Boletim eletrônico do LAE/FMVZ/USP, ed. 33, 18 jan. 2011

Transcrição

Socioeconomia & Ciência Animal
DIVULGAÇÃO
Boletim Eletrônico do LAE/FMVZ/USP
Edição 033, de 18 de janeiro de 2011
CENÁRIO MACROECONÔMICO E O
CRESCIMENTO DAS CADEIAS
AGROINDUSTRIAIS BRASILEIRAS
Rubens Nunes1
Resumo
EDITORIAL
Iniciamos
2011
trazendo
uma
análise
retrospectiva do cenário macroeconômico no ano
passado com projeções para este ano. O texto,
elaborado pelo Professor Rubens Nunes da
FZEA/USP, também apresenta ênfase nos efeitos
desse cenário sobre as principais cadeias
agroindustriais brasileiras.
Nosso
acompanhamento
periódico
de
publicações indexadas identificou trabalhos na
Journal of Animal Science, Poultry Science,
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, Journal of
Dairy Science, Fisheries Research, Journal of
Environmental Management, dentre outras.
Destacamos, nesse conjunto de artigos, quatro
trabalhos da Poultry Science que focam a
produção e o mercado de ovos, com ênfase em
desafios importantes como o meio ambiente e o
bem estar das poedeiras.
Divulgamos uma importante campanha da OIE
para comemorar os 250 da Medicina Veterinária.
Nos EUA, a Associação das Faculdades de
Veterinária está desenvolvendo um estudo para
ajudar a embasar as novas diretrizes para o
ensino superior da Medicina Veterinária. Na
Europa, um importante documento divulgado
recentemente apresenta recomendações sobre o
transporte de animais visando melhorias em seu
bem-estar. Essas e outras leituras são sugeridas
por nossa equipe.
Esperamos que apreciem esta primeira edição do
boletim eletrônico “Socioeconomia & Ciência
Animal” de 2011.
Os editores.
O Brasil se recuperou rapidamente da crise
internacional de 2008 e exibiu crescimento acima
da média histórica em 2010. As fontes do
crescimento foram o aumento do consumo das
famílias e da administração pública, os
investimentos em capital fixo e a relativa
estabilidade do valor das exportações, com
mudança de destinos e comoditização da pauta
de exportações. As políticas fiscal e monetária
anticíclicas levaram a economia brasileira
próxima do pleno emprego, porém com
necessidade crescente de financiamento externo.
A ameaça do recrudescimento da inflação, e mais
a longo prazo, do financiamento externo, tornam
altamente provável a adoção de políticas
contracionistas, em particular a elevação da taxa
de juros. Nesse contexto, o crescimento da
economia brasileira será sensivelmente menor
que em 2010. A demanda por alimentos
apresentará crescimento modesto, ao passo que
as exportações de commodities agropecuárias
devem repetir aproximadamente o desempenho
de 2010.
1. O desempenho recente da economia
brasileira
Em contraste com as economias
desenvolvidas, a crise financeira mundial
deflagrada em 2008 teve efeitos relativamente
modestos sobre a economia brasileira: o PIB a
preços de mercado (dessazonalizado) apresentou
variações negativas apenas no quarto trimestre
de 2008 (-4,4%) e no primeiro trimestre de 2009 (1,9%). Em 2009, a variação do PIB foi de -0,2%,
o que não chega a caracterizar uma recessão. No
terceiro trimestre de 2010, o crescimento do PIB
em 12 meses registrou crescimento de 8,4%2.
1
Professor do Departamento de Zootecnia da Faculdade de
Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP). E-mail:
[email protected].
Universidade de São Paulo
Coordenadoria do Campus de Pirassununga
Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Produção Animal - Laboratório de Análises Socioeconômicas e Ciência Animal
1
A comparação entre os terceiros
trimestres de 2010 e 2009 mostra taxas de
crescimento muito distintas entre setores:
Tabela 1 – Variação acumulada em 12 meses do produto dos setores, em
porcentagem – base = 2010T3
Indústria - Extrativa Mineral
Serviços - Intermediação Financeira
Indústria - Construção Civil
Serviços - Comércio
Indústria (total)
Serviços – Transporte, armazenagem, correios
Indústria de Transformação
Agropecuária
Serviços (total)
Serviços - Informação
Serviços - Outros
Serviços - Saúde e educação públicas
Fonte: IBGE – Contas Nacionais Trimestrais
16,6
11,4
9,6
8,9
8,4
7,4
7,1
6,9
4,9
4,0
2,9
2,3
O desempenho da indústria extrativa
mineral está associado à elevação dos preços
internacionais das commodities, e à forte
demanda chinesa por minérios. As medidas
anticíclicas adotadas pelos países desenvolvidos
após a crise de 2008 resultaram em aumento da
liquidez e redução das taxas de juros. Nesse
contexto, a demanda por commodities, assim
como por títulos dos países emergentes, foi
incentivada.
Os serviços de intermediação financeira e
correlatos cresceram em função do aumento das
vendas de bens de consumo duráveis e imóveis.
A indústria da construção civil foi estimulada por
políticas fiscais e pela elevação da renda das
famílias.
As fontes do crescimento recente da
economia brasileira foram (i) o aumento do
consumo das famílias, sobretudo em 2008; (ii) a
formação bruta de capital fixo, cujo crescimento
em 2009 compensou largamente a retração de
2008; (iii) o aumento do consumo da
administração pública, associado a política fiscal
anticíclica, e (iv) a rápida recuperação das
exportações, por meio da substituição de
destinos.
2
Dados preliminares:
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/indicadores/pib/pibvol-val_201003_3.shtm
Tabela 2 – Índice de agregados macroeconômicos (2007T3 = 100)
2008T3
Despesa de Consumo das Famílias
107,4
Despesa de Consumo da Administração Pública
105,0
Formação Bruta de Capital Fixo
119,1
Exportações
103,2
Importações
119,4
PIB – preços de mercado
107,0
* média de 2007 a 2009
Fonte: elaborado com dados obtidos em www.ipeadata.gov.br
2009T3
111,8
106,3
103,7
92,2
100,8
105,2
2010T3
118,4
110,7
125,5
102,4
142,1
112,4
% do PIB*
60,2
20,8
18,5
12,7
12,2
100,0
Tabela 3 – Contribuição de agregados macroeconômicos na variação do PIB (%)
2008T3
2009T3
2010T3
Despesa de Consumo das Famílias
4,5
2,5
3,6
Despesa de Consumo da Administração Pública
1,0
0,3
0,9
Formação Bruta de Capital Fixo
3,5
-2,4
3,9
Exportações
0,4
-1,4
1,4
Importações
-2,4
1,9
-5,0
Resíduo*
-0,1
-2,6
2,1
PIB – preços de mercado
7,0
-1,7
6,8
* variações na produtividade dos fatores, na participação dos agregados, erros e omissões.
Fonte: elaboração própria, a partir dos dados da Tabela 2.
Seria legítimo esperar, depois da crise de
2008, uma retração significativa das exportações.
Contudo, em 2010 as exportações encontravamse em níveis semelhantes aos observados antes
da crise. A partir de meados de 2009 os Brics,
com destaque para a China, passam a ser o
principal destino das exportações brasileiras.
Em 2008, o saldo da balança comercial
caiu quase 38%, de US$ 40 bilhões para US$
24,8 bilhões. As importações cresceram mais
intensamente que as exportações (em 2009,
caíram menos), induzidas pelo crescimento da
renda doméstica disponível e pelos investimentos
em capital fixo. O resultado de 2009 não foi
melhor e em 2010, registrou-se o menor saldo da
balança comercial desde 2003. Embaladas pelo
crescimento do consumo, pela formação de
capital fixo (e pela valorização da moeda
nacional), as importações em 2010 cresceram
pouco mais de 40% em relação ao não anterior.
O saldo do balanço de pagamentos foi
negativo apenas no quarto trimestre de 2008. O
déficit em transações correntes foi coberto pela
conta capital, alimentada pelos diferenciais de
taxas de juros e de risco entre o Brasil e o resto
do mundo.
O emprego cresceu em ritmo lento
durante a crise, mas apenas em três meses
(novembro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009) as
demissões superaram as contratações. Em 2009
foram criados menos de um milhão de empregos.
Em 2010, cerca de 2,2 milhões. O desemprego
nas regiões metropolitanas apresentou tendência
declinante, atingindo 3,3% em dezembro de 2010,
2
o menor valor já registrado3. Aos números do
Caged e do IBGE juntam-se as evidências
anedóticas de setores específicos em que as
vagas deixam de ser preenchidas por falta de
oferta de trabalho, bem como de casos de
mobilidade entre setores, associada a aumento
de salário.
Tabela 4 – Necessidade de Financiamento da Economia Brasileira – R$ milhões
correntes e como porcentagem do PIB
2008
2009
3.031.864
3.185.125
2.680.647
100,0
100,0
100,0
63.858
57.394
44.280
2,1
1,8
1,7
Renda Disponível Bruta (=)
2.968.006
3.127.731
2.636.367
97,9
98,2
98,3
Despesa de Consumo Final (-)
PIB
Renda Líquida Enviada ao Exterior (-)
2010 T1-T3
2008
2009
2010 T1-T3
revenda) crescem mais que os preços dos
produtos vendidos. Em geral, os custos de
insumos intermediários cresceram mais que os
preços dos produtos finais. A dificuldade de
repassar aumentos de custos aos preços
provavelmente está associada à concorrência
com importados, beneficiados pelo câmbio
valorizado.
Tabela 5 – Índices de preços da construção civil (ICC), no atacado (IPA), e ao
consumidor (IPC) – 2007.01 = 100
135
130
125
2.398.945
2.661.090
2.171.684
79,1
83,5
81,0
Poupança Bruta (=)
569.061
466.641
464.683
18,8
14,7
17,3
Formação Bruta de Capital (-)
627.158
525.815
539.230
20,7
16,5
20,1
1.968
2.256
1.437
0,1
0,1
0,1
115
-56.129
-56.918
-73.110
-1,9
-1,8
-2,7
110
Transferências de Capital (+)
Necessidade de Financiamento (=)
Fonte: IBGE – Sistema de Contas Nacionais
120
ICC
IPA
IPC
105
2. Riscos e opções
A
economia
brasileira
está
se
aproximando do pleno emprego.
Demanda
agregada crescendo mais rapidamente que a
oferta agregada implica, num primeiro momento,
em redução do desemprego e da capacidade
ociosa; depois disso vem a inflação, que já passa
a constituir uma das principais preocupações da
política econômica.
A política monetária
expansionista adotada em resposta à crise
contribui para o aumento da inflação. Em 2009,
os meios de pagamento tiveram crescimento
nominal de 26,5%4. De janeiro a novembro de
2010, mais 13,7%.
O IGP cresceu mais que o IPC, puxado
pelos preços no atacado e da construção civil. As
margens ao longo das cadeias produtivas vão se
comprimindo, a medida que os preços dos
produtos adquiridos (insumos e produtos para
3
IBGE – Pesquisa Mensal de Emprego
Relatório do Banco Central – 2010. Meios de pagamento
(M1) corresponde à soma do papel moeda em poder do
público e dos depósitos à vista.
4
2
.1
8
0
.3
8
0
2
.5
8
0
2
.7
8
0
2
.9
8
0
2
.1
8
0
2
.1
9
0
2
.3
9
0
2
.5
9
0
2
.7
9
0
2
.
9
0
2
.1
9
0
2
.
1
0
2
.3
1
0
2
.5
1
0
2
.7
1
0
2
.9
1
0
2
.
1
0
2
100
A poupança doméstica tem sido
insuficiente para financiar a formação bruta de
capital, o que implica em redução das reservas
internacionais (utilização de poupança acumulada
no passado), e/ou aumento da dívida externa,
e/ou ingresso de investimentos externos (diretos
ou títulos). Nos três primeiros trimestres de 2010,
a necessidade de financiamento da economia
brasileira atingiu 2,7% do PIB. É provável que em
2010, esse valor chegue a 3,6% do PIB, o dobro
do registrado em 2009.
Fonte: FGV, em WWW.ipeadata.gov.br
Das fontes do crescimento recente,
apenas as exportações não apresentam limites
no curto prazo, dependendo do comportamento
do produto no resto do mundo. A elevação das
taxas de juros na China, como instrumento para a
contenção da inflação chinesa (e da valorização
implícita do yuan) pode constituir uma ameaça ao
curto ciclo de crescimento da economia brasileira.
Tanto o consumo privado quanto as
políticas fiscais expansionistas tem limites: o
aumento da inadimplência e o crescimento da
necessidade de financiamento do setor público.
Uma elevação adicional da carga tributária
poderia reduzir a arrecadação, seja pela redução
da atividade econômica, seja pelo aumento da
sonegação fiscal. O financiamento do déficit
público por meio do endividamento implicaria em
taxas de juros mais elevadas (retração do produto
no curto prazo) e aumento da necessidade de
financiamento do setor público, pelo serviço da
dívida (médio prazo).
Com baixas taxas de poupança
doméstica e investimento, o crescimento da
economia
brasileira
continua
sendo
um
epifenômeno da acumulação de capital no centro
da economia global, que parece estar se
deslocando para a Ásia.
O Brasil se beneficia da liquidez nos
mercados internacionais, diretamente pela oferta
de fundos para financiar o excesso de demanda
doméstica, e indiretamente, pela elevação dos
3
preços das commodities. Uma elevação das taxas
de juros no resto do mundo constitui uma ameaça
ao crescimento da economia brasileira: a
atratividade dos ativos domésticos sofreria uma
redução frente aos de outros países, restringindo
a fonte de financiamento externo. Se a taxa de
juros doméstica for elevada, o crescimento será
menor, pela redução dos investimentos; se não
for, o câmbio sofrerá desvalorização, com efeitos
sobre a inflação (elevação dos preços em R$ dos
produtos exportáveis e aumento do custo dos
insumos importados).
A opção mais provável é a elevação dos
juros domésticos ainda no início de 2011, com os
objetivos de (i) reduzir a necessidade de
financiamento externo da economia brasileira e
(ii) conter a pressão inflacionária por meio da
redução do consumo. É pouco provável que as
taxas de crescimento do PIB observadas em
2010 se repitam em 2011.
Para fugir do trade-off entre crescimento e
estabilidade, expresso em períodos alternados de
crescimento vigoroso e estagnação, seria preciso
elevar as taxas de poupança doméstica e de
formação de capital fixo.
3. Implicações para as cadeias
agroindustriais
O PIB da agropecuária cresceu em 2010
menos que o PIB total. No entanto, é provável
que o PIB do agronegócio tenha tido crescimento
próximo da média da economia, em virtude do
valor agregado no setor de serviços (transporte,
armazenagem) e na agroindústria. A alta dos
preços
domésticos
dos
alimentos
foi
consequência
da
elevação
dos
preços
internacionais dos produtos agrícolas, e não de
uma restrição da oferta interna.
Os preços das commodities agrícolas
provavelmente pararão de subir, estabilizando-se
em nível ainda elevado, com contribuição positiva
para a balança comercial. A demanda por
insumos para a produção de biocombustíveis
sustentará os preços, compensando o efeito de
provável redução das importações chinesas.
A renda disponível crescerá em 2011
menos que em 2010, cerca de 5%,
aproximadamente 3,3% em termos per capita. A
demanda doméstica por alimentos terá um
crescimento
relativamente
modesto,
considerando que a demanda por alimentos do
conjunto da população é pouco elástica a renda e
que a elevação dos preços deve induzir a
substituição dos alimentos que se tornaram
relativamente mais caros.
As políticas públicas de combate a
miséria (redistribuição de renda) devem
compensar parcialmente o efeito da redução do
ritmo de crescimento da atividade econômica,
incentivando a expansão da demanda por
alimentos: nos segmentos mais pobres, a
demanda por alimentos é altamente elástica a
renda.
A
esperada
elevação
dos
juros
domésticos terá impactos sobre os custos
operacionais das empresas (em particular, do
capital de giro), o serviço do endividamento
passado, e a viabilidade dos projetos de
investimento.
Uma grande desvalorização do câmbio
teria impactos modestos sobre as exportações do
agronegócio, uma vez que o fator limitante não é
a estrutura da oferta doméstica, mas da demanda
internacional, condicionada pela retração da
renda e por barreiras institucionais ao comércio
de produtos agrícolas. Provavelmente o efeito da
desvalorização beneficiaria a indústria de
transformação fora das cadeias agroindustriais,
por meio da redução da competitividade dos
importados. O resultado das exportações em
2010 foi impactado muito mais pelos preços em
alta do que pelo volume exportado. Os principais
itens da pauta de exportações foram petróleo,
minério de ferro e soja em grão. A diminuição do
peso dos manufaturados na pauta de exportações
revela uma maior exposição do financiamento da
economia brasileira ao risco de preços. A queda
nos preços das commodities (que não se espera
para
2011)
pode
contribuir
para
o
estrangulamento do financiamento externo.
4. Conclusões
O crescimento da economia brasileira em
2011 será menor do que o observado em 2010. O
combate à inflação deve dar margem a uma
política monetária contracionista, com a elevação
da taxa de juros doméstica, mantendo o real
valorizado.
As políticas expansionistas adotadas
após a crise de 2008 têm limites na capacidade
de financiamento do déficit público e do consumo
privado. Tais políticas de fomento à demanda
funcionam quando há desemprego e capacidade
ociosa. Em 2010 essas condições deixaram de
existir.
A única fonte de crescimento que não
apresenta limites estreitos é representada pelas
exportações
líquidas,
que
dependem
basicamente da evolução da renda no resto do
mundo. A China, que salvou a balança comercial
brasileira após a crise, já sinaliza a redução do
4
ritmo de crescimento da atividade econômica.
Não se espera para 2011 um crescimento
significativo das quantidades exportadas, nem a
reversão da tendência de comoditização da pauta
de exportações.
A demanda doméstica por alimentos
deverá crescer de 3,5% a 4% em 2011,
dependendo dos efeitos das políticas de
redistribuição da renda e dos preços dos
alimentos (que se supõe permanecerem em nível
elevado, porém sem novas altas).
ARTIGOS PUBLICADOS
SUSTAINABILITY OF EGG
PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED
STATES - THE POLICY AND
MARKET CONTEXT
The US egg industry is being pressured from
many directions to change its production
practices, particularly to address concerns about
hen welfare in conventional cage systems.
Responding to similar pressures, in 1999, the
European Union banned conventional laying
cages starting in 2012. This now impending
European ban has led to the development of
several alternative housing systems. These
include noncage systems like aviaries and
modified (enriched or furnished) cages that
include perches, areas in which the hens can
forage and dustbathe, and nests. Understanding
the European experience is valuable as the United
States considers the future direction of the egg
industry. In the United States, the proportion of
eggs produced in alternative systems is small
(less than 5% of output) but growing, in part due
to market and political incentives for systems that
provide hens with more behavioral freedom than
conventional cages. Animal welfare, however, is
only one element of a sustainable production
system. Other elements include those related to
public values, the environment, economics, worker
health, and food safety and quality. Eggs are a
primary source of animal protein globally, and the
United States is the third largest producer of eggs
in the world, behind China and the European
Union. The national table egg flock comprises
about 280 million hens housed in all regions but
with approximately 60% of eggs produced in the
10 leading states. Adopting new housing systems
will have substantial effects on costs and other
aspects of egg production on both a regional and
national scale, with some positive effects but also
potential negative effects that need to be carefully
considered. This paper discusses the US egg
industry in the context of legislation and standards
related to hen housing systems. It also addresses
initiatives
by
retailers,
nongovernmental
organizations,
and
private
certification
organizations to shape production practices in the
egg industry as well as how those initiatives might
affect various aspects of the sustainability of egg
production.
Mench, J.A.; Sumner, D.A.; Rosen-Molina, J.T.
Sustainability of egg production in the United
States - The policy and market context. Poultry
Science, v.90, p.229-240, 2011.
ECONOMIC AND MARKET ISSUES ON THE
SUSTAINABILITY OF EGG PRODUCTION IN
THE UNITED STATES: ANALYSIS OF
ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Conventional cage housing for laying hens
evolved as a cost-effective egg production system.
Complying
with
mandated
hen
housing
alternatives would raise marginal production costs
and require sizable capital investment. California
data indicate that shifts from conventional cages
to barn housing would likely cause farm-level cost
increases of about 40% per dozen. The US data
on production costs of such alternatives as
furnished cages are not readily available and
European data are not applicable to the US
industry structure. Economic analysis relies on key
facts about production and marketing of
conventional and noncage eggs. Even if
mandated by government or buyers, shifts to
alternative housing would likely occur with lead
times of at least 5 yr. Therefore, egg producers
and input suppliers would have considerable time
to plan new systems and build new facilities.
Relatively few US consumers now pay the high
retail premiums required for nonconventional eggs
from hens housed in alternative systems.
However, data from consumer experiments
indicate that additional consumers would also be
willing to pay some premium. Nonetheless,
current data do not allow easy extrapolation to
understand the willingness to pay for such eggs by
the vast majority of conventional egg consumers.
Egg consumption in the United States tends to be
relatively unresponsive to price changes, such that
sustained farm price increases of 40% would likely
reduce consumption by less than 10%. This
combination of facts and relationships suggests
5
that, unless low-cost imports grew rapidly,
requirements for higher cost hen housing systems
would raise US egg prices considerably while
reducing egg consumption marginally. Eggs are a
low-cost source of animal protein and low-income
consumers would be hardest hit. However,
because egg expenditures are a very small share
of the consumer budget, real income loss for
consumers would be small in percentage terms.
Finally, the high egg prices imposed by alternative
hen housing systems raise complex issues about
linking public policy costs to policy beneficiaries.
Sumner, D.A.; Gow, H.; Hayes, D.; Matthews, W.;
Norwood, B.; Rosen-Molina, J.,T.; Thurman, W.
Economic and market issues on the sustainability
of egg production in the United States: Analysis of
alternative production systems. Poultry Science,
v.90, p.241-250, 2011.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND
SUSTAINABILITY OF EGG PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS
As part of a systemic assessment toward social
sustainability of egg production, we have reviewed
current knowledge about the environmental
impacts of egg production systems and identified
topics requiring further research. Currently, we
know that 1) high-rise cage houses generally have
poorer air quality and emit more ammonia than
manure belt (MB) cage houses; 2) manure
removal frequency in MB houses greatly affects
ammonia emissions; 3) emissions from manure
storage are largely affected by storage conditions,
including ventilation rate, manure moisture
content, air temperature, and stacking profile; 4)
more baseline data on air emissions from highrise and MB houses are being collected in the
United
States
to
complement
earlier
measurements; 5) noncage houses generally
have poorer air quality (ammonia and dust levels)
than cage houses; 6) noncage houses tend to be
colder during cold weather due to a lower stocking
density than caged houses, leading to greater
feed and fuel energy use; 7) hens in noncage
houses are less efficient in resource (feed,
energy, and land) utilization, leading to a greater
carbon footprint; 8) excessive application of hen
manure to cropland can lead to nutrient runoff to
water bodies; 9) hen manure on open (free) range
may be subject to runoff during rainfall, although
quantitative data are lacking; 10) mitigation
technologies exist to reduce generation and
emission of noxious gases and dust; however,
work is needed to evaluate their economic
feasibility and optimize design; and 11) dietary
modification shows promise for mitigating
emissions. Further research is needed on 1)
indoor air quality, barn emissions, thermal
conditions, and energy use in alternative hen
housing systems (1-story floor, aviary, and
enriched cage systems), along with conventional
housing systems under different production
conditions; 2) environmental footprint for different
US egg production systems through life cycle
assessment; 3) practical means to mitigate air
emissions from different production systems; 4)
process-based models for predicting air emissions
and their fate; and 5) the interactions between air
quality, housing system, worker health, and
animal health and welfare.
Xin, H.; Gates, R.S.;
F.M.;
Moore
Jr.,
Environmental impacts
production systems.
p.263-277, 2011.
Green, A.R.; Mitloehner,
P.A.;
Wathes,
C.M.
and sustainability of egg
Poultry Science, v.90,
HEN WELFARE IN DIFFERENT HOUSING
SYSTEMS
Egg production systems have become subject to
heightened levels of scrutiny. Multiple factors such
as disease, skeletal and foot health, pest and
parasite load, behavior, stress, affective states,
nutrition, and genetics influence the level of
welfare hens experience. Although the need to
evaluate the influence of these factors on welfare
is recognized, research is still in the early stages.
We compared conventional cages, furnished
cages, noncage systems, and outdoor systems.
Specific attributes of each system are shown to
affect welfare, and systems that have similar
attributes are affected similarly. For instance,
environments in which hens are exposed to litter
and soil, such as noncage and outdoor systems,
provide a greater opportunity for disease and
parasites. The more complex the environment, the
more difficult it is to clean, and the larger the
group size, the more easily disease and parasites
are able to spread. Environments such as
conventional cages, which limit movement, can
lead to osteoporosis, but environments that have
increased complexity, such as noncage systems,
expose hens to an increased incidence of bone
fractures. More space allows for hens to perform a
greater repertoire of behaviors, although some
deleterious behaviors such as cannibalism and
piling, which results in smothering, can occur in
large groups. Less is understood about the stress
that each system imposes on the hen, but it
6
appears that each system has its unique
challenges. Selective breeding for desired traits
such as improved bone strength and decreased
feather pecking and cannibalism may help to
improve welfare. It appears that no single housing
system is ideal from a hen welfare perspective.
Although environmental complexity increases
behavioral opportunities, it also introduces
difficulties in terms of disease and pest control. In
addition, environmental complexity can create
opportunities for the hens to express behaviors
that may be detrimental to their welfare. As a
result, any attempt to evaluate the sustainability of
a switch to an alternative housing system requires
careful consideration of the merits and
shortcomings of each housing system.
of determination (R2 < 0.25) were found within
summer and winter seasons. Across season, the
largest R2 (0.65) were obtained from the following
prediction equations: 1) DWI = 5.92 + (1.03•DMI)
+ (0.04•SR) + (0.45•Tmin); and 2) DWI = –7.31 +
(1.00•DMI) + (0.04•SR) + (0.30•THI). In
conclusion, Ta, Tmin, and THI were found to be
the primary factors that influence DWI in finishing
cattle, whereas SR and DMI were found to have a
smaller influence on DWI.
Lay Jr., D.C.; Fulton, R.M.; Hester, P.Y.; Karcher,
D.M.; Kjaer, J.B.; Mench, J.A.; Mullens, B.A.;
Newberry, N.C.; Nicol, C.J.; O’Sullivan, N.P.;
Porter, R.E. Hen welfare in different housing
systems. Poultry Science, v.90, p.278-294, 2011.
ROAD TRANSPORT CONDITIONS OF
SLAUGHTER CATTLE: EFFECTS ON THE
PREVALENCE OF DARK, FIRM AND DRY
BEEF
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
AFFECTING DAILY WATER INTAKE
ON CATTLE FINISHED IN
FEEDLOTS
Records from 7 studies conducted during 1999 to
2005 were utilized to assess the effects of
environmental factors on daily water intake (DWI)
of finishing cattle. Data from unshaded feedlot
pens (up to 24 pens utilized per study; 6 to 9
animals·pen–1) containing predominantly Angus
crossbred cattle were obtained by dividing total
water intake by the number of animals utilizing
that waterer. Each waterer was shared by 2 pens;
therefore, data were derived from a database
containing 72 experimental units comprising 144
pen records. Climatic data were compiled from
weather stations located at the feedlot facility. The
database included daily measures of mean
ambient (Ta), maximum (Tmax), and minimum
(Tmin) temperature (°C), precipitation, relative
humidity (%), wind speed (m•s–1), solar radiation
(SR, W•m–2), and temperature-humidity index
(THI), as well as DMI (kg•d–1) and DWI (L•d–1).
Simple and multiple regression analyses were
conducted by season and for the overall data set.
Results confirmed that DWI increases during the
summer (P < 0.01). When seasons were
combined and analyzed by linear regression, the
best predictors of DWI were THI (r2 = 0.57), Ta (r2
= 0.57), Tmin (r2 = 0.56), and Tmax (r2 = 0.54). In
multiple regression analyses, smaller coefficients
Arias, R.A.; Mader, T.L. Environmental factors
affecting daily water intake on cattle finished in
feedlots. Journal of Animal Science, v.89, p.
245-251, 2011.
This is a benchmark study to investigate slaughter
cattle transportation conditions in Canada. Data
collected included: season; temperature variation;
truck ventilation; transport conditions; length of
time in transit; trucker training and experience
hauling cattle; number of lots and whether lots
were separated; sex and whether sexes were
separated on mixed loads; cattle unloading gait
score; cattle handling score; cattle weight and
number of dark cutters. Information was collected
on approximately 50 000 animals transported by
1363 trucks. The prevalence of dark cutters
(mean = 2% per truckload) was highest in mixed
loads, followed by heifers and steers. Mixed loads
that were not separated (steers and heifers in the
same compartment) had a greater prevalence of
dark cutters than mixed loads that were
separated. The GLIMMIX procedure in SAS 9.1
was used for the analysis of the risk factors
associated with dark cutters. Province of origin,
cattle unloading speed, driver training, truck
ventilation, trucking experience, sex, origin (sale
barn or feedlot) and whether or not cattle were
held in lairage overnight were all significant
predictors for dark cutting beef.
Warren, L.A.; Mandell, I.B.; Bateman, K.G. Road
transport conditions of slaughter cattle: Effects on
the prevalence of dark, firm and dry beef.
Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v.90, I.4,
p.471-482, 2010.
EVOLUTION OF EXIT VELOCITY IN SUCKLING
BRAHMAN CALVES
7
The purpose of this study was to assess changes
in exit velocity (EV) of Brahman calves from 21 d
of age (DOA) to 56 d postweaning (231.30 ± 1.23
DOA). Spring-born calves (n = 308) from 2006 to
2008 were sired by 18 bulls. Exit velocity (m/s)
was determined as the rate of speed of a calf
traversing 1.83 m after being released from a
working chute. Temperament score was
determined as the average of EV and pen score
28 d before and at weaning (2006: 173 ± 2 DOA;
2007: 174 ± 2 DOA; 2008: 163 ± 2 DOA). Pen
score was determined by separating calves into
groups of 3 to 5 animals and scoring their
reactivity to a human observer on a scale of 1
(calm, docile, approachable) to 5 (aggressive,
volatile, crazy). The number of calves that
switched temperament group was determined by
ranking calves based on their EV at 21 to 24
DOA, 90 DOA, weaning, and at 56 d postweaning.
The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS was used to
analyze EV with DOA, birth year and sex as fixed
effects, and sire and calf nested within sire
included as random effects. Temperament
classification (calm, intermediate, temperamental)
was modeled as a fixed effect, and the linear
regression of traits on DOA investigated.
Spearman
rank
order
correlations were
determined between EV at 21 to 24 DOA, 90
DOA, weaning, and 56 d postweaning and
correlations decreased as the number of days
between
EV
measurements
increased.
Differences in EV were observed between the
2006 (2.23 ± 0.057 m/s) compared with the 2007
(1.90 ± 0.059 m/s) and 2008 (1.83 ± 0.057 m/s)
calves (P < 0.001), but the 2007 and the 2008
calves did not differ (P = 0.75). The random effect
of sire approached significance (P = 0.07) and
accounted for some of the variation observed. Exit
velocity increased as days of age increased (P <
0.001). Exit velocity of temperamental calves
increased at a faster rate with age (P < 0.001;
estimate of slope = 0.005 ± 0.0004 m/s daily)
compared with intermediate (slope = 0.003 ±
0.0005 m/s daily; P < 0.001) and calm calves
(slope = 0.0007 ± 0.0005 m/s daily; P < 0.001).
Exit velocity is a useful and viable indicator of
temperament classification. Results suggest that
temperamental calves increase their EV at a faster
rate and may be identified before weaning, which
may enhance the ability of producers to select
against temperamental animals.
Burdick, N.C.; Agado, B.; White, J.C.; Matheney,
K.J.; Neuendorff, D.A.; Riley, D.G.; Vann, R.C.;
Welsh Jr., T.H.; Randel. R.D. Evolution of exit
velocity in suckling Brahman calves. Journal of
Animal Science, v.89, p. 233-236, 2011.
THE EFFECT OF SELECTION FOR
RESIDUAL FEED INTAKE ON
GENERAL BEHAVIORAL ACTIVITY
AND THE OCCURRENCE OF
LESIONS IN YORKSHIRE GILTS
The objectives of this study were to determine the
effect of selection for improved residual feed
intake on behavior, activity, and lesion scores in
gilts in their home pen. A total of 192 gilts were
used, 96 from a line that had been selected for
decreased residual feed intake over 5 generations
(LRFI) and 96 from a randomly bred control line.
Gilts were housed in 12 pens (16 gilts/pen; 0.82
m2/gilt) containing 8 gilts from each line in a
conventional grow-finish unit. Twelve hours of
video footage were collected on the day of
placement and then every 4 wk for 3 more
observational periods. Video was scored using a
10-min instantaneous scan sampling technique for
4 postures (standing, lying, sitting, and
locomotion) and 1 behavior (at drinker).
Categories of active (standing, locomotion, and at
drinker) and inactive (sitting and lying) were also
created. Lesion scores were collected 24 h after
behavior collection had begun. The body of a gilt
was divided into 4 regions, with each region
receiving a score of 0 (0 lesions) to 3 (5+ lesions).
All statistical analyses used Proc Mixed of SAS.
Data were analyzed separately for the day of
placement and the subsequent 3 rounds. General
activity was summarized on a percentage basis by
each posture and behavior and subjected to an
arcsine square root transformation to normalize
data and stabilize variance. Analysis was
performed on each behavior and posture. Lesion
scores for each region of the body were analyzed
as repeated measures. There were no differences
(P > 0.05) between genetic lines for all postures
and the behavior at drinker on the day of
placement. However, over subsequent rounds it
was observed that LRFI gilts spent less (P = 0.03)
time standing, more time sitting (P = 0.05), and
were less active (P = 0.03) overall. Gilts from the
LRFI line had decreased (P < 0.045) lesion scores
on the day after placement. However, over
subsequent rounds there were no (P > 0.05)
differences between the genetic lines. In
conclusion, on the day of placement there were no
postural, behavior, or general activity differences
between genetic lines, but LRFI gilts had
decreased lesion scores. Behavioral differences
were observed between genetic lines over
8
subsequent rounds, with LRFI gilts becoming less
active, but there were no differences in lesion
scores.
Sadler, L.J.; Johnson, A.K.; Lonergan, S.M.;
Nettleton, D.; Dekkers, J.C.M. The effect of
selection for residual feed intake on general
behavioral activity and the occurrence of lesions
in Yorkshire gilts. Journal of Animal Science, v.
89, p. 258-266, 2011.
COW-SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF
CLINICAL MASTITIS: AN
ECONOMIC APPROACH
Under Dutch circumstances, most clinical mastitis
(CM) cases of cows on dairy farms are treated
with a standard intramammary antimicrobial
treatment. Several antimicrobial treatments are
available for CM, differing in antimicrobial
compound, route of application, duration, and
cost. Because cow factors (e.g., parity, stage of
lactation, and somatic cell count history) and the
causal pathogen influence the probability of cure,
cow-specific treatment of CM is often
recommended. The objective of this study was to
determine if cow-specific treatment of CM is
economically beneficial. Using a stochastic Monte
Carlo simulation model, 20,000 CM cases were
simulated. These CM cases were caused by
Streptococcus
uberis
and
Streptococcus
dysgalactiae (40%), Staphylococcus aureus
(30%), or Escherichia coli (30%). For each
simulated CM case, the consequences of using
different
antimicrobial
treatment
regimens
(standard 3-d intramammary, extended 5-d
intramammary, combination 3-d intramammary +
systemic, combination 3-d intramammary +
systemic + 1-d
nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory
drugs,
and
combination
extended
5-d
intramammary + systemic)
were
simulated
simultaneously. Finally, total costs of the 5
antimicrobial treatment regimens were compared.
Some inputs for the model were based on
literature information and assumptions made by
the authors were used if no information was
available. Bacteriological cure for each individual
cow depended on the antimicrobial treatment
regimen, the causal pathogen, and the cow
factors parity, stage of lactation, somatic cell
count history, CM history, and whether the cow
was systemically ill. Total costs for each case
depended on treatment costs for the initial CM
case (including costs for antibiotics, milk
withdrawal, and labor), treatment costs for followup CM cases, costs for milk production losses,
and costs for culling. Average total costs for CM
using the 5 treatments were (US) $224, $247,
$253, $260, and $275, respectively. Average
probabilities of bacteriological cure for the 5
treatments were 0.53, 0.65, 0.65, 0.68, and 0.75,
respectively. For all different simulated CM cases,
the standard 3-d intramammary antimicrobial
treatment had the lowest total costs. The benefits
of lower costs for milk production losses and
culling for cases treated with the intensive
treatments did not outweigh the higher treatment
costs. The stochastic model was developed using
information from the literature and assumptions
made by the authors. Using these information
sources resulted in a difference in effectiveness of
different antimicrobial treatments for CM. Based
on our assumptions, cow-specific treatment of CM
was not economically beneficial.
Steeneveld, W.; van Werven, T.; Barkema, H.W.;
Hogeveen, H. Cow-specific treatment of clinical
mastitis: An economic approach. Journal of
Dairy Science, v.94, I.1, p.174-188, 2011.
DAIRY CATTLE PREFER SHADE OVER
SPRINKLERS: EFFECTS ON BEHAVIOR AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Cattle will readily use shade in warm weather, but
less is known about voluntary use of sprinklers.
We examined preferences of 96 Holstein-Friesian
dairy cows (milk yield: 12.7 ± 3.48 kg per day;
mean ± SD) for sprinklers, shade, or ambient
conditions after walking 2.0 km or 0.3 km before
afternoon milking (n = 48 cows/distance). Each
cow was individually tested on 3 consecutive days
with a different paired choice each day: 1) shade
or sprinklers, 2) shade or ambient conditions, 3)
sprinklers or ambient conditions. Average air
temperature during testing was 22.3°C. Cows
preferred shade over sprinklers (62 vs. 38% ±
5.0%; mean ± SE) and shade over ambient
conditions (65 vs. 35% ± 5.1%; mean ± SE). Cows
showed no preference between sprinklers and
ambient conditions (44% of the cows chose
sprinklers, SE = 5.3%). The preference for shade
over sprinklers and ambient conditions increased
with air temperature, solar radiation, and wind
speed. Walking distance did not influence the
preference for any treatment. Respiration rate was
decreased most by sprinklers (38% decrease) but
also decreased in shade and ambient conditions
(17 and 13% decrease, respectively; standard
error of the difference = 4.7%). Similarly, surface
temperature was decreased most by sprinklers
(11.4% decrease), compared with that by shade
9
(1.0% decrease), or that by ambient conditions
(1.4% increase; standard error of the difference =
1.82%). Furthermore, sprinklers reduced insect
avoidance behaviors, including number of tail
flicks and hoof stamps. In conclusion, dairy cattle
preferred to use shade in summer despite
sprinklers being more efficient in decreasing heat
load and insect avoidance behavior.
Schütz, K.E.; Rogers, A.R.; Cox, N.R.; Webster,
J.R.; Tucker, C.B. Dairy cattle prefer shade over
sprinklers: Effects on behavior and physiology.
Journal of Dairy Science, v.94, I.1, p.273-283,
2011.
ECONOMIC VALUE OF
CONSERVING DEEP-SEA CORALS
IN IRISH WATERS: A CHOICE
EXPERIMENT STUDY ON MARINE
PROTECTED AREAS
Deep-water corals are slow growing, fragile and
vulnerable to the impacts of deep-water fisheries
and the development activities of the offshore
industries. In Ireland there is now evidence of
major damage to deep-water corals linked to a
recent expansion of the Irish deep-water fishery.
This fishery uses trawls fitted with robust rock
hopping gear and employs a high risk fishing
technique, which is potentially very destructive to
coral habitats. Consequently resource managers
have been exploring the potential of marine
protected areas (MPA) as a tool for the
conservation of these coral ecosystems in the
North East Atlantic. MPAs aim to minimise the
socio-economic costs associated with closures or
other management restrictions while still achieving
the desired conservation objectives. However, the
decision to use MPAs (and thereby restrict fishing)
is often taken in the light of uncertainty over the
value of the reserved habitats to the fishing
industry. This paper reports on a choice
experiment study carried out in Ireland in early
2007 aimed at partly addressing this uncertainty.
The study primarily focused on determining the
economic value held by the Irish public for the
conservation of deep-sea corals using several
variants of the concept of MPAs. They have
endorsed MPA strategies that banned trawling in
an MPA that included all areas where corals are
thought to exist with no personal tax imposed,
banned trawling in an MPA covering all known
corals with a personal tax imposed of €1 p.a. and
banned all fishing in an MPA covering all areas
where corals are thought to exist with a personal
tax imposed of €1 p.a. In terms of the probabilities
attached to the individual attributes, the most
preferred policy options were to ban trawling,
protect all areas where corals are thought to exist,
and pay a ring-fenced personal tax of €1 p.a.
Wattage, P.; Glenn, H.; Mardle, S.; Van
Rensburg, T.; Grehan, A.; Foley, N. Economic
value of conserving deep-sea corals in Irish
waters: A choice experiment study on marine
protected areas. Fisheries Research, v.107, I.13, p.59-67, 2011.
SOCIO-CULTURAL CONTEXT OF FISHERS’
PARTICIPATION IN COASTAL RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT IN ANINI-Y, ANTIQUE IN WEST
CENTRAL PHILIPPINES
The vicious cycle of poverty, overfishing and
resource degradation in coastal communities in
the Philippines calls for action that will address the
problem of declining fish catch and degraded fish
habitats. The literature has shown that an efficient
and effective coastal management program can
be instrumental in approaching this problem. In
order to secure food and livelihood of fishers, the
Southeast
Asian
Fisheries
Development
Center/Aquaculture Department collaborated with
the local government of Anini-y, Antique to
develop a sustainable utilization of natural marine
resources through sea ranching of abalone within
the Nogas Island marine protected area.
Establishing a marine protected area is a means
of conserving natural stocks while sea ranching is
considered an effective strategy that can increase
fishery resources. The two management schemes
are considered as effective coastal resources
management strategies. The success of a searanching project is dependent not only on
biophysical but also on socioeconomic factors as
determinants of community participation and
cooperation. A social assessment was conducted
to
determine
the
fishers’
socio-cultural
characteristics, their perceptions of their coastal
resources and knowledge on how to effectively
manage these coastal resources. The fishers’
awareness on fishing regulations and the extent of
their participation in community's coastal
resources management activities were also
determined. Data were collected from a
household survey using a semi-structured
questionnaire, focus group discussions and indepth interviews with key informants. The fishers
generally scored low in almost all aspects of their
socioeconomic wellbeing. Most fishers perceived
that their coastal resources were in a bad
condition which they attributed to illegal and
10
commercial fishing, increasing number of fishers
and the poor enforcement of fishery regulations.
However, the weighted mean scores of their
knowledge on coastal resources management,
awareness to fishery regulations and participation
in community coastal resource management
activities were average. This implied that fishers
when trained and developed can become
potential partners for effective coastal resources
management programs.
Ma, E.T.; Aldon, A.C.; Fermin, R.F. Socio-cultural
context of fishers’ participation in coastal
resources management in Anini-y, Antique in west
central Philippines. Fisheries Research, v.107,
I.1-3, p.112-121, 2011.
GLOBAL FISHING EFFORT (1950–2010):
TRENDS, GAPS, AND IMPLICATIONS
According to a recent World Bank report, the
intensification of global fishing effort and the
ensuing depletion of marine fish stocks causes
economic losses of 50 billion US dollars annually.
Data deficiencies, however, currently hamper
analysis of global fishing effort. We analyzed data
from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations (FAO), the EUROPA fishing fleet
registry,
and
peer-reviewed
and
other
publications, to determine the global trends in
fishing effort from 1950 to 2006. Our results show
that global fishing effort, expressed as total engine
power and the number of fishing days in a year
(kilowatt days), was roughly constant from 1950 to
1970, and then steadily increased up to the
present. Europe dominated global fishing effort,
followed by Asia. Projecting current trends
suggests that Asia will soon surpass Europe.
Trawlers contribute a major fraction of global
fishing effort, as do vessels greater than 100
gross registered tons. Current estimates of global
fishing effort, the number of vessels, and total
vessel tonnage are, however, underestimates
given the data gaps that we have identified. Our
results are useful in the following ways: (1) they
may encourage researchers in academia and
government to improve global fishing effort
databases; (2) they allow deeper global analyses
of the impact of fishing on marine ecosystems; (3)
they induce caution in accepting current
underestimates of economic losses of global
fisheries; and (4) they reinforce calls for a
reduction in global fishing effort.
Anticamara, J.A.; Watson, R.; Gelchu, A.; Pauly,
D. Global fishing effort (1950–2010): Trends,
gaps, and implications. Fisheries Research,
v.107, I.1-3, p.131-136, 2011.
ESCALAS DE MEDIDAS DE
VARIÁVEIS PARA DIAGNÓSTICOS
DA SUSTENTABILIDADE DE
SISTEMA DE PRODUÇÃO
AGROPECUÁRIOS
Com o objetivo de analisar a sustentabilidade das
unidades de produção agropecuárias, este
trabalho buscou a elaboração de escalas que
permitem diagnosticar as variáveis qualitativas e
quantitativas que compõem os sistemas de
produção, e atribuir-lhes diferentes graus de
sustentabilidade.
Metodologicamente, é uma
abordagem
descritiva,
sendo
que
os
procedimentos técnicos e a estratégia utilizada foi
o estudo de casos múltiplos. Já as informações
para caracterizar as unidades de produção
agrícola foram obtidas em entrevista com os
agricultores,
através
de
um
formulário
previamente elaborado. Como delimitação da
pesquisa, foram diagnosticadas as propriedades
rurais Córrego Ajuricaba no município de
Marechal Cândido Rondon – PR. O resultado
obtido foi a construção de uma matriz sustentada
por cinco critérios, derivados em trinta indicadores
parametrizados em uma escala de cinco graus
de sustentabilidade: 1.Insustentável (0-20); 2.
Tendendo para a Insustentabilidade (20,1-40); 3.
Transição (40,1-60); 4. Tendendo para a
Sustentabilidade (60,1-80); 5. Sustentável (80,1100). A partir dos testes realizados, concluiu-se
que os parâmetros, estabelecidos nos intervalos
da escala dos indicadores são consistentes ao
nível regional para diagnosticar unidades de
produção, bem como microbacias. A metodologia,
devidamente adaptada para diferentes condições,
facilitará as análises e tomada de decisões na
utilização de políticas publicas para municípios e
comunidades.
Silva, N.L.S.; Silva, O.H. Escalas de medidas de
variáveis para diagnósticos da sustentabilidade
de sistema de produção agropecuários. Scientia
Agraria Paranaensis v.9, n.2, p.71-84, 2010
SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR AND PSYCHOSOCIAL
PROBLEMS IN VETERINARY SURGEONS: A
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Rates of suicide are elevated among veterinary
surgeons in several countries, yet little is known
about contributory factors. We have conducted a
11
systematic review of studies investigating suicidal
behaviour and psychosocial problems in
veterinary surgeons. A systematic search of the
international research literature was performed in
May 2008. Data from 52 studies of non-fatal
suicidal behaviour, mental health difficulties,
stress and burnout, occupational difficulties, and
psychological
characteristics
of
veterinary
surgeons were extracted by two independent
reviewers and analysed. Studies were rated for
quality and greater emphasis placed on findings
from higher quality studies. The majority of studies
were of stress and occupational difficulties
experienced by veterinary surgeons. Occupational
stressors included managerial aspects of the job,
long working hours, heavy workload, poor worklife balance, difficult client relations, and
performing euthanasia. Few studies investigated
suicidal behaviour or mental health difficulties in
the profession. Some studies suggested that
young and female veterinarians are at greatest
risk of negative outcomes such as suicidal
thoughts, mental health difficulties, and job
dissatisfaction. The review highlights the
difficulties faced by veterinary surgeons that may
contribute to poor mental wellbeing and suicidal
behaviour. Future research might include further
examination of the influence of euthanasia on
attitudes towards suicide and more direct
examination of the impact that occupational risk
factors might have on suicidal behaviour.
Suggestions about the review's implications for
suicide prevention in this group are also made.
Platt, B.; Hawton, K.; Simkin, S.; Mellanby, R.J.
Suicidal behaviour and psychosocial problems in
veterinary surgeons: a systematic review. Social
Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, Dec.
2010.
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
OF STANDARD, HIGH EFFICIENCY,
RAINWATER FLUSHED, AND COMPOSTING
TOILETS
The current sanitation technology in developed
countries is based on diluting human excreta with
large volumes of centrally provided potable water.
This approach is a poor use of water resources
and is also inefficient, expensive, and energy
intensive. The goal of this study was to compare
the standard sanitation technology (Scenario 1)
with alternative technologies that require less or
no potable water use in toilets. The alternative
technologies considered were high efficiency
toilets flushed with potable water (Scenario 2),
standard toilets flushed with rainwater (Scenario
3), high efficiency toilets flushed with rainwater
(Scenario 4), and composting toilets (Scenario 5).
Cost, energy, and carbon implications of these
five design scenarios were studied using two
existing University of Toledo buildings. The results
showed that alternative systems modeled in
Scenarios 2, 4, and 5 were viable options both
from an investment and an environmental
performance perspective. High efficiency fixtures
that use potable water (Scenario 2) is often the
most preferred method in high efficiency buildings
due to reduced water use and associated
reductions in annual water and wastewater costs.
However, the cost, energy, and CO 2EE analyses
all showed that Scenarios 4 and 5 were preferable
over Scenario 2. Cost payback periods of
scenarios 2, 4 and 5 were less than 10 years; in
the future, increase in water and wastewater
services would further decrease the payback
periods. The centralized water and wastewater
services have high carbon footprints; therefore if
carbon footprint reduction is a primary goal of a
building complex, alternative technologies that
require less potable water and generate less
wastewater can largely reduce the carbon
footprint. High efficiency fixtures flushed with
rainwater (Scenario 4) and composting toilets
(Scenario 5) required considerably less energy
than direct energy demands of buildings.
However, the annual carbon footprint of these
technologies was comparable to the annual
carbon footprint from space heating. Similarly, the
carbon savings that could be achieved from
Scenario 4 or 5 were comparable to a recycling
program that can be implemented in buildings.
Anand,
C.;
Apul,
D.S.
Economic
and
environmental analysis of standard, high
efficiency, rainwater flushed, and composting
toilets. Journal of Environmental Management,
v.92, I.3, p.419-428, 2011.
A REVIEW ON NUMEROUS MODELING
APPROACHES FOR EFFECTIVE,
ECONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL
TREATMENT WETLANDS
Constructed wetlands (CWs) for wastewater
treatment have evolved substantially over the last
decades and have been recognized as an
effective means of “green technology” for
wastewater treatment. This paper reviews the
numerous modeling approaches ranging from
simple first-order models to more complex
dynamic models of treatment behaviour in CWs.
12
The main objective of the modeling work is to
better understand the process in CWs and
optimize design criteria. A brief study in this
review discusses the efforts taken to describe the
process-based model for the efficient removal of
pollutants in CWs. Obtaining better insights is
essential to understand the hydraulic and
biochemical processes in CWs. Currently,
employed modeling approaches can be seen in
two categories, i.e. “black-box models” and
“process-based models”. It is evident that future
development in wetland technology will depend on
improved scientific knowledge of internal
treatment mechanisms.
Kumar, J.L.G. A review on numerous modeling
approaches for effective, economical and
ecological treatment wetlands. Journal of
Environmental Management, v.92, I.3, p.400406, 2011.
MAPPING SOCIO-ECONOMIC SCENARIOS OF
LAND COVER CHANGE: A GIS METHOD TO
ENABLE ECOSYSTEM SERVICE MODELLING
We present a GIS method to interpret qualitatively
expressed
socio-economic
scenarios
in
quantitative map-based terms. (i) We built
scenarios using local stakeholders and experts to
define how major land cover classes may change
under different sets of drivers; (ii) we formalised
these as spatially explicit rules, for example
agriculture can only occur on certain soil types;
(iii) we created a future land cover map which can
then be used to model ecosystem services. We
illustrate this for carbon storage in the Eastern Arc
Mountains of Tanzania using two scenarios: the
first based on sustainable development, the
second based on ‘business as usual’ with
continued forest–woodland degradation and poor
protection of existing forest reserves. Between
2000 and 2025 4% of carbon stocks were lost
under the first scenario compared to a loss of 41%
of carbon stocks under the second scenario.
Quantifying the impacts of differing future
scenarios using the method we document here
will be important if payments for ecosystem
services are to be used to change policy in order
to maintain critical ecosystem services.
Swetnam, R.D.; Fisher, B.; Mbilinyi, B.P.; Munishi,
P.K.T.; Willcock, S.; Ricketts, T.; Mwakalila, S.;
Balmford, A.; Burgess, N.D.; Marshall, A.R.;
Lewis, S.L. Mapping socio-economic scenarios of
land cover change: A GIS method to enable
ecosystem service modeling. Journal of
DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE AND
ECONOMICALLY ATTRACTIVE BROWNFIELD
REVITALIZATION OPTIONS USING AN
INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT MODEL
We describe the development of an integrated
assessment
model
which
evaluates
redevelopment options of large contaminated
brownfields and we present the application of the
model in a case study. Aiming to support efficient
and sustainable revitalization and communication
between stakeholders, the presented assessment
model integrates three pinnacles of brownfield
revitalization: (i) subsurface remediation and site
preparation costs, (ii) market-oriented economic
appraisal, and (iii) the expected contribution of
planned future land use to sustainable community
and regional development. For the assessment,
focus is set on the early stage of the brownfield
redevelopment process, which is characterized by
limited data availability and by flexibility in land
use planning and development scope. At this
stage, revealing the consequences of adjustments
and alterations in planning options can foster
efficiency in communication between the involved
parties and thereby facilitates the brownfield
revitalization process.
Schädler, S.; Morio, M.; Bartke, S.; Rohr-Zänker,
R.; Finkel, M. Designing sustainable and
economically attractive brownfield revitalization
options using an integrated assessment model.
Journal of Environmental Management, v.92,
I.3, p. 827-837, 2011.
ASSESSING THE ENVIRONMENTAL
PERFORMANCE OF ENGLISH ARABLE AND
LIVESTOCK HOLDINGS USING DATA FROM
THE FARM ACCOUNTANCY DATA NETWORK
(FADN)
Agri-environment schemes (AESs) have been
implemented across EU member states in an
attempt to reconcile agricultural production
methods with protection of the environment and
maintenance of the countryside. To determine the
extent to which such policy objectives are being
fulfilled, participating countries are obliged to
monitor and evaluate the environmental,
agricultural and socio-economic impacts of their
AESs. However, few evaluations measure precise
13
environmental outcomes and critically, there are
no agreed methodologies to evaluate the benefits
of particular agri-environmental measures, or to
track the environmental consequences of
changing agricultural practices. In response to
these issues, the Agri-Environmental Footprint
project developed a common methodology for
assessing the environmental impact of European
AES. The Agri-Environmental Footprint Index
(AFI) is a farm-level, adaptable methodology that
aggregates measurements of agri-environmental
indicators based on Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)
techniques. The method was developed
specifically to allow assessment of differences in
the environmental performance of farms
according to participation in agri-environment
schemes. The AFI methodology is constructed so
that high values represent good environmental
performance. This paper explores the use of the
AFI methodology in combination with Farm
Business Survey data collected in England for the
Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN), to test
whether its use could be extended for the routine
surveillance of environmental performance of
farming systems using established data sources.
Overall, the aim was to measure the
environmental impact of three different types of
agriculture (arable, lowland livestock and upland
livestock) in England and to identify differences in
AFI due to participation in agri-environment
schemes (…) Of the other explanatory variables
explored, the key factors determining the
environmental performance for lowland livestock
holdings were farm size, farmer age and level of
education. In contrast, the AFI value of upland
livestock holdings differed only between regions.
The paper demonstrates that the AFI
methodology can be used readily with English
FADN data and therefore has the potential to be
applied more widely to similar data sources
routinely collected across the EU-27 in a
standardised manner.
across Europe. This paper conceives AEM as an
evolving instrument, a product that takes shape,
gets diffused and taken up in, by and through
networks of relations. Success then depends on
the mobilisation or active participation of all those
who may support and develop it. Using the
examples of the Flanders’ and Walloon regions of
Belgium, the paper sets out to examine the
mechanisms by which mobilisation for agrienvironmental management develops, and by
doing so, to gain a better understanding of
mobilisation capacity as a concept to be used for
evaluating policy implementation in this area. The
study follows AEM along the various trajectories
of
implementation
(design,
distribution,
application). The findings reveal how mobilisation
capacity is gradually built-up by the interplay
between AEM and the networks it connects to.
The case illustrates well how such interactions
occur all the way from administration offices to
farmers’ fields, and that their nature can be very
different (e.g., formal and informal, durable and
short-lived, expected and unexpected). It is
concluded that in evaluating actor-networks, one
should look at them in an open and fluid manner,
that is, not to privilege any particular configuration
or form of attachment over the other, not take
intentions and objectives as a starting point but
instead address the opportunities for synergies,
and be aware that any network built around the
instrument may change its content and the way it
functions.
Westbury, D.B.; Park, J.R.; Mauchline, A.L;
Crane, R.T.; Mortimer, S.N. Assessing the
environmental performance of English arable and
livestock holdings using data from the Farm
Accountancy Data Network (FADN). Journal of
Perspectivas para o mercado lácteo
MOBILISATION CAPACITY FOR AGRIENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The integration of environmental concerns into
agricultural policies – through agri-environment
measures (AEM) – has seen a fast development
van Herzele, A.; Dendoncker, N.; Acosta-Michlik,
L. Mobilisation capacity for agri-environmental
management.
Journal
of
Environmental
Management, v.92, I.3, p.902-909, 2011.
SUGESTÕES DE LEITURA
Por Lucas F. Linhares, Marcos Franca e Kennya
Siqueira, disponível no boletim “Panorama do
Leite”, n.49 de dezembro de 2010, publicado pela
Embrapa Gado de Leite.
A Organização das Nações Unidas para a
Alimentação e Agricultura (FAO) divulgou em
novembro o estudo Perspectivas da Alimentação
2010/2011. Neste relatório a FAO revisou
algumas das projeções divulgadas em junho de
2010.
14
Clique aqui para acessar.
Produção de leite e estimativa das emissões
de metano no Brasil
Por Heloísa Carneiro, Juliana S. B. Faria e
Marcela M. Martin, disponível no boletim
“Panorama do Leite”, n.49 de dezembro de 2010,
publicado pela Embrapa Gado de Leite.
A pesquisa recente divulgada pelo Instituto
Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE, 2010)
mostrou que a produção de leite alcançou 29.112
bilhões de litros no Brasil em 2009, com alta de
5,6% em relação ao ano anterior.
de leite em pasto, quando a forragem é
diretamente colhida pelo animal, os custos de
produção podem sofrer sensível redução. Dessa
forma, um sistema com pastagem bem
estabelecia, e baixo custo de implantação em
comparação aos demais sistemas de produção
de leite, confere segurança e versatilidade frente
aos altos preços de insumos e baixo preço do
leite.
Percepção da qualidade no processo
produtivo do leite
Por Tiago Tomazi e Marcos Veiga dos Santos,
disponível no site Milk Point.
Modelos matemáticos para indicar o resultado
na produção de ovinos e caprinos
Por Carina Simionato de Barros, Camila Raineri,
Maria Angela Machado Fernandes e Augusto
Hauber Gameiro, disponível no site Farm Point.
Podemos escolher dentre diversos sistemas de
produção de ovinos e caprinos, mas essa decisão
deve ser fundamentada em planejamento prévio
para tomada de decisão que atinja um resultado
ótimo. Entretanto, na prática, observamos que
muitas vezes, quando ocorre planejamento, esse
é feito por processos subjetivos sem uso de um
método científico. Temos à nossa disposição
ferramentas que permitem realizar projeções,
extrapolações, simulações e devemos utilizá-las,
pois os resultados gerados podem subsidiar um
processo de decisão sobre investimento.
Módulos mínimos de produção: custos da
produção de leite em pasto
Por Marco Aurélio Factori, Ciniro Costa, Paulo
Roberto de Lima Meirelles e Cristiano Magalhães
Pariz, disponível no site Milk Point.
Nos últimos anos, de todas as cadeias produtivas
do setor agropecuário, a que passou pelas
maiores transformações foi a do leite. Frente a
este cenário, tem-se exigido de todos os agentes
que compõem o setor leiteiro um esforço para
produção e obtenção de derivados lácteos com
qualidade. É crescente a necessidade de
obtenção de produtos que atendam tanto as
exigências de mercado, cada vez mais
competitivo, quanto às necessidades nutricionais,
inocuidade, saúde e a satisfação dos
consumidores.
Campaign launched for
250 years of Vet Medicine
Available at The Cattle Site.
The European Commission (EC) and the World
Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) launch the
'Vets in your daily life' campaign that celebrates
the 250th anniversary of the creation of the
veterinary profession. As part of the campaign, a
series of events will unfold throughout 2011,
declared World Veterinary Year for the occasion,
to increase knowledge about the multifaceted
work of veterinarians.
Click here to access the complete new.
Nas últimas décadas são consideráveis os
avanços no campo da nutrição e alimentação de
ruminantes. Novas técnicas de alimentação e
manejo foram propostas para minimizar os custos
e aumentar a renda dos diversos setores e
sistemas produtivos. Em se tratando de produção
Comments sought on future veterinary
education in the US
Available at the AVMA Website.
15
The North American Veterinary Medical Education
Consortium wants to hear your thoughts about
how we can create a workforce of future
veterinarians who are prepared to address
society’s needs. The Consortium, which is led by
the Association of American Veterinary Medical
Colleges, recently completed a draft report and
recommendations titled “Roadmap for Veterinary
Medical Education in the 21st Century:
Responsive, Collaborative, Flexible.” Now it’s your
turn to weigh-in through a public review and
comment period. The draft report and
recommendations can be found here. If you would
like even more information, you’re also invited to
participate in a series of Webinars the report and
the
recommendations
contained
therein.
Comments will be accepted through February. Dr.
DeHaven urge you to read the report and provide
your input into what is truly an exciting opportunity
for us to address the challenges we face and to
improve and enhance veterinary education.
Click here to access the draft report.
Welfare risks to animals during transport in
the spotlight
Scientists on the European Food Safety
Authority’s (EFSA) AHAW Panel have made a
number of recommendations based upon a
thorough review of the most recent scientific
literature from 2004 to date, following the
framework of the current European legislation on
the welfare of animals during transport. The Panel
members set out indicators that veterinary
inspectors and transport workers could use in
assessing the welfare of transported animals. The
experts also highlighted the need for further
research, for example, on travelling times, space
and the levels of temperature during transport.
Access:
Scientific Opinion Concerning the Welfare of
Animals during Transport
Stakeholder technical meeting on Animal Welfare
during Transport
LIVROS
Reflexões sobre a tolerância: direitos dos
animais
Valéria Barbosa de Magalhães e Vânia Rall (org.)
Humanitas
Why we love dogs, eat pigs, and wear cows:
an introduction to Carnism
Melanie Joy
Conari Press
The bond: our kinship with animals, our call to
defend them
Wayne Pacelle
William Morrow & Company
Atlantic Salmon Ecology
Øystein Aas, Anders Klemetsen, Sigurd Einum
and Jostein Skurdal
Wiley-Blackwell
Fish Processing: Sustainability and New
Opportunities
George Hall
Wiley-Blackwell
Nutrition and Feeding of Organic Cattle
R. Blair
CABI
Beef Practice: Cow-Calf Production Medicine
Peter J. Chenoweth
Blackwell
CONCURSOS
Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul
Campus de Aquidauana
Edital Nº 02/2011-RTR
Produção Animal: 1 vaga
Nutrição de Monogástricos: 1 vaga
Ambos exigem graduação em Zootecnia.
Inscrições até 31 de janeiro.
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná
Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Curso
de Medicina Veterinária
Edital nº 01/2011
Abertura de vaga de Professor para a disciplina
de Produção de Suínos
Informações: [email protected]
Inscrições até 28 de janeiro.
Universidade Federal de Viçosa
Edital de Concurso Público nº 159/2010 - DOU nº
224, de 24.11.2010
16
Professor Adjunto na área de Forragicultura e
Pastagens.
Nº vagas: 01
Titulação exigida: Graduação em Zootecnia ou
Agronomia e Doutorado em Zootecnia.
Inscrição: até 24 de janeiro de 2011.
CLIPPING
Uruguai: exportação de carne ovina
cai 38,4% em 2010: As exportações
de carne ovina expressa em peso
com osso foram de 19.182 toneladas,
38,47% a menos do que no mesmo
período do ano anterior, quando foram
exportadas 31.177 toneladas. Os principais
mercados foram, em ordem de importância, União
Europeia (UE), Mercosul e Arábia Saudita,
concentrando 71% do total (Farm Point).
Novidades para rações de ovinos e caprinos:
Alimentos volumosos, ricos em energia e
proteína, são enriquecidos com compostos de
minerais, vitaminas e outros aditivos que
favorecem as criações. Lançados em novembro
pela empresa Guabi Nutrição Animal, a linha de
novos ruminúcleos destinados à composição de
rações para ovinos e caprinos chega ao mercado
para fornecer os nutrientes necessários ao
sustento animal, que muitas vezes são
insuficientes em alimentos volumosos, como
silagem e capim. Com a adição de macro e
microelementos minerais, vitaminas e outros
aditivos,
os
concentrados
protéicos
ou
energéticos oferecidos a ovelhas e cabras
favorecem maior desempenho produtivo e
reprodutivo (Breno Fonseca/Portal Dia de
Campo).
RS: Mainardi pretende revitalizar ovinocultura
gaúcha: O secretário da Agricultura, Pecuária e
Agronegócio,
Luiz
Fernando
Mainardi,
apresentou, na última sexta-feira (14), durante a
III Agrovinos, em Bagé, propostas que devem
integrar o Programa de Desenvolvimento da
Ovinocultura Gaúcha, a ser lançado pelo Governo
do Estado. Uma das ideias sugere a criação de
uma linha de crédito para retenção de matrizes. A
mostra, que se estendeu até domingo (16),
ocorreu no Parque da Associação Rural do
município, paralelamente à II Exposição Nacional
de Ovinos Corriedale (Farm Point).
Ovinos e uvas em produção integrada: Animais
selecionados devem ter o hábito de pastagem
rasteira para evitar que videiras sejam danificadas
e
produtores
conciliem
as
atividades
agropecuárias. Na região do extremo oeste de
Santa Catarina, uma alternativa para as
pequenas propriedades rurais vem sendo
desenvolvida pela Epagri de Guarujá do Sul.
Como o cultivo da uva na região costuma passar
por períodos secos, a solução para o
aproveitamento da área é a implantação de
pastagens nativas para que ovelhas sejam
criadas em consórcio com a viticultura. Desta
forma, a integração lavoura-pecuária fica
garantida, o produtor aumenta a renda familiar e o
manejo do solo embaixo dos parreirais é
realizado pelos próprios animais (Breno
Fonseca/Portal Dia de Campo).
Controle de parasitas em ovinos e caprinos
ganha aliado: Método sul africano é aplicado no
país há 6 anos e mostra que tipos de tratamentos
devem ser adotados ao ser diagnosticada a
anemia nos rebanhos. A resistência a produtos
antiparasitários do Haemonchus contortus é um
dos principais problemas na criação de ovinos e
caprinos no país. O parasita, que se alimenta de
sangue, é responsável pela anemia hemorrágica
dos animais, interferindo no processo digestivo e
causando perda de peso, edema mandibular e
emagrecimento progressivo. Para o controle das
doenças gastrointestinais, a Universidade de
Passo Fundo trabalha há seis anos com o método
Famacha na região do Planalto do Rio Grande do
Sul (Breno Fonseca/Portal Dia de Campo).
Dolly's Dollies: Extra clones revealed: An
article over at the Singularity Hub gives some
surprisingly good news about animal cloning.
First, Professor Keith Campbell, one of the
original scientists who cloned the '96 sheep, Dolly,
has revealed that three years ago he had cloned
(at least) four other copies of her. Second, these
sheep have shown none of the health problems
that were speculatively leveled at the original
Dolly as arguments against the viability of
mammal clones (Brint Montgomery Blog Site).
Poll – making a meal of mustang:
PST, a group of representatives from
U.S. and Canadian animal science
and humane livestock handling
organizations, as well as federal and
state livestock processing regulatory agencies will
convene at the South Point Casino in Las Vegas,
Nevada for a discussion entitled "Setting the High
17
Standard for Humane Processing of Horses." The
"processing" part of the equation entails the
slaughter and butchery of the animals for the
purpose of human consumption. The panel, which
is being held as part of a four day Summit of the
Horse includes representatives from American
Humane, the Humane Handling and Assessment
Tool Project, the United States Department of
Agriculture and the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency. The issue at hand has stirred passionate
and polar arguments from those who see horse
meat - especially that of wild mustangs who are
seen by some as an invasive species - as a
cheap, viable source of food for hungry
Americans, and wild horse advocates who see the
slaughter of these animals as cruel and
unnecessary (Eat Ocracy).
Frigoríficos integram carteira do
Índice Carbono Eficiente (ICO2): O
Grupo Marfrig, a JBS e a BRFoods
são algumas da empresas que fazem
parte do Índice Carbono Eficiente
(ICO2), criado pela BM&FBOVESPA e o Banco
Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social
(BNDES) para estimular a gestão de mudanças
climáticas das companhias de capital aberto. O
indicador será um instrumento econômico
ponderado por uma das etapas básicas desse
processo de gestão: o inventário de emissões de
gases de efeito estufa (GEE). O Índice Carbono
Eficiente é baseado na carteira do IBrX-50 que
leva em consideração, na ponderação das ações
participantes, as emissões de gases de efeito
estufa (GEE) das empresas. É constituído de
modo a obter maior eficiência em emissões de
carbono em relação ao índice-base (IBrX-50). As
informações são da BM&FBovespa e Marfrig
Alimentos S.A., resumidas e adaptadas pela
Equipe BeefPoint (Beefo Point).
Frigoríficos projetam aumento dos abates em
2011: Com os primeiros sinais de recomposição
do rebanho no Brasil no mês de dezembro, os
frigoríficos projetam uma retomada do ciclo de
alta nos abates a partir deste ano. "A
possibilidade de aumento de produção em 2011 é
grande, dado que o estoque de gado aumentou",
afirma Eduardo Takeiti, gerente de relações com
investidores do frigorífico Minerva (Beef Point).
Brasil amplia área livre de febre aftosa: O
Ministério da Agricultura reconheceu ontem (28),
mais 18 municípios como livres de febre aftosa
com vacinação. O novo status sanitário das
localidades nos estados de Tocantins, Bahia,
Rondônia e Amazonas foi publicado na Instrução
Normativa nº 45 (Beef Point).
Frigoríficos se especializam em abate
religioso: Alguns povos condicionam sua
alimentação a preceitos religiosos. Hindus não
comem carne bovina, por considerarem a vaca
um animal sagrado. Budistas também evitam
carne e costumam adotar o estilo vegetariano.
Judeus e muçulmanos, por sua vez, não aceitam
a ingestão de carne suína, já que para os padrões
dessas religiões, o porco é um animal impuro.
Nessas duas últimas culturas, as carnes bovina e
de aves são permitidas, desde que o animais
tenham sido abatidos sob as bênçãos de suas
crenças. As agroindústrias brasileiras vêm se
especializando para atender as exigências
desses mercados nos quais a fé rege também os
hábitos alimentares (Beef Point).
Cientistas descobrem que agente causador da
vaca louca é transmitido pelo ar: Um príon,
agente patogênico do mal da vaca louca, pode
ser transmitido pelo ar, ao contrário do que se
pensava até agora, segundo um estudo suíçoalemão,
que
recomenda
precaução
a
laboratórios, matadouros e fábricas de ração para
animais. O professor Adriano Aguzzi e uma
equipe de cientistas das universidades de Zurique
(Suíça) e Tübingen (Alemanha) e do hospital
universitário de Zurique publicam seu estudo na
revista “PLoS Pathogens”. Os resultados, que
segundo Aguzzi foram “totalmente inesperados”,
mostraram que 100% dos ratos que foram
fechados em câmaras especiais e expostos a
aerossóis com príons durante um minuto
adoeceram. Segundo o estudo, quanto mais
tempo durou a exposição a este patogênico
menor foi o tempo de incubação nos ratos e mais
cedo se manifestaram os sintomas clínicos de
uma doença causada por príons – que degenera
o sistema nervoso central (Yahoo!Ambiente
Brasil).
New Beef Position To Focus On Animal Care,
Food Safety & Profitability: A newly created
position in Ohio State University Extension will
address animal welfare, beef management and
production, and pre-harvest food safety for
Ohioans. "Animal care and food safety are key
issues for Ohio farmers and consumers alike. This
position will help promote practices recommended
by the Ohio Livestock Care Standards Board,"
said Keith Smith, associate vice president for
agricultural administration and director of OSU
Extension. The OSU Extension Beef Coordinator
position will be based out of The Ohio State
18
University South Centers in Piketon, Ohio, and will
be funded in partnership with the Ohio
Cattlemen’s Association (OCA) and the Ohio Beef
Council (OBC) (Drovers Cattle Network).
Muslim and Jewish groups object to labelling
of ritually slaughtered meat: Religious groups
argue that slaughter of animals for halal and
kosher meat which is unstunnned is humane.
About 10 million turkeys are expected to be eaten
in the UK over Christmas with most people
unaware of how the bird on their plate was killed.
All that could change under proposed EU
legislation that would require the labelling of
unstunned halal and kosher meat, to the chagrin
of Muslim and Jewish groups. All meat and meat
products "derived from animals that have not been
stunned prior to slaughter ie have been ritually
slaughtered," would have to be specified as such
under amendment 205 to the EU food information
regulations. The stated aim is to allow consumers
to make an informed choice, consistent with their
ethical concerns, but opponents argue it is
discriminatory (Guardian).
USDA scientists discover how foot-and-mouth
disease virus begins infection in cattle: U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists have
identified the primary site where the virus that
causes foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) begins
infection in cattle. This discovery could lead to
development of new vaccines to control and
potentially eradicate FMD, a highly contagious
and sometimes fatal viral disease of clovenhoofed animals that is considered the most
economically devastating livestock disease in the
world (ILRI).
First case of Foot-and-Mouth disease in
Bulgaria in over a decade: It has been reported
that the first case of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
(FMD) has been discovered for the first time in 12
years in Bulgaria. The discovery was made
yesterday, 5 January, in a wild boar, which has
been killed in the region of the south eastern
Bulgarian city of Burgas. All vehicles passing
through the region are currently being disinfected,
in order to stop the spread of the disease. While a
10 km security zone has been established. Also,
all live animal trade in the Burgas region has
come to a standstill (Pig Progress).
Halal Beef From NE Brazil To Arab Markets:
Equatorial Alimentos, a slaughterhouse from the
state of Maranhão, already exports to Saudi
Arabia, Palestine, the Emirates, Libya and Jordan,
and aims to expand operation in the Arab world.
Eight months ago, Equatorial Alimentos started
exporting to the Arab market, according to the
Brazil-Arab News agency, ANBA. Sales started to
Saudi Arabia and the company now has markets
like Palestine, the United Arab Emirates, Libya
and Jordan among its clients. Now, the
slaughterhouse headquartered in the state of
Maranhão wants to boost business in the
countries of the Middle East and North Africa.
According to Alessandro Mendonça, the export
supervisor is responsible for the company's halal
slaughter; Equatorial currently exports 20 per cent
of production, a figure that should grow in the near
future. (The Cattle Site).
World's first genetically modified buffalo: A
genetically engineered buffalo has been born in
the research base of Guangxi University in
Nanning, the capital of Guangxi Zhuang
autonomous region, Dec 19, 2010. The animal is
the world's first cloned buffalo which was created
by a project led by Dr Shi Deshun, the director of
the university's Animal Science and Technology
Institute. The newborn indicates Guangxi is taking
the world lead in maintaining the technique for
cloning genetically engineered buffalos (China
Daily).
Criação em família gera menos
estresse em leitões: Com a
diminuição do número de suínos por
área em pequenas propriedades,
problemas sanitários e enfermidades
são evitados com sistema de produção
alternativo. Um sistema alternativo para a
produção de suínos vem sendo desenvolvido pela
Embrapa Suínos e Aves desde 2008. Em
pequenas propriedades, de até 60 matrizes, os
animais são mantidos em família do nascimento à
terminação, o que oferece menor nível de
estresse e a consequente redução, ou até mesmo
a retirada total, de antibióticos e antimicrobianos
que evitam a ocorrência de doenças. Com
duração até metade de 2011, o projeto indica aos
agricultores familiares uma escala de produção
diferenciada do sistema intensivo industrial
(Breno Fonseca/Portal Dia de Campo).
Em Taiwan, produtor treina porcos para usar
‘banheiro’ e evitar poluição: Autoridades de
meio ambiente de Taiwan disseram que
pretendem incentivar o treinamento de porcos
para urinarem e defecarem em locais específicos,
reduzindo assim a emissão de resíduos na água
e diminuindo a poluição. A iniciativa anunciada
este mês leva em consideração a experiência
bem sucedida de um produtor com fazenda no sul
19
da ilha, que treina cerca de 10 mil porcos para
usarem o “banheiro” desde o fim de 2009. Após
visitar o local, o diretor da Administração de
Proteção Ambiental de Taiwan (EPA, na sigla em
inglês), Chen Shihong, afirmou que deverá
acompanhar e ampliar o projeto para outras
áreas. De acordo com a EPA, o método de
treinamento de porcos pode reduzir em até 80% a
contaminação de águas nos arredores de
fazendas com criações. Além disso, a medida
ajudou a reduzir o contágio dos porcos por
doenças e aumentou em 20% a fertilidade dos
animais. Para afastar os porcos de urinarem no
leito de rios na fazenda, o produtor ao sul de
Taiwan designou áreas limitadas longe dos rios e
as marcou com resíduos. Isso atraiu os porcos ao
novo local e os animais acabaram se
acostumando com o novo “banheiro” (Globo
Natureza/Ambiente Brasil).
L-glutamine has important role in keeping the
pig gut healthy: The Departments of Animal
Science and of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences
from Texas A&M University in the US claim that Lglutamine has an important role in swine nutrition
and production and as such maintains gut health
and prevents intestinal dysfunction. L-Glutamine
(Gln) has traditionally not been considered as a
nutrient needed in diets for livestock species or
even mentioned in classic animal nutrition
textbooks. This is due to previous technical
difficulties in Gln analysis and the unsubstantiated
assumption that animals can synthesize sufficient
amounts of Gln to meet their needs.
Consequently, the current version of NRC (1998)
does not recommend dietary Gln requirements for
swine. This lack of knowledge about Gln nutrition
has contributed to suboptimal efficiency of global
pig production (Vetsweb).
Australian floods affect piggeries, causing
isolation: Recent floods in Queensland have
caused, and are still causing, extreme destruction
and damage, the cost of which is yet to be fully
calculated. Currently, piggeries are affected
amidst the devastation of the floods; however,
Pork Storks Australia is making it possible for
piggeries to still receive their product. With towns
still cut off, many industries adversely effected
and workers stood down across the state, one
company is pulling out all stops to make sure its
customers are getting vital product - to ensure
continuity of supply, maintain morale, and keep
one of the country’s most important rural
industries viable, now and when the flood waters
recede (Pig Progress).
German pig slaughterplants closed due to
dioxin crisis: Pork processors Vion and Tönnies
have reduced their numbers of daily pig
slaughterings due to the dioxin crisis, Dutch
agricultural newspaper Agrarisch Dagblad reports.
Vion said it will today close its slaughterhouses in
the German cities of Lingen, Zeven and KaselGolzig. In addition, yesterday there was no
slaughtering in the plant at Altenburg. All is related
to a drop in the demand to pork due the dioxin
crisis. The production stop has been announced
to last for only one day. As the market situation is
rather uncertain, it will be reviewed every day
again. On Saturday, there shall be slaughterings
at at least one location to prevent delivery
troubles. (…) The dioxin came from feed which
was contaminated with industrial fats in Germany
(Pig Progress).
German dioxin scandal: Feed company admits
use of technical fats: The German animal feed
company Harles & Jentzsch, headquartered in
Uetersen, Germany, has admitted to have used
industrial fats in the manufacturing of animal feed,
which has led to an emergency situation in
Germany in which over 1,000 poultry and pig
farms have been quarantined as a precautionary
measure. The fat Harles & Jentzsch used came
from a biofuels company Petrotec. Technical fat,
like e.g. reused frying fat, can usually not be used
for feed or food. For feed, only animal fat or
vegetable fats can be used. Technical fats can be
used as e.g. biofuels or as raw materials for
cosmetic or pharmaceutical products. It isn't
meant to be used for consumption – hence rather
strong quality demands exist for fats used in feed
or food (Pig Progress).
EU banning piglet castration by 2018: The
European Union has taken another step into the
abolishing of piglet castration. An agreement has
been reached to stop castrating without
anaesthesia by January 1, 2012 – and a total ban
has been scheduled to be implemented by 2018
at the latest. The announced deal is not so much
part of European legislation as a voluntary
agreement between market parties. The
European Commission had initiated the talks, the
European farmers organisation Copa-Cogeca, the
European organisation for the meat sector
UECBV, retailers, veterinarians, the European
animal welfare organisation Eurogroup for
Animals all joined in. The deal was not officially
confirmed as all relevant parties will have to
submit the result to their members (…) In the UK
and Ireland, castration has already been banned
20
for many years, in Spain and Portugal, castration
has been banned in some areas (Pig Progress).
Welfare issues hurt pork and poultry demand:
A university study found media coverage of
animal welfare issues hurts demand for pork and
poultry, but has little to no effect on beef demand.
The new study by economists at Kansas State
University and Purdue University looked at US
newspapers' and magazines' coverage from 1982
to 2008. The research found that increased media
attention caused a reallocation of consumer
expenditures to non-meat foods rather than from
one meat to another. The economists were able to
document effects on pork and poultry demand, but
not beef, according to a press release announcing
the study. “While beef demand was found to not
be directly influenced by increased media
attention to animal welfare issues, this should not
be interpreted as the beef industry being
immune," said Glynn Tonsor, a Kansas State
agricultural economist, in the release. Tonsor said
more research was needed to determine the
effects on consumers, livestock producers and
society in general (Pig Progress).
Manitoba pig producers adopt needle free
injection technology: The Manitoba Pork
Council has announced that one fourth of all
Manitoba pork producers are using needle-free
delivery technology in their vaccination programs.
Pulse NeedleFree Systems has been highly
successful
in
supporting
the
industry’s
implementation of the Pulse technology in
Manitoba over the past year. The Puratone
Corporation is among the many Manitoba
producers that have recently implemented the
Pulse technology in their operations. Puratone,
recognised as one of the most efficient pork
producers in North America, markets over
500,000 hogs annually (Vetsweb).
Agrotóxicos são um risco para
polinizadores: Além de serem fonte
de renda, as abelhas favorecem
lavouras, necessitando de cuidado
quanto à aplicação de pesticidas para
eliminar insetos-praga. A pesquisa teve início na
década de 40. E, nos últimos anos, ganhou maior
interesse por conta da preocupação com meio
ambiente e sustentabilidade. Os agentes
polinizadores prestam importante serviço à
produção rural, ajudando cerca de 80 a 85% de
plantas nativas a se reproduzirem. Entre
pássaros, morcegos e outros insetos, as abelhas
chamam a atenção pois representam 70% dos
agentes e, dependendo do grau de toxicidade,
apenas 81 nanogramas de pesticida são
suficientes para matar uma abelha (Breno
Fonseca/Portal Dia de Campo).
Para além do mel: abelhas podem ser o
caminho para a cura da artrite: A crença nas
propriedades curativas de substâncias extraídas
da flora e da fauna, arraigada no Brasil, nem
sempre é confirmada pelos estudos científicos.
Em muitos casos, não passa de superstição. Um
estudo da médica Izabella Saad Rached, da
Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São
Paulo (USP), no entanto, revela que crendices e
terapias tradicionais às vezes têm base sólida e
podem resultar em ganhos para a ciência e a
saúde humana. Intrigada com a crença
disseminada de que veneno de abelha é um
santo remédio contra doenças reumatológicas,
Izabella foi para o laboratório e concluiu que a
sabedoria popular está com a razão (...) O
veneno – O veneno de abelha é transparente e
tem odor de mel acentuado. O sabor, contudo, é
amargo. Vem sendo estudado como substância
de uso terapêutico para doenças reumatológicas
e outras infecções desde a década de 1950. A
Rússia e a antiga Tchecoslováquia são
reconhecidamente
os
países
que
mais
avançaram nas pesquisas. Já se sabe, por
exemplo, que o veneno de abelha é uma das
substâncias antibióticas e bactericidas mais ativas
da natureza, entre outras propriedades medicinais
(Zero Hora/Ambiente Brasil).
Cientista cria curativo inspirado no mel:
Inspirado pela estrutura química do mel, o
cientista britânico Paul Davies, dono da empresa
Archimed, desenvolveu um novo tipo de curativo
que apressa a cicatrização. Para gente como o
paciente Leonard Halsted, que ficou meses com
uma ferida aberta na perna após uma operação
para retirada de um tumor, a diferença pode ser
crucial. Em poucas semanas com o novo curativo,
a ferida começou a fechar. “A cura foi quase
milagrosa, a velocidade com que atuou, como ela
diminuiu, inclusive a dor, em questão de dias. Em
uma ou duas semanas, estava cicatrizada”, disse
Halstead. Pensando no mel, Paul Davies
combinou iodo e oxigênio em duas camadas de
gel que interagem vagarosamente.(...) O novo
curativo custa mais caro do que o convencional,
mas Paul Davies acredita que, se for adotado, o
sistema de saúde pública pode economizar muito
em longo prazo (G1/Ambiente Brasil).
Galinha caipira: uma tradição
nacional: Técnicas seguras de
21
manejo são fundamentais para o abate das aves
que nunca passaram por nenhum tipo de
melhoramento genético. Todas as espécies
devem passar por um ritual de abate, que
proporcione qualidade de carne e conforto ao
animal sacrificado. É com essa frase que o
pesquisador Firmino Barbosa, da Embrapa Meio
Norte, define o objetivo dos trabalhos sobre
técnicas que favoreçam o abate do frango caipira
criado em pequenas propriedades rurais de todo
o Brasil. Com a expansão do mercado para esse
tipo específico de ave, até mesmo um projeto de
melhoramento genético está nos planos do
responsável pelos trabalhos. Tudo para garantir
um produto não industrializado e a continuidade
de uma espécie que fornece material para pratos
típicos (Breno Fonseca/Portal Dia de Campo).
Deputados aprovam projeto que regulamenta
integração: A Comissão de Agricultura, Pecuária,
Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural aprovou
ontem o relatório da subcomissão que analisou as
relações contratuais de integração entre
indústrias e produtores rurais. O texto aprovado,
do deputado Valdir Colatto (PMDB-SC),
transformou-se no Projeto de Lei 8023/10, que
tipifica as relações contratuais de integração e
que estabelece as regras gerais para o sistema
de integração vertical entre produtor e
agroindústria (Farm Point).
Cientistas modificam frangos para que não
desenvolvam gripe aviária: Cientistas das
universidades de Cambridge e Edimburgo
desenvolveram uma técnica para modificar
geneticamente os frangos para que não
transmitam a gripe aviária, de acordo com um
estudo publicado pela revista “Science”. A gripe
aviária, também conhecida como vírus H5N1,
geralmente atinge as aves de criação, mas
também pode afetar pessoas, causando graves
problemas respiratórios e outras complicações
derivadas. Os primeiros casos de gripe aviária
em humanos foram detectados em Hong Kong,
em 1997, mas desde 2004, quando ocorreu uma
epidemia global, foram registrados casos por todo
mundo. “As aves são uma espécie que pode criar
novas formas de gripe, que podem ser
transmitidas aos humanos”, explica Laurence
Tiley, do departamento de Veterinária da
Universidade de Cambridge. A pesquisa se
baseia na alteração de um novo gene que recria
uma molécula chamariz, que, por sua vez, imita
um elemento da gripe aviária. “O vírus é
enganado para que reconheça a molécula ao
invés do genoma viral, o que interfere na
duplicação do ciclo do vírus”, segundo o estudo
(G1/Ambiente Brasil).
Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine on the
Horizon: USDA Agricultural Research Service
(ARS) research is aimed at developing a vaccine
against Newcastle disease that reduces virulent
virus shed and transmission – characteristics
much needed by the poultry industry. Newcastle
disease virus (NDV) is an important pathogen that
causes disease and death not only in domestic
and commercial poultry, but also in wild bird
populations around the world. Current Newcastle
disease (ND) vaccines are used widely in
commercial poultry and protect the vaccinated
birds from disease but do not prevent them from
becoming infected and carrying the virulent virus
or shedding it in their faeces. Therefore, the
current vaccines do not eliminate virulent virus
transmission from infected to healthy birds. A
vaccine that reduces virulent virus shed and
transmission is sorely needed by the poultry
industry. Using reverse genetics technology,
researchers in the Endemic Poultry Viral Disease
Research Unit and the Exotic and Emerging Viral
Diseases Research Unit of the Southeast Poultry
Research Laboratory in Athens, Georgia, have
developed a new vaccine from parts of a virus that
is similar to the wild-type NDV circulating in the
environment today. This new vaccine not only
reduces mortality and severity of ND symptoms in
poultry, but it also decreases the amount of
virulent virus shed from vaccinated birds (The
Poultry Site).
UK welfare group advises on effect
osteoporosis on chicken welfare: The UK Farm
Animal Welfare Council (FAWC) has launched its
Opinion on osteoporosis and bone fractures in
laying hens. The Opinion advises the Government
about the concerning extent of bone fractures
experienced by laying hens in all production
systems and the impact on the hens’ welfare.
Professor Wathes, Chairman of FAWC, said
“Research has shown for some time that the
incidence of bone damage in laying hens is high
and more recent work indicates that rather than
improving over time the situation may be getting
worse. Bone fractures experienced either during
lay or at depopulation have a serious impact on
the welfare of the birds affected” (…) Professor
Wathes concluded that “The Council would ideally
like to see bone damage in live birds eliminated
entirely and to that end the egg industry and the
government should be working towards a strategy
of time-related reduction in bone fractures both
during lay and at depopulation” (Vetsweb).
22
GM chickens developed that don’t transmit
bird flu: Chickens genetically modified to prevent
them spreading bird flu have been produced by
researchers at the Universities of Cambridge and
Edinburgh. The breakthrough could prevent future
bird flu epidemics. The scientists have
successfully developed genetically modified
(transgenic) chickens that do not transmit avian
influenza virus to other chickens with which they
are in contact. This would not only protect the
health of domestic poultry but could also reduce
the risk of bird flu epidemics leading to new flu
virus epidemics in the human population. The
study, funded by the Biotechnology and Biological
Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), is
scheduled to be published in the journal Science
(World Poultry).
Pig & Poultry Live to tackle consumer
perceptions: Pig & Poultry LIVE 2011, hosted at
Stoneleigh Park on 11 May, plans to offer a
unique insight into what influences consumers’
behaviour. The event, hosted by the Royal
Agricultural Society of England will include a live
debate on consumer opinions regarding
genetically modified feed materials and processed
animal protein in livestock rations. “The event will
maintain its reputation for innovation by
introducing a radically different perspective on
factors that influence shopping choices,” says
Angela Booth, ABN. “Anecdotal footage gathered
from focus group work with shoppers prior to the
event will also be shown, and voting technology
will allow the audience to have their say.” The day
will conclude with a final session to discuss the
next steps for the industry and how we ensure a
more successful and profitable supply chain.
Delegates will be invited to have their say with
questions to the panel and also an audience vote.
More information on Pig & Poultry LIVE can be
found on the website www.pigandpoultry.org.uk
(World Poultry).
Research: The best way to wash an egg: The
search for effective egg washing techniques to
improve the appearance of eggs and associated
food safety is a key objective in a new Poultry
CRC research project being conducted at the
South Australian Research and Development
Institute (SARDI).
A Research Scientist at
SARDI's Food Safety Research Program, Dr
Damian May, is working with the Project Leader,
Dr Margaret Sexton, Technical Manager - Poultry
Food Production at Biosecurity SA. Dr May said
that the key aims of the project are to identify and
trial effective egg washing chemicals to improve
the visual appearance, hygiene and safety of
eggs. In Australia, the vast majority of eggs are
washed prior to packing to remove dirt and faecal
material to reduce the microbial contamination of
the egg shell. Eggs which are not visually clean
after washing are frequently diverted for
pasteurisation, along with cracked eggs, resulting
in lower returns to the processor (Pouktry
CRC/Echook News/World Poultry).
Egg contamination spreads to the Netherlands
and England: The EU has warned that eggs from
farms affected by dioxin in Germany have not only
entered the Netherlands, but also the UK in
processed products destined for human food. The
eggs had been sent to the Netherlands for
processing and then on to the UK where they
were likely to be destined for use in the production
of a variety of food stuffs including mayonnaise
and pastries. British authorities said that the
amounts of dioxin - which is linked to the
development of cancer in humans - in any egg
would be very small, and not enough to be
dangerous. Germany's agriculture ministry said
the quarantined farms would not be allowed to
make any further deliveries until they had been
checked and found to be clear of contamination
(BBC/World Poultry).
Organic Eggs: Breed and feed important for
taste: Organic egg production not only means a
better life for the hen; choosing the right breeds
and the right feed can provide consumers with a
better sensory experience, according to Research
from Denmark’s Aarhus University. When you are
standing in the supermarket trying to decide which
eggs to put in your grocery cart, you may be
aware that organic egg production ensures the
hen a life with outdoor access in contrast to
battery cage egg production where hens are kept
indoors all day. But what about the taste
experience? Does it make any difference whether
the eggs are conventional or organic? Yes,
apparently it does, according to studies at the
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus
University. In a research project aimed at
investigating various production strategies for
organic eggs with a high and distinctive quality,
the scientists found that organic production was
ahead of the game if the hens were fed right and
certain hen lines were used. (…) The studies were
part of a larger project, 'Quality and integrity of
organic eggs, chicken meat and pork' (QEMP)
that involved developing new strategies for
producing organic eggs and organic chicken meat
and pork. The production should result in new
products with a high quality distinct from
23
conventional products and which satisfy consumer
demands and tastes. The project is supported by
funds from the International Centre for Research
in Organic Food Systems (ICROFS) (Aarhus
University/World Poultry).
SP: pesquisadores desenvolvem
"Leite Funcional": Pesquisadores da
Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos
Agronegócios
(Apta)
e
da
Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
estão desenvolvendo, em Ribeirão Preto (SP), um
programa de pesquisa chamado Leite Funcional.
O objetivo é modificar a composição do leite por
meio da alimentação da vaca de forma que
agregue nutrientes ao produto. O 1º experimento
foi feito em 2009 e as vacas foram alimentadas
com dieta de óleo vegetal, selênio e vitamina E
(Milk Point).
Lácteos podem ajudar a prevenir diabetes: O
ácido palmitoléico está presente no leite, queijo,
iogurte e manteiga, mas não pode ser fabricado
pelo corpo humano. Um estudo com mais de
3.700 pessoas associou altos níveis de ácido
palmitoléico a um risco reduzido de diabetes tipo
2. Pessoas com os níveis mais altos níveis
reduziram o risco em 60%, segundo a pesquisa
publicada no periódico "Annals of Internal
Medicine" (Milk Point).
Silagem mais nutritiva para pecuária: Híbridos
oferecidos por empresa conferem aos alimentos
volumosos índices de até 70% de energia, valor
que atende às exigências bovinas. Com o
advento da biotecnologia, a evolução na
qualidade nutricional de grãos tem favorecido a
silagem do milho para a alimentação animal.
Híbridos disponíveis no mercado brasileiro já
oferecem materiais resistentes a pragas e
doenças, o que aumenta o rendimento das
lavouras. A Pioneer Sementes desenvolve a
seleção natural dos híbridos tolerantes por conta
de quatro genes aplicados (Breno Fonseca/Portal
Dia de Campo).
Estudo apoia gestão comunitária
para salvar recursos pesqueiros
globais: Um estudo realizado por
cientistas especializados em vida
marinha dá forte apoio a ativistas que
defendem que o futuro de muitas áreas de pesca
depende
da
cogestão
entre
governo,
comunidades locais e pescadores. Em artigo
publicado na edição desta quarta-feira da revista
científica britânica “Nature”, cientistas disseram
que a tradicional abordagem de “cima para baixo”
– com cotas estabelecidas e controladas por
autoridades centrais – têm fracassado em muitas
regiões porque as regras são frequentemente mal
implementadas ou desobedecidas. As áreas
pesqueiras mais bem administradas são aquelas
que reúnem representantes locais e pescadores,
que determinam em conjunto como os recursos
devem ser administrados e implementam estas
decisões efetivamente, afirmaram. “Eles têm
comunidades muito fortes, muito coesas, com
líderes fortes”, explicou Nicolas Gutierrez,
cientista
pesqueiro
da
Universidade
de
Washington,
que
chefiou
a
pesquisa
(Folha.com/Ambiente Brasil).
Pesca deverá ter mesma visibilidade que
agricultura e produção pecuária, diz Ideli: A
ministra Ideli Salvatti afirmou nesta segunda-feira
(3), ao assumir o Ministério da Pesca e
Aquicultura, que “o desafio traçado pela
presidenta Dilma Rousseff é para que o setor
tenha o impulso e a visibilidade da agricultura e
da agropecuária”. Ideli destacou o potencial
marítimo e de água doce de que o Brasil dispõe
para a produção de pescados, lembrando que “a
Amazônia tem tudo para produzir muito mais
peixe do que carne bovina. Por isso, o
desenvolvimento da pesca tem o seu lado de
preservação ambiental” (Agência Brasil).
Further Protection For Aquatic Animal
Resources: Canada has further strengthened its
ability to protect aquatic animal health and ensure
the aquatic animal industry remains strong. New
regulations require all suspected or confirmed
cases of serious aquatic animal diseases to be
reported the Canadian Food Inspection Agency
(CFIA). The CFIA has amended the Reportable
Diseases Regulations to include 20 diseases that
pose serious risks to aquatic animal health,
international trade, and the economy. "These
amendments underscore the Government of
Canada's commitment to protecting our thriving
aquaculture industry, which provides consumers
around the world with top-quality seafood," said
Agriculture Minister Gerry Ritz. "Canada is now
better positioned to act quickly when serious
aquatic animal diseases are detected." "Fishers
and seafood processors are a vital part of
communities across Canada," said Fisheries and
Oceans Minister Gail Shea (The Fish Site).
Globally Sustainable Fisheries Possible: US The bulk of the world's fisheries, including the kind
of small-scale, often non-industrialised fisheries
that millions of people depend on for food, could
be sustained using community-based co-
24
management. This is the conclusion of a study
reported in this week's issue of the journal Nature.
"The majority of the world's fisheries are not, and
never will be, managed by strong centraliaed
governments with top-down rules and the means
to enforce them," says Nicolas Gutiérrez, a
University of Washington fisheries scientist and
lead author of the Nature paper. (…) The study
further confirms the theories of Elinor Ostrom,
who won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2009 for
challenging the conventional wisdom that
common property is always poorly managed, and
should be either regulated by central authorities or
privatized (The Fish Site).
Heavy Metals In Seafood: A new study which
benchmarks the abilities of laboratories around
the world to measure heavy metals (arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury, methylmercury and
inorganic arsenic) in seafood has been published
by the Joint Research Centre. The outcome of the
exercise was generally positive, with 80 to 96 per
cent of laboratories obtaining satisfactory scores,
depending on the heavy metal considered. This
result corroborates seafood consumers' protection
in the EU, where the levels of lead, cadmium and
total mercury are regulated by law. (…) The good
results should enhance consumers' confidence,
as maximum levels of lead, cadmium and total
mercury in seafood are regulated by EU law and it
has been proven that most participants are able to
correctly measure them. In addition, this
comparison has highlighted other issues, such as
the apparent dependency of the measurements of
inorganic arsenic on the type of food tested (The
Fish Site).
Aquaculture Regulations 'Inadequate': Canada
- The tourist association says that new regulations
for the aquaculture industry do not go far enough
to protect wild salmon stocks with respect to sea
lice. The BC Wilderness Tourism Association is
calling on the federal government to revise a new
set of aquaculture regulations in order to protect
wild salmon stocks, reports Comox Valley Record.
Last week, Fisheries and Oceans Canada
assumed responsibility for aquaculture in British
Columbia
(B.C.)
The
Cumberland-based
association,
in
conjunction
with
other
environmental groups, claims the new Conditions
of Licence are inadequate in terms of sea lice
management, monitoring and impacts to juvenile
wild salmon. The group has communicated its
concerns in writing to DFO Minister, Gail Shea.
Among other requests, it is asking for greater
transparency on monitoring programs and salmon
farming operations (The Fish Site).
Is Algae The Future Of Global Fish Feed? The
Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum (SARF), in
association with Marks and Spencer, has
commissioned new research to look at the
potential to use seaweed (macroalgae) and other
microscopic algae as commercially viable sources
of raw materials to feed fish. With food supplies
from wild fisheries reaching a plateau, almost 50
per cent of all the seafood consumed now comes
from aquaculture of which six per cent is marine
fish farming. The effect of world population growth
combined with our increasing consumption of
seafood means that the demand for seafood can
only be met by aquaculture production. Like pigs
and poultry, many types of farmed fish are fed on
formulated diets to ensure they remain healthy
and grow at an optimal rate. However, a
proportion of these diets rely on raw materials
from capture fisheries. Whilst this feed is usually
confined to types of fish humans would not
choose to eat, it is generally accepted that
supplies of proteins (fish meal) and lipids (fish
oils) are finite and that alternative sources and
diet formulations will be needed (The Fish Site).
Fishing Ban to Save Extinct Salmon Species:
Japan - A fishermen's organisation in Japan is to
establish a "no fishing" zone on Lake Saiko in a
bid to protect a species of salmon that was though
to be extinct. A report in the Mainichi Daily News
says that the "kunimasu," which used to be found
living only in Lake Tazawa in Akita Prefecture, is
currently still listed by the Ministry of the
Environment as extinct. However reserachers
have identified the fish in Lake Saiko, near Mount
Fuji in Fujikawaguchiko, Yamanashi Prefecture. A
meeting this week decided to establish a no
fishing zone in the north of the lake where the fish
have been found after a fgishing ban on kokanee a type of salmon - is lifted in March next year (The
Fish Site).
Carbon Footprint Important For Traceability:
Spain - The director general of Fisheries and
Aquaculture of the Ministry of Environment and
Rural and Marine Affairs (MARM), Alejandro
Polanco, has said that carbon footprints will be
"very important" in the traceability of aquaculture
products. This was pointed out by Mr Polanco at
the opening of a conference organised by the
Spanish Foundation of Aquaculture Observatory
(OESA), in which several experts have been
involved in the emission of greenhouse gases.
The Director General of Fisheries Resources and
Aquaculture has stated that traceability will
determine the quality of aquaculture products, one
25
of the essential factors to increase their added
value. The other factor to enhance this added
value is, in his view, the creation of new avenues
of research for breeding fish (The Fish Site).
Produção agrícola do Brasil bate
novo recorde em 2010: A
produção
agrícola
do
Brasil
alcançou em 2010 o número
recorde de 149,5 milhões de toneladas de
cereais, leguminosas e oleaginosas, superando
em 11,6% o percentual do ano anterior. Nesse
ano, a produção será 2,5% inferior, com cerca de
145 milhões de toneladas, número similar ao
registrado em 2008, que até agora havia sido a
melhor colheita do país, conforme a previsão do
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística
(IBGE). O resultado inédito consolida o Brasil
como um dos principais celeiros do mundo,
contrasta com a redução de 1,3% da área
plantada, um claro indicativo do aumento da
produtividade
do
conjunto
dos
cultivos
(G1/Ambiente Brasil).
Casca de eucalipto é viável para produção de
etanol: A viabilidade da produção de etanol a
partir das cascas de eucaliptos descartadas pelas
fábricas de celulose e papel é comprovada em
pesquisa da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz
de Queiroz (Esalq) da USP, em Piracicaba. Os
experimentos realizados pelo químico Juliano
Bragatto demonstram que uma tonelada de
resíduo gera 200 quilos de açúcares, que
permitirão produzir 100 litros de etanol. O número
pode dobrar com o aproveitamento do açúcar
existente na estrutura das cascas.
(...) Os resultados do estudo fazem parte da tese
de doutorado de Juliano Bragatto, orientada pelo
professor Carlos Alberto Labate, da Esalq. As
conclusões também deverão ser publicadas em
um artigo científico, em publicação internacional a
ser definida. O trabalho teve o apoio de uma
indústria de papel e celulose, que forneceu os
resíduos de eucalipto (Júlio Bernardes/Agência
USP).
Árvores mostram relação entre clima e
grandes acontecimentos: Os anéis de árvores
antigas revelam a relação entre as mudanças
climáticas e os grandes acontecimentos da
humanidade, como migrações, pragas e
surgimento ou queda de impérios, revela um
estudo publicado nesta sexta-feira (14) na revista
Science. Temperaturas amenas e úmidas
correspondem a tempos de prosperidade no
Império Romano e na Idade Média, enquanto
períodos de seca e frio coincidem com migrações
em massa, afirma o estudo liderado por Ulf
Buntgen, do Instituto Federal Suíço de Pesquisas
Florestais, Neve e Paisagens (Swiss Federal
Research Institute for Forest, Snow and
Landscape). Os pesquisadores analisaram mais
de 7.200 fósseis de árvores dos últimos 2.500
anos, verificando as alterações nos anéis, que
são um retrato do clima (úmido ou seco) no
passado (Yahoo!/Ambiente Brasil).
Estudo avalia impacto das emissões de gases
no preparo do solo em culturas de cana-deaçúcar: Um estudo desenvolvido na Escola
Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Esalq,
avaliou o impacto ambiental a partir do preparo do
solo para o plantio de cana-de-açúcar. A cultura
continua em crescimento no Brasil para a
fabricação do etanol, sendo que o país é o maior
exportador do produto. Segundo a agroecóloga
formada pela Universidad de la Amazônia
(Colombia), Adriana Silva-Olaya, hoje metade da
área total de cana é colhida mecanicamente, o
que evita emissões a partir da queima da
biomassa vegetal e favorece o incremento no
estoque de carbono do solo. As informações
fazem parte do estudo “Emissões de dióxido de
carbono após diferentes sistemas de preparo do
solo na cultura da cana-de-açúcar”, que fez parte
da dissertação de mestrado de Adriana, pelo
programa de pós-graduação em Solos e Nutrição
de Plantas e revela que o cultivo do solo com
tecnologia de aração e outros procedimentos
permite maior mineralização do carbono orgânico
no solo e incrementa as emissões de CO2
(Danielle Jordan /Ambiente Brasil).
Vet
students
banned
from
inhumane operations on dogs:
Queensland veterinary students will
soon be banned from carrying out
"inhumane" terminal operations on live
dogs, following public outcry over the procedures.
As reported in The Courier-Mail, about 300
healthy dogs are anaesthetised, operated on and
then euthanised every year to further the
education of students at the University of
Queensland. An agreement was in place between
the university and Logan City Council to transfer
dogs from the pound until 2013. Six days after
The Courier-Mail revealed the practice, the
government's Animal Welfare Advisory Committee
ordered it be stopped. Yesterday, RSPCA
Queensland applauded the decision, branding it
overdue (Herald Sun).
Webinar on antibiotic use in animals and
humans free to download: The Federation of
26
Animal Science Societies (FASS) made its
webinar titled, "antibiotics in animals and people"
free to download. University of Illinois professor of
animal sciences and member of the FASS
Science Policy Committee - Jim Pettigrew served as the lead coordinator for the recently
approved FASS policy statement on antibiotics.
"The body of knowledge now available shows that
all uses of antibiotics, whether in people or in
animals, can contribute to the spread of antibiotic
resistance in bacteria,” he says. “It's important to
limit the use of these very beneficial products as
much as feasible." However, recent experience
shows that restrictions on antibiotic use in animals
should be carefully targeted to have maximum
impact,
he
said.
Access
it:
http://www.fass.org/policy_webinar.asp
(Vetsweb).
New portable test for detecting banned
antimicrobials in animal feed: A new weapon is
being announced to aid the rapid detection of
illegal antibiotics. Universal Sensors will
demonstrate for the first time at the scientific
conference Rapid Methods Europe 2011 (held in
the Netherlands) its new portable Vantix Research
II system capable of performing a 30 minute test
for 10 banned antimicrobials in animal feed.
Antibiotics have been used extensively in animal
production for decades as a growth enhancer.
Even adding small doses (called sub-therapeutic
doses) to the feed of farm animals can increase
production. Although the use of antibiotics in this
way has been banned in the EU since 2006, in
other parts of the world the practice is still heavily
used. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in
the USA recently produced its first report of
antimicrobial drug use by the American livestock
industry. It estimated that animals in the USA
consumed about 13 million kgs of antibiotics in
2009 – eight times as much as consumed by
humans in the USA. The concern is that overuse
of antibiotics will lead to the development of new
genres of super bugs (Pig Progress).
Stress
and
occupational
difficulties
experienced by veterinary surgeons: Rates of
suicide are elevated among veterinary surgeons
in several countries, yet little is known about
contributory factors. The University of Oxford
conducted a systematic review of studies
investigating this behaviour among vets. A
systematic search of the international research
literature was performed in May 2008. Data from
52 studies of non-fatal suicidal behaviour, mental
health
difficulties,
stress
and
burnout,
occupational difficulties, and psychological
characteristics of veterinary surgeons were
extracted by two independent reviewers and
analysed. Studies were rated for quality and
greater emphasis placed on findings from higher
quality studies. The majority of studies were of
stress and occupational difficulties experienced by
veterinary surgeons. Occupational stressors
included managerial aspects of the job, long
working hours, heavy workload, poor work-life
balance, difficult client relations, and performing
euthanasia. Few studies investigated suicidal
behaviour or mental health difficulties in the
profession. Some studies suggested that young
and female veterinarians are at greatest risk of
negative outcomes such as suicidal thoughts,
mental health difficulties, and job dissatisfaction
(Vetsweb).
US University offers certificate program in
veterinary preventive medicine: The College of
Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State University in
the US will offer a new education program for
working professionals - a Graduate Certificate in
Veterinary Preventive Medicine. The 1st cohort
will begin classes in January 2011. Applications
for admission are welcome now and participants
must be enrolled by January 3, 2011. The
purpose of the Graduate Certificate in Veterinary
Preventive Medicine is to address the continued
and advanced needs of animal health
professionals.
The
certificate
enables
professionals to gain recognition for a skill set that
includes
epidemiology,
risk
assessment,
production medicine and animal welfare. A
graduate certificate may be used to increase
knowledge in a new or emerging area of interest
to the candidate. As such it may be used to
formally gain recognition for retraining to meet the
needs of today's food production systems
(Vetsweb).
Veterinarian's Oath revised to emphasize
animal welfare commitment: At its Nov. 18-20
meeting, the AVMA Executive Board approved a
recommendation from the Animal Welfare
Committee to amend the Veterinarian's Oath to
clearly identify animal welfare as a priority of the
veterinary profession. The newly revised section
of the oath reads as follows: "Being admitted to
the profession of veterinary medicine, I solemnly
swear to use my scientific knowledge and skills for
the benefit of society through the protection of
animal health and welfare, the prevention and
relief of animal suffering, the conservation of
animal resources, the promotion of public health,
and the advancement of medical knowledge".
27
Access:http://www.avma.org/onlnews/javma/jan11
/x110101a.asp (JAVMA News).
Direitos dos animais: Já está
disponível para venda o livro
Reflexões Sobre a Tolerância –
Direitos dos Animais (258 pp, R$ 40,00), lançado
em novembro pela Editora Humanitas, da
Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências
Humanas (FFLCH) da USP. A obra, escrita por
Valéria Barbosa de Magalhães e Vânia Rall,
encontra-se à venda no site da editora, na Livraria
Humanitas-Discurso e também pode ser adquirido
em todas as distribuidoras parceiras, listadas
também no site. Os textos reunidos no livro são
frutos das palestras apresentadas no seminário
Direito dos animais em debate: Faces da
Intolerância, que aconteceu na USP em
novembro de 2008. Os artigos abrangem
perspectivas de diversas áreas do saber sobre os
direitos dos animais, sendo uma publicação única
tanto na proposta multidisciplinar, quanto na
inédita abordagem do tema pela Universidade. As
quatro partes da obra abordam questões
jurídicas, biológicas, filosóficas e artísticas em
relação ao assunto, contando com especialistas
renomados.
Trata-se
de
uma
leitura
imprescindível para todos que se interessam pela
condição
dos
animais
e
pelo
nosso
relacionamento com esses seres (Agência USP).
Sociedade Mundial de Proteção Animal vai
criar gerência de desastres no Brasil:
Tragédias como o terremoto que assolou o Haiti
há um ano e as enchentes que a cada verão
devastam municípios brasileiros estão motivando
a criação, no Brasil, de uma gerência de
desastres da Sociedade Mundial de Proteção
Animal (da sigla em inglês WSPA), confirmou
nesta quarta-feira (12) à Agência Brasil a gerente
de Programas Veterinários da WSPA seção
Brasil, Rosangela Ribeiro. Por meio da Coalizão
para Ajuda aos Animais do Haiti (ARCH), criada
pela WSPA em parceria com o Fundo
Internacional para o Bem-Estar Animal (IFAW),
foram tratados e vacinados contra a raiva mais de
50 mil animais após o terremoto ocorrido no Haiti
no dia 12 de janeiro do ano passado (Agência
Brasil).
Brigitte Bardot lidera campanha contra
sacrifício de animais: Várias associações
francesas lideradas pela fundação da atriz Brigitte
Bardot lançaram na terça-feira (3) uma campanha
de denúncia contra o abate de animais dentro das
normas “halal” e “kosher”. Um total de 2.266
cartazes distribuídos por todo o território francês
denuncia as consequências de uma exceção da
lei europeia estipulada em 1993 para os
muçulmanos (pelas normas “halal”) e judeus
(pelas regras “kosher”), que permite o sacrifício
de animais sem sedação. Milhões de franceses
ignoram que comem carne abatida de acordo
com essas normas, informam as associações no
site “abattagerituel.com”. Essa carne – cujas
condições higiênicas também são questionadas,
com diferentes relatórios técnicos – é enviada a
supermercados, açougues e restaurantes sem
que o consumidor seja informado de sua
procedência (G1/Ambiente Brasil).
EFSA reviews animal transport rules: NEW
recommendations on the welfare of animals
during transit have been made by the European
Food Safety Authority’s animal health and welfare
panel scientists. They reviewed six years of
scientific literature from 2004 to date. In 2005, the
European Union laid down various provisions to
protect animal welfare during transport. This year,
the Commission will present a report to the
European Parliament and EU Member States on
the impact of the 2005 regulation. EFSA’s latest
opinion will contribute to that report. It sets out
indicators that veterinary inspectors and transport
workers could use in assessing the welfare of
transported animals, but also highlights the need
for further research in some areas like travelling
times, space and temperature levels (Farmers
Guardian).
Farm animals need comfort in transport: Farm
animals need comfortable space, temperature and
other conditions when they are transported, the
European Union's food safety agency said, adding
to the bloc's efforts to protect animal welfare. The
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) said on
Wednesday it was contributing to a report the
European Commission is due to present in 2011
to the European Parliament and the EU member
states on the impact of a 2005 regulation on
animal protection in transport. Scientific opinion
identifies risks related to conditions and space
requirements of horses, pigs, sheep, goats, cattle,
poultry and rabbits, Parma-based EFSA said in a
document
published
on
its
website,
www.efsa.europa.eu (ForexYard).
HSUS Applauds Companies for Improving
Animal Welfare in 2010: The cause of animal
protection advances because of determined and
strategic action, on many fronts. Corporations
have an especially important role to play in
helping animals by adopting new, more humane
28
ways of doing business. (…) This week, The
HSUS gave special recognition to six companies
with our 2010 Corporate Progress Awards,
praising their efforts to advance animal welfare in
2010. The winners include: Burger King; Compass
Group; Innolytics; Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines;
Subway; and Unilever. In 2010, these companies
each took action to help reduce the suffering of
animals and move animal welfare forward in
significant and meaningful ways. As with
individuals, our test is not perfection, but forward
progress. That’s the direction these companies
are moving in (Opposing Views).
China to end zoos' theatre of cruelty: Chinese
officials have promised to ban zoos that abuse
animals to stage live shows after uncovering more
than 50 cases of severe suffering. Live animal
shows have been wildly popular in China since
becoming one of the few forms of mass
entertainment after their introduction 20 years
ago. About 700 zoos put on events, attracting 150
million visitors a year. China's state forestry
bureau said zoos were guilty of profiteering and
not having expert trainers to care for animals. In
one case, tigers were defanged and declawed to
allow visitors to pet the cubs. "A huge number of
live animal shows are not run properly and are not
supervised," it said. The bureau also said zoo
restaurants would be banned from serving wild
animal dishes (The Daily Telegraph).
Europe's ban on animal testing delayed: A
British member of Parliament said the cosmetic
industry is dragging its feet when it comes to
finding alternatives to animal testing of cosmetic
ingredients. Neil Parish, chairman of a
parliamentary group for animal welfare, said it is
unlikely a Europe-wide ban on the sale of
cosmetics tested on animals will become a reality
until 2017, four years later than expected, The
Guardian reported. "For too long the cosmetics
industry has dragged its feet when it comes to
developing alternatives to animal testing, and here
they are again trying to stall legislation to improve
the welfare of animals," Parish said (UPI.com).
Whole Foods Adds Animal-Welfare Ratings To
Meat Labels: Whole Foods Market harbors the
same hopes for its chickens many parents do for
their kids: That they'll get plenty of fresh air, live at
home until they reach maturity and avoid gaining
weight so fast that they can't walk. These are a
few of the animal welfare practices that the retailer
hopes to encourage with a humane meat-rating
system being piloted in the South and scheduled
for national expansion early next year. If the five-
step, color-coded labeling system works as
planned, it could allow shoppers at many
supermarket chains unprecedented levels of
specificity when it comes to choosing meat to
match their principles. Developed by the Global
Animal Partnership, a nonprofit group made up of
farmers, scientists, retailers, sustainability experts
and animal welfare advocates, the rating system
aims to address growing consumer concerns over
how animals are raised for food (The Washington
Post/PerishableNews).
Método
estatístico
mede
rapidamente fertilidade do solo: Um
método estatístico capaz de predizer
a fertilidade do solo destinado à
plantação de cana-de-açucar desenvolvido na
Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz
(Esalq) da USP, em Piracicaba, ganhou espaço
na revista Soil Science Society of America Journal
(July-August 2010), publicação internacional
especializada em ciência do solo. A metodologia
pode ser aplicada para a determinação rápida e
exata da fertilidade do solo, além de melhor
seleção e exploração de áreas adequadas para a
produção da planta. O diferencial da pesquisa foi
o desenvolvimento de um método estatístico que
determina o resultado de forma instantânea para
a obtenção do índice de fertilidade. “Geralmente,
para a indicação da fertilidade do solo, coletamos
amostras, levamos ao laboratório e esse
processo demora semanas, gera resíduos de
difícil descarte e ainda tem um custo de cerca de
R$30,00 por amostra”, destaca Rodnei Rizzo,
engenheiro agrônomo e um dos autores do
estudo. O trabalho intitulado “Modelagem e
espacialização de um índice de fertilidade do solo
utilizando espectro eletromagnético do solo e
atributos do terreno”, é assinado por Rizzo, em
parceria com o professor José Alexandre
Demattê, do Departamento de Ciência do Solo
(LSO) e orientador do projeto, e com o
pesquisador australiano Raphael Viscarra Rossel
(Caio
Rodrigo
Albuquerque/ESALQ/Agência
USP).
Questão ambiental brasileira: Os professores
da USP, Angela Alonso, da Faculdade de
Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas (FFLCH),
Ricardo Abramovay, da Faculdade de Economia
e Administração (FEA) e José Goldemberg, do
Instituto de Física (IF) publicaram artigos na
edição especial do JED – The Journal os
Environment and Development sobre a questão
ambiental no Brasil. O número inclui textos de
pesquisadores de ciências sociais e ciências
naturais e tem o objetivo de apresentar uma visão
29
brasileira do assunto ao público estrangeiro. O
JED é sediado na Universidade da Califórnia, em
Santa Bárbara, Estados Unidos, e publicado pela
SAGE. Para conferir os artigos dos professores,
clique aqui.
http://jed.sagepub.com/content/19/3.toc (Agência
USP).
FAO: índice de preço dos alimentos atinge alta
recorde: Os preços globais dos alimentos
subiram em dezembro, e o Índice de Preços de
Alimentos da FAO (Organização das Nações
Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação) atingiu
alta recorde, informou a entidade ontem (05).
Essa é a sexta elevação consecutiva (Beef Point).
Commodities podem testar novos picos em
2011: Há mais fatores que indicam que as
principais commodities agrícolas negociadas pelo
Brasil no exterior permanecerão com preços
internacionais firmes nos primeiros meses de
2011 do que elementos que sinalizam a
possibilidade de uma queda significativa em
relação aos elevados patamares atuais. As
cotações de soja e milho são as mais elevadas
desde julho de 2008, enquanto o suco de laranja
oscila em torno de máximas em três anos e meio,
o café em mais de 13, o açúcar em três décadas
e o algodão em 140 anos (Farm Point).
Intervet cresce 21% e se mostra otimista com
2011: Impulsionada pela valorização do boi gordo
e pelo aumento da demanda pelas carnes de
frango e suína, a americana Intervet, do setor
veterinário, fechou 2010 com um crescimento de
21,2% em seu faturamento no Brasil em
comparação ao ano anterior. O grupo, controlado
pela farmacêutica Merck, teve receita de R$ 448
milhões no ano que passou. O cenário positivo
vivido pela indústria veterinária em 2010 deve
continuar neste ano, na avaliação de Simon. O
executivo projeta um crescimento de 10% para a
indústria nacional, mantendo o ritmo do ano
passado. Para a Intervet, a projeção de
crescimento é de 14%, de acordo com o
executivo. "Estamos muito animados e otimistas
neste ano, independentemente do processo de
fusão em que estamos envolvidos", diz o diretorpresidente da companhia (Beef Point).
Encontro da SBPC terá cerrado como tema em
2011: A 63ª edição da reunião anual da
Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência
(SBPC), a ser realizada entre os dias 10 e 15 de
julho de 2011, terá como tema o cerrado, um dos
biomas que mais sofrem com o desmatamento no
Brasil. O encontro vai acontecer na Universidade
Federal de Goiás (UFG), na cidade de Goiânia.
As inscrições já estão abertas e podem ser feitas
por meio das orientações no site da instituição.
Realizada desde 1948, é o principal evento
científico do Brasil, com foco na discussão de
políticas públicas e avanços em ciência e
tecnologia. A cada ano, um estado diferente
recebe a reunião, que conta com milhares de
cientistas, professores, estudantes e profissionais
que trabalham com ciência no país (G1/Ambiente
Brasil).
Em tribo no Maranhão, índias amamentam
animais: Os awá-guajá são uma das últimas
tribos nômades das Américas. Em sua reserva,
no noroeste do Maranhão, eles mantêm a a
tradição de contato próximo com os animais. O
filhote de cutia é alimentado com o fruto do
babaçu. E o de macaco é amamentado pelas
índias. “O awá-guajá é um povo muito único. E
essa relação que eles têm com o bicho, ele passa
a ser membro da família”, conta Bruno Fragoso,
coordenador de Índios Isolados da Funai. A índia
Tapanií explica que quando o macaco órfão que
ela adotou ficar maior e mais agressivo, ela o
soltará na mata. É na floresta que a vida dos awáguajá se renova e também corre risco no
encontro com invasores. “O maior medo que eles
têm é a doença que às vezes contraem no
contato com a gente. E o segundo medo é pensar
que é inimigo, pistoleiro, esse povo que vem
invadindo as terras.”, explica Patreolino Garreto
Viana, auxiliar de campo da Funai. Imoin tem o
medo estampado no rosto e, no braço, uma
marca de bala. O filho dela conta que a
emboscada aconteceu quando ela fazia coleta na
mata (Globo Natureza/Ambiente Brasil).
Brasil é cada vez mais atraente para jovens
cientistas, diz ‘Economist’: Em sua edição
desta semana, a revista britânica “The Economist”
afirma que o Brasil vem se tornando um destino
cada vez mais atraente para a realização de
pesquisas científicas e acadêmicas. A revista traz
dados que mostram o crescimento dessa área no
país, que é um dos líderes mundiais em
pesquisa,e cita iniciativas do governo que
impulsionaram a pesquisa, especialmente nas
áreas de medicina tropical, bioenergia e biologia
botânica. No entanto, afirma que o maior trunfo
do Brasil são as possibilidades oferecidas pelas
universidades
brasileiras
para
que
os
pesquisadores possam avançar (G1/Ambiente
Brasil).
Ciência no Brasil vai bem, mas português é
entrave, diz “The economist”: O Brasil não é
30
apenas sol, praia e samba, e as condições para
os cientistas estrangeiros pesquisarem no país,
sobretudo em São Paulo, são boas. Essa é a
análise da revista “The economist” sobre a ciência
brasileira, publicada nesta quinta-feira. A revista
afirma que há muitos cientistas brasileiros
fazendo pesquisa e estudando fora do Brasil.
Mas, agora, o motivo é a internacionalização da
ciência brasileira e não a falta de programas de
pós-graduação por aqui.(...) Apesar de ter
dinheiro para pesquisa e instituições de
qualidade, a “The economist” ressalta que o
português continua sendo uma limitação à
internacionalização da ciência brasileira. No
Brasil, as aulas de graduação e de pósgraduação são em língua portuguesa e postos
como pesquisador e professor só podem são
assumidos mediante concurso público – também
feito em português (Folha.com/Ambiente Brasil).
Pesquisadores indicam uso de roedores para
detectar
tuberculose:
Pesquisadores
descobriram uma nova forma de fazer o exame
de tuberculose de forma rápida, barata e
disponível: grandes roedores capazes de sentir o
cheiro da bactéria numa amostra de catarro. Há
exames de laboratório caros e complicados para
a tuberculose, e a OMS (Organização Mundial de
Saúde) recentemente endossou uma nova
máquina capaz de fornecer resultados precisos
em menos de duas horas. No entanto, o aparelho
custa US$ 17 mil, e cada exame requer um
cartucho de US$ 17. Independente da opinião
sobre os roedores, uma coisa é fato: eles são
mais baratos. Hoje, o método de detecção mais
comumente
usado
em
países
em
desenvolvimento é a microscopia. Essa técnica
de cem anos envolve a coleta do catarro, a
aplicação de uma substância que colore apenas o
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacilo de Koch),
causador da tuberculose, e o exame da amostra
sob um microscópio (Folha.com/Ambiente Brasil).
A comparison of organic and conventional
farming: The Council for Agricultural Science and
Technology (CAST) in the USA, assembled in
1980 a high-powered Task Force composed of 24
scientists (chaired by S.R. Aldrich) with expertise
in agricultural economics, agronomy, animal
science, dairy science, entomology, food science,
horticulture, soil science, veterinary medicine and
others to look into the similarities and differences
between organic and conventional farming. The
Task Force report, which remains very relevant to
the current debate surrounding organic and
conventional agriculture, was officially published
as CAST Report No. 84 "Organic and
Conventional Farming Compared" in October
1980.
Access
http://soilenvironment.blogspot.com/2010/12/comparisonof-organic-and-conventional.html to read some of
the interesting highlights of the report (Soil and
Environment).
World hunger best cured by small-scale
agriculture: A move from industrial farming
towards local food projects is our healthiest, most
sustainable choice, says Worldwatch Institute.
The key to alleviating world hunger, poverty and
combating climate change may lie in fresh, smallscale approaches to agriculture, according to a
report from the Worldwatch Institute. The USbased institute’s annual State of the World report,
published yesterday, calls for a move away from
industrial agriculture and discusses small-scale
initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa that work towards
poverty and hunger relief in an environmentally
sustainable way. The authors suggest that instead
of producing more food to meet the world’s
growing population needs, a more effective way to
address food security issues and climate change
would be to encourage self-sufficiency and waste
reduction, in wealthier and poorer nations alike. “If
we shift just some of our attention away from
production to consumption issues and reducing
food waste, we might actually get quite a big bang
for our buck, because that ground has been
neglected,” said Brian Halweil, co-director of the
project (Guardian/ILRI).
The good news about population growth–the
rate is slowing: As world population reaches 7
billion at the end of 2011, a leader in the
Economist‘s special edition ‘The World in 2011′
reminds us not to panic. Here’s why. ‘Although the
population looks as if it is growing as fast as ever,
or faster . . . Malthusian fears are overblown: the
real story is that the underlying rate of population
growth is slowing down. ‘The human population
took roughly 250,000 years to reach 1 billion (in
about 1800). More than a century passed before it
reached 2 billion (in 1927). But the next billion
took only 33 years (1927-60). The one after that, a
mere 14 years. The following two stages, to 5
billion and then 6 billion, took 13 and 12 years,
respectively (ILRI).
31
EVENTOS
III Congresso Internacional e X Simpósio
sobre Nutrição de Animais de Estimação
São Paulo SP – 30 e 31 de março de 2011
http://www.cbna.com.br/
II Congreso Latinoamericano de
Aplicada
Ilhéus BA - 21 e 23 de abril de 2011
http://www.isae-la2011.com.br/
Etologia
II Congresso Argentino de Reprodução Equina
Mendoza, Argentina – 4 a 6 de maio de 2011
www.congresoreproequina.com.br
XXI Congresso Brasileiro de Zootecnia
(Zootec)
Maceió AL – 23 a 27 de maio de 2011
http://comuniceventos.com.br/index.php/hotsite/zo
otec
World Aquaculture 2011
Natal RN – 06 a 10 de junho de 2011
http://www.fenacam.com.br/
48ª Reunião da Sociedade Brasileira de
Zootecnia (SBZ)
Belém PA - 18 a 21 de julho de 2011
http://www.sbz.org.br/ver.php?id_evento=36
USP / FMVZ / VNP / LAE
Laboratório de Análises Socioeconômicas e
Ciência Animal
Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - Campus USP
CEP 13.635-900, Pirassununga - SP
Telefone: (19) 3565 4300
Fax: (19) 3565 4295
http://lae.fmvz.usp.br
SOBRE O BOLETIM ELETRÔNICO
“SOCIOECONOMIA & CIÊNCIA ANIMAL”
Trata-se de um projeto de extensão vinculado ao Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Produção Animal da Faculdade
de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ/USP). O projeto
conta com a participação da Faculdade de Zootecnia e
Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP).
O boletim eletrônico tem o objetivo de divulgar os resultados
de pesquisas desenvolvidas e publicadas nacionalmente e
internacionalmente, e que tenham como campo de
investigação, as Ciências Humanas aplicadas diretamente ou
conjuntamente à Ciência Animal.
Portanto, este projeto de extensão procura contribuir para o
desenvolvimento científico baseado na multidisciplinaridade.
O boletim é de livre acesso a todos que tenham interesse,
bastando enviar uma mensagem solicitando a inclusão do email destinatário para o seu recebimento.
Críticas, ideias e sugestões sempre serão bem vindas.
Para solicitar cadastramento na lista de destinatários ou
cancelamento do recebimento, favor escrever para:
[email protected]
Escreva para o mesmo e-mail se desejar receber as edições
anteriores (de no. 1 a 32).
EQUIPE
Clique aqui para ter acesso às edições anteriores.
Augusto Hauber Gameiro
[email protected]
Professor da FMVZ/USP
Teresa Cristina Alves
[email protected]
Pesquisadora da FZEA/USP
Rubens Nunes
[email protected]
Professor da FZEA/USP
CONTATO
32

Boletim eletrônico do LAE/FMVZ/USP, ed. 33, 18 jan. 2011

Transcrição

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