Project Design Description

Transcrição

CGM Ceramic VCS Project Description
CGM Ceramic Voluntary Carbon Standard
Project Description
19 November 2007
Date of the VCS PD: May 27th, 2009
Contents
1
Description of Project: .............................................. 3
1.1 Project title .................................................... 3
1.2 Type/Category of the project ..................................... 3
1.3 Estimated amount of emission reductions over the crediting period
including project size: .............................................. 3
1.4 A brief description of the project: .............................. 4
1.5 ..... Project location including geographic and physical information
allowing the unique identification and delineation of the specific extent
of the project: ...................................................... 5
1.6 Duration of the project activity/crediting period: ............... 5
1.7 Conditions prior to project initiation: .......................... 6
1.8 A description of how the project will achieve GHG emission reductions
and/or removal enhancements: ......................................... 6
1.9 Project technologies, products, services and the expected level of
activity: ............................................................ 6
1.10 Compliance with relevant local laws and regulations related to the
project: ............................................................. 9
1.11 Identification of risks that may substantially affect the project’s
GHG emission reductions or removal enhancements: ..................... 9
1.12 Demonstration to confirm that the project was not implemented to
create GHG emissions primarily for the purpose of its subsequent removal
or destruction. ..................................................... 10
1.13 Demonstration that the project has not created another form of
environmental credit (for example renewable energy certificates. .... 10
1.14 Project rejected under other GHG programs (if applicable): ..... 10
1.15 Project proponents roles and responsibilities, including contact
information of the project proponent, other project participants: ... 10
1.16 Any information relevant for the eligibility of the project and
quantification of emission reductions or removal enhancements, including
legislative, technical, economic, sectoral, social, environmental,
geographic, site-specific and temporal information.): ............... 11
1.17 List of commercially sensitive information (if applicable): .... 11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
VCS Methodology: .................................................... 12
2.1 Title and reference of the VCS methodology applied to the project
activity and explanation of methodology choices: .................... 12
2.2 Justification of the choice of the methodology and why it is
applicable to the project activity: ................................. 12
2.3 Identifying GHG sources, sinks and reservoirs for the baseline
scenario and for the project: ....................................... 15
2.4 Description of how the baseline scenario is identified and
description of the identified baseline scenario: .................... 15
2.5 Description of how the emissions of GHG by source in baseline
scenario are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence
of the project activity (assessment and demonstration of additionality):
.................................................................... 17
Monitoring: ......................................................... 24
3.1 Title and reference of the VCS methodology (which includes the
monitoring requirements) applied to the project activity and explanation
of methodology choices: ............................................. 24
3.2 Monitoring, including estimation, modelling, measurement or
calculation approaches: ............................................. 24
3.3 Data and parameters monitored / Selecting relevant GHG sources, sinks
and reservoirs for monitoring or estimating GHG emissions and removals:
.................................................................... 26
3.4 Description of the monitoring plan .............................. 31
GHG Emission Reductions: ............................................ 32
4.1 Explanation of methodological choice: ........................... 32
4.2 Quantifying GHG emissions and/or removals for the baseline scenario:
.................................................................... 39
4.3 Quantifying GHG emissions and/or removals for the project: ...... 40
4.4 Quantifying GHG emission reductions and removal enhancements for the
GHG project: ........................................................ 40
Environmental Impact: ............................................... 41
Stakeholders comments: .............................................. 42
Schedule: ........................................................... 43
Ownership: .......................................................... 44
8.1 Proof of Title: ................................................. 44
8.2 Projects that reduce GHG emissions from activities that participate
in an emissions trading program (if applicable): .................... 44
2
1
Description of Project:
1.1
Project title
Gomes de Mattos Ceramic Fuel Switching Project
Version 05
PDD completed on May 27th, 2009.
1.2
Type/Category of the project
The voluntary project activity, although being applied at the voluntary
market, encloses the following category of the simplified modalities and
procedures, which is described in appendix B, for small scale type I CDM
project activities.
• Category AMS-I.E: Switch from Non – Renewable Biomass for Thermal
Applications by the User – Version 01 from February 01 of 2008 onwards.
• This project is not a grouped project
This category comprises small thermal appliances that displace the use of
non-renewable biomass by introducing new renewable energy end-user
technologies.
1.3 Estimated amount of emission reductions over the
crediting period including project size:
The amount of emission reductions are greater than 5,000 tonnes of CO2
equivalent and less than 1,000,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent, thus classifying
as a project under the VCS 2007.1 size groups (micro project, project, mega
project).
Table 1. Emission reductions estimate during the crediting period.
Year
Annual estimate of emission
reductions per ton of CO2e
May to December 2006
18,895
2007
28,342
2008
28,342
2009
28,342
2010
28,342
2011
28,342
2012
28,342
2013
28,342
2014
28,342
2015
28,342
January to April 2016
9,447
Total of estimate reductions
of CO2e)
(tonnes
283,420
Number of years of the crediting
period
10
Annual average of estimate
reductions for the 10 year crediting
period (tonnes of CO2e)
28,342
3
1.4
A brief description of the project:
The accelerating destruction of forests around the world is being
recognized as one of the main causes of climate change. Carbon emissions
from deforestation far outstrip damage caused by planes and automobiles
and factories.
One of the main reasons for deforestation is the demand for fuel. Ceramic
companies are well known for their great demand of fuel to maintain their
burning processes.
Therefore, the project activity in Gomes de Mattos Ceramic will indirectly
contribute to minimize this problem in Caatinga 1 biome by displacing the
use of native forests wood without sustainable forest management for
thermal energy generation.
The project activity consists in a pioneer practice in the region of Crato
– Ceará. The city of Crato, where the project activity takes place, is
located in one of the prettiest regions of Brazilian northeast: the Cariri
With a population of around 106,000
Valley 2 , south of Ceará State.
inhabitants 3 , Crato’s economy is based on the commercialization of
agricultural products, however the city also commercializes industrial
products, such as aluminum, footwear, ceramic devices and aguardente.
Figure 1.View of the Cariri Valley
According to SEBRAE4, there are around 34 ceramic industries in the region
of Cariri Valley and 10 located in the city of Crato.
The
due
the
the
city faces a serious problem related to the environmental degradation
to the recent boom in the real state sector. Such occupation causes
devastation of gallery bush areas 5 . Therefore, the native wood from
gallery bushes can be employed in industrial processes.
The switching fuel project will reduce the greenhouse gases emissions,
through substitution of native wood for wood from sustainable forest
management plan, sawdust, Algaroba wood, residues form cashew tree and
1
The Caatinga biome has sufficiently diversified fauna and flora, being inserted in
a region of approximately 800,000 km² in the northeast of Brazil. Nowadays, the
uncontrolled deforestation is breaking up the firm land forest. Without necessary
care, entire regions of fauna and old centers of species have the risk to be
disappeared
forever.
Source:
text
adapted
from:
<http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=
169> visited on : March 13th, 2009.
2
The Cariri valley encompasses 33 municipalities.
3
According to an IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) study
realizedon2007.
4
Brazilian Service of Support to Micro and Small Companies.
5
Gallery bush is the vegetations in the rivers
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crato_(Cear%C3%A1) visited on
4
margin. Available
March 13th , 2009.
at:
babaçu coconut husk which may be replaced by elephant grass and municipal
garden's residues, for thermal energy generation. This fuel exchange could
only be feasible when considering the carbon credits incomes, since the
adaptation of kilns to the new biomasses and the purchase of new
equipments required considerable investments.
The main goal of this project activity is to minimize the negative impacts
of the deforestation of the Caatinga biome by discouraging the
exploitation of the area through limiting the interested parties in
acquiring the proper legal documents for the commercialization of the
native fire wood.
1.5 Project location including geographic and physical
information allowing the unique identification and
delineation of the specific extent of the project:
The project activity is located in the Municipality of Crato in the state
of Ceará as indicated in Figure 2. The project site has the postal
address:
CGM Ceramic
Address: Rodovia CE 55, Km 06, Bairro Sítio Quebra,
Crato – State of Ceará
Brasil
Zip code: 63105-330
The ceramic is located at the coordinates showed in the figure 2.
•
Figure 26.Geographic location of CGM ceramic: 7º10’36.50” S ; 39°24’49.23” W.
1.6
Duration of the project activity/crediting period:
The proposed project starts its switch fossil fuel in April of 2003 and
the fuel switching was totally achieved by the end of April 2006.
• Project start date7: 01/April/2003
• Date of initiating project activity8: 01/May/2006
• Date of terminating the project9: 30/April/2016
VCS project crediting period: 10 years, twice renewable.
6
March 13th, 2009.
Figure Source: Google earth visited on
7
Date on which the project began reducing or removing GHG emissions, i.e. when the
project developer began employing renewable biomass.
8
Date on which the project activity totally switched from non-renewable biomass to
renewable biomass.
9
Date on which the project activity completes 10 years of the first crediting
period.
5
1.7
Conditions prior to project initiation:
The use of native wood without sustainable management as fuel is a
prevalent practice among the ceramics industries in Brazil. Wood from
deforestation is delivered and utilized in the ceramic facilities and
this non renewable biomass is offered with low prices.
Although firewood from deforested areas used has been for many decades as
fuel in Brazil, it is impossible to define a start date on which this
kind of non-renewable biomass began to be applied. Firewood used to be
the most employed source of primary energy until the decade of 1970, when
the petroleum started to supply the majority of Brazilian´s energy
needs 10 . Moreover the Brazilian´s Energy and Mine Ministry has been
monitoring every energetic sectors of Brazil since 1970, and firewood
appears over the years monitored as a significant source of thermal
energy for ceramic sector11.
According to Seye (2003) 12 , in Brazil, the red ceramic devices are
produced through an inefficient and traditional process using wood
without forest management to generate thermal energy. In this industry
segment the use of wood represents about 98% of the total fuel employed
stimulating
Therefore, the employment of this fuel stimulates the increase in
Brazilian deforestation rates. The baseline identified for this project
activity is the employing of a total of 22,800 m3 of native wood per year
to provide thermal energy to the ceramics’ kilns.
The project activity focuses on the use of wood from sustainable forest
management plan areas, sawdust, Algaroba wood, residues form cashew tree
and babaçu coconut husk as renewable biomasses for energy supply. The
entrepreneur aims to use municipal garden's residues and elephant grass
in the future.
1.8 A description of how the project will achieve GHG
emission reductions and/or removal enhancements:
The emission reductions will be achieved by displacing the use of wood
from areas with no sustainable forest management to provide thermal
energy in the ceramic companies. Therefore, the emissions launched during
the combustion of wood were not compensated by the replanting. An
opposite scenario occurs with the renewable biomasses employed in this
project activity, which have carbon neutral cycle.
1.9 Project technologies, products, services and the
expected level of activity:
Currently Gomes de Matos Ceramic uses two Hoffman 13 kilns and one Câmara 14
kiln constitutes the production line of CGM Ceramic.
The process for reducing water content in the ceramic devices is realized
with the employment of two dryer plants that utilize the heat originated
10
Brito, J.O. “Energetic use of Wood”. Available at:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S010340142007000100015&script=sci_arttext&tlng=ES> visited on:
March 13
th
, 2009
11
Energy Research Company. National Energy Balance - energy consumption per sector.
Available at <http://www.mme.gov.br/download.do?attachmentId=16555&download> visited
on: March 13th, 2009
12
Seye, Omar. Análise de ciclo de vida aplicada ao processo produtivo de cerâmica
estrutural tendo como insumo energético capim elefante (Pennisetum Purpureum
Schaum) / Omar Seye. Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2003.
13
“Hoffman” kilns have parallel chambers where the heat from one chamber is used in
the next, therefore recycling the generated heat in the previous chambers.
14
The “Câmara” is a kind of continuous kiln with chambers without chimney. It is
usually employed to burn bricks
6
in the kilns through an internal gas recirculation. A new dryer plant is
predicted to be part of the dryer system until 2010.
CGM Kilns are responsible for burning ceramic bricks with 8 orifices,
bricks with 6 orifices ,small flagstones and roof tiles.
Due to the fuel switch, the Ceramic had to acquire two mechanic burners
to feed the Hoffman Kilns with the renewable biomasses.
CGM ceramic employs approximately 1,900 m3 of native wood was acquired in
order to maintain the production of 1,478,000 ceramic devices per month,
where 869,003 are bricks with 8 orifices, 343,103 are bricks with 6
orifices , 185,529 are small flagstones and 80,365 are roof tiles.
Moreover, according with CGM database the average weight for bricks with
8 orifices is 2.2 Kg , for bricks with 6 orifices is 1.6 Kg, for
flagstones is 2.2 Kg and 1 Kg for roof tiles. Thus, CGM ceramic is
responsible for manufacturing 2,949 tonnes per month, what leads the kiln
efficiency around 0.64 m3 of wood/tonnes of ceramic devices.
CGM Ceramic works with 3 kilns with 2 chambers each and in each chamber,
25,000 ceramic devices are burned per cycle. The native firewood
consumption per chamber cycle is 32.13 m³. The cycle is described below.
The burning cycle comprises 24 hours to load the chamber with ceramic
devices, approximately 16 hours to burn, 24 hours cooling and 8 hours to
remove the pieces from the kiln.
The overall characteristics of the production of Gomes de Matos Ceramic
and its kilns are shown at table 2.
Table 2 Technical parameters of CGM kilns.
Technical
Paramenters
Hoffman 1
Hoffman 2
Câmara
Consumption of
firewood (m3 of
Wood per ton of
ceramic devices)
0.64
0.64
0.64
Features
Has parallel chambers
where the heat from
one chamber is used
in the next.
Has parallel chambers
where the heat from
one chamber is used
in the next.
Continuous
kiln with
chambers
Maximum Temperature
900ºC
900ºC
900ºC
Average Production
per burning cycle
50,000
50,000
50,000
Average ceramic
devices per month
500,000
500,000
500,000
Average supposed
capacity of each
kiln (MW)
2
2
2
Hours of burning
cycle
72
72
72
Burning cycles per
month
10
10
10
The production described in table 2 can exhibit small variations each
month, influenced by the ceramic market demand in the region, the average
ceramic production of 1,478,000 ceramic devices per month.
7
The present project aims to use 100% of renewable biomass mainly native
wood from sustainable management areas, Algaroba wood, residues from
cashew trees. However, CGM utilizes small quantities of other biomasses
such as Babaçu coconut Husk,
wood from sustainable management areas
(eucalyptus)and sawdust. The main biomasses providers are listed at the
table below:
.
Table 3 Renewable biomass providers.
Biomass
Amount of sawdust (tonnes)
Amount of Renewable native
wood (tonnes)
Algaroba
Eucalipto
Amount of Residues from
cashew tree (tonnes)
Amount of Babaçu coconut
husk (tonnes)
Provider
Percentage of
total Biomass
consumption
F.Cardoso de Menezes
(transportated by
José luciona da
silva)
FAZ BOQUEIRÃO
SÍTIO CANA BRAVA
FAZ PAU D' ARCO
Elisvaldo Gomes
Cavalcante
Antonio Gonçalves de
Holanda
fazenda taboquinha
(transportated by
justiniano da silva
e antonio jose
batista de soares)
Augustinho dos Reis
Francisco José Rocha
Charles Teles Macedo
Flavio Apolinario
dos Santos
Cicero ernandes de
souza
0.8%
32.6%
9.0%
16.3%
22.2%
4.3%
2.7%
1.1%
10.0%
0.2%
0.5%
2.7%
Before the project activity, the process was noticeably different; the
wood was inserted in the kilns just by the employee and it was not
necessary any logistic modification.
Due to the project activity, a set of adaptations were necessary, such as
alterations to the kilns as well as the construction of a shed where the
biomass must be stored so the ceramics can operate with the coconut husk
and sawdust. Also, the ceramic had to take responsibility for two
management plans, which demands time and a high investment from the
enterprise. All of these changes were made counting on this project
approval, and the incomes from carbon credits.
The main characteristic’s changes of the project activity are described
in the table below.
Table 4. Main overall characteristic’s changes during the period utilizing non-renewable
biomass (before the project activity) and the period utilizing renewable biomass (after
the project activity).
Scenario
Nonrenewable
biomass
Renewable biomass
8
Amount of
biomass(per
year)
22,800
(m³)
Biomass
tonnes
Production
(units per
year).
Native
wood from Cashew
Sawdust
management
wood
areas
6,761
1,257
17,736,000
Babaçu
Coconut
husk
Algaroba
wood
Eucalyptus
Wood from
forest
management
plan
60
1,531
218
60
17,736,000
1.10 Compliance with relevant local laws and regulations
related to the project:
15
This project is in accordance to the CONAMA
Resolution, no. 237/97 which
establishes that clay extraction activities and ceramic production must
be supported by specific licenses, such as operational license, clay
extraction license, environmental licenses and the permission of the
environmental Secretary of Ceará (SEMACE16) which must run under the valid
time.
The project is also in accordance to Federal Constitution, Article 20,
which establishes the payment of a Financial Compensation by the Mineral
Resources Exploitation. This financial compensation is annually performed
to DNPM (National Department of Mineral Production)17.
1.11 Identification of risks that may substantially affect
the project’s GHG emission reductions or removal
enhancements:
- Price of the renewable biomasses
The thermal energy generation through the combustion of biomasses is an
innovation in the ceramic industry. The future demand of this alternative
fuel e.g. by other consumers is not easy to foresee. There is currently a
great amount of these types of biomasses available locally, however, it is
possible that the demand and the prices would increase as well. If this
scenario occurs, the carbon credit income will make the continuous use of
renewable biomasses feasible.
- Availability of the renewable biomasses
The current great amount of the biomasses available locally was already
described herein, however if a non foreseeable reason affect the
15
CONAMA (National Environmental Council), created in 1981 by Law 6.938/81, is the
Brazilians’ department responsible for deliberation and consultation of the whole
national environmental policy and it is chaired by the Minister of Environment.
Therefore, it is responsible for the establishment of standards and criteria
relating to licensing of potentially polluting companies. More information is
available at <http://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/estr.cfm>. Visited on: March 13th,
2009.
16
SEMACE is the Environment Secretary in the State of Ceará responsible to issue
the environmental licenses according to CONAMA resolution 237/97. More information
at: <www.semace.ce.gov.br> visited on: March 13th, 2009.
17
The objectives of the National Department of Mineral Production are: to foster
the planning and promotion of exploration and mining of mineral resources, to
supervise geological and mineral exploration and the development of mineral
technology, as well as to ensure, control and monitor the exercise of mining
activities throughout the national territory, in accordance with the Mining Code,
the Mineral Water Code and respective legislation and regulations that complement
them. Source:
<http://www.dnpm.gov.br/enportal/conteudo.asp?IDSecao=168&IDPagina=222> visited on:
March 13th, 2009.
9
availabity of the biomasses, the ceramic owner will search for other type
of renewable biomasses, such as elephant grass and garden residues.
- Difficulty related to
The ceramic have used
suddenly change claimed
main challenges is the
employees resistance to
the abrupt change
wood in its kilns throughout eleven years, the
a lot of effort of each one in the ceramic, the
reconfiguration of the internal logistic and the
the new situation.
1.12 Demonstration to confirm that the project was not
implemented to create GHG emissions primarily for the
purpose of its subsequent removal or destruction.
The history of CGM’s activities using non-renewable biomasses since 1995
firstly fossil fuel and then native wood -what confirms that the project
activity was not implemented to create GHG emissions for the purpose of
its subsequent removal or destruction.
1.13 Demonstration that the project has not created another
form of environmental credit (for example renewable
energy certificates.
CGM’s project is not creating any other form of environmental credit under
any specific program. Social Carbon Methodology is being applied only as a
Sustainability tool in association with VCS 2007.1 standard.
Social
Carbon
Methodology
was
developed
by
Ecológica
Institute
(www.ecologica.org.br). It was founded on the principle that transparent
assessment and monitoring of the social and environmental performance of
projects improves their long-term effectiveness. The methodology uses a
set of analytical tools that assess the social, environmental and economic
conditions of communities affected by the project, and demonstrates
through continuous monitoring the project’s contribution to sustainable
development.
Please see letter attached from TÜVNord Cert GMB, which was responsible to
validate and verify the projects.
1.14 Project rejected under other GHG programs (if
applicable):
CGM’s project has not been rejected to any formal GHG reduction or removal
program. This project report was elaborated to make the project public and
available to voluntary measures or other opportunities in the carbon
market.
1.15 Project proponents roles and responsibilities,
including contact information of the project proponent,
other project participants:
Project Proponent
The project proponent contributed to the current report by assigning the
following roles and responsibilities to:
Mr. Ronaldo Sampaio Gomes de Matos, Director and monitoring data
responsible: Information and visit of the ceramic, detailed information on
process and production lines, environmental challenges, technological
challenges, research and development history, ceramic devices market
challenges, detailed information and numbers on sales, how output data is
handled, and how data is stored and kept by the Cerâmica Gomes de Matos
office.
Other information on the project’s proponent:
Address:
Rodovia CE 55, Km 06 - Bairro Sítio Quebra
Crato - Ceará, Brasil
10
Zip code: 63105-330
Ceramic phone number: +55 (88) 3521-6580
e-mail address : [email protected]
Project Developer
Carbono Social Serviços Ambientais Ltda: Project participant, project
idealizer and responsible to prepare the project report and accompany the
proponent until the end of crediting period.
Cézar Braga Alves, Technical Analysts: Project Design Document writers,
elaboration of GHGs Emissions’ Inventory, direct contact between Carbono
Social Serviços Ambientais Ltda. and the ceramic companies, and
responsible for collecting the necessary information. Coordinated by:
Flávia
Yumi
Takeuchi,
Technical
Borgheresi, Technical Analyst.
Coordinator
and
Rafael
Ribeiro
Other information of the project developer contact:
Address: Rua Borges Lagoa, 1065 – Conj. 144 – Vila Clementino
Postal Code: 04038 032
São Paulo – São Paulo, Brazil
Phone number: +55 11 2649 0036
Web site: http://www.socialcarbon.com
Email: [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
1.16 Any information relevant for the eligibility of the
project and quantification of emission reductions or
removal enhancements, including legislative, technical,
economic, sectoral, social, environmental, geographic,
site-specific and temporal information):
The project is eligible according to:
• Legislative: the project attends all legal requirements;
• Technical: alterations/adaptations required are technically feasible;
• Economic: High investments were necessary in order to make the project
feasible ;
• Sectoral: incentive of good practices to the sector;
• Social: social carbon methodology will be applied which will improve
long term sustainability. The culture of burning wood as fuel will be
slowly mitigated;
• Environmental: the project attends all legal requirements and no
environmental impacts are predicted;
• Geographic /site specific: the plant can be uniquely geographically
identified with no barriers regarding logistic;
• Temporal information: the project will not double count the GHG
emissions during the ten years renewable of the crediting period.
However there is no information relevant for its eligibility which is not
already described in this VCS PD.
1.17 List of commercially sensitive information (if
applicable):
None of the information exposed to the validator was withheld from the public
version of the report.
11
2
VCS Methodology:
2.1 Title and reference of the VCS methodology applied to
the project activity and explanation of methodology
choices:
•
Category AMS-I.E: Switch from Non–Renewable Biomass for Thermal
Applications by the User – Version 01 from February 01 of 2008
onwards.
The amount of non-renewable biomass (By) will be determined according to
the option “b” of the applied methodology once option “a” is designed for
really small appliances like household stoves and does not fit for the
kind of projects in question.
The project’s emissions from the combustion of native wood are accounted
in the same way as fossil fuel combustion, once it is not renewable and
emits CO2.
2.2 Justification of the choice of the methodology and why
it is applicable to the project activity:
The methodology applied is Category AMS-I.E: Switch from Non – Renewable
Biomass for Thermal Applications by the User – Version 01 from February
1st of 2008 onwards which is applicable for project activities that avoid
greenhouse gas emissions by using renewable biomass in order to generate
thermal energy.
This category comprises small thermal appliances that displace the use of
non-renewable biomass by introducing new renewable energy end-user
technologies. The end-user technology in the case of this project can be
established as the project proponent, who utilizes the thermal energy
generated by the new renewable energy technology.
There are no similar registered small-scale CDM project activities in the
region of Ceará once Carbono Social Serviços Ambientais Ltda. has made a
research and did not find any registered small–scale CDM Project activity
in the region. The sources of registered small-scale CDM project activity
consulted were the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCC)18 and Brazilian´s Technology and Science Ministry19. Therefore, the
proposed project activity is not saving the non-renewable biomass
accounted for by the other registered project activities.
The utilization of firewood from area without any kind of management
cannot be considered a renewable source of biomass, since it does
interfere in the carbon pools and increase the carbon emissions to the
atmosphere, turning greenhouse effect even worse. Moreover, the native
wood provided from areas without a reforestation management plan does not
fit any of the options of UNFCCC definition of renewable biomass in Annex
18, EB 23.
Furthermore, firewood has been used for many centuries as fuel in
Brazil 20 . Although, it is impossible to define a start date on which this
kind of non-renewable biomass began to be applied, there are many
18
CDM
activities
registered
by
CDM
Executive
board
are
Available
at:
<http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/registered.html>. Visited on: September 06th, 2008.
19
Brazilian´s Technology and Science Ministry is responsible for registry and
approval of all CDM activities within Brazilian boundaries. CDM activities
submitted to the Brazilian Inter-Ministerial Commission of CDM Activities are
available at: <http://www.mct.gov.br/index.php/content/view/47952.html>. Visited
on: September 06th, 2008.
20
Uhlig, A. Lenha e carvão vegetal no Brasil: balance oferta-demanda e métodos para
estimação de consumo, tese de doutorado, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,
2008. 156 p. Available at: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde14052008-113901/>. Visited on: December 12th, 2008
12
documents to prove that wood has been used for thermal energy generation
before 1989 as requested in the applied methodology. Firewood used to be
the most employed source of primary energy until the decade of 1970, when
the petroleum started to supply the majority of Brazilian’s energy
needs 21 . Moreover the Brazilian’s Energy and Mine Ministry has been
monitoring every energetic sectors of Brazil since 1970, and firewood
appears over the years monitored as a significant source of thermal energy
for ceramic sector 22 . Especially in the ceramic sector, the use of
firewood is visible non-renewable and unsustainable, involving negative
environmental impacts associated 23 . This way, it can be concluded that
non-renewable biomass has been used since 31 December 1989 or previously.
The Babaçu coconut husk and forest residues (sawdust) are agro-industries
residues, so they are considered renewable according to option V of
methodology definition of renewable biomass: “The biomass is the nonfossil fraction of an industrial or municipal waste”.
The municipal garden's residues are considered renewable biomass according
to option V of methodology definition of renewable biomass: “The biomass
is the non-fossil fraction of an industrial or municipal waste”. Since
it’s a municipal waste from the city of Crato, which is located in the
ceramic region.
The cashew tree pruning is considered renewable according to option II,
as soon as it fits all the assumptions below:
“The biomass is woody biomass and originates from croplands and/or
grasslands where:
(a) The land area remains cropland and/or grasslands or is reverted to
forest; and
(b) Sustainable management practices are undertaken on these land areas
to ensure in particular that the level of carbon stocks on these land
areas does not systematically decrease over time (carbon stocks may
temporarily decrease due to harvesting); and
(c)
Any
national
or
regional
forestry,
agriculture
and
nature
conservation regulations are complied with.”
Residues from cashew trees fits all the three options above since just
residues from the croplands area are utilized, i.e. the area remains a
cropland with the use of the biomass. Moreover, the areas where the cashew
trees
fallows
sustainable
management
practices,
according
to
is
cultivation and harvest techniques, where the pruning of cashew trees is
necessary in order to allow an appropriate formation of the tree and
maintaining favorable conditions for the next harvest period 24 . This way,
in cashew cultivation must be cut undesirable branches of the cashew
trees.
Besides, Brazilian’s production presents the tendency of increasing so
far, carried by the new technologies utilized and the higher national and
international demand of cashew nuts 25 . This way, the Brazilian sources of
residues from cashew trees will increase following the Brazilian
production, due the fact that cashew cultivation requests it.
21
Brito, J.O.“Energetic use of Wood”. Available at:
<http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S010340142007000100015&script=sci_arttext&tlng=ES>. Visited on: September 06th, 2008.
22
National Energy Balance- energy consumption per sector. Available at:
<https://ben.epe.gov.br/BEN2007_Capitulo3.aspx> Visited on: September 06th, 2008.
23
Uhlig, A. Lenha e carvão vegetal no Brasil: balance oferta-demanda e métodos
para estimação de consumo, tese de doutorado, Universidade de São Paulo, São paulo,
2008. 156 p. Available at: <http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde14052008-113901/>. Visited on: December 12th, 2008
24
According with “Manual de Aplicação de sistemas descentralizados de Geração de
Energia elétrica para projetos de Eletrificação rural” Available at:
<http://www.cepel.br/~per/download/rer/rt-789-00.pdf> visited on: March 13th, 2009
25
Checked at:
<http://www.nordesterural.com.br/nordesterural/matLerdest.asp?newsId=2219> visited
on: March 13th, 2009
13
The Algaroba wood (Prosopis juliflora), is considered renewable according
to option IV: “The biomass is a biomass residue and the use of that
biomass residue in the project activity does not involve a decrease of
carbon pools, in particular dead wood, litter or soil organic carbon, on
the land areas where the biomass residues are originating from”.
The utilization of Prosopis juliflora is in according with option IV since
it is considered a biomass residue due its competitive characteristics. A
research made by EMBRAPA 26 , which encompass States from northeast region
of Brazil, affirmed that Algaroba is characterized as an invasive exotic
plant due to its fast expansion, which causes many environmental
impacts27.
The elephant grass is considered renewable according to option III, as
soon as it fit all the applied methodology assumptions:
“The biomass is non-woody biomass and originates from croplands and/or
grasslands where:
(a) The land area remains cropland and/or grasslands or is reverted to
forest; and
(b) Sustainable management practices are undertaken on these land areas to
ensure in particular that the level of carbon stocks on these land areas
does not systematically decrease over time (carbon stocks may temporarily
decrease due to harvesting); and
(c) Any national or regional forestry, agriculture and nature conservation
regulations are complied with.”
Currently, elephant grass has been acquiring national importance as
biomass to generate thermal energy due to its high productiveness and easy
adaptation in almost all climate and soil Brazilian conditions 28 . In case
of utilizing elephant grass it will be cultivated in pasture or degraded
areas, in which there is no vegetation to be deforested. Therefore, this
practice will not generate competing use of biomass and it will not
deforest a vegetated area.
The wood provided from sustainable management areas (both kinds are
considered renewable biomasses according to option I, as long as it fits
these options conditions stated below:
“The biomass is originating from land areas that are forests where:
(a) The land area remains a forest; and
(b) Sustainable management practices are undertaken on these land areas
to ensure, in
particular, that the level of carbon stocks on these land areas does not
systematically
decrease over time (carbon stocks may temporarily decrease due to
harvesting); and
(c) Any national or regional forestry and nature conservation regulations
are complied with.”
The areas where these kind of biomasses are provided from management
areas as stated in section 1.9. These areas follow the Ceará´s law which
claims the sustainability rules for such activity 29 . Besides, it provides
evidences that the sustainable management plans utilized from the project
26
EMBRAPA is the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation's which its mission is
to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of Brazilian
agribusiness through knowledge and technology generation and transfer.
27
Araujo, J. L. P., Correia, R. C., Araujo, E. P., Lima, P. C. F. Cadeia Produtiva
da Algaroba no Pólo de Produção da Bacia do Submédio São Francisco. EMBRAPA.
Petrolina -PE – Brazil.
28
According to EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation's). Source:
<http://www.mwglobal.org/ipsbrasil.net/nota.php?idnews=3292>. Visited on: September
th
06 , 2008.
29
According to SEMACE (normative instruction number 001/2003 from August 15th of
2003.) Available at:
<http://www.semace.ce.gov.br/biblioteca/legislacao/conteudo_legislacao.asp?cd=315>.
VisitedonMarch 04th, 2009.
14
activity are undertaken and the level of carbon stocks will not decrease
over time as required in the referenced option of the applied
methodology.
Moreover, the
MWThermal.
project
activity
will
annually
generate
less
than
45
2.3 Identifying GHG sources, sinks and reservoirs for the
baseline scenario and for the project:
According to the applied methodology, the project boundary is the
physical, geographical area of the use of biomass or the renewable energy,
thus, the ceramic limits.
In the baseline, there is use of non-renewable biomass to burn ceramic
devices in the ceramics’ kilns. This practice is responsible to discharge
in the atmosphere the carbon that was stored inside of the wood (wellknown by a carbon sink).
Baseline
Table 5. Gases included in the project boundary and brief explanation
Gas
Source
Included?
Justification/
Explanation
CO2
Emission from the
combustion of nonrenewable fuel
Yes
The major source of
emissions in the
baseline
No
Deforestation rates
will probably decay
Excluded for
simplification. This
is conservative.
No
Possibly emissions
from wood burning
will be excluded for
is conservative.
No
Excluded for
emission source is
assumed to be very
small.
No
Excluded for
emission source is
assumed to be very
small.
No
Excluded for
emission source is
assumed to be very
small.
CH4
N 20
Project Activity
CO2
CH4
N 20
-
-
-
-
-
2.4 Description of how the baseline scenario is identified
and description of the identified baseline scenario:
Observing table below, the common fuels employed and therefore, the
baseline candidates are: natural gas, charcoal, wood, other recuperations,
diesel oil, fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gas, others from petroleum,
piped gas, electricity and others non-specified.
15
Table 6. Distribution of fuel employed on the ceramic sector in Brazil
BRAZILIAN ENERGY BALANCE 2007 - CERAMIC
SECTOR EVALUATION
FUEL
Unit: 103 Tone of oil equivalent
2004
2005
2006
767
52
1,611
35
8
295
134
51
0
262
0
Natural Gas
Charcoal
Wood
Other recuperations
Diesel Oil
Fuel Oil
Liquified Petroleum Gas
Others from Petroleum
Piped gás
Electricity
Others non specified
831
70
1,710
36
9
268
148
71
0
270
0
901
42
1,762
32
8
285
151
76
0
276
0
(Brazilian Energy Balance, Available at:
<http://www.mme.gov.br/download.do?attachmentId=16555&download> visited on January
05th, 2009)
The most probably scenario in the absence of native wood would be the use
of fuel oil, which is not viable considering its higher prices when
compared with firewood. Even tough, fuel oil presents a higher Net
Calorific Value when compared with firewood; the costs with fuel oil are
higher because of its expensive prices. Fuel oil presents an average price
of 0,895R$/Kg and the firewood presents an average price of 35R$/m³. These
values lead us to conclude that the price of oil fuel is of 0.000090587
R$/Kcal as long as the price of wood is 0.000014648R$/Kcal 30 utilizing the
Net Calorific Value for both fuels. Therefore, the costs with the
employment of fuel oil is about six times higher than the employment of
firewood and adding the fact of the fuel oil required much more technology
to be inserted, the conclusion is that the use of fuel oil is not
attractive, at all.
Another plausible baseline scenario would be the use of Natural Gas.
Although there is distribution/gas pipe in the region 31 , the inconstant
distribution of natural gas, as 40% of the natural gas consumed in Brazil
proceeds from Bolivia 32 made the project developers not to trust in this
fuel, therefore excluding this possibility.
The baseline is identified as the amount of non-renewable wood displaced
with the fuel switch. The overall characteristics of the ceramic
production are used to obtain the real amount of non-renewable biomass
used in the baseline scenario.
Without the project activity, according to historical experience of CGM
Ceramic, would be utilized approximately 0.64 m³ of wood to burn a
thousand of ceramic devices and to maintain the ceramic furnace.
Therefore, an amount of around 1,900 m³ of wood was required to maintain
the average ceramic production of 2,949 tonnes of ceramic devices per
month. The efficiency of the kiln is around 0.64³ of wood per tonne of
ceramic devices, which presents a lower efficiency when compared with the
value of Hoffman consumption found on literature which is between 0.5 and
30
According to data values and facts from “Estudo Comparativo da Queima de Óleo BPF
e de Lenha em Caldeiras”. Comparation made between wood from eucalyptus and fuel
oil.Also the NCV of oil fuel itulized was 9880Kcal/Kg as stated in the source
applied. Available at: <http://www.abcm.org.br/xi_creem/resumos/TE/CRE04-TE01.pdf>.
Visited on: September 06th, 2008.
31
Source: <http://www.ctgas.com.br/template02.asp?parametro=2547>. Visited on
September 06th, 2008.
32
Source: <http://ecen.com/eee51/eee51p/gn_bolivia.htm>. Visited on May 05th, 2009.
16
0.9 m³ of wood per thousand of pieces 33 . That occurs since CGM used to
employ wood in their dryers as well and because of the lower efficiency of
CGM’s kilns.
2.5 Description of how the emissions of GHG by source in
baseline scenario are reduced below those that would
have occurred in the absence of the project activity
(assessment and demonstration of additionality):
The methodology applied is Category AMS-I.E: Switch from Non – Renewable
Biomass for Thermal Applications by the User – Version 01 which is
applicable for project activities that avoid greenhouse gas emissions by
using renewable biomass in order to generate thermal energy.
Furthermore, the project activity will annually generate less than 45
MWthermal.
As stated before CGM Ceramic is responsible for employing 1900 m3 of wood
in order to manufacture 1,478,000 ceramic devices per month, where
869,003 are bricks with 8 orifices, 343,103 are bricks with 6 orifices ,
185,529 are small flagstones and 80,365 are roof tiles. Moreover,
according with CGM database the average weight for bricks with 8 orifices
is 2.2 Kg , for bricks with 6 orifices is 1.6 Kg, for flagstones is 2.2
Kg and 1 Kg for roof tiles. Thus, CGM ceramic is responsible for
manufacturing 2,949 tonnes per month, what leads the kiln efficiency
around 0.64 m3 of wood/tonnes of ceramic devices.
To demonstrate that the project is additional it
of section 5.8 of the Voluntary Carbon Standard
project-level quantification, monitoring and
validation and verification of greenhouse gas
removals.
will be used the test 1
- Specification for the
reporting as well as
emission reductions or
Test 1 – The project test
Step 1: Regulatory Surplus
The project is not mandated by any enforced law, statute or other
regulatory framework in federal, State and Municipal levels in the survey
performed.
Step 2: Implementation Barriers
The project shall face at least one distinct barrier compared with
barriers faced by alternative projects.
•
Technological
and technical barrier
In the small project activity, the ceramic found some technological
barriers. The machineries needed some adjustments in order to use the new
biomasses, fuels that are uncommonly employed for the initial propose of
the machines. With the use of mechanic burners, the employees do not have
near contact to kiln entrances. In addition to the alterations in the
machineries, the kilns sustained some adaptations due to the new fuel
implemented and to work in accordance with the mechanic burners, the
adaptations include:
- Kiln entrances needed to be reduced;
- Ash-pit of the furnace had to be closed;
Furthermore, the fuel substitution represented some weeks more to get
adapted to the burn with the new biomasses, and get the final product with
the same quality than in the baseline scenario. Thus, CGM Ceramic had to
find the best procedure to handle with the new biomass, which is far
33
Source: TAPIA, R. E. C. et al. Manual para a indústria de cerâmica vermelha. Rio
de Janeiro: SEBRAE/RJ, 2005. (Série Uso Eficiente de Energia).
17
different when compared with the use of wood. Another technological
barrier is related to the difficult of the elaboration of the Sustainable
Forest Management Plan for the areas that supply renewable wood to the
Ceramic. The elaboration of these plans requires an intensive study
involving the correct species to be planted, the cutting tree periods, the
amount allowed to be cut, etc, demonstrating the real need of technical
information and specialized professionals to execute these procedures.
•
Financial barrier
New equipments were acquired such as 2 mechanic burners, pyrometers,
thermocouples, computers for control, cables, switchers and plugs. Besides
the initial investment with mechanic burners, there are costs related to
its maintenance and electrical energy for equipment operation.
A new storage shed of approximately 300 m2 has been constructed in order
to store the new biomass volume, mainly the sawdust and the babaçu
coconut husk. These biomasses are stored in order to overcome scarcity
and rainy period.
When the new production techniques have been introduced in the ceramic
plant, there was an adaptation period and a testing period. For the
adaptation of the kilns a still period of a burning cycle for each kiln
had to be considered. Also the testing period of approximately three
months, required in order to identify the correct burning curve, lead to
waste of considerable amount of biomass (average 25%) in each burning
cycle. All this resulted in prejudice for the company financial Profit and
Loss balance.
The ceramic owner had to deal with high investments in order to elaborate
a sustainable management plan with native species. The ceramic also had to
withstand with the acquisition of a piece of land in order to implement
the management plan 34 . Even with the reforested areas completely providing
wood to the ceramics, the management of these areas requires constant
amounts of money for the maintenance of their activities.
Due to all the above mentioned reasons the ceramic industry had to deal
with higher production costs. That made the ceramic responsible think
about stopping the fuel switching project.
The demonstrations of the main costs after and before the project activity
can be checked in the tables of costs below.
..
Table 7. Investments before and after the project activity
Investment
Equipament
Aquisition
Costs with
equipment
acquisition
(including
freight)
Loss of revenues
- period for
adaptation of the
kiln for biomass
Waste of biomass
in the testing
period
Waste of products
Non-renewable biomass
Renewable biomass
---------
BRL
R$
343,354.48
BRL
---------
BRL
R$
31,500.00
BRL
---------
BRL
R$
16,565.77
BRL
---------
BRL
R$
BRL
34
The investments really occurred in order to implement the sustainable management
plan, however, the ceramic was not able to show the invoices to the validation team
until the conclusion of this Project Description. For this reason, it was not
considered in the table of financial costs.
18
in the testing
period (3 months)
New biomass
storage shed
Total Invested
46,557.00
---------
BRL
R$ 149,115.00
BRL
0
BRL
R$ 587,092.25
BRL
The income from the commercialization of the carbon credits is essential
to maintain the fuel switch, as this change needs more resources than
previously to maintain operations.
This disparity obviously puts Gomes
de Mattos Ceramic in a less competitive position when compared to its
competitors which are mostly using wood. The consequences of this
commercial disadvantage would make the fuel switching and the continued
use of the needed machinery unfeasible without the existence of the
carbon markets.
•
Institutional Barriers
Since the kilns were adapted to burn the new biomass, and there was a
lack of qualified work force to manage these new equipments, it was
necessary to submit some workers to training and capacitating courses.
The new biomass presented a larger volume, which in turn was required to
be stored under a shed, thus changing the established logistic system of
the ceramic. The shed, moreover, contributes keeping the biomass dry,
increasing the burning efficiency.
•
Risks of the project
The use of wood from areas without sustainable forest management is a
traditional and well-known process, the fact of which presented a risk to
the owner of CGM ceramic with the implementation of the fuel switching
project, since the introduction of a previously unknown type of fuel and
machines added a significant amount of insecurity to the production
process.
After the project implementation the main barrier was the maintenance
costs, which are higher than the ceramics which still use non-renewable
biomasses.
It must be re-emphasized that there is no direct subsidy or support from
government
for
this
project.
Without
the
income
from
the
commercialization of the carbon credits, the fuel switch at Gomes de
Mattos Ceramic would not be feasible or attractive to the project
developer.
•
Barrier due to the price of the biomass
The thermal energy generation through the combustion of biomasses is an
innovation in the ceramic industry. The future demand of this alternative
fuel e.g. by other consumers is not easy to foresee. Although there is
currently a great amount of these types of biomasses available locally,
it is a possible that the demand and the prices would increase as well.
If the price of the biomass increases, in the other hand, the products
cannot increase, once it would not have competitive prices in relation to
other ceramics which did not made the fuel switch.
Step 3: Common Practice
According to the GHG Protocol for Project
analysis shall be carried out following:
Accounting,
common
practice
1. Define the product or service provided by the project activity.
The product of the project activity are ceramic bricks with 8 orifices,
bricks with 6 orifices ,small flagstones and roof tiles.
2. Identify possible types of baseline candidates.
Observing table below, the common fuels employed and therefore, the
baseline candidates are: natural gas, charcoal, wood, other recuperations,
diesel oil, fuel oil, liquefied petroleum gas, others from petroleum,
piped gas, electricity and others non-specified. Other possible baseline
19
candidate would be the use of renewable biomass without the carbon credits
support.
Table 8. Percentage of fuel employed on the ceramic sector in Brazil
BRAZILIAN ENERGY BALANCE 2007 CERAMIC SECTOR EVALUATION
FUEL
Natural Gas
Charcoal
2004
2005
2006
24%
24%
26%
2%
2%
1%
50%
50%
50%
Other recuperations
1%
1%
1%
Diesel Oil
0%
0%
0%
Fuel Oil
9%
8%
8%
Liquified Petroleum Gas
4%
4%
4%
Others from Petroleum
2%
2%
2%
Piped gás
0%
0%
0%
Electricity
8%
8%
8%
Others non specified
0%
0%
0%
Wood
(Brazilian Energy Balance, source: http://www.mme.gov.br visited on: January 05th, 2009)
3. Define and justify the geographic area and the temporal range used to
identify baseline candidates.
Brazil was identified as the geographic area of the baseline candidates
because Energy Research Company 35 from Mines and Energy Ministry of Brazil
is the most representative and reliable source of information about the
ceramic sector and its fuel employed.
Therefore, data from table above were provided by a reliable source and it
was considered 3 years of its historical data, including the most recent
available data and the period when CGM Ceramic did its fuel switch.
4. Define and
candidates.
justify
any
other
criteria
used
to
identify
baseline
The other types of criteria used to identify baseline candidates were the
common practice, the costs of fuel and the local availability of
technology and fuel.
The criteria common practice was used to identify baseline candidates
because if a kind of fuel has already been employed with success in the
ceramic sector it is an obvious baseline candidate.
Besides, the fuel cost was criteria once if a kind of fuel has high costs
it will discourage the scenario of investing in this type of fuel, for
example.
Equally important, the local availability of technology and fuel were
pieces of criteria because the lack of technology and fuel in the region
excludes them as baseline candidates. An example may be the lack of
natural gas distribution in some regions.
There are legal requirements constraints regarding the use of non
renewable biomass as exposed in Decree N.5,975 of November 30th, 2006.
However, it is not enforced namely due to the lack of police. The
35
Energy Research Company is a national entity which intended to provide services
and researches to subsidize the energy sector planning, in areas as electric Power;
oil, natural gas and their derivatives; coal; wood; renewable energy sources and
energy efficiency; among others.
20
consumption of non renewable biomass by the ceramic industry was related
by several authors (NERI, 200336; ALBUQUERQUE et al, 200637; BRASIL, 200138;
VIANA, 2006 39 ; CARDOSO, 2008 40 ). This have also been observed in other
industries as in the production of steel (BRASIL, 2005 41 ), which has a
much better structure and internal organization when compared with the
ceramic industry, that is usually a small and familiar enterprise. BRASIL
(2001) suggests that it is important to stimulate the miner sector,
especially who are respecting the environment. The incomes from carbon
credits can be this incentive which would contribute to avoid the
consumption of non renewable biomass illegally. Therefore laws and
regulations will not be considered to constraint the geographical area and
temporal range of the final list of the baseline candidates.
The project activity implementation without the carbon credits incomes is
a criteria once there was biomass availability.
5. Identify a final list of baseline candidates.
Table 9 provides the percentage of the level of penetration of each fuel
utilized in the ceramic sector during the average of the three last years
available (2004, 2005, and 2006). Baseline candidates are the use of:
a) Wood: The fuel most used, which would be the scenario of highest GHG
emissions, once its emission factor is the highest according to IPCC
200642.
b) Natural gas: it is restricted by the inconstant distribution, its
high costs 43 and lack of availability 44 . The risk of lack of offering and
higher costs when compared with other fuels discourages the scenario of
investing in this type of fuel even in local with piped gas.
The
distribution of gas is preferentially performed to thermal power plants,
increasing the risk of blackout of natural gas.
36
NERI, J.T. Energia Limpa, Sustentável ou de Subsistência? Cerâmica Industrial,
Rio Grande do Norte;V,8, n.1,35 -6,2003.
37
ALBUQUERQUE, J.L.B. et al. Águia-cinzenta (Harpyhaliaetus coronatus) e o Gaviãoreal-falso (Morphnus guianensis) em Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul: prioridades
e desafios para sua conservação. Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, v.14, n.4, p.
411
–
415,
dez.
2006.
Available
at:
<http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/ararajuba/artigos/Volume144/ara144not3.pdf>.
Access at: September 10th, 2008.
38
BRASIL. Ministério de Ciências e Tecnologias. Levantamento da Situação e das
Carências Tecnológicas dos Minerais Industriais Brasileiros: com enfoque na
mineração de: Argila para cerâmica, Barita, Bentonita, Caulim para carga, Talco /
Agalmatolito
e
Vermiculita.
Brasília,
2001.
Available
at:
<
http://www.cgee.org.br/prospeccao/doc_arq/prod/registro/pdf/regdoc710.pdf>.
Access
at: September 10th, 2008.
39
VIANNA, F.M.A. Participação Pública em Programas Ambientais: Um Estudo em Área
Suscetível a Desertificação no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. 2006, 109f.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção) – Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande
do
Norte,
Natal,
2006.
Available
at:
<http://www.pep.ufrn.br/publicacoes.php?enviou=1>. Access on September 10th, 2008.
40
CARDOSO, C.F.R. Panorama do Setor Florestal: o que tem sido feito na esfera do
Governo Federal, Rio de Janeiro, 03 Set. 2008. Report presented in 1º SEMINÁRIO DE
MADEIRA ENERGÉTICA, 2008.
41
BRASIL. Diagnóstico do Setor Siderúrgico nos Estados do Pará e do Maranhão.
Brasília: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, 2005. 76 p.
42
Source: IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Source:
<http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf>.
Page 2.18. Table 2.3. visited on 13th March, 2009.
43
Source:
<http://www.dep.fem.unicamp.br/boletim/BE31/artigo.htm> visited on 13th
March, 2009.
44
Source: <http://www.gasnet.com.br/novo_entrevistas.asp?cod=145> visited on 13th
March, 2009.
21
c) Fuel oil: This fuel is more expensive than wood, however it can be a
more plausible of substitute of wood than natural gas. The risks involving
natural gas distribution are so considerable that PETROBRÁS 45 was offering
subsidy to the consumption of fuel oil in spite of natural gas in the
State of São Paulo.
d) Renewable biomass: despite the high biomass availability, the main
problems concerning the use of renewable biomass are related to the high
investments, technological and institutional barrier, mainly the risk of
changing for a biomass not consolidated as fuel for ceramic industries46.
6. Identify baseline candidates that are representative of common practice
(for the project-specific baseline procedure).
In Brazil, the red ceramic devices are generally produced through an
inefficient and traditional process using wood without forest management
to generate thermal energy technologies 47 . In this industry segment the
use of wood represents about 98% of the total fuel employed stimulating
the increase in Brazilian deforestation and desertification rates. It
happens because wood without forest management is offered with lower
prices than wood from areas with forest management 48 .Furthermore, using
non-renewable wood is a simple procedure and well known by the kiln
operators.
The native forest without any kind of sustainable management has always
been a source of firewood, which seemed inexhaustible, due to the amount
generated in the expansion of the agriculture frontier bringing forward
environmental impacts, with regard to the degradation of soil, change in
the regime of rainfall and consequent desertification49.
The ceramic industry sector has practically not evolved compared to the
past, mainly due to the simplified techniques of manufacture. Moreover,
the major equipments (chiefly kilns) of the production process were not
improved significantly. Most of these companies still use non-renewable
wood in their kilns and the drying process occurs naturally, without the
utilization of energy. On the other hand, the influence of the market by
improvements in this sector is very insignificant50.
Thus, the common practice is the use of wood and its non-renewable
fraction, which is the fuel most employed and with less risk associated.
The acquiring of new equipment and the overall costs of the fuel switch
represented a risk to the project proponent since the baseline practice
was already established and well-known by the laborers. The operators did
45
PETROBRÁS performs in oil and oil by product exploration, production, refining,
marketing, and transportation, both in Brazil and abroad. More information
available on <http://www2.petrobras.com.br/ingles/ads/ads_Petrobras.html>. Visited
on September 06th, 2008.
46
The use of renewable biomass was not included in table 08 which shows the fuel
most employed in the ceramic sector according to Brazilian Energy Balance.
47
ABREU, Y. V.; GUERRA, S. M. G. Indústria de Cerâmica no Brasil e o Meio Ambiente.
Chile:
IV
Congreso
Nacional
de
Energía,
2000.
Available
at:
<http://www.nuca.ie.ufrj.br/bgn/bv/abreu2.htm>. Visited on November, 20th 2008.
48
Seye, Omar. Análise de ciclo de vida aplicada ao processo produtivo de cerâmica
estrutural tendo como insumo energético capim elefante (Pennisetum Purpureum
Schaum) / Omar Seye. Campinas, SP: [s.n.], 2003.
49
UHLIG, A. Lenha e carvão vegetal no Brasil: balance oferta-demanda e métodos para
estimação de consumo, tese de doutorado, Universidade de São Paulo, São paulo,
2008. 156 p. Available at: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde14052008-113901/ >. Visited on December, 12th 2008
50
PAULETTI, M. C. Modelo para Introdução de Nova Tecnologia em Agrupamentos de
Micro e Pequenas Empresas: Estudo de Caso das indústrias de Cerâmica Vermelha no
Vale do Rio Tijucas. 2001. Available at: <
http://www.spg.sc.gov.br/menu/desenv_economico/camara_apls/estudos/Trabalhos_sobre_
economia_catarinense/Ceramica_estrutural/2001_Tecnologia_ceram_verm_vale_tijucas_di
ssertacao.pdf >. Visited on November 20th, 2008.
22
not have the knowledge of the ideal amount of renewable biomass that is
necessary to use in order to achieve the temperature of about 900ºC to
cook its ceramic pieces, to acquire the final product with the same
quality and to maintain the optimal process as they did when using the
native wood without sustainable management. As a result of the fuel
switch, an extensive training course was required for the staff in order
to clarify new measures linked to the new technology in order to sustain
the quality of the final product.
Thus, the project activity is not a common practice.
Impact of project approval
Presently, the ceramic industrial segment of Ceará state comprises mostly small
industrial units that still use the most diverse technological models, and the
grand majority of them, use native firewood from the Caatinga biome as fuel.
These industries have some technological restrictions in the areas of energy
exploitation and the efficiency of the machinery, but the project’s approval
can dramatically improve the development of this sector. In Crato, there are
around 10 ceramic industries, which make CGM’s visibility and qualitative
effect as a role model.
Moreover, measures should be taken to preserve Caatinga biome and the project
activity represents an example that can be followed by other activities.
The project activity contributes to the reduction of the greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions by diminishing deforestation of the Caatinga biome. Rich in natural
resources, Caatinga is one of the most threatened ecosystems of the planet. In
addition, its high calorific power is the main cause of its degradation. In a
region where the scarcity of rivers implies lesser access to the electric
energy, the firewood and charcoal correspond of 30% of the used energy matrix
in the industries of the region, which intensifies the local deforestation.
In the last years, the deforestation verified rated an annual average of
approximately 5,000 km2 within the boundaries of the Caatinga biome.51
Table 10 shows the approximate area of all the biomes in Brazil, and the area
occupied by the Caatinga is highlighted.
Table 9 . Brazilian biomes in decreasing order of importance
Brazilian Biomes
Approximate
Area (km²)
Amazonian biome
4,196,943
Area of the biome /
Total Brazilian Area
(%)
49.29
Cerrado biome
Mata Atlântica
biome
Caatinga biome
2,036,448
23.92
1,110,182
13.04
844,453
9.92
Pampa biome
176,496
2.07
Pantanal biome
Total Brazilian
Area
150,355
1.76
8,514,877
100
(Source:
http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1
69&id_pagina=1) visited on 13th March , 2009
51
Source: <http://www.ongacema.org.br/meioambiente/caatinga.html> visited on
13th, 2009.
23
March
3
Monitoring:
3.1
Title and reference of the VCS methodology (which
includes the monitoring requirements) applied to the
project activity and explanation of methodology choices:
•
Category AMS-I.E: Switch from Non – Renewable Biomass for Thermal
Applications by the User – Version 01 from February 01 of 2008
onwards.
The methodology applied is Category AMS-I.E: Switch from Non
Biomass for Thermal Application by the User – Version 01 from
of 2008 onwards which is applicable for project activities
greenhouse gas emissions by using renewable biomass in order
thermal energy.
– Renewable
February 01
that avoid
to generate
The project activity will generate less than the limits of 45 MWthermal
for Type I small scale project activities.
Source data used in this report is based on real outputs from CGM
Ceramic. This section will focus on information management related to
production.
3.2 Monitoring, including estimation, modelling,
measurement or calculation approaches:
The monitoring will be done with the aim of determine the most
approximate quantity of wood without sustainable management that, in the
absence of the project, would be used in the ceramics’ kilns and
consequently the amount of GHG that would be emitted in tonnes of CO2e.
Table 10.
Data reported in monitoring estimation
Parameters
Description
Units
Origin
Frequency
Qrenbiomass
Amount of
renewable
biomass
tonnes
Measured by the
project proponent
Monthly
Origin of
renewable
biomass
Renewable
origin of the
biomass
Not
Applicabl
e
Controlled by the
project proponent
Annually
PRy
Production of
ceramic pieces
Tonnes
Controlled by the
project proponent.
Monthly
Renewable
Biomass
Surplus
Amount of
renewable
biomass
available
Tonnes or
m³
Monitored by
articles and
database
Annually
Leakage of
Non-Renewable
Biomass
Leakage
resulted from
the nonrenewable
biomasses
tCO2e
Monitored by
articles and
database
Annually
tCO2/TJ
IPCC 2006
Guidelines for
National Greenhouse
Gas Inventories.
Source:
http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/pu
Not
monitored
EFprojected
fuel
fossil
CO2 Emission
factor of
residual fuel
oil
24
blic/2006gl/pdf/2_V
olume2/V2_2_Ch2_Sta
tionary_Combustion.
pdf. Page 2.18.
Table 2.3.
NCVbiomass
Net Calorific
Value of nonrenewable
biomass
TJ/ton of
Wood
Bibliography
Not
monitored
ρbiomass
Specific
gravity of nonrenewable
biomass
ton/ m³
Bibliography
Not
monitored
ƒNRB,y
Fraction of
biomass (wood)
used in the
absence of the
project
activity
established as
non- renewable
biomass using
survey methods
Percentag
e
Data from project
proponent and
bibliography
Annually
BFy
Consumption of
non-renewable
biomass per
thousand of
ceramic devices
produced
tonnes/
thousand
of
ceramic
devices
Data from project
proponent
Not
monitored
In the monitoring plan, the amount of non-renewable biomass (By) will be
determined using the option ‘b’ of the applied methodology:
As stated before, the CGM ceramic employed around 1,900 m³ of native wood
without sustainable management per month producing 2,949 tonnes ofceramic
devices. This information leads to the number of 0.64 m³ of native wood
to produce a tonne of ceramic devices.
The quantity of native wood that would be used in the ceramics will be
calculated through the multiplication of the ceramics’ monthly production
in tonnes by the consumption of the kiln, as the following example for
CGM Ceramic:
By = (Monthly production(tonnes)) x Kiln Consumption (BFy) x Fraction of
non-renewable biomass
By = 2,949 (tonnes) x 0.64 m³ of wood/tonnes of ceramic devices x 0.967 x
0.880 ton/m3 x 12 months
By = 19,272 tonnes of native wood/year
The responsible to monitor data provided in table 11 will be Mr. Ronaldo
Gomes de Matos. Internal audit will guarantee data quality.
25
3.3 Data and parameters monitored / selecting relevant GHG
sources, sinks and reservoirs for monitoring or estimating
GHG emissions and removals:
Monitored Parameters
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to
be used:
Value of data
Qrenbiomass
Tonnes per month
Amount of renewable biomass
Measured by the project developer
Predicted to:
Biomass
tonnes
Description of
measurement
methods and
procedures to be
applied:
Native wood
from
management
areas
Cashew
wood
Sawdust
Babaçu
Coconut
husk
Algaroba
wood
Eucalyptus
Wood from
forest
management
plan
563
105
5
5
128
18
The amount of biomasses will be monitored in accordance to the
weight described in the receipts from the providers. The values in
the receipts may be described in m³, therefore it is necessary the
conversion to tonnes through the specific gravity of each biomass.
The specific gravity values of the renewable biomasses utilized in
this project is:
Biomass
Native
wood from
reforested
areas
Residues
from
Cashew
trees
Specific
gravity
(tonnes/
m³)
0.88
0.42
Sawdust
Babaçu
Coconut
husk
Algaroba
wood
Eucalyptus
wood from
forest
management
plan
0.245
1.085
0.756
0.49
The sources of these data are:
Sawdust:
Masses
and
Dead
Loads
of
Concrete
http://www.cca.org.nz/pdf/Masses.pdf
and
Other
Materials-
Residues from cashew trees:
LORENZI, H. Árvores Brasileiras: Manual de Identificação e Cultivo
de Plantas Arbóreas Nativas do Brasil, vol.1. 4.ed. Nova Odessa,
SP: Instituto Plantarum, 2002.
Native wood from management areas:
The same applied in ρbiomass
Babaçu coconut husk:
<http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr34/cap04.pdf>
visited on March 13th, 2009.
Algaroba wood:
The value applied is an average among all species founded in the
source:
<http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/boletim/boletarqv/bolet45/pag99_106.pdf>
visited on March 13th , 2009.
Wood from forest management areas (eucalyptus):
The value applied is an average among all species founded in the
source:
<http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr23/cap08.pdf>
26
visited on
March 13th , 2009.
QA/QC procedures
to be applied:
Any comment:
The ceramic has a spreadsheet of the quantity of biomass acquired.
It will be rechecked according to the receipts of purchase.
Data / Parameter:
PRy(Ceramic devices)
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to
be used:
Value of data
Description of
measurement
methods and
procedures to be
applied:
Unity of ceramic devices or tonnes of ceramic devices.
Production of ceramic pieces
Controlled by the project developer.
QA/QC procedures
to be applied:
The ceramics have an internal control of the quantity of pieces
produced. It will be rechecked according to the biomass employed
and the kiln consumption of renewable biomass.
1,478,000 units per month or 2,949 tonnes per month
The amount was acquired by counting the total production of one
year. The measurement will be done by an internal control sheet
monitored by the project proponent, which will be filled daily.
The production is a representative sample to ensure that all
appliances are still in operation
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to
be used:
Value of data
Description of
measurement
methods and
procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures
to be applied :
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to
be used:
Value of data
Description of
measurement
methods and
procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures
to be applied :
Any comment:
Origin of renewable biomass.
Not Applicable
Renewable origin of the biomass
Controlled by the project developer.
renewable biomass
The guarantee of acquiring renewable wood will be achieved by
invoices from the providers. The origin of the cashew tree pruning
will be evidenced with a declaration from the provider that the
sustainable plan had been followed. As stated in the section 2.2,
the biomasses (Algaroba wood, babaçu coconut husk, Elephant grass
and Sawdust) are considered renewable as fulfilling the options
described in the methodology applied.
The biomass will be considered as renewable if it is according to
the definition given by Methodology AMS-I.E: Switch from Non –
Renewable Biomass for Thermal Application by the User – Version 01
from February 01 of 2008 onwards.
Data will be kept for two years after the end of the crediting
period or the last issuance of carbon credits for this project
activity, whichever occurs later.
Leakage of non-renewable biomass.
tCO2e
Leakage resulted from the non-renewable biomass
Monitored
0
The three sources of leakages predicted in the applied methodology
will be monitored. Scientific articles, official statistical data,
regional and national surveys will be provided in order to ensure
that there is no leakage from non-renewable biomass (or to estimate
the leakage).
Data available regarding the ceramic industries fuel consumption
will be utilized to monitor the leakage.
27
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to
be used:
Value of data
Renewable biomass surplus
ton or m³
Amount of renewable biomass available
Monitored
Harvest
07/08
Forest Residues
10,775.38
(sawdust) in m³
Babaçu coconut husk
4,756
(tonnes)
Wood from management
4,595,695
areas(m³)
Residues from cashew
196,625
trees (tonnes)
Algaroba wood (m³) 2,500,000
Municipal garden's
Not
residues
measured
Not
Elephant Grass
measured
Detailed information in section 4.1 – Leakage.
Description of
measurement
methods and
procedures to be
applied:
QA/QC procedures
to be applied :
It will be used to calculate the leakage of renewable biomass.
The sources of leakages predicted in methodology applied will be
monitored. The measurement of the leakage will be based in national
and international articles and database every monitoring period.
The sources will provide information about the biomass availability
in the project activity’s region.
Data available regarding the ceramic industry fuel consumption will
be employed to monitor the leakage.
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
ƒNRB,y
Fraction of biomass or (percentage)
Fraction of biomass (wood) used in the absence
of the project activity in year y.
Survey methods.
Source of data
used:
Value of applied:
Justification of
the choice of
data or
description of
measurement
methods and
procedures
actually
applied :
96.7%
Before the project activity, wood from areas without forest
management was offered with low prices and high viability to the
ceramics owner.
Thus, the totality of fuel employed in the baseline scenario is
from non-renewable origin. However, considering that 0.11%
of
Caatinga biome has sustainable forest management plan, the fraction
of non-renewable biomass is 99.89%. Also it was add the amount of
wood saved by similar projects that are being developed by Carbono
Social Serviços Ambientais Ltda. with the same methodology in the
region. It was measured the amount of 6,242,408 m3 of wood in 10
years, representing around 0.04% of total Caatinga area.
Despite of the fact all the biomasses utilized in this project
activity being renewable, CGM ceramic was not able to provide
evidences in order to prove all the licences
of the farm were the
Eucalyptus wood is originated from. Thus, it will be discounted in
this parameter, and will be monitored for its measurement as well.
The average percentage of Eucalyptus consumptions is 2.7% of the
total biomass consumption.
28
QA/QC procedures
to be applied :
Any comment:
Hence, the Fraction of non-renewable biomass applied in a
conservative way is 96.7
%.
Source:
<http://www.cnip.org.br/planos_manejo.html>.
Visited
on
March 04th, 2009.
The monitoring of this parameter will be based in national and
international articles and database every monitoring period. The
sources will provide information about the sustainable use of
Caatinga biome.
Wood saved from projects with same biome and applied methodology
developed by Carbono Social Serviços Ambientais Ltda was considered
in this fraction. CDM or VCS registered projects will also be
included in this fraction if placed in the same region and
methodology. Moreover the amount of non-renewable biomass applied
in the project activity will be monitored monthly and will be
considered in the value of Fnrb parameter.
It will be employed in order to estimate the amount of non
renewable biomass.
Fixed parameters
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data
used:
Value applied:
Justification of
the choice of
data or
description of
measurement
methods and
procedures
actually applied:
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to
be used:
Value of data
applied for the
purpose of
calculating
expected emission
reductions
Description of
measurement
methods and
procedures to be
applied:
EFprojected_fossil fuel
tCO2/TJ
CO2 Emission factor of residual fuel oil
IPCC 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Source: <http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Co
mbustion.pdf>. Page 2.18. Table 2.3. visited on march 13th, 2009.
77.4 tCO2/TJ
In the baseline scenario, the probable fossil fuel that would be
consumed in the absence of native wood without sustainable forest
management would be the heavy oil. This fuel is more expensive than
wood, however it can be a more plausible of substitute of wood than
natural gas due to risks involving natural gas distribution.
Applicable
for
stationary
combustion
in
the
manufacturing
industries and construction. The fossil fuel likely to be used by
similar consumers is taken the IPCC default value of residual
fossil fuel. Data will be kept for two years after the end of the
crediting period or the last issuance of carbon credits income for
this project activity, whichever occurs later.
NCV biomass
TJ/ton of wood
Net Calorific Value
National data
0.019
This value will provide the energy generated by the amount of wood
that would be used in the absence of the project. The species used
to calculate the average value are typical trees of Caatinga Biome
that are usually utilized as fuel in the ceramic industries of the
region.
Sources:
- Poder Calorífico da Madeira e de Resíduos Lignocelulósicos.
Available at
29
<http://www.renabio.org.br/arquivos/p_poder_lignocelulosicos_11107.
pdf> visited in March 13th, 2009.
Any comment:
Data / Parameter:
Data unit:
Description:
Source of data to
be used:
Value of data
applied for the
purpose of
calculating
expected emission
reductions
- Estrutura anatômica da madeira e qualidade do carvão de Mimosa
tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir . Available at:
<http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v30n2/a18v30n2.pdf> visited in March
13th, 2009.
IPCC default values shall be used only when country or project
specific data are not available or difficult to obtain, according
to "Guidance on IPCC default values" (Extract of the report of the
twenty-fifth meeting of the Executive Board, paragraph 59).
ρ biomass
ton/ m³
Specific gravity
National data
0.88 ton/m³. Value average checked at:
-IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Orientácion del
IPCC sobre las buenas prácticas para UTCUTS - chapter3 – Table
3A.1.9-2
- LORENZI, H. Árvores Brasileiras: Manual de Identificação e
Cultivo de Plantas Arbóreas Nativas do Brasil, vol.1. 4.ed. Nova
Odessa, SP: Instituto Plantarum, 2002.
- Estrutura anatômica da madeira e qualidade do carvão de Mimosa
tenuiflora (Willd). Available at
<http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v30n2/a18v30n2.pdf> visited in March
13th, 2009.
- Poder Calorífico da Madeira e de Resíduos Lignocelulósicos.
Available at:
<http://www.renabio.org.br/arquivos/p_poder_lignocelulosicos_11107.
pdf> visited in March 13th, 2009.
-<http://www.ibama.gov.br/lpf/madeira/caracteristicas.php?ID=195&ca
racteristica=139> visited on March 13th, 2009.
Justification of
the choice of
data or
description of
measurement
methods and
procedures
actually applied:
The amount of wood used in the baseline was measured in volume
units. This datum will be used for the unit conversion.
Any comment:
The species used to calculate de average value are typical trees of
Caatinga Biome and usually utilized as fuel in the ceramic
industries of the region.
Data / Parameter:
BFy
Data unit:
m3 of wood per tonnes of ceramic devices.
Description:
Consumption of non-renewable biomass per thousand of ceramic
devices
Historical data from project proponent
Source of data
used:
Value of data
0.64 m3 of wood per tonnes of ceramic devices.
30
Justification of
the choice of
data or
description of
measurement
methods and
procedures
actually
applied :
Any comment:
3.4
The value was acquired through the average consumption and
production of ceramic devices during the years when the ceramic
used to consume non sustainable wood. This value is in accordance
with the data acquired in other ceramics that employ the same type
of kilns.
The value is employed to calculate the real amount of wood
displaced to maintain the ceramic production in the baseline
scenario.
The efficiency of the kiln is around 1.29m³ of wood per thousand of
ceramic devices, which presents a lower efficiency when compared
with the value of Hoffman consumption found on literature which is
between 0.5 and 0.9 m³ of wood per thousand of pieces. That occurs
since CGM used to employ wood in their dryers as well and because
of the lower efficiency of CGM’s kilns. Source with TAPIAS, 200052.
Description of the monitoring plan
The party responsible for implementing the monitoring plan shall be the owner
of the company Cerâmica Gomes de Mattos. The project proponent will also be
responsible for developing the forms and registration formats for data
collection and further classification. Data monitored will be kept during the
crediting period and 2 years after. For this purpose, the authority for the
registration, monitoring, measurements and reporting is Mr. Ronaldo Gomes de
Matos. All the monitored parameters will be checked annually as requested in
the methodology Category AMS-I.E: Switch from Non – Renewable Biomass for
Thermal Application by the User – Version 01 from February 01 of 2008 onwards.
The management structure will rely on the local technicians with a periodical
operation schedule during the project. The technical team will manage the
monitoring, the quality control and quality assessment procedures.
The party will also implement a social carbon monitoring plan through the
social carbon methodology, which was developed by Instituto Ecológica Palmas
focused on a sustainable development and better social conditions to the
communities where it is implemented.
31
4
4.1
GHG Emission Reductions:
Explanation of methodological choice:
Methodology AMS-I.E: Switch from Non – Renewable Biomass for Thermal
Application by the User – Version 01 from February 01 of 2008 onwards,
which comprises project activities that avoid greenhouse gas emissions by
using renewable biomass in order to generate thermal energy. The
project’s emissions from the combustion of native wood are accounted in
the same way as fossil fuel combustion, once it is not renewable and
emits CO2.
The project activity will generate less than the limit of 45 MWthermal
for Type I small scale project activities.
Baseline
(Equation 01)
Where:
ERy:
Emission reductions during the year y in tCO2e
B y:
tonnes
Quantity of biomass that is substituted or displaced in
fNRB,y:
Fraction of non-renewable biomass (wood)
absence of the project activity in year y
NCVbiomass:
Net calorific value of non-renewable biomass in TJ/ton
EFprojected
fossil fuel:
used
in
Emission factor for the projected fossil
consumption in the baseline in tCO2e/TJ53.
the
fuel
By is determined using the following option:
Calculated from the thermal energy generated in the project activity as:
(Equation 02)
Where:
HGp,y
ηold :
:
Quantity of thermal energy generated
energy in the project in year y in TJ.
by
the
renewable
Efficiency of the system being replaced
(Equation 03)
Where:
SGE:
Specific energy which has to be generated in the process to
produce a certain amount of ceramic devices in TJ/thousand
of ceramic device.
PRy:
Amount of product produced in year y in tonnes of ceramic
devices
(Equation 04)
53
The fossil fuel likely to be used by similar consumers is taken the IPCC default
value of residual fossil fuel.
32
Where:
SFE:
Specific fuel energy needed for the process to produce a
certain amount of ceramic devices in TJ/ thousand of
ceramic device
(Equation 05)
Where:
BFy:
Amount of native firewood needed to produce a certain
amount of product in tonnes/tonnes of ceramic devices
Using the Equations 3, 4 and 5 in the Equation 2, it results to:
(Equation 06)
As shown in the calculations above, the ηold is not required to calculate
the Emission Reductions, thus it was excluded from the By calculation.
Leakage (LE)
The Category AMS - I.E: Switch from Non – Renewable Biomass for Thermal
Application by the User - Version 01 from February 01 of 2008 onwards
predicts the following possible three sources of leakage:
A) If the project activity includes substitution of non-renewable
biomass by renewable biomass, leakage in the production of renewable
biomass must be considered.
The leakage from biomass projects, like this project activity, was estimated
according to the “General guidance on leakage in biomass project activities”
(attachment C of appendix B) of Indicative Simplified Baseline and Monitoring
Methodologies for Selected Small-Scale CDM Project Activity Categories, which
identifies different emission sources based on the type of biomass considered
(described in the table 12).
Table 11. Sources of leakage according to the type of the biomass.
Biomass Type
Biomass from
forests
Biomass from
croplands or
grasslands (woody
or non-woody)
Activity/
Source
Shift of pre
project
activities
Emissions from
biomass
generation/
cultivation
Competing
use of
biomass
Existing
forests
-
-
X
New forests
X
X
-
In the absence
of the project
the land would
be used as
cropland /
wetland.
X
X
-
In the absence
of the project
the land will
be abandoned
-
X
-
33
Biomass residues
or waste
Biomass
residues or
wastes are
collected and
use.
-
-
X
Observing table 12, the possible sources of leakage of the present project
activity is the competing use of wood from management areas, Algaroba wood,
residues from cashew trees, Babaçu coconut husk, garden's residues, elephant
grass and sawdust. All of these biomasses have enough availability as showed
below demonstrating the lack of leakage for each biomass.
Algaroba wood
According to Silva (2007) 54 , Algaroba 55 (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C.) is
a tropical tree legume fairly common in the semi-arid region of Brazil,
which thrives in dry environments where other plants would hardly survive.
At the beginning of 40’s, this specie was introduced in the Northeast
region of Brazil with the aim of providing food to animals and to be
utilized for reforestation actions. However, currently, due to its
competitive skills, Algaroba spreads through several regions of Brazilian
semi-arid areas56.
A research made by EMBRAPA 57 , which encompass the States nothest region,
affirmed that Algaroba is characterized as an invasive exotic plant due to
its fast expansion, which causes many environmental impacts 58 . Besides,
Algaroba presents a considerable capacity of regeneration and dispersal 59 ,
which means that the plant does not die, it sprouts again stead.
The research’s author reported that wood from Algaroba exploration is
mainly commercialized as fuel for industries of vegetable oil, leather,
ceramic and bakeries. On the other hand, Algaroba wood is not sold for
stake60, pegs and poles uses.
The factors which contribute most to the expansion of Algaroba uses, as
firewood in these industries sectors, were its wide availability in the
region and its legal release extraction from IBAMA 61 . This way, in order
to control the decrease of biologic diversity in Caatinga biome, which has
54
Silva, C. G. M, Melo Filho, A. B., Pires, E. F., Stamford M. Physicochemical and
microbiological characterization of mesquite flour (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC).
Ciênc. Tecnol. Aliment., Campinas, 27(4): 733-736, out.-dez. 2007.
55
Algaroba may also be known as mesquite.
56
EMBRAPA, Projeto vai definir manejo para evitar invasão da Algaroba no ambiente
semi-árido.
Avaliable
at:
<http://www.embrapa.gov.br/imprensa/noticias/2002/agosto/bn.2004-11th
25.4648301041/>. Visited on December 14 , 2008.
57
EMBRAPA is the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation's which its mission is
to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of Brazilian
agribusiness through knowledge and technology generation and transfer.
58
Araujo, J. L. P., Correia, R. C., Araujo, E. P., Lima, P. C. F. Cadeia Produtiva
da Algaroba no Pólo de Produção da Bacia do Submédio São Francisco. EMBRAPA.
Petrolina -PE – Brazil.
59
EMBRAPA, Projeto vai definir manejo para evitar invasão da Algaroba no ambiente
semi-árido.
Avaliable
at:
<http://www.embrapa.gov.br/imprensa/noticias/2002/agosto/bn.2004-1125.4648301041/>. Visited on December 14th, 2008.
60
Heavy pole to which cattle is tied.
61
IBAMA (Brazilian Institute for Environment and the Renewable Natural Resource) is
the environmental agency of Brazil affiliated with Ministry of Environment. The
main missions of IBAMA are: Environmental Protection, Environmental Licensing,
Environmental Quality and Sustainable Use of Forest Management and Animal
Resources. More information about IBAMA is available at: <www.ibama.gov.br >.
34
been occasioned from Algaroba’s genre invasion, the government started to
stimulate the Algaroba exploration in order to avoid it´s noxious
effects62
Furthermore, this research showed that Algaroba is not used as a unique
source of fuel for thermal energy generation in these industries sectors,
e.g. corresponding only for 30% of the fuel’s source in bakeries of the
region studied.
The same research estimated that in the Northeast semi-arid region there
were about 500 hundreds hectares spread through every type of its region
land. Moreover, according to EMBRAPA (1992) 63 , wood’s production by
Algaroba is at least 5 m³/ha/year, i.e. the production in the project’s
region is about 2,500 thousands of m³ per year, what represents less than
0.08% of the total amount of Algaroba used by CGM Ceramic per year64
Therefore, this kind of fuel does not encompass any type of leakage since
there is current a great amount of these renewable biomasses available
locally as described before.
Forest Residues
Forest Residues are also a probable fuel to be used for the ceramic
devices burning. The production of wood generates a large amount of
residues, which can be reused to generate thermal energy. As can be
observed in the figure 3, the potential of energy generation in the state
of Ceará is plentiful, which means that there is an enormous availability
of this kind of fuel to be employed in the project activity. This way,
this biomass does not have potential to generate leakage emissions due to
its high availability.
Figure 3. Forest Residues Potential for Energy Generation65
62
Algaroba extraction is authorized in the state of Ceará, and it may be checked
at normative instruction number 08 from 24/08/2004, developed by SEMACE.
63
EMBRAPA,
Comunicado
Técnico
Nº,
Nov/92,
p.1-2.
Available
<http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/public_eletronica/downloads/COT51.pdf>.
Visited
December 14th, 2008.
64
at:
on
CGM Ceramic consumes approximately 2,025 m³ of Algaroba wood per year.
65
Source: CENTRO NACIONAL DE REFERÊNCIA EM BIOMASSA - CENBIO. Panorama do potencial
de biomassa no Brasil. Brasília; Dupligráfica, 2003. 80 p.
35
Considering that around 22% of the wood produced will generate sawdust 66 .
The production of wood in the state of Ceará was of 48,979 m³ 67 in 2007,
thus, will generate 10,775.38 m³ of sawdust.
The project activity will employ approximately 60 tonnes per year, thus
244 m³ of woodchips/sawdust per year which represents 2.27% of the total
of these residues generated in the State of Pará.
This way, this renewable biomass does not have potential to generate
leakage emissions due to its high availability.
Cashew tree wood
Since CGM Ceramic utilizes wood residues from cashew trees, it is
important to analyze the cashew scenario within Brazilian borders. The
cashews cultivation is extremely important to Brazilian economy, where it
is responsible for generate 150 million dollars per year. The cashew
production is important especially in the northeast region, representing
about 95% of Brazilian´s cashew production. Besides, cashew production is
responsible for generating job opportunities for 35,000 fieldworkers,
15,000
in
the
manufacturing
process
and
200,000
indirect
job
opportunities 68 . The Brazilian production achieved 143,000 tonnes of
cashew-nuts in 2005 spread in an area of 650,000 Hectares68.Moreover,
Brazilian´s production presents the tendency of increasing so far, carried
by the new technologies utilized and the higher national and international
demand of cashew nuts 69 . This way, the Brazilian sources of residues from
cashew trees will increase following the Brazilian production, due the
fact that cashew cultivation request continuous cut of cashew trees. The
cut of cashew trees is necessary in order to allow an appropriate
formation of the tree and maintaining favorable conditions for the next
harvest time. This way, in cashew cultivation must be cut undesirable
branches of the cashew trees 70 . Moreover, dry branches on the ground
compound a considerable amount of residues from cashew trees cultivation.
There is no estimated amount of residues from cashew trees, however its
abundant availability is well-known all over the country. Besides, in
order to destine the great amount of residues from cashew trees, the
Brazilian´s government allowed the utilization of this residue as
firewood71.
According to “Plantio do Caju” cashew trees cultivation presents a density
of 121 units of trees per hectare 72 , and the production of firewood
residues from each tree is 2.5 kg per year 73. The cultivation of cashew is
66
BRITO EO. Estimativa da produção de Resíduos na Indústria Brasileira de Serraria
e Laminação de Madeira. Rev. da Madeira. v.4. n.26. 1995, pp. 34-39.
67
According to IBGE(Geographic and Statistic Brazilian Institute) available from:
<http://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/temas.php?sigla=ce&tema=extracaovegetal2007>
68
According with EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation's Available
at
:<http://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Caju/CultivodoCajueiro/ind
ex.htm> visited on March 13th, 2009.
69
Checked at:
<http://www.nordesterural.com.br/nordesterural/matLerdest.asp?newsId=2219>.
Accessed on March 04th, 2009.
70
According to EMBRAPA(Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation's). Available at:
http://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/FontesHTML/Caju/CultivodoCajueiro/trato
sculturais.htm> visited on March 13th, 2009
71
Source: <http://tribunadonorte.com.br/motoresrn/noticias.php?id=83885>. Visited
on May 06th, 2009.
72
According to “Resposta Técnica” from CETEC (Technologic Center of Minas Gerais)
considering
a
space
of
10
meters
from
each
tree.
Available
at:
<http://sbrtv1.ibict.br/upload/sbrt4555.pdf?PHPSESSID=76a9111889defa6787039ca56b380
c58> visited on March 13th, 2009
73
According to “Manual de Aplicação de sistemas descentralizados de Geração de
Energia
elétrica
para
projetos
de
Eletrificação
rural”
Available
at:
<http://www.cepel.br/~per/download/rer/rt-789-00.pdf> visited on March 13th, 2009.
36
located in an area of 650,000 hectares68. This way, the Brazilian
production of residues from cashew trees is around 196,625 tonnes per
year. Therefore, the CGM´s consumption of residues from cashew trees
(1,257 tonnes per year) represents around 0.6 % of the total production of
residues from cashew trees. Thus, the amount of residues from cashew trees
necessary to provide thermal energy in CGM´s kilns represents a nonrepresentative quantity of this kind of biomass, which avoids the
possibility of leakage.
Babaçu Coconut Husk
Babaçu coconut is a fruit provinient from Babaçu palm which is a
Brazilian’s native species. Babaçu Palm is an important specie in
Brazilian economy and culture where it occupies nine states mainly in
north and northeast region 74 . Babaçu coconut husk may have different
employments such as manufacturing of vegetal oil, food, or source of
biomasses energy supply. For these reasons babaçu coconut shows a high
and continuous production. According to IBGE the Brazilian’s babaçu
coconut almond reaches the number of 358 tonnes during 2007 just in Ceará
state 75 . Besides, the almond derived from babaçu coconut represents just
7% of its total weight the other 93% of babaçu coconut represent its
husk76 which is utilized as fuel in this present project. These facts lead
to conclude that the production of babaçu coconut husk is 4,756 tonnes
per year. The proposed project activity will employ 60 tonnes of babaçu
coconut husk per year, that means 1.3% of the total production in Ceará
states. Also the ceramic may utilize babaçu coconut husk from other
states in the region such as Maranhão which has an annual production of
108,745 tonnes of almond from babaçu coconut 77 . For all these reasons the
utilization of this biomass represents a non-representative quantity of
these kind of biomass when compared with it production. Thus, there is no
leakage for such biomass.
Wood from management areas
Ceará state presents a production of 4,595,695 m³ of fire wood 78 , being
one of the largest productions among Brazilian’s states. The present
project intends to utilize around 8,131 m³ of wood from management areas
per year. In this way, the project will utilize 0.2% of the total biomass
availability in Ceará state. Thus, the amount of fire wood from management
areas necessary to provide thermal energy in CGM´s kilns represents a nonrepresentative quantity of this kind of biomass, which avoids the
possibility of leakage.
Elephant grass
This biomass is from grassland in abandoned areas, therefore the leakage
that would be applicable is the shift of pre project activity and
emissions from biomass generation/cultivation. Currently, elephant grass
74
According to “Carvão de babaçu como fonte termica para sistema de refrigeração
por absorção no estado do Maranhão” Available at:
<http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000348640 > visited on March 03rd,
2009.
75
76
According to “Carvão de babaçu como fonte termica para sistema de refrigeração
por
absorção
no
estado
do
Maranhão”
Available
at:
<http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000348640 > visited on March 03rd of
2009.
77
According to IBGE (Geographic and Statistic Brazilian Institute) available from:
78
37
has been acquiring national importance as biomass 79 to generate thermal
energy due to its high productiveness and easy adaptation in almost all
climate and soil Brazilian conditions; it also dismisses the use of
fertilizers (NPK) 80 . In case of employing this kind of biomass, the
project proponent will cultivate, by himself, elephant grass in pasture or
degraded areas, in which there is no vegetation to be deforested.
Therefore, this practice will not generate competing use of biomass and it
will not deforest a vegetated area, i.e. this leakage will not exist.
Garden's residues
Urban gardens residues are very usual residue over Brazilian’s countries
where around 70% of the amount of this kind of biomass is left in open
dumps or landfills. This way the urban garden residue does not have any
kind of utilization turning out in an residue which may originate
problems such as high costs for its correct disposal or treatment or
result in negative environmental effects when not disposed correctly81.
For all this reasons the utilization of Urban gardens residues as fuel
turn out be a considerable destination for these kind of residue, and
would provide an abundant source of renewable biomass if utilized in the
proposed project activity
B) Leakage relating to the non-renewable biomass shall be assessed from
ex-post surveys of users and areas from where biomass is sourced.
The following potential sources of this type of leakage were identified:
- Use/diversion of non-renewable biomass saved under the project activity by
non-project households/users who previously used renewable energy sources. If
this leakage assessment quantifies an increase in the use of non-renewable
biomass used by the non-project households/users attributable to the project
activity then baseline is adjusted to account for the quantified leakage.
- Use of non-renewable biomass saved under the project activity to justify the
baseline of other project activities can also be potential source of leakage.
If this leakage assessment quantifies a portion of non-renewable biomass saved
under the project activity that is used as the baseline of other project
activity then baseline is adjusted to account for the quantified leakage.
- Increase in the use of non-renewable biomass outside the project boundary to
create non-renewable biomass baselines can also be potential source of leakage.
If this leakage assessment quantifies an increase in use of non-renewable
biomass outside the project boundary then baseline is adjusted to account for
the quantified leakage.
To ensure that the project activity will not cause the type of leakage
described in item B, Carbono Social Serviços Ambientais LTDA. will make a
research with ceramics located in the region with the purpose of checking the
fuel employed in the kilns, and it is expected that the carbon credits incomes
will stimulate the use of renewable biomass to other ceramics presenting a huge
possibilities for sustainable development in the region. Therefore, the sources
of leakages mentioned above will probably not be applicable as it is predicted
that:
-
The project activity will not displace the use of renewable biomass of a
non-project user, due to the likely decrease in the use of non-renewable
biomass in the region;
-
The non-renewable biomass employed which would be employed in this
project activity will not being saved for other project activity, since
other ceramics was already consuming native wood (common practice).
79
Source: <www.mwglobal.org/ipsbrasil.net/nota.php?idnews=3292> visited on March
13th, 2009.
80
Source: <www.cnpgl.embrapa.br/nova/informacoes/pastprod/textos/17Instrucao.pdf>
81
Souce: <http://cenbio.iee.usp.br/download/documentos/notatecnica_ix.pdf> visited
on March 13th, 2009.
38
It will occur a decrease in using non-renewable biomass, especially due to the
incentive of carbon credits.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the wood which was avoided by the present
project activity is not being used by other ceramists.
Initially the project developer consumed wood from the nearby areas, however,
as time went by, this resource became scarce and the distance from wood
suppliers was gradually increasing. This fact shows how this impact of baseline
activities
is
prominent
and
how
the
project
activities
can
reduce
deforestation.
C) If the equipment is transferred from another activity or if the
existing equipment is transferred to another activity, leakage is to be
considered.
The leakage is not applicable for this project activity, as there is
transference of equipment, in spite of new equipments had to be acquired.
no
Due to all the explanations described above, the present project activity does
not encompass any type of leakage.
4.2
Quantifying GHG emissions and/or removals for the
baseline scenario:
The applied methodology does not predict project emissions; therefore, the
baseline emissions are equivalent to emission reductions, which is demonstrated
below.
ERy= By x fNRB,y x NCVbiomass x EFprojected_fossil fuel
By,total = 35,388 tonnes of ceramic devices per year x 0.64 m³ of
wood/tonnes of ceramic devices x 0.88 tonnes of wood/m³ = 19,930 tonnes
of wood
ERy, total = 19,930 tonnes of wood x 0.967 x 0.019 TJ/ton x 77.4 tCO2/TJ =
28,342 tCO2e
By, total considers all the biomass that is dismissed. Thus, there is no need
to calculate By,savings in the baseline emission in the estimative, it will be
calculated only in the monitoring.
Table 12. Emission reductions without considering the leakage.
Year
Baseline Emission
Reductions (tonnes CO2e)
May to December-2006
18,895
2007
28,342
2008
28,342
2009
28,342
2010
28,342
2011
28,342
2012
28,342
2013
28,342
2014
28,342
2015
28,342
January to April-2016
9,447
Total of estimate reductions
283,420
39
(tonnes of
CO2eq)
Number of years of the
crediting period
Annual average of estimate
reductions for the 10 year
crediting period (tonnes of
CO2e)
4.3
10
28,342
Quantifying GHG emissions and/or removals for the
project:
The applied methodology does not predict project emissions and leakage
was considered to be zero.
4.4
Quantifying GHG emission reductions and removal
enhancements for the GHG project:
Total Emission Reductions
Table 13. Estimation of emission reductions.
Year
Baseline
emissions
(tCO2e)
Estimation
of leakage
Emissions
(tCO2e)
Reductions(tCO2e)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2015
18,895
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
0
18,895
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
28,342
January to April - 2016
9,447
0
9,447
Total
283,420
0
283,420
Annual Average
28,342
0
28,342
May to December – 2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
40
5
Environmental Impact:
As can be observed in table 14, the only negative impact identified is
that the project activity will generate ashes due to the burning of the
biomass, but this impact will be mitigated by incorporating the ashes
into the clay used as thermal insulator in the kilns entrance.
The burning of the new biomasses also emits particulate material and CO2,
as well as when using wood. However, the emission reductions of GHG will
improve since they are renewable biomasses.
This way the project does not cause any additional negative impacts as
all generated energy is a result of the best and unique exploitation of
the natural resources available. On the contrary, the Project will
improve the local environmental conditions by establishing proper
treatment for the renewable biomasses and also by contributing to the
reduction of the deforestation rate.
Table 14. Summary of the environmental impacts.
Environmental
Factor
Environmental Impact
Classification
Soil
Improvement of soil conditions
because of the vegetation
conservation
Positive
Air
Production of ash
Negative
Climate
GHG emission reduction
Positive
Water/hydric
resources
Preservation of ground water
quality
Positive
Water/hydric
resources
Preservation of the water cycle
renewal
Positive
Energy
No more use of a polluting
residues as fuel for energy
production
Positive
Fauna
Biodiversity preservation
Positive
Flora
Biodiversity preservation
Positive
Environmental Laws related to the plant activities
The National Environmental Policy (PNMA), instituted by the Brazilian Law
6.938/81, has the purpose of preservation, improvement and recovery of
the environmental quality, with the intention to assure conditions for
the social-economic development and the protection of human dignity in
the country. The PNMA establishes that the construction, installation,
amplification and operation of any enterprise or activity which may
exploit natural resources, and are considered potentially pollutant, or
capable of degrading the environment, will be possible only if they
obtain a previous environmental permission, according to the Brazilian
Constitution of 1988. One of the tools settled by the PNMA, in order to
monitor and study the potential impacts generated by these kinds of
enterprises, is the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
An EIA was not required due to the project activity.
41
6
Stakeholders comments:
The main stakeholders considered in this project are the local government,
the ceramic sector association and the employees. It was sent a letter to
those stakeholders informing about the project. In the ceramic’s
facilities, the letter was fastened in the employees’ board which is a
visible place with high circulation of employees. The letter is available
during 7 days and the outcomes are waited for a period of 7 days after the
letter has been sent.
No outcomes were received until the end of the VCS PD elaboration.
42
7
Schedule:
• Project start date: 01/April/2006
• Crediting period start date: 01/May/2006
• First Verification Report predicted to 20/April/2009
• Date of terminating the project: 30/April/2016
• VCS project crediting period: 10 years renewable
• Monitoring and reporting frequency: from 6 to 12 months, since the
beginning of the crediting period.
43
8
Ownership:
8.1 Proof of Title:
Ceramic’s article of incorporation and the contract between Carbono
Social Serviços Ambientais Ltda. – project developer – and Cerâmica Gomes
de Matos will proof the title, demonstrating the rights to the GHG
emissions reductions and the ownership of the project. These proofs of
title will be checked by DOE and are in power of Gomes de Matos Ceramic
and available to consultation.
8.2 Projects that reduce GHG emissions from activities
that participate in an emissions trading program (if
applicable):
Not applicable.
____________________________________________________
44

Project Design Description

Transcrição

Documentos relacionados

Renewable energy—traditional biomass vs. modern biomass

multiobjective optimization of economic balances of

I Brazilian Workshop on Astrobiology

Number 01 – April 2005 - Geoscience Research Institute

MOCD 009 TIMELESS Presents ARTHUR VEROCAI LP

Green chemistry, sustainable agriculture and processing systems: a

DTHC-OTHC in San Juan, Puerto Rico - as from

Ted Falcon

A COMPARISON OF THE FILM THICKNESS OF TWO ADHESIVE

Could Control of Invasive Acacias Be a Source of Biomass for

The Ascidiidae (Ascidiacea: Tunicata) of Coastal Brazil

djavan in boston - Sue Auclair Promotions

Reviewed in Science - Scholars at Harvard