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Link 23
The Cult of the
Beautiful Body
TEXT
144
UNCOVERING THE TEXT
146
EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
147
TEXT
148
UNCOVERING THE TEXT
150
EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
151
COMMUNICATION BYTES
Shutterstock/Andresr
Link 24
Being Bilingual
Protects Brain
152
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LINK
23
TEXT
UNCOVERING THE TEXT
NAVIGATION
LOG IN
1 Look at the text page.
What is the text about?
2 Share your knowledge.
Are standards of beauty
imposed on women or
on men? How?
GRAMMAR ITEMS
Conditional sentences – p. 252
Verb tense review – p. 258
WORD BANK
achieve: adquirir
assure of: assegurar de
attainable: alcançável
bulk up: ficar musculoso
disturbing: perturbador
fit: encaixar
growth: crescimento
had better: seria melhor
loss: perda
overweight: acima do peso
profit: lucro
rewarding: gratificante
root: origem
urge: precionar
value: valor
wardrobe: gurada-roupa
THE CULT OF THE
BEAUTIFUL BODY
T40
I
mages of female bodies are everywhere. Women sell everything
from food to cars. Women’s magazines are full of articles urging
them that if they lose those last twenty pounds, they’ll have
it all—the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a
rewarding career.
Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women?
The root, some analysts say, is economic. By presenting an ideal
difficult to achieve and maintain, the beauty industry is assured of
growth and profits.
Television and movies reinforce the importance of body image as
a measure of a woman’s value. According to psychologist Sharon
Lamb, girls today are taught that thin and sexy is the way they want
to be when they grow up, so they believe they’d better start working
on that now.
Lamb believes it’s fine for girls to want to feel sexy and pretty when
they are teenagers, but that shouldn’t be their primary focus. “If they
are spending all their time choosing the right wardrobe, trying to
dance like an MTV backup girl and applying lip gloss, it robs them of
other options.”
Some girls don’t want to participate in sports because they’re afraid
they’ll bulk up. Some won’t try to play an instrument if it doesn’t fit
their image of what a “girly girl” should do, Sharon Lamb says.
Research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, airbrushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem,
and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.
Perhaps most disturbing is the fact that media images of female
beauty are attainable for a very small number of women—less than
5% of the female population.
NOTES
In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35% of girls
6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet,
and that 50 to 70% of normal-weight girls believe
they are overweight. Overall research indicates
that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their
appearance in some way.
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EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
Shutterstock
23
LINK
COMMUNICATION BYTES
©Douglas Kirkland/Cobis/Corbis (DC)/Latinstock
/Kateryna La
rina
Shuttersto
ck/Carla Va
1910
n Wagner
1970/80
Shutterstock
/Kristin Shith
2010
1950/60
The Era
The Look of the Day for Women
1890s
Actress Lillian Russell at 91 kg is the most celebrated beauty of the time.
1910s
Paris designer creates slim dresses and declares that breasts are “out.”
1950s & 1960s
Voluptuous full-figured shapes of Marilyn Monroe and Jayne Mansfield
are popular.
1967
British model Twiggy (1,68m and 41 kg.) arrives on the scene—and the
diet industry explodes.
1970s & 1980s
Models gradually become taller, thinner, and begin to show toned
muscle definition. Breasts make a fashion comeback.
2000 and beyond
. . . Set your own trend!!!
Sources: www.usatoday.com/news/health/2006-09-25-thin-models_x.htm
www.media-awareness.ca/english/issues/stereotyping/women_and_girls/women_beauty.cfm
www.diet-blog.com/archives/categories/body_image/
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UNCOVERING THE TEXT
1 Reading Strategy: Look at the pictures on page 145. What can you say
TOPIC
about the topic?
Beleza
Answers will vary..
2 Read the text again. Write T for true, F for false, or NS for not stated.
1. According to women’s magazines, if women lose some weight . . .
a. their marriages will be perfect.
TEXT TYPE
b. they will sell food.
Check the correct answer.

T
NS
c. they will have extraordinary love life.
T
synopsis
d. their kids will be adorable.
T
magazine article
e. they will sell cars.
f. they will have a gratifying career.
blog
NS
T
2. Beauty industries assure their growth when . . .
research
a. they present great profits.
b. they present an ideal that is difficult to achieve.
T
c. they present an ideal that is easy to achieve.
F
3. Young girls want to grow thin and sexy because . . .
READING
STRATEGIES
a. their parents tell them to.
Inferring meaning: Inferir
o significado é tirar
conclusões a partir de
evidências. Exemplo: "Ela
deveria ter chegado duas
horas atrás." (inferimos que
ela não chegou).
b. the adults around them are thin and sexy.
c. movies and TV show images of thin and sexy women.
F
NS
T
4. According to Sharon Lamb, if girls spend their time caring about their
appearance . . .
a. they will have to apply more lip gloss.
NS
b. they will choose good clothes.
NS
c. they may have fewer options in life.
RELATED ITEMS
NS
T
3 Answer the questions.
Magazines Harm Male
Body Image
1. What is one thing that can lead to loss of self-esteem?
Body Image at www.
cwhn.ca/resources/faq/
bodyImage.html
2. Who attains the media images of female beauty?
exposure to images of thin, young, female bodies
less than 5% of the female population
3. What do some girls believe will happen if they practice sports?
They think they will bulk up.
4. In your opinion, is “thin” still in?
Forum
Answers will vary.
imagery: fantasia
What motivates you to make changes to your body: media imagery, health issues, etc.?
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EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
RESOURCES
1 Check the correct message of the sentences.
1. If they want to be thin when they grow up, they’d better start working on
that now.
a.
a preference
b.
advice
c.
a choice
had better (’d better):
seria melhor
would rather (’d rather):
preferiria
2. I’m very busy. I’d rather see you tomorrow than today.
a.
a command
b.
a question
c.

a preference
3. You look tired. You’d better take a taxi home.
a.

advice
b.
an insult
c.
a doubt
4. She’s really pale. I’d rather take her to a hospital now than wait.
a.
a doubt
b.

2 Check the idioms you understand.
advice
c.
a question
Answers will vary.
1.
Better luck next time!
4.
It’s better than nothing.
2.
I have better things to do.
5.
Couldn’t be better.
3.
For better or for worse.
6.
The sooner the better.
3 Fill in the blanks with words from the box to complete the blogs.
about
better
cosmetic procedure looks
big
Would you undertake a cosmetic surgery procedure? Why?
I wouldn’t undertake a
Idioms
Expressões idiomáticas
são expressões
características de uma
língua.
1. Melhor sorte da próxima vez.
2. Tenho coisa melhor a fazer.
3. Para melhor e para pior.
4. É melhor do que nada.
5. Não poderia ser melhor.
6. Quanto mais cedo melhor.
looks: aparência
surgery procedure:
procedimento cirúrgico
unless: a menos que
unless it was extremely
procedure
(1)
necessary. I take care of my body. I use creams, shampoo, deodorant and
all that stuff, but I’m not mad
with my
looks
(3)
I have already had
because it was too
.
cosmetic
(4)
big
(5)
and more self confident now.
about
(2)
it. I’m quite satisfied
surgery. I didn’t like my nose
. I feel much
better
(6)
For more expressions with
better, go to:
http://idioms.
thefreedictionary.com/
better
PERSONAL PRODUCTION
Post your personal answer to the question in the blog above.
Answers will vary.
LINK 23
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LINK
24
TEXT
UNCOVERING THE TEXT
NAVIGATION
LOG IN
1 Take a look at the text
pages.
What is it about?
2 Share your knowledge.
What may help people
to have good mental
health?
GRAMMAR ITEMS
Direct and indirect
speech – p. 255
WORD BANK
aging: envelhecimento
bestow: conceder
board game: jogo de tabuleiro
brain: cérebro
carry out: realizar
cautiously: cuidadosamente
early: cedo
rate: taxa
sharp: atento
skills: habilidades
NOTES
BEING BILINGUAL
PROTECTS BRAIN
R
T41
esearchers from York University in Canada carried out
tests on 104 people between the ages of 30 and 88.
They found that those who were fluent in two languages
were sharper mentally. Studies have shown that keeping the
brain active can protect against senile dementia.
Language Skills
Dr. Ellen Bialystok and colleagues at York University assessed the
cognitive skills of all those involved in the study, using a variety of
tests. They tested their vocabulary skills, their non verbal reasoning
ability, and their reaction time.
Half of the volunteers spoke only English. The other half came from
India and were fluent in both English and Tamil.
The researchers found that the people who were fluent in English
and Tamil responded faster than those who were fluent in just
English. They said that the bilinguals were more efficient at all ages
tested and showed a slower rate of decline for some processes
with aging.
“It is a possibility that the acquisition of a second language in early
childhood may influence the process of the development of neuronal
circuits,” said Professor Clive Ballard, director of the research.
“However, the results of this particular study need to be
interpreted cautiously, as they were comparing groups of
individuals of different nationalities, educated in different systems.”
Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3794479.stm
senile dementia n. [U] a serious medical condition that
affects the minds of some old people, and makes them
confused and behave in a strange way.
Source: Longman Exams Dictionary, 2004.
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COMMUNICATION BYTES
upri Suharjoto
EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
24
LINK
�Education in general can
bestow benefits on cognitive
function in later life.�
Shutterstock/B
rian Chase
Shutterstock/S
Research has shown
that being fluent in two
languages may help to keep
the brain sharper for longer.
Shutterstock/Jun
ial Enterprises
Professor Clive Ballard,
Alzheimer’s Society
According to research, other
activities like playing musical
instruments, dancing or reading
regularly, doing crosswords, or
playing board games may also help.
Better living through video games?
Canadian researchers are finding evidence that the high-speed, multitasking of the young and
wireless can help protect their brains from aging. A body of research suggests that playing video
games provides benefits similar to bilingualism in exercising the mind.
A new study of 100 university undergraduates in Toronto has found that video gamers
consistently outperform their non-playing peers in a series of tricky mental tests. If they also
happened to be bilingual, they were unbeatable.
"The people who were video game players were better and faster performers," said psychologist
Ellen Bialystok, a research professor at York University. "Those who were bilingual and video
game addicts scored best -- particularly at the most difficult tasks."
Source: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/technology/science/article812922.ece
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UNCOVERING THE TEXT
1 Reading Strategy: Scan the text for the following information.
TOPIC
Atividades e o cérebro
York University
1. The name of the University in Canada:
2. The name of the Professor:
Ellen Bialystok or Clive Ballard
Canada, India
3. The two countries mentioned:
English, Tamil
4. The name of two languages:
TEXT TYPE
5. The name of a condition:
Senile Dementia
Check the correct answer.
interview
1. Who responded the test faster? The people who . . .
advertisement
a.
F
were fluent in just English.
instructions
b.
T
were fluent in Tamil and English.
c.
F
were fluent in just Tamil.
d.
F
came from India.
e.
F
were older.
scientific report

2 Read the text again. Write T for true, or F for false.
2. Who was more efficient?
READING
STRATEGIES
Scanning: Passar os olhos
pelo texto em busca de
informações específicas,
como uma data, um nome
ou para resposta a uma
pergunta.
a.
T
All the bilinguals were more efficient.
b.
F
Just the oldest bilinguals were efficient.
c.
F
A mixture of bilinguals and nonbilinguals were efficient.
d.
T
The nonbilinguals were less efficient than the bilinguals.
3 Answer the questions.
1. Where did half of the volunteers come from?
Half of the volunteers came from India.
2. How many volunteers spoke only English?
Half of the volunteers only spoke English.
3. What can we infer about where Tamil is spoken?
RELATED ITEMS
It is spoken in India.
Can we prevent aging?
Participating in Mental
Activities May Prevent
Memory Loss
Exercise Helps Prevent
Age-Related Brain
Changes in Older Adults
150
Forum
Do you agree with the statement: “activities like
reading, dancing, playing games . . . can help
protect against senile dementia”? Why / Why not?
LINK 24
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EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
1 Write the meaning of the underlined phrasal verbs. Use phrases from
the box.
continue cause the death
conclude
get excited
1. The child was carried off by a flu.
cause the death
2. The soldiers carried out the mission successfully.
do successfully / conclude
3. She got carried away by the movie and started dancing around the room.
RESOURCES
Phrasal verb
carry: carregar
carry away: envolver
carry off: matar
carry on: continuar
carry out: completar
For further information,
go to:
www.thefreedictionary.
com/carry
get excited
4. We want to carry on trying to help them.
continue
2 Choose the meaning of the word early in the sentences below.
1.
a
I woke up really early this morning.
a. cedo
2.
c
The Aborigines were the early inhabitants of
Australia.
b. muito jovem
3.
d
Poor Joe had an early death.
d. prematura
4.
b
Mozart started playing at an early age.
c. primeiros
3 The activities below are good for your mental health. Choose the ones
early: cedo, logo,
prematuro, primeiro etc.
Pode funcionar como
adjetivo: early morning ou
como advérbio: He arrived
early.
For further information on
early, go to:
www.thefreedictionary.
com/early
you do.
dance
do crafts
read regularly
run
speak languages
do physical exercises
walk
use a computer
don't get stressed
have a
play a musical
healthy diet instrument
watch TV for less than
seven hours a day
do crosswords
play board
games
get plenty of
sleep
exercise my
memory
For online dictionaries, try:
www.ldoceonline.com
www.thefreedictionary.
com
www.yourdictionary.com/
idioms/carry-out
Os alunos assinalam as atividades que costumam fazer
PERSONAL PRODUCTION
Based on your answers, write a paragraph about your future mental health.
I read regularly, I do physical exercises, I am bilingual,
and I dance. However, I get stressed easily and I don’t get
enough sleep. So, if I don’t improve my way of life, maybe
my mental faculties and emotional stability won’t be very
good in my old age.
LINK 24
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CHATTING — Asking for directions
T42
A: Can you help me, please? I’m lost. I always get lost on the Tube.
B: Do you have a Tube map?
A: Yes, but I don’t understand the names of the stations and
I always get off at the wrong place.
B: Let me tell you what you can do. Find where you are on the map
and then count the number of stations to your destination. When
you get used to the names, you can stop counting.
A: That’s a good idea, thanks.
Tube: metrô (Brit.)
Shutters
tock/c.
Role Play: Practice this situation with a partner. Then exchange roles. Use the conversation
(city/town)
above as a model. You’re at a new subway station in
when you realize you are lost. Ask a passer-by for help.
Quiz: The immune system
Shutterstock/Matthew Cole
NET COOKIES
Read the text below.
1 What is the function of the immune system?
a.

b.
to defend our bodies against viruses and bacteria.
to create antibodies and allow viruses to enter the body.
2 What happens to our immune system when we die?
a.
b.
It keeps functioning for a few days

It stops working immediately
3 What type of illness can be caused by the immune system?
a.

inflammation
b.

allergy
4 An immunological failure cannot cause:
a.
b.
flu, measles, and AIDS.

cancer, rachitis, and albinism.
5 How often does a bacteria cell reproduce itself?
a.

every 20 or 30 minutes
b.
every hour
Source: http://www.funtrivia.com/playquiz/quiz592536cb3e0.html
Now visit the link, take the quiz and share your answers (and score) with a partner.
Answers will vary.
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1. If you are a qualified and reliable professional,
a.
2
if she knew how unhealthy they are.
2. She would never eat French fries again
b.
5
if we don't do our share.
3. If you study a foreign language,
c.
4
I’d be a pilot.
4. If I could choose any job in the world,
d.
1
you will certainly get a good job.
5. The world will never be a better place,
e.
6
if I get that job interview.
6. I will need to practice
f.
3
you will be exercising your brain.
Review • links 23 and 24
1 Match the halves of the sentences to create accurate statements.
2 Read the sentences and choose the correct alternative.
I. Many people are looking for jobs nowadays.
II. There are over 45 different types of diets.
III. If you start to study English, you will fall in love with it!
a.
A frase I está no singular.
b.
A expressão “there are” pode ser trocada por “have” sem que o sentido da frase se
perca.
c. 
O pronome “it” na frase III se refere a “inglês”.
d.
A frase I está gramaticalmente incorreta. Deveria ser: “Many peoples are looking”.
e.
A frase II fala de uma condição no passado.
3 Check the alternative where the following sentence is reported correctly.
Shutterstoc
k/Urosk
George said, “Paulo is speaking on the phone.”
a.
George said that Paulo had been speaking on the phone.
b.
George said that Paulo spoke on the phone.
c. 
George said that Paulo was speaking on the phone.
d.
George said that Paulo speaks on the phone.
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Review • links 23 and 24
4 Assinale a alternative correta.
I. Melanie has been living in Chicago for four years.
II. If Jonathan had a car, he wouldn’t need to take the bus.
III. Barry told Will that Fred hadn’t bought the cake.
a.
As frases I, II e III apresentam erros gramaticais.
b.
As frases II e III expressam fatos sobre o passado.
c.
Apenas as frases I e III estão gramaticalmente corretas.
d. 
Na frase I Melanie ainda mora em Chicago.
e.
Na frase II, Jonathan não tinha um carro, mas agora ele já tem.
5 Use the words from the box to form collocations.
foreign
get
Get
a.
board
do
enough sleep
healthy
b. Have a
Do
d.
e. Better
overtime
out of
f. Practice
play
healthy
sports
diet
g. Work
overtime
games
h. Speak
foreign
languages
crosswords
i. To be
out of
work
board
c. Play
sports
luck
luck
next time
j.
Play
a musical instrument
6 Check the incorrect alternative.
Peanuts are like poison for people who have severe food
allergies to them. For some, ingesting even a tiny piece
of peanut can trigger a potentially fatal reaction. But
new research shows that immunotherapy may help temper
these reactions.
Source: www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/02/19/aaas.food.allergies/index.html?hpt=Sbin
a. 
People who are very allergic to peanuts can die even if they eat a small piece.
b.
Researchers believe that patients can become immune if they have small doses of
peanut.
c.
The amount given to patients to develop immunity should never go up.
d.
People develop immunity to other allergies by receiving shots.
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reading challenge
Reading Strategy: Predicting
Prever ou antecipar o conteúdo de um texto antes de lê-lo é uma estratégia de leitura conhecida
como predicting. Esta estratégia ajudará você a se tornar um leitor mais ativo e a focar no texto.
Quando você trabalha com predicting, você chega a conclusões lógicas e faz inferências sobre o
conteúdo de um texto. Para utilizar essa estratégia no texto "Margaret Thatcher", siga os passos
abaixo:
1. Analise o título de texto, o layout, as imagens e suas legendas (caso existam). O que esses
elementos lhe dizem sobre o texto?
2. Qual é o gênero do texto? Quais são as características do conteúdo desse tipo de gênero textual?
3. Leia somente o primeiro parágrafo. Pare e questione-se: “Qual é o conteúdo do texto?”;
Margaret Thatcher
T43
agery
tock Im
Index S
tinstock
(RM)/La
In 1969, the British politician Margaret Thatcher stated a woman
would not become the Prime Minister of Great Britain during her
lifetime. How wrong she was! Born in 1925 in the manufacturing
town of Grantham, England, Margaret Hilda Roberts was the
daughter of grocers. She went on to get a chemistry degree
at Oxford University in 1947. She married Denis Thatcher, an oil
executive, in 1951, and became the mother of twins.
Thatcher, however, was no ordinary housewife. After pursuing a
law degree, she was elected to Parliament in 1959. She served as
Britain’s Education Minister before becoming Conservative Party
leader in 1975. Then, in 1979, Thatcher herself became Great Britain’s
first woman Prime Minister.
How could such a talented, ambitious individual have been so wrong in her prediction about
her own future?
In part, the answer reflects the times in which Thatcher lived. When she made her
prediction in 1969, women still faced many obstacles to success. Fewer women than men
applied to graduate degree programs or were admitted to study medicine and law. Women
were paid much less than men in the workplace, and they rarely achieved top executive
positions.
Margaret Thatcher, however, beat the odds. She served as Prime Minister from 1979 until
she resigned in 1990. It was a longer continuous period of time than any Prime Minister of
Great Britain had served for 150 years. Forceful and controversial, she was nicknamed “The
Iron Lady.”
WORD BANK
beat the odds: ir contra as probabilidades
chemistry: química
forceful: enérgico
graduate: pós-graduação
grocer: dono de mercearia
housewife: dona de casa
nickname: apelidar
resign: renunciar
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reading challenge
1 Reading Strategy: Agora que você já leu o texto sobre Margaret Thatcher, verifique
suas previsões estavam corretas.
Answers will vary.
2 Check the sentence that is correct according to the text.
a.
Thatcher always believed she would be Prime Minister.
b.
Thatcher grew up in a family of artists and writers.
c.

d.
Thatcher served as leader of her political party in the 1970s.
Thatcher was Prime Minister for an unusually short time.
3 Check the incorrect sentence.
a. 
Women and men had equal job opportunities in the 1960s.
b.
Margaret Thatcher was a wife and mother.
c.
Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in 1979.
d.
No woman had served as Britain’s Prime Minister before 1979.
4 Check the correct answer to fill in the blank.
Margaret Thatcher was nicknamed “The Iron Lady” because she was
a. 
forceful
c.
cruel
b.
kind
d.
respected
.
5 Quais acontecimentos significativos aconteceram na vida de Margaret Thatcher nos
anos abaixo?
1925 Nascimento em Gratham, Inglaterra.
1951 Casamento com Dennis Thatcher.
1959 Eleição para o Parlamento Britânico.
1990 Renúncia ao cargo de primeira-ministra.
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