Domestic Cooking Stoves in

Transcrição

Energy Efficiency Improvement Project:
Domestic Cooking Stoves in Maputo
Mozambique
Baseline Survey - Domestic Cooking Stoves
in the District of Chamanculo C, Maputo,
Mozambique
CDM - Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento e Morada
Humana
July 2012
Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211 – Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – MG – CEP 31.760-030
Tel.: + 55 31 2103 2700 - Fax + 55 31 2103 2725 – Email: [email protected]
1 Introduction
This survey, which was carried out by CDM - Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento
e Morada Humana (http://www.cdm.org.br/) on AVSI request, aims to provide a
baseline for the implementation of the “Energy Efficiency Improvement Project:
Domestic Cooking Stoves in Maputo (Mozambique)”.
The aim of the project is to promote energy efficiency, protect natural resources
and improve the livelihoods of the local human population living in the
settlements of spontaneous formation Chamanculo C and Xipamanine
(Municipality of Maputo) through the replacement of traditional cooking stoves
with improved energy efficiency stoves with low environmental impact,
spreading in this way a safe and responsible use of energy with consequent
reduction of CO2 emissions. By means of the carbon finance the stoves will be
provided free or with a minimal charge for recipients. The project technology will
reduce the amount of woody biomass consumed and will reduce poverty of the
population of urban areas promoting efficient, safe, energy consumption. In
addition, the enhancement of sustainability awareness and the initiatives of
environmental education will be other benefits resulting from this project.
As Chamanculo C and Xipemanine are two neighbouring settlements, with similar
features, the survey has been carried out in the district of Chamanculo C which
has a larger surface area and number of inhabitants.
The first part of the paper presents the method used to carry out the survey, the
second part shows the data collected during the implementation phase in June
and July 2012.
2. Method
Due to the lack of updated data, the first action was the updating of the District’s
map, then it was carried out a sample survey by distributing a questionnaire in
order to collect information on the kind of stove and energy used in Chamanculo
C.
2.1 Map updating and use of buildings in the district of Chamanculo C
Cartographic updating
It was carried out starting from available documents of the Municipality of
Maputo and the Department for Urban Planning and Environment of Maputo, in
particular:
 Digital Cartographic Base, 2003 update
 Satellite image, 2010 update
The cartography of the area has been updated at a scale of 1:1,000 (buildings,
hydraulic system, road network, buildings under construction, public lighting
system, bridges, boundary walls and other boundary elements ) through the
vectorization of the satellite image and on-site visits.
Building identification and count of the households living in the District
After the Cartographic updating, an ID number was given to all the buildings of
the area in order to:
 Update data concerning the use of buildings, especially houses
 Take a census of the people and families living in the District
2.2 Carrying out of a sample survey in the District of Chamanculo C
The survey was developed according to the following steps:
 Drafting a questionnaire
 Selecting the sample
 Distributing the sample questionnaire in the field
 Digitazing the collected data and feedback
The main criteria taken into account for the selection of the sample and the
distribution of the questionnaires are highlighted below:
 Confidence and error: the survey was carried out by establishing a 4%
margin of error and a confidence level up to 95%.
A 4% margin of error means that survey’s results may change 4% more or
less. On the other side a 95% confidence level means that if the survey
were repeated several times, the results obtained in the current analysis
would be found in 95% of the other surveys carried out later.
 Calculation of the sample size: taking into account that the District of
Chamanculo C has a pretty homogeneus population with about 5231
households, we used the Barnett formula (1982) in order to define
the sample size for the socio-economic survey. As a result we
obtained an estimated number of 538 samples to be distributed in
the area (Chamanculo C).
 Sampling distribution: it was used the territorial criterion that is to say a
subdivision of Chamanculo C in about 73 blocks.
 Definition of the sample size for each block: the percentage resulting
from the Barnett formula was applied to each block and, in case of
decimals, we used the following higher number. E.g. in a block with 43
households the sample size was 3,91, in this case we rounded it up to 4.
 Drawing the Random Sample and implementation of the survey: once
the sample size was defined, a random draw of households was carried
out. Replacements with reserve samples were made, after three
attempts, in case of refusal, absence, etc.
3. Background
According to 2009 Human Development Report (2007 data) Mozambique has
a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.402 ranking 172 out of 182 countries
with comparable data.
Despite an increase of the economic growth rate higher than 7% (GDP per
capita 387 USD in 2007) over the last years, the HDI shows that Mozambique
continues to be among the world's poorest countries.
About 54% of the population lives below the poverty line, infant mortality
rate is 124 per 1000 live births and life expectancy at birth is 47,9 years.
According to the last census in the country (2007): only 10% of the houses are
provided with electricity, 10,1% are connected to a water distribution
network (1,9 inside the house and 8,2 outside) and 54% have no sewers at
all.
End poverty is one of the crucial issue of the Govern of Mozambique,
according to the Planos de Acção para Redução da Pobreza Absoluta - PARPA
I e II (Action Plan for the Reduction of Absolute Poverty). In this view, defining
a strategy to reduce urban exclusion, including the implementation of urban
planning and management tools, can give an effective help to fight social
exclusion and absolute poverty.
The situation in Maputo, capital of Mozambique, is not better: despite
providing more than 40% of GDP, it’s a city with an extreme inequality, where
about 54% of the population live below the poverty line with 1.50 USD a day.
It’s the most densely populated urban area in the country with 1,094,315
inhabitants (2007 Census).
Rural-urban migration, which began during the civil war, is going on and the
city is still growing fast, especially in peri-urban areas.
About 75% of the population in Maputo (800,000 people) live in informal
settlements in poor conditions, with no access to basic services: 42% of
people aren’t connected to the water distribution network, 58% are not
connected to the sewerage system, 85% live in areas not provided with storm
sewers.
Map of informal settlements in Maputo
Informal settlements
3.1 The District of Chamanculo C
The District of Chamanculo C, with an area of 82,9 ha and a population of 25,318
inhabitants, is one of the high-density settlements of the city. According to
PEUMM - Plano de Estrutura Urbana (Urban Structure Plan) of the Municipality of
Maputo, Chamanculo C is defined as “informal settlement, not planned
residential area, D category, high density (>60 households per ha)”.
The city of Maputo
The District of Chamanculo C
Coordinates of the District’s boundary
Vertex Nº
X
Y
Vertex Nº
X
Y
1
454957.037
7131469.928
11
455528.619
7130844.468
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
455021.057
455098.252
455508.270
455512.759
455422.523
455390.942
455403.212
455394.890
455475.498
7131466.392
7131389.687
7131399.348
7131357.339
7131188.194
7131162.027
7131104.517
7131030.214
7131010.742
12
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
455757.926
455787.690
455466.099
455344.631
455200.661
455155.186
455130.740
455061.919
454128.554
7130611.223
7130432.668
7130287.717
7130253.582
7130114.124
7129983.926
7129997.071
7129896.116
7130479.116
Summary data on the District of Chamanculo C are listed below:
Population
Inhabitants
Persons per household
Families
N.
Area
Chamanculo C global area - ha
Area occupied by Chamanculo C community - ha
N.
Density
Area occupied by Chamanculo C community - ha
Persons per ha
N.
25,318.00
4.48
5,656.00
139.60
82.90
82.90
305.40
Building destination and use in the District of Chamanculo C
Building use
Residence
Business
Mixed
Services
Community equipment
Industry
Unoccupied/vacant
Unoccupied/under construction
Total
N.
Housing
Residential
Mixed
Total
N.
€
€
€
4,999.00
194.00
232.00
127.00
39.00
4.00
22.00
13.00
5,630.00
4,999.00
232.00
5,231.00
The sample questionnaire included the following information (shown in the
tables below):
 Type of cooking stove
 Daily use of the cooking stove
 Monthly expense for the purchase of coal
Type of cooking stove
Traditional charcoal single-mouth cookstove
Traditional charcoal double-mouth cookstove
Wood cookstove
Gas cookstove
Electric cookstove
Frequency
197
310
8
17
5
Total
Daily use of the cooking stove
One time
Two times
Three times
Four times
Five times
Total
Percentage Aggregated
36,69%
36,69%
57,73%
94,41%
1,49%
95,90%
3,17%
99,07%
0,93%
100,00%
537
Frequency
55
378
98
5
1
100,00%
100,00%
Percentage Aggregated
10,24%
10,24%
70,39%
80,63%
18,25%
98,88%
0,93%
99,81%
0,19%
100,00%
537
100,00%
100,00%
Average of the monthly expense per household for the purchase of coal (MZN and USD)
Mentical - MZN
340.800,00
N. households
507
Average monthly expense per household for coal
used for cooking
Mentical - MZN
672,19
Average monthly expense per household for coal
used for cooking - change 1 USD = 27 Meticais
USD
24,90
Total monthly expense for coal used for cooking
Total households who use coal for cooking
Monthly expense for the purchase of coal
Value in meticais
1
100,00
150,00
160,00
200,00
225,00
250,00
260,00
300,00
310,00
325,00
350,00
385,00
400,00
450,00
500,00
550,00
560,00
575,00
600,00
610,00
620,00
650,00
670,00
690,00
700,00
710,00
720,00
750,00
800,00
850,00
900,00
915,00
950,00
960,00
1.000,00
1.200,00
1.300,00
1.400,00
1.500,00
1.800,00
2.400,00
2.500,00
TOTAL
Traditional
Currency - charcoal single- Traditional charcoal singleMeticais mouth cookstove
mouth cookstove
2
3
4
Mt
0
1
Mt
1
0
Mt
1
0
Mt
5
1
Mt
1
0
Mt
2
1
Mt
0
1
Mt
12
9
Mt
0
1
Mt
1
0
Mt
3
6
Mt
0
0
Mt
5
6
Mt
3
3
Mt
2
3
Mt
0
1
Mt
1
0
Mt
0
0
Mt
52
58
Mt
2
1
Mt
0
0
Mt
52
98
Mt
0
1
Mt
0
1
Mt
21
34
Mt
0
0
Mt
1
0
Mt
9
9
Mt
6
12
Mt
0
4
Mt
5
26
Mt
0
0
Mt
0
1
Mt
0
0
Mt
0
4
Mt
4
4
Mt
1
8
Mt
1
3
Mt
2
7
Mt
0
1
Mt
1
0
Mt
0
1
Monthly
expense for the
purchase of coal
(Metical)
6=5*1
100,00
150,00
160,00
1.200,00
225,00
750,00
260,00
6.300,00
310,00
325,00
3.150,00
4.400,00
2.700,00
2.500,00
550,00
560,00
66.000,00
1.830,00
97.500,00
670,00
690,00
38.500,00
720,00
13.500,00
14.400,00
3.400,00
27.900,00
950,00
4.000,00
9.600,00
11.700,00
5.600,00
13.500,00
1.800,00
2.400,00
2.500,00
Rua Joventina da Rocha, 211
– Heliópolis- Belo Horizonte – 310
MG – CEP 31.760-030
197
340.800,00
In brief, the survey pointed out that:
 The families living in 94.41% of Chamanculo’s houses (4,939 houses out of
5.231) use coal stoves of which 36,69 are single-mouth stoves and 57.73
double-mouth stoves.
 70.39% of these families cook twice a day, 18.25% three times a day and
10.24 once a day.
 The monthly average expense for the purchase of coal is 672.19 Meticais
(about 24.90 USD).
Market research
A market research in the areas surrounding Chamanculo C and Xipemanine has
been carried out to determine:
a) The market value of the cooking
stoves sold in low-income
neighbourhoods
b) The market value of charcoal supply in low-income neighbourhoods
In order to determine the market value of the cooking stoves we identified 8
points of sale within and in proximity of the two districts of Chamanculo C and
Xipamamine and proposed a brief questionnaire to underline the types of stove
(one or two mouth) and the related value. The survey showed that the two most
popular cooking stoves are
1 mouth cooker
Average price MT 100 about 3,5 USD
double-mouth cooker
Average price MT 350 about USD 12,5
In order to determine the market value of the charcoal we identified 9 points of
sale within and in proximity of the two districts of Chamanculo C and
Xipamamine and considered the sale price of charcoal packed in 100 kg
bags (that is how local people buy charcoal). The survey showed that the average
price is MT 650, about 23 USD per 100 kg. of charcoal.
Annexes
 Building Destination Map
 House location Map
 Photo report
 Stove market research
 Charcoal market research
Ernane Marcos Cardoso de Souza
Managing Director
CDM – Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento e Morada Humana
Annex 1 – Building Destination – District of Chamanculo C - Maputo
Annex 2 – Houses - District of Chamanculo C - Maputo
Annex 3 - Photo report
Cooking stove – District of Chamaculo C - Maputo
House interior - District of Chamaculo C - Maputo
Cooking stoves - Chamaculo C - Maputo
On-site
visit
to
update
mapping
and
cadastre
Sample questionnaires in the field
of
the
area
Presentation of improved energy efficiency stoves – District of Chamanculo C
Testing the improved energy efficiency stoves
– District of Chamanculo C
Annex 4
Stove market research
Average price of traditional charcoal stoves in Xipamanine and Chamanculo C
Interviewer: Júlio Basílio, Hélio Manhiça e Martins Navingo Date: 19, 20 February 2013
Name of Store / Dealer
Gildo João
Address
Xipamanine, Ka Mussa
Name / Type of Stove
PHOTO
1 mouth cooker
Sale Price
100.00MT
double-mouth cooker
Sale Price
350.00MT
Jose Sebasteão
Address
Xipamanine, City Market Xipamanne
PHOTO
1 mouth cooker
Sale Price
100.00MT
double-mouth cooker
Sale Price
350.00MT
Artur Polo
Address
Xipamanine, Rua Irmãos Robi
PHOTO
1 mouth cooker
Sale Price
850.00MT
Double-mouth cooker
Sale Price
685.00MT
Tomas Zamba
Address
Chamanculo D, Q 03
PHOTO
1 mouth cooker
Sale Price
100.00MT
double-mouth cooker
Sale Price
420.00MT
Xavier Maculuve
Address
Chamanculo D, Q. O9
PHOTO
1 mouth cooker
Sale Price
500.00MT
Xavier Maculuve
Address
Chamanculo D, Q. O9
PHOTO
1 mouth cooker
Sale Price
100.00MT
Simião Manuel
Address
Chamanculo “C”, Rua Aida Augusto, Q. 01/087
PHOTO
1 mouth cooker
Sale Price
100.MT
Alberto Rovessenea
Address
Chamanculo “C”, Rua Aida Augusto, Q 13/048
PHOTO
1 mouth cooker
Sale Price
500.MT
Annex 5
Charcoal market research
Info about how far away Maputo is receiving charcoal
Interviewer: Júlio Basílio, Hélio Manhiça e Martins Navingo
Date: 19, 20 de February 2013
Virginia João Macuacua
Address
Xipamanine, Quarteirão 9
Charcoal supply
Provincia de Gaza, Distrito de Mabalane
Sale price for 100 kg
620.00MT
Manuel Casimiro
Address
Xipamanine, Quarteirão 16, casa nº 04
Charcoal supply
650.00MT
Claudio Fernando
Address
Xipamanine, Quarteirão 03, casa nº 51
Charcoal supply
700.00MT
Artur Chiure
Address
Bairro de Xipamanine, Rua de Zambeze Nº 2304
Charcoal supply
Provincia de Gaza, Distrito de Mabalane e de Massingir
700.00MT
Lourenço André Vilanculo
Address
Bairro de Xipamanine, Mercado Municipal de Xipamanine
Charcoal supply
Provincia de Gaza, Distrito de Mabalane e de Massingir
O Preço do Saco varia entre – 700.00MT, 750.00MT e 800.00MT
Alcinda Albano Matine
Address
Chamanculo “C”, Rua do Chamanculo, Q25-02/020
Charcoal supply
600MT
Olinda Jatamo
Address
Chamanculo “ C “, Q. 22B/ 033
Charcoal supply
Província de Maputo, Distrito de Magude
700MT
Celeste Fabião Mondlane
Address
Chamanculo “ C “, Rua Amaral Matos, Q. 08/064
Charcoal supply
Província de Gaza, Distrito de Chokwe
650MT
Cecilia Justino
Address
Chamanculo “ C”, AV. Amaral Matos, Q. 13B/045
Charcoal supply
Província de Gaza, Distrito de Chicualacuala
750MT
Photo Report
Charcoal Store

Domestic Cooking Stoves in

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