmcodneobaSi mimdinare literaturuli procesebi ar aris erT mTlianobaSi movlenaze ganxiluli, literaturul masze saubroben, samyaroSi, rogorc magram gamorCeul gaurkvevlad da zedapirulad. is siTamame, rasac postmodernizmi amJRavnebs, bevrisTvis ucxo da Znelad mkiTxveli gasagebi dabneulobam aRmoCnda. moicva; klasikur Tumca mwerlobas wlebis miCveuli gasvlasTan erTad sakiTxisadmi midgomac Seicvala, sazogadoeba aseTi tipis mwerlobisadmi ufro ,,humanuri’’[ literaturasac gaxda. mkiTxveli da mkvlevari postmodernistul gamouCnda, amitom misi sruliad axlebur WrilSi romanis kvleva ganxilva gaxda saWiro. naSromis sainteresoa aqtualoba: msoflioSi Tanamedrove cnobili qarTuli postmodernisti mwerlebis nawarmoebebTan konteqstSi. am TvalsazrisiT sami yvelaze mniSvnelovani kiTxvaa pasuxgasacemi: a) ra saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi Cndeba maT Soris; b) Tanamedrove qarTulma mwerlobam gaiziara Tu ara msoflioSi mimdinare es literaturul siaxleebi, Tu es ubralod gamoZaxilia mimdinare procesebSi asaxuli; g) riTi gansxvavdeba qarTuli postmodernizmi da ra axali saTqmeli warmogvidgina man. msoflio literaturul-kulturuli procesebi axali gamowvevebis winaSe gvayenebs, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebuli da qarTuli mwerlobisTvis araorganulia, Tumca am siaxlem, imdenad moicva Cveni kultura, rom mniSvnelovania gaimijnos: ra aris qarTuli mwerlobisa da kulturisaTvis Tvisobrivad ucxo da ra _ nacnobi. postmodernizmi saqarTveloSi tradiciul niadagze warmoiSva, TiTqmis yvelaferi mzad iyo, TiTqmis yvela literaturulma miRwevam Tavisi saTqmeli Tqva, axla iwyeboda etapi, rodesac ukve naTqvamis xelaxla gadaazreba gaxda saWiro, swored amis maniSnebelia is faqti, 3 rom modernizmsa da postmodernizms Soris sxvaobas bevri kritikosi gverds ver uvlis. upirispirdeba Zvels xazgasasmelia da mis erTi axlebur momenti, rom es interpretacias procesi gvTavazobs, gviTrevs TamaSSi, romelSic Cven mkiTxvelebi Cvengan damoukideblad verTvebiT. Tanamedrove am siaxleebisa qarTuli da mwerloba tradiciebis saintereso nazaviT dakvirvebis miRebuli saSualebas gvaZlevs. es aris gamowveva, romelsac Sesabamisi pasuxis gacema da gaanalizeba sWirdeba. sakiTxis istoria: qarTvel mkvlevarTa nawili qarTul mwerlobaSi postmodernizmis Camoyalibebas XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan varaudobs. am mimdinareobis sawyis movlenad afxazeTisa da samaCablos konfliqti saxeldeba. am periodidanve gamoCnda kritikuli werilebi da literaturuli analizi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom manamde am literaturul mimdinareobas, qarTveli mkiTxvelebis Zalian viwro wre icnobda. 90-iani wlebidan iwereba postmodernistuli nawarmoebebi, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdebodnen rogorc formis, ise Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT klasikuri qarTuli mxatvruli teqstebisagan. qarTveli kritikosebis erTi nawili postmodernizmis niSnebs XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis prozaSi xedavda da am faqtTan mimarTebiT Tavis mosazrebebs ayalibebda. dResac, mkvlevarTa nawili postmodernistul nawarmoebad miiCnevs adreuli periodis mxatvrul teqstebs: kerZod, levan bregaZe, bela wifuria da nugzar muzaSvili miiCneven, rom XX saukunis 70-80–iani wlebidan, postmodernizmi gelaSvilis, jemal gvxvdeba, qarCxaZis da guram oTar doCanaSvilis, CxeiZis prozaSi. naira maTi SexedulebiT kerZod, naira gelaSvilis ,,anabeWdebi’’, guram doCanaSvilis ,,vater(po)loo anu postmodernistul aRdgeniTi narativad, qarCxaZis da oTar CxeiZis mkvlevarTa nawili samuSaoebi’’ rasac SeiZleba calsaxad ver CaiTvalos vityviT jemal nawarmoebebze. postmodernizmis qarTul mwerlobaSi damkvidrebis xanad 90-ian wlebs miiCnevs. axalgazrda kritikosTa Taoba _ maia jaliaSvili, ana imnaiSvili, zeinab kikviZe, lela mircxulava, konstantine bregaZe TavianT naSromebSi exebian ra qarTuli postmodernizmis warmoSobas, midian erT daskvnamde, rom saqarTveloSi 4 postmodernizmi Semovida XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi da misi warmoSobis sababi qveyanaSi arsebuli imdroindeli politikuri da socialuri viTareba gaxda. marTlac, damoukideblobis gamocxadebam, samoqalaqo omma, bolos 1993 wlis 27 seqtembers soxumis dacemam da afxazeTis dakargvam gavlena moaxdina literaturuli procesis ganviTarebaze da qarTuli postmodernizmis ,,dakargulma sastikma Taobam’’ realobam saTavec Tavis swored protesti Tavisi Tavi aq unda mxatvrul agresiuli veZioT. WrilSi kuTxiT e.w. gadaitana. aCvena, omma, sasowarkveTam postmodernistuli literaturis saxiT Sedegi gamoiRo. am etapze araerTi qarTveli literatori aanalizebs da ikvlevs postmodernizms, dawerilia rogorc ramdenime movlenas disertacia da da rogorc mxatvrul kritikuli werili, zogadad mxolod qarTul procesebs da garkveul periods faqts. romelic mimoixilavs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mxolod afxazeTisa da samaCablos omebs ver miviCnevT mizezad qarTul literaturul sivrceSi postmodernizmis damkvidrebisa. postmodernizmis niSnebi, Cveni azriT, Cvens mwerlobaSi gacilebiT ufro adre 70-80-ian wlebSi gaCnda, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, guram doCanaSvilisa da naira gelaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. afxazeTis omma da samoqalaqo dapirispirebam niadagi Seuqmna postmodernizms imisTvis, rom farTod cnobierdeboda. ganviTarebuliyo, XX saukunis Tumca 90-ian manamde wlebSi tendenciebi postmodernizmi ukve Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiT damkvidrda qarTul mwerlobaSi. swored es politikuri Tu socialuri viTareba gaxda sababi imisa, rom kritikos ivane amirxanaSvils 2003 wels eTqva: ,,aCrdili dadis saqarTveloSi, aCrdili postmodernizmisa’’ (amirxanaSvili 2003: 197). mkvlevarTa nawili miiCnevs, rom postmodernizmis aCrdili umberto ekos ,,vardis saxels’’ Semohyva saqarTveloSi. amdenad, evropeizaciam Tavisi gamoZaxili saqarTveloSi kidev erTxel hpova. qveynis SigniT arsebulma politikurma procesebma am mimdinareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi dekonstruqcia, istorizmis principi, ormagi kodireba da sxva farulad, TamaSiT moRweuli ufro TvalsCino gaxada da aqamde postmodernistuli daamkvidra Cvens realobaSi. 5 narativi sabolood kvlevis mizani: naSromis upirvelesi mizania postmodernistuli tendenciebis Cveneba Tanamedrove qarTul romanSi. postmodernizmze saubrisas pirvel rigSi unda SevexoT, im niSnebs, romelic axasiaTebs aRniSnul literaturul process. amasTan, mniSvnelovania im Teoriuli masalis warmoCena, romelic postmodernistuli nawarmoebis gaazrebasa da sworad gagebas Seuwyobs xels. mxolod amis Semdeg SevZlebT imis gansazRvras, ra mimarTulebisaa esa Tu is literaturuli nawarmoebi, ikveTeba Tu ara masSi postmodernistuli tendenciebi da ra saxisaa is, ra niSnebi axasiaTebs aseTi tipis nawarmoebebs.. pirvel rigSi, sanam qarTul postmodernizmze visaubrebdeT, unda gavaanalizoT msoflio literaturul procesebSi ukve damkvidrebuli meTodologia, is, Tu rogor ikvleven kritikosebi. Tanamedrove sainteresoa, postmodernistulad cnobili ratom? romanis gavaanalizebT gamoikveTos naSromiT da nimuSebad postmodernistuli Semdeg romeli literaturuli qrestomaTiul literaturul mxatvruli naSromSi teqstebi, iTvleba. gansazRvras nawarmoebebs teqsti miaCniaT mimoxilulia romelic qarTul literaturul maT Soris arsebuli msavsebani Znelia yvela sakiTxze amomwuravi da maT msoflioSi postmodernizmis disertaciis mieZRvneba ucxoeli pirveli da Tavi mxolod amis procesebs, raTa gansxvavebani. erTi pasuxis gacema, Tumca SevecdebiT, safuZvlianad warmovaCinoT postmodernistuli tendenciebi Tanamedrove qarTul romanSi. naSromis amocanaa jer kidev Seuswavleli literaturuli procesebisaTvis garkveuli Sefasebis micema, radgan Tanamedrove literaturuli kritika am TvalsazrisiT analizis simcires ganicdis. kvlevis wyaroebi: kvleva eyrdnoba msoflio postmodernistuli narativis nimuSebs: uiliam folkneris, marsel prustis, entoni berjesis, patrik zuskindis, paulo koelios, ken kinzis, herman melvilis, umberto ekos, milorad paviCis, xaruki murokamis, xulio kortasaris da sxvaTa mxatvrul teqstebs, aseve qarTveli mwerlebis naira gelaSvilis, guram doCanaSvilis, zurab qarumiZis, laSa imedaSvilis, laSa buRaZis, zaza burWulaZis, nestan kvinikaZis, aka morCilaZis nawarmoebebs. 6 kvlevis diskursebi, wyarod unda romelTac miviCnioT ganapirobes literaturul-kritikuli naSromis mizanmimarTuli analitikuri orientacia. naSromis Teoriuli baza: naSromSi ,,postmodernistuli tendenciebi Tanamedrove qarTul romanSi’’, Seswavlilia postmodernizmis cnobili mkvlevrebis miSel fukos, volfgang velSis, rolan bartis, Jan-fransua liotaris, jeri alen faijeris, Jerar Jenetis, Carlz jenkinsis, jon brouinis, kliment grinbergis, bari luisis da sxvaTa mosazrebebi. naSromis Teoriul nawilSi, romelSic romanis Janruli maxasiaTeblebia ganxiluli, gamoyenebulia mixeil baxtinis, Jerar Janetis, rolan bartis da sxvaTa naSromebi. istoriuli prozis Teoriuli maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvisas qarTveli mkvlevrebidan aRsaniSnavia irma ratianis, mariam miresaSvilis, guram kankavas da Salva CiCuas naSromebi. sakuTriv postmodernizmis qarTuli analizis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovania bela wifurias, levan bregaZis, konstantine bregaZis, zeinab kikviZis, ana imnaiSvilis, lela mircxulavas da sxvaTa naSromebi. meTodologia: literaturuli teqstis interpretaciisTvis Tavad teqsti iZleva yvelaze did masalas. mniSvnelovania, Janris Teoriis farglebSi saTanado naratiuli meTodis meTodologiuri safuZvelze midgomebis teqstis SemuSaveba. analizi faqtia, da garda mTxrobelisa, literaturuli teqstis gagebisTvis saWiroa recipienti, anu mkiTxveli, teqstis aRmqmeli. mkiTxveli sxvadasxvanairia. Sesabamisad gansxvavebulia literaturuli teqstis aRqmac; is mkiTxvelis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebsa da ganaTlebazea damokidebuli. aseve mniSvnelovania modernistuli midgomebis gansazRvra. dakvirvebisa faqtoria avtoris da analizis postmodernistuli mier Seqmnil postmodernistul bevr teqstSi meTodi, teqstisa, dafarul yvelaferi erT-erTi radgan Sreebs zedapirze ganmsazRvreli dakvirvebis miagnebs ar Sedegad mkvlevari. devs, mTavari saTqmeli xSirad striqonebs miRma imaleba: Sesabamisad, masze dakvirveba da analizi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani meTodia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas SedarebiT anu komparativistul meTodze, romlis gamoyenebac mxatvruli teqstis analizisas mniSvnelovania. kvlevis procesSi aseve 7 gamoyenebulia mxatvruli masalis, simbolos da cnebis dekodirebis, misi ganzogadebis principi. mecnieruli siaxle: naSromi, romelic garkveul pozicias Camoayalibebs mimdinare literaturul procesebze, axlebur analizs warmoaCens Sesaxeb; cnobili avtorebis ucnobi da jerac gamoukvlevi teqstebis romelTac gamokveTili mxatvruli Rirebuleba gaaCniaT. Seswavlilia Tanamedrove qarTveli mwerlebis nawarmoebebi, bunebrivia, rom yvela nawarmoebis Seswavla SeuZlebeli da zedmetic iqneboda, naSromSi pasuxoben ZiriTadad im gamoyoflia moTxovnebs, rasac is mxatvruli teqstebi, romlebic ayenebs mxatvruli postmodernizmi teqstis winaSe. yvela es nawarmoebi gamoirCeva Tavisi niSniT, romelic postmodernizms axasiaTebs, isini ganxiluli arian rogorc istoriul rakursSi, ise mimdinare Tanamedroveoba SemoqmedebiTi istoriisgan bevr procesebis saTqmels WrilSi. iRebs, is cxadia, Zalian davalebulia warsulisgan, Tumca marto warsulis didebiT tkboba araa mimdinare literaturuli procesebis acocxlebs realobas, ise rom, mTavari saTqmeli, piriqiT, is mkiTxveli TiToeul gverdze Tavisi cxovrebis aRwerasac xedavs, radgan avtori kargad icnobs im realobas, romelSic mkiTxvelTan sxvagvaradaa, erTad Tanamedrove uwevs avtori cxovreba. mkiTxvelTan relobaSi yvelaferi erTad yvelafris im momswrea, rac mis samSobloSi sul raRac aTi-oci wlis win moxda. arc ise didi droa gasuli, mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi naTladaa warmodgenili movlenebi, romlebic aRwera mweralma. sainteresoa, rogor warmogvidgina man faqtebi mxatvrul teqstSi. amaze bevri kamaTobs, yvela avtors Tavisi xelwera aqvs, yvela Tavis saTqmels sxvadasxva formiT ambobs. zogi istoriasTan aerTianebs axlandelobas ekleqtursac ki Tanamedrove xdis da prozas, es nazavi rac zogjer aris kidec postmodernizmis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSani. istoria da Tanamedroveoba mimdinare literaturul procesebSi Tamamadaa Serwymuli erTmaneTTan da kidev ufro sainteresos xdis literaturuli teqstis kvlevas, radgan kavSiri warsulTan, misi erTi SexedviT ugulebelyofa gvaZlevs saSualebas, kargad gavigoT is, Tu risi Tqma unda avtors. mimdinare literaturulma procesebma, romelic 8 postmodernizmis saxels atarebs, atomuri bombis afeTqebis efeqti moaxdina, daanawevra da daaqucmaca samyaro, romelmac uari Tqva erTian saxeze da yvelaferi fragmentulad mogvawoda, mkiTxvelma Tavad unda SeZlos am qaosidan Tavis daRweva, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi literaturul labirinTSi mouwvs yofna, sadac ,,araidnes Zafis’’ povna rTuli iqneba. msoflio literaturul sivrceSi, sadac postmodernizmi ukve Cavlili procesi iyo, bevri saintereso momenti gamoikveTa, romlis danaxvac swored Tanamedrove am sxvaobaTa qarTvelma da mwerlebmac msgavsebaTa SeZles. danaxva, Temis Cveni mizania, siaxlec esaa, qarTuli mwerloba daakavSiros msoflio literaturul procesebTan. dRes TiTqmis yvela wers postmodernizmze, rogorc erT-erT gamorCeul literaturul procesze, Tumca am etapisTvis ar xerxdeba am sakiTxis srulyofilad gaazreba da procesisadmi adgilis miCena literaturis istoriaSi. Tu ar CavTvliT am Temaze daweril ramdenime literaturul naSroms. Rirebuleba Tanamedrove da daniSnuleba: literaturuli naSromi procesebis uTuod gacnobis daainteresebs msurvels, radgan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mimdinare qarTuli literaturuli realobis ganxilva arc Tu iseTi aqtiuri procesia, radgan sakiTxi jer kidev Seuswavlelia, vfiqrobT, misi Seswavlis erT-erTi piroba es naSromic iqneba, romelic biZgs miscems Tanamedrove literaturiT dainteresebul mkvlevrebs, axleburad Sexedon movlenebs, radgan warsulis kvleva ukve warsulSi unda darCes, kritikam mimdinare procesebze Tavisi sityva unda Tqvas. mwerali Semfasebeli, amdenad, ki maSin kvdeba rogorc Semoqmedi, rodesac mas Tundac kritikuli, ar hyavs. naSromi gankuTvnilia da miznobrivia qarTuli proziT dainteresebuli mkvlevrebisTvis, Tanamedrove studentebisTvis, rogorc saswavlo masala, aseve maTTvis, visac ainteresebs Tanamedrove literatura. 9 I Tavi postmodernistuli romanis definiciisaTvis 1.1. romani, rogorc Janri qarTuli romanis istoria XIX saukunis bolo da XX saukunis dasawyisidan iRebs saTaves, bevri saintereso ram iTqva da daiwera romanze, rogorc saqarTveloSi erT-erT gamorCeul postmodernistuli literaturul tendenciebi pirvelad Janrze. romanSi gamoCnda. Janruli kategoriidan ki gansakuTrebiT ikveTeba istoriuli romani, romelSic aRniSnulma literaturulma mimdinareobam ufro metad iCina Tavi, radgan saTqmeli da sakvlevi swored rom warulidan momdinareobs, Tanamedrove literatura warsuliT sazrdoobs, Tumca mxolod warsuli ar aris am faqtis ganmsazRvreli. mas gansazRvravs dro. is mimdinare procesebis aqtiuri Semfasebelicaa. istoriuli romani qarTuli realobisTvis ar aris ucxo, radgan XX saukunidan is ukve arsebobs da aisaxeba mixeil javaxiSvilis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, Salva dadianis, vasil barnovis, oTar WilaZis da sxva mweralTa mxatvrul teqstebSi. qarTul romanze bevrs weren, aRsaniSnavia irma ratianis, mariam miresaSvilis, Salva CiCuas, guram kankavas da sxvaTa naazrevi. yvela mkvlevari erTxmad aRniSnavs, rom romanis arsebobas CvenSi mravalwliani istoria aqvs. mariam miresaSvili wignSi ,,literaturuli procesebis tipologiuri kvlevis problemebi’’ – wers: ,,qarTuli romanis aRzevebis ,,moulodneli efeqti’’ gaqreba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTuli romanistikis mdidar tradiciebs da ganviTarebis saintereso tendenciebs‘’ (miresaSvili 1999: 20). qarTul romanze, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, bevri iTqva da daiwera, mniSvnelovania samecniero germaneli gamokvleva, qarTvelologis, sadac avtori Stefi aRniSnavs, xotivar-iungeris rom, miuxedavad gasabWoebisa, saqarTvelo ,,20-iani wlebidan romanis ganviTarebis maRali doniT gamoirCeva, amaze migvaniSnebs saerTaSoriso rangis iseT qarTvel mweralTa saxelebi, rogoric iyo 10 konstantine gamsaxurdia, mixeil javaxiSvili da grigol robaqiZe’’ (miresaSvili 1999: 20). saqarTvelos mudmivi brZola uwevda damoukideblobisaTvis, qveyana mudmivad TavdacviT poziciaSi iyo. mwerlebi garbodnen realobisgan da istoriaSi eZebdnen Svebas. mixeil baxtini aRniSnavs: ,,romani erTaderTi mkvidrebadi da jer kidev sabolood Camouyalibebeli Janria’’ (Бахтин 1975: 147) romani da saerTod literatura yalibdeba im viTarebidan gamomdinare, romelic Seqmnilia zogadad socialur da kulturul sferoSi. romanis Janri icvleba, adre Tu klasikuri romani iqcevda yuradRebas, xolo mis Semdeg istoriuli romanebi wamovida wina planze, dRes, Tanamedrove epoqaSi viTareba Secvlilia, postmodernistulma garemom romanis Janruli specifikis cvlileba gamoiwvia. damkvidrda termini antiromani, romani sruliad mwerlobaSi sxva aseTi formiTa zaza da burWulaZis saTqmeliT Camoyalibda. Semoqmedebaa, avtori qarTul calsaxad aRniSnavs, rom man Seqmna axali tipis qarTuli romani, anu antiromani. romanis klasifikacia SeiZleba asec warmovidginoT: biografiuli romani, fsiqologiuri romani, istoriuli romani, axali romani, swored axali romanis magaliTad, kategorias ganekuTvneba postmodernistuli romanebi. formis TvalsazrisiT sruliad gansxvavebulia milorad paviCis ,,xazarTa leqsikoni’’ romelic dayofilia mdedrul da mamrul nawilebad, rac romanis wakiTxvisas problemas ar qmnis, srulebiT ar aqvs mniSvneloba mis romel nawils wakiTxav, saTqmeli gansxvavebulia, magram personaJebi mainc mogzauroben wignis erTi nawilidan meoreSi. msgavsi naratologiuri formati SemogvTavaza aka morCilaZemac, romalmac 2012 wels erT wignad gamosca romani ,,taverna aTi seqtemberi’’, ,,qalaqis meliebi’’ da santa-esperansas ciklis proza. ,,xazarTa leqsikonis’’ msgavsad, srulebiT ar aqvs mniSvneloba, am teqstebs wignis romeli nawilidan waikiTxav, saTqmeli da Sinaarsi sxvadasxvaa, Tumca aqac SeiZleba saTqmelis gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT raRac saerTos naxva. romanis specifikaze saubari, warmoudgenelia mixeil baxtinis Teoriul poziciaTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. baxtini: ,,romanis Janris dasabams gardauvlad akavSirebs enis fenomenTan. romani misTvis marad cocxali organizmi, mxatvruli struqturaa, 11 romelic zedmiwevniT sizustiT warmoaCens sazogadoebriv da kulturul sinamdvileSi mimdinare istoriul procesebs’’ (Бахтин 1986: 427) swored rom istoriuli procesebis asaxvaa Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerloba, dRevandeli gadmosaxedidan im avad saxsenebelma 90-ianma wlebma Seqmna istoria, Seqmna epoqa, am procesebma asaxva hpova Tanamedrove qarTul literaturul sivrcezec. istoria qmnis Tanamedroveobas. romanis maxasiaTebelia poliglosia (mravalxmianoba) da sicili, parodia da karnavalizacia. baxtinisTvis ,,romani multiJanrul sistemas warmoadgens’’ (Бахтин 1986: 427). teqstis Seqmnisas mniSvnelovania is istoriuli dro da sivrce, romelSic mxatvruli nawarmoebi iwereba da romelic asaxavs Tanamedroveobas warsulTan konteqstSi. romanis antiutopiuri magaliTad Janrebidan romani jorj mniSvnelovania axal oruelis samyaros ,,1984’’, antiutopiuri protests romelic romani. ucxadebs, klasikur aseTia antiutopiur romans warmoadgens. ,,iqmneba zeteqsti, e.w. metateqsti, romelic asaxavs samyaros antiutopiur suraTs’’ (smiTi 2008: 106). angariSgasawevia hans robert iarusis mosazreba: ,,teqsti qmnis iluzias, aravin icis, rogor dakmayofildeba molodini, teqstis calkeuli nawilebi kiTxvis procesSi sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqmeba’’ (Jauss 1982: 139). aseTi gansazRvreba zustad miesadageba postmodernistul teqsts, is namdvilad qmnis imis iluzias, rom sruliad gaucnobiereblad Cven vikargebiT labirinTSi, romlidanac gasasvleli gzis povna arc Tu ise martivia, xSirad am labirinTSi gzamkvlevi Tavad avtoricaa, romelic teqstSive debs misi gagebis gasaRebs, ufro xSirad ki es gasaRebi romanis komentarebSi imaleba. recipients anu adamians, romelic kiTxulobs da aRiqvams literaturul teqsts, didi pasuxismgebloba aqvs, masze bevri ram aris damokidebuli, ramdenad sworad SeZlebs literaturuli nawarmoebis interpretirebas. interpretacia Tanamedrove mwerlobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria, avtori mkiTxvels teqstis gaazrebisTvis srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs, rac xSirad dabneulobasa da gaurkvevlobas iwvevs. gaurkvevloba erT-erTi ganmszRvreli niSania postmodernizmis, rac ufro bundovani da gaurkvevelia teqsti, miT meti interesi uCndeba mkiTxvels, Cawvdes mis mTavar ideas da mixvdes avtoris 12 Canafiqrs, romelic SeiZleba, manac ara icodes. vfiqrobT, ,,gmiris gaqceva’’ Tanamedrove mwerlobisTvis ar aris ucxo, xSirad mTavari gmirebi srulebiTac ar figurireben arsad, an ubralod nawarmoebs mTavari gmiri arc hyavs, ufro didi interess negatiuri sazogadoebisgan ganze mdgomi paranoiiT Sepyrobili gmirebisadmi iCenen. swored isini xdebian ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi teqstSi mimdinare movlenebisa. Tanamedrove romanebSi droisa da sivrcis aRqma, anu qronotopi TiTqmis ar arsebobs, postmodernizmi erTmaneTSi urevs warsuls da Tanamedroveobas ise, rom gaurkvevelia, sad gadis qronotopis xazi, sad iwyeba erTi ambavi da sad meore. qronotopi baxtinis terminia, romelmac literaturaTmcodneobaSi farTo asaxva hpova. adamianebi or dro-sivrcul ganzomilebaSi cxovroben, isini realur sivrces asaxaven da aseve qmnian irealur Sinagan dro-sivrcul garemos, gaqceva realobisgan xSirad yofila mwerlobis asaxvis Tema, Tavad mwerloba da Semoqmedebac xom realobisgan gaqcevas da axali realobis, axali mxatvruli samyaros Seqmnas gulisxmobs. gmirebi garbian da es gaqceva dabrunebas gulisxmobs, isini realobisgan gaqcevas da sxva samyaros Seqmnas cdiloben, rac xSirad kraxiT an fsiqikuri aSlilobiT sruldeba. ase garbian doCanaSvilisa anda koelios gmirebi, Tumca sruliad ganwmendilebi da sxva adamianis saxiT brundebian ukan. rasac ver vityviT kizisa da berjesis gmirebze. moralur-zneobrivi imperativebis rRvevam adamianebis gaucxoeba da garemomcvel samyarosTan konfliqti gamoiwvia. liminalobis fazaSi myofi gmiri iZens sxva socialur garemos da emijneba realobas. is SualedSia, or samyaros Soris arsebul gzazea. ,,cxovreba mijnebisagan Sedgeba-liminaluri fazis pirobebSi –wers viqtor Terneri, pirovneba arc ,,aqeT’’ aris da arc ,,iqiT’’, is imyofeba arsebul poziciebs Soris’’ (Turner 1995: 126). mwerali sxva mxatvrul samyaros sxva realobas qmnis. ,,literatura Tavisi arsiTa da daniSnulebiT liminaluri fenomenia, romelic asrulebs gardamavali fazis funqcias, ZaliT marTul destruqciul realobasa da warmosaxviT gamomuSavebul (ratiani 2010: 112). 13 miRmur kosmoss Soris’’ liminalobaze saubrisas aucileblad unda aRiniSnos TamaSis principi. yvela Semoqmedi garkveulwilad TamaSobs mkiTxvelis winaSe, ajerebs ar arsebulis arsebobaSi da cdilobs mis mier Seqmnili realoba recipientisTvisac misaRebi gaxados. literatura is sferoa, romelic erTmaneTTan axvedrebs realursa da irealur samyaros, aq orives principuli gansazRvreba Tanabaria. avtori igonebs irealur ambavs, realuridan gamomdinare, is TamaSobs am ori movleniT. avtori yovlisSemZlea, man SeZlo mkiTxvelis darwmuneba, ahyoloda TamaSSi, romelic samyaros mijnaze, ori samyaros gzagasayarze arsebobs. es TamaSi recipients liminalur fazaSi amyofebs. mkiTxvelsa da avtors Soris, rogorc literaturaTmcodne irma ratiani gamijnavs, aris 3 faza: ,,1) moqmedebis dinamika 2) dialogis principi 3) monologis principi’’ (ratiani 2010: 182). vfiqrobT, samive sakiTxi gansazRvras moiTxovs. teqstSi moqmedeba dinamiurad unda viTardebodes, avtori Tavis saTqmels TanmimdevrobiT, logikurad unda gadmogvcemdes. Tumca postmodernisti avtorebi am wess saerTod uaryofen, maTTvis sruliad ucxoa moqmedebis dinamika, rac ufro areulia moqmedeba, miT meti fasi aqvs maTTvis literaturul teqsts. rac Seexeba dialogis princips, vfiqrobT, Tanamedrove literaturul procesebSi dialogis principi erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria, radgan avtori yovelTvis saubrobs mkiTxvelTan, mkiTxveli masTan erTad xdeba literaturuli nawarmoebis Semqmneli. moqmedeba araa calmxrivi, mkiTxvels, piriqiT, radgan Tanamedrove Znelia teqstebi postmodernistul moiTxoven teqstTan ganswavlul moumzadebeli misvla. recipienti avtors unda ahyves dialogSi, unda SeZlos misi Canafiqris da qveteqstebis gageba, qveteqsti ki Zalian bevria. es xerxi yvelaze ufro metad postmodernistuli nawarmoebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. monologis principi ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia klasikuri qarTuli literaturuli teqstisTvis, sadac warmmarTveli avtoria, misi 14 saTqmeli yvelas da yvelafers ukana planze anacvlebs, mTavaria mxolod is, Tu ras fiqrobs mxatvruli mwerali. nawarmoebis recipients Seqmnis aranairi procesSi. roli rasac ver ar aqvs vityviT postmodernistul teqstebze. postmodernizmi mkiTxvelis mxridan msgavs Caurevlobas radgan teqstis gaazrebisa postmodernistuli da Seqmnis teqstisTvis procesSi mniSvnelovania gamoricxavs, mkiTxveli da Semdeg avtori. cnobili postmodernisti mwerali da Teoretikosi umberto eko wers: ,,kiTxulobde literaturul nawarmoebs, niSnavs, monawileobas iRebde TamaSSi, romelic saSualebas mogvcems, gaviazroT movlenaTa usasrulo mravalferovneba, romelic moxda, xdeba an moxdeba realur samyaroSi’’ (Эко 2002: 162-163). postmodernistul diskurss mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs naratologiuri faqtori. naratologia mniSvnelovani movlenaa msoflio literaturuli romelic samyarosTvis. gamoiyenes termini ekuTvnis cvetan rolan bartma da romelic moiTxovs rogorc todorovs, sxva cnobilma literaturaTmcodneebma. Txroba mkiTxvelis procesia, monawileobas, es ar aris calmxrivi avtoris, procesi, ise piriqiT, literaturuli nawarmoebi iqmneba imitom, rom mas hyavdes mkiTxveli, swored is gansazRvavs qmnilebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs. naracia istoriis moyolas gulixsmobs. Jerar Jeneti wignSi ,,TxrobiTi diskursi’’ gamoyofs sam tips: 1) TxrobiTi gamonaTqvami, zepiri an werilobiTi diskursi, romelic garkveul movlenas an movlenaTa rigs gadmogvcems. 2) Arealuri an gamogonili movlenebis Tanmimdevroba, romelic mocemuli diskursis (Txrobis) obieqts warmoadgens. 3) Txrobis mesame tipi aRniSnavs ara movlenas, romlis Sesaxebac yvebian, aramed imas, rom viRaca raRacas hyveba, anu aRniSnavs Tavad Txrobis aqts, rogorc aseTi. Jenets Txrobis am sami tipis aRsaniSnavad Semoaqvs sami cneba: ,,1) istoria (anu ambavi) –esaa TxrobiTi aRsaniSni anu Sinaarsi. 15 2) Txroba-aRmniSvneli, gamonaTqvami, diskursi anu sakuTriv TxrobiTi teqsti. 3) naracia-es cneba ZiriTadi TxrobiTi aqtis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba da ufro farTod ki, mTeli gamogonili da realuri sityvebisTvis, romelSic es aqti xdeba’’ (Женетт 1998: 68). Txrobisas mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs drois kategoria, movlenebi ra dro –sivrcul garemoSi xdeba da, Sesabamisad, es garemo ra rols asrulebs teqstis Seqmnis procesze. ,,drosTan TamaSi literaturaSi, TamaSs’’ radgan iwyeben, mTlianobas yvelaze da ufro metad postmodernisti isini arRveven qmnian gamoiyeneba mwerlebi qronotops garkveul - dros, Tanamedrove swored drosa ,,drosTan da sivrcis romelsac Tavisi survilisdamixedviT anawileben. malxaz xarbedias werilSi ,,naratologia’’ drois faqtorTan dakavSirebiT TvalsaCinoebis mizniT moyvanili hyavs Semdegi magaliTi: ,,gamoiyofa Semdegi tipis dro (gavida garkveuli dro da am drois ganmavlobaSi Cerdeba, da Cveni gmiri sagnebis daqorwinda, aRwera iwyeba) deskriptiuli scena (Txroba Cvenebas) elifsisi Txroba mTlianad wydeba pauza (Txroba adgils uTmobs da mis adgils ikavebs fraza... gavida ramdenime weli’’ (xarbedia 2008: 207). xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac avtori damkvirveblis rolSi gamodis da personaJis daxmarebiT Wvrets movlenebs, xSirad ismis kiTxva: baxtinis terminidan gamomdinare xmaa, anu vin laparakobs? Wirs garkveva, visi xma ismis teqstSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, literaturuli teqstis gansazRvrisas, garda imisa, rom gavarkvioT, misi qronotopi, naracia, Txrobis stili Tu saTqmelis sizuste da logikuroba, mniSvnelovania aseve sivrcisa da enis analizi. radgan procesebi cvalebadia, ena cocxali movlenaa da is sivrcul cvalebadobasTan erTad icvleba. JerarKJeneti aRniSnavs: ,,bevri avtorisTvis sivrce warmoadgens cru rwmenas am sityvis ormagi gagebiT, aRsavses erTdroulad morCilebiTa da vnebiT’’ (Jeneti 2005: 201). mkvlevari aseve erT mTlianobaSi aRiqvams literaturas da sivrces, Tumca iqve aRniSnavs, rom es cota ar iyos 16 paradoqsia, droSi radgan arsebobs, ,,literaturuli ramdenadac nawarmoebi kiTxvis aqti, TiTqmis romlis umTavresad saSualebiTac realizdeba dawerili teqstis virtualuri arseboba, warmoadgens Cven sakuTar dros’’ (Jeneti 2005: 208). postmodernistuli araerTi nawarmoebis, kontrargumenti arsebobs, Janruli kuTvnilebis mkvlevari irma ratiani Sesaxeb wignSi ,,Janris Teoria’’ Janris Teoriis 4 ZiriTad etaps gamoyofs: ,, 1) Janris antikuri Teoria. 2) Janris renesansuli da neoklasikuri Teoria. 3) Janris romantikuli da postromantikuli Teoria. 4) Janris Tanamedrove Teoria’’ (ratiani 2009: 4). Znelia, postmodernistuli romani rame Janrs miusadago, is nazavia antikurobisa da Tanamedrove Teoriebis. is erT mTlianobaSi aRiqvams yvelafers, radgan ar cnobs aranair wesebs da kanonebs da ar Tavsdeba CarCoebSi, saTqmels iRebs rogorc antikurobidan, ise Tanamedroveobidan. rogorc alasTair fouleri wers: ,,yoveli teqsti, sul mcire, erT Janrs mainc ganekuTvneba’’ (Fowler 1982: 20). es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans Tanamedrove literaturul teqstSi, sadac yvela epoqa da yvela dro erTmaneTSia moqceuli. teqstis aRqma, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba, ,,teqsti qmnis iluzias, aravin icis, rogor dakmayofildeba molodini, teqstis calkeuli nawilebi kiTxvis procesSi sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba iqnan aRqmulni’’ (ratiani 2009: 49), rac Seexeba axal teqsts _ ,,axali teqsti axali molodinis horizontebs xsnis mkiTxvelis winaSe an axdens arsebuli wesebis gardaqmnas, koreqtirebas’’ (ratiani 2009: 49). mkiTxvelze Zalian bevri ram aris damokidebuli _ ,,mkiTxveli gaiazrebs teqsts masSi arsebuli socialuri kodebisa da konteqstebis miRma’’ (ratiani 2009: 50). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, istoriuli da postmodernistuli romanebi imiT hgvanan xSirad erTmaneTs, xdeba rom istoriuli Tanamedrove faqtebis postmodernistul gamoyeneba, rogorc romanSi mariam miresaSvili aRniSnavs, ,,xdeba Tavisufali ,,Txzva’’ istoriul Temaze’’. 17 Tanamedrove mwerlebi swored am TavisuflebiT gamoirCevian, maTTvis ara aqvs mniSvneloba magaliTad imas, konkretulad romel saukuneSi arsebobda esa Tu is qalaqi an romeli mefe ra periodSi mefobda, mTavaria faqtebis aRniSvna, maT sizusteze ki pasuxs ar ageben. mwerali Tavisi fantaziiT qmnis istoriul figurebs. ,,sulac ar aris aucilebeli, rom mxatvruli simarTle fexdafex misdevdes dokumentebs. istoriuli dokumentebis simarTle gaqvavebulia, gayinulia. rac Seexeba mxatvrul simarTles, igi konkretul istoriul faqtebze ufro tevadia’’ (Ломидзе 1978: 327). Tanamedrove epoqaSi yvelaferma sityva ,,axlis’’ damateba moiTxova, ase magaliTad: ,,axali istorizmi’’ – es termini 1982 wels damkvidrda da literaturaTmcodneobaSi didi aRiareba moipova. is gamoiyena maikl maqkenlzma. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi saintereso gamokvlevas gvTavazobs mkvlevari gaga lomiZe: ,,axali istorizmis siaxle imaSia, rom igi auqmebs sazRvrebs.. literaturasa da istorias’’, ,,teqstsa’’ da ,,konteqsts’’ Soris. igi ama Tu im teqstis analizisas aseve uaryofs avtoris Tu nawarmoebis, rogorc avtonomiuri erTeulis, aRiarebas’’ (lomiZe 2008: 293). frangi postmodernisti avtori miSel fuko aRniSnavs, rom ,,arc erTi istoriuli movlena ar aris erTaderTi mizeziT ganpirobebuli. maT ekonomikur, iwvevs’’ (fuko socialuri 2004: 393). Tu fuko politikur uwyvet faqtorTa kavSirs xedavs mTeli wyeba warsulsa da momavals Soris. axali istorizmi, rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, maRali ierarqiis Seswavlisaken aris mimarTuli. ase magaliTad: ufro didia interesi saeklesio mimdevrebs ,,xSirad damatebad aqcies cxovrebisadmi, sayveduroben, da RmerTisadmi. rom literaturuli maT axali literatura nawarmoebis istorizmis istoriis Taviseburebani yuradRebis miRma datoves’’ (lomiZe 2008: 303). vfiqrobT, sakiTxi savsebiT marTebuladaa dayenebuli, literaturuli nawarmoebi mxolod istoriul prizmaSi ar unda iqnes ganxiluli, radgan mas Rirebuleba ekargeba. sruliad gansxvavebulad iyo aRqmuli istoriuli nawarmoebi XIXXX saukuneebSi, am nawarmoebebis specifika moiTxovda imas, rom romanis mTavari gmiri aucileblad istoriuli figura unda yofiliyo. mkvlevari 18 guram kankava am sakiTxis Sesaxeb Tavis mosazrebas gadmogvcems: ,,istorizmis grZnoba mxatvrul nawarmoebSi warsulSi kargad cnobili piris SeyvaniT ki ar miiRweva, aramed epoqis mxatvruli wvdomiT’’ (kankava 1969: 4). istoriuli romani warmogvidgens suraTs, sadac xazgasmulia im epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi, karnavaluri tipis morTuloba, rac Tanamedrove samyaroSi ukve, cota ar iyos, xelovnuri da alogikuri xdeba. cxadia, avtori gveTamaSeba wina saukuneebSi momxdari ambebis gadmocemiT da maTi Tanamedroveobaze morgebiT. guram kankava saqarTveloSi istoriuli romanis Camoyalibebas ukavSirebs vasil barnovs, xolo Salva CiCuas azriT _ ,,romanis sagnad 70-ian wlebSi iqca istoria. romanma, pirvel rigSi, unda gviCvenos Tavisi Tanamedroveoba’’ mowydes (CiCua realobas da 1988: 45). Seqmnas SeuZlebelia, absoluturad Tanamedrove mwerali gansxvavebuli teqsti, romelsac aranairi kavSiri ar eqneba im epoqasTan, romelSic is Seiqmna. ,,yoveli mxatvruli nawarmoebi, Tundac mxatvruli SinaarsiT Zlier daSorebuli dRevandeli sinamdvilisgan, impulss swored Tanamedrove cxovrebisgan iRebs’’ (CiCua Ziebis ,,mwerali procesSia, 1988: 46). Tanamedrove mwerloba gmirebs eZebs gmirebis warsulSi, radgan Tanamedroveobam igi gaaqro’’ (CiCua 1988: 102). mwerlebi warsulis niRabs efarebian da amiT Tavis saTqmels amboben realobaze, am xerxs xSirad mimarTavdnen XX saukuneSi, radgan sabWoTa periodSi Tavis gadarCena mxolod saTqmelis sxva drosa da sivrceSi gadataniT Tu moxerxdeboda. ratom werdnen da axlac weren istoriul romanebs? ,,mwerlebs istoriuli romani izidavs 1. rogorc warsulis rekonstruqciis saSualeba. 2. rogorc mxatvruli sivrce, romelic saSualebas iZleva, gaSalos Txroba avtoris fantaziis mTeli SesaZleblobebiT’’ (CiCua 1988: 103). mkvlevarTa garkveuli nawils istoriul romani Tanamedroveobis da warsulis SecnobaSi exmareba. istoria cocxlobs mxolod TanamedroveobiT. istoriul romanSi erTmaneTs kveTs warsuli da awmyo. istoriul romanSi ,,avtoris rolma ukana planze gadaiwia da win wamodga erTi gmiri, SeiZleba zogjer igive mTxrobeli’’ (CiCua 1988: 109). 19 romanis Janrma dekonstruqcia ganicada, saxe icvala, Tumca mis gaqrobaze laparaki realobaSi yvelaze zedmetia. piriqiT, ganviTarebuli axla swored Tanamedrove romania, mas qarTul didi xnis tradicia aqvs da Sesabamisad misi gaqroba ar aris martivi. ,,romanis zogierTi myari formebi namdvilad afeTqda. rogorc yoveli afeTqebis Semdeg, warmoiqmna erTgvari qaosi, sadac adgili ipova yovelma romanistulma ideam’’ (CiCua 1988: 114). swored am qaosis Sedegia Cven mier araerTgzis naxsenebi antiromani. 1.2. postmodernizmis genezisisaTvis (istoriul-analitikuri diskursi) Tanamedrove mwerlebi arCeven iseTi ambebis gadmocemas, romelTac Rrma kvali daamCnies Tanamedroveobaze Cveni saubrisas qveynis warsuls. mniSvnelovania, istoriasa TiToeulma da adamianma _ rogorc mweralma, ise rigiTma mkiTxvelma, gansazRvros Tavisi identoba, rogorc entoni smiTi wignSi ,,nacionaluri identoba’’ gadmogvcems, identoba sakuTari Tavis Secnobaa, imis gageba, vin var ,,sakuTari Tavis Secnoba aris rogorc speqtaklis mamoZravebeli Zala, ise moqmedebis didi arsi’’ (ratiani 2010: 3) sakuTari Tavis Semecneba da realobaSi adgilis damkvidrebis procesi identobis ganmsazRvrelia. 90-iani wlebidan, literaturaSi fuZndeba romanis axali tipi, romelmac postmodernistuli romanis saxelwodeba miiRo, is ,,romanis Janris istoriaSi sruliad axal etaps qmnis, romelic upirispirdeba erT mxriv tradiciul (ganmanaTlebluri, realisturi) da meore mxriv, aratradiciul (romantikuli, modernistuli) romanis tips’’ (bregaZe 2013: 58). postmodernistul romanSi sruliad irRveva fabulisa da siuJetis Tema, viqtor Sklovskis da vladimer propis azriT, ,,fabula warmoadgens qronologiurad dawyobil ambavs, xolo siuJeti movlenaTa logikur gadmocemasa da aRdgenas erTian TxrobiT qargaSi. Sesabamisad, fabula ganixileba, rogorc siuJetis CamoyalibebisTvis saWiro masala’’ (ratiani 2011: 11). 20 Tanamedrove romanebSi fabulis da siuJetis sruli saxiT dacva SeuZlebelia, swored am principebis ugulebelyofiT gamoirCeva Cveni saukunis romani, sadac realoba da gamonagoni xSirad ise erwymis erTmaneTs, Wirs garkveva, sad gadis zRvari am or samyaros Soris. rogorc irma ratiani Suasaukuneebis aRniSnavs, literaturis realuri konteqstSi da gamonagoni aqtiurdeba. gviani servantesis teqstebi swored am mijnaze realurisa irealuris sferoSi trialebs. xSirad gamoiyeneba postmodernistuli defamilarizacia teqstebi, gaucxoebulebi anu arian im gaucxoeba, samyarosTan, romelSic avtors uwevs cxovreba. fabula aucilebeli masalaa siuJetis Camosayalibeblad. mxatvruli teqsts axasiaTebs ,,prologi, eqspozicia, moqmedebis ganviTareba, kvanZis Sekvra, kulminacia, moqmedebis daRmasvla, kvanZis gaxsna, epilogi’’ (ratiani 2011: 63). postmodernistul teqsts axasiaTebs prologi anu Sesavali nawili, sadac mimoxilulia zogadad is, razec Semdeg ukve nawarmoebSi iqneba laparaki. aseve kulminacia, romelic mkiTxvelis emociuri fonis CvenebiT xasiaTdeba, mwerali da mkiTxveli nawarmoebSi kulminaciis zenits aRweven. mniSvnelovania moqmedebis daRmasvla- ,,moqmedebaTa jaWvi, romelic ganmartebiTi daniSnulebisaa da mimarTulia teqstis mTavari intrigis gaxsnisaken‘’ (ratiani 2011: 64). moqmedebis daRmasvla gansazRvravs xSirad teqstis mTavar saTqmels, radgan teqstis gasaRebi swored nawarmoebis bolos inaxeba. ,,fabula sinamdvileSi asaxavs moxda movlenaTa yvelaferi, iseT xolo Tanmimdevrobas, siuJeti iseT rogorc Tanmimdevrobas, rogorsac gvTavazobs mTxrobeli’’ (ratiani 2011: 73). postmodernistuli teqstisTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia siuJetis gaucxoeba, realoba xSirad sul sxva rames gvTavazobs, Tanamedrove literaturuli teqsti acdenilia drosTan da moqmedebas srulebiT sxva drosa da sivrceSi anviTarebs. teqsti ar aris Tanmimdevruli, piriqiT, yvelaferi alogikurad da moulodnelad xdeba. Jerar Janeti Slis sazRvrebs tradiciul mxatvrul teqstsa da gamonagons Soris. sxvadasxvagvarad yvela iqnes teqsts warmodgenili, 21 aqvs es unari, ufro mkiTxvelis metad mier Tanamedrove mwerlobas exeba. radgan Tavisufleba Tanamedroveobis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel niSnad iqca, isini weren yvelaze da yvelaferze, aranairi Tematuri SezRudva ar arsebobs, am Tavisuflebam ki sruli qaosi da ganukiTxaoba gamoiwvia, Zalian cota Semoqmedma Tu moaxerxa am daulagebel samyaroSi sakuTari Tavis da SemoqmedebiTi adgilis povna. mxatvrul teqstSi mniSvnelovan funqcias saTauri asrulebs. is xSirad teqstis gagebis gasaRebisaa, mTavari saTqmeli swored mas ukavSirdeba. ,,arsebobs saTaurisa da teqstis urTierTkavSiris forma eqsplicituri da implicituri’’ (joxaZe 2012: 4). eqsplicituri gansazRvra gulisxmobs Semdegs: ,,saTauris ganmeorebadi elementebi msWvalaven mTel teqsts da Tavsdebian nawarmoebis dasawyisSi an boloSi, anu –mis ,,Zlier poziciebze’’ (joxaZe 2012: gansazRvreba: esaa implicituri kavSiri 5). arsebobs saTauris saTauris meore kavSiri es gulisxmobs ewodeba. kidev sxvagvari teqstTan, romelsac kavSirs, romelic ,,warmoiqmneba maSin, roca saTauri da teqsti warmoqmnian axal erTian Setyobinebas’’ metad (joxaZe 2012: 5). vfiqrobT, postmodernizmisTvis ufro damaxasiaTebeli es ukanasknelia, radgan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, xSirad saTauri iZleva imis saSualebas, rom gavigoT mTavari saTqmeli, garkveul etapze saTauri kodirebulia avtoris mier, romlis gagebis SemTxvevaSic gavigebT mTel teqsts. saTaurs SemaerTebeli funqcia akisria. ,,saTauris daniSnuleba teqstis identifikaciaa. es saTauris dominanturi funqciaa’’ (joxaZe 2012: 6). saTaurs aqvs warmodegnas uqmnis zemoqmedebas, anu recepients amgvari informaciis mkiTxvels aniWebs mowodebis teqstze esTetikur saTauris wakiTxva. da funqcia, axdens is garkveul masze emociur funqcias, siamovnebas gamoiyofa ori hgvris mimarTulebis saTauri _ gare da Sida, gare mimarTulebis mkiTxvelsakena mimarTuli, mis emociebze miemarTeba saSualebebs, axdens teqsts da zemoqmedebas. ,,Sida cxovelmyoflobas monawileobs teqstis mimarTulebis, aniWebs semantikur enis da romelic praqtikul kompoziciur organizebaSi’’ (joxaZe 2012: 6). saTaurSi SeiZleba iseTi detali iyos mocemuli, romelic teqstis kvanZis momentisTvis iyos mniSvnelovani. 22 Sekvrisa Tu kulminaciis postmodernizmma bevri kiTxvis niSani gaaCina, sawyis etapze veravin ver SeZlo ganesazRvra, ra iyo misi mTavari saTqmeli, Tumca yvela erTxmad aRiarebda, rom saqme hqondaT raRac axalTan, amoucnobTan da amave dros Sesaxeb Zalian ukve saintereso Zalian bevrs literaturul saubroben da movlenasTan, Zalian cotas romlis weren. am procesebs TiTqmis yvela ikvlevs, magram ar arsebobs saboloo daskvna, ra aris postmodernizmi. ratom xdeba is umcrosi TaobisTvis misaRebi, xolo ufrosi TaobisTvis sruliad miuRebeli, amoraluri, uzneo mwerloba. TiTqmis yvela saTqmelma erTad moiyara Tavi. aman gamoiwvia Txrobis areva, sadac srulebiT ar aris daculi aranairi saliteraturo norma, TiTqmis yvelaferi imaze mianiSnebs, rom es aris Tavisufali literaturuli procesi, sadac mTavar rols aRmqmeli, anu recipienti TamaSobs. mas Seswevs Zala, daasrulos teqsti da interpretireba moaxdinos. avtori teqstis gareT gadis, xSirad anomaliuri da gansxvavebuli gmirebi warmarTaven mTavar saTqmels. wina planze dgas mkiTxveli, Semdeg personaJi da mxolod amis Semdeg avtori. postmodernizmi SesaZlebelia erTi da postmoderni ramiT sinonimebia, gansxvavdebodnen, ubralod postmoderni ukve mdgomareobaa, romelSic moqceulia literatura, xolo postmodernizmi procesi, romelSic iqmneba literatura. ,,termini postmoderni da misi xmareba azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. ra Tqma vinaidan unda, igi uTuod modernis axali Seqmna terminebis epoqis gardamaval dasasruls xans gulisxmobs, mohyveba xolme’’ (lenseni 2001: 20). postmodernizmis warmoSobis bevri Teoria arsebobs maT Soris erT-erTis mixedviT: ,,postmodernistuli mecniereba lingvisturi da literaturaTmcodneobis gavleniTa da wabaZviT warmoiSva. marqsizmiTa da struqturalizmiT Tavgabezrebulma inteleqtualebma miznad daisaxes SemoqmedebiTi individualoba aTasi juris determinizebisagan gaeTavisuflebinaT’’ (joxaZe 2012: 1). termini ,,postmoderni’’ amerikaSi warmoiSva. pirvelad is gvxvdeba rudolf pavincTan 1917 wels gamocemul wignSi ,,evropuli kulturis 23 krizisi’’. ras moicavs postmodernizmi? rogorc Tavad terminidan vigebT, is gvevlineba modernizmis Semdeg mimdinareobad, romelmac farTod iCina Tavi ara marto literaturaSi, aramed arqiteqturaSi, filosofiaSi da sxva sferoebSi. arqiteqturaSi es termini pirvelad 1975 wels daamkvidra jozef palnatma, romelmac dawera werili ,,postmodernistul saxlze’’. arqiteqtori oto vagneri venis safosto Senobis did darbazs miiCnevda postmodernizmis pirvel nimuSad. ram Seuwyo xeli postmodernistuli procesebis warmarTvas? amasTan dakavSirebiT TiTqmis yvela kritikoss Tavisi xedva aqvs, Tumca aseve TiTqmis yvela Tanxmdeba erT rameze, rom erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori swored krizisuli situaciaa, romelic TiTqmis erTdroulad Seiqmna yvela sferoSi. am krizisis gamomwvev mizezebze yvela filosofiur Tavis naSromSi axsnas iZleva. Jan-fransua ,,postmodernis situacia’’ liotari pirvel postmodernsa da moderns Soris urTierTobas ase ayalibebs: ,,postmoderni ganTavsdeba ara modernis Semdgom, aramed mis pirispir, mas ukve Seicavda moderni, mxolod farulad’’ (liotari 1999: 4). ra gansxvaveba da ra msgavsebaa postmodernizmsa da modernizms Soris? am Temaze bevrs kamaToben, miuxedavad Tavad terminebs Soris msgavsi saxelebisa, sadac sityva ,,post’’ TiTqos naTlad unda mianiSnebdes, rom is modernizmis Semdeg ganviTarebuli literaturuli movlenaa, mainc ismis kiTxvebi, romlebsac kritikosebi sxvadasxvagvarad scemen pasuxs. es, cota ar iyos, sakamaTo sakiTxia, Tumca faqti erTia: postmoderns, sruliad modernis gansxvavebuli saxiT Tesli momzadebuli Caido, niadagi Sesabamisad dauxvda, nacnob sadac niadagze sruliad ucnobi procesebi warmoiqmna. postmodernizmi Seiqmna modernizmis Semdeg periodSi, modernizmi ukve Tavis bolo sityvas ambobda msoflio xelovnebaSi, man Tavisi Tavi amowura, xolo am krizisma da sicarielem warmoSva is, razec yvelam ase aqtiurad daiwyo saubari. aRniSnul Temaze ilia ilini statiaSi: ,,postmodernizmi, rogorc XX saukunis dasasruli ,,drois suliskveTebis’’ koncefcia’’, eTanxmeba volfgang velSs. ilini gadmogvcems, rom - ,,cdiloben postmoderniT axsnan mTeli Tanamedrove samyaro, 24 imis magivrad, rom am samyaros Taviseburebebidan gamoiyvanon postmodernizmi, rogorc misi erT-erTi SesaZlo tendencia da SesaZlebloba’’ (ilini 2003: 26). xolo Tavad volfgang velSis mosazrebebSi, ilinis azriT, ,,Tanamedrove dasavleTis inteligenciaSi sakmaod farTod gavrcelebuli ganwyoba irekleba’’ (ilini 2003: 6). saukuneTa mijnaze yovelTvis SeiniSneba krizisuli periodi. axali saukune axali gamowvevebis winaSe dadga, faseulobaTa gadafasebis procesi zogma mtkivneulad, zogma ki bunebriv movlenad aRiqva. yvela saTqmelma erTad moiyara Tavi, Tavisuflebam da yovelgvarma sazRvrebis moxsnam sruli qaosi da gaurkvevloba gamoiwvia. raRaca damTavrda, daiwyo is, rasac saxeli Znelad Tu moeZebneba. nicSes frazam ,,RmerTis sikvdilis’’ Sesaxeb adamianebs yovlisSemZleobis survili gauCina, ganidevna SiSi, samyaros centrSi adamiani moeqca. mniSvnelovania postmodernizmis dadebiT Tvisebebze saubari, rameTu maTi aRmoCena da SemCneva arc Tu ise bevr kritikoss SeuZlia. magaliTad, iersaxes ian lenseni aniWebs aRniSnavs: rogorc ,,postmoderni literaturas da sruliad xelovnebas, axlebur aseve mTel Tanamedrove saazrovno sistemas’’ (lenseni 2001: 29). adamianebma sxvanairi azrovneba da fiqri iswavles, es aisaxeba kidec literaturul sferosa da saerTod xelovnebaze. cnobili frangi filosofosi miSel fuko aRniSnavs, rom XIX saukunidan dadga adamianis mefobis xana. ,,XIX saukunidan epimologiuri veli (fuko qucmacdeba, 2004: 413). ufro fuko zustad, sxvadasxva adamianis mimarTulebiT mniSvnelobas ixliCeba’’ filosofiur WrilSi moiazrebs da mas, wina saukuneebisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro did datvirTvas aniWebs. misi azriT, adamiani qmnis 3 wess, esaa: ,,funqcia da norma, konfliqti da wesrigi, mniSvneloba da sistema‘’ (fuko 2004: 426). es mTlianad faravs mis SemoqmedebiT sivrces, adamiani yovlisSemZle arsebad gvevlineba, romelsac usazRvro SesaZleblobebi aqvs, ufro metic, mas aRniSnavs, samyaros rom Secvlac ,,grZeli magram ki SeuZlia. gardauvali Tumca da miSel fuko aucilebeli aqve gzebiT, istoria adamians im WeSmaritebamde miiyvans, romelic sakuTar TavTan SeaCerebs’’ (fuko 2004: 460). 25 modernizmsa mniSvnelobas grinbergi da aniWebs Tvlida, postmodernizms termins rom Soris postmodernizmi. ,,postmodernSi zogi gadamwyvet magaliTad gadamwyveti kliment mniSvnelobis matarebeli ,,post’’- iqca’’ (grinbergi 1998: 102). Jan fransua liotari windebulze ,,post’’- wers Semdegs: ,,windebuli ,,post’’ sityvasTan ,,postmodernizmi’’ zog avtors ise esmis, TiTqos saubaria periodebis ubralo monacvleobaze, erTgvar diaqronul Tanmimdevrobaze, ramdenadac TiToeuli gamocnobas eqvemdebareba, aseT SemTxvevaSi postmodernizmi konvercias emsgavseba, axali mimdinareoba winamorbeds enacvleba’’ (liotari 2005: 15). yvela mimdinareobas aqvs Tavisi Camoyalibebis dro da stili, isini erTmaneTisagan xSirad saTqmelis gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT gansxvavadebian. mkvlevari klement grinbergi modernizms dasrulebul movlenad ar miiCnevs da aRniSnavs, rom ,,me ki vfiqrob, rom modernizmi ar dasrulebula, namdvilad ar dasrulebula. modernizmi, ramdenadac igi uzenaesi normebis dacva-aRorZinebas moiazrebs, ganagrZobs arsebobas SezRudul formaTa axleburi racionalizaciis pirispir’’ (grinbergi 1998: 103). sainteresoa, ris mixedviT miiCnevs da risgan gamomdinare akeTebs aseT daskvnebs mkvlevari, radgan ar aqvs moyvanili konkretuli magaliTebi amis damadastureblad. kidev erTi mkvlevari, romelic postmodernizmsa da modernizms Soris sxvaobaze miuTiTebs, aris hiu holmeni, romelic wers: ,,1960 –ian wlebSi yovelgvarma wesrigma gza dauTmo wesrigis uaryofas, xelovnebis SeTxzul samyaroSi umcires fragmentebad danawevrebuli samyaroebis Semotanas, axal kritikul Teoriebs, romlebic fenomenologiis formebia, miTiuri Sreebi esTetiuriT Canacvlda, tradiciulma romanma gza dauTmo antiromans’’ (holmeni 2001: 70). TiTqmis yvelaferma feri da forma icvala. is, rac aqamde faseuli da miuwvdomeli Canda, axla yvelasaTvis gamoiwvia, misawvdomad romelic aisaxa iqca. aseTma iseTi Tavisuflebam tradiciuli Janris gaurkvevloba cvlilebaSi, rogoricaa romani. romanis nacvlad ukve antiromani iwereba, rac aRaraa gasakviri. 26 bari luisis werilSi ,,postmodernizmi da literatura’’ Tanamedrove realobis amsaxveli erT-erTi fragmentia mniSvnelovani, sadac avtori wers: absurduli gaxda, (luisi 2001: 59). ,,yoveldRiuri sinamdvile gacilebiT ufro vidre is, risi gamogonebac SeuZlia literaturas’’ realobaSi yvelaferi sxvagvaradaa, sxva samyaros arsebobis saWiroeba Seiqmna, samyaros sadac ar iarsebebda xelovnuri barierebi, sadac yvelas da yvelafers adamianis goneba ganagebda. bari luisma postmodernistulad 1960-80-ian wlebSi dawerili nawarmoebebi miiCnia, 90-ian wloebs is ukve axali terminiT pots-postmodernizmiT gansazRvravs, anu misi Semoklebuli saxeliT post-pomi, rac vfiqrobT, am terminis, cota ar iyos, xelovnuri gansazRvrebaa maSin, rodesac jer Tavad postmodernizmic ar aris bolomde gamokvleuli movlena. postmodernizmis dasasrulze saubrobs aseve alan kirbi werilSi: ,,postmodernizmis sikvdili da Semdeg’’. werilidan vigebT, rom erT-erT inglisur universitetsSi aswavlidnen sagans, romelsac erqva ,,postmodernistuli mwerloba’’. am saganze ar iyo kargi statistikuri maCvenebeli, saganma studentTa interesi ar gamoiwvia. ,,postmodernizmi Tanamedrove kulturuli konteqstia, romelSic vcxovrobT da romlis produqcia Tavad varT, Tumca SedarebiTi analizi cxadyofs, rom igi mkvdari da dakrZalulia’’ (kirbi 2013: 2). dasrulda Tu ara postmodernizmi, amaze kamaTi dRemde grZeldeba. vfiqrobT, msoflio mwerloba kvlav Zvel tradiciul, klasikur romanis tips daubrunda da eqsperimentebis xana dasrulda, Tumca amas dro gviCvenebs, jer Zalian naadrevia postmodernizmis sikvdilze saubari. kirbi aseve saubrobs modernizmsa da postmodernizms Soris sxvaobaze da aRniSnavs, rom ,,modernizmis postmodernizmiT reformulireba kulturuli Canacvlebas ar nawarmoebisa warmouSvia da misi aranairi miRebis TvalsazrisiT’’ (kirbi 2013: 3). Tumca aqve aRniSnavs, rom 1990-2000 wlebSi da Semdegac ,,axali teqnologiebis gamoCenam avtoris, mkiTxvelis da maT Soris urTierTobis wesis sruli restruqturizeba moaxdina’’ (kirbi 2013: 3). vfiqrobT, es ukve didi sxvaobaa postmodernizmisa da modernizmis gamijvnisaTvis, radgan Tu modernizmis dros wamyvani pozicia ekava avtors, axla piriqiTaa. ,,kulturuli nawarmoebi, romelic saxeze gvaqvs 27 dRes, afetiSebs teqstis recipients im donemde, rom igi teqstis uSualo monawile, TiTqmis avtori xdeba’’ (kirbi 2013: 3). mkiTxvelis roli, marTlac gansakuTrebulia postmodernistul teqstSi, mas yvelaze didi funqcia akisria teqstis sworad gagebasa da gaanalizebaSi. moTamaSe Tavad adgens TamaSis wess, es erT-erTi mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa postmodernizmis, TamaSis principi teqsts, avtorsa da gmirs Soris. avtori xSirad gariyul mdgomareobaSia, is TiTqos arc ki qmnis literaturul teqsts da ubralod Seqmnil teqstSi personaJis funqcia akisria, esec, ra Tqma, unda moCvenebiTia, yvelasTvis cxadia, rom teqsts avtori qmnis da TamaSis uflebasac is gvaniWebs. avtori saTamaSo vels TamaSis dawyebisTanave tovebs da garedan akvirdeba movlenebis ganviTarebas, Carevis aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi amas akeTebs kidec, raTa Tavi Seaxsenos mkiTxvelsac da gmirsac. alan kirbi postmodernizmis damTavrebas 11 seqtembris teraqts ukavSirebs da aRiarebs axali fsevdopostmodernizmis gamoCenas, Tumca iqve aRniSnavs: ,,fsevdomodernizmi 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers ar dabadebula –tyupebis nangrevebSi postmodernizmi daikrZala’’ (kirbi 2013: 8). rusi mkvlevari arkadi anastasievic aseve eWvis TvaliT uyurebs postmodernizmis sicocxlisunarianobas da ambobs, rom: ,,postmodernizmze im namdvil literaturaze Tu visaubrebT, romelsac interteqsti uZevs safuZvlad, Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad sicocxlisunariania es movlena’’ (anastasievi 2003: 35) mas amis magaliTad mohyavs umberto ekos Semoqmedeba, ekom ,,brwyinvaled daiwyo ,,vardis saxeliT’’ Tu ,,fukos qanqaras’’ mixedviT vimsjelebT, sakmaod mosawyeni da ase vTqvaT, ,,modeluri’’ gaxda’’ (anastasievi 2003: 35). postmodernizmis saintereso gansazRvreba mogvawoda sergei tamilinma werilSi: ,,kivian Winkebi literaturuli bindibundi: daisi Tu aisi?’’. mkvlevari kritikulad udgeba am literaturuli mimdinareobis arsebobas: ,,postmodernistebis genialoba imaSia, rom maT Caidines TiTqosda SeuZlebeli, aRmoaCines meTodi, romelic avtors miaRwevinebs maqsimalur warmatebas SemoqmedebiTi energiis minimaluri daxarjviT: gadaaqcevs gamoscemen, ,,geniosad’’, masze romelsac daweren Tavze disertaciebs, 28 daayrian yovelive premiebs, es xelaxla moxdeba ara sikvdilis Semdeg, aramed amJamad, raTa avtorma, vidre cocxalia, sruliad igemos Tavisi genialobis yvela saqme’’ (tamilini 2002: 9) aseTi Sefaseba, vfiqrobT, cota ar iyos, gadaWarbebulia, ratomaa cudi is, Tu Semoqmeds mis sicocxleSive aRiareben da masze disertaciebs daweren. es im drois viTareba monaqrolia, hqvia, avtori romelsac werilis Tanamedrove dasawyisSive postmodernistuli aRniSnavs, rom XIX saukuneSi geniosebi swrafad ibadebian, adre Tu es saukuneSi erTxel xdeboda. geniosebi Seqmna im drom, im gamorCeulma epoqam, romelSic Cven yvelani vcxovrobT, es komunikaciis saukunea, sadac SeumCneveli aravin darCeba. swored amitom mikvirs kritikosis mxridan postmodernizmis aseTi negatiuri Sefaseba. saubrobs safrTxeebze, romelsac es literaturuli mimdinareoba aCens xelovnebasa da kulturologiaSi, amis Teoriuli da praqtikuli safuZveli ki namdvilad ar Cans: ,,sadac postmodernizmi fexs daadgams, iq niadagi kvdeba, iq aRarc yvavili xarobs da aRarc balaxi amova. swored es aris misi momakvdinebeli safrTxe’’ (tamilini 2002: 9). aseTi gadaWarbebuli Sefaseba am literaturul mimdinareobaze, vfiqrobT, sulac ar ayenebs zians mas, postmodernizmi ukve dawerilisa da wakiTxulis xelaxla gadaazrebasa da gadaweras akeTebs, yvelaferi ukve iTqva, axla saWiroa am naTqvamisadmi midgomis Secvla, misi sxva kuTxidan danaxva da Sefaseba. ,,postmodernistuli kultura kidev maRal safexurze aiyvana teqnikurma miRwevebma’’ (Эмелин 1998: 3). vfiqrobT, teqnikurma progresma marTlac Seuwyo arqiteqturasa xeli da sxva postmodernizmis sferoebSi rogorc SeRwevas. literturaSi, ise postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia: ,,decentralizacia, ganusazRvreleoba, fargmentuloba, konstruireba’’ (Эмелин 1998: 5). mkvlevari aseve xazs usvams imas, rom ,,postmodernuli kultura xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT, TamaSTan, rogorc enobrivi TamaSTan, ganmsazRvreli adamianis romelic niSania’’ specifikur SemoqmedebasTan, liotalis 1998: (Эмелин azriT 10). Tavisufal postmodernizmis mniSvnelovania, rom postmodernizmi monopolizebis winaaRmdeg gamodis rogorc kulturaSi, ise teqnologiebSi. postmodernizmma daipyro yvela sfero, magram is namdvilad ar aris literaturuli procesebis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli. 29 piriqiT, mis gverdiT Tanaarseboben rogorc klasikuri romani, ise istoriuli da biografiuli romanebi, romlebic ar gamoirCevian iseTi stiluri TaviseburebebiT da niSan-TvisebebiT, rogoriTac Tanamedrove postmodernistuli romanebi. postmodernizmma realobis axali saxe Seqmna, romelic ar cnobs aranair SezRudvas es Tavisufleba da, Sesabamisad, arc aravis winaSe ar agebs pasuxs, mas aZlevs saTqmelis Riad Cvenebis da gamoxatvis SesaZleblobebs. postmodernizmis sainterso gansazRvrebas axdens olia bogdanova wignSi ,,postmodernizmi Tanamedrove rusuli realizmis konteqstSi 60-90 wlebi XX saukune da XXI saukunis dasawyisi‘’ _ ukve axali tendenciebi wamovida, romelsac rogorc ruseTSi, ise CvenTan saqarTveloSi erTi gansazRvreba postmodernizmi postmodernizms: mouZebnes. ,,postmodernizmi – mkvlevari farTo ase axasiaTebs kulturuli gagebaa, romelmac ukve ori aTwleulia orbitaze moicva filosofia, esTetika, humanitaruli mecnierebebi’’ (Богданова 2004: 3). msoflio qaosma moicva, antisistemuroba ukve gaxda postmodernizmis erT-erTi niSani. ar arsebobs erTiani sistema, romlis mixedviTac moxdeba literaturuli nawarmoebis gansazRvra. ,,ironia gaxda postmodernizmis ganmsazRvreli niSani’’ (Богданова 2004: 4). sapirispiro wyvilebi erT sistemaSi moeqcnen. is uars ambobs didaqtkur motivebze. postmodernizmi ar aswavlis aravis arafers, piriqiT _ xSirad mkiTxvelisgan elis rCevebs. ,,samyaro moiazreba, rogorc teqsti, rogorc daumTavrebeli niSnebis TamaSi’’ - wers epSteini: mniSvnelovania TamaSis principi, is xom gansazRvravs avtoris da mkiTxvelis urTierTmimarTebas, ayalibebs Tavis wesebsa da kanonebs. olia mixedviTac bogdanovas unda mier wignSi ganvsazRroT gamoyofilia niSnebi, postmodernizmi. romlis ,,simulakra’’, interteqstualoba’’, citacia, dekonstruqcia, TamaSis principi, avtoris sikvdili, epismologiuri daeWveba, fragmentuloba, pluralizmi, ironia, parodia’’ (Богданова 2004: 6-7). ekleqtika, terminebze saubrisas mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom jer arc erTi termini ar yofila iseTi, romelic ,,zustad asaxavdes movlenebs, Tumca Znelia moiZebnos iseTi 30 gansazRvreba, romelsac imdeni azrTa sxvadasxvaoba hqondes, rogoric aqvs postmodernizms’’ (Богданова 2004: 6). bevri kritikosi kamaTobs am ori cnebis-modernizmsa postmodernizms Soris msgavsebasa da gansxvavebaze. da vfiqrobT, olia bogdanovam Zalian sainteresod da profesionalisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sizustiT gamijna es ori cneba erTmaneTisagan yovelgvari zedmeti gansazRvrebebisa da komentarebis gareSe. pirveli Camowerili aqvs is niSnebi, romelic axasiaTebs modernizms, xolo iqvea CamoTvlili misi sapirispiro niSnebi, romliTac xasiaTdeba postmodernizmi. magaliTisTvis moviyvanT ramdenime niSans: ,,mTliani-TamaSi, mofiqrebaSemTxveva, ierqrqia-anarqia, xma-siCume, damTavrebuli nawarmoebi-procesi, distancia-siaxlove, Semoqmedeba sinTezi-dekonstruqcia, antisinTezi, sazRvrebi-interteqsti, semantika-ritorika, paradigma-sintagma, seleqciakombinacia, fesvi-rizoma, siRrme-zedapiri, didi istoria-patara istoria, paranoia-Sizofrenia, mizezebi-kvali, mama RmerTi-suliwminda, metafizikaironia, gansazRvruli-ganusazRvreli, (Богданова 2004: 12). vfiqrobT, yvela transcendenturi-imanenturi’’ es niSani savsebiT warmoaCens gansxvavebas, am ori literaturuli mimidinareobisa, ra aris is niSnebi, romliTac gansxvavdeba modernizmi postmodernizmisgan, rom yvelaferi maT Soris saTauric mis sawinaaRmdego cnebebs miuTiTebs, yvelaferi is, rac gansazRvravs modernizms, misi sawinaaRmdegod gansazRvravs postmodernizms. modernizmi Tu sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, postmodernizmi maskulturaa. is gankuTvnilia sazogadoebis farTo masebisTvis. sxva sakiTxia, mas iReben Tu ara, postmodernizmi ar aris martivad aRsaqmeli sazogadoebis yvela fenisTvis, mas momzadebuli mkiTxveli sWirdeba. ruseTSic postmodernizmis sikvdilma da postmodernizmis da CvenTanac Semosvla, sabWoTa politikurma olia bogdanova kavSiris Camoyalibebas. daSlam procesebma Tvlis, xeli rusuli ganapirobes rom stalinis Seuwyo ruseTSi postmodernizmis warmomadgenlebi arian g. erferovi, a. bitovi, v. peruxa, v. tolstaia, b. pelevni, v. sorokini, l. petruSevski, da sxvebi. velSi aseT gansazRvrebas aZlevs postmodernizms. 31 ,,postmodernizmi = avangardi + masobrivi kultura xolo rusuli postmodernizmi xasiaTdeba. rusuli postmodernizmi = avangardizms + literaturuli socialuri realizmi’’ (Богданова 2004: 29). rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi postmodernistuli romanis Semosvlis periods, am sakiTxze azrTa sxvadasxaobaa, Tumca mkvlevrebis umetesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom postmodernizmi XX saukunis miwuruls 90-iani wlebidan Semovida, es is periodia, rodesac saqarTvelo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, yofna-aryofnis zRvarze idga. am yvelafers xeli ar SeuSlia qarTveli avtorebisTvis, SemoeTavazebinaT sruliad ucxo da aratradiciuli literaturuli mimdinareoba, romelic dasavleTisTvis ukve gavlili procesi iyo. postmodernizmi samoqalaqo omma, afxazeTisa da samaCablos omma, sazogadoebis gaxleCvam literaturul nawarmoebebi sivrceSi da dapirispirebam samyarozec swored am moaxdina gamoiwvia, gavlena. problemebs asaxavs. Cvenebis mcdelobebi postmodernizmis am yvelaferma Semdgomi qarTul XX periodis literaturul saukunis bolos SeiniSneba. es tendenciebi gamovlinda 70-80-ian wlebSi. am periodSi Cndeba raRac siaxle, romelsac gansazRvra jer ver mouZebnes, xolo 90ian wlebidan yvela erTxmad aRniSnavda postmodernizmis Semosvlas saqarTveloSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialurma realizmmac iqonia gavlena qarTul postmodernizmze. socialuri da politikuri garemo iwvevda moTxovnas, Seqmniliyo raRac axali da gansxvavebuli. realobisgan Tavis daRweva mxolod alternatiuli alternatiuli realoba realobis Seiqmna kidec SeqmniT mxatvruli Tu moxdeboda. teqstebis saxiT. xelovneba xom arsebuli samyarosgan Tavis daRwevis erT-erTi yvelaze kargi saSualebaa. saTqmelma literaturuli teqstis centridan periferiaSi gadainacvla. postmodernizmze CvenSic iTqva da daiwera, kritikosi guram benaSvili wers: ,,postmodernizmi svams wertils da iwyebs literaturis axal aTvlas, postmodernizmi ara mxolod krizisis dasturia, aramed misi SesaZlo gadaWris formac’’ (benaSvili 32 2001: 17). am terminis gansazRvra xSirad gaurkvevlobas da kiTxvis niSnebs aCens, am SemTxvevaSi ki avtori xvdeba, rom axali literaturis ,,aTvla’’ iwyeba da Zvels wertili esmeva. postmodernizmi axali azrovnebis sferos gaSlas uwyobs xels, sadac sruli Tavisuflebaa. post- am winsarTs mkvlevari ase gansazRvravs: ,,faqtiurad, post. aris sityvaTa mniSvnelobiT TamaSi, romelic wyvets kavSirs tradiciul literaturasTan’’ (benaSvili 2001: 17). Tumca, Cveni azriT, postmodernizmi ar wyvets kavSirs tradiciul literaturasTan, piriqiT, is iRebs Zalian bevrs warsulisgan, marTalia, ara formis TvalsazrisiT, aramed Sinaarsis mxriv, xSirad postmodernistul teqstSi SevxvdebiT, iseT Sinaarsobriv detalebs, rac damaxasiaTebelia klasikuri mwerlobisaTvis. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, guram benaSvili mainc eWvis TvaliT uyurebs momavals da yovelive es xelovnurad Seqmnil procesad miaCnia, raSic, ra Tqma unda, ver daveTanxmebiT. postmodernizmis qarTveli mkvlevari bela wifuria Tavis werilSi ,,postmodernizmi’’ wers: ,,warsulis Sedevri postmodernistul teqstSi SeiZleba mowodebuli iqnes ironizebuli formiT, rogorc banaluri, yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi postmodernizmis epoqaSi, da gasagebi amaRlebuli esTetikuri sulieri misiis faseuloba. nacvlad, Sedevrebi gansxvavebuli misiiT warmogvidgebian. maTze miTiTeba xdeba im mizniT, rom xazgasmuli iqnes raime amaRlebuli ideebis realuroba da komfortuloba warsulis amaRlebul idealebTan SedarebiT’’ (wifuria 2008: 75). ironia erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSania postmodernizmis da swored amitom iqca mxatvrul realobaSi warsulis idealebis asaxva ironiis obieqtad. postmodernizmi warsuls ki ar aidialebs, aramed mis axlebur Sefasebas akeTebs, ironizebulia samyaro, romelSic vcxovrobT. kritikosTa nawils miaCnia, rom postmodernizmi maRali xelovnebaa, romlis miRebac qarTul kulturas jer ar SeuZlia. andro buaCiZe wers: ,,postmoderni Rrmad ganaTlebuli, daxvewili gemovnebis mqone, sxvadasxva kulturaSi orientirebuli adamianebis Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. yovelive amas ki garkveuli mimarTulebiT gaweuli xangrZlivi Sroma unda daedos safuZvlad’’ (buaCiZe 1998: 7). 33 postmodernistuli teqstebis garkveul nawils miTologizmi axasiaTebs, Tumca ver vityviT, rom miTi erT-erTi wamyvani mimarTulebaa. is erT-erTi xerxia postmodernistul nawarmoebSi daujereblobis, ar arsebulis warmosaCenad ,,miTi ar aris mxolod warsuli, miTi Cveni postmodernistuli awmyoc aris da aris jerac ucnobi momavali’’ (TavdgiriZe 2011: 15). barti iyenebs termins miTi, xolo bodriari – simulakra. postmodernizmi gvTavzobs gamogonil, Seqmnil realobas, sadac yvela saTqmeli erTadaa Tavmoyrili. ,,postmodernistuli epoqa esaa fanatizmebisa da simulaciebis epoqa’’ (TavdgiriZe 2011: 15). postmodernizmis ideas nihilizmis ideasac uwodeben. yvelaferi erTmaneTSi ireva, samyaro qaotur saxes iZens, yvelaferi TamaSad iqceva, sadac rolebic areulia da mTavari saTqmelic. ,,politikidan didi xania gaqra ideebi, magram politikuri moRvaweebi kvlav ganagrZoben TavianT TamaSebs, maT ainteresebT mxolod karieruli TamaSebi: Sejibri, winsvla, gamarjveba, damarcxeba’’ (elizbaraSvili 2012: 1). speqtaklad gadaiqca, sadac yvelas sxvadasxva samyaro rolis erT didi TamaSi uwevs. politikurma procesebma gansazRvra TiToeuli adamianis cxovreba, man moicva yvela sfero, xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela dargi. ,,Sedegad Cven viRebT erTian kulturul ,,bulions’’, sadac aRar arsebobs ,,diferencirebuli veli’’ da ,,ganmasxvavebeli sagnebi’’ (elizbaraSvili 2012: 2). saqarTveloSic aseTi procesebma TiToeuli Cvenganis gansazRvra. politikam TiTqmis procesebi viTardeba. cxovrebSi yvela sferoSi politikurma garkveuli SeaRwia. monakveTi literatura asaxvis scenaa, is ki xSirad im realobas asaxavs, romelSic Tavad Semoqmeds uwevs cxovreba. postmodernistul teqstSi xSiria istoriuli narativis warmoCena, rac sulac ar aris uCveulo, radgan warsuli, istoria, es is wyaroebia, romliTac sazrdoobs Tanamedroveoba, xolo postmodernzmi swored Tanamedroveobas warmogvidgens. nugzar dasavlur muzaSvilis kulturas azriT, asrulebs, postmodernizmi ,,rogorc Cans Cvens oriaTaswlian Tvalwin, misi ukanaskneli gverdebi ifurcleba da male albaT es uzarmazari da umniSvnelovanesi wignic daixureba” (muzaSvili 2005: 171). zurab qarumiZec aRniSnavs, rom postmoderni damTavrda 2001 wlis 11 seqtembers. erTi ram 34 cxadia, postmodernizmma Tavisi Rrma kvali daamCnia yvela sferos, sadac ki SeaRwia. sainteresoa zurab qarumiZis azri aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb. werilSi ,,didi TamaSis dasasruli anu godo akakunebs’’ is wers: - ,,2001 wlis 11 seqtembers manhetenze, saerTaSoriso savaWro centris caTambjenTan teroristebis mier gatacebuli ,,boingis’’ SejaxebiT postmodernizmi: kulturis mdgomareoba, romelic 40 welze met xans gagrZelda, dasrulda. es TamaSi, romelic qmnida gamogonil originalebis absoluturad identur aslebs, dasrulda ontologiuri muSaiToba namdvilsa da SeTxzuls Soris gabmul bawarze, dasrulda orazrovan da ganusazRvrel niSanTa Ria sistemebSi, rogorc labirinTSi xetiali’’ (qarumiZe 2001: 1). avtori aRniSnavs, rom modernistuli dasasruli aqvs TiTqos postmodernizmsac, Tumca aqve xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom ,,saerTod ar gvaqvs saqme raimenair dabrunebasTan. es winsvlaa, xolo saiT, aravin icis’’ (qarumiZe 2001: 1). marTlac, rom aravin dRevandeli kultura, ra saxels mouZebnian icis, saiT mieqaneba SemdegSi mas literaturis kritikosebi. vfiqrobT, amaze saubari jer naadrevia, radgan ar SeiZleba postmodernizmis romelic 11 dasrulebaze wlis win saubari arsebobda im kulturul msoflio viTarebaSi, literaturaSi. albaT, sagulisxmoa isic, Tu ratom asrulebs Tavad postmodernisti qarTveli mwerali ase ngreviT. simboluria isic, rom, rogorc avtorma aRniSna, postmodernizmis dasruleba moxda ioane naTlismcemlis Tavis kveTis dros, im dros, ,,warikveTa ori veeba, assarTuliani Tavi postmodernisa’’ (qarumiZe 2001: 1). es ambavi ki qalaqTa qalaqSi, qalaqTa qalaqis gulSi, manhetenze moxda. postmodernizmis dasrulebaze saubari, (yovel SemTxvevaSi qarTul realobaSi) wlebSic mwerlebic vfiqrobT, cota naadrevia, radgan axlac XXI saukunis 10-ian iwereba postmodernistuli xSirad mimdinareobis Zalian dasasruls Cqaroben, nawarmoebebi, rodesac winaswarmetyveleben. kritikosebi am zurab da literaturuli qarumiZis, am daskvnas iziareben konstantine bregaZe da nugzar muzaSvili. saqarTveloSi literturaSi postmodernizmis aramed niSnebi arqiteqturaSic. 35 Cans ase, ar marto magaliTad: postmodernistulia ,,mSvidobis xidi’’, minis Senobebi, romlebic qarTuli arqiteqturisaTvis srulebiT ucxo iyo. rogorc konstantine bregaZe aRniSnavs, ,,dRes qalaqi baTumi aqcies Tanamedrove qarTuli kiCur _ simulakruli postmodernistuli xelovnebis centrad’’ (bregaZe 2013: 73). erT-erTi pirveli saqarTveloSi, zurab avtori, romelmac qarumiZea, postmodernizmi romelic aRniSnavs, Semoitana rom ,,CvenSi postmodernizmi nel-nela da krZalviT iwyebs Semosvlas’’ (qarumiZe 2001: 2). avtori sarkis simboloze mianiSnebs da ambobs, rom ,,sarke gaxlavT postmodernizmis mTavari iaraRi, oRondac es sarke gare samyaroze ki araa mimarTuli, rogorc es saxelovnebo realizmSia miRebuli, aramed sxva sarkeebzea mimarTuli, sarkidan sarkeSi areklili realobis ,,dasaWerad’’ (qarumiZe 2001: 2). zurab qarumiZe msoflio mniSvnelobis didi postmodernistul nawarmoebad miiCnevs umberto ekos ,,vardis saxels’’, patrik zuskindis ,,parfiumers’’ da milorad paviCis ,,xazaruli sityvis konas’’. Znelia, ar daeTanxmo mwerals Sedevrebia. ,,maTi es sami wakiTxvis nawarmoebi Semdeg msoflio postmodernizmis saqarTveloSi postmodernizmis mimdevrebic Cndebian’’ (qarumiZe 2001: 13). aRsaniSnavia, rom sabWoTa saqarTvelos dekonstruqciam kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli xelaxali am procesebis wakiTxvisa da warmarTvas. gadafasebis ,,postmodernizmi yvelaze klasikis intensiuri etapia istoriaSi da adgilobrivi postmodernistebic aman agviyolia’’ (qarumiZe 2001: 14). qarTuli literaturuli procesebis postmodernizacias mieZRvna 1996 wels likanis konferncia. konfernciis saxeli zustad asaxavda am process - ,,saqarTvelo postmodernizmis pirispir’’ –saqarTvelo 90-iani wlebidan ukve dadga postmodernistuli gamowvevbis pirispir. CvenSi gadafasebis Seuqcevadi procesebi mimdinareobda. evropuli postmodernizmisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli ufro politizirebulia. am procesebma asaxva hpova literaturaSi. qarTveli kritikosebis nawili Tvlis, rom postmodernizmi maRali xelovnebaa. bela wifurias azriT: ,,post–epoqaSi, amaRlebuli sulieri misiis nacvlad, Sedevrebi gansxvavebuli misiiT warmogvidgebian. maTze miTiTeba xdeba im mizniT, 36 rom xazgasmuli iqnes raime amaRlebuli ideis amaoeba an ubralod ironiuli, formis CvenebiT iqnes yofieri ideebis realuroba da komfortuloba, warsulis amaRlebul idealebTan SedarebiT’’ (wifuria 2008: 242). wina planze wamoiwies teqstebma, romlebic xSirad skandaluri saTqmeliT gamoirCevian. imaze, razec aqamde dumdnen, dRes mTavar saTqmels warmoadgens. ,,epataJi funqciurad gamarTlebulia, rodesac marTlisTqmis ukidures formad gvevlineba’’ (lomiZe 2009: 97). qarTul postmodernizms literaturul faqtad ,,literaturuli postmodernizmi mkvlevarTa miiCnevs–wers retrospeqtiva saqarTveloSi da gaxda didi andro nawili buaCiZe dRevandelobis literaturuli ukve werilSi rakursi’’. movlena. masze saubroben da weren, ganixilaven xelovnebis sferos yvela dargSi. am sakiTxze sainteresod msjelobs kritikosi nugzar muzaSvili werilSi ,,analogiebi’’, sadac is postmodernizmis epoqas 2000 wlis winandel elinizms adarebs da ambobs: ,,didad gasaocaria, magram is, rac dRes xdeba, ori aTasi wlis win ukve moxda. iseve rogorc oci saukunis win, dResac adamianebma moulodnelad cxovrebis orientiri dakarges. raRac saerTo mizani, romelic Cveulebriv azrsa da mniSvnelobas aniWebs xolme sicocxles, Tvalsa da xels Sua xasiaTi gaqra. faseulobebi, romelTa adre araviTar eWvs ar iwvevda absoluturi da da adamianebs maradiuli aerTianebda, sruliad gaufasurda. yvelaferi SefardebiTi gaxda. avtoritetebs yavli gauvidaT. samyarom orientiri dakaga’’ (muzaSvili 2005: 169). centrdakarguli samyaro iseTive qaosuri gaxda, rogorc maSin, roca yvelaferi iwyeboda, maSin iwyeboda, magram axla, albaT swored esaa dasasrulis dasawyisi. rwmena ikargeba yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT, irgvliv undobloba isadgurebs, rac nihilizmis warmoSobis safuZvelia. iwyeba harmoniis rRveva, ,,samyaro raRac Zalam adamianTa cnobierebaSi Sinaganad aafeTqa da mraval mcire, erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebel nawilebad daaqucmaca’’ (muzaSvili 2005: 169). 37 cxovrebaSi ikargeba TviTgadarCenaze fiqri, yovelgvari yovelgvari faseulobebi, aRmatebuli umTavresi da xdeba zematerialuri icvleba da ufasurdeba. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, vfiqrobT, iqmneba bevri saintereso literaturuli naSromi. samyaro cxovrebis sxva etapze gadadis, sxvagvari sazomiT izomeba yovelive, icvleba da iyideba is, rac xelSeuxeblad da wmindad miaCndaT wina saukuneebSi, megobroba siyvaruli da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, RvTisadmi rwmena. am epoqaSi adamianebma uflisgan damoukideblad Tavis Tavze itvirTes sakuTri cxovrebis Secvla. literaturam ki yvelaze kargad gviCvena am adamianebis moralur-zneobrivi imperativi. kritikosTa erT nawils miaCnia, rom postmodernizmi oriaTaswlian dasavlur kulturas asrulebs _ ,,rogorc Cans Cvens Tvalwin, misi ukanaskneli gverdebi ifurcleba da male albaT es uzarmazari da umniSvnelovanesi wignic daixureba” (muzaSvili 2005: 171). albaT, arc asea saqme, ubralod, postmodernizmi asaxavs samyaroSi arsebul movlenebs afeTqebul, danawevrebul realobas, sadac, miuxedavad nihilizmisa, Sinaganad yvela kargad xvdeba da Tanxmdeba imaze, rom ,,RmerTi arsebobs, misi gamoxatva, adamianis gamomsaxvelobiT, reprezentaciul SesaZleblobebSi Sedis’’ (wifuria 2008: 227). postmodernizmsa urTierTkavSiria, da amaze modernizms aravin ar Soris davobs. rom mWidro miuxedavad amisa, postmodernizmi garkveuli niSnebiT mainc Sordeba modernizms, maTi erTerTi ganmasxvavebeli niSania simulakra. rogorc kritikosi bela wifuria werilSi ,,postmodernizmi’’ aRniSnavs is ,,arc raimes uSualo ganmeorebaa, is ar aris ubralo asli, aramed asli originalis gareSe anu simulakra’’ (wifuria 2008: 225). postmodernisti samyaros iluziurad aRiqvams da acxadebs, rom ,,sinamdvile aRar arsebobs, arc iq, sadac is aqamde egulebodaT da arc mis Ziebas aqvs azri’’ (wifuria 2008: 230). amitom warsulSi crdiloben imis aRdgenas, rac iyo, aseT viTarebaSi iqmneba warmosaxviTi realoba anu hiperrealoba. warmosaxviT aseTi Sesvlas virtualuri moiTxovs samyaro masSi, adamianisagan ,,magram amgvari mxolod daSvebis sanacvlod sTavazobs namdvil gancdebs’’ (wifuria 2008: 231). cnobili 38 italieli postmodernisti Tanamedrove gasarTobi mwerali parkebis umberto funqcia da eko principi Tvlida, rom imgvaria, rom adamiani iq arsebul realobas aRiqvams ise, rom mas ereva sinamdvile da iluziuri realoba, is realoba, sadac im momentSi imyofeba. postmodernizmi aseve xels uwyobs masobrivi kulturis Camoyalibebas. iqmneba iseTi nawarmoebebi da filmebi, romlebic sazogadoebis interss pasuxobs. adamianebma RmerTTan misasvleli gzebi dakarges da Tavad iqcnen samyaros gamgeblebad. postmodernizmis niSnebis Zebnam SeiZleba ufro adrindel periodSic gadagviyvanos. umberto eko Tvlis, rom SeiZleba postmodernizmi antikur samyaroSic ki moiZebnos, Tumca faqtia, niSnebis povna srulebiT sxva procesisa da tendenciebis warmoCenas gulisxmobs. epoqaluri cvlilebebi ,,postmodernizmis eqom iwvevs CvenSi axali maSin mimdinareobis SemoaRwia, Camoyalibebas. roca pirvelwyaro dadumda’’ (kikviZe 2011: 34). CvenTan yvelaferi maSin Semodis, roca sxvagan warsulad iqceva xolme. undobloba, yvela sakiTxSi eWvis Setana da kiTxvis niSani, es ganapirobebs postmodernizmis rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobis arsebobas. samyaro fragmentulad aRiqmeba, sadac ar arsebobs erTi mTlianobis gancda. ,,postmodernistuli epoqa qarTul sinamdvileSic dgeboda! da, rac mTavaria, es sivrce mzad iyo ,,ucxo stumris’’ misaRebad’’ (imnaiSvili 2010: 9). gardamavali epoqa TiTqmis yovelTvis dakavSirebulia qaossa da gaurkvevlobasTan. 90-iani wlebidan Cven literaturul sivrceSi axali politikuri realoba Seiqmna, romelic axali saxelmwifos Senebisken iyo mimarTuli. vakuumi, romelSic saqarTvelo mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda, TiTqos aRar arsebobda, piriqiT, Tavisuflebam, moicva yvela da yvelaferi, Tumca Tavisuflebis gageba CvenSi arasworad moxda, da Sesabamisad araswori gziT warimarTa qveynis bedi. wlebis gasvlasTan erTad amRvreuli wyali daiwminda. dRes am gadmosaxedidan yvelaferi albaT, zustad ise unda momxdariyo rogorc moxda, yvela qmedebas Tavisi logikuri Semoqmedebma aiRes daskvna xelSi, aqvs. es mwerlobis yvelaferi uTanxmoebis mizezic ki xdeboda. 39 sadaveebi Taobebs axalgazrda Soris xSirad ,,qarTul sinamdvileSi postmodernizms uyureben’’ (imnaiSvili 2010: 58). dRemde eWvis TvaliT axali gemo, axali surneli trialebda Cvens qveyanaSi. “tradiciul qarTul sufras naCvevma qarTvelma qaTmis filesa da ananasis kompoziciac daagemovna da suSi da Jasminis Caic siamovnebiT miirTva” (paiWaZe 2006: 125). postmodernizmi masobriv kulturas ganekuTvneba, is xalxis masebze zemoqmedebs. mas gulgrili damokidebuleba aqvs yovelgvari faseulobebisa da tradiciebis mimarT. iqmneba samyaros modeli, romelic srulebiT ar hgavs warsuls, piriqiT, misi antisaxea, ar aRiarebs mas. postmodernistul teqstebSi xSirad agresia igrZnoba, sadac gmirebi sakuTari Tavis SemecnebiT arian dakavebulebi. isini garbian, raTa ukan saxecvlilebi da ganwmendilebi dabrundnen. XX-XXI saukuneebis mijna SeiZleba erTi sityviT ,,qaosiT’’ movixsenioT, radgan yvelaferi, rac mosaxdeni iyo am periodSi, moxda. yvela saTqmeli iTqva, am TiTqmis gaurkvevlma da erTi SexedviT martivma procesebma krizisi Seqmnes. krizisuli periodi yvela qveynisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, mTavaria, moiZebnos misgan gamosvlis gzebi. postmodernistuli nawarmoebebi da maTi gmirebi erTmaneTSi aqtiurad saubroben da teqstidan teqstSi Tavisuflad gadadian ise, rom veranairi dabrkoleba ver aCerebT. mkiTxveli da avtori erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad teqstis moqmedeben. kiTxvisas mkiTxvelis SesaZlebelia sxva molodini, rom nawarmoebidan yoveli moxdes axali gmiris Semoyvana, xSirad marTldeba. am ,,molodinis horizonts’’ Tavad avtori aCens, romelic TamaSobs mkiTxvelis warmodgenebze. postmodernizmi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikasa da evropis qveynebSi ukve dasrulebul movlenad miiCneva. iq ukve iyeneben axal termins ,,post-posti’’. es ki imas niSnavs, rom iq postmodernizmis Semdgomi periodi, axali realoba iwyeba. warsulisadmi mibruneba yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovani procesia, Tanamedroveoba warsuliT sazrdoobs da sesxulobs siuJetebsa da mTlianad ambebs, imdenad bevr rames iRebs misgan, rom Wirs garkveva, sad, romel droSi ra moqmedeba moxda. 40 1.3. postmodernistuli modeli da mxatvrul_SemoqmedebiTi refleqsia postmodernistuli mxatvruli modeli araordinalurobisa da radikalurobis erTgvar sinTezs warmoadgens. postmodernizmi ar cnobs arafers da Tavis kanonebs amkvidrebs. man yvela saTqmels erTad mouyara Tavi da garkveulwilad mxatvruli gamoxatvis starategiac Camoayaliba. postmodernizmis maxasiaTebeli niSnebi, calsaxad aRiqmeba rogorc siaxle, romelmac aalaparaka msoflio literaturuli samyaro da ara marto... man xelovnebis sxva dargebSic datova kvali. ra aris postmodernizmis mier Semotanili siaxle, ra niSnebi ikveTeba, ra axali terminebi Semoitana garkveuli Temisa am tipis literaturam? am kiTxvebze pasuxi da struqturis Tanxvedraa, romelic mTlianobaSi warmoaCens postmodernistuli modulaciis arss. 1) dekonstruqcia - ngreva, Sexedulebebis, faseulobebis ugulebelyofa, ukve gaxda msoflio literaturis aqtiuri ganxilvis sagani, man fexi saqarTveloa. moikida es iseT termini tradiciul gamoiyena qveyanaSic Jak deridam. ki rogoric is arRvevs struqturulad awyobil sivrces, yvelaferi nawevrdeba da mTlianoba iSleba. Tanamedrove teqstSi Znelia avtorisa da sxvisi teqstis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna. derida ,,dekonstruqcias mimarTulebad, dasavluri aramed nebismier azrovnebisTvis metafizikuri Tvlida debulebebi ara teqstis damaxasiaTebeli saaSkaraoze literaturuli axal wakiTxvad, faseuli, gamodis da kritikis roca nagulisxmevi Tavdayira dgeba’’ (Дерида 1992: 53). adamianis gonebas yvelafris wvdoma SeuZlia, adamiani samyaros centrSi dgeba, teqstebi ki Tavisebur interpretaciis safuZvels swored adamianebis mier iZleva, teqstis gageba da misi interpretireba umniSvnelovanesi procesia, yvela teqsts Tavisi interpretatori hyavs, yvelas sxvadasxvagvarad esmis avtoris saTqmeli. zogi zustad mihyveba teqsts da avtors, zogi ki scdeba mas. mxatvrul nawarmoebSi zogjer erTi an meti teqsti monawileobs, hiperteqstualoba xSirad aZnelebs 41 teqstis aRqmas. ,,romani samyaros sarkea’’ (bregaZe 2013: 64). am SemTxvevaSi ki es samyaro ar asaxavs realobas, is ukuRma kiTxulobs teqsts da iwvevs saTqmelis rekonstruqcias, saTqmeli ki xSirad ar aris bevrisTvis gasagebi. postmodernistuli romani Tavis sinamdviles qmnis, romlic srulebiT ar dgas axlos realobasTan. postmodernistul narativs aranairi datvirTva ara aqvs. avtori Txrobis process warmoadgens, sadac sxva qveteqsti ar ikiTxeba. aq yvelaferi Ria da gasxnilia, saTamaSo moedania, sadac aranairi xelisSemSleli faqtori ar moqmedebs, sadac gmiri Tavisufalia Tavis warmodgenebTan, avtori teqtis amwyobadac gvevlineba da teqstis damSleladac. am daSla-awyobaSi CarTuli mkiTxveli Tavadac axdens teqstis dekonstuqcias. 2) gaurkvevloba _ orazrovneba postmodernistul nawarmoebs swored es axasiaTebs, pirveli gancda, rac aRniSnuli tipis nawarmoebis wakiTxvisas mkiTxvels uCndeba, gaurkvevlobaa. garda amisa, mkiTxveli orazrovnad sakiTxebi svams sakiTxs, sxvadasxvagvaradaa mas erTi konkretuli warmodgenili da pasuxi mxolod ar aqvs, recepientzea damokidebuli, am gaurkvevlobaSi ipovis Tu ara swor gzas. 3) fragmentuloba _ mxatvruli literatura fragmentebad da kolaJuri saxiTaa Cvenamde mowodebuli, teqsti daSlilia, danawevrebuli da ar igrZnoba erTiani siuJetis gancda, piriqiT, kidev erTxel gviCvenebs, rom postmodernistuli teqstisTvis ucxoa formis mTlianoba. magaliTisTvis asea dawerili aka morCilaZis ,,mister diqslis mdumare yuTi’’. 4) dekanonizacia - uaryofilia yvela forma da yvela kanoni, uaryofilia rogorc religiuri ise erovnuli, moraluri da zneobrivi normebi. aseTi piriqiT, rac cnebebi ufro aRniSnuli gamorCeuli mimdinareobisTvis rTuli da ar arsebobs, winaaRmdegobebiT savse personaJia, miT ufro met interess sZens is nawarmoebs. am xerxs iyenebs zaza burWulaZe da milorad paviCi, romlTa Semoqmedebac am normebis uaryofas da Tavisi wesebiT TamaSs asaxavs. 5) zedapiruloba – gamokveTili saxis arqona, rodesac postmdernistul teqsts kiTxulobs recipients uCndeba gancda, rom es yvelaferi zedapiruli da, cota ar iyos, qaoturia. mkiTxvelma fexdafex unda 42 sdios avtors, raTa xelidan ar gauSvas mTavari saTqmeli, romelic xSirad zedapirze devs da misi simartivis gamo mkiTxvelis yuradRebis miRma rCeba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas aka morCilaZis ,,madaTovis ciklis prozaze’’ da umberto ekos ,,vardis saxelze’’ sadac TiTqos yvelaferi cxadia, Tumca am sicxadis miRma bevri saidumlo imaleba. 6) warmoudgenelis warmodgena – postmodernisti mwerali yovlisSemZlea, is mkiTxvelis warmodgenebze TamaSobs da ajerebs mkiTxvels imaSi, rom SeiZleba odesme es marTlac ase yofiliyo, warmodgena, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani ramaa warmoudgenelis Sesacnobad. amis magaliTad kvlav zaza burWulaZis da patrik zuskindis Semoqmedeba gamodgeba. 7) ironia avtori _ erT-erTi mTavari niSania cdilobs ironizebulia mkiTxvelze yvelaferi. postmodernizmisa. am xerxiT zegavlenis ironiiT, moxdenas. damcinavi irgvliv TvaliT uyurebs postmodernisti samyaros. mas amis gakeTebaSi mkiTxveli exmareba, radgan avtori kargad icnobs Tavis mkiTxvels da icis, ra Temebi gamoiwvevs masSi interess. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avtori TamaSobs da mkiTxvelTan erTad dascinis ama Tu im faqtsa da movlenas. ironia TiTqmis yvela postmodernisti mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba. 8) hibridizacia – postmodernisti avtorebi ise amkvidreben axal Janrebs da formebs, rom Znelia gamijno, Tu ra tipis romanTan an moTxrobasTan gvaqvs saqme. amis magaliTia zaza burWulaZis, milorad paviCis, umberto ekos, patrik ziuskindis, xulio kortasaris Semoqmedeba. 9) karnavalizacia _ es termini ekuTvnis mixeil baxtins. is erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa postmodernizmisTvis. mwerlebi mxatvruli literaturis saSualebiT, Cven winaSe gaiTamaSeben karnavals. recipienti niRabs irgebs da avtorTan erTad erTveba TamaSSi. literaturuli karnavalizacia mas aZlevs saSualebas, CaerTos im procesebSi, romelsac avtori qmnis teqstSi. amis magaliTia, aka morCilaZis ,,madaTovis ciklis proza’’ da ,,santa-esperansa’’. karnavali, zurab qarumiZis azriT, postmodernizmis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSania. romelic parodias axdens modernizmisa, anu mis Suasaukunovan da erTmaneTisagan. ,,Suasaukunovani karnavalizebas, postmodernistul karnavali 43 mis saxecvlas. karnavals sicocxlis is gansaxvavebs ganaxlebis arqauli ritualidan momdinareobda, xolo postmodernistuli karnavali mxolodRa niRbebis TamaSia, sadac parodia TviTmiznadaa qceuli’’ (qarumiZe 2001: 2). analogiurad xdeba gmirebis da antigmirebis TamaSi, orive tipis karnavalSi damaxasiaTebelia moqmedeba, Tumca, aRorZinebas da ganaxlebas gamoxatavda postmodernistuli Suasaukuneebis mxolod ironias karnavali. gamoxatavs. xolo karnavalizacia damaxasiaTebelia aka morCilaZis, zurab qarumiZis da patrik zuskindis romanebisTvis. 10) parodia – umniSvnelovanesi parodia postmodernistuli principia, Tavad terminic xelovnebis cxadyofs erT-erTi imas, rom is raRacis mimarT ironiiTa ganwyobili, raRacis dacinvas da parodirebas isaxavs miznad da es raRac xSirad faseulobebs ukavSirdeba. warsulis ironiulad aRqma da misi interpretireba, teqstebis xelaxla wakiTxva postmodernizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani niSania. eWvi Cndeba yovelgvari faseulobebis mimarT. is TiTqos ubrundeba warsuls da ganaxlebuli formiT gadmoaqvs momavalSi ise, rom ar wyvets kavSirs wina periodTan, is warsuliT sazrdoobs. zurab qarumiZis SefasebiT, aka morCilaZe ,,axdens Zveli Tbilisis parodiul ,,wakiTxvas’’. is TamaSobs Zveli Tbilisis eniT, personaJebiT‘’ (qarumiZe 2010: 9). 11) TamaSis principi – TamaSis Teoria gacilebiT adre gaCnda, vidre Tavad termini postmodernizmi, rogorc ilia ilini gadmogvcems werilSi ,,TamaSis SromebSi principi’’, is ,,moTamaSe SemoqmedebisTvisac - 1938 wels adamiani’’. ,,ra Tqma haizingma TamaSi unda, Camoayaliba klasikur damaxasiaTebelia deridas ,,TamaSis deridas principiT’’ gataceba XXI saukuneSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli kulturuli poziciis gamoZaxilia’’ (ilini 2003: 45). postmodernizmis dacvaa, avtori, umTavresi mkiTxvels niSani rTavs swored sakuTar TamaSis principebis warmodgenebTan TamaSSi, qarTul mwerlobaSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli moTamaSe prozaikosia aka morCilaZe. zurab qarumiZe wers: ,,literaturis ayvana wminda TamaSis rangSi qarTuli tradiciisTvis ucxo xili iyo, xolo aka morCilaZem CvenSi am xilis friad momgebiani importi ganaxorciela, gansxvavebiT 44 sxva importiorebisgan, im wlebSi uxarisxo saqoneli rom SemohqondaT‘’ (qarumiZe 2010: 6). mkiTxvelsa da avtors Soris manZili mcirdeba. mkiTxvels uCndeba gancda, rom Tavad aris teqstis Semqmneli. avtori cota xniT kulisebSi inacvlebs. es TamaSis erT-erTi xerxia, raTa avtorma recipients misces Tavisufali nebis gamoxatvis ufleba. mkiTxveli scenaze marto rCeba, imisTvis, rom CaerTos TamaSSi, am SemTxevaSi gadamwyvetia ara avtoris sityva, aramed mkiTxvelis azri. maia jaliaSvili wers- ,,postmodernizmma mkiTxvelTan distancia Seamcira’’ (jaliaSvili 2005: 6). literaturuli nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa Tavisufali garemo, sadac yovelgvari zRvari waSlilia, iseve rogorc ar arsebobs zRvari mkiTxvelis aRqmasa da teqsts Soris. ,,adamiani Cabmulia TamaSSi sakuTar warmodgenebTan’’ -aRniSnavs bela wifuria (wifuria 2005: 23). TamaSis principi erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli niSania. ,,postmoderniztuli romani imTaviTve iqmneba, rogorc inteleqtualuri gasarTobi, rogorc inteleqtualuri Tavis SeqcevisTvis gankuTvnili saTamaSo mowyobiloba, romlis miRmac raime Rrma logocentristuli Canafiqri ar imaleba’’ (bregaZe 2013: 65). ,,naratiuli bregaZe: TamaSi’’, am termins ,,postmodernistuli ase gansazRvravs romanis–mniSvnelovani konstantine maxasiaTebelia naratiuli TamaSebi, rac gamoixateba klasikuri teqstebis gagrZelebebsa da gadaTamaSebebSi’’ (bregaZe 2013: 69). asea dawerili aka morCilaZis ,,wigni’’, romelSic ,,vefxistyaosanis’’ postmodernizms fridoni axal da nawarmoebis versias swored mTavari gvTavzobs. esaa am gmiri parodia naratiuli faqtobrivad xom axasiaTebs TamaSebis mizani, moaxdinos klasikuri teqstis parodireba. bela wifuria werilSi ,,interpretaciis Tavisuflebidan TamaSis uflebamde’’ aRniSnavs Semdegs: ,,teqstis interpretacia postmodernistuli maxasiaTebelia. interpretaciis an epoqis Tavisufleba, movlenis Tavisufali erT-erTi amave ZiriTadi dros misi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba Sedegia imisa, rom am epoqaSi aRar arsebobs absoluturi gageba WeSmaritebis, universaluri ideis an erTiani sistemis da Sesabamisad maTdami erTgulebis aucilebloba’’ (wifuria 2005: 45 23). avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris Tavisufali, Ria urTierTobebi iwevs wina planze. mkiTxvelic fexdafex mihyveba avtors. rolan bartis ideis Tanaxmad, ,,literaturuli naSromis mizania, mkiTxveli aRar gaxados momxmarebeli, aramed teqstis Semqmneli” (wifuria 2005: 23). 12) ormagi kodirebis principi _ es termini britanel arqiteqtors Carlz jekinss ekuTvnis, misi azriT, ,,postmodernistuli arqiteqtura klasikuri tradiciisa da modernistuli avangardis Serwymas emyareba” (qarumiZe 2010: 2). zurab qarumiZe werilSi ,,postsabWoTa saqarTvelo da postmoderni’’ xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom ,,postmodernizmic swored ormagi kodirebis enaze metyvelebs – erTdroulad klasikisa da avangardis enebze’’ (qarumiZe 2010: 2). avtori gviCvenebs ufro farTo Sreebs da magaliTad mohyavs umberto ekos ,,vardis saxeliT’’ – sadac erTmaneTTan Serwymulia deteqtivi da medievistika. ormag kodirebas warmodgenebze gadamwyveti TamaSisas, kritikosi mniSvneloba levan aqvs bregaZe adamianebis ormag kodirebis magaliTad berlinis kedels gviCvenebs. ,,am kedlis namsxvrevebi rom suvenirebad daitaces, swored imitom, rom isini ormagad iyvnen kodirebulni’’ (bregaZe 2008: 189-190). adamianebis warmodgenebi icvleba imis mixedviT Tu ra simbolur datvirTvas mianiWebs mwerali ama Tu im movlenas Tavis nawarmoebSi. ormagi kodireba postmodernistuli nawarmoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, mas aranairi pretenzia ar gaaCnia WeSmaritebaze. ase ormagi kodirebiTaa aRWurvili umberto ekos romanSi ,,vardis saxeli’’ berZnuli xelnaweri, romelic mTlianad nawarmoebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis erT-erTi mTavari gamomwvevi mizezia. vfiqrobT, Tavad teqstic ormagi kodirebis nimuSia, radgan mkiTxvels aZlevs sakuTari interpretaciiT nawarmoebis wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas. 13) performansi - ,,Teatri iqceva cxovrebis dekanonizaciis arsebul formad’’ (bardaveliZe 2006: 172). literaturuli teqsti garkveulwilad axlosaa Teatralur samyarosTan, radgan avtori reJisors hgavs, romelic Tavad wyvets, rogori iqneba mkiTxvelis da mayureblis roli literaturul teqstSi. 46 14) konstruqtivizmi konstruirebas arseboben. uwevs ,,es – postmodernizmi realobas, literatura angrevs, romelSic aqucmacebs avtori nangrevebisagan da Sendeba, da mkiTxveli ngreva misi principia’’- aRniSnavs ana imnaiSvili (imnaiSvili 2010: 46). 15) avtoris sikvdili – literaturaTmcodneoba avtoris ganixilavs niRabi aRniSnul – Tanamedrove sakiTxs, termini ,,avtoris sikvdili’’ yvelaze kargad gamoxatavs Tanamedrove avtoris damokidebulebas, zogadad literaturuli procesis mimarT, rodesac Tanamedrove nawarmoebs kiTxulob, imis gancda Cndeba, rom avtorma teqsti da mkiTxveli erTmaneTis pirispir datova da Tavad TamaSidan gavida. sinamdvileSi ki piriqiTaa, man Zalian ostaturad moirgo avtoris niRabi, Tan ise, rom recipients xSirad es faqtebi yuradRebis miRma rCeba, Tumca xSirad ,,gauCinarebuli’’ avtori Semodis TxrobaSi da Tavs axsenebs mkiTxvels. mwerali niRbis ukan imaleba, dakvirvebul Tvals ki misi SemCneva ar gauWirdeba. xSirad mwerali Tavad iqceva sakuTari nawarmoebis personaJad. aRsaniSnavia, rom ,,avtori gaucxoebulia sakuTari xelovnebis qmnilebis mimarT’’ (bregaZe 2013: 63). rac, vfiqrobT, srulebiT marTebulia. avtori yvela movlenas, romelic misi nawarmoebis irgvliv viTardeba, garedan uyurebs. avtori xdeba erT-erTi damxmare teqstSi, is personaJTan erTad asrulebs mTavar funqcias, mkiTxvelTan uSualo kavSiris Sedegad aviTarebs movlenebs, uTanxmdeba mkiTxvels da ise cvlis teqstSi mimdinare faqtebs. avtori mkiTxvelTan urTierTobs gareSe warmoudgenelia. avtoris niRabs irgebs zaza burWulaZe, aka morCilaZe, xulio kortasari da milorad paviCi. 16) axali tipis mkiTxvelis Seqmna – postmodernizmma warmoSva axali tipis mkiTxveli. recipients daekisra imaze didi movaleoba, vidre es manamde hqonda. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mkiTxveli avtorTan erTad gaxda teqstSi procesebis warmarTveli, ufro metic, xSirad, ,,Ria finali’’ swored misi fantaziT unda daixuros. roland bartis Tanaxmad: mkiTxvelis dabadeba avtoris sikvdilis fasad xdeba. postmodernistul romanSi mniSvnelovania sami komponentis _ avtoris, teqstisa da mkiTxvelis urTierToba. teqstis aRqma mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaze da ganaTlebis donezea 47 damokidebuli, Tumca calke ganyenebulad sakiTxTan romelime maTganis dakavSirebiT levan warmodgena cagareli SeuZlebelia. gamoyofs aRniSnul gare da Sida sakomunikaciao situaciebs. misi azriT: ,,gare sakomunikacio situacia: – avtori-teqsti-mkiTxveli, xolo Sida sakomunikacio situacia – mTxrobeli-ambavi-aqtiuri adresati’’ (cagareli 2010: 1-2). ambavi ki xSirad ar aris realoba. istorizmis principi srulad uaryofilia da ,,istoria iqceva fiqciad’’ (cagareli 2010: 2). mkiTxvelis roli postmodernsituli teqstis gaazrebisas imaze gacilebiT didia vidre odesme, faqtobrivad is gaxda teqstis Semqmneli ,,gadamwyveti instancia nawarmoebisTvis azris miniWebis procesSi. kiTxva ki sruliad gautoles weras, radgan kiTxvis dros mkiTxveli teqsts axal-axal mniSvnelobebs aniWebs da Sesabamisad, teqstis yoveli ganmeorebiTi wakiTxvisas warmoiqmneba axali teqsti’’ (cagareli 2010: 3). 17) fiqcia – gamoZieba - igi mniSvnelovania postmodernizmisTvis, avtorTa garkveuli nawili mkiTxvelTan urTierTobas teqstis pirvelive gverdebidan iwyebs da mkiTxvelsac kvanZis gaxsna umTavresia rTavs procesSi, kulminacia da teqstSi, xSirad mTavar saTqmels teqstSi faruli azrebi Seicaven, masTan gamoZiebis gziT unda mivideT. mkiTxveli deteqtivis rols irgebs da avtorTan erTad labirinTebSi mogzaurobs, ramdenad gaikvlevs gzas, es mis niWsa da mondomebazea damokidebuli. xSirad saerTod mwerali ar iwyebs: aris, ,,Savi magram katis Zebnas literaturac bnel xom oTaxSi, esaa’’- sadac aRniSnavs is maia jaliaSvili (jaliaSvili 2005: 8). Jerar Janeti wers: ,,literatura plastikuri velia, gamrudebuli sivrce, sadac paradoqsuli nebismier Sexvedraa dros, yvelaze SesaZlebeli. moulodneli Cven yvelani da yvelaze ucnobi avtoris ucnobi nawarmoebis personaJebi varT’’ (Janeti 2001: 51). evropul warmoCenili. literaturaSi postmodernizmis gamoZiebis arsebobis Tema Zalze aqtiuradaa istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi figura umberti ekoa, romelmac Tavisi SemoqmedebiT waruSleli kvali datova ara marto evropeli - italieli xalxis cnobierebaze, aramed misma romanebma moicva mTeli msoflio. romani ,,vardis saxeli’’ uamrav postmodernistul niSnebTan erTad 48 efuZneba gamoZiebis motivs, mTlianad romani erTi didi gamoZiebis procesia, sadac avtori labirinTebis gavliT gviCvenebs Suasaukuneebis samonastro cxovrebas. gamoZiebis Tematikas exebian qarTveli postmodernisti mwerlebi laSa imedaSvili, laSa buRaZe da aka morCilaZe. es gamoZieba mimdinareobs wina saukunis mkvlelobebze. am ambebis Sesaxeb istoria dumda, postmodernizmma yvela saidumlos farda axada. 18) interteqstualoba – erT-erTi ganmsazRvrelia postmodernizmisTvis. termini ekuTvnis iulia kristevas. Semdeg is gamoiyena roland bartma. Jerar Jenetma werilSi ,,aravin uwyis, ra aris struqturalizmi’’ warmogvidgina Tavisi Sexedulebebi aRniSnul terminTan dakavSirebiT da aRniSna, rom ,,interteqstualobas uwodeben teqstebs Soris sruliad gansxvavebul urTierTobas, me ki urTierTobebis SedarebiT specifikuri tipebis kvlevas Sevudeqi da axali terminiT, hiperteqstualobiT ganvsazRvre isini’’ (Janeti 2001: 52) erTi teqsti ise Tavisuflad Sedis meore teqstSi da ise organulad erwymis mas, xSirad Cndeba kiTxva, sad daiwyo sxvisi teqsti da sad mTavrdeba avtoriseuli teqsti. es xerxi postmodernistul samyaroSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli. interteqstualobac avtoriseul TamaSze xSirad werda: TamaSidan ,,TamaSi upirveles momdinareobs. yovlisa unda eko iyos sicocxlisunariani, nawarmoebi ki Ria’’ (Эко 2002: 161). avtors teqsti faqtobrivad xelidan gaurbis, Tavad teqsti karnaxobs, Seqmnis Tavisebur principebs. interteqstualoba, mixeil baxtinis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, esaa ,,teqstis dialogi sxva teqstTan’’. ,,postmodernizmi aris literatura literaturis aRniSnavs: Sesaxeb’’. rogorc postmodernizmis interteqstualobaa. ase literaturaTmcodne erT-erTi magaliTad: XXI irma ratiani mTavari niSani swored saukunis teqstSi avtorma SeiZleba Tavisuflad gamoiyenos da Casvas XII saukunis ambavi. mkvlevari zeinab kikviZe wignSi ,,postmodernizmi da qarTuli literaturuli diskursi’’ exmianeba am Temas da aRniSnavs, rom ,,avtori umetesad gadis mis mier darTul komentarebSi da iqidan damatebiT instruqcias aZlevs mkiTxvels imaze, Tu teqstis romeli nawili ras 49 niSnavs, an esa Tu is teqsti saidan aiRo, interteqstze saubrisas iqmneba metateqsti, anu erTgvari teqsti teqstis Sesaxeb, romelic Sifravs metateqstis gamoyenebis saWiroebas’’ (kikviZe 2011: 44). rolan bartic xazs usvamda imas, rom mkiTxveli momzadebuli unda mivides postmodernistul teqstTan, mwerali gamoyenebuli literaturis sias unda urTavses teqsts, radgan isic ar endoba mkiTxvels. postmodernizmi ekleqturia, is axlandelis da warsulis nazavia, mkvlevars mohyavs termin - centos cneba, ,,cento laTinurad nakuwebisagan Sekeril tansacmels an sabans niSnavs’’ (kikviZe 2011: 45). mkiTxveli faqtobrivad Tanaavtoris rolSia. axali tipis mkiTxvelis Seqmna postmodernizmma swored aseTi tipis axali mkiTxveli Seqmna, romelic avtorTan erTad CarTulia teqstSi mimdinare procesebis ganviTarebaSi. postmodernizmi gamoCenis dRidan uaryofda yovelgvar sistemebs da normebs. kritikosebi nana gafrindaSvili da mariam miresaSvili aRniSnaven: ,,rom postmodernistuli nawarmoebi xSirad palimfsestis principiT aris agebuli’’ (gafrindaSvili, miresaSvili 2011: 267). es ,,cariel aRiarebs, termini Zalian furclebze’’ ,,Zveli mniSvnelovania, weras, teqstis postmodernisti ,,cariel furcels’’ fragmentebi axal ar cnobs postmodernizmi teqstSi ar aucileblad moxvdeba’’ (gafrindaSvili, miresaSvili 2011: 267). interteqstualoba postmodernizmis ganmsazRvreli niSania. xSirad avtorebi klasikur teqsts iyeneben sakuTari saTqmelis gadmosacemad da teqstSi pirdapir siuJetsac da Tanamedrove romelTa frazebs Sinaarssac avtoris erTi aka nawili ki ar iReben. morCilaZis wina svamen asea da saukuneebis mxolod, magaliTad zurab aramed xSirad ori cnobili qarumiZis teqstebi, saTqmels gadmogvcems da ostaturad erwymis Tanamedrove epoqas. xSirad xdeba erTi teqstidan meore teqstSi saTqmelis gadasvla. teqstSi saTqmelis gagrZeleba mianiSnebs postmodernistuli narativis uwyvetobas. amis magaliTia aka morCilaZis ,,madaTovis ciklis prozis’’ trilogia da ,,santa-esperansas’’ ciklis prozis trilogia. 50 19) simulakra – es termini aqtiurad ixmareba postmodernizmis niSanTvisebebze saubrisas. rogorc SesavalSi aRvniSneT, simulakra aris asli originalis gareSe. am termins aqtiurad ikvlevs da ganmartavs Jan bodriari Tavis naSromSi ,,simulakra da simulacia’’, romelic 1981 wels gamosca parizSi. bodriari masze mianiSnebs, rogorc fsevdonivTze. simulakra imis zusti aslia, risi originalic saerTod ar arsebobda. axleburad gaazrebulma movlenam postmodernistul nawarmoebSi sxvagvari saxe miiRo, man sxvagvari interpretireba moaxdina CvenTvis kargad nacnobi teqstisa. simulakra es termini farTod gamoiyeneba, es aris procesi, rodesac asli da originali ise Sordeba erTmaneTs, rom pirvelsawyisi xSirad ikargeba da iqmneba ,,asli originalis gareSe’’. simulaciis erT-erTi mTavari niSania relobis Secvla, ,,simulacia mxolod simulirebs realobas, magram igi arafers malavs’’ (TavdgiriZe 2011: 16). simulirebis dros mxlod masala icvleba, is ki, rac axdens simulacias, ucvleli rCeba. 20) samyaro rogorc teqsti – samyaro iqca erT did teqstad, roland bartis azriT: ,,teqsti citatebisaganaa moqsovili da aTasobiT kulturul pirvelwyaroze migviTiTebs‘’ (barti 2002: 52). samyarom saxe icvala TiTqmis yvelaferi xiluli gaxda. am sicxadem, nacvlad imisa, rom kiTxvebze gaeca pasuxi, piriqiT, uamravi kiTxva gaaCina. amasTan erTad imata gadafasebis eWvma da procesma adamianebisadmi mtkivneuli saxe undoblobam. miiRo. faseulobaTa miuxedavad amisa, am daeWvebam mwerlobaSi saintereso da gamorCeuli personaJebis arsebobas Seuwyo xeli. rogorc jer alin flaijeri werliSi, ,,postmodernizmi, paranoia da hipervizualuri’’ – aRniSnavs, ,,yvelaferi faruli zexilvadi gaxda. TiTqos dedamiwac mTliand gamWvirvale gaxda ukve. mzera mxolod CvenSia, Cven unda davafiqsiroT’’ (flaijeri 2002: 41). am samyarom Tavisive cxovrebis teqstebi Tavad Seqmna, saTqmeli wina planze wamoiwia da yvela kari TiTqmis erTdroulad gaaRo. 21) postmodernistuli mgrZnobeloba _ samyaro qaosia, romelsac ar gaaCnia erTiani saxe, mouwesrigebeli, Cvens winaSe namsxvrevebis saxiT warmomdgari realoba, bevri am qaosSi kargavs orientirebis unars da TviTneburad iwyebs gzis gakvlevas, xSirad uaress labirinTSi ikargeba. 51 mwerali mkiTxvelTan faqtobrivad werilSi: erTad yvelaferma cdilobs dasasrulis postmodernizmi labirinTidan saxe literaturaSi miiRo. gamosvlas. arkadi danakargis kiriCenko Teoria’’ wers - ,,modernizma ver moaxerxa literaturaSi Tavisi ZiriTadi amocanebis gadawyveta, ver daamyara avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris Tanxmoba’’ (kiriCenko 2003: 31). avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris aseTi mWidro kontaqti arasodes arc erTi literaturuli mimdinareobis dros ar yofila, rogoric axlaa. postmodernizmis epoqaSi faqobrivad avtori mkiTxvels uTanxmebs yvela detals, romelsac is iyenebs wignis dasasruleblad. bevri mas postmodernistul avtoris sikvdiladac postmodernistulma mgrZnobelobad, ki miiCnevs. literaturam TamaSis principad ZiriTadad moaxdina: miaCniaT, ,,avtoris, da rom romanis, moTxrobis da ,,maRali xelovnebis’’ sikvdili’’ (kiriCenko 2003: 31). cneba, postmodernistuli mgrZnobeloba aqturad gamoiyeneba. amitom aseTi tipis literatura garkveul etapze avtorisa da mkiTxvelis grZnobebzea damyarebuli. 22) citata da citacia - am or cnebas Soris gansxvaveba mxolod procesSia. citata sxvisi sityvebis Semotanaa, avtori am citatebs xan svams brWyalebSi da xan ara, Tavad Semosvla process, rodesac sxvisi azrebis xdeba teqstSi, citacia ewodeba. 23) istorizmis principi – aseve mniSvnelovania, istoriul procesebs, avtori axali xedviT warmogvidgens, xSirad istoriuli figurebi, romlebic Cvens cnobierebaSi xelSeuxebel pirebad arseboben, sruliad sxva saxiT da sxva kuTxiT warmogvidgebian. fardas xdian yovelgvar saidumloebas da Tanamedrove avtorebi faqtebs, romelzec dums istoria. istoriuli faqtebi Tu movlenebi, ukve saxecvlili da, cota ar iyos, ironizebulad warmogvidga, miTebi da legendebi daingra, kultebma msxvreva iwyes, aRar postmodernizmma magaliTia aka isini arsebobs faqtebi, sibnelidan morCilaZis, laSa romelsac istoria sinaTlis Suqze buRaZis da malavs, gamoiyvana. laSa amis imedaSvilis Semoqmedeba. istoria mecnierebaa, romelic mxolod faqtebze dayrdnobiT ar arsebobs, is xSirad gamonagons, miTiur samyarosac gviCvenebs. ,,Tanamedrove istoriaSi yvelaze saintereso imis kvlevaa, Tu rogorc 52 moxda esa Tu is movlena da ara is, ramdenad WeSmaritia istoriuli narativi’’ (joxaZe 2012: 2). istoriaSi dro pirobiTia, Znelia imis mtkiceba es movlena zustad am dros am wels da an saaTze moxda Tu ara dokumenturad dadasturebuli faqtebis gareSe. gamoyofilia istoriuli narativebis ramodenime momenti. ,,retrospeqtuloba- roca warsulis movlenebi awmyosa da momavlis prizmiT ganixileba. prespeqtiulobaroca movlenis istoriuli Sefaseba istorikosis msoflmxedveleobazea damokidebuli. specifikuroba- roca istoriuli codna gavlenas axdens identobis formirebaze. fiqtiuroba- roca istoriuli interpretacia damokidebulia orientiris narativis im socialur rols aseTi TamSobs’’ gansazRvra pirobebze, (joxaZe romelTa 2012: saintereso 3). farglebsic vfiqrobT, siaxlea, is istoriuli romelic avtorma SemogvTavaza. 24) ekleqtizmi - es niSani gabatonebulia postmodernistul epoqaSi, is yvela saTqmels erTad uyris Tavs, gansazRvravs mis Rirebulebebs, afasebs, ramdenad kargad iRebs mas sazogadoeba da ramdenad moaqvs avtorisTvis mogeba ama Tu im romans. marTlac bestselerad SeiZleba miviCnioT umberto ekos, milorad paviCis, boris akuninis, aka morCilaZis da sxvaTa teqstebi. es maskulturaze gaTvlili romanebia, popkulturaa da masobrivi aRqmisTvis Seqmnili. ,,postmodernistul xelovnebaSi gvaqvs istoriulad Tanaarseboba, aqamde rasac arsebuli yvela esTetikuri stilisa ekleqtizmisken, da mimdinareobis anu esTetikuri nazavisaken qimeruli usaxurobisaken mivyavarT (mag. pop-arti), rasac, bodriaris analogiiT, esTetikuri bulioni SegviZlia vuwodoT’’ (bregaZe 2013: 61). ekleqtizmis magaliTi bevria. maskultura xdeba ganmsazRvreli iSleba zRvari. 25) rizoma – postmodernizmze saubrisas mniSvnelovania rizomas cnebis garkvevac. es termini gamoiyenes Jil deliozmada feliqs gvatarim wignSi ,,rizoma Sesavali’’ 1976 wels. rizoma (fesvura) aris iseTi tipi, romelsac ar aqvs miwisqveSa mTavari Rero. aseTia postmodernizmic, romelic faqtobrivad ar ukavSirdeba arafers. mas ara aqvs sistemuri xasiaTi, piriqiT, am usistemobiT SeiZleba mimarTulebiT ganviTardes. 53 sruliad sxva gziT da sainteresoa, ras moicavs Tavad termini, ras adareben mas. rizomis cneba, cota ar iyos, bundovani da gaurkveveli rom ar aRmoCndes, mkvlevrebi magaliTs gvTavazoben. ,,deliozma da gvatarim 1980 wels gamocemul wignSi ,,aTasi TefSi’’ rizomis kultura Svedur magidas Seadares, saidanac mkiTxveli amoirCevs da aiRebs imas, rac moswons da aiRebs imdens, ramdenic surs. TviTon fesura, anu rizoma ki, maTi azriT, aTasi TefSia, romelzec ,,ukve gamzadebuli kerZebi devs’’ (gafrindaSvili, miresaSvili 2011: 270). swored rizomis kategoria Cans umberto ekos romanSi ,,vardis saxeli’’. is labirinTia, romelSic swored rizomis wyalobiT Sehyavs avtors mkiTxveli. 1.4. postmodernistuli romani, rogorc aseTi postmodernistuli epoqa gmiris danakliss ganicdis. gmirebi aRar ibadebian. piriqiT, isini saukunis gzagasayarze ikargebian da mis adgils ikavebs antigmiri radgan Znelia, gansazRvro esa Tu is personaJi gmiria Tu antigmiri, Seicvala gmiris Sefasebis kriteriumebic. adamianebi sakuTar Secdomebze Tavad ageben pasuxs. Secdomebi ki bevria... uiliam folkneri - cnobili amerikeli mwerali nobelis premiis laureatia. misi cxovreba mWidrod ukavSirdeba qveyanas, sadac xalxi Tavisuflebisa da bedis saZieblad Cadioda. aRsaniSnavia, romani ,,xmauri da mZvinvareba’’, romelic, rogorc mwerali ambobs, novelad hqonda Cafiqrebuli, magram saTqmeli imdenad bevri aRmoaCnda, rom ver Caatia patara novelaSi da ase Seqmna didi moculobis romani. romanis Sesaxeb is wers: ,,Txroba idioti bavSvis TvalTaxedviT daviwye, radgan vigrZeni, rom ufro STambeWdavi iqneboda, momeTxro imis piriT, visac ecodineboda, rom raRac moxda, magram ver mixvdeboda, ratom ver gadmoveci ambavi. vcade axla ukve meore Zmis TvalTaxedva gadmomeca, kidev verafers mivaRwie, maSin mesamed movyevi, axla ukve mesame Zmis TvaliT danaxuli. mainc 54 araferi eSvela. vcade, damekavSirebina es nawilebi da Sualedebi Cemi, rogorc mTxrobelis, sityvebiT Semevso’’ (gribanovi 1999: 89). marTlac, romanis pirvel nawils gviyveba gonnakluli benjameni, meore nawils misi Zma qventini mogviTxrobs, mesames mesame Zma jeisoni da mxolod bolo meoTxe nawilia gadmocemuli tradiciuli avtoriseuli TxrobiT. ,,romani imiT aris rTuli, rom folknerma uari Tqva, drosmieri TanmimdevrobiT daelagebina calkeuli nawili. ufro metic, romanis SigniT ise aris areuli awmyos drois ambebi da warsulis mogonebebi, Wirs garkveva rodis xdeba is’’ (gribanovi 1999: 109). areulia Semdgom 1910 Txrobis weli postmodernizmis dro, pirveli nawili 1928 modis. pirveli am warmosaxviT niSnebi Cans, wliT TariRdeba, qaossa teqstis da uwesrigobaSi mTlianobaSi aRqma mkiTxvelis movaleobaa. romanSi naCvenebia kompsonTa ojaxis dacemis periodi, sadac isini moralurad da zneobrivad gadagvarebis piras arian misulebi, avtorma krizisuli situaciis fonze gviCvena aristokratTa ojaxi. nawarmoebSi am krizisis dawyebis preistoria ar Cans, folkneri 15 wlis mere wers romanis damatebas, sadac detalurad gangvimartavs am gvaris genialogias. aseT xerxs ara erTi postmodernisti mwerali mimarTavs. amiT isini mkiTxvels miniSnebas aZleven romanis rTul samyaroSi Sesasvlelad. ojaxis ufrosi warmogvidgeba susti nebisyofis mqone adamianad, romelsac cxovrebasTan gamklaveba ar ZaluZs. ,,mTeli dRe ijda, win edga viskiani grafini, iqve elaga calkeuli gazinTluli tomebi.’’ Tuki mamamisi mebrZoli iyo, axla mas aRar Seswevs Zala, ebrZolos cxovrebas, ,,radgan igi uazrobaa’’ ase, avtoris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,naxerxiT gamotenil tikinad iqca generlis Svili’’. rac damnaSvea Seexeba ojaxis diasaxliss misis kompsons, is mTavari rogorc sakuTari ojaxis ngrevaSi, ise Svilebis winaSe, mas gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli aqvs patara biWis jeisonisadmi. es uTanasworo siyvaruli badebs arajansaR urTierTobas da-Zmebs Soris. isini kargaven yovelgvar faseulobebs da moralur principebs, ,,yvela 55 Svili ucxoa CemTvis da me meSinia maTi’’ _ aseTia dedis damokidebuleba Svilebisadmi. rogorc kritikosi boris gribanovi gadmogvcems _ ,,es egoizmi simaxinjemde midis. imgvari qveTrinis TviTmkvleloba, miyenebul Seuracxyofas’’ izrdebian Svilebi. tragediac ise aRiqvams, (gribanovi pirveli ki, rogoricaa rogorc 1999: 109). mkiTxvelis vaJiSvili piradad amgvar winaSe misTvis atmosferoSi benji warsdgeba. ,,ganmacvifra im azrma, ambobda Semdgom folkneri, ra bevri ramis mocema SeeZlo sakuTar Tavze gulisyurmokrebil umankoebis ideas, Tuki erTerTi Svili savsebiT umanko iqneboda, e.i. iqneboda idioti. ase iSva benji da maSin imiTac davinteresdi, rogori unda yofiliyo am idiotis damokidebuleba im samyarosTan, romelSic cxovrobda, magram romelsac verasodes Seicnobda ara da am samyaroSi unda epova sisaTuTe da Semweoba’’ (gribanovi 1999: 110). mwerals aintersebs damokidebuleba gare aseTi samyarosTan, tipis gmiris Cveneba, misTvis sakuTari daa misi yvelafris sawyisi cxovrebaSi, masTan grZnobs Tavs kargad, magram es mxolod bavSvobaSi iyo, axla ki _ ,,Semomexvia kedis mklavebi da qaTqaTa pirbade. magram xeebis suni aRara aqvs kedis da me avtirdi’’. kedis gaTxovebam misi samyaro daaqcia benjis tragedia sulieris garda fizikuricaa. is Zmam daasWurisa. mwerals mowodeba miaCnda, marcxi gmirisadmio, sibraluri. rom iyo. upasuxa; esaa benjamenis rodesac mas ,,benjamenisadmi Sebraleba TvaliT danaxuli samyaros grZnoba giCndeba grZnoba miCndeba, benjamenisadmi arafers hkiTxes, ra erTaderTi kacobriobisa. ganvicdi, radgan TviT igi ar ganicdis arafers, me erTaderTi imas ganvicdi, Tu ramdenad damajereblad Sevqmeni igi. igi Tavis daniSnulebas asrulebs da midis‘’ (gribanovi 1999: 108). am idioti nawarmoebis bavSvis mTavari TvaliT ambis danaxuli gadmocemisa. ambavi xdeba TvalSisacemia is safuZveli naxtomi, romelsac mwerali erTi Tavidan meoreze gadasvlisas akeTebs, mkveTrad icvleba Txrobis manera. idiotis fiqrebs cvlis harvardis universitetSi ganaTlebamiRebuli inteligentis asociaciur azrovneba. 56 iwyeba Txrobis ufro rTuli etapi. am TavSi Cndeba postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, kerZod, aluzia, rTuli abstraqtuli azrovneba, romelic moiTxovs mkiTxvelis daZabul gonebriv muSaobas. simboluria, rom qetrini misi sicocxlis ukanasknel dRes saaTs isrebs aZrobs. mas drois SeCereba surs ,,Tavis mokvlac xom Taviseburi moCvenebiTi cdaa drois srbolis SeCerebisa’’ sicocxlis bolo dRes misi cnobiereba mTlianad (gribanovi 1999: 115). warsulSi gadavida. es rTul asociaciebs warmoSobs. swored isini iwveven TviTmkvlelobaze fiqrs. mwerali qvetrinis saxiT gvixatavs rTuli sulieri tragediis mqone pirovnebas, qveTtrini ver uTavsebs erTmaneTs warsulsa da awmyos, rac tragikul Seusabamobas qmnis. samyarosadmi misi xedva sxvagvaria. romanis Sesaxeb arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. kritikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom romani socialistur Temazea Seqmnili. zogi mas uwodebs romans drois Sesaxeb, zogs ki miaCnia rom mwerlis mTavari Tema sulieri faseulobebis dakargvas ukavSirdeba, rac savsebiT swori xedvaa, avtorma am ojaxis tragediis CvenebiT ostaturad warmogvidgina misi Tanamedroveobis tragediac. sadac, romanis msgavsad, yovelgvari faseulobebi ikargeba da yvelaze axlobeli adamianebic ki ucxovdebian erTmaneTisagan. romanis gmirebis tragedia bavSvobidan iRebs saTaves. rac Seexeba kedis, am personaJis irgvliv trialebs yvelaferi, is aris romanis mTavari RerZi. mis mimarT damokidebulebas Tavad avtoric ar malavs da erT-erT Sexvedraze, romelic virjiniis universitetSi gaimarTa, kiTxvaze _ Tu ratom ar xdeba sakuTari cxovrebis mTxrobeli kedi, folkneri pasuxobs: ,,imitom, rom kedi metismetad mSvenieri da mgZnobiarea, raTa momxdari ambebi momeyolebina da amiT damemdablebina. amitom vifiqre, ufro amaRelvebeli iqneboda, visime TvaliT Semexeda misTvis’’ (gribanovi 1999: 129). am adamianis garegnobaze araferi ar aris naTqvami, magram cxadia, kedi ojaxSi erTaderTi pirovnebaa, visac siyvaruli SeuZlia. cxovreba misTvis ar warmoadgens saSiSroebas, piriqiT etrfis mas da iRebs iseTs, rogoric aris. dedis wyalobiT areulia misi piradi cxovreba, mas sakuTar Svils arTmevs deda. 57 rac Seexeba romanis mesame nawils, romelsac jeisoni mogviTxrobs, am nawilSi xdeba kvanZis gaxsna. jeisoni romanis mTavar saTqmels ambobs, mkiTxvels is warudgeba, rogorc saqmiani, praqtikuli da moazrovne pirovneba, romelic kargadaa morgebuli im sazogadoebas, romelSic cxovrobs, mas dakarguli aqvs yovelgvari moralur-zneobrivi imperativi, misTvis mTavari faseuloba mxolod da mxolod fulia. mTavari gmirebi radikalurad gansxvavebuli arian. Tu erTi Zma Tu sakuTar dasTan erTad samyarosgan Tavis garidebaze ocnebobs, meore marto fulis Sovnis JiniTaa Sepyrobili. fulia erTaderTi sazomi ojaxis wevrebTan urTierTobaSic. mamis dakrZalvaze mxolod im fulze fiqrobs, yvavilebSi tyuilad rom gadayara. Tavad bednieria imiT, rom sindsis natamali ara aqvs. radgan, rogorc TviTon ambobs, ,,mas ise unda eloloavebode, rogorc Wirian lekvs’’. jeisoni ugulo, yovelgvar adamianur grZnobebs moklebuli adamiania. ,,igi dasrulebuli borotebis gansaxierebaa Cems TvalSi. Cemi azriT, es yvelaze rTuli saxea, rac ki odesme Semiqmnia.’’ iseve, rogorc danarCeni Svilebis, mis cxovrebis dangrevaSic dedas miuZRvis wvlili, romelic jeisons yovelTvis iyenebda qmarTan da SvilebTan dapirispirebaSi. jeisoni gansxvavebuli da qvetrini pirovnebebi ori gviCvena erTmaneTisgan mweralma. erTi radikalurad ganasaxierebs im samyaros, romelic meorem dakarga. sazogadoebaSi WeSmariti humanuri faseulobebi uaryofilia. am faseulobebs mowyvetili adamianis gansaxierebaa jeison kompsoni, romlis cxovrebac savsea xmauriTa da mZvinvarebiT. avtori romanis meoTxe nawilSi wina Tavebis erTgvar Sejamebas akeTebs. is misi gmirebidan gamoyofs moaxle zangis qals, romelic kvlav erTgulad emsaxureba daSlis piras myof ojaxs. dilzi aris erTaderTi pirovneba, romelic mkiTxvels raRac dadebiTis rwmenas ubrunebs. dilzi mowmea am movaleobas ojaxis ayvavebis da daqveiTebisac, xolo mis mTavar zneobriv erTgulebaSi xedavs. es ubralo adamiani axerxebs cxovrebasTan gamklavebas, maSin, rodesac masze bevrad ganaTlebulebi iRupebian. 58 rac Seexeba saTaurs, simboluria. avtori ambobs _ ,,saTauri umal simboluria xolme, vidre literatruli, saTaurs cota ram akavSirebs siuJetTan an xasiaTTan. saTauri ideas warmoaCens. saxelwodeba ,,xmauri da mZvinvareba Seqspiris ,,makbetidan aris aRebuli, esaa cxovreba savse ,,xmauriTa da mZvinvarebiT’’ (gribanovi 1999: 146) kiTxvaze, romel romans TvliT saukeTesodo pasuxobda: ,,imas, romelmac yvelaze tragikulad da brwyinvaled damamarcxa’’ (gribanovi 1999: 151). miuxedavad imisa, rom im periodSi, rodesac es romani daiwera, 1928 wels postmodernizmze, saubaric ar iyo. rogorc amerikaSi (iq literaturul sadac Semdeg mimdinareobaze, es jer literaturuli mimdinareoba Camoyalibda) daiwera ,,xmauri da mZvinvareba‘’, marTalia, es teqsti ar gamoirCeva yvela im TvisebiT, romliTac postmodernistuli teqstebi xasiaTdebian, magram faqtia, misi pirveli niSnebi Cans. esenia Txrobis areuli gamoyvanilia im danawevrebuli tipis manera. adamiani, romelic mTavar moqmed moklebulia gmirad yovelgvar moralur faseulobebs, ironiuladaa daxatuli romanis yvela gmiri, garda benjamenisa, romelsac TanaugrZnobs avtori. damateba mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs romanis srul gagebaSi, mkiTxveli xSir SemTxvevaSi aqedan igebs avtoris mTavar saTqmels. kvanZis gaxsna mwerlis mierve xdeba ara Tavad teqstSi, aramed mis gareT. aseT xerxs mimarTavs bevri postmodernisti mwerali, maT Soris aka morCilaZec, romelmac romanSi ,,gadafrena madaTovze da ukan’’ mTavari personaJis mkvlelobis saqme swored damatebaSi gasna da mkvlelis vinaobac iq gagvando. albaT, uiliam folkneris mTavari saTqmeli swored rom moralur-zneobrivi imperativis rRvevis Cveneba iyo, man erTi ojaxis tragediis daxatviT mTeli misi Tanamedrove samyaros suraTi aRgviwera, sadac yvelaferi degradaciisken mieqaneba am samyaroSi yovelgvar faseuls Crdili adgeba da amas Tavad adamianebi akeTeben zogi gacnobierebulad, zogi instiqturad. marsel prusti _ postmodernizmis niSnebi gamoCnda ara marto amerikul literaturaSi, aramed man asaxva hpova frangul mwerlobaSi, kerZod, marsel prustis SemoqmedebaSi. anatoli fransma masze Tqva: ,,cxovreba Zalian moklea, prusti ki Zalian grZeli’’. prusti ,,marad 59 sneuli axalgazrda kaci iyo da isini, visac igi Sexvedria, masSi maRali wris warmomadgenels, iqneb inteligentsac xedavdnen, oRond ar moelodnen misgan raime didebuli nawarmoebis Seqmnas’’ (morua 1983: 183) werda andre morua wignSi ,,literaturuli portretebi’’. sneulebam daRi daasva mis Semoqmedebasac, magram, miuxedavad amisa, SeZlo daemTavrebina misi sicocxlis yvelaze mTavari wigni. ,,dakarguli drois ZiebaSi’’ wera iyo misi cxovrebis mTavari mizani. Tavad ambobs kidec: ,,filosofiis da weris garda, CemTvis yvelaferi drois amao kargvaa.’’ ar surda arc erTi wamis dakargva, radgan icoda, sikvdili Zalian axlos iyo. mwerali izolirebul samyaroSi cxovrobda. erTaderTi mizani hqonda, Seeqmna misi cxovrebis wigni. mniSvnelovania, rom nawarmoebis dasasruli zustad emTxveva misi cxovrebis dasasruls. sikvdilamde ramdenime TviT adre mweralma ganacxada _ ,,iciT, am RamiT didi ram moxda, es mniSvnelovani siaxlea, me davwere sityva dasasruli, axla ki SemiZlia movkvde’’ (enuqiZe 1996: 18). rodesac mwerali bermotis sikvdils aRwers, akeTebs mniSvnelovan damatebas, sadac ambobs: ,,am nawils me Cemi sikvdilis win Sevavseb’’. romanis mTavari gmiri Tavad avtoria. is qmnis wigns, sadac gviCvenebs sakuTari cxovrebis istorias. Txroba mTlianad mimarTulia dakargulis Ziebisken. ikargeba cxovrebaSi yvelaze faseuli ram _ dro, romelic ukve ganvlili da warsulad qceulia. sikvdilis piras myofi gmiri sabolood Seicnobs imas, rasac eswrafoda. mxolod ,,mopovebuli drois‘’ erT-erT epizodSi germanistebis ezos uswormasworo qvafenili badebs masSi ucnaur ganecada. grZnobas, romelic magram amjerad bedniereba, am dros rom mas odesRac ukve ewvia, bavSvobaSi sxvagvarad awmyosa da iRebs TiTqos da warsulis xvdeba ukve ,,es SegrZnebaTa Secnobidan movida da myiseulad icnobierebs, rom swored esaa misi nawarmoebis mTavari Tema. nawarmoebi ukve warsulad qceuli, ase vTqvaT, ,,nacxovrebi cxovrebis’’ axsnaa, ,,nacxovrebi cxovrebis, romelic azrsa da formas warsulidan Semosavs’’ (enuqiZe 1996: 20) aRniSnavs ekaterine enuqiZe wignSi ,,marsel prustis ZiebaSi - cnobierebis Tavgadasavali’’. nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri yvelas da yvelafris ZiebaSia, eZebs samyaros, dros da sakuTar adgils am samyaroSi. andre moruas azriT, 60 ,,prustis Semoqmedebas Seucnobelis mogonebiT warsulis gacocxleba udevs safuZvlad’’ (morua 1983: 197). mTavari gmiri warsulSi mogzaurobs da xedavs imas, rac iq darCa. qalaqgareT saxli mas bavSvobas axsenebs, is, erTi SexedviT, Cveulebrivi, magram amave dros Zalze rTuli saxiT warmogvidgeba. mas avtoris mier Znelad Sesasrulebeli misia akisria, eZebos is, risi povnac SeuZlebelia ,,dakarguli dro’’ Txroba warsulSi xdeba aq yvelaferi dasrulebulia; es yvelaferi cxovrebis’’aRqmaa. romanSi cxovreba win miiwevs, ,,nacxovrebi magram mxolod ukan warsulisken xedviT. mwerali warsuls iyenebs imisTvis, rom momavali Seqmnas. misTvis ar arsebobs srulyofili awmyo, mas mudam warsuli sdevs Tan. siyvaruls mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, cota ar iyos, ucnauri asaxva aqvs. is Tvlida, rom mxolod siyvarulis uaryofiT SeiZleba xelovnebaSi WeSmaritebis miRweva da rom es grZnoba iluziaa da meti arafri. gmirebs maTi fantaziiT Seqmnili qalebi uyvardebaT, sabolood ki im daskvnamde midian, rom SeuZlebelia ucxo arseba daisakuTro da Sens ganuyofel nawilad aqcio, marseli crdilobs, misi siyvarulis obieqti albertina tyveobaSi amyofos da ise daisakuTros, magram sabolood yvela xvdeba, rom es auxdeneli ocnebaa. aq siyvaruli ibadeba raRacis asociaciis Sedegad. mwerali ,,aRiarebs bednier qorwinebas’’, magram ara realur cxovrebaSi, aramed literaturaSi, sadac yvelaferi avtoris xeliT iqmneba da misi fantaziis Sedegia. mwerali mTavari. misTvis Tavad siyvaruls etrfis, misTvis miuwvdomeli qalia did sxvaobas xedavs dapyrobil da dasapyrob qalebs Soris, pirveli tipis qalebi usulo sxeulebad iqcevian xolme. ,,siyvaruli isaa, CvenSi jer kidev manamde rom feTqavs, sanam Tavis obieqts ar ipovis.’’ albertins, rogorc qals, mwerali faqtiurad funqcias akargvinebs da aqcevs usulo arsebad, araraobad, romelsac aTasgvar braldebas uyenebs. amiT nawarmoebSi is TiTqos mizezs eZebs, raTa siyvaruli uaryos. sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi, cota ar iyos, saxeSecvlili da aratradiciulia. gmirebi siyvaruls ise iReben, rogorc sasikvdilo scenebs. ,,prustTan kaci an Seyvarebulia an amazrzen cxovrebas eweva. es 61 mamakacebis cxovreba xSirad Tavad prustis tvirTia, dedis faqtors xazi unda gavusvaT igi mudmivad arsebobs’’ (enuqiZe 1996: 71). ,,prusts bavSobaSi dedisadmi hiperToropiuli grZnoba hqonda’’ (enuqiZe 1996: 72). am damaxinjebulma siyvarulma daTrguna mwerali, amitom veRar gaiRviZa masSi normalurma grZnobam, siyvarulma. ,,rac ver SeZlo prustma cxovrebaSi, xelovnebaSi moaxerxa. man sruliad axali da ucnauri, mxatvruli saxeebi Sva’’ (enuqiZe 1996: 48). esa Tu is movlena mweralma warsulis CvenebisTvis gamoiyena, asociaciurobiT, aluziiT is kidev erTxel iWers, aRbeWdavs, moipovebs drois romeliRac monakveTs. misi mizani mxolod da mxolod dakarguli drois Ziebaa da meti araferi. wrfeli, siyvarulSi laRi asaxa, Tavisufali ris gamoc grZnoba Znelia mweralma isaubro mxolod dedis moralur-zneobriv imperativze. mTavari gmiri, romlis ukanac avtori imaleba, garkveul wilad arRvevs am faseulobebs. masTan religiuri amaRleba xorcieldeba dacemis paralelurad. prustis gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba dedisadmi nawarmoebSic naTlad Cans, is araviTar SemTxvevaSi mTxrobels Tavad cuds ar aTqmevinebs dedaze. mas aRwers, rogorc sust da keTilSobil pirovnebas, romelsac ver upirispirdeba. ironia, niSania aseve gmirebs da romelic postmodernizmis naCvenebia nawarmoebSi. maT Soris is upirispirdeba erT-erTi ironiulad maT, visac damaxasiaTebeli moixseniebs aqvT mis garkveuli seqsualuri gadaxrebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mwerali amiT sakuTar Tavs dascinis, sakuTar arasrulfasovnebas Tavis personaJebs miawerda, Tavis nakls maT naklad gviCvenebda, Tan is personaJebi mas, rogorc avtors, ar uyvarda. am nawarmoebSi yvela nivTs Tavisi datvirTva aqvs, magaliTad ,,germanistebis mxareSi” aseTia lifti, romelic arasodes ar Cerdeba im sarTulze, sadac mTxrobeli unugeSod elis sayvareli qalis stumrobas. ,,is xmauriT agrZelebs gzas da es xmauri xdeba Tavad mtkivneuli, saidanac mitovebis xmebi moismis” (enuqiZe 1996: 62). 62 ,,Ziebani” im adamianTa nawarmoebia, vinc cdilobs cxovrebasTan SebrZolebas, sakuTari Tavis Semecnebas. magaliTad, batoni pieri imitom aris sul damunjebuli, rom igi ebrZvis sakuTar Tavs. baton sanots, romelsac mudivad dascinian da akritikeben, moswons daCagrulis roli, mwerlis azriT, ,,cxovrebaSi adamianebi umniSvneloni ar iqnebian im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki maT miecemaT azris Tavisufled gamoTqmis saSualeba” (enuqiZe 1996: 68). ,,miuxedavad imisa, nawarmoebis fasadi mis asociaciur stils emyareba, prustis stili mxolod reminiscenciis Sedegi ar aris. misi stili aris ,,TamaSis’’ sivrce, romelsac zusti kanonebi aqvs da romlis siRrmeSic didi STagoneba ifareba” (enuqiZe 1996: 78). TamaSi postmodernizmis erT-erTi upirvelesi niSania. Ziebis dabadeba prustisTvis sakuTari dabadeba iyo. ,,nawarmoebic mTavrdeba sityviT ,,dro”, romelSic gadmocemulia misi centraluri Tema. igi mTavrdeba imiT, riTac daiwyo drois ideiT” (morua 1983: 201). marsel prusti, romelmac mTeli Tavisi sicocxle erT nawarmoebs Sealia, Cvens winaSe mniSvnelovan da sakamaTo Temebs wamoWris. ,,avtoris niRabs” morgebuli mwerali sakuTari personaJis eniT gvelaparakeba Tavis cxovrebaze. marsel gasaRebi. prustis vfiqrobT, romanis Tavad ,,dakarguli saTaurSia drois aRniSnuli. ZiebaSi’’ saTauri mTavari mianiSnebs teqstis mTavar saTqmelze. dro dakargulia, dro romlis Zebna arc Tu ise martivia, romani cxovrebiseul prioritetebs gansazRvravs. entoni romlis berjesi _ erT-erTi gamorCeuli amerikeli mweralia, SemoqmedebaSic postmodernizmis bevri niSania Tavmoyrili. misi erT-erTi saukeTeso nawarmoebia ,,meqanikuri forToxali”, romelic am literaturuli mimdinareobis yvela moTxovnas pasuxobs. arsebobs romanis ori gamocema amerikuli da inglisuri. maT Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom amerikul nawilSi bolo Tavi Semoklebuladaa Setanili. entoni berjesi wers: ,,marTali giTxraT, ar msurda arsebuliyo erTi da imave wignis ori versia. nawarmoebis Sinaarsobrivi 63 strqutura dairRva. garda amisa, axalgazrdaTa Soris gavrcelebuli Zalmomreoba amerikul gamocemaSi mTeli simZafriT ar SeigrZnoba. amitom nawarmoebi dayvanilia ubralo alegoriamde, maSin, rodesac is Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc romani’’ (berjesi 2013: 18). amerikul versiaSi ar moewonaT nawili, sadac aleksi realur cxovrebas ubrundeba. gadawyvets Seqmnas ojaxi da iyolios Svili, Secvalos cxovreba, romelic udavod moiTxovs cvlilebas da dabrunebas WeSmarit samyaroSi. ,,es iyo zdasruli adamianis daskvna, romelic amerikaSi ar moewonaT’’ (berjesi 2013: 18). mwerali mudmivad kritikulia sakuTari Tavisa da nawarmoebis mimarT. berjesma aRiara, rom didxans fiqrobda, gadaeca Tu ara, es wigni amerikeli gamomcemlebisaTvis. ,,ingliseli gamomcemlebic yoymanobdnen. amitom, rodesac amerikelma gamomcemelma ar moisurva bolo Tavis CarTva wignSi, winaaRmdegoba ver gavuwie. vfiqrobdi, iqneb, ase sjobsmeTqi – mwerlebs (gansakuTrebiT wignis dasrulebis Semdeg) eWvi eparebaT xolme wignis faseulobaSi)’’ (berjesi 2013: 18). aseve iyo Tanxis mxriv interesi da isic, rom kritikosTa didi nawili amerikuli variantis upiratesiobaSi arwmunebda. ,,mweralma, sityvebis garda, isic unda icodes, raze wers’’ (qardava 2013: 27). mniSvnelovania is, Tu ra aRwera avtorma, ,,vaRiarT, entoni berjesis ,,meqanikuri forToxali’’ xelovnebis aseTi nimuSia da es sxvebze kargad Cven – sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeebma viciT’’ (qardava 2013: 27). nawarmoebis saTauri saintereso da dasafiqrebelia. is mianiSnebs, rom amqveynad yvelaferi meqanikuria, yvelafers Tvisi arsi da sazRvari aqvs. es xSirad gaurkvevlobas iwvevs. aRniSnul nawarmoebSi moralur-zneobrivi imperativebis sruli ganadgureba da ugulebelyofaa naCvenebi. mTavari moqmedi piri, romelic warmogvidgeba rTuli fsiqologiuri xasiaTis mozardad, uaryofs yovelgvar zneobriv normebs. mwerali sociumis crdilobs iseTi samyaros Cvenebas, warmomadgenlebi TavianT miswrafebebs 64 sadac sxvadasxva sxvadasxvanairi formiT gamoxataven, Tumca amiT mTavar saTqmels amboben. samyaro romelSic uwevT cxovreba dasaRupad aris ganwiruli. aleksi, romlis irgvlivac trialebs avtori, ostaturad irgebs niRabs keTilSobili, ucodveli adamianisas, berjesi am personJis Cvenebisas erTgvarad mkiTxvelis winaSe marTavs karnavals, sadac gmiri saxecvlili gvevlineba sxva saqmiTa da saTqmeliT. mTavari moqmedi piri rTuli fsiqologiis mqone adamiania, damnaSavea, patara damnaSave, romelsac mxolod es sityva ar miesadageba. is ubralod Wrilobidan wyurvilis, sisixlismsmeli momdinare Tumca radikalurad Tavadac dRe sisxli dRe mas britviT miyenebuli ufro metad uRviZebs sisastikis sxva saxiT gvevlineba. misTvis ar sruliad gardaiqmneba, aRniSnavs. mkvlelia, dRe sxvanairad icvams, aris usmens am dros mogonili, rasac klasikur musikas mSoblebsa da garSemomyofebze kargi STabeWdilebis moxdenas cdilobs. romanSi avtors, mZime kriminaluri suraTi aqvs naCvenebi: TiTqos ingreva, azrs kargavs yvelaferi, adamianebi samyaro TavianTi moqmedebebiT emsgavsebian mxecebs. danaSauli danaSauls emateba, magram pasuxismgebeli aravinaa. damcireba sufevs. irgvliv usamarTloba, tyuili, Ralati da mwerlis mier kargad aris naCvenebi skolis asakis bavSvebis fsiqologiuri problemebi. isini gzagasayarze dganan, saidanac unda airCion an gza gadarCenis da wesieri cxovrebis, an ara da gza daRupvisa. aleksi da misi megobrebi swored am ukanasknels, saSiS gzas daadgnen, romelic adre Tu gvian sikvdiliT damTavrdeba. maT adamianebis sicocxliT TamaSi daiwyes, rac sabolood spobs maT da andgurebs rogorc moralur-zneobrivad, aseve fizikurad. nawarmoebSi naCvenebia ukve damnaSaved Camoyalibebuli adamiani, Tumca, rogor mivida gmiri am gzamde es ucnobia, faqti erTia, aleksis sulieri samyaros ngrevaSi ojaxi did rols TamaSobs. ar Cans misi pativiscema ojaxisadmi, mis irgvliv arsebulma arasrulfasovanma garemom gmiri moswyvita realobas. is iZulebuli gaxda, Tavisi samyaro Seeqmna, sadac, misnairi damnaSaveebis icodnen mis garda, aravis yoveldRiur adgili ar iyo. saqmianobaze. 65 mSoblebma avtori araferi ar Tanamedrove axalgazrdebis problemis mizezs eZebs da gviCvenebs, rom mSoblebis uyuradRebobaa yvelafris saTave. mwerali erT xazs miyveba, gvTavazobs uwyvet qronologiur Tanmimdevrobaze agebul kompoziciebs. aleksi rTuli pirovnebaa, mas gansakuTrebuli cxovrebis wesi da Sinagani samyaro aqvs, rac izidavs mkiTxvels da masze waruSlel STabeWdilibas tovebs. avtoris mizania dasaRupad ganwiruli samyaros da masSi mcxovrebi gadagverebis piras mdgari adamianebis Cveneba. aleksi xelovnebis didi Tayvanismcemelia, is klasikuri musikiTaa gatacebuli da brwyinvaled asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan ara marto musikas, aramed imasac, rac mis miRmaa. miuxedavad amisa, sainteresoa, ra rols asrulebs maTTvis eklesia? ra faseulobebs eyrdnobian isini? ramdenad iTvaliswineben moralur principebs? am personaJze saubrisas moraluri principi sruliad ucxo Temaa, misTvis ar arsebobs araferi Rirebuli. aseTi adamianebi angreven yovelgvar CarCoebs da qmnian TavianT kanonebs. aleksi gamosasworebel koloniaSi ijda, sadac masze garkveul fsiqologiuri Tu gavlenis moxdenas crdilobda kaplani: ,,amqveynad moraluri mTlad umciresi codvac ki ar rCeba dausjeli da warmoidgine, ra xdeba imqveynad’’ (berjesi 2003: 91). aleksi bibliiT dainteresda da klasikuri musikis fonze furclavda mas. jvarcma warmoidgina baxis musikaze da daizepira kidec is adgilebi. ,,kaplani, roca am saRvTo wigniT dainteresebas Sematyobda, Camketavda xolme salocavSi, musikis mosmenis nebas maZlevda da viyavi am gancxromaSi, davjdebodi CemTvis marto. kasetas Cavdebdi da biblias vfurclavdi” miuxedavad endoboda (berjesi 2003: 91) _ambobda imisa, rom maT kargi urTierToba moZRvars, radgan xSirad xedavda aleksi. hqondaT, mas Tumca, aleksi ar ,,viskis boTlTan mosaubres”, imasac xvdeboda, rom Cinis amaRlebis mizniT ena mihqonda ufrosTan da Tan tyuilsac kadrulobda. yovelive amis gamo mis qadagebebs mozard patimrebTan aranairi Sedegi ar mohqonda. rogorc aRvniSneT, aleqss bibliidan yvelaze metad jvarcma mowonda. alabT Tavisi sisastikiT es adgili did efeqts axdenda gmirze, romelsac mowonda ,,sisxli, romelic lamaz wveT-wveTd Camodioda nacemi 66 da Tundac mokluli adamianis sxeulidan, Tvalebi davxuWe da uceb warmovidgine, TiTqos lursmans virWobdi gaSlil mtevanSi” (berjesi 2003: 92). ase Taviseburad esmoda mas religia. xSirad kaplansac epareboda eWvi Tavisive qadagebebis WeSmaritebaSi _ ,,iqneb vinc Segnebulid irCevs borotebis daklaknil biliks, raRaciT ufro axloa RmerTTan, vidre is, visac sikeTis swor gzaze iZulebiT gauyeneben‘’ -fiqrobda is. miuxedavad amisa, aleksi mis arasrulwlovan megobrebTan erTad uamrav saSinelebebs Cadis, kriminalur samyaroSi moxvedril adamianebs cxovreba sxva TamaSs sTavazobs, sariskos, saxfaTos, magram, rac ufro metia riski, miT ufro izidavdaT maT es TamaSi. miuxedavad amisa, maTma erTobam didxans ver gastana. aleksis lideroba undoda, ramac megobrebs Soris uTanxmoeba gamoiwvia. is megobrebma gaswires. aleksi cixeSi igebs pitis, bnelos da jorjos ambavs. TiTqos uxaria kidec maTi sikvdili, Tumca mas Semdeg, rac uRalates, ar SeeZlo maTTvis megobrebi ewodebina. aleksize Catarebuli fsiqologiuri eqsperimentis Sedegad is cota xniT eTiSeba realur cxovrebas ,,eSmakma icis, ramdeni xani vegde ase SefuTuli da raRac mavrTulebze SeerTebuli’’ -igonebs Sokidan gamosvlis Semdeg. yovelive amis Sedegad gmiris konfliqti samyarosTan kidev ufro metad gaZlierda. miuxedavad amisa, mas iseve izidavda mecxre simfoniis fonze haerSi frena, rac realur cxovrebasTan misi dabrunebis niSani iyo. axla ukve ,,mTels akivlebul samyaros saxes vuseravdi Cemi britviT. is neli adgilic jer win iyo da bolos is mSvenieri gundic xom iqneboda finalSi’’ (berjesi 2003: 171). miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aleksi mainc ubrundeba imas, rasac cota xniT daaRwia Tavi, realur cxovrebas, Savbnel sisxlian kriminalur samyaros. masTan musika da danaSauli harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs. mkvlevari konstantine bregaZe wignSi ,,qarTuli modernizmi’’ wers: ,,meqanikuri forToxali’’ sikvdils’’ gvTavazobs, ganmanaTlebluri da erT mxriv meore mxriv, humanisturi 67 subieqtis ,,postmodernistul postmodernistul idealebis saboloo epoqaSi kraxs, rac vlindeba finalSi gamoyenebuli beThovenis simfoniuri musikis parodirebaSi’’ (bregaZe 2013: 395). avtorma uaryofiTi gmiri gamoiyvana nawarmoebis mTavar personaJad. swored es faqti sZens mas ufro did interess. garda amisa, mwerali gviCenebs urbanistul garemos, romlis fonze qalaqi da misi specifikaa daxatuli. dominirebs qalaquri metyveleba. entoni berjesis gmiri sakuTari Tavis ZiebaSia, am Ziebis gzaze ki uamrav Secdomas uSvebs. is sastiki samyaros msxverplia. patrik ziuskindi - SemoqmedebaSi farTodaa ,,parfiumeri’’ (ambavi cnobili germaneli warmoCenili erTi mweralia, postmodernizmi. mkvlelisa) misi mniSvnelovani Txzulebaa, romelmac adgili daimkvidra romlis romani mxatvruli msoflio SedevrTa Soris. nawarmoebs ynosvisa da sunis fenomeni daedo safuZvlad. parfiumeri Sedevrebs qmnis, romelmac daipyro ara marto safrangeTi, aramed sruliad evropa. romanSi aRwerilia XVIII saukunis safrangeTi, sadac daibada mTavari gmiri _ Jan batist grenui yvela drois yvelaze didi parfiumeri, romlis saxelic mxolod imitom ar SemorCa dRevandelobas, rom ,,sunebis warmaval samyaros ekuTvnoda’’ (buaCiZe 2006: 1). nawarmoebi mravalmniSvnelovania. is Seicavs rogorc warsuls, ise awmyos ambebs, gviCvenebs maT da qmnis erT mTlianobas. avtorma _ ,,ynosviT aRqmuli samyaros idea erT pirovnebaSi gaasagna. mxatvrulliteraturuli pirobiTobac droiT SemosazRvra da markiz de sadis epoqaSi SegviZRva“ (buaCiZe 2006: 1). wigni 1985 wels gamovida da mraval enaze iTargmna. man TiTqmis yvela qveynis literaturul sivrceSi SeaRwia da avtors didi popularoba moutana. 2001 wels ki ,,sunamo” filmad gadaiRes. ziuskindi ar iyo kmayofili misi romanis ekranizebiT, radgan ,,filmSi aqcenti xelovanis mier siyvarulsa da seqsualurul ltovlvis Secnobazea swrafvaze” gadatanili (burduli da 2010: ara 11). mTavari ziuskindi gmiris protestis Zalauflebisken niSnad filmis premierazec ar misula. epoqa autaneli suniT iyo gaJRenTili, xalxi da quCebi yvela erTianad yarda. grenuis gamoCena ki, romelsac adamianis suni ar qonda, 68 kontrastuli aRmoCnda. ironiaa isic, rom parfiumeri xdeba kaci, romelsac Tavisi sakuTari adamianuri suni ar gaaCnda. romanis Seqmnaze ziuskindi wers: ,,aseTi romanis Seqmna saSinelebaa, rac, ara mgonia, kidev SevZlo” (burduli 2010: 12). grenui nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi gmiria Tu antigmiri? Znelia, isaubro mis gmirobaze. mas ufro antigmiris QWrilSi vxedavT. nawarmoebis centraluri figura, swored isaa. vinaa grenui Segirdi Tu geniosi? vfiqrobT, is geniosi Segirdia, romelic mudmivad sxvis zurgsaa mofarebuli, radgan sakuTari ar gaaCnia. ratom aris grenui Segirdi? aseT kiTxvas svams andro buaCiZe werilSi ,,genialuri parfiumeri” da Tavadve scems pasuxs: ,,erT mxriv imitom, rom is mudmivad malavs Tavis genialur ynosvas, aqedan gamomdinare, sakuTar Tavs” (buaCiZe 2006: 2). grenuis namdvilad aqvs dasamali sakuTari warsuli, cxovrebaSi man zustad iseTi jojoxeTi gamoiara, rasac Semdgom TviTon ayalibebs. is bavSvobidan sakuTar cxovrebas da sakuTar Tavs TviTon ganagebs. ,,ziuskiniseuli Tanamedrove aRqma samyaros warmoaCens, rogorc gadaSlil wigns“ (burduli 2010: 28). suni kodirebuli da mravali datvirTvis matarebelia. postmodernistulad kodirebuli niSani swored suni xdeba, radgan isaa gamomwvevi mizezi yvela im borotebisa, romelsac grenui akeTebs. simboluria romanis mTavari gmiris dabadebis momenti. is ibadeba magidis qveS Tevzis gamowelvisas. paranoia da uCveulo qcevebi misTvis srulebiT araa ucxo, yvelafers magidis qveSidan da eWvis TvaliT uyurebs. ,,sakuTari sunis arqona grenuis sakuTar ,,me”-s arqonaze mianiSnebs” (burduli 2010: 58). Znelia gaborotebul grenuis adamiani gamZvinvarebul uwodo. mxecs. is nicSe ufro metad ambobda: mxecs ,,adamiani hgavs, mamaci cxovelia, riTac man yvela sxva mxecze gaimarjva” (burduli 2010: 58). grenuis saxeSi avtorma bevri ramis kodireba moaxdina. zuskindi postmodenristuli monacvleobiT ,,avtoris Carevas, axsna-ganmartebebis gareSe bunebrivad ukan abrunebs grenuis brboSi, sadac misi saboloo gabrwyineba moxda’’ (burduli 2010: 61). 69 gmiri aris eqsperimentebiTa kodirebuli, misi cxovreba da cxovrebiseuli ucnaurobebiT erTi didi Tavgadasavalia, sadac bevrs aravis Seswevs Zala, mixvdes mis Canafiqrs. grenui martoxela adamiania. is sulieradac martoa da fizikuradac. am simartoves xandaxan mis mier mokluli qaliSvilebi Tu uvseben. grenuis sZuls yvela da yvelaferi, amitom cdilobs, ganze idges da yvelafers gverdidan Sexedos ucxo TvaliT. ,,mas ar ainteresebs qali JRalTmian axalgazrda gansakuTrebuli surnelis qalwulTa survili dasapyrobad izidavs, mxolod masalad maTi sakuTari Semoqmedebis mwvervalisTvis’’ (mircxulava 2011: 63). gmiri miznisken TamaSiT midis, Tumca es TamaSi neli da SeumCnevelia. is xSiradaa karnavalis monawile, romelsac Tavadve qmnis. misi cxovreba erTi didi speqtaklia, sadac reJisoric Tavadaa da mTavari gmiris Semsrulebelic. ,,grenui faustisa da mefistofelis gamTlianebul saxels warmoadgens “ - wers ia burduli. vfiqrobT, es mainc sxva sakiTxia. grenuis ver SevadarebT hiperbolizebuli postmodernistuli gmiria fausts da mefistofels. avtors es efeqtis mgrZnobeloba grenuis grenui ubralod Sesaqmnelad sWirdeba, hiperbolizebul saxeSi namdvilad ikveTeba. romans ori saTauri aqvs. parodirebulia parfiumeris qvemoT ambavi erTi mkvlelisas erTmaneTTan miwera. sunamo SeuTvisebeli da cnebebia, mkvleloba, Tumca cota ar iyos, postmodernizmis Taviseburebac xom esaa, warmoudgenelis warmodgena, imis Cveneba, rac adamianis gonebisTvis ar iqneba dasaSvebi. didebuli sunamos Seqmnam msxverpli moiTxova da es msxverpli iyo 24 wiTelTmiani ulamazesi qaliSvili. grenui gandegili geniosia. is zizRs ganicdis adamianebisadmi da Tavad adamianebsac ezizRebaT Tavisi usunobis gamo. mizani miRweulia, grenuim Seqmna Sedevri, romelic mravali sunis nazavia. es ekleqturoba postmodernizmisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. unikaluri sunamo Seqmna, sadac yvela sunma erTad moiyara Tavi. 70 man yoveli msxverplis mokvliT grenui ufro TviTdajerebuli xdeba. ,,mas undoda, amiT gamoexata sakuTari Sinagani me” (burduli 2010: 96). rwmena da RmerTi misTvis, ra Tqma unda, ar arsebobs. is RmerTs ,,aqoTebul sacodavs” uwodebs. RmerTsa da adamianebs Soris kavSiris gawyveta postmodernizmis erT - erTi niSania. avtorma ori warmogvidgina: erTmaneTTan simyrale, dapirispirebuli romelic mTels semantkiuri parizSi veli sufevs da keTilsurneleba, romelsac qmnis pirovneba, visac Tavisi sakuTari suni ar gaaCnia. postmodernistuli nawarmoebebi swored am paradoqsebiT gamoirCeva, warmoudgenels ise daajerebs mkiTxvels da iseTi kuTxidan gviCvenebs, TiTqos es bunebrivi movlenaa. simboluria grenuis dabadebis adgili. is ,,umankoTa sasaflaos’’ yvelaze myral teritoriaze daibada. im adgilze bazari iyo, swored am bazris erT-erT daxlTan moevlina qveyanas is, vinc Semdeg genialur sunamoebs qmnida. es moxda 1738 wels 17 ivliss yvelaze cxel dRes. usuno bavSvs Tavidanve ganviTarebuli hqonda ynosva. mniSvnelovania misi pirveli mkvlelobis Cadenis momenti. ,,daawvina, kaba Semoaxia. erT did nakadad qceulma surnelma lamis waleka. saxe mis tanSi Cargo da gaberili nestoebiT uynosavda mucels’’ (ziuskindi 2006: 55). Semdeg es surneleba sadRac gaqra, ise gaqra, rom gogona daekarga, mudmiv ZiebaSi iyo. eZebda sunebs da an sunebiT Seimecnebda samyaros. grenuim cxovrebis erT-erT mTavar mizans miaRwia. is Sevida parfiumeriis diad samyaroSi. paskals, parfiumeriis mefes, swored maSin daudga moswavled, rodesac mas SemoqmedebiTi krizisi hqonda. ukve xandasmuli parfiumeri grenius wyalobiT kvlav daubrunda Tavis saqmes. es kidev erTxel cxadyofs grenius rTul Tumca gansxvavebul da araordinalur xasiaTs. yoveli adamianis cxovrebaSi dgeba momenti, rodesac Sordeba realur samyaros, es dro dadga greniusTvisac, is wavida iq, sadac veravin da veraferi ver miaRwevda, suns gaeqca, suns, romelic gansazRvravda mTel mis cxovrebas. 7 weli dayo mTaSi- gamoqvabulSi, sadac misi suni ar igrZnoboda. es sakraluri 7 ricxvia. 71 gaucxoebuli gmiri garbis, raTa ukan dabrundes srulebiT ganwmendili axali samyaros misaRebad. man Seqmna sunamo, romelmac sakuTari suni SeagrZnobina. ,,quCaSi rom gavida, uceb SiSi daeufla, radgan icoda, rom pirvelad Tavis sicocxleSi adamianis suni asdioda’’ (ziuskindi 2006: 201). gmiri sakuTar TavTan gaucxebas yovelTvis ganicdida, Tumca ,,is Tavisi monuri morCilebis niRabs ar ixsnida’’ (ziuskindi 2006: 235). laura, 15 wlis ulamazesi asuli gaxda kidev erTi msxverpli, grenuis geniis Tu siborotis Znelia garCeva. mis sisastikes sazRvari ar hqonda, cxovrebam mas bevri ram anaxa da agrZnobina. man Zalian kargad icoda, rom gansakuTrebuli da gamorCeuli iyo. nawarmoebs karnavalad karnavaluri iqca, yvelaferi mkvlelsa da genioss. rogorc didi TavsiTavad dasasruli zustad grenius sikvdili moxda, rogorc Seefereba ,,grenius sikvdiliT dasjisTvis ise emzadebodnen, dResaswaulisTvis. cxadi ise aqvs. iyo. qalebi am dRes sakvirao rom kabebs aravin imuSavebda, auTovebdnen, kacebi serTukebs ibertyavdnen da Ceqmebs iprialebdnen’’ (ziuskindi 2006: 308). magram moxda saswauli da aseT ambavs mxolod postmodernisti avtori Tu SesTavazebs mkiTxvels, ziuskindma molodinis efeqti Seqmna da nacvlad imisa, rom gmiri CamoexCoT, xalxma is, rogorc angelozi, ise miiRo. xalxi eqstazSi Cavarda. greniuis Rimili yvelafris mTqmeli iyo. mas ezizReboda adamianebi. moklulis mamac ki sakuTari SviliviT Caexuta erTaderTi Svilis mkvlels. es moulodneli dasasruli iyo, es iyo is, rasac mkiTxveli namdvilad ar eloda. finalic aseTive iyo, parizSi dabrunebuli parfiumeri Tavisive qmnilebam Seiwira, is xalxma gaanadgura, gaitaca, daglija. vfiqrobT, aseTi dasasruli kidev ufro matebs am qmnilebas simZafres, romelic isedac ar aklda. ,,grenuis 30 nawilad gabneva, miniSnebaa 30 vercxlad gayidul ufalze’’ (mircxulava 2011: 18). saintersoa romanze gamoxmaurebebi: 1. ,,gamomcemelTa saerTaSoriso saZmos ugonod Seuyvarda es romani, romelsac marTlacda warmatebis surneli asdis’’ ,,Liberation’’ (parizi) 2. ,,mkiTxveli gaognebulia, gasaocari Canafiqria!’’ ,,La Figaro’’ (parizi) 3. 72 ,,aqamde wakiTxulTagan sruliad gansxvavdeba. es is fenomenia, romelic Tanamedrove literaturaSi unikalur movlenad darCeba.’’ ,,Svenska Dagbladet’’ (stokholmi) 4. ,,JrJolis momgvreli mSvenieri deteqtivia’’ ,,Abendzeitung’’ (miunxeni) 5. ,,umberto ekos ,,vardis saxelis’’ Semdeg es pirveli evropeli avtoris teqstia, romelmac amerikel gamomcemlebSi imgvari interesi aRZra, rom isini saavtoro uflebebis xelSi Casagdebad Tavdauzogavad ibrZodnen’’ ,,Corriere della Sera’’ (milani). vfiqrobT, gamomcemlebis aseTi mier Sefaseba yvelafris msoflios mTqmelia, sxvadasxva nawarmoebma qveynis marTlac didi gamoxmaureba hpova, is gansxvavebuli, yvelasagan gamorCeuli ,,JrJolis momgvreli’’ teqstia, romelSic yvelaferi xdeba erTi miznisTvis, gmirma Seimecnos sakuTari Tavi, anu Seqmnas adamianis sunis sunamo, im sunisa, romelic mas ar aqvs, Tumca esec droebiTia. grenium Zalian kargad icis, rom Tavis damkvidreba am sastik samyaroSi, romelSic uwevda cxovreba, arc ise martivi iyo, amitom borotebas borotebiTve pasuxobda, rac sabolood marcxiT damTavrdeboda da asec moxda. paulo koelio _ Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi gamorCeuli mwerali, romelmac Tanamedrove arnaxuli popularoba msoflio moipova literaturaSi mTels misTvis msoflioSi gankuTvnili da adgili daikava, paulo koelio gaxlavT. masze bevrs weren da saubroben, yoveli misi wigni farTo ganxilvis sagani xdeba literaturis moyvarulTa Tu profesional kritikosTa Soris. ra aris misi Semoqmedebis mTavari saTqmeli? raze wers igi? paulo koelio erT-erTi im mweralTagania, vinc kargad icnobs im garemos, romelSic Tavad cxovrobs, misi gmirebi am sastik samyaroSi sakuTari adgilisTvis ibrZvian. es garemo mZime suraTs iZleva rogorc socialuri ise moralur-zneobrivi kuTxiT, sadac individad darCena faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia, Tumca, rogorc ,,alqimikosSi’’, mis erT-erT gamorCeul nawarmoebSi melqisedeks aTqmevinebs mwerali _ ,,Tuki namdvilad eswrafvi raRacas, aucileblad miaRwev, radgan es survili samyaros sulSia Casaxuli da swored es aris (koelio 2004: 21). 73 Seni daniSnuleba amqveynad’’ paulo koelios mTavari saTqmelic esaa, gmirma unda Seimecnos sakuTari Tavi, ,,alqimikosi’’ amis naTeli dadasturebaa. aseve aRsaniSnavia, paulo koelios erT-erTi gamorCeuli romani ,,veronikam sikvdili gadawyvita’’, sadac saTauric metyvelebs mis Sinaarsze. romanSi pirvelive furclebidan cxaddeba, rom ,,1997 wlis TerTmet noembers veronikam sabolood gadawyvita sicocxlesTan angariSis gasworeba’’ (koelio 2004: 9). mwerali Tavis gmirs fsiqikuri krizisis fonze gvixatavs, veronikas Tavis mokvla aqvs gadawyvetili, radgan misTvis cxovrebam azri dakarga. 24 wlis asakSi is Tavis sibereze fiqrobs. sicocxlesTan damSvidobeba imitom surs, rom amqveynad yovlad gamousadegar adamianad Tvlis Tavs. iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac yvela dRe erTmaneTs hgavs, aRar surs cxovreba. Tumca is ukan dasaxev gzas itovebs, Zilis wamlebs erTianad ar svams _ ,,radgan, icoda gadawyvetilebasa da moqmedebas Soris, didi gakeTebis sxvaoba iyo, Sua gzaze Tu gadaifiqrebda, arCevanis saSualeba eqneboda’’ (koelio 2004: 9). aseT viTarebaSi nawarmoebis pirvelive gverdze gvevlineba Tavad avtori. sadac veronika paulo braziliel sikvdilamde koelios mwerals axal veronika Jurnalis gadaTvarielebas kompiuterul erTxel TamaSze SemTxveviT gadawyvets, werdnen. Sexvda ,,am sastumro ,,grand iunonis’’ kafeSi gamarTul mkiTxvelis konferenciaze, sadac sul ramdenime sityva uTxres erTmaneTs’’ (koelio 2004: 9). aseT dros nacnobi mwerlis Sesaxeb dawerili statiis wakiTxvam, veronikas afiqrebina, rom es adamiani raRacnairad iyo mis bedTan dakavSirebuli. avtori, romelic aqtiur monawileobas iRebs sakuTari gmiris cxovrebaSi, veronikas miniSnebas aZlevs Semdegi sityvebiT _ ,,amqveynad SemTxveviT araferi ar xdeba’’. swored statiaSi wakiTxulma am frazam imoqmeda sikvdilis momlodine gmirze. ,,netav, swored axla ratom waawyda. am frazas, roca sul ramdenime wuTis sicocxleRa hqonda darCenili?’’ (koelio 2004: 9). statiaSi iyo dasmuli kiTxva, Tu sad mdebareobs slovenia? aravin ar icoda, sad mdebareobda qveyana, romelic veronikas samSoblo iyo, am kiTxvam aiZula is, sikvdilamde darCenili dro rogorme Seevso da 74 gadawyvita, JurnalisTvis werilis miewera, sadac gaacnobda Tavis samSoblos. mwerali moulodnelad gmirs fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi gvCvenebs, sadac misTvis axali cxovreba iwyeba. am adgilas misvla yvelas SeeZlo. zogi mas kreditorebisgan Tavis dasaRwevad afarebda Tavs, zogs ki ubralod Tavidan iSorebdnen da iq aTavsebdnen. ,,vilete is adgili iyo, saidanac aravis arasdros ucdia gaqceva’’ (koelio 2004: 20). romanis dasawyisSi avtori TxrobaSi aqtiurad erTveba. mkiTxvels uxsnis imas, Tu rodis da ra viTarebaSi gaigo man veronikas ambavi, romelic gaxda safuZveli wignis dawerisa. man qaliSvilis ambavi parizSi alJirul restoranSi vaxSmobisas Seityo viletes mTavari eqimis Svilisgan. mniSvnelovania is, rom Tavad avtoric samjer iwva rio-de-Janeiros fsiqiatriul klinikaSi _ ,,mas didi survili hqonda ,,Tavisufali xelovani’’ gamxdariyo’’ (koelio 2004: 25) - werda koelio sakuTar Tavze mSoblbma ki is TavSesafarSi gamoketes. safiqrebelia, rom romanis erTerTi gmiri eduardi swored mwerlis prototipia, avtori hgavs sakuTar gmirs, isic Tavisufali xelovania, romelic mSoblebis survilebis msxverpli Seiqmna, mas ver ugebs ojaxi. paulo koelios, rogorc Tavad ambobs, yovelTvis undoda daewera misi cxovrebis am epizodze, magram sanam mSoblebi cocxlebi hyavda, amas ver bedavda. ar surda maTTvis tkivilis miyeneba, radgan isedac sindisis qenjnas ganicdidnen am faqtis gamo. avtoris CarTva misive nawarmoebis TxrobaSi postmodernisti mwerlisTvis savsebiT bunebrivi movlenaa. am CanarTiT is gvixsnis imas, Tu ratom dawera romani, ram misca amis sababi. avtori, rogorc erTi gaelvebiT wamierad gamoCnda nawarmoebSi, aseve moulodnelad gaqra ,,axla ki mkiTxvelis nebarTviT, vTxov paulo koelios da mis megobar veronikas, samudamod datovon es wigni da Txroba ganvagZoT’’ (koelio 2004: 27). saavadmyofoSi myofi veronika bednieria sicocxliT, iwyebs momavalze fiqrs, im momavalze, romlisganac sul cota xnis win gaqceva undoda. dro gavidoda da yvelaferi Tavis kalapots daubrundeboda, is 75 isev ivlida megobrebTan erTad kinoSi, isev iseirnebda tbis piras, isev miecemoda siyvaruliT tkbobas, isev imuSavebda biblioTekaSi da yvelaferi Tavidan daiwyeboda. magram veronikas aseTi cxovreba adre Tu gvian mobezrdeboda da ojaxis Seqmnaze daiwyebda fiqrs. miuxedavad amisa, mainc ar iqneboda bednieri, radgan cxovrebaSi raRac sxvas daeZebda, imas, rac qmars da Svilebs ar ukavSirdeboda, misTvis ojaxi ar iyo mTavari faseuloba, ubralod Tavs movaled Tvlida, masze efiqra. mis mier usiyvarulod Seqmnil ojaxSi iqneboda gauTavebeli Cxubi da sabolood im daskvnamde misvla, rom cxovreba rogoric iyo da is arasodes iqneboda iseTi, iseTi unda mieRo, rogoric mas surda. am monologisa da sakuTari momavlis uferuli suraTis warmosaxvis Semdeg, iRebs gadawyvetilebas, rom saavadmyofodan cocxali aRar gavides. ise rom veravin ver gaigebda, ra xdeboda mis sulSi, mis Sinagan samyaroSi. veronika mTeli cxovreba raRacas eloda, ,,samsaxuridan mamis dabrunebas, uimedo sasiyvarulo werilebs, gamocdebs, telefonis zars, axla ki sikvdils daTqmuli araferi hqonda’’ ar unda (koelio gaukeTebia. dalodeboda, 2004: ,,magram 38) romelTanac mas iseT cxovrebaSi cxovrebas, Sexvedra dRemde roca ukve giJuri yoveli dRe erTmaneTs hgavs, ubralod azri ar hqonda’’ (koelio 2004: 52). veronika saavadmyofos wamlebi, romlebic yoveldRiur ritms Seegua. sauzme, seirnoba, yvelas urigdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, mas yvelaferi sZulda _ ,,sZulda wignebiT savse biblioTeka, cxovrebas rom aswavlida adamianebs, koleji, sadac Rameebi uTenebia algebris amocanebis amoxsnaSi’’ (koelio 2004: 75). man pianinos mTeli ZaliT daartya xelebi, swored es akordi asaxavda gmiris sulier mdgomareobas, siZulvili gaqra is sxvanairad SeigrZnobs garemos. am krizisis fonze Cndeba eduardi _ axalgazrda 28 wlis kaci, romelmac sakuTar ocnebebze ojaxis gamo uari Tqva, maTi Sexvedra musikis TanxlebiT moxda musikisa, romelic ,,Soreul samyaroSi aRwevda da saswaulebs axdenda’’ veronikam eduardis saxiT cxovrebis Tanamgzavri da dasayrdeni ipova. eduardi, romelic Tavad paolo koelioa, garkveuli periodi braziliaSi cxovrobda, diplomatis Svils ar surda mamis profesiis arCeva, Tumca saamisod yvela Tviseba hqonda, enebi icoda, politikaSi 76 kargad erkveoda, diplomatisTvis magram unda ar SeeZlo yofiliyo umTavresi ram, rac yvela damaxasiaTebeli. mas adamianebTan urTierToba uWirda. eduardi ar iyo ojaxis brmad morCili adamiani, misi cxovreba aRsavse iyo uamravi winaaRmdegobiT, gmiri samyarosTan dapirispirebam fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofos karebamde miiyvana. mistikisadmi interesi braziliaSi cxovrebis periodSi gauCnda, miznad ,,samoTxis xilvebis’’ daxatva hqonda dasaxuli. ojaxTan konfliqti aiZulebs adamians, uari Tqvas sakuTari miznebis ganxorcielebaze. ukan dasabrunebeli gza ar arsebobs, ar umarTlebs siyvarulSic. mSoblebma brazilieli coli ar moayvanines. eduardi SiSs ganicdida rogorc siyvarulisadmi, veronikas ise momavlisadmi. artistul sulSi miuxedavad amisa, man moaxerxa Cawvdoma, masTan urTierTobaSi ganicada is, rac sxvasTan arasodes ar ugrZvnia. ,,maTi urTierToba xom sonetebisa da menuetebis umwikvlo vnebiT daiwyo. eduardi mamakacis miseul ideals hgavda. mgZnobiare, ganaTlebuli, romelmac ,,SeZlo, es gulgrili samyaro daengria da xelaxla aRedgina sakuTar gonebaSi-amjerad ukve axali SeferilobiT, axali moqmedi pirebiTa da sauJetebiT. am samyaroSi igi iqneboda qali’’ (koelio 2004: 127). es adamianebi im sastik da gaucxoebul garemoSi erTmaneTis cxovrebis nawili gaxdnen. veronikas wuTiTac ar moSorebia eduardi. mas Semdeg, rac eleqtro Soki miiRo, qali xSirad fiqrobda, rom ar SeeZlo hyvareboda adamiani, romelic sxva samyaroSi cxovrebda, Tumca albaT verasdros warmoidganda, rom Tavad gaxdeboda misi samyaros nawili da SeigrZnobda amqveyniur WeSmaritebas_ ,,vgrZnob, bgerebi TavisiT ibadebian Cemi TiTebidan. SemiZlia mzis Casvlas vuyuro da SevigrZno, rom mis ukan RmerTi arsebobs’’ (koelio 2004: 78). siyvarulma SeagrZnobina uzenaesis arseboba, man sTxova eduards, rom ,,samoTxiseul xilvebi’’ misi daxatviT daewyo. eduardis mizani klinikidan Tavis daRweva iyo. surda, radac ar unda dajdomoda, gaerRvia is sivrce, romelSic imyofeboda, icoda kidec, rogor unda daexsa Tavi, magram amjerad marto ar iyo. veronika ipovis imas, razec ocnebobda, risi povnis imedi arc ki hqonda, ris gamoc Tavis mokvla gadawyvita. amjerad is sxva TvaliT uyurebs cxovrebas, uyvars da es siyvaruli momavalze fiqris Zalas 77 aZlevs. saavadmyofodan gaqcevac amis niSnia, garbis, raTa gadarCes, Tumca sikvdilze fiqri mudam Tan sdevs. cixesimagresTan myofi ase mimarTavs sayvarel adamians: ,,madloba imisTvis, rom Cems cxovrebas azri SesZine. axla vxvdebi, amqveynad mxolod imitom movedi, rom ise mecxovra, rogorc vicxovre, mere Tavis mokvla mecada, sakuTari guli momespo, Sen Segxvedrodi, am cixesimagresTan amovsuliyavi da Sens sulSi aRmebeWda Cemi saxe. ai, erTaderTi iZulebuli mizezi, risTvisac gamexade imave gavCndi. gzas etyoba, dabrunebodi, gavCndi imitom, saidanac rom gadauxvie. gemudarebi, nu mafiqrebineb, rom uazrod micxovria’’ (koelio 2004: 193). romanis bolos saocrad datvirTuli emociuri fonia naCvenebi, veronika elis sikvdils. ar icis, rom mTavari eqimis - igoris mier masze ganxorcielebulma eqsperimentma Sedegi gamoiRo. eqims es cda disertaciisTvis sWirdeboda. veronika yovel dRes ise aRiqvams, rogorc saswauls, axla, rogorc arasdros, ise surs sicocxle. eqimi mixvda mis mier Catarebuli eqsperimentis warmatebas, mxolod is adardebda, sanam veronika gaigebda, rom gadarCa, manamde sikvdilis SiSiT mouwevda cxovreba. albaT isev ase sjobda, ase yoveli axali dRe misTvis saswaulis tolfasi gaxdeboda. cxovrebaSi xom sasowrkveTisa da bednierebis wuTebi elvis sisiwrafiT cvlian erTmaneTs. ken kizis - erT-erT gamorCeul romania ,,viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina’’, es aris romani sikeTesa da borotebaze, civilizrebul da Tavisuflebis moyvare sazogadoebis dapirispirebaze, pirovnebebsa da ubralod patara adamianebze, romlebic ,,patarebi’’ arian TavianTi moralur-zneobrivi imperativebiT. aRniSnul romanze filmi gadaiRo miloS formanma, filma 5 oskari miiRo, xolo avtorma sasamarTloSi Seitana sarCeli misi nawarmoebis mTavari ideis damaxinjebis gamo. rodesac ,,guglis budis’’ gadaReba daapires, Tavdapirvelad kontraqts xeli movawere, magram holivudSi moindomes, rom aqcentebi Semecvala, Txrobis centrSi ki yofiliyo ara beladi, aramed ufrosi eqTani, sxvadasxvagvari uTanxmoebanic gvqonda’’ (kizi 2013: 20). uTanxmoeba iyo aseve honoraris gamoc. avtors sakuTar teqstze gadaRebuli filmi ar unaxavs. 78 wina aRwerili fsiqiatriuli romanis saavadmyofo msgavsad, gvevlineba, moqmedebis sadac epicentrad mTavari ideuri aqac kvanZi ikvreba. iseve rogorc ,,vileteSi”, aqac adamianebi xSirad ar arian giJebi, isini Tavs afareben am adgils. sainteresodaa daxatuli fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi myofi pacientebis rogorc fsiqikuri, asev fizikuri da sulieri mdgomareoba. ,,viletes” msgavsad, aqac eleqtro Soks iyeneben, Tumca xSirad sruliad umizezod. Tuki wina ganxilul romanSi saavadmyofos mTavari eqimi igori marTavs da mas emorCileba yvela, aq es misia misis gnusens akisria. qals, romelic ufrosi medda da TavSesafarSi borotebis mTavari sawyisia. avtori ambobs, rom misis gnusenis prototipi cxovrebidan aiRo ,,amas winaT niuportis xelovnebis centrSi WaRaraTmiani moxuci qalbatoni gamomecnaura. mecno magram ver gavixsene vin iyo. miTxra, doisi var, ufrosi eqTanio, odesRac erTad vmuSaobdiT meblo-parkis saavadmyofoSi. oriveni davibeniT, magram Zalian gamixarda, rom es qali gamomecnaura. is borotebis gansaxiereba ki ar iyo, aramed mxolod da mxolod beberi mkacri eqTani, romelic mTeli Zal-RoniT cdilobda wesisamebr emoqmeda. borotebas emsaxureboda da swamda borotebisa, magram, TavisTavad boroti ar iyo‘’ (kizi 2013: 20). mwerlis mier Seqmnili gmirebi realur cxovrebaSic arseboben, Semoqmedi qmnis imas, rasac ganicdis da aRwers im adamianebs, romlebic mis cxovrebaSi figurirebdnen. es bunagis fsiqiatriul saavadmyofo alegoriuli saxea am drakonuli kanonebis Tanaxmad agebuli sazogadoebisa, saidanac Tavis daRweva sakuTari sicocxlis gadarCenas niSnavs. swored ase iqcevian nawarmoebebis mTavari gmirebi, garbian, veronika eduardTan erTad. xolo indieli bromdeni meqsikaSi, iq sadac jer kidev naTesavebis xilvis imedi aqvs. ,,ken kizi aqac ar Secda, rodesac Zaladobis simbolod qali gamoiyvana. kacis am rolSi gamoyvana zedmetad primitiuli svla iqneboda da mTel xibls daukargavda teqsts’’ (qarTveliSvili 2013: 25). ,,viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina” vin aris am nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi piri? am sakiTxze kamaTi SeiZleba. SesaZlebelia, rom 79 mTavari gmiri aris ara indieli bromdeni, aramed mak-merfi, romelic fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi grigaliviT SeiWra da sruliad sxva mimarTulebiT waiyvana misi cxovreba. ,,es xalxi dainaxavs, rom is, rasac mak-merfi akeTebs, Turme SesaZlebeli yofila. maT Camyayebul cxovrebaSi pirvelad Sedis axali simarTle da erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac SeuZliaT sistemidan gasaqcevad, sakuTari Tavis ganadgurebaa’’ (palaniki 2013: 22-23). misis gnusenisa da mak-merfis saxiT avtorma ori kontrastuli personaJi SemogvTavaza, gviCvena keTilisa da borotis dapirispireba. mak-merfis warmodgeniT mweralma danarCen personaJebs axali sisxli gadausxa, misca saSualeba borotebis winaaRmdeg ebrZolaT. es boroteba iyo misis gnuseni da ukan arsebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. mak-merfma gabeda is, rac ver SeZlo klinikis verc erTma pacientma. is Riad daupirispirda mTavar meddas da mis mier dakanonebul yovelgvar wesebs da danarCenebsac mouwodebda, ar eRalataT sakuTari moralisaTvis, Tumca Znelia isaubro normalurad moralze moazrovne da zneobaze adamiani im mxolod sazogadoebaSi, erT-ori Tua da sadac maTac gambedaoba ar yofniT, gamoaCinon TavianTi WeSmariti saxe. mak-merfis misvlamde TavSesafarSi sicils veravin bedavda, ,,xolo vinc sicils gadaeCvia, mas sayrdeni aqvs moclili” (kizi 1992: 71). romanis mTavari qarTveliSvils, gamoiyena. gmiris romelic ,,mTxrobeli meorexarisxovani, Sesaxeb Tvlis, romanis mdumare Tavisi rom ken erT-erTi goliaTi mosazreba kizim persoanJia, indieli Tumca aqvs daviT klasikuri xerxi erTis SexedviT wignis finalSi irkveva, rom zustad is aris mTavari gmiri, radgan mxolod masSi moxda gardatexa, mxolod is gadarCa da daubrunda pirvelsawyiss’’ ,,stiqiuria, emociuria, es (qarTveliSvili 2013: 24-25). mak-merfis protesti ar aris inteleqtualuri protesti, es aris mdumare protesti, rodesac dumili yovlismTqmelia’’ (qarTveliSvili 2013: 25). dumili misi protesti Tanamedrove samyarosadmi da aseve TviTgadarCenis saSualeba. avtori Semqmnelis romanSi istorias. gviCvenebs realur mak-merfis, cxovrebaSi romelic sapatimrodan gaaTavisufles 80 iyo rogorc adamiani personaJis nil kesiti, da ,,kesiti CvenTvis _ gzaabneuli axalgazrdebisTvis, -iyo gmiri. gmiri, romelsac unda gavyolodiT’’ (kizi 1992: 19) mudmivad Cndeba kiTxva mTavari moqmedi pirebis mimarT, vis prototipad winapiroba Seqmna isini mxatvrul avtorma, teqstSi. ra mwerali iyo am am gmirebis sakiTxze arsebobis wers: ,,xSirad mekiTxebian, aris Tu ara nil kesiti rendel mak-merfis prototipi. es miTis nawilia. mak-merfi daibada didi xniT adre, sanam nil kesits Sevxvdebodi. is, rogorc personaJi, Caisaxa sakvirao speqtaklebSi’’ (kizi 2013: 19). mak-merfi liderad moevlina sazogadoebas. is 35 wlis ucolo, TavzexelaRebuli kaci iyo, romelsac cixeSi jdomas fsiqiatriulSi wola erCivna, iq normalurad mainc kvebavdnen. magram ra icoda, rom cixeze uaresi adgili eloda, sadac boroteba adamianebis Cagvra da sisastike zeimobda. mak-merfi erT rames SeZlebs, saavadmyofodan gaaqcevs imaT, visac amis didi survili hqonda. yvela adamianis SeSinebul saxeze feTqavda, nawils. is gmirad moevlina pacientTa man imedi SeuZlebeli SeZlo_daupirispirda Tavad bedisweras mises gnusenis saxiT. meddam brZola waago, magram is iqamde ar apirebda mak-merfi gaSvebas sanam mas ar daamarcxebda, es SeZlo kidec, da gardaicvala maSin, rodesac yvelaze didi Sansi iyo Tavisuflebis. gmirma mTavari misia Seasrula. indieli bromdeni Tvlida, rom ,,mak-merfi cidan Camosuli goliaTia Cvens gadasarCenad.’’ miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara is romanis mTavari gmiri, avtorma swored misi wyalobiT Tqva nawarmoebis mTavari saTqmeli. mTavari ki romelic gaucxoebul moraluri da samyaroSi zneobrivi TiTqmis principebis SeuZlebelia. dacvaa, mxolod gamorCeuli adamianebi Tu axerxeben, ebrZolon imas, visTanac, ici, rom aucileblad siZliereze damarcxdebi, metyvelebs. rac didi zogierTis gambedaobasa azriT, bromdeni da moralur Sizofrenikia. vfiqrobT, ,,esaa filosofiuri siSlege da ara klinikuri daavadeba. Tu adamians ar axasiaTebs cotaodeni siSlege, is verasodes daamsxvrevs kontrolis klites, romelic win eRobeba realobas’’ (kizi 2013: 20). ,,gugulis budeze’’ saubrisas Cak palaniki wers: ,,ai, CaTvaleT, rom esaa ,,gugulis budis’’ mTavari azri, arsi. meamboxe, misi mimdevari da 81 ganmaTavisuflebeli sibrZne’’ (palaniki 2013: 21). adamainebi am wignSi sakuTar ojaxebs da cxovrebas xedaven. ,,kizis sazogadoebrivi wesrigi maxinjia’’ (palaniki 2013: 22). rac Seexeba indiel bromdens, mas avtoris prototipad Tvlian, isic, gmiris msgavsad, warmoSobiT indielia. 25 wlis asakSi isic sarsebo saxsrebis mopovebis mizniT moTavsda fsiqiatriul klinikaSi da sakuTar Tavze gamoscada iq arsebuli situaciis simZime, albaT, amitom aqvs ase detalurad aRwerili saavadmyofoSi arsebuli viTareba, sadac yoveli dRe Tavis gadarCenisTvis brZolis dRedaa qceuli. romans meorexarisxovani personaJebi ar hyavs, radgan nawarmoebSi ganviTarebul movlenebSi yvela CarTulia, es saerTo protesti gaxda. avtoris niRabi postmodernizmis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSania. ken kinzic irgebs am niRabs da Tavis saTqmels bromdenis daxmarebiT gveubneba. Txroba pirvel pirSi iwyeba, vecnobiT im garemos, romelSic fsiqologiuri problemis mqone adamianebs uwevT cxovreba. bromdenma sakmaod Wkianuri taqtika da yru-munjis rolo moirgo, amiT avtorma Cven winaSe gaaTamaSa karnavali. gmirs esmoda yvelaferi, magram ar imCnevda. mak-merfma SeZlo mis idumal samyaroSi SeRweva, indieli mis gamoCenas Tavidanve ndobiT Sexvda, radgan mamas miamsgavsa. tomis belads ,,mamaCems magonebs, rixiani xma aqvs, iseTi sicili aqvs, rom kedlebic ki ibzareba da me uceb vxvdebi, rom amdeni wlis manZilze pirvelad mesmis sicili‘’ (kizi 1992: 16). nawarmoebSi erTaderTi naTeli wertili bromdenis bavSvobisdroindel mogonebebia. maSin, rodesac sruliad sxva samyaroSi cxovrobda da TavisuflebiT tkbeboda. marTalia, didi xani gavida, Tumca axlac axsovs CanCqeris xmauri. civilizaciam aqac mospo da gaanadgura yvelaferi. gmiri upirisprdeba ara mxolod misis gnusens, aramed kombinats, romelic ,,mTels qveyanaze gadaWimuliyo da ufrosi medda mxolod erTi mniSvnelovani Cinovnikia am kombinatisa’’ (kizi 1992: 80). mak-merfis dawyebuli saqme bromdenma daasrula. man SeuZlebeli SeZlo. uzarmazari pultis daxmarebiT gaxsna Tavisuflebisaken mimavali gza. bromdeni brundeba iq, saidanac daiwyo, uamravi gaWirvebisa da 82 tkivilis Semdeg cxovrebam moralurad bevri Wkuis da zneobrivad saswavlebeli amaRlebuli, gakveTili romelsac Cautara. gmirebi brundebian da es dabruneba cxovrebis xelaxla dawyebis maCvenebelia. paranoia, gare samyarosTan SiSis ukavSirdeba, sadac daucvelobis gancda isadgurebs. aseT mdgomareobaSi arian veronikac da bromdenic. maTi am viTarebidan gamoyvana erT SemTxvevaSi ikisra eduardma, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mak-merfma. ,,paranoia xdeba postmodernuli mgrZnobelobis erT-erTi niSani da xSirad gamoiyeneba siuJeturi struqturis asagebad, postmodernistuli mwerloba mravali gziT asaxavs paranoiul mSfoTvarebas, maT Sorisaa mowesrigebulobisadmi undobloba, SiSi, darwmuneba, rom sazogadoeba SeTqmulebas awyobs individis winaaRmdeg’’ (luisi 2001: 247) -aRniSnavs bari luisi. amgvar sqemebzea ,,modernistuli agebuli epoqis ken Sinagani kizis aRniSnuli sirTuleebiT romani mocul gmirs postmodernizmSi enacvleba gmiri, romelic alogikur, mtrul viTarebaSi axorcielebs sakuTar warmosaxvaSi argumentirebul qmedebebs’’ (wifuria 2008: 248). ,,kizis romanebi mxatvrulobasTan arasodes erTad dakargavs mniSvnelovani manic aqtualobas, Tematikaa, amitom Zaladoba, Zaladoba ki iyo, aris da (Tu saswauli ar moxda da samoTxed ar iqca planeta dedamiwa) iqneba erT-erTi mTavari problema adamianis cxovrebaSi’’ (qarTveliSvili 2013: 24.) ken kinzis romani ,,viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina’’ pasuxobs yvela im moTxovnas, romelsac postmodernizmi ayenebs literaturis winaSe, paulo fsiqiatriul koelios msgavsad, saavadmyofoSi gadaitana. avtorma moqmedebis dagvanaxa paranoiuli centri tipis adamianebi, romlebic sxvebis daxmarebiT SeigrZnoben realur samyaroSi dabrunebis aucileblobas. herman melvili - herman melvilma rogorc mweralma sakuTari Tavi amerikul saxeli literaturaSi ,,TeTri veSapi” ,,mobi dikiT” uwoda. Tavad daimkvidra. saTauric romelsac metyvelebs meore wignis Sinaarsze. romans mkvlevari bela wifuria postmodernistuls uwodebs. 83 gansxvavebuli wignia, romelic arc modernistulia, Tumca ,,TeTri veSapi” SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc saxe _ simbolo sikvdilisa, romelic romanis yvela gmirs emuqreba. Ees, cota ar iyos, ucnauri nawarmoebi Tavisi agebulebiT ufro met saerTo niSnebs poulobs postmodernizmTan. pirvel yovlisa, es niSnebi gamoixateba romanis pirvelive gverdze gakeTebuli CanarTebidan, romlebic migvaniSnebs veSapis Seqmnaze am samyaroSi. magaliTad, amonaridi ,,Sesaqmis” wignidan: ,,da Seqmna RmerTma veSapni didi”. bibliidan amoRebuli frazebis Semdeg mwerali ufro Tanamedroveobisken midis da gvTavazobs amonaridebs ekermanis wignidan. ,,saubrebi goeTesTan”. es ukve qmnis imis ganwyobas, rom Cven winaSe postmodernisti Semoqmedi dgas, romelic ostaturad irgebs avtoris niRabs da nawarmoebSi gvevlineba ismailis saxeliT. romelmac aRmoaCina, rom fuli ar gadavwyvite, hqonda xomaldSi da xmeleTze araferi Cavmjdariyavi da esaqmeboda_ gzas gavdgomodi, ,,maSin rom qveynierebisTvis zRvidan Semexeda” (melvili 1967: 25). aqve agrZelebs is Tavis Tavze Txrobas da gvamcnobs mis Sinagan mdgomareobas ,,es Cemi nacadi xerxia sevdas ase viqarveb da sisxls ase viwynareb. yovelTvis, roca saxe momeRrubleba, roca sulSi nestiani da wvimiani noemberi daibudebs, xvdebi, droa, zRvas mivaSuro da rac SeiZleba male” (melvili 1967: 25). gmiri cdilobs, gaeqces im problemebs, romelic manhetenze mis mSobliur qalaq niu-iorkSi mogzauroba misTvis sakuTr yofnisas iCens Tavs. rogorc Cans, cxovrebisgan gaqcevis saSualebaa, adre mxolod savaWro gemebiT dadioda, magram axla metad saxifaTo ram arCia, veSapsaWeri gemi, romelzec Tavad gangebis Carevis gamo moxvda. rogorc Tavad ambobs_ ,,veSap samonadireo xomaldze Cemi yofna uTuod Sedioda gangebis mier didi xniT adre SemuSavebul grandiozul programaSi’’ (melvili 1967: 30). swored gangebam Seaxvedra qviqs mebarjes, romelic kanibals hgavda da Semzaravi gamoxedva hqonda. nomerSi moxda. masTan erTad maTi Sexvedra erT-erTi sastumros veSapsamonadireo gemze uamravi gaWirveba gamoiara, risTvisac ismaili mzad iyo. 84 romanis avtori, mezRvaurTa cxovrebis codnis garda, aseve kargad erkveva religiaSi, rasac nawarmoebSi iyenebs kidec. ,,mobi dikSi’’ aris uamravi adgili saxarebidan. naTlad aris naCvenebi, rom uflis nebis gareSe araferi ar xdeba. qviqvis saxiT mweralma warmarTobisa da qristianobis Serwyma gviCvena. qviqvi da ismaili damegobrdnen, magram ise, rom arc erTma ar uaryo Tavisi rjuli. TxrobaSi saintereso CanarTia qviqvis Tavgadasavali. is kunZul koko-vokos beladis Svili iyo. mas ocnebad hqonda gadaqceuli qristianul miwaze moxvedra, saidanac ganaTlebamiRebuli samSobloSi dabrundeboda, magram ukan dabruneba ver SeZlo da ucxo samyaroSi bolomde ucxod darCa. gem ,,pekodze’’ iwyeba gmiris Tavgadasavali, gemis kapitani aqabi ucnauri da pirquSi adamania, romlis mizania mobi dikis mokvla, risTvisac mzadaa, sakuTari sicocxle gawiros. am adamianis Sesaxeb ismaili winaswarmetyvel iliasagan igebs. gmiri ise afrebs Tavs gems, rogorc bromdeni sagiJeTs, mas zedmeti sazrunavis Tavidan acileba surs. avtori TxrobaSi xSirad niRbis gareSe Semodis. es ZiriTadad maSin xdeba, rodesac saqme mis profesias exeba. ,,Tu rames Zvirfass aRmoaCen Cemi magidis ujraSi- wers is am Zvirfas xelnawerebSi, mxolod veSapmonadireTa qeba _ dideba iqneba. radgan Cemi ielis kolejica da harvardis universitetic veSapmonadireTa xomaldi iyo’’ (melvili 1967: 171). vfiqrobT, am yvelafris fonze gasakviri araa, rom avtori ase dawvrilebiT da ostaturad aRwers veSapze nadirobis scenebs. garda amisa, teqstSi naCvenebia veSapTa mecnieruli aRwera, maTi dayofa zomis, formis da sxva Taviseburebis mixedviT, romelsac SeiZleba metateqsti vuwodoT, rac postmodernizmis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSania, ris gamoc mas postmodernistul romanad miiCneven. TeTri veSapis devna aqabis mTavari mamoZravebeli mizani iyo, radgan man daasaxiCra kapitani. mobi diki sabediswerod arsebad qceula araerTi xomaldisaTvis da adamianisTvis. aqabi dausruleblad misdevda mis bediswerad qceul veSaps. iqamde sdia, sanam mizans ar miaRwia. mteri ise hyavda Seswavlili, rom misi moZraobis saaTebic ki zepirad icoda. am 85 veSapTan brZolaSi da misi ismaili daxmarebiT saswaulebrivad gadarCa, kubo amotivtivda dacuravda zRvaSi, sadac uamravi zvigeni ,,zvigenebi, ise rom araferi dauSavebiaT, micuravdnen Cems iyo. irgvliv, TiTqos yvela maTgans xaxaze boqlomi hqonda Sekiduli” (melvili 1967: 829) bedisweram ,,raqelis” saxiT gamougzavna damxmare xomaldi, romelmac gadaarCina mTavari gmiri. romanis mTavari simboluri saxe mobi dikia. danarCeni personaJebi mis irgvliv trialeben. Txroba daZabul fonzea gaSlili. ismaili Tavgadasavlebis maZiebeli adamiania, romelic saxifaTo gzas daadga, raTa samyarosTvis sxva kuTxiT, sxva adgilidan, sxva TvaliT Seexeda. iseve rogorc wina nawarmoebebSi aRwerili gmirebi, samSobloSi, iq, sadac mogzaurobis dawyebamde isic brundeba saintereso araferi eguleboda. romanis bolos amonaridebi da SeniSvnebia, romelic xsnis yvela im sityvas, rac SeZleba mkiTxvels ucxod moeCvenos. aqve mTargmnelis mier gakeTebul bolo sityvaSi vigebT, rom uiliam folkneri melvils xuT did amerikel romanistTa Soris moixseniebda. aRniSnuli romani bevri sxva mwerlisTvis gamxdara STagonebis wyaro. magaliTad, albert kamium ,,Savi Wirze” muSaoba am wignis gavleniT daiwyo. vfiqrob, miuxedavad imisa, rom wignSi uamravi iseTi epizodia, rac TiTqos zedmetia, ,,mobi diki” maic erT-erTi saintereso nawarmoebia, romelmac Tavisi adgili daikava rogorc samecniero, ise mxatvrul literaturaSi. umberto eko _ Tanamedrove postmodernizmze saubari SeuZlebelia umberto ekos ganxilvis gareSe. mas erT-erT pirvel postmodernist mwerlad aRiareben, misi romani ,,vardis saxeli” postmodernistul literaturaSi umniSvnelovanesi nawarmoebia, romelsac yvela is Tviseba axasiaTebs, rasac aRniSnuli literaturuli mimdinareoba moiTxovs. 1980 wels italiaSi am romanis gamosvlam udidesi rezonansi gamoiwvia, mas yoveli literaturuli aTeulis siaSi pirveli adgili ukavia, maSin rodesac imave aTeulSi dante alegieris bolo adgils uTmoben. 86 romani qarTulad 2011 wels gamoica. wignis me- 20 gverdze naxsenebia Tbilisi, ,,es iyo aw ukve samudamod dakarguli qarTuli teqstis (romelic TbilisSi iyo gamocemuli 1934 wels qarTuli Targmani’’ (eko 2012: 20). rogorc mTargmnelma xaTuna cxadaZem axsna gadacemaSi ,,wignebi’’, aRmZvrelia da es faqti aranairi SemTxveviTia, dokumenturoba cnobismoyvareobis ar ukavSirdeba. es postmodernistuli gaucxoebis xerxia, romelsac mwerlebi araerTxel mimarTaven. umberto eko 1971 wels imyofeboda saqarTveloSi, xolo romanze muSaoba 1970 wlidan ukve dawyebuli hqonda. ,,vardis saxels’’ inteleqtualur deteqtivs uwodeben, misi Targmna, rogorc xaTuna cxadaZe miiCnevs, Zalian rTuli iyo. ,,yovel nabijze gaqvs raRac xafangi. eko ar aris mxatvruli, mxatvruli vidre enis mflobeli. originali’’ Targmanebi –aRniSnavs ufro metadaa mTargmneli. avtori Tanamedrove italiuri eniT wers, samagierod ambebia daZvelebuli. nawarmoebi 7 dRisgan Sedgeba, rac, vfiqrobT, bibliis Sesaqmis 7 dRis paralelia. prologi iwyeba bibliidan sityvebiT: ,,pirvelad iyo sityva da iyo RmrTisa Tana, da sityva iyo RmerTi’’ (eko 2012: 27). Txrobas samyarosaviT iwyebs adsoni: mxcovansa da ,,Cemi codvili TmaSevercxlils, cxovrebis dasasruls, mdumare, ucxo ram RvTiurobasTan SeiTvisa da angelozur gonTa Cum naTels ziarebis momlodines, melqis Zvirfasi monaTxrobi, gasaocar, monastris Semzarav senakSi ambavTa, es romelTac damZimebuli siymawvileSi Seveswari, gavimeoro yovelive, rac mixilavs da msmenia, Tumca ver vbedav, gavkadnierde da am movlenaTa axsnas vecado’’ (eko 2012: 27). romanSi naTladaa asaxuli XIV saukuneSi romSi gamefebuli ganukiTxaoba da qaosi, sadac qveynis marTva xelSi hqonda aRebuli rogorc imperators, ise romis paps. mTavari personaJis uiliamis misia monasterSi momxdari mkvlelobebis gamoZiebaa. is Tavis droze inkvizitorTa jgufis wevri iyo, Zalian kargad icoda danaSaulisken mimavali labirinTiviT daxlarTuli da usasrulo Canda. 87 gzebi romlebic monasterSi rolebi Seicvala. cru moZRvrebam sarwmunoebis adgili daikava. monasteri iqca kerad, sadac ,,ZaRli kurdRels gaurbis da Sveli lomze nadirobs’’ (eko 2012: 116). monastris simdidirem didi gakvirveba gamoiwvia uiliamSi. is ar eloda, amxela qonebas Tu flobda monasteri da misi winamZRvari. avtori xSirad mimarTavs mkiTxvels da acnobs danaSaulis detalebs, romelic sabolood saqmis gaxsnas ukavSirdeba. mkiTxvelic avtorTan erTad gamoZiebis Tanamonawile xdeba. is SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc istoriuli romani, aseve SegviZlia SevafasoT kriminaluri da semiologiuri kuTxiTac. romani imdenad mravalferovani da mravalmxrivia, rom amis saSualebas gvaZlevs _ ,,aiRe es wigni da Wame” -wers umberto eko. misi recenzenti, mwerali entoni berjesi aRniSnavs: ,,xalxi kiTxulobs artur heils, rom gaigos, rogor cxovrobs aeroporti, xolo vinc am romans waikiTxavs, araferi darCeba gaurkveveli, imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor cxovrobda monasteri me-14 saukunis evropaSi”. am romanma didi axalgazrdebze. saswavleblebSi imata Sua gavlena iqonia saukuneebis italiel SemswavlelTa ricxvma. axalgazrdebi mas ,,gamogonebis ostats” uwodeben, xolo TavianT Tavs misi gavleniT Sepyrobilebs. Tavad eko mis erT-erT eseSi wers: ,,minda, mkiTxveli sul cota ise mainc gaerTos am romanis kiTxviT, rogorc me misi weriT verTobodi. Tanamedrove romanma scada gaTavisuflebuliyo siuJeturi datvirTvisagan da aqcenti sxva momentebze gadaetana, magram me veyrdnobi ra aristoteles poetikas mimaCnia, rom romani pirvel rigSi Tavisi siuJetiT unda xiblavdes da iqcevdes mkiTxvels” (eko 2004: 13). romanSi SeiniSneba niSanTa simravle, rac gviCvenebs adamianis aRqmis SezRudulobas. amerikaSi man imdenad didi popularoba moipova, rom miCiganis universitetSi gamosces wigni ,,vardis saxelis gasaRebi”, rac kidev erTxel xazs usvams romanis sirTules. ,,gaTavisuflebis Teoriis” erT-erTi mTavari warmomadgenlis leonardo bofis azriT: ,,vardis saxeli” aris ara mxolod istoriuli sizustiT asaxuli bendiqtTa monastris cxovreba, romelic erudiciiTa da detalebis siuxviT gamoirCeva, 88 aramed es romani Zalzed mniSvnelovania agreTve 21-e saukunis realobasTan kavSiris gamo. esaa brZola or adamianur gamovlinebas Soris, romelTagan erTi miznad isaxavs arsebulis SenarCunebas, kacobriobis ganadgurebis da TviTgadarCenis fasadac. meore ki, romelic miiltvis mudmivi siaxlisken, ramac aseve TviTganadgureba SeiZleba gamoiwvios” (eko 2004: 13). deteqtiuri Janri yvelaze kargad asaxavs im realobas, romelic samyaroSia gamefebuli, swored amitom mimarTa mas avtorma, romelic wers_ ,,pirvelad gamiCnda survili damewera romani Tanamedroveobaze mere mivxvdi, rom gadametebuli interesi Sua saukuneebis kulturis mimarT amis saSualebas ar momcemda da droc Sevcvale’’ (eko 2004: 13). wignis saTaurze muSaobis process Tavad umberto eko gvixsnis: ,,Cems wigns sxva samuSao saTauri hqonda ,,danaSaulTa saabato’’, romelic daviwune, radgan mkiTxvels deteqtiuri siuJetisTvis ganawyobda da teqstidan aacdenda imaT, visac mxolod intriga ainteresebT, saTauri ,,vardis saxeliT’’ SemTxveviT warmoiSva da momergo, radgan vardi, rogorc simboluri figura, imdenad datvirTulia azriT, rom mas azri TiTqmis aRar aqvs. vardi mistikuria. saTauri, rogorc Cafiqrebulia, mkiTxvelis dezorientacias iwvevs. saxelwodebam azri ar unda moawesrigos_piriqiT, unda daabnios mkiTxveli. mravali variantis cdis Semdeg miva swor xazTan’’ (eko 2004: 13). umberto TavSi aseTi ekosTvis saTauri mniSvnelovania ,,mkiTxvelis mkiTxvelis Seqmna’’ aqvs fenomeni erT-erT gamotanili. avtori momaval mkiTxvels ver gaTvlis. is recipients utovebs saSualebas, iwinaswarmetyvelos, ra SeiZleba moxdes Semdeg. eko, sxva postmodernisti mwerlebis msgavsad, eTamaSeba mkiTxvels da am TamaSiT qmnis rTul mxatvrul struqturas, mkiTxvelma Tavad unda daaRwios Tavi labirinTs, sadac avtorma Seiyvana. aris momentebi, roca avtori Tavad mkiTxvels mihyavs ucnobi, dafaruli detalebis aRmoCenisken. romanis daweris mizezs ase xsnis mwerali: ,,mindoda da imitom davwere, vvaraudob, es sakmarisi safuZvelia imisTvis, rom dajde da Txroba daiwyo’’ (eko 2004: 13). xolo imaze, Tu ratom gadaitana Sua saukuneebSi, ase monasterSi ganmartavs: ,,pirvelad vapirebdi berebi Tanamedrove damesaxlebina, magram 89 mere gavifiqre, ramdenadac Sua saukuneebi CemTvis iqneboda moqmedeba Tanamedroveobas realobaSi’’ azrobrivi yoveldRiuroba pirdapir me vicnob (eko Sua 13). yvelaze saukuneebSi televiziidan, 2004: iyo. xolo istorizmis ioli momeTvsebina. Sua saukuneebs principi mTavaria postmodernizmisTvis. avtori Sua saukuneebSi gvamogzaurebs da am epoqas Cven Tanamedroveobad aqcevs. rac Sexeba im faqts, Tu ratom airCia man deteqtivis forma, ambis gadmosacemad amas xsnis mis erT-erT SeniSvnaSi ,,deteqtivis metafizika’’, sadac wers: ,,SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom wigni deteqtiviT iwyeba da gulubryvilo mkiTxvels bolomde aTamaSebs, ise, rom man SeiZleba verc SeamCnios, rom mis winaSe iseTi deteqtivia, romelSic cota ram gamoaSkaravdeba’’ (eko 2003: 13). misi azriT, deteqtivi da samecniero kvleva varaudia, avtors mkiTxveli labirinTSi Sehyavs, sadac mTavaria ,,ariadnas Zafi’’ daiWiro, ,,rizoma isea mowyobili sadac TiToeul biliks aqvs SesaZlebloba, meore gadakveTos. ar aris centri, ar aris periferia, ar aris gamosavali’’ (eko 2003: 13). is usasrulo sivrcea, sadac mkiTxveli ikargeba. es wigni labirinTebis istoriaa, wigns ar SeiZleba hqondes mxolod erTi siuJeti. saWiroa wigns nabiji da sunTqva auwyo, Torem advilad gamogecleba xelidan. sasiyvarulo scenis dawerisas avtori mixvda, rom amas yvelafers adsoni, misi gmiri ganicdida da ara TviTon, ramac wera ufro gauadvila. ,,rodesac Smagi siyvaruli modis, kaci uZluria’’ (eko 2012: 344). sasiyvarulo urTierTobaSi sunis faqtori mniSvnelovani momentia _ ,,misi bage vardis surnels afrqvevda da yovelive iyo mSvenieri’’ (eko 2012: 344). mwerali sxva personaJs gadascems sityvas da ambobs, rom nawarmoebSi Txrobas warmarTavs misi gmiri adsoni da ara TviTon. adsonis TxrobaSi ori sxvadasxva piris narativi iyo gaerTianebuli, oTxmoci wlis gmiri hyveba, Tu ra gadaxda Tavs Tvrameti wlis asakSi. vin aris aq mTxrobeli_ kiTxulobs Tavad avtori, Tu Tvrameti wlis? ,,orive erTdroulad! oTxmoci wlis gmiri ase gamovida ase iyo Cafiqrebuli’’ (eko 2003: 13). ekos mizani iyo adsonis pirovnebis Cveneba umetesad moxucebulobis asakSi. ormagi TamaSis principis Cveneba misTvis, rogorc postmodernisti avtorisTvis, mTavari iyo. ,,gavaormage 90 ra adsoni _wers is amiT gavaormage kulisebisa da fardebis raodenoba, romelic me micavda rogorc realur pirs an rogorc avtor-mTxrobels personaJi mTxrobelisagan, me Tavs ufro daculad vgrZnobdi” (eko 2003: 13). niRabi imitom gaxda saWiro, rom avtorze eWvs veravin miitanda, is mkiTxvelTan erTad TamaSobda, Tumca interteqstualobis eqos mainc ver daaRwia avtorma Tavi. ,,wignebi sxva wignebze saubroben da yoveli ambavi, ukve moyolili ambavs gviyveba’’ (eko 2012: 701). ,,wera TiTebiT fiqria’’ (eko 2012: 715). eko Tavisive teqstis ganmartebaSi ambobs, rom ,,teqsti mkiTxvels esaubreba da am dialogSi avtori ar monawileobs’’ (eko 2012: 719). adso avtorisTvis mniSvnelovani personaJi iyo, misi orplanianobis gamo. is erTs fiqrobda da meores ganicdida. siyvarulma gaorebul pirovnebad aqcia, masSi morCilis movaleobebma da axalgazrda kacis vnebebma daiwyes Widili. adamianis sulSi erTxel gaxsnili kari ki arasodes daixSoba, araferia ufro tkbili da Semzaravi, vidre siyvarulis laxvriT miyenebuli iara’’ (eko 2012: 349). avtoris mizani iyo, rom yvelaferi imis sityvebiT aexsna, visac Tavad ar esmoda araferi. ,,etyoba, adsons me Cemi sakuTari axalgazrduli kompleqsebi gadaveci, gansakuTrebiT isini, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo mis sasiyvarulo vnebebTan, sakuTar grZnobebTan Widili Zalian gamiWirda’’ (eko 2003: 13). romani mravalferovania, masSi aRwerilia TiTqmis yvelaferi, rac cxovrebaSi xdeba, yvela gancda Tu yvela movlena erT saTqmelSi iyris Tavs. mruSobas Tavad monastris berebi Cadiodnen. zogadad Seqmnili, wignis romelic sikeTe sxva isaa, niSnebze rom waikiTxon. laparakoben, ,,wigni isini ki niSnebiTaa -sagnebze. mkiTxvelis gareSe wignis niSnebi utyvia da wignic munjia’’ (eko 2012: 344). mkvlelobis mizezi swored berZnuli xelnaweri gaxda. es berZnuli wigni sakraluri mniSvnelobis aRmoCnda monastrisaTvis, romelic, vfiqrobT, logiukrad wyvets arsebobas ise, rom misgan araferi aRar rCeba. es xelnaweri ormagi kodirebis nimuSia. romanis dasasruli saintereso da amaRelvebelia. nadgurdeba yvelaferi, iwvis biblioTeka, adgili, sadac SeRweva aseTi rTuli da warmoudgeneli iyo, magram yvelaze ufro didi moulodneloba gaxda 91 Tavad mkvlelis vinaobis dadgena, is, arc meti arc naklebi brma, xorxe aRmoCnda. avtorma amiT moulodnelobis efeqti gviCvena. ekos azriT, postmodernizmi ,,erTgvarad sulis ganwyobaa da misi qronologiurad SemosazRvra SeuZlebelia’’ (eko 2012: 729). swored am ganwyobiT Seqmna avtorma es teqsti, romelic mTliand postmodernistulia, masze araviTari kiTxvis niSani ar Cndeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ,,vardis saxelSi’’ postmodernizmi ,,zeimobs’’. ekos TxrobaSi yvelaferi Zveli dromoWmuli, magram es siZvele araCveulebriv siaxled warmogvidgeba. romanSi, erTi SexedviT, moCvenebiTi monastrul-asketuri cxovrebis ukan dgas kargad SeniRbuli realoba, romelic mkacr CarCoebSia Casmuli, Tumca es ar uSliT xels berebs uzneo saqcielis CadenaSi. ar arsebobs wminda adamiani. miwier cxovrebaSi myofi adamiani ver iqneba wmindani. monasterSi mosvlamde berebs Tavisi warsuli cxovreba aqvT gavlili, taZramde misasvleli gza ar aris aseTi martivi. xSirad Secdomebi ubiZgebT maT uflis gzisken wasasvledad, am monasterSi imis gamo ki ar iyvnen berebi, rom swamdaT ufali, aramed Tavs afareben. es tipuri kaTolikuri eklesiis suraTia. ,,vardis saxelis’’ damTavrebis Semdeg gamiCnda kiTxva _ es Cemi cxovrebis epizodia Tu kidev unda Sevqmna rame?’’ – wers umberto eko. Tumca mas mere Seiqmna aranakleb mniSvnelovani nawarmoebebi ,,fukos qanqara,’’ ,,kunZuli erTi dRis winaT’’ da sxva. milorad paviCi – milorad paviCi umberto ekosTan erTad msoflio postmodernistuli mwerlobis erT-erTi brwyinvale warmomadgenelia. mas, rogorc Tavad ambobs, 1984 wlamde aravin ar icnobda, sanam ar Seadgina mis SemoqmedebaSi yvelaze gamorCeuli nawarmoebi ,,xazaruli sityvis kona’’ 100 000-sityviani roman-leqsikoni. ,,drois gasvlasTan erTad - wers avtori, ufro naklebad vgrZnob Tavs ukve dawerili Cemi wignebis mwerlad da ufro metad Tavs sxva momavalSi dasawer an, ufro sworad, im wignebis mwerlad miviCnev, romelTac dawera ar uweria’’ (paviCi 2005: 5). 92 sainteresod saubrobs mwerali sakuTar Tavze_ ,,yvelaze metad guli maSin gamtexia, roca gamimarjvia. gamarjveba verc dros amarTlebs sakuTar Tavs. mokvliT arasodes aravin ar momiklavs, me ki bevrjer mouklavar sikvdilamde bevrad adre. me yvelaze saZulveli xalxis_serbi xalxis cnobili mwerali var’’ (paviCi 2005: 5). mkiTxveli romanSi SeamCnevs gameorebebs ,,yoveli ram orjer mainc unda iTqvas, rom erTxel mainc gaigonon’’ (paviCi 2005: 8). albaT, amis gamo Seqmna mweralma am romanis ori saxe, ori cali. misi azriT, avtorma Tavis romans fexdafex unda misdios, radgan is xSirad Semqmnelze Zlieri xdeba. avtorma unda gauZlos mis Setevebs, raTa ar gaxdes Tavisive qmnilebis msxverpli. paviCs moixsenieben, rogorc elaqtronul mwerals, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia arasworxazovani romelmac interaqtiuli Seqmna orientirebuli, mas aZlevs Txroba, literatura, saSualebas, is postmodernistia, mwerali teqstSi gza mkiTxvelzea gaikvlios _ ,,romanSi Sinaarsi imis mixedviT SeiZleba Seicvalos, Tu ra rukas irCevs igi’’ (paviCi 2005: 10). areulia romanis dawyebisa da damTavrebis adgili. mkiTxvels Tavad teqsti aZlevs yvela kuTxidan Semovlis saSualebas. aq yvelaferi dasabamidan dasasrulisken moZraobs. Cemi survili iyo - wers avtori ,,literaturis am ararelversiuli dargis relvresiulad gadaqceva, imitom ara aqvs Cems romanebs dasawyisi da dasasruli. isini Seqmnilia araazrobrivi Txrobis teqnikiT’’ (paviCi 2005: 15). ra gansxvavebaa mdedrul da mamrul nawilebs Soris? -amas wignSive gvixsnis avtori _ ,,mamruli sofel qveyanas Tavisi Tavis gareT grZnobs, samyaroSia TviTon. mdedrs ki Tavis TavSi daaqvs samyaro. es sxvaoba gaxda mizezi mdedruli da mamruli variantebisa. es aris drois daSlis saxe Tu azri, romeli droc iyofa koleqtiur mamrul da individualur mdedrul drod’’ (paviCi 2005: 18). am dayofas mweralma sakmaod filosofiuri axsna mouZebna. erTi SexedviT, gansxvaveba ar SeiniSneba. Txroba orive nawilSi erTnairia, maT Soris gverdebic ki emTxveva erTmaneTs, Tumca aris epizodi, sadac isini gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. 93 magaliTad, mdedr nawilSi weria _ ,,da man is qaRaldebi qseroaslebi gamomiwoda, win rom ewyo. dasta rom gadmomca, Tavisi cera TiTi wamier Cemsas Seexo iseTi grZnoba erTmaneTis mqonda, da am Sexebisas tanSi Jruantelma damiara. rom Cvens TiTebSi erTnairad gverdigverd dadgnen warsuli da aRmoCndnen da awmyo, amitom, imisgan gadmocemuli teqstis kiTxva rom daviwye, wuTierad azris Zafi davkarge da Cems grZnobebSi CaviZire’’ (paviCi 2005: 192). gansxvavebuli istoriaa mamrul nawilSi, sadac moqmedeba, mdedrulis msgavsad, qseroaslebis gadawodebiT iwyeba: ,,am dros erTi fiqriT vifiqre, Caxmaxis xorxs Tu kauWs TiTi davaWir –meTqi -ufro xelsayreli SemTxveva albaT arc momecemoda. baRSi mxolod erTi mowme iyo da isic bavSvi, magram yvelaferi sxvagvarad moxda, gamowvdil xels mec gawvdili Sevagebe. imis magivrad, rom mesrola, qaRaldebs varTmevdi. Cemi mzera sarkinozis frCxilebian TiTebs mieyina, romelTa frCxilebmac Txilis naWuWi gamaxsna da uceb is xe warmomidga halievi xazarTa Sesaxeb daweril Tavis wignebSi rom ixsenebs’’ (paviCi 2005: 192). qsero aslebi iqca gmirebis fiqrebis aRmZvrel sagnad, mdedrul calSi es fiqrebi qalis bunebis Sesatyvisad warmogvidgeba, sadac pirvel rigSi grZnobebia gamoxatuli, misi samyaro nazi, faqizi da amoucnobia. mamakaci sarkinozis ki am TiTebma dros misi Caxmaze azrovneba xelis gamokvras asociaciurad xeze crdilobda, gadaatanina, romelic damakavSirebelia amqveyniuri da imqveyniuri samyarosi. avtoris mier sainteresodaa axsnili is, Tu rogor Seiqmna romani, rogoria misi Sedgeniloba da rogor unda visargebloT am leqsikoniT. wignSi detalurad aris naCvenebi xazarebis, gadaSenebuli tomis Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia, am xalxis saflavebi da monetebi SemorCa mxolod da aseve legendebi erT-erTi legendis Tanaxmad, xazarTa xakanma sizmari naxa, brZana: vinc ufro damajereblad auxsnida am sizmars, misi xalxi mis religias miiRebda. aseve legendis Tanaxmad, es tomebi Savi zRvis teritoriidan kataloniaSi 94 gadasaxldnen. xazarTa Sesaxeb arsebobda erTi sabediswerod qceuli wigni, romlis mecxre gverdi adamians klavda. misi originali dakargulia. wigni sainteresod aris dayofili ferebis mixedviT. magaliTad, sityvebi, romlebsac jvris forma aqvT, SeiZleba wiTel wignSi movZebnoT, sadac moTavsebulia qristianuli wyaroebi xazarTa Sesaxeb. mwvane wigni islamur wyaroebs moicavs, yviTeli ki Zvel ebrauls. mniSvnelovani faqtia is, rom nawarmoebSi xazarebTan mimarTebaSi naxsenebia saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi. rogorc qarTuli wyaroebi gvacnobeben, es tomi qristianebi iyvnen. xazarTa qveyanaSi moinaTleba abo Tbileli. rogorc Cans, avtorma es ar icoda anda es gaTvlili iyo leqsikonis siuJetur struqturaze. rogorc avtori gadmogvcems, nawarmoebis mamruli nawili Seadgina mokadas al-saferma, mdedruli nawili ki sefeqal aTeRs ekuTvnis. avtoris TqmiT, isini mijnurebi iyvnen. paviCi ajerebs mkiTxvels imaSi, TiTqos aRniSnuli nawarmoebis arc erTi nawili misi Seqmnili araa, mkiTxveli mihyveba metateqsti, mas romelic am am TamaSSi, xdeba nawilebis teqstis avtorTa teqstSi samijnuro Casma, ambavs mogviTxrobs. sainteresod uxsnis al_saferi mijnurs siyvaruls: ,,Sen, im gogos hgavxar, dilis Zili rom uyvarda, xolo merme mezobel sofelSi rom gaTxovda. erTxel, Zalian adre amdgarma gareT TrTvili, rom dainaxa, da dedamTils uTxra, Cvens sofelSi TrTvili ar icodao! Sen imasaviT fiqrob, amqveynad siyvaruli ar ariso, imitom rom arc rodis gagRviZebia ise adre, siyvaruls pirispir Sexvedrodi. Tumca yovel diliT daugvanebliv modioda’’ (paviCi 2005: 178). abram brankoviCi, nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri, erT-erTi imaTgani iyo, vinc xazarebze wigns werda, es personaJi sainteresodaa daxatuli, mas hyavda ojaxi, ori biWi, romelTagan ufrosi meomari, mxedarTmTavari iyo, romelic tyveobaSi bevri awames. omidan gamosula mweralma gamarjvebuli, brankoviCis magram cxovrebaSi Turqebma fantastikuri elementebi Semoitana da gviCvena gmiris mier Tixisagan Seqmnili mesame Svili, romelsac suli manve STabera. 95 brankoviCebze, romlebic serbeTidan Turqebma gadaasaxles, werdnen, ,,egeni ruminulad cruoben, berZnulad mdumareben, ebraulad iTvlian, eklesiaSi rusulad galoben, yvelaze ufro brZnul azrs Turqulad gamoTqvamen da mxolod da mxolod Tu vinmes mokvla undaT, iyeneben TavianT mSobliur serbul enaso’’ mwerali damiweriao.’’ ,,xazarTa am wignSi leqsikonze’’ yvelaferia, aRniSnavs: rac ,,msgavsi SeiZleba jer ar postmodernistul nawarmoebSi iyos. mwerlis mTavari saTqmeli patara xalxis dacva da gadarCenaa, romlebic SesanarCuneblad sakuTari ibrZvian erovnuli didi da istoriuli saxis saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg. ,,zogs gamosdis es brZola zogi ki, zRvas mierTebuli patara mdinaresaviT ikargeba.’’ es erebi, xazarebis msgavsad, istoris kuTvnilebad qceulan. maT arsebobas mxolod SemorCenili niSnebi Tu adasturebs. amis gamo, kritikosTa erTi nawili fiqrobda, rom avtorma xazarebis saxiT sakuTari samSoblo serbeTi gamoiyvana. milorad paviCis meore romani, romelic aseve postmodernizmis yvela moTxovnas kostantinopolSi’’, ganviTarebis pasuxobs, romani rTuli gziT. aris gamoirCeva Znelia ,,ukanaskneli rTuli gageba siyvaruli kombinaciiT, imisa, sad siuJetis iwyeba da sad mTvrdeba is. rodesac ggonia, rom mTavar saTqmels miageni, swored maSin xvdebi, rom gaurkvevloba, sinamdvileSi ormagi xelT kodireba da araferi kidev ar giWiravs, mravali niuansi qaosi ai, ra axasiaTebs romans. nawarmoebi mTlianad taroze mkiTxaobis principzea agebuli, romlis mTavari gmiria opuiCi, ucnauri, sxvebisgan gamorCeuli pirovneba, romelic mdidari ojaxidan iyo, uyvarda garToba, qalebi, mSobliuris garda, flobda oTx enas, misi garegnoba bevrisTvis gasagiJebeli iyo, mama ityoda xolme masze: ,,is umarTavia, rogorc qariSxali da gamudmebiT ufskrulis piras daabijebs’’ (paviCi 2005: 7) am saidumloebiT mosili adamianisTvis muSaobda, raTa raRac mTavari iyo Zireulad ocnebis Seecvala asruleba_ Tavis ,,gamudmebiT cxovrebaSi, raTa eocneba ase, rom awvalebda realobad eqcia’’ (paviCi 2005: 9) ocnebis asasruleblad ki opuiCi konstantinopolSi wavida. misTvis mZime tvirTi 96 iyo mudam gamarjvebuli mamis Sviloba, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, martooba mudam Tan sdevda ,,martosulisTvis bednierebaa, roca mis martoobaSi kidev aris viRac euli’’ (paviCi 2005: 16). gmirs erisevnas saxiT didi siyvaruli ewvia, ris gamoc yvelaferi daTmo, daiwera miatova samxedro sayvarel kariera. qalze, misTvis Kkonstantinopoli, sabediswero qalaqi sadac jvari gaxda. ojaxi engreva erisevnas gamo, romelic grZnobda, rom mis cxovrebaSi sxva etapi dgeboda, Svilze fiqrobda, oRond sxva mamakacisgan da es sxva, misi mamamTili iyo. swored is Seuyvarda, qals mis gverdiT mTels sxeuls atmis suli asdioda da samyaro bolomde ixsneboda. avtori mTavar gmirs moqmedebis epicentridan ukvalod aqrobs. romanis bolos mkiTxvels uCndeba kiTxva gmiris gaqrobasTan dakavSirebiT, romelzec mxolod mwerlis mier gaTamaSebuli kartebi gvpasuxoben. milorad paviCis SemoqmedebaSi sainteresoa misi erT-erTi romani ,,saweri mowyobilobebis mimdinareobs. nawarmoebSi es zanduki’’. avtoria, Cans, rom romelmac mTavarma romanSi zanduki gmirebma, istoriis mTxrobelad, mas TxrobaSi Txroba pirvel oficiantisgan swored is pirSi SeiZina, airCies maTi zanduki da masSi moTavsebuli nivTebi daexmara. oficianti Suamavlad gvevlineba gmirsa da mwerals Soris, romelic avtorTan laparakisas saxes icvlis da xan kacis Sesaxedaobas iRebs xan qalisas. romanSi siuJets aviTarebs qalis werili, romelic zandukSi inaxeboda, sadac weria mTavari gmiris Tavgadasavali, rac didad ar gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove evropeli qalis cxovrebisagan. isic ormagi cxovrebiT cxovrobs, hyavs qmari da sayvareli, Tumca is im adamianTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebic mudmivad siyvarulis eZeben. 26 wlis axalgazrda qals bediswera, gazeTSi gakeTebuli gancxadebis wyalobiT, warsulSi dakargul siyvaruls apovninebs. is miatovebs qmarsac da sayvarelsac da axal cxovrebas daiwyebs. teqstSi CanarTebia, amjerad mTxrobelad romlebic zandukis aRweras ukavSirdeba. lilis sayvareli mamakaci gvevlineba. siuJeturi xazi ise viTardeba, rom orive personaJis Txroba erTmaneTs kveTs. dro 97 warsulSi gadadis, im periodSi, rodesac orive maTgani studenti iyo, universitetSi swavlisas iwyeba provincieli mamakacis timoTes da lilis siyvarulis istoria. isini erTad mecadineobdnen gamocdebis Casabareblad, Tumca garkveuli periodis Semdeg qali aRmoaCens, rom isini sxvadasxva fakultetebze swavlobdnen. maT Soris grZnoba daSorebis Semdeg gaCnda. am siyvarulma Caiyvana lili egeosis zRvis sanapiroze salonikSi, iq, sadac timoTe cxovrobda. xati, romelic, rogorc Cans, ucxo nivTi iyo lilisTvis, ase axsna mamakacma, ,,es aris fanjara sxva samyaroSi, sadac Seni maTematikisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli maTematika gamoiyeneba’’ (paviCi 2005: 37). omis Semdeg timoTes surs, yvelaferi daiviwyos, rac samSoblos ukavSirdeba, mSobliuri enac ki, xolo ,,Seni saxeli rom ar dameviwyebina, misi wyalze dawera momiwia’’ (paviCi 2005: 40). teqstSi CarTulia sxvadasxva ambebi. Txroba isev awmyoSi gadads, sadac avtori sruliad alogikur da moulodnel gadawyvetilebas miaRebinebs gmirs, rodesac mas samSobloSi daabrunebs Tanac ise, rom Svilis dabadebamde arc moacdevinebs. es araprognozirebadi finali xiblavs mkiTxvels da amasTanave abnevs kidec. am zandukSi maTi Svilis suraTi iyo, romelsac qali sayvarel mamakacs ugzavnida. garkveuli periodis gasvlis Semdeg lili bavSvTan erTad Cadis siyvarulis CernogoriaSi, istoriisa, wyali zanduks ki, gamoriyavs, romelic Tavad gemi, momswrea sadac maTi timoTe imyofeba, iZireba. lilis cxovreba SeiZleba or nawilad davyoT erTi timoTesTan daSorebas ukavSirdeba, xolo meore masTan xelmeored Sexvedras. sanam gmirs WeSmariti moralurad da mas siyvaruli ewveoda, manamde Zneli iyo zneobrivad amaRlebuli pirovneba gvewodebina, misTvis magram, Semdeg, rac am grZnobam mis cxovrebaSi SeaRwia, is radikalurad gardaiqmna, da cxovrebis miznad Svili aqcia. milorad paviCis Semoqmedeba rTuli da sainteresoa. mis samyaroSi SesaRwevad mkiTxvels didi siZneleebis gadalaxva uwevs. mTavaria masSi Sesasvleli gasaRebis povna, ris Sedegadac SeiZleba amocanebis amoxsna, rasac avtori Cven winaSe ayenebs. 98 im rTuli xaruki murokami - sainteresoa cnobili iaponeli mwerlis xaruki murokamis erT-erTi gamorCeuli romani ,,kafka sanapiroze.’’ romani postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel stilzea Sesrulebuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom im metateqstebTan erTad, romelic TxrobaSia CarTuli, erTi mniSvnelovani azri ikveTeba. movlenebi trialebs 15 wlis mozardis kafka tamuris garSemo. nawarmoebSi Txrobas is warmarTavs, mwerali gmiris cxovrebis im periods gviCvenebs, rodesac adamianis winaSe dgeba samyaroSi sakuTari adgilis damkvidrebis dro. kafkas ar akmayofilebs mis irgvliv arsebuli viTareba da TavSesafars sxvagan eZebs. midis iq, sadac aravin axlobeli da gulSematkivari ar hyavs. ojaxSi gaqcevisaken. arasrulfasovani kafka 4 wlis qaliSvili waiyvana. mamasTan garemo iyo, rodesac xSirad dedam ubiZgebT miatova gmirebs da Tan tamurs arasodes araferi ar aklda, dedis siyvarulis garda, romelsac veranairi fuliT ver iyidida. ufskruli iyo massa da Tanaklaselebs Sorisac gaCenili, ,,me Cems garSemo kedeli aRvmarTe da iq aravis vuSvebdi. ver gaigebdiT, ra mindoda, me ar viRimebodi aramcTu vicinodi, ar vuRimodi arc sxvas da arc sakuTar Tavs’’ (Мурокам 2006: 10). am asakSi, rodesac adamiani Rimilis unarsac ki kargavs, Zneli xdeba misi gageba, misi samyaros Secnoba, is yvelaze da yvelaferze gaborotebuli midis saxlidan sakuTar dabadebis dReze erTi mizeziT, moZebnos da da deda, midis im adgilas, romelic yvelaze metad izidavad sikokuSi. amasTan gmirs misi ,,meore me’’ voronas saxiT yovelTvis Tan sdevs. yvela axalgazrda gogonaSi is Tavis das eZebs. Svebas wignebSi poulobs. biblioTeka is adgilia, sadac Tavs bednierad grZnobs. swored am adgilma gansazRvra kidec misi bedi. aq SeigrZno Tavisufleba, Tumca, ra iyo is, amas ver xsnida. gansacdeli mudam Tan sdevs gmirs, romelsac osimas saxiT mfarveli gamouCndeba. is daawyebinebs bibloioTekaSi muSaobas, seki-sani, biblioTekis direqtori aRmoCnda adamiani, romelmac kafkas cxovreba mTlianad Secvala. kafkam ki qals warsuli gaucocxla. romanis saTauri exeba adamians, romelic erT dros seki-sanis cxovrebis nawili iyo, magram ojaxma mas daaSora. ,,kafka sanapiroze’’ simReris saTauria, es simRera sanma dauwera Seyvarebuls, romelic 99 SemdgomSi hitad iqca. saintereso figuraa gamocanad rCeba. masze seki-sani. is garSemomyofTaTvis mudmivad Wori da marTali erTmaneTSia areuli. imasac ambobdnen, rac Seyvarebuli gardaecvala, gaTxovda da ori Svilic hyavso, Tavad am Temaze arasdros aravisTan ar saubrobda. sani tamuris saxeSi Tavis Seyvarebuls xedavs imave asakSi. mweral aluziis Sedegad aRar aris is gviCvenebs orive gmirs 15-16 wlisas, sadac kafka ukve pirovneba, romelsac Cven vicnobT. is iRebs sanis Seyvarebulis saxes 15 wlis asakSi. eWvi imisa, rom seki-sani misi deda iyo, mudmivad Tan sdevda gmirs. kiTxvaze_ hyavda Tu ara Svilebi, aRelvebulma qalma upasuxa, ar SemiZlia giTxra arc ki, arc ara. am eWvs kidev ufro aZlierebs Semdegi sityvebi_ ,,me mivatove is, vinc yvelaze metad miyvarda. Sen SegiZlia mapatio, me es ar unda gamekeTebina’’ (Мурокам 2006: 204). rac Seexeba kafkas mamas, is mosamsaxure qalma maSin mokla, rodesac misi Svili ugonod ipoves gzaze maisurze sisxlis laqebiT. policia am SemTxvevis Semdeg kafkas adgilsamyofeliT dainteresda. kafka osimas saxlSi sruliad ganmartovebuli fiqrobs Tavis momavalze, ris Semdegac tokioSi sakuTar saxlSi dabrunebas gadawyvets. brundeba iq, saidanac gamoipara, rac miatova ise, rom erTxelac ar gaxsenebia. brundeba Secvlili cxovrebisgan gamocdileba miRebuli. simboluria, rom maSinac wvimda, rodesac tokio datova da axlac wvims, rodesac iq midis. mas Semdeg, rac gaiRviZa, sxva TvaliT Sexeda cxovrebas, mis winaSe axali samyaro gadaiSala. rogorc postmodernisti mwerlebis umetesoba, murokamic icavs istorizmis princips da amerikis mier iaponiis dabombvis faqts teqstSi ostaturad aTavsebs, teqstSi naCvenebia im skolis ambavi, romelsac es omi piradad Seexo da sadac nawarmoebis erT-erTi gmiri swavlobda. im dros, rodesac bombi Camovarda, moswavleebi tyeSi imyofebodnen, ris Sedegadac nakatas cxovreba sruliad Seicvala am faqtma imoqmeda mis fsiqikaze. is ori kviris Semdeg movida gons, magram araferi ar axsovda. erTaderTi ucnauroba dasCemda, katasTan saubari SeeZlo, katis gamo gaxda kidec kacis mkvleli da, miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqiurad normaluri pirovneba ar iyo, moiqca ise, rogorc normalur adamians 100 Sehferis, sakuTari danaSauli policiaSi aRiara, magram ar daujeres, ris Semdegac is ojaxidan midis qalaq honsiuSi. imave qalaqSi Cadis, sadac kafka. biblioTekaSi misvlisas isic imaves ambobs, rom mTeli cxovreba am adgils eZebda, seki sanma nakatas, misTvis ucxo adamians, misca Tavisi Canawerebi da dRiurebi, rac saidumlos bolomde Senaxvas niSnavda. moralur-zneobrivi imperativi kafkas Tavisufali cxovrebis saSualebas arTmevs, is cdilobs swor gzaze siaruls. cxovrebisgan Catarebul yvela gakveTils warmatebiT iTvisebs. xulio kortasaris - Semoqmedebaze saubrisas aRsaniSnavia misi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili romani ,,klasobana’’. qarTulad es romani 2010 wels gamoica. wignis saTauri bevris mTqmelia. saqme gvaqvs TamaSTan, rac cxadyofs, rom teqsti postmodernistulia. romanis dasawyisSive vigebT, rom Cven winaSe mravali patar-patara saTqmeliT datvirTuli wignia, romelSic umTavresad mainc ori siuJeturi xazi ikveTeba. avtori dasawyisSive gvagebinebs, rom pirveli wigni 56 Tavamde Cveulebrivad yovelgvari sirTuleebis gareSe ikiTxeba. amis Semdeg ki SeiZleba mkiTxvelma aRarc gaagrZelos kiTxva. 73 Tavidan areuli Txroba iwyeba, ambebi fragmentuladaa mowodebuli, am labirinTSi mkiTxveli Tu daikarga cxrilis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba mis mTavar saTqmelTan dabruneba. mweralma es wigni axalgazrdebisTvis rCeva-darigebebis misacemad Seqmna, aqvea amonaridebi bibliidan, romelic abat martinma dawera, Tumca mis miRma, ra Tqma unda, avtori imaleba. es siuJetis gaucxoebis xerxi da avtoris niRabi postmodernistuli teqstisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. ,,viTom moulodneli Sexvedra yvelaze mosalodnelia cxovrebaSi” (kortasari 2010: 11) mxatvruli teqstic moulodneli Tu mosalodneli Sexvedrebis adgilad gadauqcevia avtors, sadac yvelaferi SeiZleba moxdes, sadac arafers ar aqvs logikuri axsna da kavSiri erTmaneTTan. teqsti da Tavad mTavari personaJic oracio oliveira erTi qalis, magas irgvliv warmmarTvelia. trialeben, magas da romelic oracios 101 nawarmoebSi yvela arastandartuli da movlenis uCveulo siyvaruli qmnis teqstis mTavar saTqmels. maTi siyvaruli mudmivad erTmaneTis Zebna da Semdeg erTmaneTisgan gaqcevaa. siyvaruli sxvadasxvagvarad warmoudgeniaT. ,,Zebna iyo Cemi xvedri da bediswera” (kortasari 2010: 16). gmirebi erTmaneTSi sakuTar Tavs eZeben da es Zebna xSirad mTeli cxovreba grZeldeba _ ,,magas cxovrebaSi yoveli wesi da kanoni Tavdayira idga” (kortasari 2010: 17). postmodernizms swored aseTi uCveulo da Tavisufali bunebis pirovnebebis Cveneba ainteresebs. gmirebi ar arian CarCoebSi Casmuli standartuli adamianebi, piriqiT, isini yovelgvar wessa da kanonebs uaryofen da Tavad qminian sakuTar cxovrebas. isini ar arian cxovrebis saTamaSoebi, piriqiT _ Tavad cxovrebas ixdian saTamaSod ,,TamaSis pirobis Tanaxmad, warsulidan mxolod umniSvnelo, SeumCneveli, ukve mtvrad qceuli movlenebi unda amomezida“ (kortasari 2010: 16). gmirebi gaorebulebi arian ,,TiTqos me da Cemi cxovreba erTmaneTisagan cal-calke varsebobdiT, xolo me da Cemi cxovreba – sxvebis cxovrebisagan gancalkevebiT“ (kortasari 2010: 22). oliveira da maga srulebiT gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan, avtorma ori dapirispirebuli personaJi gamoiyvana swored es gansxvaveba iyo, ase rom izidavda maT. gmirebi Tavbrudamxvevi klasobanas TamaSs TamaSobdnen, romlis drosac erTmaneTis samyaros xedavdnen - ,,SemomiSvi Sens samyaroSi, erTi dRiT mainc damrTe neba Seni TvalebiT davinaxo es yvelaferi” (kortasari 2010: 113). – ase mimarTvas magas mTavari gmiri. oliveira gaorebuli, gaucxoebuli gmiria, misTvis, rogorc argentinelisTvis, ucxoa parizi, Tumca izidavs es qalaqi. isea parizsa da buenos-airess Soris gaorebuli, rogorc polasa da magas Soris. pola is qali iyo, romelTanac magasagan gaqcevis Semdeg isvenebda. oliveris cxovreba sirbilia. is eZebs sakuTar Tavs da cxovrebas, romelic misTvis klasobanas TamaSis msgavsi gamxdara. klasobanaSi ,,zeda ujreds hqvia ca, qvedas-miwa, Zalian Znelia qva camde miitano, TiTqmis yovelTvis raRac geSleba, ise ver gaTvli, rom qva ujredidan gareT ar gadavardes” (kortasari 2010: 248). cxovrebac klasobanas TamaSiviTaa, zustad iq unda moaxvedro qva, sadac samiznea, Tumca cxovrebaSi yvelaferi wesebsa da kanonebs ar emorCileba. qva 102 SeiZleba xazidan gadavardes, Znelia yvelafris winaswar gaTvla, magram ,,erT dResac aRmoCndeba, rom Turme SegiZlia miwas moswyde da Seni qva camde miitano, caze axvide” (kortasari 2010: 248). oliveira dabrunda samSobloSi, misTvis cxovreba uazro TamaSad iqca radgan dakarga is, vinc mis arsebobas azrs sZenda. magas Zebnam gmiri argentinaSi siyvarulis daabruna, qalaqsac parizi uwodeben, ki, romelsac misTvis cxovrebis ki meorenairad qalis gareSe carieli gaxda. argentinaSi dabrunebis Semdeg Txroba fragmentuli da areulia, teqstis mTlianoba wydeba. ,,ici, cxovrebSi aris idumali gzebi da moulodnelad iseTi ram gamoxteba, eWvadac ar mogxvda da yvelaferi krizisSi aRmoCndeba“ (kortasari 2010: 315). maga oliveiras cxovrebis amoCemeba iyo mas xedavda yvelgan gemze, quCaSi, maRaziaSi, parizSi, buenos-airesSi. gmiri ,,ki ar dabrunda, aramed sul gzaSi iyo, Tumca sad mihyavda am gzas, aravin icoda” (kortasari 2010: 333). sakuTar TavTan mxolod mis meore mesTan, mis samyarosTan aRiarebda oliveri imas, rom maga uyvarda, es aRiareba ,,arc marcxi iyo da arc warsulSi sawylad CarCena“ (kortasari 2010: 334). oliveira sagiJeTSi daiwyo muSaoba, Tavidan cirkSi muSaobda, Semdeg ki fsiqiatriul klinikaSi. am klinikaSic TamaSobdnen klasobanas. Tavad oliveric ar iyo jansaRi fsiqikis. postmodernizmis gmirebi swored aseTi gaucxoebulebi da ucnaurebi arian, romlebic srulebiT ar hgvanan maT irgvliv myofT. Txroba isev ireva, ireva dro da sivrce, isev safrangeTi, Semdeg isev argentina, isev uazro xetiali ,,davborialob quCebsa da Cemi cxovrebis wlebSi” (kortasari 2010: 407). oliveiras qalebi aRmerTebdnen da Semdeg misgan mirbodnen, isic Tavad uRebda gasasvlel kars, yvelaze didi sisulele ki is aris, rom adamianebi yalbi urTierTobebis monawile arian, gmirebi swored am urTierTobebis fonze Canan, isini TamaSoben yvelgan da yvelaferSi, WeSmariti grZnobebi ki sadRac ikargeba, samyaro klasobanas TamaSs daemsgavsa, sadac mxolod cali fexiT iwyeb ujredebze xtunvas, WeSmariti siyvaruli tanjvad qceula oliveirasTvis qalaqSi _ ,,sadac 103 siyvaruli gahkivis, yovel quCaze, ismis yoveli saxlidan yoveli oTaxidan“ (kortasari 2010: 467). rodesac urTierTobaSi erTi adamiani ikargeba, meore maSin grZnobs mis mimarT WeSmarit grZnobas, erTad yofna TiTqos xels uSlis maT am grZnobis gamovlenaSi. ase moxda oliveris da magas SemTxvevaSic _ ,,miyvarxar, imitom, rom Cemi ara xar, imitom rom Sen sxva mxares xar, sxva napirze da iqidan mixmob, gadmoxtio, mTavazob, me ki ar SemiZlia” araamqveyniuri da (kortasari arabunebrivi 2010: aqvT, 468). gmirebs iseTi, siyvarulic rogoric araa damaxasiaTebeli jansaRi urTierTobebisTvis. kortasari mimarTavs mkiTxvels da ambobs, rom ,,erTaderTi personaJi, romelic me mainteresebs, aris mkiTxveli” (kortasari 2010: 482). drois sakiTxze msjelobisas wignSi Cans Semdegi: ,,sxvadasxva dro SeiZleba erTmaneTis paraleluri iyos. am azriT, egreT wodebuli Sua saukuneebis romelime Tanamedroveobis dro erT SeiZleba romelime postmodernistuli dro emTxveodes dros” egreT (kortasari swored esaa. erTmaneTSia wodebul 2010: 526). Serwymuli ori periodi, ori epoqa warsuli da momavali. warsuli da awmyo, ise, rom Wirs gamijvna, sad iwyeba drois erTi nawilis aTvla da sad meores. teqsts Tan erTvis SeniSvnebi, sadac TiToeuli sityva axsnilia. wigns ukana ydaze cnobili qarTveli mwerali qalis nestan-nene kvinikaZis saintereso komentari erTvis: ,,1998 wlis gazafxulze, Cemi megobrebis xelidan xelSi gadadioda wigni, romelmac Tavis droze gayidvebis rekordi moxsna, kritikosebis aRiarebac moitana da esTetikuri revolucia moaxdina Taobebze. es iyo literaturis kerpis xulio kortasaris ,,klasobana’’, romlis erTaderT egzemplars, ZaldatanebiT vuTmobdiT erTmaneTs da niSnis micemis Tu emociebis gaziarebis mizniT furclebs Soris xan yvavils, xan naxats, savizito baraTs da sigaretis Rerebs vtovebdiT. es gavlenebis wignia, situaciuri da ganwyobis Semqmneli. es 60-70iani wlebis yvelaze alternatiuli literaturuli TamaSia, romelSic yvela erTdroulad iyo Cabmuli. ,,klasobana’’ Tu ar wagikiTxavs, ver mixvdebi: ra xibli aqvs kiTxvis process, rogorc SeiZleba furcelze JRerdes musika, gaxde fabulis 104 uSualo monawile. Segipyros survilma, imave kafeSi ijde, sadac isini sxedan, gecvas maT msgavsad da MmTavar moqmed gmirebs TanaugrZnobde. saxlSi geCqarebodes da myudrod mokalaTebuli kiTxvas agrZelebde. ,,klasobana’’ Tu ar wagikiTxavs, niSnavs literaturis yvelaze saintereso TamaSs daakldi. erTdroulad mxiarulsa da sevdians. Cven rusulad wavikiTxeT ,,klasobana’’. Tqven gagimarTlaT imitom, rom xelSi giWiravT ,,klasobansa’’ qarTuli Targmani. aseTi komentari, vfiqrob, bevr wigns ara aqvs. Cven namdvilad gagvimarTla, radgan SegviZlia gavecnoT argentinis erT-erTi saamayo mwerlis Sedevrs. ,,klasobana’’ postmodernistuli mwerlobis erT-erTi gamorCeuli nawarmoebia, romlis gaazreba da erT mTlianobaSi aRqma srulebiTac ar aris martivi. piriqiT, oliveris da magas cxovreba bevr adamians aswavlis TanagrZnobas, siyvaruls, urTierTobas. es cxovrebis TamaSia, TamaSi, sadac wagebuli da mogebuli mxare ar arsebobs, TamaSi, romlis Semdegac an uaxlovdebi zecas, an miwas ubrundebi. es romani amqveyniuri da imqveyniuri cxovrebis TamaSia, gmirebic am zRvarze gadian. 1.5. postmodernistuli romanis qarTuli orientirebi postmodernistuli literaturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mxatvruli efeqtebi gasuli saukunis 70-80-iani wlebidan TandaTanobiT qarTul mwerlobaSic warmoCnda. man, marTalia, dagvianebiT, magram mainc miiRo postmodernizmi. mkvlevari postmodernizmi’’ wers: postmodernizmi, levan ,,arsebobs arsebobs didi bregaZe uaRresad xania’’ werilSi ,,qarTuli saintereso qarTuli (bregaZe 2008: 188). am gzis daswyisSi ikveTeba is mxatvruli orientirebi da saxelebi, romelTac zogjer iqneb gaucnobierebladac ki saTave daudes qarTul postmodernistul istoriebs. naira gelaSvili - qarTul postmodernizmze saubars iwyeben naira gelaSvilis SemoqmedebiT, sadac aRniSnuli literaturuli mimdnareoba srulyofilad gamovlinda, amis magaliTia romani ,,anabeWdebi’’ (Cveneba), misi erT-erTi gamorCeuli romelic 105 postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiT gamoirCeva. am niSnebidan aRsaniSnavia ormagi kodireba, rizoma, aluzia, interteqsti, fragmentuloba. ,,igi garegnulad, grafikuli formiTac aRZravs rizomis asociacias’’ (bregaZe 2008: 188). ,,anabeWdebi’’ mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia imiTac, rom teqstSi CarTulia dokumenturi masala, rac ufro met interess sZens mas. Tavad avtori wers; ,,Tu sicocxle avad aris, zafra CaRvrili, mec aseve aRvwer mas, rogorc istorias, dokumenturad, sadac mxolod imdeni sityva iqneba, ramdeni sagani an movlenac: daibada, gaiara, etkina, atirda. kacis sicocxles mxolod aRnusxaven da me arafris Secvla ar SemiZlia.… mec avdgebi, Sevkreb am nusxas, nomrebs da vetyvi Cems Tavs, Sen nuRarafers nu daumateb, ai, cxovreba ase midis da Sen araferi ar SegiZlia’’ (gelaSvili 2004: 141). es dokumentebi gmiris cxovrebaze metyveleben, romelic xSirad erTi sityviT gadmoicema, mkiTxveli mis warmodgenaSi erT mTlianobad aqcevs aRniSnul dokumentur masalas da qmnis warmodgenas gmiris Sesaxeb. emocia, romelsac TiToeuli nivTi aRZravs mkiTxvelSi, ormagi kodirebis Sedegia. teqstSi citirebulia 50-mde dokumenti. magaliTad, ,,ubralo sawer kalami TavisTavad veraviTar emocias ver aRZravs, magram, Tu SevityobT, rom es didi mwerlis naqoni avtokalamia, sruliad Cveulebrivi nivTi maSinve emociuri muxtiT aRiWurveba’’ (bregaZe 2008: 189). cxovrebaSi araferi ar ikargeba. adamiani mTeli Tavisi sicocxlis manZilze anabeWdebs tovebs mis mier ganvlil gzebze, aseve ar ikargeba misi fiqrebic, isini sadRac iq irealur sivrceSi anabeWdebs toveben. ,,sagnebze sakuTari anabeWdebi unda vacocxloT’’ isini ki mxolod maSin iarsebeben, Tuki ormagad iqnebian kodirebulni da CvenSi emociebs aRZraven. teqstSi aRniSnuli dokumentebis siuxve xSirad, cota ar iyos, mosabezreblad gveCveneba, Tumca, rodesac maT mniSvnelobas davakvirdebiT, naTeli xdeba, rom ufro didi simboluri datvirTva akisriaT, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans. rolan bartis gadaxlarTuli, azriT: gamudmebiT ,,nebismier rom TxrobaSi enacvlebian sxvadasxva erTmaneTs, rac kodebia badebs mkiTxvelis mouTmenlobas’’ _ Cawvdes azris niuansebs, romlebic mudam 106 usxlteba xelidan’’ (barti 2002: 90). mniSvnelovania, rom swored amis gamo xdeba TxrobaSi avtoris Semoyvana. ,,postmodernistuli Txrobis amgvar SemTxvevaSi avtoris ganmartebis gareSe fons ver gavalT. avtorma TviTon unda gaSifros kodi, unda agvixsnas, ratom iyenebs ama Tu im ucnaur mxatvrul xerxs. mokled aq saWiro xdeba avtoris eseistur-Teoriuli Careva TxrobaSi, anu saWiro xdeba metateqsti teqsti teqstis Sesaxeb’’ (bregaZe 2008: 190). swored pasaJebi, amaze sadac mianiSnebs avtorsa da naira gelaSvilis mkiTxvels Soris nawarmoebebSi polemikaa is gamarTuli. Tavad mwerali irgebs mTavari personaJis niRabs da ise Cndeba TxrobaSi. avtorTan erTad nawarmoebis moqmedi piradi xSirad mkiTxvelic xdeba. teqstSi avtorsa da mkiTxvels Soris saintereso polemikaa gamarTuli. ,,SeCerdiT! SeCerdiT! gadawyviteT Tqveni ganzraxva Tanamimdevrulad sruliad warmogvidginoT naTelia! erTi Tqven cxovrebis dokumentebi Tqveni nebaa. yvelafris uflebas gaZlevT me piradad-Tqveni ase vTqvaT, Tanamedrove da yovelgvari mkiTxveli’’ (gelaSvili 2004: 146). siaxleTaTvis mzadmyofi aseve, avtori mimarTavs mkiTxvels, maT Soris imarTeba dialogi, ,,didad madlobeli var Tqveni gulwrfelobisa da gulisxmierebisaTvis. garkveulad ra naTlad recipientsa da avtors gismendiT da msjelobT’’ Soris marTla (gelaSvili SemognatrodiT, 2004: postmodernizmisTvis niSania. xolo, rac Seexeba nawarmoebs _ 146) ra saubari damaxasiaTebeli ,,Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT es gaxlavT erT-erT ubrwyinvales mxatvruli teqstTagani’’ (bregaZe 2008: 191). sainteresoa gancda, romelsac esa Tu is nivTi aRZravs mkiTxvelSi, isini acocxleben gmirs, Tavisi Sinagani da emociuri samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niuansiT. rTulia Svilis kubosTan mdgari mamis gancdebis gadmocema. martodmarto myofi mamisa, romelic sakuTari tkivilis winaSe ixsenebs yvelafers, fiqrobs, es rom ar momxdariyo da iwyeba mTeli jaWvi winadadebebisa, sadac mxolod sityva ,,es rom ar momxdariyo figurirebs’’. am moTxrobaSi finali yvelafris mTqmelia. naira cvlian gelaSvilis erTmaneTs. nawarmoebebSi imdenad swrafad, 107 movlenebi rom elvis mkiTxvels siswrafiT uWirs misi sisruleSi aRqma, personaJi SemTxveviTobis msxverpli xdeba, is avariaSi iRupeba. ,,gzis piras Txrili rom ar daetovebinaT amosavsebi, wina saRamos gaWrili ormo, gzis muSebi dilidanve rom ar gabrunebuliyvnen Sin’’ es ,,rom’’ garkveul wilad ironiis gamomxetvelia, romelic ar aris mimarTuli erTi konkretuli adamianis mimarT, avtori ar dascinis amiT mis personaJebs, piriqiT, esaa ironia am adamianebis bediswerisadmi. ,,saqme gvaqvs postmodernistul ironiasTan, romelic aravis da arafris dacinvas ar isaxavs miznad. es aris amerikeli kritikosis a.uaildis gamoTqma, rom gamoviyenoT ,,makoreqtirebeli ironia’’, cxovrebis yovelgvari gamovlinebebis mimarT’’ (bregaZe 2008: 194). es erTi Cveulebrivi adamianis tragediaa, romelsac, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovrebaSi Tavisi adgilis povna surda, mainc ,,erT Cveulebriv geologad darCa’’ _ rogorc mamam uwoda. mis tragedias rigiT geologad darCena, usaxsroba, arareligiuroba, pirad cxovrebaSi sruli qaosi da kidev uamravi problema uwyobda xels. avtori mas uwodebs ,,im Citebs, dedamiwas rom ver ascildnen da zemodan Camovardnac ki ar eRirsaT’’. giorgi giorgobiani swored aseTi tipis adamianTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelmac ver SeZlo cxovrebiseul problemebTan gamklaveba, is uamravi mizezis gamo SeiZleba arSemdgar pirovnebad CavTvaloT, romelic avtoris TanagrZnobas iwvevs. levan bregaZe mas ,,usaSvelod saSualo adamians uwodebs’’. is faqti, rom Cven mas TanavugrZnobT, maneram ganapiroba’’ es mxolod (bregaZe avtoris 2008: 197). ,,weris am postmodernistulma mimdinareobaSi moSlilia zRvari mniSvnelovan da umniSvnelo ambebsa da gmirebs Soris. uamravi wvrilmani ambidan SeiZleba erTi mTliani teqsti gamovides, aq xom yvela teqsti ,,interteqstia’’ yvela adamiani ,,interadamiani‘’. avtorma moSala yovelgvari zRvari gmirsa da mkiTxvels, cxovrebasa da xelovnebas Soris, man ostaturad SeuTavsa erTmaneTs realuri da gamonagoni faqtebi. is Caeria TxrobaSi da mkiTxvelic CaiTria postmodernistul TamaSSi. mwerali Tavad Casaxlda sakuTari gmirebis cxovrebaSi, is ara marto gviTxrobda maTze, aramed Tavadac uxaroda da ganicdida yovelive imas, rac mis personaJebs awuxebdaT da tkiodaT. uxaroda maTi sixaruliT TiTqos TviTonac kvdeboda maTi 108 sikvdiliT, sxvadasxva dros da viTarebaSi. ,,esaa gamarTleba mwerlobisa_ meambo sxvaze, romelic me viyavi’’ - wers naira gelaSvili. ,,Cveneba‘’ (anabaWdebi) srulyofili postmodernistuli Txzulebaa. am mimdinareobis niSnebis danaxva SeiZleba moTxrobaSi ,,mivemgzavrebi madrids’’, romelic 1981 wels daiwera. moTxrobis mTavari gmiri, sandro liCeli, yofna-aryofnis zRvarze mdgari adamiania, misTvis ori, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli samyaro arsebobs. is, sadac cxovrobs da is, sadac misi warmodgenebiT mudmivad mogzaurobs, es mogzauroba erT marSuts moicavs Tbilisi-madridi. madridSi, Tbilisisgan gansxvavebiT, Tavs ise grZnobda, rogorc sakuTar saxlSi, Tbilisi misTvis yovelTvis ucxo qalaqad rCeboda. mwerali Tavad varaudobs, ,,iqneb genetika eZaxda mas espaneTSi, iqneb iqidan iyo, iqneb satrfo hyavda iq?’’ Tavad manac ar icoda, ratom izidavda ase Zalian es adgili, ra darCa iq. mkiTxveli fiqrobs, msjelobs, varaudobs, iqneb sandro liCeli wina cxovrebaSi madridSi cxovrobda? gmiri, erTi SexedviT, Cveulebrivi adamiania, romelsac hyavs ojaxi, megobrebi, sayvareli, aqvs samsaxuri, Tumca is am yvelafriT araa bednieri. TbilisSic madrids eZebs. ,,adre yovelTvis miemgzavreboda madridSi, sanam avtobusi veridan saburTaloze mividoda, aswrebda bevri ramis naxvas. okeanis sanapiroze xedavda cas, silaze idga egona, mas uyvarda okeane da mxolod iq SeeZlo yvareboda mTeli samyaro’’ (gelaSvili 2004: 94). avtorma gverdebidan gmiri cota vecnobiT mis xniT Sinagan moswyvita bunebas, realobas. mis survilebs, pirvelive xasiaTs. cxovrebisgan daRlilma sicruis meSveobiT SeZlo realobisgan Tavis daRweva. ori kviriT gaeTavisufla samsaxuridan, sadac sofelSi egonaT, ojaxs soxumSi daemla, megobrebs kislavodskSi, sayvarels quTaisSi, mxolod quCaSi Sexvedril nacnobs gaando Tavisi ocneba, romelsac axdena ar ewera _ ,,madrids mivemgzavrebio. espaneTi, madridi! Cemi sigiJea!‘’ sinamdvileSi yovelive es tyuili iyo. mweralma mkiTxvelis winaSe patara speqtakli dadga, sadac sandro liCelis ocnebebi TamaSdeboda, misi Rameuli xilvebi. mis cxovrebaSi dadga momenti, rodesac mixvda, 109 madridSi wasvlaze ocnebas ganxorcieleba ar ewera da saWiro iyo am axirebisagan gankurneba. amisTvis dawva saavadmyofoSi, romlis mTavari eqimi misi bavSvobis megobari iyo. nevrozisgan da ocnebisgan gankurneba ki im dros mxolod martoobas SeeZlo. avtoris mxridan ironia Cans im epizodSi, rodesac gmirze wers. ,,marto darCa is, vinc sofelSi, soxumSi, kislavodskSi, quTaissa da madridSi erTdroulad iyo gamgzavrebuli’’ (gelaSvili 2004: 105). am mravali mimarTulebiT gamgzavrebuli gmiri, rogorc Cans, ufro metad sakuTari Tavis Secnobisaken miemgzavreboda. is imdenad Rrmad iyo Sesuli mis mierve gamogonil samyaroSi, rom iq SesaRwevad gitaraze dakvra espanuri simRerebi da salaparako ena, iswavla. egona, yvela Soreul da karg adgilas espanurad laparakobeno’’ (gelaSvili 2004: 101). icvamda espanurad, radgan amis gareSe Tavi ver warmoedgina mis saocnebo qveyanaSi. mxolod 40 wlis asakSi mixvda, rom madridSi verasodes gaemgzavreboda. saavadmyofoSi yofnisas mis cxovrebaSi axali etapi iwyeba. gaxseneba miviwyebuli warsulisa, sadac TanaklaselTan da axla ukve mis mkurnal eqimTan da igive gogo agondebodaT, SeTanxmdnen, erTad araerTi lamazi dRe gautarebia, erT dros erTi uyvardaT, rogori romel romelsac sicili yurs ukan 30 wlis icoda, mxolod hqonda xali. Semdeg erT isini ixsenebdnen, detalze imdenad ver gaitaca warsulis mogonebebma, ,,oTaxSi vinme rom Sesuliyo, fexs Zroxas, balaxs, vels wamosdebda’’ (gelaSvili 2004: 108) gmirisTvis, rogorc mwerali ambobs, ,,daviwyebuli warsuli da ganuxorcielebeli momavali cocxldeboda’’ (gelaSvili 2004: 109). saavadmyofodan kvlav agrZelebda TamaSs, yvelas ajerebda Tavis sicrueSi. Tavad avtori erTveba TxrobaSi da mimarTavs mkiTxvels ,,ganagrZeT, me sandro liCeliviT gulubryvilo ara var’’ mweralma Tavis personaJs braldebebi wauyena. 1) egoistia 2) mSobliuri ar uyvars 3) usargeblo adamiania. marTlac, misi cxovreba swored am sami komponentis wyalobiT iqca TamaSad irealur da realur samyaros Soris. Tumca tyuili didxans ar gagrZelda. sruliad janmrTel adamians gaugebrobis Sedegad mTavari eqimis moadgilem operacia gaukeTa. es faqti ironiis 110 kidev erT gamovlinebad madridSi egona, SeiZleba saoperacio miviCnioT. magidaze kaci, iwva. romelic amjerad is yvelas realurad dabrunda TbilisSi, sasowarkveTili da Tavisive tyuilis msxverplad qceuli. ase mimarTavs megobar eqims, ,,sad xar, Cemo megobaro, maT me amomaWres madridi’’ (gelaSvili 2004: 110). ocnebas ayololi pacienti marto darCa. sasacilo iyo misi mdgomareoba da isic iRimoda, Rimili xom amgvar situaciaSi simSvidis saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa. Tavad naira SemoqmedebaSi ar gelaSvili aRiarebs postmodernizmis da acxadebs: arsebobas ,,postmodernizmi mis igivea, micvalebuls rom makiaJi gaukeToo’’, da mainc Tu ara postmodernizmi, maSin rasTan gvaqvs saqme naira gelaSvilis am nawarmoebebSi? naira gelaSvilis prozaSi ,,uxvad aris ,,Ria kari’’, romlis miRma sakuTari samyaros danaxva, ,,gaSifrva’’ SeiZleba‘’ (mircxulava 2009: 54). es momenti kidev erTxel cxadyofs mwerlis gansxvavebul xedvaze, romelic ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli 70-80-iani wlebis prozisTvis. guram CarCoSi doCanaSvilis_ Semoqmedebis erT romelime mimarTulebis moqceva SeuZlebelia. mis TxzulebebSi garkveuli aspeqtiT asaxulia, rogorc poziciebi, amave damaxsiaTebel modernistuli, dros aseve mwerali realisturi iyenebs mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT mimdinareobis postmodernizmisTvis saSualebebs. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia misi moTxroba ,,vater(po)loo anu aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi’’, romlisTvisac avtors qvesaTaurad miuweria: ,,fantastikuri moTxroba’’. am nawarmoebSi naTelia, rom ,,komentatoris niRbis ukan TviT moTxrobis avtori anu avtoris niRabi dgas (anu ormag niRabTan gvaqvs saqme), razedac naTlad migvaniSnebs Tundac avtoris mier mTxrobelisTvis Serqmeuli saxeli - afrederik me’’ (bregaZe 2008: 198). ironias avtori mimarTavs maSin rodesac ,,ama Tu im mankierebis, ama Tu im faseulobis rRvevas xedavs ironizebis saganSi’’ (wifuria 2005: 251). ironizebulia Tavad moTxrobis saTauri. avtori gveTamaSeba da Tavadac monawilea gmirebTan erTad am TamaSis. ,,avtoric aseve gaxda TamaSis siuJeti’’ (wifuria 2005: 255). 111 monawile, rogorc gmiri an guram doCanaSvils Txroba gadaaqvs gamogonil samyaroSi, sadac arabunebrivi da uCveulo xasiaTis gmirebi moqmedeben. am nawarmoebSi ZiriTadad ori siuJeturi xazia mocemuli. erTi, besames Tavgadasavalia, romelic am moTxrobis ZiriTad ideur Canafiqrs warmoadgens da meore afrederik mes erTgvari lirikuli monologi prosper merimes ,,karmenis’’ Sesaxeb, romelic ZiriTad siuJetur xazSi nawyvetis saxiTaa CarTuli. interteqstualoba postmodernizmisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. soflel obol biWs, besames, SemTxveviT Sexvdeba moxuci musikosi, romelic Camoiyvans musikaluri tradiciebiT mdidar qalaq-alkarasSi. besame araCveulebrivi musikaluri niWisa da bavSvia, romelsac wminda da amaRlebuli didi grZnobebis mqone siyvaruliT Seuyvardeba moxuci musikosis SviliSvili ramona. besame dadis konservatoriaSi, eufleba musikis jadosnur samyaros da eswreba profesional musikosTa koncertebs. erTxel mas uTanxmoeba mouvida istoriis maswavlebelTankartuzo babiloniasTan imis gamo, rom besame beTxovens ufro afasebda da pativs scemda, vidre napoleons. es maswavlebeli besames aRdgeniT samuSaoebze gaamwesebs, aqedan iwyeba misi ucnauri ambavi. irkveva, rom aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi es aris vaterpolosTvis mzadeba iseTi Zalismieri meTodebiT, romlis ZiriTadi mizania adamianis fizikurad gaZliereba da sulierad dacema. is adamians daundobels xdis, adamianur Rirsebebs. amas kargad axerxebs akargvinebs yovelgvar sxvadasxva originaluri meTodebis mqone mwvrTneli Justino reqsaCe. moTxrobili ambavi realuri cxovrebiseuli doCanaSvili ambis imdenad STabeWdilebas mxatvrulad ar tovebs, gadmogvcems Tavis magram Canafiqrs, guram rom mkiTxvels masSi araerTi sayuradRebo qveteqstis amokiTxva SeuZlia. varjiSis erT-erTi Tavisebureba is aris, rom mwvrTneli aRsazrdelebs Cayris iseT viwro senakSi, sadac ganZrevis saSualeba ara aqvT da Tavze virTxebs daayris, rac moswavleebSi didi emociur stress iwvevs. aseTi wvrTnis Semdeg radikalurad besame, romelic gardaiqmneba. manamde ucodvelobis mocartis gansaxiereba musikis iyo, mosmenaze ocnebobda, xolo amis Semdeg, rodesac Sin mobrunebuls ramonam uTxra: ,,Cqara, besame, koncertze ar dagagviandes,… ukraven mocarts’’, -besamem ambobs: ,,erTi magis…raRac ucxo xma boroti xma hqonda’’ besamem TandaTan 112 dakarga adamianuri saxe. mwvrTneli aseTi STagonebiT zrdida maT: ,,daundoblebi unda iyvneT, Cemo kargebo, sxvas Tu daindob, is ar dagindobs da is ar sjobia Sen ar daindo. gamarjvebuli ki ise ver gamoxval, sxvas Tu ar daamarcxeb da sxva rom daamarcxo, amisTvis aTasnairi xerxi da xrikia saWiro da ameebs ki vaterpoloze ukeTesad veraferi SegaswavliT ,,gvritno’’ (doCanaSvili 1987: 123) misi aRzrdilebi TandaTan kargaven adamianis saxes, besamem fizikuri ZaliT yvelas ajoba, mas yovel fexis nabijze uwevda imis damtkiceba, oblobisa, yvelas sjobda. Tavdacvis am instiqtma rom, miuxedavad mxeciviT daundobeli gaxada. besame gaxda cnobili wyalburTeli. mweralma gviCvena epoqa, sadac yovelgvari faseuli ikargeboda, ingreoda moralur-zneobrivi imperativebi adamianebi kargavdnen WeSmarit saxes. es im epizodidanac naTlad Cans, rodesac besame mis pirvel siyvaruls ramonas nadiriviT amoidebs iRliaSi da gasaupatiureblad tyisken miaTrevs. aq Cans is saocari gardatexa, romelsac garemo pirobebi axdens adamianze erTi ukiduresobidan meore ukiduresobamde. magram adamiani, romelic am borotebas daupirispirdeba, moxuci musikosia, romelic kvlav Zlierad imoqmedebs yofil simboluradaa binZur mowafeze aRwerili gomurSi, da adamianur moTxrobis Caayenebs muxlamde saxes finali, daubrunebs moZRvars uwmindurebaSi, besame xelSi mas. Sehyavs fleitas daaWerinebs da aamborebs. es simboluri qveteqsti SeiZleba asec aixsnas: Tavidan adamianis Tundac ucodveli suli garemo faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT SeiZleba WuWysa da sibneleSi Caeflos. amiT is kargavs sikeTis keTebis udides madls, moyvasisadmi siyvaruls da daundobel mxecad gadaiqceva, magram xelovnebis wyalobiT da masTan ziarebiT SeuZlia pirvandeli saxis dabruneba. rogorc aRvniSneT, moTxrobaSi CarTulia meore siuJeturi xazic. avtori afrederik mes saxeliT esaubreba mkiTxvels, ufro xSirad ki prosper merimes pirobiTobis iseT ,,karmens’’. saxes, elementebi. afrederik moTxrobaSi Semoaqvs, me es sadac saubrebi ignorirebulia gviyveba misive warmoadgens karmenis sityvebiT rom droisa Sesaxeb vTqvaT, mxatvruli da da sivrcis am gziT ,,fantastiuri movlenebi’’, radgan Tavidanve vigebT, rom es ,,fantastikuri moTxrobaa’’. 113 nawarmoebis dasawyisSi moulodneladaa CarTuli es epizodi ,,aq afrederik mes cotaTi moSivda da gaaxsenda, fantastikur nawarmoebSi fantastikuri movlenebic saWiro roa, xolo daniSnuleba ese daakisra iseT martiv da am SemTxvevaSi uwyinar sagans, rogoricaa sigareti da maSinve Tambaqos nawarmi ,,karmen’’ (namdvili karmenic Tambaqos qarxanaSi muSaobda erT xans, sanam molipul gzas daadgeboda) gaxsna, amoiRo ori Reri sigareti, samkuTxa tafaze dado, karaqiT Sewva da miirTva kidec’’ (doCanaSvili 1987: 111). moTxrobis bolos sakravs ori datvirTva misca avtorma_ Tavisufleba da siyvaruli, is, riskenac tanjviT mieaxlebian xolme, is, rac sawyisia RvTuri madlisa. mwerali aRfrTovanebulia karmenis personaJiT ,,diadma xelma vrceli moTxroba dawera Senze, maSin rodesac, ramden ubiwo qalTa sqesis warmomadgenels SecdomiT depeSac ki ar Rirsebia. is ki ara da, gadasarevi operac ki SegviTxzes Senze maSin, rodesac ramden dadebiT ojaxis Svils abRavlebuli simRerac ki ar Rirsebia. ra naxes mainc SenSi aseTi, magram miyvarxar, mtkivixar, karmen’’ (doCanaSvili 1987: 147) kritikosTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom aseTi damatebiTi siuJeturi xazi yovelgvari logikis gareSea CarTuli nawarmoebSi. maTi azriT, am moTxrobis struqturaSi aseT xerxs aklia funqciuri daniSnuleba da ar emsaxureba moTxrobis ZiriTadi problemis gaxsnas, mwerliseuli Canafiqris ganviTarebas. am mxatvruli elementis gamoCenas nawarmoebSi xeli Seuwyo dasavleTis literaturiT zedmetma gatacebam. amasTan arsebobs, dakavSirebiT magaliTad, levan kritikosTa Soris bregaZe aRniSnavs, gansxvavebuli rom ,,vinc azri guram doCanaSvilis Semoqmedebas dahkvirvebia, is uTuod SeamCnevda misi weris manerisTvis damaxsiaTebel erT Tvisebas: masTan Zlieria eseisturi nakadi, romelic organulad erwymis mxatvrul qsovils da specifikur, Zalze Tanamedrove elfers aniWebs nawarmoebs’’ (bregaZe 2008: 140). kritikosi miiCnevs, rom eseisturi nakadi am moTxrobaSi swored CarTuli epozodebis saxiT gamovlinda. amgvari CarTuli epizodebi, ZiriTad siuJetur xazTan erTi SexedviT, metismetad dacilebul Temebze Cveulebrivi movlenaa postmodernizmisTvis. am moTxrobaSi metateqstebi, ,,karmenis’’ Temebze ,,usistemobas’’ ki 114 ar amkvidrebs, aramed, piriqiT, mxatvruli ideis gamokveTas emsaxureba. Tavisuflebis moyvare karmeni aq reqsaCes zedmetad morCil aRsazdelebs upirispirdeba. levan bregaZe afredik mes mxatvrul saxes saqrestomaTio nimuSis’’ uwodebs. ukavSirebs mas ormag niRabs’’ da aRniSnavs; ,,afrederik mec ,,avtoris niRbis ,,postmodernistul stiluri ekleqtizmiT gamorCeuli mxatvruli teqstis SemakavSirebel faqtorad gvevlineba da movlenaTa ganviTarebis epicentridan gvawvdis metateqstualur komentarebs’’ (bregaZe 2008: 141). am literaturuli xerxis gamoyenebas mkvlevari postmodernistuls uwodebs da iqve yuradRebas amaxvilebs qvesaTaurze (,,fantastiuri moTxroba’’). ,,es postmodernistuli TamaSia sityvis polisemiiT. fantastikuri uCveulos, jerarnaxuls, araCveulebrivs, didebulsa da brwyinvalesac niSnavs. amgvari Rrmad dafaruli, xumrobanarevi TviTSefasebac wmindawylis postmodernia’’ (bregaZe 2008: 142). amgvarad, aqvs CarTuli epizodi moTxrobaSi avtors mizanmimarTulad gamoyenebuli. am mxatvruli elementis gamoyenebiT, is ufro mravalferovnad da xazgasmulad gamoxatavs Tavis ZiriTad saTqmels, rom namdvili xelovnebis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa ori arsebiTi niSani; Tavisufleba da siyvaruli. guram doCanaSvili mTlianad ar iziarebs postmodernistuli mimarTulebis yvela debulebas, magram erTi ramis Tqma ki Tamamad SegviZlia, rom is sakmaod xSirad iyenebs, am mimdinareobisTvis damaxasiaTebel mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs, esenia; 1) avtoris ormagi niRabi, romelic gulisxmobs mwerlis refleqsias teqstsa da misi Seqmnis procesze. 2) eseistur-Teoriuli CanarTebi. 3) ironia, rodesac ironizebulia ara mxolod personaJis pozicia, aramed gvxvdeba ironia avtoris poziciidanac. 4) interteqstualuri TamaSi. 5) TamaSi sityvis polisemiT. 6) stiluri ekleqtizmi. 7) metateqstualuri komentarebi. 115 8) metapersonaJebi. 9) sintaqsuri wyobis rRveva. 10) gramatikuli da punqtuaciuri wesebis uaryofa. yvela zemoT aRniSnuli mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualeba gvxvdeba guram doCanaSvilis moTxrobaSi ,,vater(po)lo anu aRdgeniTi samoSaoebi’’. guram doCanaSvilis erT-erT gamorCeul roman ,,samosel pirvelze’’. sadac kargad aris naCvenebi gmiris fsiqologiuri, religiuri gardatexa, mwerali aTasgvari mxatvruli xerxebis wyalobiT gviCvenebs gzas, romelic gmirma sakuTari Tavis Secnobamde ganvlo, gzas romelic savse iyo uamravi sirTuleebiT da romelic sabolood uflisaken midioda. nawarmebSi aris uamravi personaJi, metateqstebis simravle. am nawarmoebze gavavloT paulo saubris koelios dawyebisas romanTan SeuZlebelia, ,,alqimikosi’’, paraleli sadac ar analogiur problemas utrialebs mwerali. koelios mTavari moqmedi piri santiago da doCanaSvilis romanis mTavari gmiri domeniko im tipis adamianebi arian, romlebic cxovrebiseuli amocanis amosaxsnelad erTsa da imave gzas daadgnen, miznad daisaxes maTTvis ucnobi samyaros xilva, sadac maTi cxovrebisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli ambebi xdeboda, am samyarosken mimavali gza uamravi dabrkolebiT iyo aRsavse. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc erT gmirs ojaxis mxridan araviTari problema ar SeqmniaT, piriqiT_mSoblebi Svilebs sakuTari Tavis ZiebaSi daexmarnen. rodesac santiagom mRvdlobaze uari ganacxada da Tavisi survili mamas gaando, man ara Tu xeli ar SeuSla Svils, aramed gasamgzavrebeli fulic ki misca. santiagom im fuliT cxvrebi iyida da ase daiwyo misi TavgadasavlebiT aRsavse cxovreba. ,,da roca mama gzas ulocavda, Svilma mis TvalebSi amoikiTxa, rom, siberis miuxedavad, isic mogzaurobis dauZlevel ltolvas grZnobda, magram gulSi iklavda’’ (koelio 2004: 12). Svilma mamis survilebis ganxorcieleba SeZlo. ,,cxovreba swored imiT aris saintereso, SeiZleba yvela sizmari axdes‘’ (koelio 2004: 13). -swored am sizmris asaxdenad midis gmiri, sizmrisa, romelic mosvenebas ar aZlevda. man egviptis piramidebis xilva gaixada cxovrebis mTavar miznad. 116 santiagos Tu sizmari aiZulebs uxilavi da Soreuli samyaros Secnobisken svlas, domenikos amis survils ltolvili gauCens, romelic bedisweram mis sofelSi sruliad SemTxveviT miiyvana. domeniko bavSvobaSi yovelTvis erTsa da imave TamaSs TamaSobda _ mudam Sinidan ifiqrebda, garboda, rom am magram TamaSs yovelTvis realobad ukan aqcevda brundeboda. mamisa da ras ,,samoseli pirvelis daxmarebiT’’ ltolvili gaqra, magram Wabuks dautova udidesi survili ,,lamazi qalaqis’’ xilvisa. mamam misca am samoselidan wili, ase daadga domeniko 6 aTasi drahkaniTa da mogzaurobis dauokebeli surviliT aRWurvili sakuTari Tavis Secnobisken mimaval gzas. orive gmirs am ucnobi mimarTulebiT mimaval gzaze iseTi adamianebi xvdebian, romlebic swori mimarTulebiT siaruls aswavlian. santiagos melqisedeki mfarvelobda, xolo domenikos mama, romlis arsebobas Werze gaCenili laqiT SeigrZnobs. am gzaze orive maTgans didi gaWirveba gadaxdebaT, moxvdebian brZolaSi, saidanac mfarvelebis wyalobiT Tavs uvneblad daaRweven, magram yvelaze didi brZola cxovrebasTan eliT. domeniko micemul fuls mudmivi muSaoba gamoscades. xarjavs maSin, uwevs. santiagos rodesac gmirebma, fatima, arabi santiagos gaWirvebis Tavis garda, qaliSvili mamis mier Sesanaxad siyvarulic Seuyvardeba, xolo domeniko colad SeirTavs lamaz-qalaqel ana-marias, magram masTan yofna ar dascalda, qals ubeduri SemTxvevis Sedegad klaven. sanam col-qmari iyvnen, maSinac ar grZnobda domeniko Tavs bednierad, mas coli yovelTvis Soreuli da miuwvdomeli eCveneboda, grZnobda, maT Soris viRac iyo, is, vinc Tavisuflad cxovrebis saSualebas ar aZlevda. coli musikasTan ,,Ralatobda’’ mas. domenikos avtori mgzavrad moixseniebs igive iTqmis santiagozec, isic mgzavria, uyvardeba romelic qali, bednierebas romelic eZebs siyvarulis da enaze poulobs laparakobs, kidec. mas romelic siyvarulisTvisaa Seqmnili. ,,yvelgan _ udabnos SuagulSi Tu did qalaqSi, erTi adamiani meores eZebs da elodeba. roca dgeba maTi gzebis gadakveTisa da TvalebSi Caxedvis wami, warsulic da momavalic azrsa da mniSvnelobas 117 kargavs. rCeba mxolod es erTi wami da gasaocari rwmena imisa, rom amqveynad yvelaferi erTi da imave xeliT aris naweri, es xeli aRviZebs sulSi siyvaruls da tyupiscal suls apovninebs yovels, vinc Sromobs, isvenebs an ganZs eZebs’’ (koelio 2004: 75). fatimas udabnoSi gaicnobs santiago, iq sadac Zlieri siyvaruli ician da sadac Seyvarebuli qalebi samyaros aRsasrulamde elodebian sayvarel mamakacebs. ,,udabnom saCuqari momitana da es Sen xar’’ _uTxra Seyvarebuls qalma. aseve udabnoSi gaicnobs santiago alqimikoss. man urCia, sayvareli qalTan darCenis magivrad, ganZis saZebrad wasuliyo, radgan masze fiqri arasdros sakuTari moasvenebda. gulis ganZisaken mosmenas mimaval crdilobs. is gzaze santiago Seimecnebs mxolod ufals, rac daexmareba kidec miznis miRwevaSi. domenikoc aseve ipovis Tavis TavSi ufals, rac xdeba safuZveli ,,uZRebi Svilis dabrunebisa.’’ marTalia, is glaxaki da upovari brundeba mSobliur saxlSi, magram brundeba sulierad amaRlebuli da ganwmendili. misi dabrunebis Semdeg samoseli pirveli cecxlSi inTqmeba, rac niSnia imisa, rom domenikom cxovrebis umTavresi gamocda warmatebiT Caabara. rac Sexeba santiagos, is beladis tyveobidan Tavis daRwevis Semdeg ganZis saZieblad midis, misi gzamkvlevis rols alqimikosi asrulebs, is oqros miscems, radgan icis, rom orjer gaZarcves da ,,is, rac erTxel moxda, SeiZleba aRarasodes ganmeordes, magram orjer momxdari aucileblad ganmeordeba’’ (koelio 2004: 79). egvipteSi marto darCa gmiri piramidebis winaSe, ar icoda, sad eZebna ganZi da sasowarkveTilebisagan atirda. alqimikosma ukan dasabrunebeli gza dautova santiagos, Tavis saqciels ki ase uxsnis ,,rom gamefrTxilebine, piramidebs veRar naxavdi. sacodaoba iqneboda am silamazis unaxavad ukan dabruneba’’ (koelio 2004: 126). Tumca es ar iyo mxolod piramidebis gamo gavlili gza, es iyo gza, sadac santiagom sakuTari Tavi ipova da eziara yvelaze did bednierebas siyvaruls. ganZis povnis Semdeg fatimasTan wasvla gadawyvita. 118 nawarmoebSi orive gmiri siymawvilis asakSia naCvenebi. im asakSi, rodesac adamians hgonia, rom sakuTari bedis Secvla SeuZlia, rodesac bedisweras ebrZvis. ,,siymawvileSi yvela adamianma icis, ra bedic elis. cxovrebis am periodSi yvelaferi gasagebia da yvelaferi SesaZlebeli, amitom ar eSiniaT, iswrafvian ganmavlobaSi imisken, idumali risi Zala gakeTebac arwmunebT, surT. rom magram ocnebis droTa asruleba SeuZlebelia’’ (koelio 2004: 20). Tumca santiago angrevs am stereotips. is cvlis Tavis cxovrebas da beds, miznis misaRwevad ibrZvis da aRwevs kidec, amis Zalas aZlevs melqisedekis sityvebi ,,adamians mxolod erTderTi movaleoba akisria, amqveynad bolomde mihyves beds, es aris mTavari, daixsome, roca gwadia raRac, mTeli samyaro gexmareba survilis SesrulebaSi’’ (koelio 2004: 22). Tavisuflebis surviliT Sepyrobil gmirs surda, vrceli samyaro exila, am gzaze, sakuTari Tavis garda, aravin ar eRobeboda. cxvrebi, meduqnis qaliSvili da andalusiis velebi es yvelaferi mxolod miznamde misasvleli bilikebi iyo. ganZisken mimavali gza man uflis mier gamogzavnili niSnebiT Seicno. santiagom SeZlo imis amokiTxva, rac cxovrebam SesTavaza, ukan moralurad da zneobrivad amaRlebuli dabrunda. avtori ,,samosel pirvelze’’ romanis dasawyisSi wers: sikeTesa da borotebazea, maT ,,es wigni Secnobaze. soflel biW domenikoze, ltolvili kacis naambobis Semdeg is mSobliur saxls-kars tovebs da lamaz-qalaqSi midis. TandaTan, mraval adamianTan urTierTobisas, is Seimecnebs, Tu ra aris megobroba, siyvaruli, sikeTe, patiosneba, gulwrfeloba’’ (doCanaSvili 1990: 1). ,,vater(po)lo struqturulad xasiaTdeba SeiZleba anu aRdgeniTi gansxvavdeba. wminda garkveul samuSaoebi’’ ,,samoseli postmodernistuli wilad am _ pirveli’’, mimarTulebiT, niSnebis am romanisgan marTalia, magram gacnobiereba, retrospeqtuli struqturuli agebuleba amis saSualebas iZleva. 119 ar masSi romanis amdenad, guram doCanaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi TvalnaTliv ikveTeba, postmodernizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi niSani. I Tavis daskvna postmodernizmi farTod damkvidrda msoflio literaturSi da xelovnebis sxva sferoebSic gavrcelda. cxadia, postmodernizmze ise ver visaubrebT, Tu ar gvecodineba is niSnebi da Taviseburebebi, romlebic aRniSnul literaturul mimdinareobas axasiaTebs. romanis specifikasa da Semdeg ukve postmodernistuli romanis raobaze saubrisas gamoikveTa ramdenime saerTo mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli. es niSnebi gansakuTrebiT aisaxa romanze, romelmac srulebiT icvala saxe da forma. tradiciuli romani iqca antiromanad, is aRar icavs im struqturul mTlianobas, romliTac romanis daarRvia mTlianoba: Janri gamoirCeva. postmodernistulma romanma daSla, daqucmaceba mis savizito baraTad iqca, misi erT mTlianobaSi aRqma imdenad rTulia, rom zogjer mkiTxveli, Sua gzazec tovebs literaturul teqsts. mniSvnelovania im niSnebis CamoTvla, romelic postmodernizms axasiaTebs. esaa droisa da sivrcis difuzia da e.w. ,,axali gansxvavebuli personaJi’’. avtori irgebs niRabs da mTavari gmirebis daxmarebiT ambobs saTqmels. avtoris niRabi postmodernizmis erT-erT ganmsazRvrel niSnad iqca. drom sxva Sefaseba SeiZina (magaliTisTvis marsel prustis ,,dakarguli drois ZiebaSi’’) literaturul asparezze gamodis srulebiT sxva tipi sxva samyaros nawili (magaliTad, benjameni romanidan ,,xmauri da mZvinvareba’’). romanSic saxezea fargmentizacia da icvleba Tavad postmodernizmis procesamde Semcvelia. mTxrobelic. sawyisi misasvleli faqti erTia, icvleba etapi gza Txrobis mraval mravali msofliom stili kiTxvis niSans dabrkolebis postmodernizmi da da miiRo manerac. aCens, am winaRobis da iseTi Sedevrebi Seqmna, rogoricaa umberto ekos ,,vardis saxeli’’, milorad paviCis ,,xazaruli sityvis kona’’, xulio kortasaris ,,klasobana’’, patrik ziuskinds ,,parfiumeri’’, entoni berjesis ,,meqanikuri forToxali’’, ken kizis ,,viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina’’ da sxva. 120 saqarTveloSi postmodernizmi, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareoba, sakmaod gvian, 90-ian wlebSi Semovida. zogi mas umberto ekos ,,vardis saxelis’’ Semosvlas ukavSirebs, zogi dasavleTSi msoflio literaturul procesebs, romelsac Cveni qveyana ar CamorCa, zogi mTavar faqtorad 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelos socialur da politikur procesebs miiCnevs. asea Tu ise, faqti erTia, Cveni qveyana ar CamorCa msoflio literaturul procesebs mainc Seqmna iseTi postmodernizmis da marTalia literaturuli arsebobasa da mis dagvianebiT, magram nawarmoebebi, romelebic damkvidrebaze mianiSneben. postmodernizmi, rogorc yoveli axali movlena, saqarTvelom mZimed da eWviT miiRo, magram postmodernizmis droTa wesebi da ganmavlobaSi niSan-Tvisebebi qarTulma gaiTavisa kulturam da qarTul literaturaSi Semovida axali literaturuli mimdinareoba, romelmac tradicias Cveul qarTul dasavluri kulturis kulturas gziT waiyvana. orientirebi sanam Seacvlevina, uSualod qarTvel postmodernist mwerlebze visaubrebT, mniSvnelovania gamovkveToT is niSnebi, romlebic xasiaTdebs qarTuli postmodernizmis saTaveebs. es iyo 70-80-iani wlebi, am dros literaturaSi pirvelad gaCnda postmodernizmis niSnebi ori qarTveli mwerlis, naira gelaSvilis da guram doCanaSvilis, diskursisTvis SemoqmedebaSi. postmodernistuli damaxasaTebeli niSnebia: avtoris mxatvruli niRabi, interteqsti, fragmentuloba, dekonstruqcia, ironia, ormagi kodireba, rizoma naira gelaSvilis da guram doCanaSvilis mxatvruli teqstisTvis niSandobrivi da bunebrivi postmodernistuli maxasiaTebelia. cnobiereba ar SesaZlebelia, iyo gamoxatvis avtorebisTvis mizani da forma, maTTvis ar iyo mkafio is, Tu ra literaturul procesTan hqondaT saqme, magram, cxadia, maT SemoqmedebaSi es niSnebi ikveTeba. aseTia magaliaTad naira gelaSvilis ,,anabeWdebi’’, ,,mivemgzavrebi madrids’’, guram doCanaSvilis ,,vater (po) lo anu aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi’’ da ,,samoseli pirveli’’, romelic datvirTulia Sinaarsobrivad rTuli qveteqstebiT, rogorc religiuri, ise simbolisturi kuTxiT. Seiqmna tradiciuli qarTuli romanisgan srulebiT gansxvavebuli, aratradiculi qarTuli, teqsti, romani ganviTarebis da ganaxlebis gzas 121 daadga. is, rac ukve damTavrda msoflioSi, saqarTvelom, rogorc siaxle, ise miiRo. am droidan qarTul mwerlobaSi Cndebian axali saxelebi: zurab qarumiZe, laSa kvinikaZe, buRaZe, laSa aka imedaSvili, morCilaZe, postmodernistuli saukunea, sadac da zaza burWulaZe sxvebi. XXI nestan saukune iseTi procesebi viTardeba, romelic qarTuli realobisTvis ucxo da axali aRar aris. Tanamedrove qarTuli literatura bevr siaxles sTavazobs tradiciul qarTul mwerlobas da am mxatvruli formatis erTgvari alternativaa, postmodernizmic, faqtia, man dResdReobiT qarTuli saxe miiRo da qarTuli saTqmeliTac daitvirTa. 122 II Tavi postmodernistuli narativi da Tanamedrove qarTuli romani qarTul mwerlobaSi postmodernizmze XX saukunis miwuruls daiwyes saubari, am periodidan Seqmnili romanebi, srulad pasuxoben yvela im moTxovnas, rasac postmodernizmi ayenebs mxatvruli teqstis winaSe. saqarTveloSi arsebulma socialur-politikurma garemom am mimdinareobis Camoyalibebas garkveulwilad Seuwyo xeli. Tuki msoflio literaturuli samyaro am droisTvis postmodernizmis dasasrulze aqtiurad alaparakda, saqarTvelom es mimdinareoba maSin rogorc siaxle ise miiRo qarTul postmodernistul narativSi nel-nela gamoikveTa postmodernizmisTvis rizoma, ormagi principi, damaxasiaTebeli kodireba, ekleqtizmi. niSnebi: dekonstruqcia, tradiciul ironia, avtoris qarTul interteqsti, niRabi, TamaSis mwerlobas Cveul sazogadoebas, postmodernistulma literaturulma mimarTulebebma bevri saintereso siaxle SesTavaza. qarTveli postmodernisti mwerlebidan xazgsmuli meTodologiuri aqcentebiT gamoirCevian zurab qarumiZe, laSa imedaSvili, laSa buRaZe, nestan kvinikaZe, zaza burWulaZe, aka morCilaZe. TiToeul maTgans saTqmelis gadmocemis gansxvavebuli forma aqvs, xSirad erTsa da imave movlenas sxvadasxvagvari interpretirebiT gvTavazoben. realobis asaxva, socialur –politikuri motivebi xSirad gamxdara Tanamedrove avtorebis mTavari saTqmeli. gansxvavebulia maTi istoriuli xedva da faqtebis gadmocemis formebi. zogi klasikuri romanis CarCoebs gacda da sakuTari wesebi daamkvidra, zogi adgilsa da dros gaeqca da realobisgan srulebiT gansxvavebuli samyaro warmogvidgina. avtorebi xSirad gvajereben am faqtebis realobaSi, Tumca, postmodernistul teqsts ar moeTxoveba maTematikuri sizustiT warmogvidginos movlenebi. mxatvruli nawarmoebi istoriuli faqtebis interpretirebis velia, sadac erTmaneTis gverdigverd gamonagoni da realoba arsebobs. es moqmedeba imdenad bunebrivi da Tanmimdevrulia, xandaxan Wirs garkveva sad gadis zRvari realursa da gamonagons Soris. 123 avtori da procesebSi mkiTxveli TiTqmis Tanamedrove Tanabrad qarTul arian literaturul CarTulebi. qarTulma postmodernizmma grZeli da saintereso gza ganvlo, mis Semosvlas xeli Seuwyo sicarilem romelic 80-90 –ian wlebamde Seiqmna, am sicarielis amovseba gaxda saWiro. qarTul realobaSi postmodernizmma SeZlo axali saTqmeliT daetvirTa mimdinare literaturuli procesebi. qarTvelma avtorebma gaiTavises literaturuli siaxlis axali darad mimdinareoba, marTalia Semovida qarTul SemoqmedebiT samyaroSi. romelic dagvianebiT, araerTi magram mainc Semovida Zalian saintereso formiTa da saTqmeliT, romelic qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis ucxo iyo da dromac yvelaferi Tavis adgilze daalaga. literaturulma procesebma ganapiroba msoflioSi mimdinare postmodernistuli diskursis Camoyalibeba. saqarTvelo am movlenebis miRma ar darCenila. 2.1 zurab qarumiZe qarTul realobaSi pirveli gamokveTili postmodernisti mwerali zurab qarumiZea. swored amitom saWirod miviCnieT, qarTul postmodernizmze saubari am mwerlis Semoqmedebis ganxilviT dagvewyo. man qarTul realobaSi axali saTqmeli ,,sajildao qvis’’ mosinjvis gareSe Semoitana da Seqmna klasikuri qarTuli romanisgan gansxvavebuli teqstebi. es TaviseburebaSi. gansxavebuloba is arc erT mdgomareobs Semoqmeds ar hgavs, ambis imiT gadmocemis gansxvavdeba Tanamedrove avtorebisagan, rom ar aRwers arc Tbilisis oms, arc samaCablosa da afxazeTis dakargvas, piriqiT, qarTuli realobisaTvis uCveulo saTqmels gadmogvcems. nawarmoebSi moqmedeba operaSi xdeba, es ukve naTeli miniSnebaa imaze, rom avtori mkiTxelis winaSe aTamaSebs karnavals, dgams speqtakls, romelSic mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli mkiTxvelia, is uflebamosilia, Secvalos Txroba, arios an daalagos saTqmeli. ,,qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebisTvis metad uCveulo aRmoCnda zurab qarumiZis teqstebi. misi literaturuli opusebi qarTuli postmodernizmis dasawyiss moaswavlebs’’ (imnaiSvili 2010: 108). zurab 124 qarumiZem tradiciul qarTul mwerlobas Tavi aarida da sruliad sxva saTqmeli SesTavaza mkiTxvels, qarTuli realobisTvis Tamami da uCveulo. mwerali romanSi modernizmze saubrisas, ,,Rvinomuqi zRva’’ postmodernizmze da am or termins Soris sainterso miniSnebebs da gansxvavebebs akeTebs: ,,modernstuli literatura ufro umal vulkanuri warmoSobisaa, xolo postmodernistuli ki neotunuris, anu-pirveli tlaqnia da mZime, xolo meore msubuqi da mdored denadi’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 249). teqstSive ikveTeba postmodernizmis erT-erT gamorCeuli niSaniparodia. parodirebulia abo Tbilelis saxe, abos nacvlad avtori mas Jan-batist TbileliT moixseniebs. avtori TamaSobs da, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,TamaSi ver itans karnaxs!’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 7) mkiTxveli unda ahyves mwerals am TamaSSi. nawarmoebSi Secvlilia rolebi, avtorma platonis saxeli gamoiyena Tumca amjerad is gogod aqcia, es is, arc meti arc naklebi, TeatrSi daibada. simboluria, rom avtori Tavadve qmnis personaJebs, romelTac teqstis aRqmaSi garkveuli misia akisriaT. cxovrebac TeatriviTaa, sadac Cven yvela Cvens rols vasrulebT. nawarmoebSi personaJebi adamianis sxeuls kiTxuloben. yvelaferi zedapirzea, radgan dafarauli sivrceebi aRar arsebobs. postmodernistulma literaturam yvelaferi dRis sinaTleze gamoitana. romani ,,Rvinomuqi zRva’’ erTi didi Teatraluri piesaa, sadac ar arsebobs mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli gmiri, aq yvelas Tavisi roli aqvs, aq yvela SesaZlebeli Tavis xdeba, cxovrebas TamaSobs. warmoudgenelis am teqstSi warmodgena iwvevs SeuZlebelic realobisgan gaqcevas, mxatvruli nawarmoebis daniSnulebac esaa, mkiTxveli amyofos irealurisa da realuris mijnaze. cnobiereba iwvevs zematerialuris Ziebas, rac teqstis aRqmas kidev ufro arTulebs. teqsts ar aqvs erTiani siuJeturi xazi, ambavi da saTqmeli srulebiT cdeba avtoris warmosaxvas. mwerals SeuZlia Tavisuflad SemogvTavazos malarmes da platonis qorwili, mere ra, Tu am or adamians Soris saukuneebia sxvaoba da orive mamakacia, es aranair problemas ra qmnis. postmodernistul teqstebSi ar arsebobs dro da aseve srulebiT dasaSvebia erTsqesianTa 125 qorwinebac, aq moqmedeba viTardeba rogorc antikur periodSi, ise SuasaukuneebSi. ar arsebobs aranairi zRvari da barieri, yvela saTqmeli erTad iyris Tavs, yvela personaJi erT teqstSi erTiandeba, xolo ,,is, rac usargebloa niRabma unda dafaros’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 7). avtori niRbis Sesaxeb saubrobs da miaCnia, rom niRabi imTaviTve borotebis simboloa, radgan, Tu adamians raRacis dafarva da damalva uxdeba, is Tavad xdeba xSirad borotebis Tanamonawile da xSirad es boroteba misi cxovrebis ganmsazRvrel movlenad iqceva xolme. mkvlevari zaza SaTiriSvili aRniSnul romanze wers: ,,ratom vuwodebT am romans radikalur eqsperiments? upirveles yovlisa, misi principulad antinaratiuli tendenciis gamo. avtori ar aris orientirebuli ambis moyolaze_mas ainteresebs ara istoria, aramed is, Tu ra mosdis enas, roca wer. wera-ai, romanis realuri Tema da Sinaarsi’’ (SaTiriSvili 2012: 2). Tanamedrove samyaroSi, romelsac mwerali aRwers, TiTqos yvelafers feri ecvala _ ,,realoba gaufasurda, iluziebi ganqarda aRarc erTia, aRarc meore’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 19). avtori am qaotur yofnaaryofnis mijnaze arsebul samyaros warmogvidgens, sadac realoba da iluzia ,,erT enaze saubrobs’’ da erT saTqmels gadmoscems. teqstSi postmodernizmisTvis xulio kortasaris damaxasiaTebeli ,,klasobana’’, ekleqtizmiT aseve entoni aris berjesis warmoCenili ,,meqanikuri forToxali’’. Tavad avtoric ironiuladaa ganwyobili teqstis mimarT da wers, rom ,,ekleqtika fuWi gemovnebis niSaniao’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 20). TviT ironia xSirad ufro didi saTqmelze miniSnebaa. samyarosadmi ironias mwerali romanSi asaxavs. romanSi moqmedeba TbilisSi viTardeba, Tumca avtorisTvis am qalaqma saxe icvala, iseTi aRaraa, rogoric iyo. istoriis manZilze aTasnairma qartexilma gadaiara saqarTvelos dedaqalaqze. ,,aq axlac Tevzebi da moluskebi binadroben, da siyvarulis seniT dasjili sulebi. zRva aris tfili da Rvinomuqi’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 31). istoriuli narativi postmodernizmis erT-erTi formaa. is, rac odesRac arsebobda, axla ,,zRvagadavlia’’, sadac mogonebebi ,,napirze gamoriyuli’’ moluskebiviT yria. 126 avtori pirdapir amonaridebs akeTebs sxvadasxva teqstidan. erTerTi aseTi teqstia ,,abo Tbilelis cxovreba’’. ,,bunebiT sarkinozi, sulnelTa maT sacxebelTa keTilad Semmzadebeli, romelman dauteva mahmad da sulnelebasa nelsacxebelTa qristeisaTa srbioda, imave azrisa iyo am qalaqze’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 31). abo Tbilels avtori marginalizebul gmirs uwodebs, romelic arc aqauria da arc iqauri, romelic zRvarze imyofeba. mwerali ucnaur da arabunebriv saxelebs arqmevs Tavis gmirebs. interteqsti avtorma erT-erT personaJs gvarad SeurCia ,,misi namdvili gvaria inter-teqsti’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 34). rogorc zaza SaTiriSvili aRniSnavs, nawarmoebSi ,,Targmani da Targmaneba erT-erTi saintereso Temaa, xolo maCabeli da maCabliseuli Seqspiri-romanis erT-erTi mTavari ,,gmiri’’ (SaTiriSvili 2012: 2). teqstSi parodirebulia interpretirebulia leqsi ,,mamuli’’. galaktionis avtori leqsi Taviseburi ,,meri’’, aseve interpretaciiT gadmogvcems teqsts, romelic mas ar ekuTvis, magram mTavar saTqmelSi isea Casmuli, TiTqos avtorma es yovelgvari zedmeti fiqrisa da pasuxismgeblobis gareSe Caamata, Tumca cxadze cxadia, es yvelam, maT Soris mkiTxvelma, kargad icis, rom postmodernizmisTvis sxvis testebiT sargebloba ucxo ar aris. sruliad alogikuria seqsi, mamuli da galoba erT dros da erT konteqstSi. avtori gamoarCevs postmodernistul teqsts patrik ziuskindis ,,sunamos’’ da am romanis Sesaxeb mokle SeniSvnas akeTebs. ,,im menelsacxebles daemsgavsa, romelic yvelafris macerirebiT yvelafridan sunamosa xdis, Tavad ki sakuTari suni ar uwyis da arc sxvebma uwyian misi suni da cxovrebis bolos nakuwebad rom aqceven da Sesanslaven’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 60). ,,realoba qrebao hiper-realur gamosaxulebaTa mozRvavebis gamo’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 61) - wers mwerali da Tavadaa monawile am realobis gaqrobisa. is warmoadgens gamqral, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, daqucmacebul, nawilebad qceul realobas, romlis erTianobaSi aRqma Znelia. mwerali axsenebs Tanamedrove politikur procesebs, Tumca es Tema namdvilad ar aris misi Semoqmedebis mTavari sakiTxi. 127 teqstSi CarTulia ,,nacarqeqias’’ da ,,konkias’’ zRaprebi, romelTac gansxvavebuli interpretacia misca avtorma. avtori mkiTxvels mimarTavs ,,im teqsts, romelSic Sen imyofebi, realuri avtori ar hyavs – igi TavisiT iwereba’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 72). esec TamaSis xerxia, cxadia, rom arc erTi literaturuli teqsti avtoris gareSe ar iqmneba, ubralod recipienti rwmundeba mis yovlisSemZleobaSi, rac romanis gaazrebas kidev ufro didi interess sZens. teqstSi avtors Tamamad aqvs naCvenebi ori aratradiciuli seqsualuri orientaciis mqone qalis istoria. yvelafer amas amZafrebs is momenti, rom isini sruliad SiSvlebi CixtikopebiT iReben suraTebs. es faqtia Zalian Tamami da amoraluri Tundac XXI saukunis mkiTxvelisaTvis. vfiqrobT, avtoris mxridan aseTi siTamame da cinikuri damokidebuleba sakuTari qveynis warsulisadmi qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis garkveulwilad miuRebelia. yvelaferma fasi dakarga, avtori nihilisturad warmoadgens sakuTari qveynis istoriasa da tradiciebs. tradiciebis gadafasebam sxvanairi, ufro Tamami da mZime saxe miiRo. cinizmi, faseulobebis ugulebelyofa, sakuTari damokidebulebis dafiqsireba kidev ufro metad amZafrebs sxvaobas Tanamedrove mwerlebsa da klasikur mwerlebs Soris. simbolos nihilizmi erovnuli identobis yvelaze niSneul enacvleba. mentaluri da moraluri imperativi cinikuri da alternatiuri damokidebulebis sababi xdeba. es mwerlis iaraRia mTavari saTqmelis gadmosacemad, rac faseulobaTa gadafasebas da tradicebisadmi damokidebulebis Secvlas gulisxmobs. romanSi bevri sxvadasxva Temaa Semoatanili. erT-erTi aseTia galaktion tabiZis TviTmkvleloba. mwerali wers galaktionis tabiZis sikvdilze da ambobs, rom poetebis mefes sikvdilic poeturi hqonda. Tbilisi ucxo qalaqad iqca, gaWirvebisa da samoqalaqo omis centrad. ,,im periodis Tbiliss, sazrdooba ar dascada, siyrmidan pirdapir sibereSi gadaikarga’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 85-86). avtori aqac postmodernizmiTvis damaxasiaTebel erT-erT terminze amaxvilebs yuradRebas ,,dekonstruqcia dekonstruqcia ,,dekonstruqcia’’, daSla-armoSlis mniSvnelovani romelsac xelovneba’’ xerxia, 128 romlis (qarumiZe meSveobiTac ase 2012: xsnis: 117). mkiTxveli avtoris daxmarebiT axdens mxatvruli teqstis daSlas, romlis Semdegac is teqstis irgvliv ayalibebs Tavis saTqmels. mTavari saTqmeli ki patar-patara ambebadaa ganlagebuli mTel teqstSi. misi erT mTlianobaSi aRqma mkiTxvelis movaleobaa. mkiTxvels teqstSi erT-erTi mTavari roli akisria: ,,sikvdils sicocxlis mimarT iseTive funqcia ekisreba, rac mkiTxvels naweris mimarT’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 121). mwerali qalaqis ise ver aRwers, rogorc amas aka morCilaZe akeTebs, aka morCilaZis Tbilisi zurab qarumiZis Tbilisisgan srulebiT gansxvavebuli da mravalferovania. is gviCvenebs erT epizods rodesac qalaqSi imarTeba yeenobis dResaswauli. es yvelaferi karnavalizebulia, im dros Tbilisi interkulturuli qalaqi iyo. ,,qalaqi ki ara sufTa koqteilia Tanac Rvinomuqi’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 227). teqstis finalSi speqtaklis mTavari gmiri kvdeba. man dadga Tavis cxovrebis speqtakli. avtori teqsts 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi 1996-2000 wlebSi werda: ,,Znelia mkiTxvels uambo ambavi da mas ki darCes gancda, TiTqos araferi gaugia’’, komentarebi cnebebsa da personaJebze, rogorc yvela postmodernistul nawarmoebs, am teqstsac axlavs danarTisa da sqolioebis saxiT. 2.2 laSa imedaSvili Tanamedrove literaturaSi gamorCeuli adgili ekuTvnis laSa imedaSvils, misi Semoqmedeba sruliad pasuxobs yvela im moTxovnas, romelsac postmodernizmi ayenebs mxatvruli literaturis winaSe. misi romanebidan aRsaniSnavia ,,biografiebi’’ da ,,sami novelebisagan Semdgari mkveleoba Zvel TbilisSi’’. ,,biografiebi’’_ qriste’’, ,,leonardo javaxiSvili, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, mcire da ,,galaktion vinCi’’, tabiZe’’, gamoirCeva. erTi mwerlis maT ,,alfred bernhare ,,diabolos’’) Sorisaa cxovrebisa da narativia nobeli’’, romelTagan ,,mixeil bedisweris (,,ieso ,,mixeil ramdenime javaxiSvili’’. aRqma meore mwerlis mier. gazeT ,,Cven mwerlobaSi’’, sadac pirvelad gamoqveynda 129 aRniSnuli romani, mas aseTi skandaluri saTauri hqonda ,,mwerlobis imitacia - saeWvo biografiis kaci’’. rogorc sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, postmodernisti mwerali undoblobiT aris gamsWvaluli yvela saxis codnis mimarT, Jan-fransua liotaris terminologiiT, ,,yvela im ,,metaTxrobis’’ mimarT, romelTa meSveobiTac sazogadoeba axerxebs organizebas da dafuZnebas. postmodernistebi Tvlian, rom samyaros realuri wvdoma misi adekvaturi gaazreba mxolod ,,intuitivizmiT’’ SeiZleba. Tavisi asociaciurobiT, metaforulobiT, gonebis wamieri ganaTebiT. xedvis aRqmis kuTxiT aseTi cvlileba iwvevs Zveli ,,diadi metamoTxrobebis daqucmacebas, patarpatara xSirad Zalze moulodnel paradoqsuli xasiaTis ambebad, riTac Tavdayira dgeba kavSirebsa da yvela tradiciuli tradiciuli faseuloba. faseulobebis Cveul namsxvrevebSi logikur moyolili postmodernisti amieridan samyaros aRiqvams, rogorc mouwesrigebeli fragmentebis grovas’’'(muzaSvili aratradiciulma xedvam 2002: 87). samyaros ,,postmodernistuli aseTma mgrZnobelobis’’ saxelwodeba miiRo. kritikos nugzar muzaSvilis azriT, ,,mwerlobis imitacia; saeWvo biografiis kaci’’ -SeiZleba qarTuli postmodernizmis qrestomaTiul nimuSad CaiTvalos, imdenad zustad gamoxatavs im Taviseburebebs, rac am mimdinareobas aqvs CvenSi. aq aris aSkarad gamokveTili epistemologiuri daeWvebis specifikurad qarTuli varianti. ganxorcielebuli mixeil javaxiSvilis cxovrebasTan da SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT’’ (muzaSvili 2002: 91). moTxrobaSi xazgasmulia citirebebi, aluzia rogorc mixeil javaxiSvilis, ise sxva avtorTa Semoqmedebidan. rogorc kritikosi aRniSnavs _ ,,SeuZlebelia TvalSi ar mogxvdeT moTxrobis xazgasmuli eseisturoba _Tqven ara marto iciT, rogor Seiqmna es teqsti, axla interesiT kiTxulobT kiTxulobT, mixeil aramed javaxiSvilis zogjer ifiqrebT, cxovrebasa da romelsac gamokvlevas Semoqmedebaze’’ (muzaSvili 2002: 93). rogorc postmodernistul teqstTa umravlesobaSi, aqac TvalSisacemia ormagi kodirebis sistema, ganxorcielebulia sruliad sxvadasxva xasiaTis, Janrisa nawarmoebebis sinTezi. 130 teqstSi da Sinaarsis aseve ironizebulia damaxasiaTebeli qarTvelebis ,,gvariSvilobis snobizmi’’, mentalitetisaTvis avtori Tavis saTqmels mixeil javaxiSvilis daxmarebiT gveubneba_ ,,wamsve wamovxti da patara, damjere bavSviviT orbelians (grigoli) ukan avedevne, im kacs, romelsac naxevarze met saqmes misi gvari dabadebamde gakeTebuls axvedrebda, me ki dRemde ver gamirkvevia toklikaSvili var, adamaSvili, javaxiSvili Tu samive erTad. finiasaviT gavyevi im kacs, romelmac erTi xeiriani leqsic ki ver Seqmna’’ (imedaSvili 2003: 46). ase daaxasiaTa mweralma grigol orbeliani. nawarmoebSi dafiqsireba patriotizmis xdeba. inacvlebs, moraluri mwerali mimarT gansxvavebuli faseulobebi saqarTveloze nel-nela saubrisas poziciis ukana simarTles planze ambobs, simarTles, romlis aRiarebac Cven ar gvinda, magram yvelaze kargad viciT: ,,ase viyaviT Cvenc mudam vbaqibuqobdiT, ganumeoreblobas viCemebdiT, qarTuli mwerloba ara Tu Svili, mezobelic arasdros yofila evropuli mwerlobisa’’ (imedaSvili 2003: 48). sainteresodaa damokidebuleba warmodgenili qalisadmi, romelic qali isev personaJebi. Soreuli naCvenebia ocnebis sagani gamxdara, evropa am kuTxiTac ar Semosula Cvens qveyanaSi aq jer kidev, ,,mxolod SoriT dagva, gauTavebeli wuxili da gaumxeleli saidumlo iyo. amis gamo vixarSebiT sakuTar wvenSi, verafriT gagvirRvevia sazRvari da verc evropis majiscemas avdevnebivarT’’ (imedaSvili 2003: 52). axalma epoqam moiTxova qalisadmi damokidebulebis Secvla. Tanamedrove adamiani ar kmayofildeba dafaruli sxeulis xilviT ,,iTxovs vnebian kocnas, miCqmaluli grZnobebis duRils’’ (imedaSvili 2003: 53). postmodernisti mwerali fardas xdis simarTles da istoriaSi damalul faqtebs ayenebs mkiTxvelis winaSe. ase magaliTad, sainteresoa mixeil javaxiSvilis mamis, sabas Tavgadasavali maiko baraTaSvilTan da Semdeg mixeilis mier margosa da jayos prototipebad sakuTari mamisa da maiko baraTaSvilis gamoyeneba. mixeilis javaxiSvilis istoriis mTxrobelad avtorma gamoiyvana vinme nika, romelic mixvda, rom Tavis gadasarCenad SeiZleboda ewera, erTaderTi es iyo, rac exerxeboda. 131 SeeZlo, miebaZa sxvadasxva mwerlisTvis da, rogorc nugzar muzaSvili axasiaTebs _ ,,rac mTavaria, igi postmodernistuli saukunis Svilia, anu adamiani, romelic tradiciuli faseulobebis nangrevebSi cxovrobs’’ (muzaSvili 2002: 97). misi azriT, sikvdilmisjilTa sakanSi myofi mixeil javaxiSvili ase dawerda Tavis biografias, fsevdo mwerali ki mas bariga telmanis daxmarebiT ise gaasaRebda, rogorc didi mwerlis xelnawers. falsificirebuli teqsti avtors aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisgan, es postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli xorcieldeba mTavari misi Txrobis principi- maneraa, teqsti sadac teqstSi, anu interteqstualizacia. am efeqti, tipis nika xelnaweris nawarmoebisTvis cixeSi xvdeba moparvisTvis. ara damaxasiaTebelia gayalbebisTvis, mosamarTleebs ki, moulodnelobis aramed romlebic muzeumidan didad ar gamoirCevian inteleqtis maRali doniT, eWvi ar eparebaT, rom es absurdi javaxiSvilis Seqmnilia da nikam moipara imisTvis, rom fuli eSova. is, rac wina periodSi bevrisTvis miuRebeli da aRmaSfoTebeli iyo, axla Cveulebriv ambadaa qceuli. nika cixeSi hyveba galaktionis, cisferyanwelebis postmodernistul biografiebs, man didi warmateba moipova ara marto patimrebSi, aramed cixis administraciaSic, sadac siamovnebiT usmenen da amiT ipyrobs bevri adamianis gulebs. nawarmoebSi Temur babluanis filmebis citirebac xorcieldeba, kerZod is mTavrdeba sityvebiT, ,,maliari xar biWo?’’. _ ekleqtizmi damaxasiaTebelia postmodernizmisTvis. aRniSnul mxatvrul teqstSi kargad epoqis Cans adamianebze droisa da kvali da is, Tu rogori hiperbolizirebuli warmodgena gvaqvs sakuTar Tavze, axla ukve droa, yvelafers farda aexados, yvelafers Tavisi saxeli daerqvas. postmodernistuli diskursis nimuSia laSa imedaSvilis romani ,,sami mkvleloba Zvel TbilisSi’’. romelic 2006 wels gamoica. nawarmoebSi daxatulia me-19-20 saukuneebis Tbilisi. aq qalaqis xibls gvaziarebs mwerali postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ironiuli xedviTa Tanamedrove da gaazrebiT. is saintereso Txrobis maneriT gamoirCeva. mkiTxvels iTrevs gardasuli periodis Tbilisis ambebSi da 132 masTan erTad mogzaurobs, istoriis miviwyebul labirinTebSi. mwerals Tavisi versiebi aqvs cnobili qarTveli mTargmnelis ivane maCablis burusiT mocul gauCinarebasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve ilia WavWavaZis da norvegieli qalbatonis pani prespiSevskaias mkvlelobaze. saintereso da sazogadoebisTvis ucnobia is dokumenturi masala, romelic avtorma mogvawoda norvegieli qalbatonis pani prespiSevskaias mkvlelobaze. mkvleloba im periodis TbilisSi moxda, ,,rodesac Cveni samSoblo, jer kidev ar iyo unar-Cvevebis qveyana da avad Tu kargad, tradiciebis erTguli gaxldaT’’. am naTqvamSi avtori ironiasac urevs. laSa imedaSvilma am nawarmoebSi Cven winaSe gaacocxla im periodis Tbilisi, rodesac qalaqi Sendeboda da evropis fexis xmas Tu ara, sunTqvas danaSauli mainc iyo xdeboda. ayolili. erT-erTi sadac aseTi uamravi iyo faruli ucxoeli Tu stumris Ria pani prespiSevskaias saidumloebiT moculi mkvleloba. istorizmis principi, kriminaluri saqmeebi, sadac gamoZiebas Tavad avtori axdens mkiTxvelTan erTad calsaxad postmodernistul ganxiluli nawarmoebic literaturuli vxvdebiT yvela mimdinareoba avtoris niRabs, im ayenebs formatSia warmoCenili. mwerlis moTxovnas pasuxobs, rasac es teqstis winaSe. aq mxatvruli interteqsts, interteqstualur TamaSis princips. laSa imedaSvilis nawarmoebebis gacnobis Semdeg, naTeli xdeba, rom Cvens winaSe TanamedroveTagan erT-erTi gamorCeuli mwerali dgas. romelic mkiTxvels uamrav saintereso, maTTvis uCveulo masalas awvdis wina saukunis (da araa marto im periodis) Tbilisze. 2.3 zaza burWulaZe zaza burWulaZe romlis cnobili qarTveli postmodernisti mweralia, Semoqmedebac kritikosTa erTi nawilisaTvis uamrav kiTxvis niSans badebs, meore nawili ki mis SemoqmedebaSi raRac axalsa da uCveulos xedavs, iseTs, rac aqamde arc erT qarTvel mwerals ar Seuqmnia. marTlac, qarTul literaturaSi aqamde ar arsebobda cneba 133 ,,antiromani’’. swored zaza burWulaZe gvevlineba aseTi tipis nawarmoebis Semqmnelad, sadac ar arsebobs aranairi siuJeturi xazi, Sinaarsi, sadac mTavari gmirebic ki ar arseboben. ubralod avtors wera mounda da dawera is, rasac Tavis dasazRvevad miawera ,,antiromani’’. es saxelwodeba erTgvari iaraRia im sazogadoebisgan Tavis dasacavad, visTvisac mxolod tradiciul literaturas aqvs fasi. mwerali wers imaze, razec sxvebi mxolod fiqroben da ver bedaven Tamamad gamoTqvan sakuTari azri. masze cnobili rusi mwerali dimitri sorokini wers: ,,zaza burWulaZe mxiarulad da amasTanave sevdianad gadmogvcems saTqmels’’ (sorokini) zaza burWulaZe wers romans, ,,romelic SeiZleba waikiTxon saqarTveloSic da mis farglebs gareTac. is ar aris mxolod sivrcisa da regionis mwerali, is pirvel rigSi, drois mweralia, istoriuli epoqisa, romelsac erTma Tanamedrove moazrovnem simulaciis epoqa uwoda’’ (zedania 2010) ,,mineralur jazze’’ saubars kritikosi nugzar muzaSvili wignSi ,,Cven da isini’’ calke Tavs uTmobs, romelsac ase asaTaurebs ,,mkiTxveli bWobda, mwerali icinoda, anu antiromani’’. ,,mineralur jazi’’ antiromania, anu CvenTvis sruliad uCveulo ram, romelic ara marto sxvagvarad iwereba, aramed sxvagvarad ikiTxeba kidec, ,,maS ase: Tu ukve mogbezrdaT erTi da igive’’ Cveni 1500 wlovani mTlianobis romantikulma sulma Tavi mogabezraT da axla gindaT cota ram pilpilmoyrilsa da uCveulos gausinjoT gemo ,,mineralur jazi’’ unda gadaSaloT’’ (muzaSvili 2002: 161). xolo kritikosi Tamar paiWaZe aRniSnul romanze (Tu antiromanze) wers: ,,zaza burWulaZis antiromani ,,mineraluri jazi’’, SemoqmedebiTi klimaqsis nayofi, mkiTxvelis Tavsatexad, mkiTxvelisaTvis safiqrelad, mkiTxvelTan erTad samoqmedod, mkiTxvelisken mimarTuli didi kiTxvis niSnis amosacnobad Seqmnili wignia. rogorc Cans, SemoqmedebiTi krizisi Tu klimaqsi avtors fantazias gamofitavs da radgan siuJetis gagrZelebas veRar axerxebs, mkiTxvelis gatyuebas da drois mogebas crdilobs ,,sxvadasxva saubriT’’ (paiWaZe 2006: 95-96). aRniSnul romelic aseve nawarmoebSi bolomde avtori bolomde mouTmenlad 134 elis eTamaSeba TxrobaSi recipients, ,,fabulis dabrunebas’’ da Sewyvetili Txrobis gagrZelebas. es aris teqsti arafris Sesaxeb, romelsac Sua gzaze ver miatoveb is ,,Cvens irgvliv gamefebuli arafrobis asaxvaa literaturaSi. aRmoCnda, rom zogjer es arafrobac sainteresoa, xolo arc Tu iSviaTad, ambis dawyebis daZabuli molodini, romliTac gaJRenTilia mTeli es teqsti, met esTetikur siamovnebas mkiTxvels, aniWebs vidre romelime uferuli arafrismTqmeli siuJeti’’ (tyeSelaSvili 2005: 15) aseT Sefasebas aZlevs zaza burWulaZis nawarmoebs miranda tyeSelaSvili werilSi, ,,mwerluri TamaSi.’’ am nawarmoebSi mkiTxvelia yvelafris Tavi da Tavi mxolod mas SeuZlia Tavisi fantaziis wyalobiT ahyves mwerals TamaSSi, imisTvis, raTa am fantaziis Sedegad nawilobriv Tavad gaxdes TanaSemomqmedi. xolo is mkiTxveli, romelmac antiromanis kiTxva romanis eSxiT daiwyo da yuradReba ar miaqcia mis qvesaTaurs, gawbilebili rCeba Tavgadasavlebis Ziebis magivrad mas xelT SerCa, sruliad uCveulo, Sokis momgvreli ambavi. nawarmoebi iwyeba gogi gvaxarias winasityvaobiT, sadac is wers: ,,labirinTSi da koSmarSia moqceuli mwerali da eZebs gamosavals. mkiTxvelTan Sinagani dialogi misTvis bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania. mwerals erTi wuTi ar aviwydeba adamiani, visac am mesijs ugzavnis’’ (burWulaZe 2003: 2). is eTamaSeba recipients da teqstis Tanaavtorad xdis. ,,ggonia ver migixvdi ra gaifiqreo’’ –ase mimarTavs zaza burWulaZe mkiTxvels, romelic mTlian, daunawevrebel, ukanono bavSvur samyaroSi xvdeba, ,,mweralma icis mkiTxveli da es yvelaze mniSvnelovani ramaa, rogorc wesi, Cven mxolod imas vgebulobT, ra stkiva avtors’’ (burWulaZe 2003: 2). nawarmoebSi moqmedeba cirkSi iwyeba, sadac mwerals pirvelive gverdze mefokuze graf pier orlovi Semohyavs erTi gaelvebiT da mas mkiTxvelTan gacnobisTanave klavs maSin, rodesac arenaze gamosvlisTvis emzadeba: Tavad antiromanic triukebiT aRsavse, sacirko warmodgenas hgavs, sadac erTmaneTis monacvleobiT Semodian personaJebi da TavianT rolebs asruleben. 135 Tavad zaza burWulaZeze kritikosi nugzar muzaSvili aRniSnavs, rom ,,zaza axalgazrda mweralia da igi iRwvis saxelis mosaxveWad. gnebavT sanaZleos Camoval, rom es kaci marTlac moixveWs ukeTess yovelsa mosaxveWelze. igi virtuozulad qmnis imas, rasac mere antiromans daarqmevs da arc Tu usafuZvlod’’ (muzaSvili 2002: 163). avtori, erTi SexedviT, Cveulebrivi Tbilisuri ojaxis cxovrebis Cvenebas cdilobs, magram, rodesac ggonia, rom xelCasaWidi am nawarmoebSi swored esaa, maSin aqcevs mwerali zurgs oCigavebis ojaxs da Txroba sxva Temaze gadaaqvs. xolo am ambavs gasaazreblad. gamomZiebeli Samugia, mkiTxvels utovebs romelic moxuci jambazis mkvlelobisa da cirkidan gaqceuli daTvis istorias iZiebs, mTavari gmiri peto Sesaxebac oCigava, ironiulad naTela malania aRniSnavs panteleimonis mwerali, rom is coli, romlis ,,samegrelos yru soflidanaa, civilizacia am sofelSi jer ar Sesula da sisxlis aReba nawilobriv Cveulebrivi ramaa. Tokze gafenili bikinebi yvelganaa, maSin rodesac kanalizacia araa Cveneba imitom Wirdeba dapirispirebuli gayvanili’’ (burWulaZe 2003: 20). am gmirebis mwerals samyaro, rom sadac gvaCvenos moraluri ori erTmaneTTan faseulobebi elvis siswrafiT qreba da mis adgils yovelgvari uzneoba ikavebs. tradiciebi ufasurdeba da masze saubari saxelebic amis maCvenebelia. mxolod ironias iwvevs. personaJebis nawarmoebSi erTaderT mamakacia da masac petia hqvia, romelsac saxeli ar uwyobs xels, Tumca ,,didi xania nabdiT daWedili bedauriviT Caiqrola im drom, roca gamijnurebul vaJkacs maincdamainc giorgi an konstantine unda rqmeoda’’ (burWulaZe 2003: 7). Tumca mkiTxvelisaTvis yvelaze didi moulodneloba is gaxldaT, rodesac mweralma literaturis peto mSvenier qalbatonad gadaakeTa. ,,Cveni istoriaSi Tu ginaxavT aseTi RvTis nebis gadasvlis magaliTebi, roca kaci xdeba qali.’’ _wers nugzar muzaSvili da aqve axsnis ,,imitom, rom aqamde CvenSi Zexorciels ar mosvlia azrad antiromanis SeTxzva’’ (muzaSvili 2002: 165). is, rac saukuneebis manZilze xelSeuxebeli da wminda iyo, rogorc mwerlisTvis ise mkiTxvelisTvis, Tavdayira dgeba: gaqra RmerTi, erovnuloba, patriotizmi, siyvaruli, yvelaferma fasi dakarga, mwerals 136 Tamamad SeuZlia sakuTari personaJebisTvis sqesis Secvla, mas sakuTar nawarmoebSi yvelafris ufleba aqvs da am uflebas srulad iyenebs. misi mxridan es garkveulwilad riskze wasvlaa, Tumca icis, mkiTxveli dainteresdeba misi antiromaniT. ismis kiTxva sad wavida patriotuli lirika da siyvaruli? ,,arsad ar wasula, Zvirfasno. es yvelaferi axalma droebam dasca da dalewa, xolo antiromanma namsxvrevebiT burTaoba gamarTa’’ (muzaSvili 2002: 167). mwerali ar gvTavazobs misi romelime gmiris Tavgadasavlis Cvenebas, isini ar xvdebian faTerakebiT aRsavse samyaroSi. is antiromanSi Tavgadasavals uaryofs, mas gaTavisebuli aqvs postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daundobloba da mkiTxvelis jadosnur badeSi moqceva, saidanac Tavis daRweva mxolod recipientis ostatobazea damokidebuli. avtori mTavar gmirad peto oCigavas miiCnevs ,,imitom, rom mas jazi aqvs gulSi amotvifruli. jazi _ Tavisuflebis mTavari postulati.’’ Tumca iqve amatebs, rom ,,Cemi neba rom iyos, mTavar gmirad gogoSkas gamoviyvandi, sul dRevandel dRes (burWulaZe 2003: cal fexze simarTles 56). nawarmoebis mTavari ase da gaxada mkidia, mogwonT katis curcls avtorma Tqven, erTi gogonad mkiTxvelo, fasi aqvso’’ gadaqceuli pepo gmiri, tuCebdabzuebul peposac uyvarda jazi, iyo mSvenieri magram uniWo. Semdeg mkiTxvels mimarTavs ,,me xelebi damibania, axla Tqven SeqmeniT es qalio’’. asve mkiTxvelTan SeTanxmebiT cvlis igi petos dedas naTelas da mas warmogvidgens, rogorc Rrmadmorwmune adamians. ase mimarTavs avtori mkiTxvels ,,Tqven xom ar gaqvT, mkiTxvelo, rame mosazreba sanam me movifiqrebde? Tqveni didi xaTri maqvs, malxazebo’’. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtorma mTavari gmiris ramdenime varianti SemogvTavaza, erTi ram cxadia, is ar aris arc pepo da arc panteleimoni, miT ufro burWulaZea_ ,,romelsac naTela anda mkiTxveli Jenia, es arasodes gmiri aviwydeba, Tavad sul zaza mas esaubreba sul mas eTamaSeba, azrsac ekiTxeba da sakuTari Canafiqris dasrulebis pativsac mas miandobs’’ (paiWaZe 2006: 96). Txroba, cota ar iyos, uCveulo Temaze gadadis es aris ufali da masTan misasvleli gzebis Zieba, saocaria is faqti, rom avtori, romelic wina TavebSi uflisadmi mxolod undoblobiT gamoirCeoda, axla Tavad 137 icvlis pozicias da gvevlineba, rogorc TeologiaSi kargad ganswavluli pirovneba. ,,dro rom mova, gvixsnis ciskris locvac, uflis kvarTic da RvTismSoblis wilxvdomilobac magram jer ara’’ (burWulaZe 2003: 78). mwerals Tavisi wigni Rirseulad miaCnia xolo misi personaJebi RvTismoSiSebad. miuxedavad amisa, is mainc ahyva fexis xmas da SemogvTavaza bilwsityvaobiT gajerebuli nawarmoebi. ,,wigni politikas hgavs, miznis misaRwevad isic gatyuebs. wertilis dasma ki mxedardmTavris niWia’’ (burWulaZe 2003: 80). moralur-zneobrivi imperativebi ikargeba, nawarmoebSi, romelzec avtori ambobs: ,,saamdReo literatura axali epoqis dabadebis sisxlian amiT iwyeba, karnavals’’. Tqven zaza SeeswariT burWulaZe mkiTxvelTan SeTanxmebiT wyvets Txrobas ,,aq wydeba Txroba imitom, rom me ar vici, rogor iwereba kargi wigni, magram danamdvilebiT vici, rogor ar iwereba is’’ (burWulaZe: 2003: 82). faqti erTia, ,,mineraluri jazis’’ saxiT qarTul literaturas udavod sainterso postmodernistuli nawarmoebi Seemata. mwerali eqsperimentebis zaza burWulaZe moyvaruli, Zalian hgavs araordinaluri Tavsi gmirebs, pirovnebaa, isic romelic bevrisTvis miuRebel nabijebs dgams, qmnis romans araferze, romelzec Semdeg gamudmebiT saubroben. zaza burWulaZis SemoqmedebiT interesdebian ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. avtori da personaJi xSirad erT mTlianobaSi warmoudgeba mkiTxvels. zaza qarTuli burWulaZem 2004 wels literaturisaTvis Seqmna uCveulo kidev erTi nawarmoebi, saintereso romlis da saTauri aRaSfoTebs yvela marTlmadidebel qristians ,,saxareba virisa’’ _friad mkrexeluri saxeli SeurCia avtorma aRniSnul romans. Tumca gasul saukuneSi qarTul poeziaSi msgavsi saTuris nawarmoebi Seqmna raJden gvetaZem, romelsac ,,virebis mesia‘’ uwoda. albaT, aseTi saTauris nawarmoebis Seqmna maSinac da dResac, miuxedavad imisa, rom ager ukve saukune gavida mas Semdeg, mainc did riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca es yvelaferi erTi SexedviT Cans ase. rodesac am moTxrobas gaecnobi, mixvdebi, rom saqme arc ise cudadaa, yovel SemTxvevaSi zaza burWulaZem biblia, kargad rom icis, es faqtia. aranakleb sainteresoa wignis meore 138 nawili, romelic teqstze darTuli komentarebia da am komentarebis avtori amjerad cnobili mkvlevari literaturaTmcodne gaga lomiZea, romlic Sefasebasac teqstis arsis gagebaSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. es postmodernizmis erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. nawarmoebi mkiTxvelisadmi mimarTviT iwyeba_ ,,ar vici, wasakiTxi dro amJamad Tu gaqvT an, uaxloes momavalSi Tu ara odesme mainc gamonaxavT mas, arc is vici, axlave apirebT Tu ara am wignis Sors mosrolas Tu odnav mogvianebiT, rasac, gamogitydebiT, arafrisdidebiT ar visurvebdi, Txzulebas rameTu dRis minda miwuruls vifiqro, da savarZelSi vfiqrob kideca, aRsaydrebisas an, rom am upriania, iTqvas, asavarZlebisas Tu ara, saWiroebis adgilas, ganmartoebisas mainc iaxlebT’’ (burWulaZe 2004: 3). avtorsa da recipients Soris mudmivi paeqrobaa gamarTuli, isini am nawarmoebSic mudmivad eTamaSebian erTmaneTs da es TamaSi iTrevs orive mxares. zaza burWulaZes mudmivad axsovs Tavis mkiTxveli, esaubreba mas da mowyenis saSualebas ar aZlevs. Mmwerali, msgavsad ,,mineraluri jazisa’’, aqac ayenebs mTavari gmiris problemas, bevri aseT personaJad Tvlis galaktion tabiZes, Tumca Tavad mwerali am faqts uaryofs da dabejiTebiT amtkicebs imas, rom mTavari aq ar aris galaktioni. ,,fiqroben, rom me galaktionze wignsa vwer, galaktioni saSualeba ufroa, vidre mizani. vwer galaktioniT da ara galaktions’’ (burWulaZe 2004: 13). avtoris molodini imdenad didia aRniSnul nawarmoebisa da misi mTavari gmiris mimarT, rom rogorc Tavad avtori ambobs, rom uTxra ,,Tqveni didi xaTri maqvs batonebo, magram galaktionze aRar vwero, SeiZleba cocxlad gagatyaon’’ (burWulaZe 2004: 14). ismis kiTxva, razea es wigni? pasuxis gacema, cota ar iyos, rTulia, imdenad, ramdenadac Tavad zaza burWulaZesac uWirs imis axsna, ra aris misi mTavari saTqmeli, erTi SexedviT, teqsti yvelaferze da amasTanave araferze araa. yvelaferi ki, pirvel yovlisa, moicavs ufals, xolo araferi danarCen samyaros. ambis Txroba, Tu SeiZleba amas ambavi ewodos, iwyeba sastumros win dRisiT uflis angelozis gamocxadebiT, romelic ubrZanebs ,,viris saxarebis’’ 139 Seqmnas es yvelaferi santa susanaSi garTobisa da drostarebis adgilas xdeba, sadac ,,eSmaki da froidi fexze unda daikido’’. mweralic yvelas ,,fexze ikidebs’’ da bevrisTvis miuRebel aratradiciul Txzulebas gvTavazobs. wignSi moyvanilia cnobili mxatvrebis namuSevrebi, sadac TiToeul maTganze viria daxatuli, garda amisa mwerali maleviCis ,,Sav kvadratze’’ saubrobs (romelsac mxatvrobaSi postmodernizmis erT-erT TvalsaCino nimuSad Tvlian) aRniSnavs, rom mas grZnobebis gamoxatva SeuZlia. avtori Txrobis maneraSic ar Ralatobs postmodernizms da erTi ambidan meoreze xteba, masTan siuJetebi cvlian erTmaneTs, araferi ar am wignSi iwyeba da ar mTavrdeba, avtoris niRabs warmatebiT irgebs is, Tumca raRa niRabs, saaSkaraoze gamodis, fardas xsnis da Tavad gvixsnis ama Tu im ambavs. cnobili rusi literaturaTmcodne mixeil baxtini karnavalurobas avtoris karnavalis niRabs gaTamaSeba transformirebulad exmareba mas gadmocemaSi, ukavSirebs, saTqmelis rasac avtori swored es sxvadasxvagvarad warmatebiT axerxebs kidec. msjeloba isev galaktion tabiZis garSemo trialebs. gviCvenebs mweralTa kavSiris striqonisTvis ,,me sxdomas, vxedav sadac poetma sizmrebs gafrTxileba araTqveneburs’’. miiRo mas sandro SanSiaSvilma urCia, sabWouri rom Cagesva ukeTesi iqnebodao. galaktions Seswevs unari gaaRrvios sivrce da avides uzenaes namdvil sizmarSi’’. aqedan kargad tabiZisadmi, Cans zaza romelsac im burWulaZis periodSi damokidebuleba uwevda cxovreba, galaktion roca ,,ceka adamianebis sizmrebis kontrolsac iwyebda.’’ misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,cecxli samoTxeSi anaTebs jojoxeTSi iwvis’’ (burWulaZe 2004: 30). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom zaza burWulaZis prozaze saubrisas paralels avleben kafkasTan, joisTan da prustTan amis sababad ki ,,cnobierebis nakadad’’ wodebul literaturul movlenas miiCnevn. rasac ver daveTanxmebiT, ganzomilebaSia nawarmoebebSi TxzulebebSi, am avtorTa moqceuli, ,,cnobierebis romelTac xolo Semoqmedeba Cven nakadis’’ siuJeturi 140 mier aRqma datvirTva radikalurad ganxiluli Znelia, ar mwerlis miT gaaCniaT sxva ufro da ar gadmogvcemen ambavs, romelSic mTavari moqmedi pirebis cxovrebaa asaxuli. aq araa gaxsnili ama Tu im gmiris Sinagani samyaro. erTi ram faqtia, ,,mineraluri jazic’’ da ,,saxareba virisac’’ orive nawarmoebi dawera avtorma, romelic Tavis nawerebSi sakmaod did adgils uTmobs sxvadasxva avtorebis Semoqmedebidan amoRebul cnobebsa Tu citatebs, rac mis farTo ganaTlebis speqtrze metyvelebs. postmodernistuli literatura swored amis gamoa saintereso, Tavad mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos qaosidan wesrigis Seqmna, rac, vfiqrobT, sulac ar aris advili saqme. zaza burWulaZem orive romanSi saintereso mwerluri Canafiqri SemogvTavaza, misi Semoqmedeba srulad asaxavs yvela im niSan-Tvisebas, rac postmodernizmisTvisaa erTaderTi damaxasiaTebeli. is Cven realobaSi qarTveli mweralia, romelmac bevri Tamami nabiji gadadga, erT-erTi aseTia antiromanis Seqmna. 2.4. nestan kvinikaZe nestan cnobili kvinikaZe Tanamedrove mweralia. misi qarTul literaturaSi erT-erTi aRsaniSnavia ,,ispahanis Semoqmedebidan bulbulebi’’ da ,,iaguarebis teqno’’. es nawarmoebebi gamoirCevian Zalian saintereso sWirdeba siuJeturi zedmeti struqturiT, fiqri imaze, Tu am SemTxvevaSi ra aqvs mkiTxvels Cafiqrebuli ar avtors, miuxedavad imisa, rom aq Txroba, sxva postmodenistuli nawarmoebis msgavsad, xSirad icvleba. avtori Txrobis erT xazs mihyveba, nawarmoebSi ambebi da personaJebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian, isini erT mTlianobas qmnian. romans ,,ispahanis bulbulebi’’, romelic 2003 wels gamoica erTvis gaga lomiZis Sesavali. is winasityvaobas aseTi saTauriT iwyebs_ ,,roca gmirebi brundebian’’, aq aRwerilia im adamianebis cxovreba, romlebic garbian imisTvis, raTa sakuTari Tavi Seimecnon, nataSa, nika, astamuri, ,,uZRebi Svilebi’’ arian, romlebic, ukeTesi cxovrebis Ziebis gamo, midian, Tumca es wasvla droebiTia, samyaro ise araa mowyobili, rogorc maT undaT, isini im winaaRmdegobasa da gaWirvebas, romelsac samSoblodan 141 gamoeqcnen ucxo miwaze, kvlav Sexvdebian. es mogzauroba araa, es ubralod gaqcevaa, gaqceva pirvel rigSi sakuTari Tavisgan. es istoriaa Cveni qveynis Tanamedroveobaze, es aris erTi Taobis ambavi, maTi satkivari, maTi problemebi im garemoSi, sadac gmirebi xvdebian, ar arsebobs araviTari moralur-zneobrivi faseulobebi, piriqiT, eklesiaSi diskoTekaa gamarTuli, rac kidev erTxel usvams xazs am samyaros da masSi mcxovrebi axalgaxsnil adamianebis restoranSi degradirebas. unda nataSas aReniSnaT, dabadebis dRe adgili ki es ,,marTlmadidebluri eklesia iyo, sadac xatebze neonis ganaTeba iyo damontaJebuli da Znelad dasamaxsovrebeli, xmamaRali musika JRerda’’ (kvinikaZe: 2003: 50) am momentSi gamoCnda nikas wminda qarTuli xasiaTi, man Tavi veRar Seikava da Savkanian dacvis biWs uxsnida, rom isini marTlmadideblebi iyvnen. ,,miT ukeTesi, SebrZandiT gaerTeT’’ -iyo pasuxi. am momentSi ,,samSoblosgan Zalian Sors myofebs pirvelad mouwiaT raRacis damtkiceba-Tanac sruliad martoebs, pirvelad aRmoCdnen giganturi samyaros umciresobaSi, maTi erTi bewo kultura axla ufro didi iyo, vidre sxva danarCeni erTad’’ (kvinikaZe 2003: 51-52). iq, amsterdamSi qarTvelebi TavianT mikro samyaroSi cxovroben. romanis mTavar gmirebs aerTianebT Tbilisi da siyvaruli, ikvreba sasiyvarulo samkuTxedi, an SeiZleba iTqvas, rom oTxkuTxedic ki: ,,erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli intrigebi, vfiqrob romanis gamocanaa -wers winasityvaobaSi aRreva gaga erTmaneTSi, lomiZe. warsulis gulisxmobs da awmyos hiperteqsts, anu mizanmimarTuli araTanmimdevrul Txrobas, mkiTxveli moTamaSes emsgavseba, romelic Sekravs yvelafers kiTxvis procesSi’’ (kvinikaZe 2003: 2). nawarmoebis mTavar gmirebs erTmaneTTan gadajaWvuli warsuli akavSirebT_ ,,isini mudmivad erTmaneTs daeZeben da TiTqos ,,erTmaneTSi gadadian’’. yoveli maTgani calke gmiricaa da erTi gmiric, radgan isini arian adamianebi, romelTac erTmaneTi uyvarT. dublikacia – anu gaoreba postmodernistul teqstSi aqtualuria. gmirebi or samyaros Soris gaorebulni cxovroben, sadac araa harmonia da mTlianoba, piriqiT, gonebac. ,,personaJis yvelaferi gayofilia, grZnobac, cxovrebac, Sinagani gaoreba garesamyaros gaorebul aRqmaSi 142 vlindeba ori qalaqi (Tbilisi da amsterdami), ori siyvarulis istoria (astamuri da nataSa, nika da tata)’’ - (paiWaZe 2006: 97). xdeba saganTa dublireba, iq yvelaferi gaormagebulia, grZnobebic, qalaqebic, sagnebic da, rac mTavaria, adamianebic. ase magaliTad, astamurs ver gaugia, romelia is, bavSvobaSi daRupuli tyupiscali Tu Tavad, misi samyaro gaorebuli da danawevrebulia, ,,me ar vici, vin var farvizi, romelic mokvda, Tu astamuri-romelic gadarCa’’, aseve gaorebulia gmiris grZnobebi, mis cxovrebaSi ori qali arsebobs: tata- bavSvobis siyvaruli da nataSa, qali, romelic, garda imisa, rom misi meuRlea, astamuris megobari da Tanamoazrecaa. masTan erTad midis Soreul da ucxo qveyanaSi _ ,,oTxoTaxiani bina gayida man TbilisSi da axalSerTul meuRlesTan erTad im qaliviT miatova sakuTari qalaqi, romelsac aravin hyvarebia Sennairad, Sen ki swored imitom midixar, rom garantirebuli gaqvs es grZnoba’’ (kvinikaZe 2003: 15). im or werilSi, romelic astamurma dagvianebiT miiRo TbilisSi darCenili megobrisgan, ewera, rom TbilisSi ,,isev daZabulobaa, CveniT ver vwyvetT, rasac gadagvawyvetineben, egre iqneba’’, xalxi mokle droSi daberda da yvela daTrgunulia’’, ,,sxva qalaqi gaiCiTa’’. saqarTveloSi omia, Tumca es yvelaferi Sors myof astamurs ar aRelvebs, Tavisi qveynisgan Sorsaa rogorc fizikurad, ise sulierad, misTvis mTavaria orniTologiis Seswavla, bavSvobaSi gaCenil kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema, sad da ratom mifrinaven frinvelebi, pirvelad es kiTxva sakuTar Tavs maSin dausva, roca bavSvobisas sofelSi bebiasTan Casulma, erT dRes aRmoaCina, rom ganmavlobaSi gaixada, misi ,,megobari’’ gulmodgined radac ar unda ruxi uvlida, dajdomoda, batebi, romlebsac gaufrindnen. exila sami cxovrebis ,,ispahanis Tvis miznad bulbulebis gadafrena’’. Txroba gvaparebs, astamuris mTavar bavSvobiT saTqmels, mTavari iwyeba, ki, mwerali rogorc Cans, TamaS-TamaSiT im adamianis cxovrebis Cvenebaa, romelsac erTaderTi eWvi tanjavda, ver gaego, vin iyo. am saidumlos avtori Txrobis bolos axdis fardas, manamde ki win TavgadasavlebiTa da sirTuleebiT aRsavse periodis gavlaa saWiro. 143 miuxedavad imisa, rom nataSa da astamuri ,,erTmaneTs ise uxdebodnen ,,rogorc iberiuli da kolxuri kulturebis gadakveTa’’, maTi cxovreba mainc qimera iyo. miraJi, iluzia, lamazi zRapari, romelic tatas gamoCenam erT wamSi daamTavra. siSorem da drom ki Turme veraferi daaklo astamurisa da tatas WeSmarit siyvaruls. nawarmoebSi Txroba isev sxva ambavze gadadis da amjerad mwerali Cven winaSe axal gmirs warmogvidgens, naCvenebia tatas cxovreba, misi grZnobebi misi uiRblo siyvaruli, astamurTan, romelic tatas klaseli da pirveli siyvaruli iyo. man qalis colad moyvana ver gariska. aseve mis cxovrebaSi nawarmoebis amisa, nikuSas saxiT sxva gataceba erT-erTi personaJia, man nataSa da tata saukeTeso arsebobda, romelic fexmZime miatova tata, garda megobrebi iyvnen, aseve naCvenebia axalgazrda qalis, sicocxlis ukanaskneli wuTebi. peterburgi es is adgilia, saidumlos sadac tata mkurnalobs gamoaSkaraveba, es da sadac saidumlo, aseve samive gmirs xdeba mTavari exeba. nataSa, rodesac gaigebs megobris ambavs, masTan peterburgSi Cadis, Tumca ar icis, rom tata is qalia, romelic mis meuRles jer kidev uyvars, es ambavi Casvlamde peterburgSi arc Tavad astamurma icis. tatasTan Sexvedris Semdeg, rodesac isini bavSvobas ixsenebdnen da Tan maT verc ki warmoedginaT, rom es yvelaferi tirodnen, realobaSi xdeboda, ,,astamuri ver xvdeba, ratom miatova adamiani, romlis msgavsad arc aravin hyvarebia?’’. swored am dros Cven winaSe ojaxuri drama TamaSdeba, am ori wyvilis idilias mesame piri nataSa Seeswro, romelic ,,xedavda ori adamianis alerss, amdeni xnis Semdeg rom epovaT erTmaneTi da bednierebisgan gabruebuliyvnen’’ (kvinikaZe 2003: 58). kvanZi ixsneba Txroba kulminacias aRwevs. Txroba isev warsulSi gadadis. amjerad avtori gviCvenebs astamurisa da nataSas gacnobis ambavs, romelic astamuris megobris sadiplomo filmis gadaRebiT daiwyo, mTavar rols is TamaSobda, filmis Sesaxeb nataSas statia unda daewera, Tumca erTmaneTis gacnobis Semdeg, arc erTs Seuqmnia kinoroli da arc meores dauweria statia. mweralma nikas saxiT astamurisgan gansxvavebuli personaJi Seqmna: is, rac erTisTvis mniSvnelovani da faseulia, meoresTvis araviTar 144 faseulobas ar warmoadgens. mxatvari Citebis xmaze stvenas iwyebs, Tumca isic gaucxoebulia samyarosgan. misi cxovrebac gaqcevaa erTi adgilidan meoresken, Tbilisidan niu-iorkSi, niu-iorkidan amsterdamSi da ase dausruleblad. is swored maSin uCinardeba sayvareli adamianebisagan, roca SeigrZnobs, rom maT Soris raRac seriozuli iwyeba, am orive gmirs erT ram akavSirebT, qalebi tata da nataSa, romlebic maTi cxovrebis nawils warmoadgenen. astamuri brundeba Rarib naTesavs, ise samSobloSi, is aridebda ,,Tavis Tvals’’, samSoblos, rogorc misTvis araviTar fass ar warmoadgens oTos, misi megobris sityvebi xolo, am sityvebis miRma avtoris gulistkivili da sevda Cans Tavis samSobloze: ,,Cven aq viyaviT astamur da magra fexebze gvekida Seni bulbulebis gadafrena-yvelani viyaviT poetebi, Zmao, magram gayinul tramvaiSi raRac ver vigrZeniT amis aucilebloba. ZaRlebi, Cvenive ZaRlebi gavyareT gareT, ici rato? veRar vaWmevdiT. Sen ras ambob Savi yanCebis gadafrena, rom ar genaxa… maSin ki ara axla unda gaiqce’’ (kvinikaZe 2003: 63). mwerali nawarmoebis bolos kidev erT saidumlos axsnis fardas, kerZod, mas Semdeg rac tata gardaicvala is samoTxeSi xvdeba 4 wlis biWunas, romelic astamuris tyupiscali aRmoCnda. man Tqva, rom ,,favrizma xeli mkra, SemTxveviT ar undoda, me gadmovardi da’’, aRmoCnda, rom is, vinc mTeli sicocxle astamuris saxeliT cxovrobda, sulac ar iyo astamuri, da mTeli cxovreba sxvis saxels atarebda. moulodneli finali postmodernizmis mkiTxvelTan bolomde mTavari damaxasiaTebeli gulwrfelia, is ,,kalmiT xerxia, atexili avtori qaosidan’’ gamosvlaSi Tavad exmareba mkiTxvels. romanis dasasruls yvelaferi Tavis adgilas dgeba, wnoris gzaze swored ,,ispahanis bulbulebi’’ gadafrindnen da es gadafrena gmirebis realobasTan dabrunebis tolfasi xdeba. nestan kvinikaZis am nawarmoebs SeiZleba vuwodoT erT-erTi saukeTeso postmodernistuli ambavi, sadac mkiTxvels namdvilad ar sWirdeba gonebis daZabva imisTvis, raTa Txroba xelidan ar gaeqces. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq Cven vxvdebiT yvela im Taviseburebas, romelic am tipis nawarmoebebs axasiaTebT, 145 esenia, aluzia, metateqsti, metapersonaJi, ekleqtizmi, isini fons uqmnian mwerals mTavari saTqmelis gadmocemaSi. nestan kvinikaZis bolo romania ,,iaguarebis teqno’’, romelic 2008 wels gamosca. ambavi erTi SexedviT Cveulebrivad, bevrisTvis nacnobi istoriis CvenebiT iwyeba, Tumca es ubralod teqstis gaucxoebis xerxia. siuJeturi xazi anazdad wydeba da saTqmeli sruliad sxva flangze inacvlebs. interteqstualobis erT-erTi nimuSia TxrobaSi oTxi disa da oTxi Zmis cota ar iyos uCveulo ambis Semotana. fragmentulad CarTuli teqstis Semdeg ki Txroba nawarmoebis mTavar gmirze gadadis, aqac mokledaa mowodebuli informacia misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. mxatvrul teqstSi CarTulia statistikuri monacemebi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli qveynidan, ramdeni Tanxa gadmoiricxa saqarTveloSi. amis Semdeg avtori kvlav warmoaCens gmiris cxovrebis garkveul monakveTs, romlsac Semdeg kvlav analitikuri nawili mosdevs, amjerad ganxilulia saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis socialuri da politikuri aspeqtebi da naCvenebia mtkivneuli realoba: adamianebi samSoblos toveben, xazgasmulia vin rogori viziT tovebs samSoblos da miemgzavreba rac SeiZleba Sors misgan. identuri istoriuli teqsti, Tematikaa wina ganxiluli kerZod, erekle mefis romanSic. werili CarTulia keisrisadmi ,,ori saukunis Semdeg, kvlav migvatoves. keisrebmac da xelmwifeebmac. mokled, ybaCam isev ise daigviana!’’ (kvinikaZe 2008: 52). qarTuli teqstebis garda, warmodgenilia inglisurenovani teqstebic, teqsti aSkarad ekleqtikuria, rac postmodernizmis erT-erT niSans warmoadgens. teqstis geografiuli areali moicavs, rogorc saqarTvelos, ise saberZneTs, Sveicarias, safrangeTs da amerikas. moqmedeba am qveynebSi viTardeba. mwerali postmodernizmze ambobs, rom ,,sadRac aq unda iyos TviTmkvlelebis tye. aq homoseqsualebisa da lesboselebis subkulturuli stili da postmodernistuli optimizmia’’ (kvinikaZe 2008: 67). teqstSi sruliad alogikuradaa CarTuli ambavi, romelic gvatyobinebs, rom ,,jeims joisi ciurixSia dakrZaluli’’ (kvinikaZe 2008: 68). mwerali gverds ver uvlis saqarTevlos uaxlesi istoriis Cvenebas, rodesac qveyanas masiurad yvela tovebda. es 146 iyo egreT wodebuli ,,perestroikis’’ periodi. garbodnen da es gaqceva ukan dabrunebis imeds ar tovebda. amerika ki ,,martoxela xalxis qveyanaa, aq ojaxis Seqmnaze aravin fiqrobs’’ (kvinikaZe 2008: 77). teqstSi karnavalis elementebi Semodis, adamianebi realobas helouinis dResaswaulze aRweven Tavs, sadac isini uCveulo da realuri cxovrebisgan gansxvavebul rols irgeben. helouini dResaswaulia, es TamaSis erT-erTi saxeobaa, sadac gmiri marTalia cota xniT, magram realuri cxovrebisgan mainc garbis. ,,fexadgmul yvelaferi xelovnuri iyo, magram ki icxovrebda tyeSi, marTalia, kaci am tyuilSi’’ (kvinikaZe 2008: 80-81). mTavari gmiri sruliad sxva samyaroSi moxvda, romelic rwmeniTa da imediT iyo savse, saqarTveloSi, amerikisgan gansxvavebiT, omi mZvinvarebda. teqstSi miniSnebulia jinsebis Taobaze. ,,ver Caicves im dros jinsebi!’’ (kvinikaZe 2008: 111). qarTuli sazogadoebis problema es sabWoTa kavSirSi mcxovrebi iyo. am sazogadoebis did nawils Tavisufal qveyanaSi cxovreba undoda. ,,iaguarebis teqno’’ romanis saTauri nazavia ori personaJis mier Sesrulebuli rolis, iaguaris formaSi gadacmuli qali, helouinis dResaswaulze moeqca damatyvevebeli teqno musikis garemocvaSi, romelsac axalgazrda mamakaci qmnida. romans gamoyenebuli postmodernistuli literatura da dasasruli aseve aqvs_CamoTvlilia konkretuli adamianebisadmi madlierebis minawerebi. magaliTad ,,madloba dedaCems, rom sul cotaTi vgavar, romelic 10 welia ar minaxavs’’ (kvinikaZe 2008: 151). avtori romans mamas uZRvnis. is teqstis bolos swored mas uxdis madlobas da wers: ,,da madloba mamaCems, romelic ver moeswro am romanis dasrulebas, magram yvelaze metad eloda mis gamocemas’’ (kvinikaZe 2008: 151). gaurkveveli dasasruli, avtoris komentarebi postmodernistuli teqstis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia. nestan kvinikaZis ganxiluli romani, araa didi mxatvruli mniSvnelobis, rogorc es misi pirveli romani, ,,ispahanis bulbulebia’’. maT Soris didi sxvaobaa rogorc saTqmelis gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT, ise formiT. orive romanis magaliTze, cxadia, rom nestan kvinikaZis 147 SemoqmadebaSi postmodernizmi naTlad aisaxa. aq gamokveTilad Cans, Txrobis fragmentuli manera, aluzia, karnavalizacia, Ria da amasTanave sakmaod ,,saspensuri’’ finali, ormagi kodireba, es niSnebi orive romanSi ikveTeba, Tumca, gamorCeulad es ,,ispahanis bulbulebSi’’ aisaxa. cxadia is, rom qarTul literaturaSi gamoikveTnen mwerlebi, romelTac jer kidev mravali siaxlis SeTavazeba SeuZliaT qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis, romelic nel-nela ugebs gemos, am siaxles da afasebs kidec, Tumca yvelafris da, miT ufro, literaturis mTavari Semfasebeli droa. 2.5. aka morCilaZe aka morCilaZe cnobili Tanamedrove mweralia. avtoris Sesaxeb saubrisas yvela Tanxmdeba, rom misi Semoqmedeba gauZlebs dros. aka morCilaZem mwerlobamde didi da mravalferovani gza ganvlo, profesiiT istorikoss, sportis mimoxilva uwevda. samoqalaqo omma da afxazeTis dakargvam mis Semoqmedebaze didi kvali datova. ,,mogzauroba yarabaRSi’’ pirveli nawarmoebia, romliTac is qarTul literaturaSi Semovida 1992 wels, romanic swored im periodis qarTul sinamdviles asaxavs. Amas 1995 wels mohyva meore nawarmoebi ,,faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi’’, TiTqmis imave satkivars utrialebs avtori. qalaqeli biWebis Cvenebisas mwerali gulaxdilad gvixatavs misi Taobis sadac cxovrebis adamianebis naklovanebebs, romelTac garkveuli periodis Semdeg ganwirul Taobad moixsenieben. am romanebSi aisaxa 90-iani wlebis Tbilisi. am mweralze morCilaZem moaxerxa dRes sruliad da yvelaze yvelaze daipyro bevrs qarTuli ,,uwignur weren da saubroben. saliteraturo adamianebsac ki sivrce. waakiTxvina aka man misi moTxrobebi da romanebi’’ (oCiauri 2002: 5). mkvlevari lali avaliani werilSi ,,interteqstualizaciisTvis‘’ wers: ,,aka morCilaZem (erT teleinterviuSi mozardebTan, romlebTanac ise grZnobda Tavs, rogorc Tevzi wyalSi, mwerali moulodnelad ,,gaixsna’’, rac ar sCvevia, da aRiara, -SeSliliviT vwero’’) yovelTvis icis, raze ar unda daweros’’ 148 (avaliani 2007: 80). aka morCilaZes wera did siamovnebas aniWebs da mkiTxvelic siamovnebas iRebs misi nawerebiT. pirobiTad mwerlis Semoqmedeba SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad. qalaqi, es Tema mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs mis prozaSi, aka morCilaZe istoriuli romanebis avtori, romelic qmnis ,,madaTovis ciklis prozas’’. is gvevlineba nawilSi aseve ,,santa-esperansas’’ ciklis Semqmneladac. samive mwerlis mier naCvenebia sxvadasxva moqmedebis areali, aseve gansxvavebulia ena. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi es ar aris Cveni mTavari saTqmeli. aka morCilaZe postmodernizmamde garkveuli periodis Semdeg mivida, es procesi maSin daiwyo, roca ,,madaTovis ciklis’’ romanebi daiwera. ,,madaTovis ciklis proza’’. postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia istorizmis principi, rac Cans ,,madaTovis ciklis prozaSi’’. avtorma sxva kuTxiT dagvanaxa saukuneebis win momxdari Tu gamogonili ambebi. kritikam araerTgvarovnad Seafasa es faqti. istorikosi kale boboxiZe JurnalSi ,,mecniereba dRes’’ erT-erT interviuSi wers Semdegs: ,,diax, gavecani aka morCilaZis moTxrobas saTauriT ,,rogor mokvda varsqen pitiaxSi’’. Zneli dasajerebelia, rom am moTxrobis avtors, romelsac istorikosis diplomi udevs jibeSi, raime warmodgena hqondes saqarTvelos istoriaze’’ (morCilaZe: 2003) miuxedavad aseTi mosazrebisa, konan doilis afasebs: sazogadoeba ,,amboben, exerxeboda, rom axla aka konan kavkasiaSi morCilaZes doili, Semoqmedebas romelsac cxovrobs da aka amgvarad sulebTan saubari morCilaZe hqvia’’ (morCilaZe: 2003) saintereso Sefasebaa. diax, mweralma nawarmoebebSi moixmo sxvadasxva literaturuli gmiri da sruliad gansxvavebul viTarebaSi warmogvidgina, rasac zogierTi istoriis dacinvad afasebs, zogi ki ostatobis umaRles gamovlinebad miiCnevs. vfiqrobT, rom sainteresoa saukuneebis Semdeg Tanamedrove mwerlis TvaliT danaxuli warsuli. moqmedebis areali moicavs ramdenime mezobel qveyanas. ufro xSirad ki moqmedeba inglisis dedaqalqSi londonSi xdeba. aqac saqme gvaqvs postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebel xerxTan. 149 siuJetis gaucxoebis madaTovis madaTovze da ciklis romanebidan ukan’’. am romans pirvelad daibeWda gamocemisTanave ,,gadafrena araerTgvarovani gamoxmaureba mohyva, kritikosTa nawili masSi mxolod uwesobas xedavda, nawili ki aRfrTovanebas ver malavda. aka morCilaZis ,,zRvargadasuli niWierebis gamo’’_wers lali avaliani. is wignSi ,,Wabua amirejibidan aka morCilaZemde’’ aRniSnavs Semdegs: ,,madaTovis kiTxva didi molodiniT daviwye, magram zemoT xsenebuli faqti (igulisxmeba aratradiciuli seqsualuri urTierTobis scena xafo mxatvris da Tbiliseli bobolebis s.Z.) sakmarisi Seiqmna, rom wigni usiamovnod, wyeniT ,,yvelaze pikantur’’ adgilas momesrola da aRqma damedo sakuTar TavTan, rom ,,madaTovis‘’ xelSi amRebi aRar viqnebodi, magram amao cnobismoyvareobam da ,,uweso’’ mTxrobelis wredagasulma niWierebam maleve damarRvevina es aRTqma’’ (avaliani 2005: 217). kidev erTi mkvlevari, romelic gamoexmaura romans, gaxlavT lana kalandia, werilSi ,,aka morCilaZe gadafrena madaTovze da ukan’’ (citaciis gaazrebisaTvis). statiidan vigebT Semdegs: ,,aka morCilaZis teqstSi citacia stilistikuri migviTiTebs erTdroulad mniSvnelobis garkveul azrobrivi, elementad istoriul- struqturuli formdeba. literaturul citaciiT arealze. da avtori am gziT xorcieldeba sxvadasxva Sinaarsis transplantacia mxatvrul teqstSi, mkiTxvelis moqceva ganapirobebs mkiTxveli ,,nacnob’’ mzadyofnas momzadebulia sivrcobriv mxatvruli graf ganzomilebebSi, komunikaciisTvis. segedsa da muSni imTaviTve gamocdili zarandiasTan sasaubrod, radgan mas aqvs saTanado codna am personaJis Sesaxeb’’ (kalandia 2001: 16). Wabua morCilaZe amirejibis mogonebebs romani Tu sTavazobs CvenebaTa mkiTxvels. stilzea aq agebuli, saerTo aka suraTi mogonebebiT iqmneba, daTa TuTaSxiaSi ki siuJeti dokumentur masalaze dayrdnobiT ikvreba. aka morCilaZem, misive ganmartebiT, qarTul literaturaSi graf segedze ukeTesi personaJi ver SearCia. nawarmoebi iwyeba kiTxviT ,,amoican es cxovreba ar ginda?’’ TiTqos mkiTxvels Tavad mwerali aZlevs gasaRebs WeSmaritebis amosacnobad, amoicnobs Tu ara es mxolod maszea damokidebuli. 150 romanis mTavari gmiri xafo mxatvaria, Tumca aka morCilaZe erTerT interviuSi ambobs: ,,ar vici, xafoze ar mifiqria, xafo mand mTavari gmiri ar aris CemTvis. mand me sxva sayvareli pirebi myavs, yorRanovi da baiardi, mTeli es ambavic imitomaa mogonili, rom eg ori gmiri rogorme gamoCeniliyo’’ (imnaiSvili 2001: 7). xafo mxatvris personaJi sainteresod warmogvidgina avtorma. masSi ori adamiania gaerTianebuli_ mxatvari, romelic Tavis saqmes ZiriTadad zeda ubanSi akeTebs da qveda ubnis xafo, romelic sruliad gansxvavebuli cxovrebiT cxovrobs. is CacmiTac sxvadasxvnairad icvams qveda da zeda ubnebSi. ,,Tu maRla qalaqSi midioda samuSaod, ecva TeTri perangi, mwvane kostumi da exura ,,rusuli Slapa’’. meidanze CoxiT, priala alisferi xalaTiT da Savi priala waRebiT gadioda. xafo dabla qalaqis kaci iyo. maRla qalaqis xafo sxva iyo! iq ar iyo braziani. ityodi kidec_ ,,gazeTebi waukiTxavs anda gazian wyalsa da luds erTmaneTisgan gamoarCevso’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 13). SeiZleba asociaciurad paraleli gavavloT entoni berjesis romanTan ,,meqanikuri forToxali’’, sadac rTuli xasiaTis mqone gmiri warmogvidgina mweralma. aleksi rTuli pirovnebaa, mas gansakuTrebuli cxovrebis wesi da Sinagani samyaro aqvs, rac izidavs mkiTxvels da masze waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebs. avtoris mizania dasaRupad ganwiruli samyaros da masSi mcxovrebi gadagvarebis piras mdgari adamianebis Cveneba. aleksis xasiaTis Cvenebisas rCeba STabeWdileba, rom ukve Seicani is, misi Sinagani yvelafers, masac buneba aqvs Tumca saqme dafaruli arc mxareebi. cxovrobs, romelic mxolod viwro wrem icis ase martivadaa, gmiri meore rogorc cxovrebiT da sadac avlens realur saxes, Cans iseTi, rogoric aris. dRe SeniRbuli Rame niRabs iSorebs da realuri saxiT warsdgeba mkiTxvelis winaSe. Rame borotebis simboloa da aleksic maSin irgebs niRabs. niSandobrivia aleksis Cacmis gansxvavebulad icvamda. avtori sakuTar ucvlis mas gmirs, am stilic, is detaliT garegnobas, imijs, dRisiT ostaturad da RamiT gvixatavs miswrafebebs. aleksi dRisiT atarebda TeTr bambis svitrs da moxarSul jinss. rodesac 151 danaSauls Cadioda, ecva Savi motkecili Sarvali, romelsac oboba exata, ironiulad aris daxatuli avtoris mxridan aleksis da misi megobrebis Cacmuloba, romlebic yvelasagan gamoirCeodnen amiT. entoni berjesma postmodernistuli xerxebis gamoyenebiT warmoaCina gmiri, romelzec garkveuli moralur-fsiqologiuri gavlenis moxdenas amaod crdilobs kapelani, Tumca misi qadagebebi, wylis nayvas ufro hgavda, vidre mozardze raime STabeWdilebis moxdenas. mniSvnelovania, rom xafoc da aleksic xelovnebis didi Tayvanismcemlebi arian, xafo mxatvaria, aleksi klasikuri musikiTaa gatacebuli, is kargad asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan ara marto musikas, aramed imas, rac am musikis miRmaa. magram es samyaro maTTvis droebiTi TavSesafaria, TavianT samyaroSi isini kvlav qveynierebaze gaborotebul adamianebad aleksi gvevlinebian, sisxlismsmel romlebic mkvlelad kargaven gvevlineba, yovelgvar aseve adamianurs. mkvlelobasa da yovelgvar danaSaulebriv moqmedebebs ukavSirdeba xafos cxovrebac. zeda da qveda qalaqebis mkvidrni erTmaneTs ar icnobdnen. xafos aratradiciul orientaciaze yvela saubrobda. mis megobrad yru-munj biWs Tvlidnen, romelic saxlSi hyavda da Svilad asaRebda. anCisxatis eklesiis moZRvari mama zaqaria win aRudga xafos aseT uweso cxovrebas. TvalTvals. magram mweralma damokidebuleba Tavad dagvanaxa sarwmunoebisadmi. gaurkvevel im viTarebaSi periodSi maSin jer Seewira mcxovrebi kidev uamravi mis adamianis adamiani Sors iyo eklesiisgan, xafom taZarSi moqcevis wesebi icoda. iq rom Sedioda, quds ixdida, magram moZRvris kiTxvaze, ra rjulisa xaro, pasuxobda: ,,ra rjulisa var? qalaqisa’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 19). aRsaniSnavia xafos mier mama zaqariasTvis wiTeli vaSlis micema. es cnobili personificirebuli simboloa, swored vaSli gaxda mizezi adam da evas samoTxidan gaZevebisa. vaSli am SemTxvevaSi boroti Zalis maniSnebelia, mama zaqaria xafos ierma Sezara da dainaxa gamocxadebuli eSmaki, ,,mxurvale locviT SesTxova RmerTs gamarjveba uwmindurze’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 19) mweralma moZRvari deteqtivad gadaaqcia: ,,arc is unaxavs vinmes, rogor gadaiqca mama zaqaria xafos landad da arc is 152 rveuli unaxavs vinmes, sadac daxazuli iyo xafos moZraobis xazebi’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 20). madaTovi kunZulia, romelic samive romanSi moqmedebis epicentrad gvevlineba, swored aq pouloben gardacvlil xafos, aq xdeba saidumlo Sexvedrebi SeTqmulebsa da maT kvalSi Camdgar gamomZieblebs Soris, am kunZuls STanTqavs TeTri veSapi. aRsaniSnavia xafo mxatvrisa da norvegieli mwerlis knut hamsunis Sexvedra, hamsuni mwerals misi namdvili gvariT hyavs moxseniebuli, rasac lali morCilaZis avaliani romanSi SemTxveviTobad moxvedras didi armiiCnevda, norvegieli is mis werda: namdvil ,,aka gvars pedersens unda umadlodes’’ (avaliani 2005: 131). SesaZlebelia es asec iyos, magram TvalSisacemia hamsunis romanSi Semoyvanis pirveli epizodi, sastumro ,,londonSi’’ dasaxlebuli mwerali dadis ise, rogorc misi mTavari gmiri, romanidan ,,misteriebi’’. mogzaurobs, TveobiT sxvadasxva adgilebSi uwevs cxovreba, swored hamsunTan mimarTebaSia wamoweuli wina planze kunZulis Tema, avtori norvegiel mwerals aTqmevinebs: ,,kunZulze viyavi. Cveulebrivi kunZulia Zalian patara imisTvis, rom zed venaxi iyos gaSenebuli da mainc venaxi, venaxi aris. ras niSnavs venaxi Sua qalaqSi, Tanac kunZulze, sadac nagavsayrelia’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 24) ucxoelisTvis gaugebaria, ras unda niSnavdes nagavsayrelis gverdiT gaSenebuli venaxi, vazi xom saqarTvelos simboloa, ubralod xdeba faseulobaTa gadafaseba, nagavsayrelis gverdiT qveynis saxe imarxeba. ,,yovel diliT Cvens fanjridan vxedav kunZulis erT naglejs da sul vfiqrob, ras unda niSnavdes es myrali adgili qalaqis SuagulSi, sadac yurZeni sruliad gansxvavebuli ram aris? aq xom italielebiviT RviniT ibanen pirs? kunZulis istoria aravin ar icis’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 25) avtorma stumris mier dasmul SekiTxvas ioselianis daxmarebiT pasuxi iqve gasca, ioselianma mxolod is icoda, rom madaTovi, visi saxelic am kunZuls erqva, generali iyo. is gaxldaT kunZulis misi gardacvalebis Semdeg mflobelic, magram ucnobia, vis darCa kunZuli. madaTovze xdeba xafos da hamsunis Sexvedra. maT Soris saubari mxatvris ucnaurad mowyobil oTaxSi grZeldeba, sadac yvelafers Semoqmedis xeli etyoba, iq yoveli nivTi moxatulia. xafos saxlis 153 xatvisas mwerali iwyebs gmiris saxecvlas. is Cven winaSe aTamaSebs karnavals: ,,harfezac zRapris gmirs hgavda, yelze saaTi Seeba, Tavze maudis bumbuliani qudi efara, Wrel qoSebSi da sparsul xalaTSi iyo gamowyobili. winaSe, TiTqos daibna mxatvarma da mxatvarma hamsuni, beWebze rodesac aTasgvari speqtakli dadga naxevrad SiSveli orlamentebis ucxoeli biWi xatva stumris daisva daiwyo. win baton pedersens arasodes enaxa amgvari ram. man daifiqra, rom es kaci funjiT uambobda jadosnur, qirmnis gzebiT moxatul zRapars’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 55). xafom ucxoeli stumris aRfrTovaneba SeZlo, romelmac mxatvris niWis Seuferebel adgilad miiCnia Tbilisi, parizSi rom ecxovra, xelis gulze atarebdnen. romanSi xdeba siuJetis gaucxoeba. aq CarTulia sxva piris mier moyolili ambebi, ase magaliTad, xafos Sesaxeb ambavs gadmogvcems findRa firuza, is momswre iyo Tbilisis abanoSi momxdari ambebisa, rveuli sadac es ambebi iyo aRwerili, daikarga xolo Tavad saeWvo viTarebaSi gardaicvala. mama zaqarias msgavsad, isic daixrCo, orive mkvlelobas erTi xelwera aqvs, orive maSin gardaicvala, rodesac mxatvris pirad cxovrebas Seexnen. TxrobaSi suraTi isev icvleba amjerad gvevlinebian gamomZieblebi baiardi da yorRanovi, moqmed pirebad romlebsac xafos mkvlelobis saqmis gaxsna daevalaT, am saqmis did mniSvnelobaze mwvane saqaRaldec xafo metyvelebda. gaxldaT im danaSaulebrivi jgufis wevri, romelsac bebuTovi meTaurobda. avtori ironiuli toniT ambobs Semdeg sityvebs am jgufze ,,mkvlelis Zieba iq uadgilo iyo, radgan am adamianebma gulmxurvaled daitires sakuTari ,,qmari’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 60). es adamianebi niRabamofarebulebi TamaSoben cxovrebaSi. romanis bolos gaCenil kiTxvaze, Tu vin aris xafos mkvleli? pasuxs mkiTxveli finalSi gakeTebuli danarTidan igebs. xafo misma Svilobilma mokla. garda amisa, danarTSi CamoTvlilia yvela im pirTa sia, vinc romanSia naxsenebi, axsnilia istoriuli TariRebi. aseve vigebT imasac, rom avtors am romanisTvis sxva saxeli hqonda mofiqrebuli ,,xafo siyvarulis mevaxSe’’, magram is gamomcemlis TxovniT Seucvlia. 154 meore nawarmoebia ,,gaqrebi madaTovze’’. wina romanisgan gansxvavebiT, is ufro sainteresoa, interteqstualoba arc wina romans aklda, magram am SemTxvevaSi iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos mwerali da mkiTxveli erTmaneTs amocnoba. nawarmoebis scdebian, Zneli misaxvedria mwerlis Canafiqris yoveli Tavi iwyeba amonaridebiT sxvadasxva mwerlisa Tu poetis Semoqmedebidan. nawarmoebis mTavari gmirebi arian ucxoeTSi ganaTlebamiRebuli adamianebi, aq SedarebiT ufro didi adgili eTmobaT qalebs marina agabekovas da saqarTveloSi socialuri ardanel-iSxnels. mwerlobiT fonia ver Seqmnili. parizSi cxovrobs, romanis naswavli mis erT-erT ioseliani irgvliv epizodSi saSineli ioseliani germanelebis furnis win specialurad Cerdeba raTa pureulis cqeriT Tvali gaaZRos, rom es yvelaferi Semdeg daesizmros. ,,ynosva gauZlierda am SimSilisgan ise, rom kai mwevar ZaRlad gamodgeboda’’ (morCilaZe 2001: 57) am nawilis wakiTxvisas mkiTxvels SeiZleba gaaxsendes hamsunis moTxroba ,,SimSili’’, sadac msgavsi situaciaa aRwerili. SimSili didi fsiqologiuri stresis gamomwvevi movlenaa, hamsunma STambeWdavad aRwera es Tema Tavis moTxrobaSi. interteqstualoba postmodernizmis xerxia, romelsac aka morCilaZe iyenebs. gmirs rTul viTarebaSi mxsnelad didi xnis megobari iliko imerliSvili moevlina. ioseliani avtors warsulSi gadahyavs, is hyveba Tavis cxovrebas imerliSvilTan gatarebul periods, roca yvelaferi saerTo hqondaT, maT Soris gulic, orives erTi qali uyvarda. aka morCilaZe ajerebs mkiTxvels iliko imerliSvilis gulwrfelobaSi, mas marTla surs megobris daxmareba. mweralma iliko imerliSvilis da ioselianis saxiT ori sruliad gansxvavebuli gmiri warmogvidgina, ,,me Cemi mouvleli da mSieri ieriT. is kidev ingliselis Salis saucxood Sekeril kostumSi, bajaRlos saaTiT damSvenebuli karga mozrdili ZewkviT, tyavis budidan Tavgamoyofil amerikul sigaretebiT’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 60). saintereso versia warmogvidgina mweralma maCablis gauCinarebaze. is imerliSvilis piriT gveubneba, rom inglisuris kargi mcodne maCabeli boSebs argentinaSi gahyva. rogorc aRvniSneT, gansxvavebuli varianti 155 SemogvTavaza laSa imedaSvilma maCablis gauCinarebaze wignSi ,,sami mkvleloba Zvel TbilisSi’’, sadac mTavari moqmedi piri kniaz maCabelia. iliko imerliSvilis mizani samyaros Secvlaa. am mizniT Targmnis qarTulad ioseliani krapotkinis akrZalul wigns ,,reC buntavSika’’. xdeba axali personaJis kapitan saginovis Semoyvana, romelic nawarmoebSi mxolod da mxolod warsulis landad gvevlineba, erT dros didi Tanamdebobis mqone adamians awmyoSi mxolod mogonebebi qaosi da martooba SerCa xelT. misTvis dros aranairi datvirTva aRar gaaCnda. aka morCilaZis arc Tu ise mravalferovan qalTa samyarodan aRsaniSnavia kneina aradnel iSxneli, romelic intrigebis xlarTvaSi gamowvrTnili qali gaxldaT. sinamdvileSi ra erqva an vin iyo, aravin ar icoda, is jaSuSi iyo ,,dedofali pirSav saidumloTa gaxsnisa’’. bedi imas hqonia, visac arc ki smenia misi saxeli’’ -werda saginovi. romanSi asaxulia kneina iSxnelis burusiT moculi sikvdilis ambavi, eWvi saginovze aiRes maT erT dros axlo urTierToba hqondaT. saintereso Temaa, saginovisa da qalebis damokidebuleba miuxedavad kapitnis mZime xasiaTisa, qalebi misi gulisTvis angrevdnen ojaxebs, magram maTve daakargines yvelaferi. Txroba gadadis romanis mTavar gmirze, ioselianma Secvala cxovrebis stili, mas uyvarda wignebi da qalebi, misi Seyvarebuli xvdeboda, sxva saqmisTvis rom moekidebina xeli. aram nikolaeviCis bina revolucionerebis TavSesafari xdeba. ioseliani wigns zaal nakaSiZis saxeliT Targmnida, swored es wigni gaxda romanSi moqmedebis ganviTarebis mTavari mizezi. iwyeba CaxlarTuli siuJeti. kunZuli madaTovi romanis dasasrulsaa naxsenebi_ ,,viRacam fexi Semodga madaTovis rbil miwaze’’. am kunZulze xdeba Targmanis gadacema, romelic baiardis da yorRanovis xelSi xvdeba da iqve nadgurdeba. baiardi da yorRanovi CvenTvis ukve kargad nacnobi gmirebi arian. gansxvavebiT wina romanisgan, sadac isini erTmaneTs kargad arc ki icnoben, aq ukve megobrebad gvevlinebian. erTi romanidan meore romanSi ,,mogzauri’’ personaJebi postmodernizmisTvis bunebrivi movlenaa. 156 amaT garda, zemoT ganxiluli romanidan sxva personaJebic gadmodian, rac, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, axasiaTebs postmodernizms. wina romanSi iliko revolucioneria, imerliSvili aq ki is ukve jer kidev aqtiuradaa Camouyalibebeli CarTuli revoluciur moZraobaSi. nawarmoebSi avtori gadis realuri sivrcidan irealur sivrceSi, erTi adgilidan meoreze, erTi epizodis aRweraze, sazRvrebi moSlilia. Cans. kargad iSleba aRweridan meore sad iwyeba ambavi da sad mTavrdeba, ar aris daxatuli im periodis ruseTis mzakvruli epizodis gegma, Tbilisi, romlis Tumca romanSi fonzec gamoyvanil gamomZieblebs jer kidev SerCeniaT Rirseba. mwerali bodiSs uxdis yvela im avtors, romelsac mal-male esesxeboda. is Tavs imiT imarTlebs, rom misTvis wera saxaliso saqmea da Wadrakis erT ubralo salaRobo partias hgavs. sainteresoa, am romanebis avtori marTla Wadraks gveTamaSeba da es misi garTobaa mxolod? saeWvoa, aka morCilaZe ar wers garTobisaTvis, is wers imitom, rom ubralod unda weros. ,,veSapi madaTovze’’ -madaTovis ciklis mesame wignia, masze Tavad avtori akeTebs komentars da wers: ,,iseve rogorc madaTovis wina romanebSi, mkiTxveli aqac mraval istoriul Tu mwerlis fantaziiT Seqmnil personaJs Sexvdeba da warsulis suraTsac gaixsenebs. es romani ori nawilisgan Sedgeba, meore nawilSi mwerali axal realobas qmnis, romlis finalSic mkiTxveli xvdeba, rom madaTovis ocwliani istoria sinamdvileSi kompiuteruli virtualuri realobaa, 21-e saukuneSi Seqmnili TamaSi ,,mejiq polisi’’ yofila. winasityvaobad yovel TavSi sxvadasxva nawarmoebebidan amonaridebia motanili. romani naTlad gviCvenebis postmodernistuli samyaros TamaSis princips, avtori gveTamaSeba am sityvis piradapiri mniSvnelobiT, mkiTxveli mihyveba mas irealur, ararsebul samyarosken. Tu nawarmoebis pirvel TavSi realuri pirebi arian gamoyvanili, meore nawilSi sxva suraTi gvxvdeba. gmiri sxva sivrceSi gadadis, avtori gviTrevs TamaSSi, rogorc meSveobiT mkvlevari bela postmodernistul wifuria ganmartavs: xelovnebaSi 157 ,,TamaSis gacilebiT principis ufro rTuli mxatvruli struqtura manipulirebdes amyofebdes iqmneba. realobasa da avtori irealobis SegrZnebiT TamaSobdes da recipients am zRvarze’’ (wifuria 2005: 27) avtori qmnis STabeWdilebas, rom samyaroSi araferi araa sando, moTamaSe SeiZleba mxared gvevlineba arc teqsti. is niRabs irgebs, erT Tavad avtori, mTavari moTamaSe ki mkiTxvelia. mwerals saxecvlili gadaukeTebia kldiaSvils gvevlineba, rogorc samani, gmirebi Semohyavs romanebSi. personaJisTvis da samaniSvilis asevea gvari nacvlad yorRanovi. es im periodis ruseTis politika iyo. icvlebian Taobebi, romlebic kargaven erovnulobas. xmali xdeba Tavi da Tavi wignma ikisra, xmali saqarTvelos istoriis kuTvnilebaa, romelic mefeebis xelidan istoriis siuJetis ganviTarebisa. wina romanSi ki es funqcia garkveva stalinis xelSi gadadis. gamomZiebel SeraZes xmlis evaleba. is saintereso figuraa romanSi. SeraZe ruseTis imperiis samsaxurSi erTgulad dgas. man uari Tqva yvelaze da yvelaferze. daTmo sayvareli qali. kunZul madaTovze mdgari gmiri warsulSi daabruna saxelma aleqs, es saxeli bolos dedam dauZaxa. isev qalis xma iyo, oRond Zveli siyvarulis nacnobi xma. ninas danaxvam 25 wlis winandeli siyvaruli gaaxsena. ,,bevri ram daTmo SeraZem aRzrdis gamo, wesierebidan da gulidan daTmo’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 104). rac Seexeba stalins, misadmi ironias ar iSurebs mwerali. ,,amxanagi stalini naCvenebia Tu moixmars kokains da opiums’’ -kiTxulobs avtori, aqve stalinis politikuri cxovrebis dawyebis pirveli nabijebi. mas gaqcevis dros beris tansacmlis Cacmac mouxda, razec uTqvams kidec_ ,,dedaCemi amis Casacmelad mamzadebda da axla rom daminaxavdes, movewonebodi’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 116). iliko imerliSvili am romanSic gamohyavs avtors. man ,,TbilisSi cxovrebis weliwadsa da rva Tves dainaxa axali qveyana, sazizRari qveyana, ubeduri, daCoqebuli qveyana’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 106). bolSevikebi cxovrobdnen warmodgenebiT. am warmodgenebiT qmnidnen qveyanas. ,,amdeni sisxlic imitom iyo, rom adamianebs ar esmodaT, ratom unda icxovron iZulebiT warmodgenaSi’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 107). 158 wignis meore nawili utu miqavas sityvebiT iwyeba: ,,oxrad ki darCes iseTi samSoblo, sadac Tavic ki ver Segifarebia sadme’’. am nawilSi gansxvavebuli istoria iwyeba, naCvenebia erTi ubralo viTom mwerali, romelic mxolod mwerlobaze, misi wignakebs xeliT werda avtori da axal pretenzia realobas ar hqonda qmnis. did ismaili am fsevdonimiT Semodis mwerali TxrobaSi. virtualur samyaroSi mis mier imarTeba qveyana, sadac sruli demokratia iyo da xuTi sxvadasxva gazeTi gamodioda. es qalaqi Tbilisis iluzias qmnis. mwerlis cxovreba iqca TamaSad. am kunZulze ufro daculad grZnobda Tavs, mas saimedo sazRvari wyali ekra. ,,kunZulebs Tbilisurad mivxede, sacalfexo gavude da iq xexili da vazi Cavyare, ra miyvars kidev da vazi eg aris Cemi pirveli da ukanaskneli mcenare’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 214). miuxadavad imisa, rom is ararsebuli samyaro iyo, mainc Seesivnen im periodis realuri mtrebi komunistebi, romlebic TiTqos kunZulze gavliT iyvnen, magram Zvirad daujda saqarTvelos ,,gavliT Semosuli’’ mtris gaZeveba, brZolaSi marcxdeba ,,monRolebs daamarcxeb, am wiTlebs gmiri, marcxdeba gaagebineb, verafers saqarTveloc napoleons Seasmen.’’ gaagebineb, wiTlebTan Sav Wirs nawarmoebSi realuri da irealuri elvis siswrafiT cvlis erTmaneTs, Znelia imis mixvedra, Tu sad gadis zRvari am or samyaros Soris. veSapis gamoCenisas irTveba katastrofis ujra, miuxedavad amisa, kunZuls ipyrobs TeTri veSapi. ,,mxolod wamiT amoimarTa wylidan raTa kvlav CaeyvinTa ase micuravda ase midioda’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 230). daibna mtris pirispir mdgari gmiri ,,da sanam CayvinTavda rCevebis ujras veci da vkiTxe vebrZolo?-qalaqi unda SeebrZolos, Tqven vera iyo pasuxi’’. ruseTis imperiam daipyro saqarTvelo, ise rogorc TeTrma veSapma kunZuli. ,,me ver vuyurebdi sakuTari qalaqis ase mospobas’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 230). veSapis saxe simbolurad siZlieris gamomxatvelia, mis miRma SeiZleba ruseTic davinaxoT, romelic swored am Zalis xarjze imonebs yvelas. naTelia, proza’’ rom aka mniSvnelovan morCilaZis adgils SemoqmedebaSi ikavebs. mwerlis ,,madaTovis wiaRsvlebi ciklis Rrma da araTanmimdevrulia. literaturaTmcodneobiTi terminiT rom ganvmartoT, 159 aka morCilaZe da misi mkiTxveli liminalur fazaSi imyofebian, yofnaaryofnis zRvarze. simravle, aluzia, aseve Cans xSirad gantotvili erTi azrovneba SexedviT _ umniSvnelo teqstebis ambavi isea nawarmoebSi Casmuli, rom mkiTxveli ver grZnobs mTlianobis rRvevas, rac mwerlis niWze metyvelebs. aka morCilaZe eTamaSeba Tavis mkiTxvels, man ki unda SeZlos mwerlis fexdafex miyola, raTa Semdeg xelidan ar gagvisxltes ambavi da Tavad avtori, romelic gamocanebiT gveTamaSeba da gvTavazobs ,,amoican es cxovreba ar ginda? ,,santa-esperansas ciklis proza’’. saubrisas ar nawarmoebi ,,santa-esperansa’’. aramed SeiZleba ar araoriginaluri aRiniSnos is misi gamorCeulia formiTac. krebulsac ki uwodebs s. Z.) aka morCilaZis Semoqmedebaze wigni, erT-erTi ara gamorCeuli marto (zogierTi SinaarsiT, mas ambebis Seicavs uamrav qveteqsts, sadac ambebi erTi rveulidan meore rveulze gadasvlisas erTmaneTis miyolebiT cvlian erTmaneTs. rveulebi oTxi ferisaa yavisfers_yurZnismtevani axatia, yviTels-mayvlis buCqi, mwvanes _burZgis yvavili, cisfers ki xmali, isini moTavsebulia patara saqarTveloSi arsebuli samxedro saomari CanTaSi. samxedro mdgomareobis. CanTa simboloa SesaZlebelia am 36 rveulidan, romelic mkiTxvels surs, is gamoiRos da iqidan daiwyos kiTxva, teqsti amis saSualebas iZleva. postmodernisti mwerlisTvis aseTi eqsperimentebi ucxo ara aris. marTalia, moqmedebis adgili gaucxoebulia, magram, rodesac mkiTxveli nawarmoebs Tavidan bolomde gaecnoba, gaucxoebis SegrZneba sruliad ikargeba. misTvis cxadi xdeba is, Tu ra imaleba santa-esperansuli ambebis miRma, es mwerlis mier virtuozulad Seqmnili saqarTveloa, am kunZulebis yofa saqarTvelos, ufro zustad ki ganukiTxaoba 90-iani wlebis Tbiliss mogvagonebs, sadac areuloba, da orxelisuflebianoba iyo, romlis quCebSic tyviebi zuzunebda. Eesaa Cveni samSoblos realuri suraTi. Tumca avtorma mas santa-esperansuli ambavi uwoda. ,,iqaur ambebs saqarTvelos ambebs Tu ar vuwodebT, qarTul ambebad mainc aucileblad unda mouxmoT’’ (paiWaZe 2006: 98). romani banqos TamaSis principzea agebuli, inti ase uwodeben am TamaSs. sadac karts feri ara aqvs, mis adgils vazi, mayvali, buZgi da 160 xmali ikavebs. Ddetalurad aris aRwerili intis TamaSis wesebi. Tavad avtori wers, ,,yvelaferi Tavisi agebulebiT rveulebSia axloa milorad Cemi mosayoli’’.Ees paviCis romanTan nawarmoebi ,,ukanaskneli siyvaruli konstantinopolSi’’. Tavad santa-esperansa gamonagoni kunZulia, aka morCilaZe xSirad igonebs, rogorc personaJebs ise ambebs, _,,yvelaferi, rasac igoneb, ar SeiZleba iyos lamazi, magram kargad ki unda gamoigono’’_wers Tavad avtori. teqsti Seicavs uamrav patar-patara ambavs, romelic garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs. santa-siti, is qalaqia, sadac saukuneebis erovnebis, kunZuli manZilze erTmaneTis kulturisa Sav zRvaSi Tavisufldeba, ra saqarTveloa, xolo da gverdigverd religiis mdebareobs, saTqmeli warmomadgeneli romelic imaleba dampyrobi cxovroben amis inglisis xalxi. inglisis ukan, saxeSi sxvadasxva Tavad batonobisgan naTelia, advilad kunZuli davinaxavT ruseTs. ,,me movedi esperansaze da vuyureb saqarTvelos’’ _wers erT-erTi gmiri. romanSi detalurad aris aRwerili kunZuli, misi dedaqalaqi santasiti, sadac, Tbilisis msgavsad, erTmaneTis gverdigverd idgnen marTlmadidebluri eklesia da meCeTi, Tbilisi gamoirCeva swored am interkulturuli niSan-TvisebebiT. santa-esperansaze ki Ramis klubebSi saintereso mxolod am qalaqisTvis damaxasiTebeli ,,sadardos’’ saxeliT cnobili simRerebi sruldeboda, aseTi tipis simRerebis Sesrulebis Tavisebureba is iyo, rom msmenels ar SeeZlo daenaxa momRerali an miaxloeboda mas. Kkesane daTas Seyvarebuli swored sadardos momRerali iyo. mamakacebs es qalebi TavianTi xmis gamo uyvardebodaT. mwerali warmoadgens karnavals, rasac modardis simRera kidev ufro met idumalebas sZens. am fonze mwerali mogviTxrobs romanis mTavari personaJebis salomeas da sandro dela Kkostas, daTa da kesanes siyvarulis ambavs, romelTagan arc erTi siyvarulia, akrZaluli ar sruldeba grZnoba ki bednierad. yovelTvis es ufro akrZaluli Zlieri da momakvdinebelia. salomeas da sandros siyvaruli SeuZlebeli iyo imitom, rom isini ori dapirispirebuli gvaris 161 warmomadgenlebi gaxldnen. visramianebi da dela kostebis erTmaneTs mudmivad emterebodnen. garda amisa, visramianebs ojaxuri tradicia ar aZlevda uflebas, qarTvelis garda, sxva moeyvana an sxvaze gaTxoviliyo. amitom, salome usiyvarulod gaaTxoves qarTvel nika abaiSvilze, romelic saqarTvelodan gaiqca da Tavs santa-sitis afarebda, xolo ,,es is kunZulia, sadac rCebian da ukan aRar brundebian’’. visramianebi sabedos eZebdnen, ase iyo usiyvarulod maSinac, SerTes tradiciulad saqarTveloSi roca salomes bu visramians, colad deda, kaia visramiani saqarTveloSi vaxtang avalianad cnobils, romelsac mTeli cxovreba awuxebda saqarTveloze fiqri, xolo, rodesac misi samSoblo gaTavisuflda ruseTis batonobisagan, iq dabruneba gadawyvita. es siyvaruli Tavis Svilebs daTas da salomeasac gadasca. Tavis droze isic iZulebuli gaxda, samSoblodan koncxi’’, siyvarulis sadac gamo yovelTvis gaqceuliyo. midiodnen kunZulze visramianebi da iyo ,,lodinis ,,gascqerodnen zRvas, moelodnen niSans didi samSoblodan, saqarTvelodan’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 6). rac Seexeba salomeas da sandros siyvaruls, mwerali am grZnobis dasamtkiceblad CanarTis saxiT gviCvenebs sandros da Kkostas saskolo Txzulebas ,,Cemi guSindeli da xvalindeli dRe’’, sadac is aRwers salomeas garegnobas da misadmi siyvaruls, romelic orives tanjvad gadaeqcaT. 20 weliwadSi 7-jer gaiqcnen isini da 7-jerve damarcxdnen. Aasev sainteresoa sandro da kostas uTariRo dRiurebi ,,me Cemi gvaris ukanaskneli STamomavali var, rogorc Cans, Cem Semdeg sagvareulo wignSi araferi aRar Caiwereba, mZulda yvelaferi da miyvarda mxolod salomea’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 4-5).E Tumca igi aqve acnobierebs, rom maTi siyvaruli ,,Secdomas hgavs, TiTqos winaswar mozomil Secdomas, am areul mogonebebs SenTvis vwer salomea imitom, rom Sens meti veravin gaigebs’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 6). Secdomad Tvlis am siyvarulis gaCenis dRes. da imasac, yurZeni misca. rodesac maSin astronomiis igrZno, rom gakveTilidan Secdoma dauSva. gamoipara visramianebma mas ki ,,siyvaruli akrZales, anu yoveli is Secdoma akrZales, rasac qalis da kacis siyvaruli miayenebda maT ojaxs’’ (morCilaZe 2004: 7). es grZnoba imdenad didi da Zlieri iyo, rom cxovrebis bolomde gastana, ,,vberdebi, 162 magram siberes araferi ara aqvs saerTo siyvarulTan. sibere Secdoma ar aris, igi gzispira niSnulia’’, isev CarTulia sandros werili, romelic miwera sayvarel qals: ,,me vebrZodi im oms, momeria, Sen wagiyvana, damartya mtkivneul adgilas, meTaurad Sen agirCia. sad aris Cveni Tavgadasavali salomea? sad wavida es ambavi? Mme davkarge da ara mgonia, Senc sadme gqondes Senaxuli’’ sandro mixvda ra, rom arasdros eRirsebodaT erTad yofna, sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula. es urTierToba ,,romeo da julietas’’ ambavs hgavs. aqac aris ori dapirispirebuli gvari, ris gamoc qorwineba ar Sedga, aqac wrfeli grZnobaa, romelic saTaves bavSvobidan iRebs. romanSi viTarebaSi deteqtiuri xdeba siuJetia mkvleloba. ACarTuli, monasterSi sadac klaven gaurkvevel salomeas qmars. am adgils man codvebis mosananieblad Seafra Tavi. romanSi naCvenebia Zalauflebis mopovebis gamo erTmaneTs samkvdrosasicocxlod gadakidebuli deda-Svilis dapirispireba, romelSic salomea imarjvebs. rac Seexeba kaia visramians is Tavis cxovrebas erTaderT saqmes sofelSi SviliSvils aRzrdas ukavSirebs da ar ereva im ojaxis marTvaSi, romelsac erT dros didi konstantine visramiani ganagebda, mis saxeSi mweralma tipiuri qarTveli mamakaci warmogvidgina. moxucs yvelaze metad uyvarda daTa visramiani, romelmac ar gaumarTla imedebi, is moTamaSea, romlisTvisac, TamaSis garda, araferi ar arsebobs. Tumca mis cxovrebaSic erevian, ar dauSva ojaxma kesanesa da daTas siyvaruli, sabolood daTa megobar ber panteleimonTan erTad mamis samSobloSi saqarTveloSi midis. salomeac, Zmis msgavsad, imave problemis winaSe daayena ojaxma. ,,gadamiares visramianebma’’ Tumca man ver daTmo bevri ram, pirvel rigSi sakuTari dedam. pativmoyvareoba, am viTarebaSi radgan Znelia es grZnoba isaubro bavSvobidanve gmirebis Caunerga moralur-zneobriv imperativebze, imaze, rac ukve didi xania daikarga. salomeas Tbilisidan Casuli daqiravebuli meomrebTan urTierTobis Semdeg daengra miTi saqarTveloze, ,,me zRaprebs maswavlidnen. me meubnebodnen, rom zRvis iqiT iyo Cemi namdvili samSoblo, sadac yvelaferi yvaoda, sadac mefe iyo. sinamdvileSi Tqven yofilxarT. 163 me qarTli sxvanairi megona, sxvanairad miyvebodnen Tu iq yvela Tqvennairia, maSin ar vici.....~ (morCilaZe 2004: 6-7) am kunZulze miTebs saTave ali beim da misma Cibuxma daudes, Cibuxi im zomis iyo, rom misi saTave iwyeboda ali-beis aivnidan sruteze gadadioda, sadac mas basila tenida. am Cibuxis namtvrevebi kunZulze relikviad inaxeboda. ali-bei garkveuli niSnebiT hgavs xafo mxatvars. masac hyavs yvelaze axlobeli adamiani basilas saxiT. iseve rogorc xafos, mis irgvlivac uamravi Wor-marTali ireva erTmaneTSi, misi sikvdilic xafos sikvdilis msgavsad burusiTaa moculi. aseve saintereso personaJia xetia. misi TaosnobiT kunZulze moxda areuloba, rasac mohyva ara marto fizikuri msxverpli, aramed tradiciaTa msxvreva, sulier faseulobaTa degradacia da adamianTa gaucxoeba. am adamianma Tavisi garegnobiT SeuZlebelia mkiTxvels ilia WavWavaZis gmiri luarsab TaTqariZe ar gaaxsenos, Tumca sruliad iyo, romelsac gansxvavebuli miznebiTa da survilebiT. agaTia kunZulis cixisTavi marTva erTaderTi memkvidreobiT realuri ergeboda, memkvidre Tuki iq monarqia kvlav aRdgeboda, magram mas klaven. inti gaqcevas niSnavs da marTlac gmirebi garbian, isini gaurbian sakuTar Tavs, xolo vinc amas ver aswrebs, kvdeba, zogi fizikurad, zogi sulierad. mwerali teqsti gviCvenebs rTuli Sedgenilobisaa, sxvadasxva kuTxis misi dialeqts. enac arqaizebulia, romani Targmnilia germanul da inglisur enebze. germanulad Targmna naTia miqelaZem da rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs: ,,pirveli sirTule swored am mravalferovan dialeqtebsa da ,,JargonebSi’’ iyo romelsac teqsti uxvad Seicavs’’ (miqelaZe 2008: 13). aka morCilaZem uamravi aCrdili moixmo (Tavad akac anarekli gio axvledianisa) romlebsac jesika afrTxobs, ,,wignis, de -wers raideri ufro malxaz saxlSi swored ki xarbedia. wiTeli CanTis xom aCrdilia im aCrdilebma, fexsacmlis sazRvrebi kakuniT ar unda gadmolaxon’’ (xarbedia 2005: 13). romanSi aRwerili erTi SexedviT, danawevrebuli samyaro kunZulze ikvreba. es aris zRapari, sadac gamogonilTan erTad bevr realur faqts 164 SexvdebiT, romelic isev da isev saqarTvelos uaxles warsuls ukavSirdeba. Aaka morCilaZem rac ar unda dagvajeros, rom is sxva qveyanaze da masSi arsebul problemebze gviambobs, faqti erTia, mwerali mainc mTavar saTqmels utrialebs da mTavari ki misTvis saqarTvelo da misi warsulia, xolo romanSi arsebul garemos rac ar unda daarqvas, is mainc saqarTveloa, misi londonic Tbilisia da santa-sitic. AsiuJetis gaucxoeba, aluzia, Txrobis areuli stili, TamaSis principi, postmodernizmis niSnebia, romelsac aka morCilaZe iyenebs. santa-esperansas ,,mister diqslis ciklis mdumare prozaSi yuTi’’, SeiZleba romelic, wina gavaerTianoT romani ganxiluli romanis msgavsad, sakmaod ucnauri formisaa, garedan daxatuli seifis gasaRebi maniSnebelia imaze, rom romanSi uamravi aseTi patar-patara karia, romlis Tavis gamRebs anu mkiTxvels elodeba. am yuTSi Cadebulia oTxi sxvadasxva feris rveuli, oTxi sxvadasxva adamianis ambavi, romlebic erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian. garda amisa, rveulis ukan Cven SevxvdebiT uamrav nivTs, gazeTidan amoRebul statiebs, mosawvevebs, werilebs, Canawerebs, dRiurebs. Ees savizito baraTebs, nivTebi erT mTlian ambavs qmnis. Aaq moTxrobilia ori mamakacisa da ori qalis istoria, maTi urTierTobis detalebi, rac saboloo jamSi erT ambavs emsaxureba_ mkvlelobis gaxsnas. nawarmoebSi pirveli Semodis mwerali qali jesika de raideri, es personaJi avtors ,,santa-esperansaSic’’ hyavs gamoyvanili. misi namdvili saxeli iyo ezekia, Tumca fsevdonimi ufro met idumalebas sZenda mis pirovnebas, romelsac saidumloebebi isedac ar aklda da Tan qveyanaze aravin ar hyavda. TxrobaSi epizodebia CarTuli, sadac jesikas nawarmoebebidan garkveuli ufro metad cxovrebiseul realuri ambebia aRwerili. mwerali qalis cxovrebaSi sruliad moulodnelad Sedis adamiani, romelic tipiuri qarTveli kriminalia, is malavs Tavis warmomavlobas. swored am adamianma daafiqra cxovrebaze qali. Aamirbari masTan mivida SuaRames_qarTulad, Tumca yvelaferi maSin damTavrda, roca arc ki dawyebula. mamakaci gaqra. jesikam is qars Seadara, romelic ,,yovelTvis brundeboda’’. jesikam dawera misi saukeTeso romani ,,kafe de mari’’. xolo 165 mas Semdeg, rac gaigo amirbaris sikvdili, Tqva: ,,man me Cemi saukeTeso romani damawerina’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 31) Tavad am nawilSi araferi ar weria maTi siyvarulis da miT ufro qorwilis Sesaxeb, magram, rogorc cnobilia, xSirad mTavari saTqmeli swored rom dafarul da bevrisTvis SeumCnevel adgilas imaleba. am SemTxvevaSic asea, rveulis bolos devs gazeT ,,sent jon ivning postidan’’ amonaridi, saTauriT ,,jvrisweris win’’. Aam statiaSi Jurnalistebi varaudoben imaze, Tu vin aris jesikas idumali Tayvanismcemeli, Tumca amirbaris pirovnebis amocnoba yvela im adamians uWirs, visac masTan raime saxis urTierToba hqonia. vin aris adamiani, romelic aseTi saxecvlili gvevlineba samSoblodan gaqcevis Semdeg? mweralma Cven winaSe radikalurad gansxvavebuli xasiaTis gmirebi warmogvidgina. amirbarze warsuli saubari iwyeba meore rveulSi, sadac naCvenebia misi saqmianoba samSobloSi, sadac kriminalur jgufTan erTad uamrav danaSauls Cadioda. es dajgufeba ,,mxedrionis’’ analogi iyo. im periodis realuri suraTia naCvenebi ,,saqarTveloSi iaraRiani kacis ar eSinodaT, komunistebma dagvadebiles’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 1) -werda amirbari, iwyeba faseulobaTa gadafaseba, mRvdeli_ imisTvis, raTa ojaxi arCinos, anaforas ixdis da damnaSaveTa jgufSi wevriandeba. Tumca manamde am moZRvris amirbars rcxvenoda, radgan igi sakuTar sindisze mianiSnebda, romelic qvecnobierad yvela adamianSi iyo daleqili _ mkvlelSic ki. Mmagram is Tavs adamianad ar Tvlida. ,,yvelas raRaca surda, me kidev araferi_Tavidan samSoblo, mere aRaraferi’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 7) Tavisufleba mas mxolod iaraRis daxmarebiT miRweuli simSvide hgonia. santa-sitiSi gaqceva avanturistia, romelic ki gamosavalia am situaciidan.Aamirbari erTdroulad or qalTan crdilobs romanis gabmas. is ,,Tavis mogonil ambebSi ise gadaxlarTuliyo, rom Tavisi cxovrebac erT did samsaxiobo warmodgenad eqcia’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 32) aqve romanis amirbaris bolos damnaSaved naCvenebia misi Camoyalibebis biografia, mTavar mkiTxveli mizezs, xvdeba mizezi ki arasrulfasovani ojaxuri garemoa. amirbari, romlis namdvili saxeli da gvaric CvenTvis ucnobia, pataraobidanve marto gadis cxovrebasTan SesabrZoleblad. patara iyo, rodesac deda gadausaxles, xolo mama 166 dauxvrites, is damnaSaved swored am periodidan yalibdeba, 14 wlis bavSvs maRaziis gaqurdvisTvis 9 wliT cixeSi svamen, Semdeg ki Tavad qveyanaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma mas kriminalad CamoayalibebisTvis sruli Tavisufleba misca. aRwerilia rveulis am nawilis ukan aris CanarTi, sadac santa-sitis ambebi. Aaseve werili, romelic amirbarma miiRo ucnobi pirovnebisgan, sadac is wers: ,,Tqvenc is gsurT, rom Tqven gaqreT, ambebi Tqvens Sesaxeb ki darCes’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 5) aqve CarTulia amonaweri gazeTidan, sadac aRniSnulia, rom kafe ,,melisaSi’’ moklulia upirvelesi qarTveli, mas jibeSi upoves Zvirfasi savizito baraTebis mTeli Sekvra, sul sxvadasxva saxelze. mkiTxvelTan erTad avtori akeTebs miniSnebas da poulobs saerTos, jesikas de raideris kavalersa da mokluls Soris. amirbaris mkvlelobas deteqtivi diqsli iZiebs. am mkvlelobas saerTaSoriso rezonansi mohyva. Semdeg saubari kvlav gadadis saqarTveloze. mwerali amjerad Seufarav sinamdviles aRwers qveyanaze, sadac aT weliwadze metia, rac sisxlismRvreli omi mimdinareobda. ,,dRes samoqalaqo Cveni qveynis uaxloesi sazRvao mezobeli Raribi da emgraciiT cnobili qveyanaa’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 46) aRwerilia saqarTvelos mZime socialuri yofa. kunZulis istorias elinur xanamde mivyavarT. pirvelad mosaxleoba aq me-12 saukuneSi gamoCnda, xolo mTavari aq ioane naTlismcemlis saxelobis taZari iyo, romelic dRemde moqmedebs da mTels aziaSi umdidresia. am taZris arseboba, mimaniSnebelia santa-esperansas interkulturulobaze. oficialuri dResaswauli 26 ianvaria. es cifri miniSnebaa 26 maisze saqarTvelos damoukideblobis dReze. mesame rveulSi Sedis kidev erTi qarTveli mwerlis istoria, romelic santa-sitiSi wignis dasawerad Cavida, am qalaqSi gaicnobs jesika de raiders. TxrobaSi CarTulia azrobrivi kavSirebi gmirsa da saqarTveloSi myof mis meuRles Soris. swored gigim uTxra jesikas amirbarTan dakavSirebiT simarTle, xolo Tavad mas qvrivi samaria polo ar aZlevda mosvenebas. ugzavnida savizito baraTebs, romelic rveulis boloSi nimuSis saxiT warmogvidgina avtorma. wignSi naCvenebia gigis wignis broSura saTauriT ,,naSuadRevs kafe tragilto breveSi’’ momxdari ambavi. sadac saubaria iaponiis Sesaxeb, xolo mTavari moqmedi pirebi 167 geiSebi arian. Semdeg, rogorc postmodernistul nawarmoebs sCvevia, Txroba gadadis sxva _ Temaze, kerZod, santa-sitiSi mcxovreb meZvebze, romlebic dayofilebi arian sxvadasxva kategoriebad. kafe ,,de marSi’’ xdeba Tavadis TxrobaSi, (amirbaris) erTi interpretacia CanarTebis da mkvleloba. imave perosonaJis Ddeteqtiuri saSualebiT Mmkvleli Janri avtori ucnobia, mkvlelobis sxvadasxvagvari postmodernizms mTavar Txroba axasiaTebs. saTqmels gviCvenebs, eWvmitanili meoTxe am riTac xorcieldeba teqstis dekodireba. amirbarisMmkvlelobaSi savaraudo nawilSi Cans, sadac iwyeba saubari ,,marko polos’’ mflobel sidonia poloze. sidoniasTan saubars dakiTxviT iwyebs diqseli, romelic aRniSnul mkvlelobas iZiebs. mwerali gvacnobs am adamianis cxovrebis epizodebs, misi pirveli meuRle kafe ,,melisas’’ mflobeli iyo. mas Semdeg, rac cols sxva gamomdinare, mamakacTan avtori Seuswro, eWvs sidonias gamoTqvams, rom sayvareli mokla. aqedan amirbaric SeiZleba misi mokluli iyos. miT ufro, rom is sidonias saagentos saukeTeso klienti iyo. samaria polo gvevlineba mamakacebis grZnobebze moTamaSe qalbatonad, mas mowons, roca misi gulisTvis adamianebi erTmaneTs mtrad ekidebian da, ufro metic, klaven kidec. amirbarze Tqva, rom ,,gamorCeuli mamakaci iyo, orjer dampatiJa vaxSmad. miuxedavad amisa, klientad rCeboda’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 7). es personaJi dublirebuli saxiT warmogvidgina mweralma. qals hqonda ori cxovreba, ori saxeli da hyavda ori qmari. miuxedavad amisa, ,,me ubeduri qali var mister diqsel. Cemi biznesi yvavis, sxva ki araferi, Svilic ki ar momeca’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 9) Tumca, rogorc Cans, amirbarTan misi urTierToba mxolod klientisa da turistuli saagentos mflobelis urTierTobiT ar Semoifargleboda. rveulis bolos aris sidoniasadmi gagzavnili savizito baraTebi, romelsac amirbari sxvadasxva saxeliTa da gvariT agzavnida. ase magaliTad, irakli yazbegi, profesori samyaros mkvlevari, aq damokidebuleba gmirisadmi, romelic xan spikeria, xan mxedari da monadire Cans avtoris ironiuli moxalise zRvaosanTa klubis xanac cxenosanTa sazogadoebis Tavjdomare. aqve CarTulia sidonias meore qmris marko samaria polos 168 gardacvalebis ambavi, romelic moulodnelad gulis SeteviT daiRupa. aqve devs mis mier sidoniasTvis gamogzavnili 6 Ria baraTi, sadac weria, rom me vbrundebi, me davbrundebi, sadac TiTqos afrTxilebs cols. manamde maTi urTierToba werilebiT daiwyo, qmari hyavda, miuxedavad imisa, rom qals Tumca xSirad ar Rirs imis dawera, rasac ena, Tvalebi da sxeuli ukeT gamoTqvams’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 34). samaria polo aqac ar Ralatobs Tavis qalur bunebas da eTamaSeba masze Seyvarebul werilebis SinaarsiT mkiTxveli maTi urTierTobis mamakacs. ganviTarebas fexdafex mihyveba, ,,qarvis mundStuki dagCa da icode, mxolod maSin dagibruneb, roca sabolood Cemi iqnebi’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 34). romanSi aRwerili personaJebi erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli adamianebi arian, Tumca isini erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian da amiT qmnian, romanis sruli aRqmis SesaZleblobas. Aam nawarmoebs ,,santaesperansasTan’’ pirvel rigSi akavSirebs moqmedebis adgili, aq imdenad detalurad kultura, aris aRwerili eTnografia, gaecnoba da Semdeg igrZnobs Tavs rom santa-sitis mkiTxveli mokidebs nacnob ganxiluli nawarmoebis xels dro-sivrcul adgilmdebareoba, Tu pirvelad ,,idumal ,,santa-esperansas’’ garemoSi. msgavsad, gamoirCeva istoria, Ees yuTs’’ aucileblad romani, wina araordinaluri formiT, sadac yovel detals mTavari saTqmelisken mivyavarT. personaJebis xasiaTis sruli gaxsna swored am damatebebis meSveobiT xdeba, rac kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom saqme gvaqvs saintereso postmodernist avtorTan da aseve saintereso teqstTan, romelic Tvalis erTi gadavlebiT ar ikiTxeba, is ufro met CaRrmavebas moiTxovs, mwerali mkiTxvelsac xdis gamoZiebis Tanamonawiled. arsebobs uamravi versia Tu eWvi, romelic mkvlelis vinaobas ukavSirdeba. es nawarmoebi ufro metad deteqtiuri Janrisaa, rac metyvelebs mis postmodernistul xasiaTze. ,,santa-esperansas’’ ciklis romania ,,maid in tifeis’’, ucnauradaa gaformebuli, mas Tormeti kari axatia. Tormeti kari, am karebis gaRebis Semdeg romlis ydac garekanze axatia mkiTxveli sruliad gansxvavebul ambebsa da samyaroSi xvdeba. avtori Tavad gvacnobs Tavisi romanis agebulebas. aRsaniSnavia saTauri, sadac sityva maid arasworadaa dawerili, rac mwerlis mxridan garkveulwilad sityvebiT TamaSia. 169 ,,Tormeti patara wignisagan Sedgenili krebuli wamkiTxvel adamianebs ori gauCinarebuli megobris, barnoveli levikos da plexanoveli mogelas Tavgadasavals mouTxrobs’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 1). romanSi aris carieli furclebi, romlis arsebobasac ase xsnis mwerali: ,,am ambis avtors mSfoTvare Zili scodnia da melniT Rvino gadaasxa. amindi kargi yofila daweril ambavs wiTeli oRond naweri waxdenili’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 2) mwerali mkiTxvels TamaSSi rTavs, sadac recipients gamomcemlis mier datovebul cariel adgilas SeuZlia Tavisi fantaziiT Seqmnas da Caweros nebismieri teqsti, rogorc wina romanebSi, aqac amokrefilia sxvadasxva avtorebis azrebi romlebic yovel Tavs erTvis. am nawarmoebSi mTavari moqmedi piri aris plexanoveli mogela, xolo pirvelive gverdebidan Cven winaSe gadaiSleba kvlav santa-siti da am qalaqis cxovreba, Tavgadasavlebis gamo sadac gaiqca mogela Tavs Tbilisidan. afarebs, daTa is Tavis visramianis saxiT mwerals Semohyavs ,,santa esperansadan’’ mkiTxvelisTvis kargad nacnobi personaJi, swored man gaukeTa kunZulze miwveva maSin, rodesac TbilisSi iyo.Mmwerals aRwerili aqvs Tbiliseli biWebis cxovreba, romelic savsea yovelgvari uwesobiTa da uzneobiT, maTTvis ucxoa yovelgvari adamianuri principebi, mogelac da levikoc sakuTar samyaros eZeben, sadac Tavs maTTvis sasurvel garemoSi igrZnoben, iq sadac ar iarsebebs araviTari SezRudva, Tbiliseli biWia, araviTari akrZalva. mogela erTi romlisTvisac cxovrebaSi yvelaze Cveulebrivi didi simdidre megobris erTgulebaa, Tundac ukve gardacvlilis. misi ocneba sayvarel qalTan yofnaa, romelsac ,,Sirazis vards’’ eZaxda. es erTi Cveulebrivi siyvarulis istoriaa, mamamTili, Znelia mravali rZals winaaRmdegobebiT, Tundac wlebis rasac win qmnis qalis moulodnelad gauCinarebuli Svilis Ralati apatio. ,,Rirseba imis mixedviT icvlis iers, Tu vis xelSi moxvdeba’’ (morCilaZe sxvadasxvanairad esmis es cneba. mogela hyavda arc 2005: 35) yvela adamians sruliad marto iyo aravin ar ojaxis wevrebi da arc megobrebi, romlebic im periodSi arsebuli ganukiTxaobis gamo daiRupnen, zogi SemTxveviT gasrolilma tyviam mokla, zogma Tavi moikla. mwerali sainteresod gviCvenebs gmirebs, romlebsac arsebul realobasTan Segueba uWirdaT, veravin ver 170 ijerebda imas, rom levikos Tavis mokvla SeeZlo, maSin rodesac erTi SexedviT yvelaferi hqonda, hyavda ojaxi, megobrebi, Mmagram mas ar hqonda sayvarlebi da erTguli Tavisufleba, romlis mopovebasac xSirad ewireba kidec adamiani. ,,barnoveli levikoc raRac samyaros qmnida, mas ar apaties.’’ am droSi ,,cxovreba iseTi iyo, rom, rac meti saxe gqonda, miT ukeTesad iqnebodi’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 68) qarTveli mamakacis bunebisTvis epizodSi, damaxasiaTebeli rodesac suraTi levikos warmogvidgina gardacvalebis mweralma Semdeg, im mogelasTan erTmaneTis miyolebiT Camodian misi yofili sayvarlebi. mogelam maTi arseboba megobris gardacvalebis Semdeg gaigo, rodesac wignSi am adamianebis koordinatebs miagno, vin ar iyo am siaSi, yvela erovnebiT rusi gaxldaT da TiToeul maTgans uyvarda leviko. am yvelaferma iseTi saxe miiRo, rom erTi piroba Tavad mogelac daeWvda sakuTar vinaobaSi _ ,,mgoni axla me TviTon var barnoveli levikoo’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 86) mweralma gmiri gaorebuli saxiT warmogvidgina. santa-sitiSi, iq, sadac qarTveli banditebis TavSesafaria, mogela eZebs levikos, TiTqos naxa kidec meTavzeTa warmodgenebi, ubanSi, sadac magram xSirad es mxolod esaubreba sizmaria. megobars. egona, iluziuria col-Svili miatova da ukvirs, rom, miuxedavad uamravi naklisa, qarTvelebs colSvilis mitoveba ar sCveviaT. is eZebs megobr qalebs, romlebic sxvadsxva qveyanaSi arian gafantulebi. ukanaskneli aleqsandra palermo iyo, rusi mwerali, romelsac levikos xmiT daelaparaka, am momentSi mogela da leviko erT arsebad qceuliyvnen. Txroba gadadis mogelasa da Sirazis vardis Tavgadasavalze, aRsaniSnavia, rom mwerali am nawilSi, sruliad icvlis Txrobis kilos da ambavs imerul dialeqtze mogviTxrobs. amjerad naCvenebia mogelas amsterdamSi yofnis gevelineba, man epizodebi, fiqtiurad sadac moiyvana gmiri sruliad colad sxva surinameli saxiT gogo. ,,saqarTveloSi wyinT samuSao, Torem ucxoeTSi icocxle’’ mogela dilis rva saaTze dgeboda da muSaobda. amsterdamSi xdeba mogelas da Sirazis vardis pirveli Sexvedra, qali mamamTils gaeqca Tbilisidan. orive Tavisuflebas eZebda. am ZebnaSi erTmaneTi ipoves da SeuyvardaT imdenad, rom mzad iyvnen am grZnobis gamo 171 msxverplic gaeRoT. mwerali qarTvelebze aseT rames wers, ,,lamazebi varT Cven, kai xalxi varT, ise funaSi gavidgiT fexi, Tvara, Cven xalxi gvjobia?’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 245). saubari kvlav Soreul warsulSi gadadis, Tamaris droidan moyolebuli stalinamde. jer kidev saukuneebis win Caido qarTveli mamakacis bunebaSi colze da ojaxze colisadmi orguloba ,,sxva qali uyvardaT: oRond ar sTqves uari da Tavis cols erTgulobdnen saxalxod. sxvisas ki eparebodnen malulad’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 283) Semdeg maT Semohyva aTasgvari ubedureba da znedacemuloba, rac maTma qalebma Semoitanes. iwyeba ganukiTxaoba, Zaladoba saintereso pasaJia erT frazis, romelsac Tavadi ambobs ,,biWo rac me qali gamifuWebia, iqidan ocdaaTs marto mariami rqmeviao’’. Tavad avtori iqve gvixsnis ,,Tan mariamio, saxelic gasinjeT, rom ufro qristianulad mwared davfiqrdeT. saamxanagod mosulma ruseTis jarma mospo saqarTvelo, rogorc qveyana da SeuerTa ruseTs’’ (morCilaZe 2005: 287). romanSi Cndebian ,,santa-esperansas’’ personaJebi, ali bei, Aalfred de kosta, daTa visramiani. naxsenebia ,,lodinis koncxi’’, rac simboluri kavSiria santa-esperanselebis istoriul samSoblosTan. ali beis Cibuxze wigni zaqaria WiWinaZes dauweria. erTaderTi egzemplari, romelic babuas hqonda, mogelam radios ukan naxa. mwerali erTgvar eqskurss akeTebs mis romanze. marTalia, is ar mouwodebs ali beis Cibuxis istoriiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels Tavisi wignis wakiTxvas, magram sTavazobs edmond mkleveris wigns ,,Cibuxis ZiebaSi, Sav zRvaSi danTqmuli naRvedrali’’. romanSi Cans mxolod is, rom mogela brundeba TbilisSi ucnobia, rogor ganviTarda misi cxovreba mSobliur qalaqSi. Mmagram es dabruneba xanmoklea, mas iq sikvdili xvdeba maspinZlad, sikvdilis win isev levikos mimarTvs: ,,levuS dambrides’’, es iyo misi bolo sityvebi. savaraudoa, rom mogela ,,Sirazis vardis’’ mamamTilma mokla. aka morCilaZis literaturis Semoqmedeba Tabrudamxvev samyaros, gvacnobs romani postmodernistuli Seicavs qveteqstebs, romelTa ganxilvis gareSe SeuZlebelia nawarmoebis bolomde gageba. avtori gviCvenebs Cveni qveynis problemebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aka morCilaZis saxiT qarTvel mwerlebs erT-erTi gamorCeuli avtori hyavs. misi Semoqmedeba bevr saintereso da mniSvnelovan ambavs 172 gadmogvcems Cveni qveynis warsulze. am romanebSi gamonagoni ambavic ki ,,cxovrebidan gadmowerilis niSnebs atarebs’’, axloa im realobasTan, romelic TiToeuli Cvenganis irgvliv xdeba. naCvenebia cvlilebebi, romelic maT Sinagan samyaroSi mimdinareobs, rac faseulobebis rRvevas iwvevs, es urTierTobebi degradaciis gzaze mimaval adamians mxolod uaryofiT Sedegebs winaswarmetyvelebs. postmodernizmsTvis epizodebi, garda amisa, romanebSi gamoyenebulia damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi: istorizmi, deteqtiuri aluzia, qaosi, ormagi kodireba, moralurul-zneobrivi imperativebis rRveva, ironia, interteqsti, TamaSis principi. yvela is niSani rac postmodernizms Semoqmedebasac. ganmsazRvreli xolo niSania. axasiaTebs, axasiaTebs interteqstualoba sxvadasxva nawarmoebis aka misi morCilaZis Semoqmedebis gmirebi yovelgvari nebarTvis gareSe Semodian Cvens TanamedroveobaSi da ostaturad irgeben am saukunis adamianis niRabs. mwerlis Semoqmedeba ar rCeba kritikosTa yuradRebis miRma. marTalia, is xSir SemTxvevaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobasac iwvevs, magram faqti erTia, yvela Tanxmdeba, rom aka morCilaZe Cveni drois gamorCeuli Semoqmedia, romelmac Tavis adgili daikava qarTul literaturul sivrceSi. aka morCilaZis TamaSi gansazRvravs mTel mis Semoqmedebas. is moTamaSe avtoria. cxovrebas, rogorc erT didi saTamaSo scenas, ise uyurebs, ,,mTeli misi Semoqmedeba, fsevdonimiT (aka morCilaZe) dawyebuli, erTi didi da sasiamovno ,,gamonagoni’’ aRmoCnda’’ (imnaiSvili 2010: 113) am gamonagonSi mTavar moTamaSed avtorma mkiTxveli gaixada. TamaSi ormxrivi procesia da am procesis monawile avtori da mkiTxvelia. aka morCilaZis erT-erTi bolodroindeli romani ,,mesaidumlis qamari’’, romelic santa-esperansas postmodernistuli nawarmoebisaTvis siuJetisa da avtoris gaucxoebiT. ciklis gagrZelebaa, damaxasiaTebeli formiT iwyeba teqstis avtorad aka morCilaZis nacvlad gvevlineba monika uso di maresi, TiTqos mas araferi ara aqvs saerTo avtorTan. nawarmoebi iwyeba, rogorc uCveulod fantastikuri postmodenistul da nawarmoebs 173 daujerebeli amasac etyoba movleniT uCveulo avtoris xeli. pirvelive gverdebze bevri kiTxvis niSania dasmuli, romelsac pasuxi mTeli testis ganmavlobaSi unda gaeces. daujerebeli faqtia sastumros liftidan ucxoplanetelebis gamosvla. avtori mkiTxvels TamaSSi ayolas sTavzobs. moqmedeba xdeba ,,legendarul da samaradiso pretenziis mqone adgilas, rogoricaa Cveni uberebeli sastumro ,,siti piaca’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 8). inti–TamaSi, esperansuli’’ mudmivad aqtualuria romanebisTvis. mwerlis aka morCilaZis mier Seqmnil ,,santa- ararsebul saxelmwifoSic samoqalaqo omia. aqac kvdebian an klaven adamianebs, romelTa saqmeebs kvlav mister diqsli iZiebs. mTavari nivTi, romlis irgvlivac trialebs Txroba da iwyeba omi, mesaidumlis qamaria. ,,inspeqtoris samdivno dums, mTelma qveyanam ki icis: mimdinareobs omi mesaidumlis qamrisTvis’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 8). qamari teqstSi dekodirebiT ormagi ixsneba kodirebis teqstis mTavari matarebeli saTqmeli. nivTia. mesaidumlis misi qamari savsea Zveli saganZuriT da bevri qaRaldiT, romelic wina saukuneebis istoriasa da saidumlos gadmogvcems. avtori yvelafers ise gviCvenebs, TiTqos zRapars gviyveba am jadosnur nivTze. ,,yvelaferi isea, rogorc zRaparSi, TeTri raindebi ASav xelmwifeebs ebrZvian raRac magiuri nivTisTvis‘’ (mircxulava 2009: 10-11). ,,santa-esperansas’’ msgavsad, aqac figurirebs sari begi, aqacaa ioane naTlismcemlis saxelobis monasteri, aqac arian arCilianis da qarianis gvaris warmomadgenlebi. aseve Cans farna medroSe. kunZulze Znelia gaarkvio macxovrebelTa religiuri mrwamsi, santa-sitize yvela adamians Tavisi rwmena aqvs. qveyana oficialurad mahmadianuri religiis mimdevaria. mesaidumle erT-erTi gamorCeuli adamiania, romelic mefis saidumlos flobs da Semdeg mas iwers, nawers ki qamarSi inaxavs, romelsac tanze Semoxveuls atarebs. rogorc umetesoba tradicebisa, Tanamedrove santa-sitiSi es tradiciac ukve qreboda. santa-sitize mesaidumlis profesia faqtobrivad ukve aRar arsebobda. TiTqmis aRaravin iyo, vinc am qamars atarebda. swored amitom hqonda am nivTs simboluri datvirTva. nivTi romelic erT dros kunZulis mmarTvelebis yvela saidumlos inaxavda, axla suvenirad iqca, 174 romelsac mxolod kunZulis maRaziebSi Tu naxavdiT. mesaidumlis istoria saidan iwyeba, zustad aravin ar icis, magram ,,istoriam ar icis, romelma, magram erTma mesaidumle berma gadawyvita, rom mefis nawerebi Seenaxa. ratom moiqca ase, aseve ucnobia’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 40). naWrisgan Sekerili farTo qamari bevri saidumlos Semnaxveli aRmoCnda. legendis mixedviT, ioane naTlismcemlis monastris ezoSi qamrebi, romlebSic bevri saidumloa Tavmoyrili. marxia mesadumlis drois gasvlasTan erTad qamarmac Seicvala mniSvneloba. avtori kvlav gveTamaSeba da amjerad kvlav mogonil avtors vinme mar faids asaxelebs ,,mesaidumlis qamris’’ Semqmnelad. gaucxoebis xerxi postmodrenizmis erT-erTi niSania. teqstSi ucnauri da burusiT moculi personaJi figurirebs, romlis saxelic araa cnobili. is santa –sitiSi Camodis stambulidan da baRdadel qurdad moixsenieben. sidonia samaria polo aka morCilaZis santa esperansuli ciklis romanebis erT-erTi gmiria, es idumali qali am teqstSic aqtiurad Cans. ,,santa-esperansas’’ msgavsad, aqac turistuli saagentos mflobelia da aqac kontaqti aqvs iseT pirovnebebTan, romlis gamoc mudmivad xvdeba deteqtivi diqslis yuradRebis centrSi. ase moxda amjeradac, mas axlo urTierToba aqvs baRdadel qurdTan, romelic kunZulze mTavari samiznea. XIV saukunis RvTismSoblis xatidan Zvirfasi Tvlebi moipares, rac, ra Tqma unda, braldebaT qarTvel qurdebs. es ar aris uCveuli movlena, im periodis Tbilisi xom kriminalebs TavSeyris adgilad iyo qceuli. avtori mkiTxvelis winaSe xSirad aTamaSebs karnavals. es qmnis efeqts, romelic daujerebelis miRebasa da gaTavisebaSi gvexmareba. kidev erTi personaJi jesika de raideri am teqstSic gvevlineba, rogorc warmatebuli mwerali qali, romelic Tavis uiRblo siyvarulis ambavs gviyveba. cxovreba teqstsa da realobaSic ,,stambols hgavs, masaviT ulamazobiT lamazia’’ (mircxulava 2009: 33). teqstis dasasruls TiTqos yvelafers Tavisi adgili miakuTvnes, Tumca es erTi SexedviT Cans ase, realurad ki araferi araa garkveuli. 175 postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Ria finali am romanisTvisac araa ucxo. TiTqos wertili daesvas raRacas, magram ambavi grZeldeba, saTqmeli bevri darCa. TiTqos ipoves mesaidumlis qamrisa da Zvirfasi Tvlebis qurdi, magram es yvelaferi moCvenebiTia. esaa wigni, romelic mkiTxvels fantaziis unars uviTarebs. kiTxvebi mudmivad Tan sdevs am romans. moqmed pirTa siaSi, romelic teqsts axlavs Tan, mwerali warmogvidgens yvela im adamians, romlis saxeli erTxel mainc uxsenebia teqstSi. yvela gmirze komentars akeTebs, Tu rogor ganagrZoben isini cxovrebas momavalSi. magaliTad, sidonias turistuli saagento yvavis. mkvlelobebi filmebSi xdeba Tavad teqstSi ki araferi Cans. am romanSi kidev erTxel naTlad Cans, rom aka morCilaZe erTaderTi Tu ara, erTerTi qarTveli moTamaSe mweralia, uxdis mxatvruli teqstis wakiTxvas. romelic mkiTxvels sainteresos is kargi mTxrobelia yveba ambavs da es ambavi iTrevs mkiTxvels istoriis labirinTebSi. irakli qasraSvili werilSi ,,qarTuli utopiis qronikebi’’ santaesperansaze wers: ,,am kunZulebs Tuki SevaerTebT rukaze da kargad davakvirdebiT, Sebrunebul saqarTvelos rukas davinaxavT’’ (qasraSvili 2010: 2). santa-esperansa saqarTveloa, oRond gaucxoebuli saqarTvelo. avtorma moqmedebis adgili gadaitana ararsebul kunZulze, romelic Tavad moigona. ambavi qarTulia, saTqmelis forma da gadmocemis manera mwerluri, is rac ar unda araqarTul ambavs werdes, misi mTavari saTqmeli qarTulia. teqsti rogori araqarTuli terminebiTa da saxelebiTac ar unda iyos savse, mainc qarTulia. aka morCilaZe XXI saukunis saqarTvelos acocxlebs Tavis teqstebSi. iq qveynis istorias atarebs yvelgan, amas misma profesiamac Seuwyo xeli. santa-siti ,,gamogonili qveyanaa, ukeTesi evropuli saqarTvelo, romlis sruli baton-patroni TviTon aka morCilaZea, orrjuliani sari–beg arCilianis sisadaviT da ubraloebiT rom marTavs mas. miuxedavad mcire xnis win gadatanili samoqalaqo omisa, ,,mesaidumlis qamarSi’’ aRweril santaesperansaze uxvad moipoveba is, rac iSviaTad yofila saqarTveloSi – simSvide’’ (qasraSvili 2010: 2-3). mweralma santa-esperansas saxiT Seqmna Tavisi ocnebis saqarTvelo. ,,am samyaroSi yvelaferi mis avtors ekuTvnis. swored aqaa WeSmariti saqarTvelo, swored, is, romelsac 176 mTeli cxovreba eZebdi, fantaziebSi qmnili, zogjer TiTqos Zalian axlo da sabolood ase usaSvelod Soreuli’’ (qasraSvili 2010: 3). es ocnebis saqarTveloa romlis mezobelic ara aris ruseTi. emigraciis Tanamedrove periodis qarTvel romanebi: mwerals, aka SemoqmedebiT morCilaZes, rogorc cxovrebaSi bevri saintereso etapi aqvs. aseTia, misi emigraciaSi yofnis periodi. romani O,,Obole’ romelic 2011 wels daiwera qalaq londonSi. is dResdReobiT SeiZleba CaiTvalos mwerlis erT-erT bolo nawarmoebad. gansxvaveba saqarTvelosa da inglisSi daweril romanebs Soris TvalSisacemia. mwerlis saTqmeli samSobloSi yofnisas sxvaa. avtori qarTul garemos misTvis Cveuli postmodernistuli xerxiT gviCvenebs. is warsulidan ixmobs gmirebs da Tanamedrove samyaros gmirebad aqcevs, rasac ver vityviT mis bolodroindel romanze. ,,Obole’ 2012 monatrebulma Seqmnili siyvaruls wels gamovida. mkiTxvelma romani ixila, gadmogvcems. aka saintereso, romelSic morCilaZis uamravi mwerali nostalgia TvalSi Semoqmedebas patar-patara Tavis ambiT monatrebasa sacemia. aq da yvelaferi mogonebaa, warsulis mogoneba, sadac ambebi elvis siswrafiT cvlian erTmaneTs. ,,sul xom TavSi maqvs raRaca, arafers ar vagrovebdi da arc mifiqria amis daweraze, magram wavida da wayva. ucbad davwere, rogorc gamodis xolme. Semigrovebia, zafxulSi zogi movigone, egreve davwere. zogi gaxsovs marTla an araferi gadaakeTeb, ar anda gadakeTebuli gaxsovs. mere rom moyvebi, isedac xom igoneb da eg ari ra’’ (xarbedia 2012: 1) ase aRwers romanis Seqmnis istorias Tavad avtori. romanis wakiTxvisas mkiTxvels uCndeba gancda, rom mwerals is erTi amosunTqviT aqvs dawerili. yvela saTqmelma erTad moiyara Tavi da Seikra erT wignad, sadac yvelaferi Tavisi logikuri dasasrulisken miemarTeba. O ,,Obole’ kidev erTxel cxadyofs, rom aka morCilaZe kargi mTxrobelia, swored am narativis Cvenebaa es romani. ,,Obole’ -s gamosvlas gamoexmaura malxaz xarbedia: ,,romanSi Tavidan neli tempia, miizlazneba ambavi, xolo avtori SigadaSig gamosafxizleblad xan sasacilo ambebs yveba, xanac sevdians. aseTebi 177 yovelTvis aqvs xolme gios, magram uceb raRaca xdeba da TxrobaSi yvelaferi icvleba. jer erTi es zemoTnaxsenebi wvrili sevda izrdeba uzomod da xvdebi, rom avtorma gvarianad Setopa. adre aka iSviaTad iZireboda xolme aseT detalebSi, aq ki Zalian wvrilmanebSia yvelaferi, bolomde midis, yovel gamoclil Wiqas uTvlis personaJebs, daReWil lukmas, gadadgmul nabijs’’ (xarbedia 2012: 1). daeTanxmo avtors am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi. aka yovel Znelia, ar morCilaZe misTvis uCveulo detalebSi ,,iZireba’’ da TiTqos personaJebis yovel amosunTqvas gvasmeninebs, mkiTxveli masTan erTad ikargeba Txrobis labirinTSi da mogonebebis koriantelSi exveva. TiToeuli xazi romanisa, gajerebulia samSoblos monatrebiT, arapostmodernistuli erTi SexedviT misi dasawyisi, teqstis dasawyss hgavs, Tumca Cveulebrivi, aka morCialZe romanis bolos ar Ralatobs misTvis Cveul stils da mkiTxvels TamaSSi iwvevs. romanSi moqmedeba saqarTvelos erT patara kuTxeSi xdeba. adgili dakonkretebuli ar aris, ubralod xazgasmulia, rom is quTaisTanaa axlos. safuZvels araa moklebuli malxaz xarbedias mosazreba, rom ,,zedmetad dazustebuli ar aris, magram geografiulad leCxumia romanis moqmedebis adgili. imereTsac miamatebda kaci am erTi bewo miwas da ufro metic, mTlianad saqarTveloze ganavrcobda iqaur ambavs. es romani saqarTveloze, Zvel da axal qarTvelebzea. es sevdis, ocnebis, sxva saqarTvelos romania, sadac kliSeebzecaa saubari, ucnob gancdebzec da yvelaze piradulzec. da es piraduli ar aris mxolod giosi. me magaliTad, yovel gverdze vpoulobdi Cems sofels, WiSkars, biZaCemebs, babuaCemebs, nacnob adamianebs, nacnob grZnobebs, surnelebs’’ (xarbedia 2012: 2). aseT saqarTvelos avtori londonidan gviCvenebs. 90-ian wlebSi, rogorc wesi, ojaxidan erTi wevri mainc tovebda qveyanas, magaliTad amerikaSi, santa-barbaraSi cxovrobs nawarmoebis mTavari personaJis iraklis Zma nika, romelsac amerikeli meuRle hyavs. is cdilobs ar gawyvitos kontaqti samSoblosTan da yovel zafxuls mSobliur kuTxes stumrobs. 178 nawarmoebSi CarTulia rusuli da inglisuri sityvebi. teqstSi dialogebi kuTxur kilozea warmarTuli. ambavi iwyeba TbilisSi da grZeldeba svaneTaTan axlos mdebare patara dasaxlebaSi. ,,axla Tavidan unda daviwyo, rom gaigoT’’- (morCilaZe 2012: 7). avtori mimarTavs mkiTxvels da amzadebs Tavgadasavlebis mosasmenad, Tumca faqti morCilaZis erTia, teqstSi Semoqmedebas imdeni miCveuli personaJi mkiTxveli, Semodis, cota ar rom iyos, aka ibneva. mweralma ori wlis saTqmels erTad mouyara Tavi. aRniSnul gadmogvcems: sakiTxze ,,rodesac avtorTan vuTxari, saubrisas romani ki malxaz ara, xarbedia Cveulebebis da urTierTobebis muzeumi gamogivida- meTqi, ase mipasuxa: ,,SeiZleba, xo... erT-erTi mizani egec iyo. sagebs xom weren dRes? bevri magaria da bevri mosawyenic. amitom saga rom ar yofiliyo, viTom raRac mogonebebia.. xom xvdebi, formebi rom aris xolme, mwyindeba weris dros da esec ar mwyindeboda. Tan iq mere yvelafers yri, ase vTqvaT, qcevebsac, anekdotsac, anu rasac iTxovs. simarTle giTxraT, bevrs arc vfiqrob, roca vwer xolme’’ (xarbedia 2012: 2). Znelia, ar daeTanxmo mwerals, am romans namdvilad ar etyoba bevri fiqris kvali, aq ar ikiTxeba rTuli qveteqstebi, yvelaferi dRis sinaTlezea gamotanili, TiTqos yvela saRamoebsa Tu mogonebam dReebSi erTad moiyara furcelze Tavi gadaitana da londonis avtorma wvimian yovelgvari Zaldatanebisa da zedmeti fiqris gareSe. es erTi amosunTqviT dawerili romania da aseve ikiTxeba kidec. simboluria romanis saTauri ,,Obole’. obole Tofia, romlidanac bolos rodis isroles, aravis axsovs: ,,iaraRs marto qeifis dros isrodnen haerSi, mere ganerviulda samyaro’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 42) drois cvlilebasTan erTad iaraRmac Seicvala daniSnuleba. Cven droSi iaraRi asocirdeba borotebasTan, ngrevasTan. is sikvdilis simboloa, avtori nawarmoebSi xSirad usvams xazs imas, gaisvris Tu ara obole, es kiTxva romans bolomde Tan sdevs. mwerali iqve gadmogvcems Tavis grZnobebs da gancdebs, romelic oboles danaxvisas eufleboda. is bavSvobis mere sruliad SemTxveviT sxvenSi aRmoaCina: ,,xoo, obole Cemi Zma da megobari, Zalian didxans, 179 miuwvdomeli da sasurveli Zma. imisTvis xelis Sevleba Cemi ocneba iyo‘’ (morCilaZe 2012: 42). obole pirvelad biZam aCvena ,,saqaTmis ukan erT Crdilian kuTxeSi’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 47). pirveli naxvisas mis mimarT sxva auxsneli gancda gauCnda, es ar iyo ubralo Tofi, mas sruliad Taviseburi da idumali grZnobis gamowveva SeeZlo, erTgvarad Tofisac da lamazi qalisac. Tofi mas gvaris istorias, mis warsuls axsenebs, Tumca ra gvaria avtori, amis Sesaxeb ar gvaqvs informacia. avtori mxolod imas gvagebinebs, rom misi gmiris winaprebi aznaurebi iyvnen da muris cixe maT ekuTvnodaT. Zveli mamapapiseuli saxlis aivnidan swored es cixe Canda, ganaTebuli da saamayo, radgan warsulis didebasTan kavSiri mxolod muris cixiTa da oboles arsebobiT SeiniSneboda. obole imereTis mefes gaugzavnia gotisTvis, muris cixisTavisTvis. aravin icoda, gaisvrida Tu ara es Tofi odesme. is imdenad amoucnobi da idumali nivTi daakisra da romanis iyo, rom avtorma aseve nawarmoebis erT-erTi mTavari gmiri mTavari personaJis funqciac ki saTauradac gamoitana. cxadia, rom mis mravalricxovan gmirTa Soris swored obolea. ,,ratom uwoda biZaCemma am Tofs oboli, aravin icis, magram raxan Tofi sul maxsovda, Cems gulSi oboles veZaxdi. cota xumrobiT, iq xom saxelebs e-Ti aboloveben da ara a-Ti. hoda, rom gamaxsendeboda, xolme, am saxeliT maxsendeboda -obole’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 48). faqtia, 90-ian wlebSi iaraRis srola ar iyo ucxo, TiTqmis yvela ojaxs hqonda iaraRi, TiTqmis yvela quCis SesaxvevSi srolis xma ismoda. obolem ki bolos rodis gaisrola, aravin icoda, mas funqcia dakarguli hqonda, Tavad avtori wers: ,,eg ki ramxela SeRavaTia, Tofi rom Tofi ar gegoneba’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 57). sainteresoa, XXI saukunis gadmosaxedidan kidev erTxel Seafaso warsuli, warsuli, sadac darCa istoria, mogoneba da urTierTobebi. qalaqi gacivda, regionebSi jer kidev iyo tradiciebisa da erTmaneTis pativiscema. personaJi adamianuri SemorCenili Tavis gancdebs gadmogvcems, rodesac mSobliur kuTxeSi Cadis: ,,Tbilisdan dasavleTSi ro midixar, gzis pirvel naxevars fiqrob Sens Cveulebriv safiqrals, 180 rikoTze ki es yvelaferi Tavdeba da iwyeba lodini. ar vici, risi bralia ega, magram, RmerTo, ratom aris, rom, rogorc ki rikoTs gadaval, mikankalebs fexebi, mere xelebi, mere mxrebi da mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi gulic? ratom aris egre?’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 18-19). adamianebi bavSvobis mogonebebs verasdros iviwyeben. swored es gancdaa, mTeli cxovreba rom dagyveba adamians. siyvaruli da nostalia, rac ganvlil imis cxovrebasTan gakavSirebs, gmirisTvis swored es iyo is auxsneli gancda imis SegrZneba, rom brundeba iq, sadac bavSvobis naTeli da saukeTeso wlebi akavSirebs. saerTod aka morCilaZis Semoqmedebas Tu gadavxedavT, davinaxavT, rom nostalgia da samSoblosadmi aseTi mZafri grZnobebis gamoxatva nawarmoebSi ise mkafiod ar Cans, rogorc ,,Obole’ –Si. es arc erT mis SeiZleba imiTac aixsnas, rom mas didi xania, ar unaxavs Tavisi samSoblo. SesaZloa avtorma Tavisi bavSvobis mogonebebic ki gadaitana furclebze, aRniSnuli romani nostalgiuria. rikoTs iqiT avtorisa da misi gmiris guliscema TiTqos eriTmeba erTmaneTs, mkiTxvelic ar asrulebs am SemTxvevaSi pasiur rols, SeuZlebelia romanis es nawili waikiTxo da Tavadac ar gaixseno goris gzaze, rikoTze an sxva geografiul adgilebSi gancdili molodini, molodini warsulTan da bavSvobasTan Sexvedrisa. goris gza ar uyvars avtors, es albaT, iqidanaa gamowveuli, rom 2008 wels ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros mTavari adgili swored es iyo. am gzaze idga rusis jari. aka morCilaZe, rogorc bevri Tanamedrove mwerali, gverds ver auvlida 90-iani wlebis ambebs. marTalia, romanSi araa naxsenebi Cveni qveynis istoriis es mZime periodi, magram erT-erTi sakiTxi swored 90iani wlebis mTavari problema - narkotikebi da yaCaRobaa. avtorma saTqmeli erT personaJSi (madone) gaaerTiana. aqedan xdeba kvanZis gaxsna, Tumca manamde isev mogoneba, gmirs obolesTan CaZinebuls Tbilisi, wlebi, rodesac qalaqs eZina, wlebi agondeba romelsac 90-iani avadsaxsenebeli periodi ewoda. mniSvnelovania isic, rom oboles Tofs, romelic Tavisi nawarmoebSi daniSnulebiT borotebis keTilSobiluri datvirTva aqvs. 181 simbolo unda yofiliyo, Znelia gaarkvio, cxadia Tu sizmari, Tumca faqtia, avtorma romanis bolos kiTxvis romlisac niSnebi mTel dasva, qalaqs rac imaSi eSinoda, mdgomareobs, Semodis rom nawarmoebSi, rogorc damoukidebeli personaJi. is mamis gasvenebaze Cavida qalaqSi, Zebna iyo gamocxadebuli. erTad qali, masze es qali uecrad gmiris stumari xdeba, masTan eweva da elodeba dros, rodesac moakiTxaven. irakli ixsenebs: ,,plani ki bolos movwie 1983 wels, axali wlis Rames, vakeSi, quCaSi, arayiSvilis kuTxeSi’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 227). madones saTqmeli. personaJis CvenebiT avtorma gadmogvca 90-iani wlebis qals, romelsac amdeni danaSauli hqonda Cadenili, verafriT ver daiviwyebda mkiTxveli. Tu ki sxva personaJebi elvis siswrafiT cvlian erTmaneTs da aseve swrafad ikargebian Cvens mexsierebaSi. madoneze amas veravin ityvis. saqarTveloSi bevri aqtiuri qali iyo, magram isini ar iyvnen damnaSaveni, ubralod samSoblos dasacavad ibrZodnen, rasac ver vityviT madoneze, romelic mxedrionel arsebas ufro hgavs, vidre samSoblos idealebisTvis mebrZol qals, Tumca ,,nacixari qali, qali aRaraa CvenSi’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 334). madones sityvebi: ,,Sen ar xar msroleli doumTavrebeli xar’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 258). mTavari persoanaJis mimarT misi xasiaTis gaxsnas emsaxureba, romelic asaxavs gmiris mdgomareobas, gmirisa, romelsac Tavadac kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli, rom raRacnairad ucnauri, wesieri da aseve arc iseTi Zlieri adamiania. romanSi misi, viTomda siZlieris gamomsaxveli samyaroSi. iluzia epizodi erTaderTia da bolos ararealur erT-erTi niSania postmodernizmis, swored misi wyalobiT avtori ajerebs mkiTxvels, rom iraklim, gmirma, isic mainc gamoiCina vaJkacoba romanis mTavarma da daupirispirda xelisuflebas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aka morCilaZem romanis bolos mainc ar uRalata Tavis Cveul stils da TamaSis principi daicva. swored amitom uwodeben mas moTamaSe avtors. Tundac yvelaze umniSvnelo ambis moyolisas is yovelTvis mkiTxvelis warmodgenebze TamaSobs, Tavadac CarTulia da mkiTxvelsac rTavs mis mierve gamogonil samyaroSi. mwerali yofna-aryofnis, realurisa da irealuris arsebobis zRvarzea da recefientsac am zRvarze amyofebs. ,,adamiani Cabmulia 182 TamaSSi sakuTar warmodgenebTan’’ (wifuria 2005: 25). am wignis wakiTxvisas giCndeba mTavari kiTxva, im irealur samyaroSi mainc Tu gaisvris obole? Tumca: ,,sinamdvile aRar arsebobs arc iq, sadac is aqamde gegulebodaT da arc mis Ziebas aqvs azri’’ (wifuria 2008: 230) nawarmoebis bolos aka morCilaZem ar uRalata Cveul stils, movlenaTa karnavalizaciisa. postmodernisti mwerali Tundac sruliad Cveulebrivi ambis Txrobisas Tavisi principebis erTgulia. aRsaniSnavia, rom romanSi aRwerili dro sul raRac sami dRea. saxlis saxuravis SesakeTeblad Casuli gmiri, bevri saintereso ambis monawile gaxda. bevri patar–patara ambis CarTva teqstSi imisTvis gaxda saWiro, rom avtors mTavari saTqmeli moetana mkiTxvelamde. aka morCilaZis bolodroindel romanSi nostalgia igrZnoba, ucxo miwaze yofnam misi bavSvobis mogonebebis furcelze gadatana moandoma avtors. ,,Obole’–c amis amsaxveli nawarmoebia, romelmac namdvilad aRZra mogonebebi im adgilebisa, sadac cxovrebis bevri naTeli wuTi gautarebia rogorc avtors, ise mis gmirs da ise mkiTxvels. romanSi gadmocemulma ambavma bevri daabruna bavSvobaSi da Tundac warmosaxviT moatara soflisa Tu qalaqis gzebi. am romanis daniSnulebac albaT es iyo, warsulis gaxseneba, warsulisa, romelic asazrdoebs awmyos da gavlenas moaxdens momavalze. romanis bolos kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT, rom yvelaferi erTi amosunTqviT daiwera da aseve ikiTxeba, magram kiTxva mainc rCeba, gaisvris Tu ara obole? avtori iqve fantavs eWvebs, rodesac irealurs realobad aqcevs da gviCvenebs, rom es mxolod iluziaa, rom gmirma, marTalia, sizmarSi, magram mainc Tavisi misia Seasrula. obole ki sul cota xniT mainc gaxda saWiro nivTi. avtoris mdgomareobs, rom mkiTxvels uCndeba gancda imisa, marTla moxda. es gancda iqamde miyveba maT, ostatoba imaSi es ambavi realurad sanam Tavad avtori ar aTqmevinebs Tavis gmirs: ,,eg ambavi ki egre iyo, rom Cemi da madones sikvdili ar daWirvebia. RmerTma ar isurva’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 259). avtorma ar isurva mkiTxvelis gaurkvevlobaSi datoveba da ,,gamTeniisas manqanam Camoiara da Cvens WiSkarTan SeCerda. me da madone ukve iq videqiT da man swrafad SeaTria TeZo manqanaSi’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 259). 183 am romanSi postmodernistuli formati calsaxad ikveTeba. aka morCilaZis xelweras monatrebuli mkiTxveli iRebs imas, rasac amdeni xani eloda. vfiqrobT, molodinma gaamarTla da 2011 wels londonSi qarTvelma avtorma, yvelaze ufro metad qarTuli ambavi Seqmna, ambavi samSoblos da mSobliuri kuTxis monatrebisa. aRniSnuli romani aka morCilaZis SemoqmedebaSi yvelaze metad patriotuli da nostalgiuria. vfiqrobT, ase datalurad swored amitom gadmogvca Tavisi saTqmeli, es is SemTxvevaa, sadac detalebis CaRrmaveba arafers mogvcems, ubralod ,,Obole’ erTi amosunTqviT wasakiTxi romania, sadac bevr saintereso ambavs gaigebs mkiTxveli, sadac mxatvruli da istoriuli dro erTmaneTTan TanxvedraSia. aka morCilaZes britaneTTan da mis dedaqalaqTan gansxvavebuli urTierToba akavSirebs da es mis romanebSic naTlad Cans. avtori ara marto cxovrobs britaneTSi, aramed londons acocxlebs Tavis nawarmoebebSi. ,,taverna aTi seqtemberi’’ da ,,qalaqis meliebi’’ erT wignadaa gamocemuli, TiTqos mweralma is milorad paviCis ,,xazarTa leqsikonis’’ analogad Seqmna. formis TvalsazrisiT es ori nawarmoebi erTmaneTs hgavs, Tumca orive avtori, bunebrivia, sxvadasxva saTqmels gadmogvcems. wigni formiTa da SinaarsiT postmodernistulia. orive maTgani sxvadasxva saTqmeliT datvirTa avtorma, orivegan, ra Tqma unda, moqmedebis adgili londonia. wignis gadaSlisTanave pirvelive gverdidan naTeli xdeba, rom Cven winaSe postmodernistuli romania. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelam viciT, vin aris romanis avtori, aka morCilaZe mainc ar Ralatobs sakuTar Tavs da gveTamaSeba, seqtemberi’’ -is is piter jeferss asaxelebs ,,taverna aTi savaraudo avtorad. am saxeli da gvaris miRma ki emigranti qarTveli petre jafariZe imaleba. romanis dasawyisSive Cndeba kiTxvebi. mwerali gviCvenebs holand parkSi momlodine piter jeferss, is arc meti, arc naklebi - merilin monros elodeba. molodinis efeqts nawarmoebi dawyebisTanave qmnis, es molodini xSirad marTldeba, xSirad ki kiTxvebi kiTxvebad rCeba. 184 avtori romanis pirvelive gverdebze amarTlebs molodins. mkiTxvels did xans lodini ar sWirdeba imis gasarkvevad, es merilin monro holivudis varskvlavia, Tu ubralod mis saxeSi sxva ram imaleba. moulodnelia imis aRmoCena, rom merilin monro meliaa yvelaze lamazi da gamorCeuli im meliebs Soris, romlebic londonis am umSvenieres parkSi binadrobdnen. saxeli merilin monro simboluria. meliis gamorCeuloba swored amaSi mdgomareobs. ,,merilini ki yovelTvis erTi mxridan modis, ai, im buCqebidan gamoyofs xolme cxvirs, gzas moaTvalierebs da frTxilad gamoirbens. mas undo, mocimcime Tvalebi aqvs da garegnulad fafuki, vercxlisferia. SegxvedriaT mzeTunaxavi mela holand parkSi? merilin monro me davarqvi. Tumca ar vici, Zu gaxlavT Tu xvadi. Cemi azriT, yvela melia qalia, iseve, rogorc yvela moulodnelobis teroristi efeqti poetia’’ Seqmna da (morCilaZe iTamaSa 2012: mkiTxvelis 4). avtorma warmodgenaze. sainteresoa, ratom gamoiyvana man nawarmoebis mTavar moqmed pirad melia. es cxoveli gamorCeulia Tavisi silamaziTa da eSmakobiT, albaT, qalTan Sedareba swored amitom gadawyvita avtorma. yvela adamianis cxovrebaSi dgeba momenti, rodesac bediswera arCevanis winaSe ayenebs mas, ase moxda gmiris SemTxvevaSic. is tovebs samSoblos da bedis saZieblad Soreul inglisSi miemgzavreba. ltolvili, es statusi mudam Tan sdevs mis cxovrebas, Tumca gamouval situaciaSi xSirad gamoCndebian adamianebi, romlebic mzad arian, sxvas daxmarebis xeli gauwodon, ase moxda piteris SemTxvevaSic. jeki daexmara sirTuleebis daZlevaSi. avtori gmiris cxovrebis mokle, magram mniSvnelovan epizods gviCvenebs, cota ironiulad warmogvidgens Tavis qveyanas. ,,Soreuli qveynidan gadmoxvewili wesieri axalgazrda kaci viyavi. is qveyana evropas miakuTvnes Rvinis siyvarulis gamo, Torem Rvino rom gamogeklo, misi evropelobidan araferi darCeboda’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 5). piteri aRniSnavda, rom is verasodes gaxdeboda britaneli, radgan: ,,me briti verasdros gavxdebi, idumaleba maklia. albaT, imitom, rom iseTi 185 qveynidan var, sadac saswaulisa ki sjeraT, magram kacis sityvisa– ara. CemTvis sityvebidan aranairi Zala ar gamosWvivis, maT ukan aranairi saidumlo ar imaleba’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 12). aRsaniSnavia, rom petres avtorma saxeli da gvaric ki Seucvala, mas piter jefersad moixseniebs. amiT TiTqos raRac etapze CamoaSora samSoblos. piters hyavda megobari qali jina, romelic ar iyo qarTveli, araferi ar esmoda saqarTvelos tradiciebisa da wes–Cveulebebis, Tumca is erTaderTi adamiani iyo, romelic piters ixmobda, masTan yofnisas qals ukvalod uqreboda isterikebi da nervuli Setevebi. jinas aranairi informacia ar hqonda saqarTveloze, mis kulturaze, ufro metic mas ver warmoedgina, rom bedkrul saqarTveloSi leqsebs werdnen. londoni Tavisuflad fiqris is adgilia, gamoxatvis Semdeg sadac saSualeba poulob gzas: adamians aqvs. Tavisi idumalia, ,,londoni xom neba–survilis bevri Zebnisa ukidegano da droSaa. melnisferi droSa, romelic SemaSfoTeblad da sazeimod livlivebs qarSi. aris miwiszeda qalaqebi, is yvelaferi xelisgulzea, londonSi kidev niCabi gWirdeba, unda Txaro da maRaroebSi iaro’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 8). nawarmoebSi sruliad megobari jeki, romelic, londonSi da moulodnelad Semodis piteris axlo cota ar iyos, idumalebiT moculi dabrunda Sesabamisad piteris cxovrebaSic. Zveli megobrebis Sexvedris adgilia ,,taverna aTi seqtemberi’’. romanis dasaxelebac esaa. is amoucnobi londonSi da, erTi bevria. es SexedviT, adgili Cveulebrivi nawarmoebSi ludis baria, moqmedebis aseTi epicentrad gvevlineba, temzaze mdgarma tavernam Secvala qalaqis cxovreba. mwerali kvlav gveTamaSeba, qmnis moulodnelobis efeqts, saTaurad im adgilis dasaxelebis gamoitana es garkveul wilad gasaRebia ,,taverna aTi seqtemberi’’–s da es misi mTavari Semkvreli kvanZia. aq ganviTarebuli moqmedebis Semdeg miiRweva mTavari mizani. avtori gveTamaSeba da realuri tavernis arsebobaSi gvajerebs, maSin, rodesac es realurad taverna ki ara koorporaciuli ofisi mogonilia. 186 aRmoCnda, sadac yvelaferi meliebi londonSi ukve utopiaa, Tumca postmodernistuli teqstisTvis, SeuZlebeli araferi ar arsebobs. teqstSi moulodnelad xdeba sxva ambis magaliTad, CarTva, piters gadmoxvewas am moagonda ukavSirdeba: ,,is sxva ambebs is ambavi, ambavi ki mogonebebi romelic gamaxsenda, iwveven. londonSi ase mis samSoblodan Cems gadmoxvewas rom artyia kai sabrZolo xmaliviT’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 25). romanSi iwyeba gmiris Tbilisuri cxovrebis patara epizodis Cveneba. petre jafariZe qimikosi iyo da qimiis institutSi muSaobda. SevardnaZis wasuliyo. mTavrobiT ukmayofilom 90–ian wlebSi gadawyvita, saqarTvelodan saqarTvelodan gaqceva am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT mTavari sazrunavi iyo saRad moazrovne qarTvelisTvis, romelsac ubralod undoda sakuTari SesaZleblobebi cxovrebaSi gamoeyenebina da ar gamxdariyo e.w. dakarguli Taobis warmomadgeneli. avtorma irealur jafariZe, samyaroSi wesieri ganaxorciela aspiranti, iqca gmiris meamboxe gardasaxva. pirovnebad, man petre SeZlo ,,dapirispireboda’’ qveynis mmarTvels, romelic 25 weli marTavda qveyanas. gmirma institutSi Sexvedraze saxeSi gaartya prezidents. mas ori TiTi moxvda mxolod, amis gamo cixeSi Casves, es yvelaferi, ra Tqma unda, ironiuladaa miwodebuli mkiTxvelamde. avtorma dagvajera am faqtis WeSmaritebaSi. warmosaxviTi realoba, anu hiperrealoba, virtualuri, ararsebuli samyaro, mkiTxvelisgan mxolod warmosaxvas moiTxovs, is swored am warmosaxviT unda Sevides ararsebul samyaroSi: ,,amgvar daSvebis sanacvlod sTavazobs namdvil gancdebs’’ (wifuria 2006: 231). aka morCilaZis postmodernistuli TamaSis maneraa, is es mkiTxvels eTamaSeba da es mSvenivrad gamosdis kidec. mkiTxveli avtorTan erTad erTveba gmiris cxovrebaSi, ganicdis da iTavisebs im problemebs, romelic nawarmoebSi wamoWra mweralma. man TiTqos mkiTxvelis saTqmeli Tqva, gmiri ki ise moiqca, rogorc Tavad recipients surda. rolan bartis ideis Tanaxmad, ,,literaturuli naSromis mizania, mkiTxveli aRar gaxados momxmarebeli, aramed teqstis Semqmneli’’ (barti 2002: 52). nawarmoebSi SeiniSneba simboluri damTxevebi. avtorma simbolos wyalobiT gamiznulad warmoadgina samyaro, sadac yvelaferi SeiZleba 187 moxdes man winaswar gaTvala TariRebi. asea, magaliTad, aTi seqtemberi. Sexvedra 10 seqtembers ,,taverna aT seqtemberSi’’ amerikis teraqtis wina dRes. am dRes am adgilze adamianebi cdiloben, Secvalon msoflio. rac Seexeba tavernis dasaxelebas, romelzec avtorma istoria Seqmna, iluzia yofila mxolod, realurad es taverna ki ara jaSuSebis ofisi aRmoCnda, muyaos qaRaldisgan gadatixruli dekoraciebiT, romelic ludis baris STabeWdilebas tovebda. gmirma am tavernaSi yofnisas paraleli gaavlo saqarTvelosTan, gaixsena restorani ,,yiramala’’ mtkvarTan. adamians pirvelad warsulidan xSirad cudi axsendeba xolme. ase moxda maSin, rodesac gmirma srolis xma gaigo ,,ifeTqa–Cavikuze, samoqalaqo omis quCebSi nawrTobi Cveneburi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 64). es yvelaferi warsulis ironiuli gaazrebaa. mwerali cdilobs, am fraziT paraleli gaavlos warsulTan, romelic arc Tu ise bevr naTel mogonebas aRZravs masSi. is cdilobs, gverdidan Sexedos movlenebs, gadaafasos da axleburi midgoma SemogvTavazos. aseve gamogonili tomebi Semoiyvana avtorma TxrobaSi josparlni, es xalxi cxovrobs mTebSi da igonebs virusebs. rogorc bevr postmodernistul nawarmoebs, ,,taverna aTi seqtemberi’’- am romansac aqvs komentarebi, romelSic avtori ganmartavs teqsts da gveubneba, rom avtori am nawarmoebis aris piter jefersoni, anu igive petre jafariZe. jina virusis gavrcelebis Semdeg gadaiqceva meliad ,,meliebs siyvaruli SeZlebiaT magram romanebs ver weren’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 101). aRsaniSnavia aka morCilaZis meore romani ,,qalaqis meliebi’’. am nawarmoebSi centralur adgils ikavebs faTerak Runi. romelic cdilobs Tavisi cxovrebisa da samyaros Secvlas. is 25 wlis axalgazrda kacia, cxovrobs qalaqSi, sadac sul wvims ,,yovel meeqvse dRes, yovel meTormete saaTs wvims’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 3). isev holans parki, avtori saqarTvelos fonze gviCvenebs am dacul parkebsa da quCebs, maSin, rodesac mis samSobloSi quCebSi tyviebis zuzunis meti araferi ar ismoda. erTi wignis ambavi meoreSi gadadis. 188 qalaqs afeTqebis Semdeg cofi Seeyara, es cofi ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom qalaqis quCebs meliebi mosdebodnen. romanis mTavari gmiri saintereso adamiania, romelic gamoiCeva Tavisi cxovrebis wesiT. mas coli ar hyavs da yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli urTierToba aqvs erT meliasTan, vfiqrobT, es is meliaa, romelic ,,taverna aTi seqtemberi’’–Si merilin monrodaa wodebuli, iq Tu piter jefersma Searqva es saxeli, am romanSi xazgasmulia gmiris tradiciebi, aZlevs satrfosTan yvelaze metad Sexvedris uyvarda. naTanma uwoda gular–Ti. mas bedis dRisa da Ramis wigni ar nebas. naTans avtorma fiqri, gansja, gaazreba gamorCeuli gmiri warmogvidgina. rogorc ki daibada, yvela mixvda, rom is wes–Cveulebebis sapirispirod wavidoda da cols TavisiT SearCevda, siyvaruliT daqorwindeboda. sakuTari bedis gamgebeli Tavad gaxdeboda, amis saSualeba bevrs ar hqonda. aseT gamorCeuli adamianebs qonaTebs uwodeben, maT laRi da SeuzRudavi cxovreba aqvT. romanSi naCvenebia ucnauri cxovrebis wesi, religia, romelic, rogorc Cans, Tavad avtoris mogonilia. Tavad londonia didi da mdumare, saocrebaTa skivri, sadac meliebi adamianur Tvisebebs iZenen. romanis dasasruls ukve Semodian piter jefersi da jina, romlebic meliebis faTerak dainaxa Runimac jvari gulan–Ti. sainteresoa daiwera saxiT warmogvidgebian. merienze, adgili, sadac romlis TvalebSic yvelaferi daiwyo. am parkSi Tavs iyridnen meliebi, faTerak Runis movaleoba iyo meliebis daTvla da maTi gamokveba. am erTi SexedviT ucnauri misiis Semsruleblis miRma avtorma saintereso gmiri warmogvidgina uCveulo cxovrebis wesiTa da tradiciiT. am razmis wevroba gansakuTrebuli pativi iyo da faTerak simboluria personaJis Runi yvelaze umcrosi wevri iyo mesame oceulis. saxeli faTeraki, cxovrebaze. gmiris profesia faTerakebiTaa es albaT, miniSnebaa mis savse. romanic xom mzadebaa erTi didi afeTqebisTvis, rac nawarmoebis bolos xdeba kidec. rogorc bevr postmodernistul nawarmoebs, am romansac mohyveba komentarebis rveuli, romelsac ase hqvia ,,frazebisa da Sinaarsebis rveuli’’. avtoris Sesaxeb aqedan vigebT, aka morCilaZe aqac gveTamaSeba da ambobs, rom: ,,moTxroba piter jeferss ekuTvnis, jina meloi miawera 189 ubralod, imitom rom masTan naCxubari iyo da undoda esiamovnebina’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 87). aqve axsnas iZleva Tavad avtori da ambobs, rom ,,nawarmoebs erTgvari zRapruli ieri dasdevs, Tumca es xelisSemSleli piroba ar unda iyos mis gadasakiTxad’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 87). londoni mniSvnelovani qalaqia avtorisTvis, ,,londonSi imdeni erT cxovrobs, rom yvelas Tavisi wili londoni aqvs’’ (morCilaZe 2012: 88). isev imave tomebis Sesaxeb wers mwerali da Tan zedapiruls axsnas iZleva, rom es tomebi josparlanebi aziis mTebSi cxovrobeno. sainteresoa es avtoris fantaziis nayofia, Tu marTlac arsebobdnen odesRac es tomebi? vfiqrob, postmodernistul romanSi, sadac adamianebi meliebad iqcevian, piriqiT, sruliad dasaSvebia ararsebuli tomebis arseboba. xolo ,,Tanadi ewodeba qals, romelic siyvaruls elodeba, isini erTmaneTisTvis arian Seqmnilebi ‘’ (morCilaZe 2012: 92). didi afeTqeba wignis mTavari adgilia. orive nawarmoebSi avtori mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs, iwvevs mas irealur samyaroSi samogzaurod. meliebi adamianebad gadaiqcevian. es fantastikaa, romelic postmoderizmisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. meliebad gadaqceuli jina da piteri 10 wlis Semdeg ibruneben adamianis saxes. drois gadakveTa, avtorma gaaswro yvelas da nawarmoebSi xdeba yvelafers da mefed Carlzi gamoiyvana. cxadia, `taverna aTi seqtemberi~ da `qalaqis meliebi~ aka morCilaZis erT–erTi saintereso da gamorCeuli romanebia, romelebic postmodernizmis bevr niSan–Tvisebas atareben, esenia: aluzia, TamaSis principi, ironia, karnavalizacia, qronotopis drosa da sivrcis areva, gmirebi teqstidan dasasruli meoreSi teqstSi Tavisuflad gadadis, adamiani moZraoben, piter jefersi erTi teqstis moulodnelad melia piter jefersad gadaiqceva da 10 wlis Semdeg ibrunebs Tavsi namdvil saxes. orive teqstSi 10 ricxvs didi datvirTva aqvs. orive teqsti afeTqebisken da samyaros Secvlisken aniSnebs mkiTxvels. movlenebi elvis siswrafiT cvlian erTmaneTs, gmirebi CarCoebSi ver Tavsdebian, isini dakanonebuli wesebis winaaRmdegac ki gamdian, sruliad Tavisuflad irCeven cxovrebis gzas. 190 orive moTxrobaSi moqmedebis adgili inglisis dedaqalaqia. aRsaniSnavia, rom nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi gmirebi ar arian ingliselebi. avtorma dagvanaxa ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlebis cxovreba emigraciaSi, maTi adaptireba britanul garemosTan. avtors saqme arc erT SemTxevaSi ar mihyavs bolomde da misi gmirebi ver xdebian britaneTis sruluflebiani moqalaqeebi. ,,iseTi sabuTi momces, romelic Zalian hgavs britanul pasports. Tu ar gadaSale, namdvili gegoneba’’– (morCilaZe 2002: 6). postmodernistul nawarmoebSi bolomde garkveuli araferi ar aris. gmiri ucxo miwaze ucxodve rCeba. postmodernizms axasiaTebs gaucxoebuli gmiris Cveneba, aka morCilaZem swored aseTi personaJebi warmogvidgina, gviCvena maTi rTuli Sinagani samyaro, TamaSis principis dacviT maTi cxovrebis Tanaziarebic gagvxada. 2.6. qarTvel 60-ianelTa saxeebis postmodernistuli interpretacia XIX saukunis umniSvnelovanesma miwuruls movlenam da SeZra XX saukunis sruliad damdegs, saqarTvelo, orma romelTac qveynis istoriaSi Rrma kvali datoves. am faqtebma bevri pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva da eWvi gaaCina. dRemde, XXI saukunis yovlismcodne epoqaSi kiTxvebi kiTxvebad rCebian. pirveli istoria ivane maCabelsa da akaki wereTels ukavSirdeba. kerZod, 1898 wlis 26 ivnisis Rames. Rames, rodesac ugzo-ukvlod gauCinarda cnobili qarTveli mTargmneli ivane maCabeli. meore istoria 60-ianelTa gamorCeuli warmomadgenlis, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobas exeba. es sabediswero gasrola wiwamurTan 1907 wlis 30 agvistos moxda, ramac qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi didi gardatexa moaxdina. am faqtebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb bevri iwereboda, istoria sxvadasxvagvarad saxeebis afasebda postmodernistuli momxdar ambebs. interpretacia qarTvel samocianelTa warmoadgines Tanamedrove qarTvelma mwerlebma: zurab qarumiZem, laSa imedaSvilma, laSa buRaZem da aka morCilaZem. samocianelTa Rvawli, qarTveli mwerlebisTvis mniSvnelovan Temad iqca. saukuneebis winandeli istoriebi yovelTvis aris Tanamedrove mwerlobis interesis sagani. mwerloba tradiciaa, is grZeldeba, yoveli 191 axali Taoba wina Taobis memkvidrea. icvleba sakiTxisadmi midgoma, gadmocemis stili da forma. saTqmeli xSirad warsulSi momxdari faqtebis Tanamedrove gadaazrebaa. mas sxvadasxva formiT gadmoscemen avtorebi. istorizmis principi ganmsazRvrelia Tanamedrove mwerlobisaTvis, verc erTi mwerali gverds ver auvlis warsuls. is damakavSirebeli rgolia momavalTan. es tendencia qarTul postmodernistul diskursSic cnobierdeba. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia laSa buRaZis SemoqmedebiTi narativi, sadac da laSa imedaSvilis Tanamedrove samyaroSi ixmoben XIX saukunis 60- iani wlebis gmirebs da XXI saukunis istoriaSi CarTulni arian, rogorc personaJebi. ivane movlena, - maCabeli romelmac XIX SeZra saukunis gansakuTrebulad maSindeli qarTuli rezonansuli sazogadoeba, ivane maCablis burusiT moculi gauCinareba iyo. am dramatuli istoriis garSemo maSinve urTierTgamomricxavi agorda, da sensaciuri icvleboda mizezebi, gamxatvrulebuli Tu saidumloebiT moulodnelobiT da dokumenturi saxelebi, masalebi. moculi SexedulebaTa faqti ambavi, iwereboda erTia, am talRa rogorc istoriis eqo aTwleulebs gamohyva da Tanamedrove postmodernistuli diskursisaTvis erTgvar inspiraciad garkveulwilad iqca. Tema sensaciuric, mniSvnelovania, imdenad kodirebuli bunebrivia, da postmodernisti mwerlis interessac ergeba da interpretaciis saSulebas aZlevs mas. avtoris roli teqstSi umniSvneloa. is gadmogvcems ambavs, romlis WeSmaritebaSi mweralis xSirad Tavadac postmodernistuli ar aris narativi bolomde swored am darwmunebuli. daeWvebis Cvenebaa. istoriuli rakursiT warmodgenili Temebi im droSic da axlac - Cvens TanamedroveobaSic bevr Tanamedrove adamianis movlenas axada farda. kiTxvas aCens. TvaliT danaxvam istoriis aRqmam bevr Segnebulad is, razec istoria saukuneebis da misi miviwyebul ganmavlobaSi dumda, XXI saukuneSi aqtiuri ganxilvis Temad gadaiqca. 2000 wels laSa buRaZem Tamami da, cota ar iyos, sarisko nabiji gadadga, rodesac SemogvTavaza piesebisa da moTxrobebis krebuli ,,saukunis mkvleloba’’. am saTauris miRma swored ivane maCabelis da 60192 iani wlebis kidev erT gamorCeuli pirovnebis akaki wereTlis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili. krebulis saTaurad am ambis gamotana mkiTxvelis mxridan didi interess aRZravs. avtorma teqstSi konkretuli momenti gviCvena. is ambis gadmocemisas erT siuJetur xazs mihyveba. aRwerilia akaki wereTlis sasamarTlo procesi. nawarmoebi CvenTvis iwyeba uCveulo mkiTxvelTan winasityvaobiT, ambis mosasmenad. misaaxloeblad, sadac is ramdenad mwerali TiTqos aris gvamzadebs niadags sinjavs mzad uCveulo Tavgadasavlebis mosasmenad. avtoris mxridan pirobis aRebis msgavsad JRers Semdegi sityvebi: ,,Sua gzaze mitovebul wignze sacodavi amqveynad araferia’’ (buRaZe 2000: 1). aqedan gamomdinare, mxolod am Txovnisa Tu gafrTxilebis Semdeg iwyeba is, rasac yvela ase mouTmenlad elis. teqsti aluziur warmoudgenelis pasaJebsa warmodgenaa, da metateqstebs rodesac mwerali eyrdnoba. aluzia recipients ajerebs teqstis WeSmaritebaSi da yofna-aryofnis zRvarze amyofebs. Tanamedrove mwerlebi xSirad postmodrenistul eyrdnobian dokumentur interpretacias masalas sTavazoben da Semdeg mkiTxvels. mis teqstSi intrteqstualobis meSveobiT warmoadgenen sxvis naSromebs an pirdapir dokumentebs, romlebic damajereblobis elfers aZleven teqsts. amas naTlad vxedavT laSa buRaZis nawarmoebSi ,,saukunis mkvleloba anu meqalTane geniosi’’, sadac Txroba uzenaesi sasamarTlos darbazidan iwyeba da qarTveli mgosani akaki wereTeli misTvis uCveulo ampluaSi, braldebulis skamzea naCvenebi. es epizodi ukve iZleva intrigis safuZvels. mweralma, arc meti arc naklebi, XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis gamorCeuli pirovnebis, akaki wereTlis, sasamarTlos sxdoma warmogvidgina. sasamarTlo darbazi, cota ar iyos, ironizebulia. is gaJRenTilia: ,,im auwereli suliT, rasac ori saukunis mijna warmoSobs xolme…... xalxic am darbazSi aseTia: Cixtikopiani qalebi da halstuxiani Tu bafTiani kacebi’’ (buRaZe 2000: 1). saukunis simaRlidan iwyeba RirebulebaTa gadafaseba. Tanamedrove avtorma XIX saukunis udides qarTvel mgosans ,,meqalTane geniosi” uwoda, es misi mxridan, cota ar iyos, Tamami megobris nabijia. ivane akaki maCablis wereTels mkvlelobas 193 yvelaze uyeneben. umZimes braldebas sasamarTlo - darbazis aRwera mkiTxvels garSemortymuli eWvs zis uCens. mxcovani ,,darbazis centrSi poeti-braldebuli yvavilebiT akaki wereTeli, romelsac xelmarjvniv saukuniswinandeli moxrigine kino-aparati udgas. reJisoria vasil amaSukeli, romelic cdilobs, sasamarTlo procesi firze aRbeWdos’’ (buRaZe 2000: 7). istoriuli postmodernistuli narativi am epizodis CvenebaSi kidev ufro naTlad ikveTeba. parodirebulia sasamarTlo darbazSi arsebuli viTareba. yvelaferi reJisoris mier dadgmul scenars hgavs, sadac mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli akaki werTelia. am SemTxevaSi Znelia, gamijno realoba da sinamdvile. sasamarTlo darbazi gadasaRebi moedani ufroa, vidre adgili, sadac im periodSi yvelaze idumali saqme - ivane maCablis mkvleloba unda gaixsnas. parodirebulia gamoZiebis dawyebis safuZvelic. darbazSi saqme akakis erTmaneTSi. aRiZra momxreebi mkiTxvelis abanoSi da gagebuli ambis mowinaaRmdegeebi winaSea movlenaTa gamo. sasamarTlo Wor-marTals calsaxa ureven karnavalizacia, sadac Znelia simarTlis dadgena im uamravi niRbis miRma, romelic moqmed gmirebs aqvT morgebuli. daeWveba postmodernizmis erT-erTi niSania. Tumca, eWvi Cndeba akaki wereTlisadmi, faqtia am saqmeSi damnaSavis moZebna bnel oTaxSi katis Zebnis tolfasi aRmoCnda. maCablis istorias exmaureba kidev erTi Tanamedrove mwerali aka morCilaZe romanSi ,,gaqrebi madaTovze’’ igi wers, rom ,,inglisuris kargi mcodne maCabeli boSebs argentinaSi gahyva’’. zogs is etlSi mjdomi unaxavs zemelis maxloblad, zogs kidev metexis xidze aCqarebuli nabijiT mimavali. es ambavi dabrunebis imeds tovebda. asea Tu ise, faqti erTia, ivane maCablis cxovrebis dasasrulma TiTqmis ori saukunis Temas Tundac Semdegac pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvebi datova. Zalian didi sifrTxilea saWiro, rodesac am Tanamedrove avtori exeba. Znelia, isaubro mwerlis pirad gancdebze, amaze xSirad misi werilebi da literaturuli nawarmoebebi metyvelebs. sainteresoa anastasia maCablis da akaki wereTlis piradi mimowera da elisabed TarxniSvilisadmi miwerili 5 werili, romelic ,,akrZalul fondSi inaxeboda’’ (kikviZe 2012: 80). 194 erT–erT werilSi akaki wereTeli pirvelad umxels anastasia maCabels Tavis grZnobebs: ,,oci wlis ganmavlobaSi me Sen miyvardi amqveyniuris mimdevrobiT, iseTi aRtacebiT da aRfrTovanebiT, rogoric SesaZloa mxolod rCeulTaTvis! getrfodi srulis Cemis arsebiT! didxans vimarxavdi saidumlod im grZnobebs Cems gulSi, magram ,,ara rai ars saidumlo, romeli ara gacxaddes’’ (kikviZe 2012: 80). taso iyo poetis muza, miuwvdomeli, Soreuli da saocnebo. ,,Sen iyav Cemi zeCamagonebeli, Cemi aRmgznebi poeziac da sicocxlec’’ (kikviZe 2011: 80). mniSvnelovania taso maCablis werili, romelSic akaki wereTelTan mis urTierTobaze saubrobs da aRniSnavs, rom rodesac akaki gaicno, bavSvi iyo. sxvadasxva mgosani gzebiT masze atara, 29 wliT orivem ufrosi bedi sxvas iyo. cxovrebam daukavSira. isini anastasia siyvaruliT gaTxovda ivane maCabelze, male dawvrilSvilda, magram misi ojaxuri bedniereba didxans ar gagrZelebula. ,,Cemi qvrivobis pirvel wlebSi ise ubedurad vTvlidi Tavs, TviT akaki, iseTi znis kaci rom yofiliyo, zogs rom warmoudgenia, verafers makadrebdao. mere ki rogor vakadro tyuili an Cems Tavs, an akakis, roca araferi yofilao’’ (kikviZe 2011: 81). ,,taso akakis poeturi xati iyo. misi muza, STagoneba, magram yovelive es iyo wminda, SeubRalavi’’ – aRniSnavs mkvlevari murad mTvareliZe wignSi ,,maTi bednieri da ubeduri dReebi’’. wigni bagration- daviTaSvilebis cxovrebis istorias mogviTxrobs im ojaxis istorias, romlis wevric iyo anastasia maCabeli. anastasia maCabeli kiTxvaze - grZnobda Tu ara akakis siyvaruls, pasuxobs: ,,es siyvaruli sul sxvanairi iyo, Tu gindaT mxatvruli siyvaruli, rac TviTon mis Semoqmedebas anayofierebda’’ (mTvareliZe 2000: 41). maCablis gauCinareba akaki wereTels imitom daukavSires, rom erTerTi adamiani, vinc mTargmnelis ojaxs gauCinarebis Rames stumrobda is iyo. am faqtma bevri kiTxva gaaCina, Sesabamisad arsebobda bevri versia da eWvi poetis garSemo. akaki wereTlis biografiidan es epizodi mkiTxvelis usazRvro interess iwvevs. laSa buRaZe am istoriis ucnob detalebs ganixilavs. es 195 Tema dResac Zalian aqtualuria, masze ubralod naklebs saubroben. wina saukuneebis wamowevam, avtori axleburma mkiTxvels axali gaazrebam interesi xedviT da kvlav warmogvidgens. istoriuli movlenebis win gauRviZa. istoriul procesebs xSirad istoriuli figurebi, romlebic Cvens cnobierebaSi xelSuxebel pirebad arseboben, sruliad sxva saxiT da sxva kuTxiT warmogvidgebian. Tanamedrove avtorebi fardas xdian yovelgvar saidumloebas da faqtebs, romelzec istoria dums. aRar arsebobs dafaruli Temebi. postmodernizmma is dRis sinaTleze gamoitana. sasamarTlo darbazSi gaTamaSebuli karnavaliT kidev ufro miRweulia. mZafrdeba am ambebis mkiTxvelis gadmocemam grZnobebi mxatvrul da emociebi, literaturaSi mizani udidesi gancdebi da emociebi gamoiwvia, mwerlis molodinma gaamarTla. kidev erTi Tanamedrove mwerali, romelic ivane maCablis Temas Seexo, laSa imedaSvilia. man 2006 wels gamosca wigni ,,sami mkvleloba Zvel TbilisSi’’. gardacvaleba misi postmodernisti istoriis daxatulia ivane maCablis romanis mwerali faqtebi XIX-XX saukunis da personaJTaTvisac cdilobs saCoTiro cxovreba TvalebSi warmoaCinos Tbilisi. am burusiT gamocanad Caxedos mkiTxvelis qalaqis moculi iqca. aqac simarTles winaSe. xibls da romanSi gvaziarebs mwerali postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ironiuli xedviTa da movlenebis Tanamedrove gaazrebiT. avtori Txrobis saintereso maneriT gamoirCeva. ambebSi, mkiTxvels AmasTan uneburad erTad, iTrevs mogzaurobs, gasuli miviwyebul periodis istoriaSi. Tbilisis mwerali Tavis damokidebulebas gviCvenebs mTargmnelis cxovrebis dasasrulze. laSa imedaSvili namdvilsa da gamonagons ise uTavsebs erTmaneTs, rTulia gansazRvro, romeli ambavia realuri da romeli mwerlis fantaziiT Seqmnili. ,,am moTxrobaSi mxatvruli damajereblobis xarisxi maRalia’’- wers levan bregaZe romanis winasityvaobaSi. nawarmoebSi dokumenturi da gamonagoni ambebis Serwymas siTamamis da gabedulebis elferi dahkravs, Tumca sxvanairad arc SeiZleboda. XXI saukunis mwerali swored am siTamamiT gamoirCeva. misTvis ar arsebobs dafaruli da akrZaluli Temebi. piriqiT, yvelaferi dRis sinaTlezea 196 gamotanili. faqtebi, romelze saubarsac eridebodnen, TiTqos Ria da naTeli gaxda. nawarmoebis pirvel TavSi avtori erT-erTi CalaZis piriT gadmogvcems mTavar saTqmels. romelsac mouwia mwvave dawola. saukeTeso nervuli is megobaria, Setevis gamo, mudam sikvdilze igi dabadebidan personaJis, vano vano CalaZe mweralia, fsiqiatriul fiqrobda: Tan saavadmyofoSi ,,sikvdili dagvtrialebs, Cveni rogorc mzrunveli mSobeli’’ (imedaSvili 2006: 10). is gamorCeuli personaJia. postmodernistuli sazogadoebasTan nawarmoebis kolfliqtis mTavari gamo gmirebi, xSirad xdebian gamorCeulobis, fsiqiatriuli klinikis pacientebi. isini irgeben iseT rols, rac maT fsiqologiur portrets kidev ufro gamokveTs. rTuli fsiqologiuri xasiaTis gmirebi Tavs arideben realur cxovrebas. ase iqcevian paolo koelios gmirebi, veronika da eduardi. aseve ken kinzis gmirebi romanSi ,,viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina’’. igive iTqmis naira gelaSvilis romanis ,,mivemgzavrebi madrids’’ mTavar gmir sandro liCelze. mwerali postmodernistuli xerxebis wyalobiT Cven winaSe gaaTamaSebs karnavals. is damkvirveblis, ,,gareSe piris’’ niRabs irgebs da movlenebis ganviTarebas gverdidan akvirdeba, TiTqos pasuxismgeblobas ixsnis nawarmoebSi Semdeg ganviTarebul ambebze. misi gmiri XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi mogzaurobs da irgebs im saukunis gmiris ivane maCablis niRabs. es eqsperimenti imaSi mdgomareobda, rom gmirs samocdacameti saaTi unda ecxovra am adamianis cxovrebiT, romelmac ,,bevris SemZlem gacilebiT naklebi memkvidreoba dautova sazogadoebas’’ (imedaSvili 2006: 17). gmirs saxelis Secvla ar mouwia. Semdeg aRwerilia ivane maCablis cxovrebis laSa imedaSviliseuli versia. im dros Tbilisi ,,migdebuli bavSviviT upatrono da binZuri iyo’’, romelic mudmivad raRacis molodinSia. sainterso epizodebia moyvanili mwerlis cxovrebidan. rogorc cnobilia, ivane maCabelma da ilia WavWavaZem peterburgSi Seqspiris ,,mefe liri’’ Targmnes, maT Targmani sam TveSi daasrules. garda SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebisa, aqtiuri ganxilvis sagani iyo ivane maCablis piradi cxovrebac. Tanamedrove 197 literaturac mwerlis biografiis swored am mxariT interesdeba. avtoric yovelgvari SezRudvis da dafarvis gareSe warmoadgens mwerlis piradi gancdebs da cxovrebiseuli Tavgadasavlebs. laSa imedaSvili gadmogvcems, rom maCabels da qarTvel msaxiob mako safarovas erTmaneTi uyvardaT, ,,romeo da julietas’’ Targmna mis gamo dauwyia mwerals, magram am siyvaruls ar hqonda bednieri dasasruli. maCabelma gazeT ,,droebis’’ furclebidan gaigo mako safarovasa da vaso abaSiZis daqorwinebis ambavi. ,,ar arsebobs piradi cxovreba, mwerlis piradi cxovreba iseTive zRaparia, rogorc axal wels saCuqrebiT datvirTuli Tovlis papa’’ (imedaSvili 2006: 58). Tavidan Txroba logikuriad, erTian magistarlur xazs mihyveba iqamde, sanam saqme yvelaze idumal ambavs, maCablis gauCinarebas ar Seexeba. es ambavi ori saukunis Semdegac yvelaze bevr kiTxvas aCens, ra moxda 1898 wlis 26 ivnisis Rames? teqstSi aTasgvari Wor-marTali erTveba. am sakiTxze saubrisas yvela ibneva, yvelas Tavisi versia aqvs. erT-erTi aseTi versiiT laSa imedaSvilma Tavis gmirs sicocxle suliT avadmyofTa TavSesafarSi daasrulebina. avtoris mtkicebiT, es ambavi mTargmnelis colma anastasia bagrationmac icoda, magram ojaxis Rirsebis dacvis mizniT ar axmaurebda. personaJi realur yofas tovebs da ugzo-ukvlod uCinardeba. ra aris amis mizezi? aRniSnul sakiTxze sainterso mosazreba aqvs akaki werTels, romelic wers: ,,Tvalsa da xels Sua dagvekarga! vfiqrobT da ver warmogvidgenia mizezi da erTmaneTs vekiTxebiT: ram aiZula es kaci? kiTxva upasuxod rCeba da es ki viciT mxolod, rom, rasac ar unda aeZulebina, Tavdapirveli mizezi iZulebisa da fesvi ubedurebisa misi sazogado moRvaweoba iyo! imas emsxverpla’’ (mTvareliZe 2000: 37) maCabeli tovebs realur yofas da amaSi damnaSave pirvel rigSi sazogadoebaa, romelmac gmirs gaqcevisken ubiZga. verc mwerali zurab qarumiZe uvlis gverds XIX saukunis yvelaze idumal ambavs. romanSi ,,Rvimouqi zRva’’, romelic ivane maCablis burusiT mocul gauCinarebas exeba. ,,xolo Tu Targmni, maSin imasac gaigeb, Tu sad daikarga cnobili bankiri da agronomi-mocaleobis Jams Seqspirs rom Targmnida. da imasac gaigeb, rom es gauCinareba misi mTargmneleobiTi Sedevri iyo!’’ (qarumiZe 2012: 61). avtorma ivane maCablis gauCinarebis ambis Taviseburi versia warmogvidgina. 198 ,,erTxelac riJraJze, SaSvis galoba Caesma. loginidan wamoxta da Ramis perangis amara gavarda gareT. daRamebamde qalaqis gareubnebSi exeteboda. mere ki iq, sadac qalaqis sanagve iyo, udabursa da myralsa adgilas, mSieri (qarumiZe 2012: ZaRlebis 287). xrova zurab Semoesia, qarumiZis daglijes SemoqmedebiT da SeWames’’ versiaSi maCabeli ZaRlebis msxverpli gaxda. ivane maCablis istorias exeba aka morCilaZe wignSi ,,qarTuli rveulebi’’ XIX saukunis suraTebi, TavSi aRwers am saukunis cxovrebis da udidesi qarTveli gauCinarebis ,,Seqspiris xalxi’’ mwerali mTargmenlis epizods, ivane romelsac maCablis istoriuli damajerebloba udavod aqvs. mwerali wers: ,,TviTon maCablis cxovrebac Seqspiris tragediebis gmirebis cxovrebas hgavs’’ (morCilaZe 2013: 89). es ukve cxadad mianiSnebs gmiris cxovrebiseul tragediaze. misi cxovreba iyo ,,Zalian rTuli, SromiT, wvalebiT, nervebiT savse cxovreba’’ (morCilaZe 2013: 89). mas saintereso da mravalferovani istoria hqonda, 42 wlis asakSi bevri ramis naxva moaswro, gaWirvebidan dawyebuli Tavisi wili cota bednierebis miRebiT damTavrebuli. is yvela saqmes Tavs brwyinvaled arTmevda. ,,hqonda aseTi Tviseba, SeeZlo diliT aeRo raRac dargis wigni da saRamos ki am dargis specialisti damdgariyo’’ (morCilaZe 2013: 91). misi maCablis Tavgadasavali cxovrebas da uamravi epizodisgan Tavgadasavals Sedgeboda, SeiZleba ,,Cven ki davarqvaT ocwliani samkuTxedi. samkuTxedis erTi kuTxe aris ivane maCabeli, meore ilia WavWavaZe da mesame- akaki wereTeli’’ (morCilaZe 2013: 90). avtori maT urTierTobas Zalian sainteresod afasebs: ,,es aris Zalian ucnauri, Taviseburi da saintereso urTierTobis istoria, romelic erT SemTxvevSi daiwyo didi megobrobiT da damTavrda didi mtrobiT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki daiwyo didi megobrobiT da damTavrda didi saidumloTi’’ (morCilaZe 2013: 90). akaki wereTeli afasebda ivane maCabels ,,magram maT megobrobas axlda uzarmazari Worebis Sleifi, romelic mosdevda akaki wereTlisa da ivane maCablis colis, taso bagrationdaviTaSvilis urTierTierTobas’’ (morCilaZe 2013: 95). 199 aka morCilaZe miiCnevs, rom akaki wereTlis da taso maCablis urTierToba mamaSvilur xasiaTs atarebda. Znelia SeekamTo avtors, man xom saqarTvels istoriis es periodi Zalian kargad icis. Worebi, rom akakis Semoakvda an ganzrax mokla maCabeli, yovelTvis iqneba. maCabeli gauCinarebis Rames gorodavois unaxavs saxlidan gamosuli. mwerali erTmniSvnelovnad usvams xazs im pozicias, rom akaki wereTeli udanaSauloa. ,,maCablis gaqrobac ubedurebaa. maCablis cxovrebac ubedureba gamovida, magram mis sificxes, mis wvalebas da aTas sxva rames gadafaravs albaT, misi Seqspiri’’ (morCilaZe 2013: 102). dedas ki sjeroda, rom misi Svili ucxoeTSi wavida, aseve iyo versia, rom boSebs gahyva, magram es yvelaferi mxolod Woria, romlis miRmac dResac amouxsneli saidumlo imaleba. faqti erTia, rogorc mwerali gadmogvcems: ,,is iyo saocari xasiaTis da rTuli adamiani, Zalian rTuli adamiani, romelic aseve rTulad wavida’’ (morCilaZe 2013: 102). istoriis aRqmam da misi Tanamedrove adamiani TvaliT danaxvam bevr Segnebulad miviwyebul movlenas axada farda. razec istoria dums, XXI saukuneSi aqtiuri ganxilvis Temad gadaiqceva xolme. laSa imedaSvilma da aka morCilaZem es ambavi Tavisi Cveuli sifrTxiliT da zomierebiT warmogvidgines. rasac namdvilad ver vityviT laSa buRaZesa da zurab qarumiZeze. laSa buRaZis, laSa imedaSvilis, aka morCilaZis da zurab qarumiZis nawarmoebebis gacnobis Semdeg naTeli xdeba, rom Cven winaSe gamorCeuli postmodernisti mwerlebi dganan, romlebic mkiTxvels uamrav saintereso, maTTvis ucnob masalas awvdian XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis gamorCeul movlenebze, im periodis Tbilisze. ilia WavWavaZe _ Cveni qveynis istoriis yvelaze tragikuli ambavi, romelmac SeZra sruliad saqarTvelo ilia WavWavaZis mkleloba iyo. am istorias pirveli dRidan moyveba mouSuSebeli tkivilis da kiTxvis gancda ratom? ,,wiwamurTan rom mohkles ilia, maSin epoqa gaTavda didi’’. galaktionis am sityvebis kvalobaze marTlac sworia istoriis, epoqis aTvla 1907 wlis swored im avadsaxsenebeli 30 agvistos dRidan daviwyoT. isic bunebrivia, rom mxatvruli literaturisTvisac 200 Tavad mkvlelobis SemoqmedebiTi Seafasa. faqtic sakiTxic qveynis da da ilias faqtoric–yovelTvis gamowvevac. drom sakvanZo ambebs, istoriaSi es faqti iyo Taviseburad saukuneebis Semdegac Taviseburi interpretireba mohyveba xolme. miuxedavad imisa, rom ilias mkvlelobaze Zalian bevri iTqva da daiwera, Tanamedrove mwerlebi sakiTxis Tavisebur gaazrebas axdenen. mwerloba xom interpretirebis asparezia, avtors SeuZlia Taviseburi originaluri ideebiT mkiTxveli realursa da irealurs Soris ,,aTamaSos’’. mkiTxvelis warmosaxvebze TamaSi swored Tanamedrove mwerlobis erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia. ilia WavWavaZis Tavisebur krebulSi mkvlelobasTan interprecatias ,,saukunis dakavSirebiT warmoadgens mkvleloba’’, laSa buRaZe piesebis da erT-erT moTxrobas romlis moTxrobebis aseTi saTauri aqvs_ ,,qarTuli zRapari’’. ironiaa, isaubro zRaparze maSin, rodesac realoba ar gaZlevs movlenis zedapirulad gaazrebis saSualebas. ambavi zRapariviT iwyeba. Tumca masSi bevri dokumenturi masalaa warmodgenili, im avadsaxsenebel molodinSi iyo. ,,evropis dReebze, rodesac aRmosavleTiT, TiTqmis yvela raRacis aziaSi, ZvelisZvel saxelganTqmul qalaq TbilisSi, arc ise patara saxlis myudro oTaxSi, Tavadi ilia grigolis Ze WavWavaZe, sawer magidas ujda da qalaqgareT gasvlaze fiqrobda, - kerZod, yvelasaTvis kargad cnobil saguramoSi’’ (buRaZe 2000: 33). dokumentur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT aRwera laSa buRaZem ilias cxovrebis bolo periodi. avtori icnobs guram SaraZis wigns ,,ilia WavWavaZe 1937-1907’’, sadac imave ambavze mkvlevari dokumenturad dadasturebul cnobebs rTavs Tavis wignSi. ilias saxlSi yvela megobars erTad moeyara Tavi, TiTqos winaswar grZnobdnen mis aRsasruls da yvela erTianad emSvidobeboda. mniSvnelovania mariam orbelianis mogoneba. is saguramoSi wasvlis wina dRes estumra megobars. ,,sastumro oTaxSi olia Tadeozis asuli daxvda, zeze idga akankalebuli, aCqarebuli qaRalds Slida (es misi Cveulebrivi gasarTobi iyo). roca Sevedi, gamomxeda da ganagrZo Tavisi saqme, Tan Tvalcremlianma miTxra: rom icodeT, ra cudi qaRaldi amodis! saSinel ambebs miwinaswarmetyvelebs. vexvewebi ilias, gadados wasvla, 201 radgan vici, ubedureba moxdeba _ magram is yursac ar migdebs’’ (SaraZe 1990: 315). simboluri da cota ar iyos daujerebelia is faqti, rom nawarmoebSi mweralma gviCvena iliasTan misi gardacvalebis wina dRes misuli Tedo labauris deda, romelsac ,,naxevrad SiSveli bavSvi eWira da odnav oTaraanT qvrivisebuli ieri dahkravda’’ (buRaZe 2000: 37). qalma ilias sTxova, ar wasuliyo da amiT isic gadarCeboda da misi Svilic. mwerali TiTqos win uswrebs movlenebs. TamaSdeba ilias dakrZalvis karnavali, listma misi foto Semoitana. mwerals winaswar warmoudgines momavali im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saguramoSi wasvlaze uars ar ityoda. magram yvelaferi gviani iyo, mas gadawyvetili hqonda wasvla da amas veravin da veraferi Seacvlevinebda. avtorma mxolod mxatvrul teqstSi SeZlo drois areva, man gaaswro dros da yvelaferi winaswar gviCvena. manamde artur laistis mogonebaa mniSvnelovani. bediswerasTan TamaSi xSirad aseTi mZime SedegiT mTavrdeba. mwerali winaswar grZnobda sikvdilis moaxloebas, TiTqos mzadac ki iyo masTan Sesaxvedrad. laistis mogonebebidan vigebT Semdegs: ,,rodesac saguramoSi mivdiodi 21 agvistos, ar vfiqrobdi, rom es iqneboda ukanaskneli misvla moxucebul Zvirfas megobarTan’’ (SaraZe 1990: 314). im eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi, rac laisti iliasTan iyo, mis saxeze Rimili ar unaxavs. xSirad dgeba momenti, rodesac grZnob sakuTari sicocxlis dasasruls. aris raRac simboluri miniSneba amqveyniur samyaroSi, rac gvagrZnobinebs cxovrebis finals. artur laistis mogonebebidan vigebT: ,,wvimda. im adgilas ki, sadac 3 dRis Semdeg saSineli mkvleloba moxda, orive mxares Txeli tye aris. iq rom gamoviareT, Jruantelma damiara tanSi, magram fiqradac ar momsvlia raime ubedureba. ilia gvaxlda da ver warmovidgendi, rom vinme xels Seaxebda moxucs-poets, qarTveli xalxis siamayes’’ (SaraZe 1990: 314). romanSi moqmedeba mihyveba guram SaraZis wigns ,,ilia WavWavaZe 18371907’’ da ucvlelad gvawvdis mas. amdenad mwerali am SemTxvevaSi dokumentur masalebze dayrdnobiT zustad gadmogvcems movlenebs da mizanmimarTulad arc arRvevs istoriul dokumentacias. 202 nawarmoebSi saguramoSi centraluri wasvlisas mudmivad adgilia wyaro, sadac mwerali Cerdeboda. ilia WavWavaZem arc 30 agvistos uRalata Cveul tradicias. misi meuRlis gadmocemiT, mwerali: ,,ormoc wuTze met xans garindebuli gadi-gamodioda saxedatanjuli. etlSi karga xnis mere amovida da biWs ubrZana garekeo’’ (SaraZe 1990: 317). da sabediswero gasrolac gaisma, am wuTs mkiTxvelic daZabuli elis, am gasrolam Zalian bevri ram Secvala qveynis cxovrebaSi, man daasrula epoqa da datova bevri pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva, maTgan erTerTia, ratom? gangmires poeti, daundoblad, umowyalod. ,,ilia WavWavaZis Subli berdanis tyviiTaa Camongreuli, is Subli, romlis nafiqralsac ara erTisa da ori TaobisaTvis axali fiqrebi aRuZvria.. aseve gulic’’ (buRaZe 2000: 40). esec ar akmares, ilia WavWavaZe gaZarcves, waiRes yvelaferi, sabuTebis CanTa, tansacmeli. mxolod misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gairkva, rom moxuc poets guli daavadebuli hqonda. laSa buRaZe kvlav dokumentur masalas rTavs TxrobaSi, Tumca aqve gadadis aluziuri Txrobis misTvis Cveul maneraze da ilia WavWavZes Tavisi gasvenebis momswres gaxdis. erT-erT samglovaro gvirgvinze akakis leqsi iyo miwerili, ,,ilias mokvlis gamo’’. ,,nu miwamlavT moxucs grZnobas da nu ambobT, rac ar mjera! nuTu marTla dRes gadawyda saqarTvelos bedis wera? ilia WavWavaZec madlobas ixdida da gvirgvinebs kuTxeSi alagebda’’ (buRaZe 2000: 42). aseTi faqti mxolod postmodernistuli teqstisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, mweralma mTavari personaJi Tavis dakrZalvas daaswro. laSa buRaZe amas ise ostaturad akeTebs, rom mkiTxvels xandaxan eWvi uCndeba, is irealuri da realuri samyaros zRvarze gadis. im dRes TiTqmis yvelaferi imaze miuTiTebda, rom poetis sikvdili gardauvali iyo. es yvelaferi winaswarmetyvelur sizmars hgavda, mkiTxveli daZabuli elodeba movlenebis ganviTarebas, aris faqtebi, romlis armoxdenis SemTxvevaSi istoria sxvagvarad warimarTeboda, ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba Zalian kargad icis amis naTeli magaliTia. mkiTxveli, romelmac realurad momxdari faqti, darwmunebulia, rom 203 avtori Tavs ver aaridebs istoriul realobas, amitom elodeba tyviis gasrolas. magram xdeba piriqiT, nawarmoebs zRapris msgavsad, bednieri dasasruli aqvs. tyvia, romelmac 1907 wels saqarTveloSi ,,didi epoqis dasasruli’’ gamoiwvia mxatvrul narativSi ar gavarda. ,,Cveni qveynis bedic im dRis Semdeg sul sxvagvarad warmarTula’’. nawarmoebis saTauri mianiSnebs, rom es yvelaferi tyuilia, zRaparia, romelic verasodes ver gaxdeba realoba. es narativis fiqsaciaa, rogorc amas uwodeben Tanamedrove postmodernistuli literaturis mkvlevarebi. rogorc aRiniSna, istorizmis principi, kriminaluri saqmeebi, sadac gamoZiebas Tavad avtori awarmoebs mkiTxvelTan erTad, postmodernistuli teqstisTvis friad niSneulia. aRniSnuli romanic postmodernistuli Txrobis yvela moTxovnas pasuxobs. saxezea: avtoris niRabi, interteqsti, interteqstualuri TamaSi da sxva. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis postmodernistul gaazrebas warmoadgens laSa imedaSvili. mwerali friad frTxilad da saTuTad epyroba warsuls. misi romani ,,sami mkvleloba Zvel TbilisSi’’ am ambis gadmocemaa. Zvel TbilisSi momxdari sami mkvlelobidan erT-erTi saqarTvelos, zogadad qarTvelobis saxe-simbolo ilia WavWavZea. laSa imedaSvili saukunis mkvlelobis ambavs gadmogvcems. ilia WavWavaZis mkvleloba postmodernistuli teqstis interesis sfero gaxda. rodesac ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaze vsaubrobT, vfiqrob, mkvlelis an SemkveTis Ziebas azri ar aqvs, aq damnaSave mTeli eria. im periodSi saqarTveloSi qarTvelebis umetesoba berbiWaSvilad Tvlida Tavs, am gvaris tareba cnobili garkveulwilad sityebi ,,furTxis wyevlasaviT Rirsi xar Sen iqca. akaki wereTelis saqarTvelo’’_erTgvari sabaziso poziciaa mwerlisTvis. ilia WavWavaZis pirovnebis irgvliv yovelTvis trialebda Wor- marTali romelic amgvarad yalibdeba: zogi sastik mebatoned miiCnevda, zogi ki aRmerTebda. yvelaferi ki isev saqarTvelos gamo keTdeboda. erT-erTi mizezi, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobisa, ruseTis saTaTbirosgan qarTuli eklesiis avtonomiis moTxovnas ukavSirdeba, yovelive amis Semdeg srul damoukideblobamde Zalian cota rCeboda. 204 laSa imedaSvili gulaxdilad amxels sazogadoebis Tavisufalia saqarTvelos mankier Tvisebebs. yovelgvari cenzurisagan. istoriis saCoTiro faqtebs ,,kavkasiuri veluroba da is da aziuri sizarmace rom ar uSlides xels, Tqveni qveyana msoflio rukaze sapatio adgils daikavebda” (imedaSvili 2006: 60). avtori saintereso dokumentur masalas gvawvdis ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobis detalebze. rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnul mkvlelobaze bevri eWvmitanili iqna dakavebuli ,,ase Tu gagrZelda, SesaZloa am siaSi mTeli saqarTvelo aRmoCndeso’’ –ambobs nawarmoebis erT–erTi personaJi iaSvili, romelic ilia WavWavZis mkvlelobis saqmes iZiebs. ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobaze laSa imedaSvili SedarebiT mokled saubrobs, aRwers mizezebs, ris gamoc mokles mxcovani mwerali. istoriuli da mxatvruli sinamdvile am SemTxvevaSic iseve, rogorc laSa buRaZesTan, TanxvedraSia erTmaneTTan. vfiqrobT, orive qarTvelisaTvis Tema interesis nacionaluri identobis dResac Zalian aRmZvrelia. aqtualuri es ganmsazRvrelia, da TiTeuli problematika romelsac qveynis Tanamedrove avtorebma, Taviseburi gadaWra da asaxva mouZebnes. aluziis meSveobiT mtkivneul Temebze saubari postmodernistuli mimdinareobis erT-erTi mTavari xerxia. orive avtorma Cvenamde am sakiTxebis motana namdvilad SeZlo. drom axleburi TvaliT dagvanaxa bevrisTvis ucnobi postmodernistuli literatura faqtebi mxatvrul mgrZnobeloba garkveul etapze nawarmoebSi, gauCina, avtorisa da ramac amitom mkiTxvels aseTi mkiTxvelis tipis grZnobebzea damyarebuli. vfiqrobT, orive avtorma sainteresod gaiazra movlenebi, romlebic Cveni sxvadasxvaoba qveynis mudmivad istoriaSi arsebobs. moxda da Tanamedrove romelzec azrTa postmodernistuli xerxebis wyalobiT maT aRniSnul Temebze bevri saintereso mosazreba Camoayalibes, rac XXI saukunis mkiTxvelisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. laSa buRaZis, laSa imedaSvilis da aka morCilaZis, zurab qarumiZis nawarmoebebis gacnobis Semdeg, naTeli xdeba, rom Cven winaSe gamorCeuli postmodernisti mwerlebi dganan, 205 romlebic mkiTxvels uamrav saintereso, maTTvis ucnob masalas awvdian XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis gamorCeul movlenebsa da im periodis Tbilisze. II Tavis daskvna qarTuli warmoaCina, postmodernistuli rom is diskursis TaviseburebebiT da ganxilvam calsaxad individualuri xelweriT xasiaTdeba, rac upirvelesad saTqmelis gadmocemis specifikaSi aisaxeba. gadmocemis forma erTnairia, Tumca Tema qarTuli. postmodernizmi qarTul realobas kargad moergo. postmodernistuli SeiZleba vuwodoT Tavad im periodsac, romelSic es literatura Camoyalibda. es iyo qaosisa da anarqiis xana, xana, rodesac sakuTari qveyana da masTan erTad cxovreba adamianebs xelidan eclebodaT. yovelive es qmnida axali literaturis arsebobis aucileblobas. 90-ianelTa periodma didi kvali datova Cveni qveynis istoriaSi da es naTlad aisaxa qarTul mwerlobaze. Znelia Tanamdrove avtorma kalami aiRos xelSi da ar Seexos Cveni qveynis am mZime periods. yvela qarTveli mwerali, romelic ganvixileT, sakuTar SemoqmedebaSi met-naklebad asaxavs saqarTvelos uaxles istorias. aka morCilaZe, zurab qarumiZe, zaza burWulaZe, laSa imedaSvili da sxva danarCeni avtorebi Tavad iyvnen momswrneni 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelos mZime realobisa. es tkivilebi da fiqrebi ki maT mxatvrul teqstebSi aisaxa. postmodernizmi swored xelovnebaa, is ar aRiqvams qaosisa rogorc da gaurkvevlobis asaxvis aRiniSna mxatvrul teqsts erT mTlianobaSi, piriqiT, rac ufro meti gaurkvevloba da bundovanebaa teqstSi, miT metad misaRebia is am tipis literaturisTvis. qarTuli postmodernizmi araa kopireba evropuli postmodernizmisa, piriqiT, is ufro faqizad, ufro didi interesiTa da pasuxismgeblobiT ekideba teqsts da im ambavs, romelsac gadmogvcems. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania istorizmis principi, rac postmodernizmis niSnebidan yvelaze kargad SeiTvisa qarTulma realobam. istoriuli faqtebis da 206 movlenebis axleburma mosazrebam masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo, ar arsebobs mwerali, romelic ambavs wina saukuneebis istoriidan ar iRebdes da mxatvrul teqstSi ar rTavdes. istoriis labirinTebSi mogzauroba, yvelaze gamokveTilad aka morCilaZis SemoqmedebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia mkiTxveli TamaSSi aiyolios. aq erTveba gaucxoebis Teoria gamarTlebuli-am problemebis amsaxveli mxatvruli teqstisTvis, avtori amiT TiTqos Tavs icavs mkiTxvelisa da sazogadoebis agresiisgan. ukve dawerili istoriis xelaxla gaazreba bevrisTvis miuRebelia, konservatuli da dramatul Txrobas Cveuli sazogadoeba Znelad egueba siaxleebs, romelsac mwerlebi sTavazoben. asea CvenSic aris Temebi, magaliTad maCablis mkvleloba Tu gauCinareba, Zveli Tbilisuri istoriebi, romlebzec Cumad saubrobs yvela, magram misi xmamaRla Tqma SeSfoTebas da daeWvebas iwvevs. tradiciuli sazogadoeba aseve mtkivneulad udgeba religiis, ojaxis siwmindis Temas, Tumca is, riTac qarTveli eri amayobda, ukve kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba. ilaxeba avtoritetebi, iwyeba faseulobaTa gadafasebis mtkivneuli procesi. Taobebs Soris mudmivad arsebuli ,,xidCatexilobis” problema Rrmavdeba. axali da Zveli Taobebi ver pouloben saerTo faseulobebsa da enas. Zveli Taoba, Rirebulebebzea romelic aRzrdili, axali sruliad sxva Taobis mier SemoTavazebul sxva garemoSi aRmoCnda. im garemoSi, sadac Zneli gaxda saerTo enis gamonaxva. postmodernistuli literatura yovelgvar wesebsa da kanonebs uaryofs, misTvis ar aris Rirebuli gakvalul gzaze siaruli, piriqiT, axal gzebs eZebs, romliTac Tavad gaxdeba gzis gamkvlevi Semdgomi periodis literaturuli mimdinareobisaTvis. qarTul literaturaSi postmodernizmis niSnebidan gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilia istorizmis principi, TamaSis principi, karnavalizacia, aluzia, interteqstualoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo arc am SemTxvevaSi CamorCa, msoflio literaturul procesebs da SeiZleba garkveuli periodis dagvianebiT, magram mainc gamoexmaura im siaxleebs, rac literaturul samyaroSi moxda. 207 postmodernizmma qarTul mwerlobaSi udavod mniSvnelovani da saintereso kvali datova. Cven SegviZlia visaubroT qarTul postmodernizmze, romelSic Tanabradaa aRwerili Tanamedrove adamianis cxovreba da misi vnebani: omi da mSvidoba, sikeTe da boroteba, Wori da marTali. dro Tavis adgils literaturul sivrceSi miuCens mweralTa garkveul nawils, romelTa SemoqmedebaSi postmodernistuli tendenciebi warmmarTveli iqneba. qarTul mwerlobaSi postmodernistuli diskursis arseboba SeiZleba miviCnioT, msoflioSi mimdinare literaturuli procesebis analogad. postmodernizmmade qarTuli mwerloba TavisTavad, logikurad mivida da Seavso Tanamedrove literaturuli procesis es Tavisufali niSac. es movlena ki gansakuTrebulad qarTul prozaSi aisaxa. 208 daskvnebi maSin, SeuZlebeli iqneboda ar rodesac Tanamedrove gvesaubra msoflio qarTul mwerloba postmodernizmze am literaturuli mimdinareobis epicentrSi ukve didi xania, rac dgas. upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania Tavad postmodernizmis arsze gagvemaxvilebina yuradReba. ra TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba is da riT gansxvavdeba modernizmisgan, ra aris is siaxle, romelic moicva, romelsac postmodernizmma SemogvTavaza. XX saukune literaturulma mimdinareobam saxelad modernizmis Semdgomi periodi anu ,,postmodernizmi” uwodes. postmodernizmisTvis samyaro ukve aRar aris erTi mTlianoba, yvelaferma saxe dakarga, feri icvla da yvela sakiTxs kiTxvis niSani daesva. samyaros aseTma aRqmam adamianis cxovrebaSic didi kvali datova, postmodernistuli nawarmoebebi ufro rTulad aRsaqmeli da gasagebi gaxda rigiTi miCveuli iyo mkiTxvelisaTvis. realuri im istoriebis tipis mkiTxvelisTvis, wakiTxvas, romelic romelic ar eZebda striqonebs Soris Camalul azrebs. postmodernizmma qaoturi saxe misca yvelafers, mkiTxveli da avtori erT sivrceSi moaqcia, TiTqos orives erTi rolis mwerlobaSi Sesruleba gacilebiT mouxdaT, didia, recipientis vidre wina roli saukuneebSi. Tanamedrove avtori wers mkiTxvelisTvis da cdilobs masTan erTad gaerkves rTul situaciebSi, Ria finali postmodernistuli tipis nawarmoebSi aqtualuria. TamaSi avtorsa da recipients Soris aqtiur fazaSi Sedis. postmodernistuli literaturis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli sakiTxia aseve istorizmi, Tanamedrove avtorebi Tavisuflad argeben XXI saukunis ambavs wina periodis saTqmels, istoria maTi masazrdoebeli wyaroa (asea dawerili postmodernizmis erT-erTi gamorCeuli warmomadgenlis umberto ekos ,,vardis saxeli”). interteqstuloba, aluzia, metateqsti, rizoma, ormagi kodireba. es terminebi postmodernistuli nawarmoebis ganxilvisas mudmivad aqtualuria. Temis mwerlebis kvlevisas mniSvnelovani ganxilvamde, iqneboda warmogvedgina 209 Tanamedrove qarTveli postmodernizmis niSnebi, folkneris romanSi ,,xmauri da mZvinvareba”, marsel prustis ,,dakarguli drois ZiebaSi’’, herman melvilis ,,mobi diki”, sadac postmodernistuli niSnebi gamoikveTa, xolo rac Seexeba milorad paviCis sityvis kona”, ,,ukanaskneli mowyobilobebis zanduki”, siyvaruli umberto ,,xazaruli konstantinopolSi’’, ekos ,,vardis saxeli”, kortasaris ,,klasobana”, patrik ziuskindis ,,sunamo”, ,,saweri xulio entoni berjesis ,,meqanikur forToxali”, ken kinzis ,,viRacam gugulis budes gadaufrina”, xaruki murokamis ,,veronikam ,,kafka sikvdili sanapiroze”, gadawyvita” _ paulo es koelios tipiuri ,,alqimikosi”, postmodernistuli nawarmoebebia. postmodernizmma yvela qveynis literaturaSi aqtiurad SeaRwia da Tanamedrove msoflio mwerloba gverds ver uvlis am process. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, postmodernizmi CvenTan marTlac dagvianebiT, magram mainc Semovida. man fexi moikida qarTul realobaSi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebidan, Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi niSnebi manamde arsebobda naira gelaSvilis da guram doCanaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. naira gelaSvilis ,,anabeWdebi” ,,mivemgzavrebi madrids” mxatvruli formatiT sruliad gansxvavebuli doCanaSvilis aRdgeniTi romanze samuSaoebi”, nawarmeobebia: ,,samoseli avtori aseve pirveli” gansxvavebul SeiZleba da iTqvas guram ,,vater(po)lo saTqmels anu gansxvavebuli formiT gadmogvcems. maT SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba interteqsti, aluzia, TamaSis principi, hiperrealizmi. 90-iani wlebidan qarTul realobaSi sruliad sxva saxis literatura Semodis, romelic yvela wessa da kanonze uars ambobs da sakuTar gamorCeul, cota ar iyos, ucnaur stils amkvidrebs. Znelia, Seeguo realobas, maSin, rodesac sruliad ucxo da amoucnobi movlenis winaSe dgaxar. 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelo mudmivad idga gansacdelis winaSe. 9 aprilma, samoqalaqo omma, afxazeTisa da samaCablos dakargvam Cvens istorias saxe Seucvala. adamianebi TiTqos yvelafers Seeguen, yvela tkivilma daayovna. da qarTvelma saTqmelma erTad mwerlebma moiyara Tavi da TavianTi protesti Sedegmac ar SemoqmedebaSi warmoaCines, daiwera wignebi, romlebic sruliad Taviseburad asaxavs yvela im process, rac Cvens qveyanaSi xdeboda. aka morCilaZem, zurab 210 qarumiZem, laSa imedaSvilma, laSa buRaZem, zaza burWulaZem ganaaxles qarTuli mwerloba, maT SemoqmedebaSi postmodernistulma mimdinareobam aqtiurad iCina Tavi. pirvelad zurab qarumiZem Seqmna ,,Rvinomuqi zRva’’, romelic Tvisobrivad axal saTqmels gadmoscems, srulebiT ar hgavs klasikur qarTul mwerlobas, Semdeg aka morCilaZem Seqmna 90-iani wlebis Tbilisis amsaxveli romanebi: ,,faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi”, ,,qaRaldis tyvia”, ,,mogzauroba yarabaRSi”, pirobiTad mwerlis Semoqmedeba SeiZleba daiyos sam jgufad. qalaqi, es Tema mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs mis prozaSi, aka morCilaZe ,,madaTovis ciklis istoriuli romanebis avtori, romelic qmnis prozas’’. ciklis Semqmneladac. is gvevlineba aseve ,,santa-esperansas’’ istorizmis proncips aqtiurad mimarTaven laSa buRaZe da laSa imedaSvili. rac Seexeba zaza burWulaZes, is erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli avtoria, romelmac qarTul mwerlobaSi daamkvidra cneba ,,antiromani”. postmodernistuli mwerloba antiromanis SeqmniTac gamoirCeva, sadac Znelia moiZio saTqmeli, romelic erT ambavs, erT siuJetur xazs mihyveba, piriqiT, aq yvelaferi areulia, yvelafers gaurkvevlobis efeqti axlavs, antiromanma uaryo naratologia, piriqiT, yvelafers TviTon avtori ki ara, TiTqos mkiTxveli yveba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom postmodernizmma Cvens literaturul samyaroSi Tavisi adgili daimkvidra. mniSvnelovania, im TaviseburebaTa xazgasmac, rac qarTul postmodernizms axasiaTebs. im periodidan moyolebuli, rac qarTul literaturaSi romantizmi da Semdeg ukve simbolizmi niSnebic Semovida, is ganmasxvavebeli gamoCnda, riTac qarTuli romantizmi da simbolizmi gamoirCeodnen franguli da rusuli mimdinareobebisagan. yvela SeTanxmda erT rameze, rom TaviseburebaTa baza orive SemTxvevaSi nacionaluri idea da mxatvruli tradiciisadmi angariSgeba iyo. gasakviria, magram erTi SexedviT ,,Zalian evropeli ,,cisferyanwelebic’’, literaturaSi araferi maT vTqvaT romlebic gamoCenamde uaryofdnen iyo, romantikosebze) ver asevea yvelafer gaeqcnen am imas, rac sayrdens. (rom postmodernizmSi, qarTuli postmodernizmi sxva analogTagan imiT gamoirCeva, rom aqac qarTveli mwerali, gverds ver uvlis nacionalur sakiTxs miT ufro maSin, roca 211 is 90_iani wlebSi didi samoqalaqo dapirispirebebi, omebi gadaitana, uamravi politikuri da ekonomikuri am periodis literatura qartexilebis xanaSi. aqtiurad exeba im droisTvis yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. naTlad Cans, rom iwyeba RirebulebaTa gadafaseba. Tanamedrove avtorebi radikalurad yovelive imas, rac Cvenamde zneobrivi principebi. gansxvavebuli TvaliT uyureben xelSeuxebeli iyo. icvleba moralur- postmodernistuli literatura am procesis TvalsaCino magaliTia. faqtia, rom qarTul postmodernizmze saubrisas Cvens Tanamedrove Semoqmedebac mwerlobaSi yvela postmodernist im cxovrebas niSan-TvisebiT mwerals teqstebSi samyaro gamoikveTnen klasikuri avtorebi, xasiaTdeba, rac mwerlisagan. romelTa gamoarCevs maT mxatvrul erT did Teatrad iqca, sadac adamianebi sakuTar TamaSoben da aqtiurad arian CarTulebi am saxifaTo TamaSebSi. aqedan gamomdinare xSirad, SeuZlebelia maTi realuri saxis xilva. mkiTxveli erTveba ra am adamianebis Tavgadasavalebsa da istoriebSi, isic iwyebs TamaSs, amis Tavisuflebas da nebas mas avtori aZlevs, postmodernistul teqstSi ar arsebobs araviTari SezRudva, piriqiT, recipients SeuZlia am ambidan gamomdinare Seqmnas Tavisi sruliad damoukidebeli nawarmoebi. romanis bolos datovebuli Ria finali swored mimdinareobas, amas iTvaliswinebs. rogorc raRac dRes uCveulos, yvela ganixilavs qarTul am literaturuli realobisTvis aratradiciulsa da sruliad axal movlenas. Tanamedrove mwerals aRar ainteresebs maradiuli faseulobebi, aqamde daketili yvela saidumlo samyaroSi Sedis, Rirebulebani, sagnad kari farTod sadac romelTac ar iReba arsebobs Cvenamde da mkiTxveli miuwvdomeli sifrTxiliT da misTvis ucxo xeluxlebeli ekidebodnen, ironiis iqca, Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi es ironia mware simarTlis Tqmas isaxavs miznad. literatura Slis zRvars SeuZlebelsa da SesaZlebels Soris. adamiani samyaros centrSi dgas. is Tavisufalia stereotipuli Sexedulebebisgan, arqauli valdebulebebisgan. postmodernistuli mxatvruli aramed romani-dResdReobiT komparativistuli faqtia ara mxolod mniSvnelobiTac. amdenad gasaTvaliswinebelia romanis formirebis procesi, Tu rogor mivida 212 antiromanis Seqmnamde tradiciuli qarTuli romani XX saukunis bolos da sakiTxis istoria, postmodernizmis Seqmnis winapirobebi da mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi am literaturuli procesebis garSemo. qarTveli analogiis Seswavlam kidev erTxel cxadyo, rom CvenSi postmodernizmi mimdinareoba arsebobs. is, saqarTveloSi, maprovocirebeli gaxda rogorc yvela qarTul qveynis sxva fesvebs arastabiluri literaturuli moergo, procesis socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba. es literaturuli mimdinareoba zustad im dros da im periodSi Semovida Cvens realobaSi, rodesac Tavad saqarTveloc postmodernistul viTarebaSi imyofeboda. qarTul postmodernistul prozaSi gamoiyofa Semdegi niSnebi: 1. interteqstualoba, 2. TamaSis principi, 3. istorizmis principi, 4. aluzia, 5. ironia, 6. warmoudgenelis warmodgena, 7. ormagi kodireba. amasTan analogi erTad msoflio garkveul gamoikveTa saerTo postmodernistul mxatvrul sqemad niSnebi procesTan Camoayaliba. es romlebmac qarTuli gaaerTiana uwinaresad da is personaJebis msgavsebasa da maTi problemebis gadaWris gzebSi gamoixateba. gaqceuli gmirebi ubrundebian sawyis mdgomareobas, oRond maT Sinagan samyaroSi momxdari kaTarzisis Semdeg. danawevrebul samyaroSi xdeba adamianis cnobierebis danawevrebac, rac iwvevs moralur-zneobrivi imperativebis rRvevs. axlandel literaturas ar ainteresebs martivi gmirebi. pirovneba rac ufro rTulia da mravalmxrivia, miT ufro met interess iwvevs mkiTxvelSi. ganxiluli romanebi amas kidev erTxel cxadyofs. am faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom postmodernistuli diskursSi yalibdeba garkveuli saerTo tendenciebi da niSnebi, rac gansazRvravs qarTuli postmodernistuli mwerlobis ZiriTad postulatebs. postmodernistul nawarmoebs Tavisi midgoma sWirdeba da, erTi mweralis Tqmisa ar iyos, ,,maT taxtze wamogorebuli ver waikiTxav’’. am nawarmoebebTa siuJeti SeiZleba sxvadasxva axali nawarmoebis sawyis inspiraciadac iqces, imdenad did informacias itevs TiToeuli maTgani. ase rom,Apostmodernistul mwerlobaSi kvlevis gagrZeleba yovelTvis droulia, radgan is cocxal literaturul process warmoadgens da 213 kritikoss mudmivad axal-axal sakvlev masalas sTavazobs. xolo rom ara es Tema, literaturis romelic SeuZlebeli marTlac gaxdeboda Zalzed mkiTxvelisTvis ziareba, saintereso kidev bevr da postmodernistuli ucnob saidumlos samyarosTan, axdis fardas. postmodernizmi saintereso literaturuli procesia romelic kvals datovebs rogorc qarTul, ise msoflio literaturul samyaroSi. postmodernizmi Cvens mwerlobaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs, is cocxali procesia da garkveuli periodis gasvlis Semdeg, misi Seswavlis aucilebloba kvlav dadgeba, radgan dResac aqtiurad iwereba postmodernistuli nawarmoebebi, romelTa gaazrebac momavlis saqmea. 214 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