Book of Abstracts and Proceedings of the 5 Latin

Transcrição

5th LATIN AMERICAN CONGRESS:
ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION
November, 16 - 20, 2003, São Pedro - Brazil
Book of Abstracts and Proceedings of the
5th Latin-American Congress:
Electricity Generation and Transmission
Organization
UNESP São Paulo State University
Valparaiso Catholic University
Brazil
Chile
National University of Mar del Plata
Argentina
Acknowledgments
FINANCIADORA DE ESTUDOS E PROJETOS
MINISTÉRIO DA CIÊNCIA E TECNOLOGIA
Data of Publication:
Title: Book of Abstracts and Proceedings of 5th Latin-American Congress: Electricity Generation and
Transmission
Edited by JOSÉ LUZ SILVEIRA
ISBN 85-903471-1-7
Ministério da Cultura
Fundação BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL
Departamento Nacional do Livro
Agência Brasileira do ISBN
Guaratinguetá, November, 10th, 2003.
PREFACE
It is world-wide known that the consumption of electrical energy characterizes the development of a country.
The greater this consumption is, the better the quality of life.
If we observe the history of electrical energy and its commercial use, since Edison and Westinghouse, we will
come to the conclusion that it has been the device responsible for the development in the last and in this century.
Countries which mastered this technology had a level of development much faster. Therefore, they were able to
gather riches for their population.
In the early 1970's the world was shaken by the oil crisis. This fact made some countries - especially those
ones which based their industrial production on oil - review their position, looking for alternative elements for energy.
Thus, electric energy was one of the elements that made a solution to the problem possible trying to meet the needs of
different sectors.
As for the 1990's, we have to face another challenge: The globalist economic policies. Again, the electrical
sector acts as a pioneer before a new era. Downsizing, Total Quality and Privatization Processes are taking place in
South America and aim at making companies ready for the this century. It is under this environment that the fifth
edition of Latin - American Congress: Electricity Generation and Transmission takes place. That is the second time in
Brazil. This Congress aims at presenting new developments in Power Engineering, provide professional upgrade, and
experience exchange among its participants, and mainly, make a mutual understanding possible between the
university and the company.
This Congress in the area of Energy Generation and Transmission was held firstly in 1993 in Viña del Mar
(Chile), the second in Mar del Plata (Argentina) in 1995 afterwards, the third in Campos do Jordão (Brazil) in 1997,
and the fourth in Viña del Mar (Chile) in 2000. Since the first event, the number of articles submitted has been
increasing continuously.
After some hard work in which we could count on different kinds of support, especially from the workers at
São Paulo State University, Valparaiso Catholic University and Mar del Plata National University, we made it through
th
this end product that include the Book of Abstracts and the CD-Rom of the Proceedings of 5 Latin-American
Congress: Electricity Generation and Transmission, with ISBN Index.
Finally, not only do I hope this week in São Pedro be productive for all people involved, but I also hope that
you all may exchange experiences, get in touch with new tendencies in your area and get to meet other professional aiming at a technical and humanistic evolution, so important nowadays.
Prof. Dr. José Luz Silveira
Executive Chairman
Editor
November, 10th, 2003
B O O K O F A B S T RA C T S
I
DATE OF CONGRESS: November, 16th-20th, 2003.
PLACE: Hotel Fonte Colina Verde, São Pedro, SP, Brazil
INFORMATIONS: Energy Department
UNESP - São Paulo State University
College of Engineering of Guaratinguetá
Av. Dr. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333
12516-410, Guaratinguetá - SP - BRAZIL
Phone: (55)(12)3123-2836
Fax: (55)(12)3123-2835
E-mail: [email protected]
Home Page: www.feg.unesp.br/~clagtee
1) OBJECTIVE
The growing demand for electric energy in the Latin-American countries requires a greater quality of service and
efficiency in the area of techno-economic operations. This brings the constant need for improvement in the growth planning and
the levels of the operation of the electric energy systems. The economic and technical aspects must be taken into consideration,
as well as the environmental impact of implantation of new power plants and the need to introduce new technologies, control
systems and safety measures.
Gradually a process of integration among the Latin-American countries has emerged, as the electric energy needs are
similar, including the generation facilities, for these countries.
2) THE HISTORY OF CONGRESS
Considering the above mentioned points, UNESP - São Paulo State University (Brazil), UCV - Valparaiso Catholic
University (Chile) and UNMP - Mar del Plata National University (Argentina) have joined forces in order to create a forum that
permits a valuable exchange of experiences concerning the methodology for the analysis of operation, planning, and the
introduction of new technologies that could contribute to the improvement of the electric energy generation and transmission
systems. This has become a reality with the creation of these Latin-American congresses, which take place in the distinct cities of
the Latin-American countries.
The first congress took place in October, 1993, in Viña de Mar, Chile. The second congress took place in November,
1995, in Mar del Plata, Argentina. The third congress took place in November, 1997, in Campos do Jordão, in the State of São
Paulo, Brazil. The fourth congress took place in November, 2000, in Viña del Mar, Chile. The Fifth congress will be held in São
Pedro City, State of São Paulo, Brazil, from November 16 th to 20th, 2003.
III
3) ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
CHAIRMAN: Prof. Dr. José Luz Silveira - UNESP - São Paulo State University / Brazil
FIRST CO-CHAIRMAN: Prof. Patricio Robles Calderón - UCV - Valparaíso Catholic University / Chile
SECOND CO-CHAIRMAN: Prof. Juan Antonio Suárez - UNMP - Mar del Plata National University /Argentina
MEMBERS:
Eng. Ivonice Aires Campos
Dra. Christina Vasconcellos
Dr. Hamilton Pollis
Dr. Fredy Subdbak
Dra. Eliane Bezerra Carvalho
Dr. Cristiano Abijaodl Amaral
Profa.Dra. Maria Isabel Caires
Prof. Dr. Oscar A. M. Astorga
Prof. Dr. Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho
Prof. Joaquim Antonio do Reis
Dr. Antonio Cesar Ferreira
Prof. Rogerio Antonio Sartori
Prof. Dr. Janio Itiro Akamatsu
Prof. Dr. Celso Eduardo Tuna
Lic. Ricardo de Castro Villela
Rafaela Camilo de Camargo
Carlos Augusto da Silva
MCT - Ministry of Science and Technology / Brazil
MME - Ministry of Mines and Energy/ Brazil
ELETROBRAS - Electricity of Brazil / Brazil
MCT - Ministry of Science and Technology / Brazil
ANEEL - National Agency of Electric Energy / Brazil
ANEEL - National Agency of Electric Energy / Brazil
USP - University of São Paulo / Brazil
UNESP - São Paulo State University / Brazil
UNITECH / Brazil
UNISAL - Salesian University Center of São Paulo / Brazil
Secretary / Brazil
Computational Assistant / Brazil
4) SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:
Prof. Dr. Agnelo Marotta Cassula
Prof. Dr. Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter
Prof. Dr. Carlos Alberto Luengo
Prof. Dr. Cassilda Maria Ribeiro
Prof. Dr. Edson Bazzo
Prof. Dr. Electo Eduardo Silva Lora
Prof. Dr. Ennio da Silva Perez
Prof. Dr. Geraldo Lucio Tiago
Prof. Dr. Germano Labert Torres
Prof. Dr. Gilberto M. Jannuzzi
Prof. Dr. José Carlos de Oliveira
Prof. Dr. José Luz Silveira
Prof. Dr. José Policarpo G. Abreu
Prof. Dr. Julio Antunes Santana
Prof. Dr. Marco Antonio Rosa Nascimento
Prof. Dr. Maria Isabel Caires
Prof. Dr. Oscar A. M. Astorga
Prof. Dr. Osvaldo Saavedra Mendez
Prof. Dr. Ronaldo Rossi
Prof. Dr. Segio Valdir Bajay
Prof. Dr. Teófilo Miguel de Souza
UNICAMP - Campinas State University / Brazil
UFSC - Federal University of Santa Catarina / Brazil
UNIFEI - Federal University of Itajubá / Brazil
UFU - Federal University of Uberlândia / Brazil
UFMA - Federal University of Maranhão / Brazil
5) REVIEWER COMMITTEE:
Acires Dias
Adélio José de Moraes
Alexandre Sordi
André Luís Ferreira
Antônio C. Baleeiro Alves
Antonio Calos Zambroni de Sousa
Antônio Carlos Delaiba
Antonio José Marin Neto
Antonio Padilha Feltrin
Arnaldo Cesar da Silva Walter
IV
Agnelo Marotta Cassula
Alexandre Rasi Aoki
Kleiber David Rodrigues
Laurence Duarte Colvara
Leonardo Mesquita
Leonardo Paucar
Leonardo Paucar
Lineu Belico dos Reis
Lluís Massagués Vidal
Luciano Martins Neto
Carlos Alberto Mariotoni
Carlos Alberto Mohallem Guimarães
Carlos Daniel Ebinuma
Carlos Roberto Minussi
Cassilda Maria Ribeiro
Celso Eduardo Tuna
Cláudio Ferreira
Clodomiro Unsihuay Vila
Décio Bispo
Denizar Cruz Martins
Dionizio Paschoareli Jr.
Durval Luiz Silva Ricciulli
Edgard Lamounier Junior
Edson A. Ticianelli
Edson Bazzo
Edson da Costa Bortoni
Edson Luiz da Silva
Eduardo W. Hirano
Electo Eduardo Silva Lora
Ernesto R. Gonzalez
Felipe R. Ponce Arrieta
Fernando Rezende Apolinário
Flavio Neves Teixeira
Geraldo Caixeta Guimarães
Geraldo Lúcio Tiago Filho
Geraldo Roberto M. da Costa
Germano Lambert Torres
Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi
Gilson Paulillo
Guilherme de Castilho Queiroz
Hans Helmut Zürn
Héctor Arango
Humberto Jorge José
Inácio Bianchi
Ismael Pedro Bortoluzzi
Jamea Cristina Batista Silva
João Carlos Camargo
Joaquim Antônio dos Reis
Jocélio Souza de Sá
José Alexandre Matelli
José Carlos de Oliveira
José Carlos Rossi
Jose Eduardo Onoda Pessanha
José Francisco Rodrigues
José Joaquim Conceição Soares Santos
José Roberto Sanches Mantovani
José Vicente Canto dos Santos
José Wanderley Marangon Lima
José Wilson Resende
Luís Fernando Costa Alberto
Luiz Fernando Bovolato
Luiz Nogueira Palma
Luiz Octávio Mattos dos Reis
Luiz Roberto Carrocci
Manuel Luís Barreira Martinez
Marcelo Lynce Ribeiro Chaves
Marcelo Pirani
Marcio Abud Marcelino
Marco Antônio Rosa do Nascimento
Marcos André Tottene
Marcos Julio Rider Flores
Maria de Fátima de Castro Lacaz Santos
Maria Eugeia Corria Aradas
Maria Luiza Viana Lisboa
Marinho Gomes de Andrade Filho
Mario Mañana Canteli
Melvin Ayala
Milton Itsuo Samesima
Moacyr Trindade de Oliveira Andrade
Narciso Angel Ramos Arroyo
Newton G. Bretas.
Oscar A. M. Astorga
Osvaldo José Venturini
Osvaldo Saavedra Mendez
Paulo Barbosa
Paulo de Barros Correia
Paulo Márcio da Silveira
Pedro da Costa Junior
Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho
Pedro Paulo de Carvalho Mendes
Raul Vinhas Ribeiro
Ricardo A. P. Borba
Roberto Aves de Ameida
Roberto Laurent
Rogerio Antonio Sartori
Rogerio José da Silva
Romeu Corsini
Ronaldo Rossi
Rubens Alves Dias
Samuel E. de Lucena
Secundino Soares Filho
Sérgio Haffner
Tadeu da Mata Medeiros Branco
Teófilo Miguel de Souza
Victor Orlando Gamarra Rosado
Vladimir Melian Cobas
V
Book of Abstracts of the
TOPIC 1..................................................................................................................................................................1
GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS PLANNING
B-019
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TO DEFINE GUIDELINES AND PROCEEDINGS TO THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING FOR THE BRAZILIAN POWER SECTOR
Silvia Helena M. Pires, Alexandre M. Medeiros, Daniella F. Soares, Elisa D.R. Vieira, Fábio Bonatto, Geyson Mattos da
Silva, Paulo C. P. Menezes, Pedro M.C. Farah..........................................................................................................................3
B-039
TOOLS FOR LOCATION OF THERMOELECTRIC PLANTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Kátia Lívia Zambon, Adriano Alber França Mendes Carneiro, Antônio Nélson Rodrigues Silva, Jean Cesari Negri....................................3
B-040
MODELS OF HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS OPERATION PROGRAMMING, APPLIED TO MEDIUM TERM
PLANNING IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS
Gaspar Añó, Carlos Galdeano, Osvaldo Añó.............................................................................................................................4
B-043
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES APPLIED TO THE FLOOD CONTROL
Marco Aurélio de Almeida Castro, Adriano Alber de França Mendes Carneiro, Marinho Gomes de Andrade........................4
B-044
ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM WITH VALVE-POINT LOADING BASED ON A GENETIC ALGORITHM
APPROACH
Letícia Takahashi, Leonardo Nepomuceno, Ivan Nunes da Silva.............................................................................................4
B-056
NETWORK STATIC EXPANSION PLANNING USING A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE HEURISTIC ALGORITHM
Ivo Chaves da Silva Junior, Edimar José de Oliveira, José Luiz Rezende Pereira, Paulo Augusto Nepomuceno Garcia..............................5
B-061
CONTINUATION POWER FLOW: AUTOMATIC PARAMETER DETERMINATION
Edwin Enrique Niño Hernández, Carlos Alberto Castro Jr., Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva, Dilson Amancio Alves......................................5
B-072
ASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR THE BRAZILIAN CASE
Flávio Neves Teixeira, Osvaldo José Venturini, Felipe Raúl Ponce Arrieta, Electo Eduardo Silva Lora, Marco A. Rosa do
Nascimento, Vladimir Melián Cobas.........................................................................................................................................6
B-075
A STUDY OF HYDROTHERMAL COORDINATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION CONNECTED IN A
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Erico Bruchmann Spier, Flávio Antonio Becon Lemos, Sérgio Haffner, Eduardo Knorr.........................................................6
B-083
STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS IN CONGESTED POWER SYSTEM
Alessandra Macedo de Souza, Geraldo Roberto Martins da Costa...........................................................................................7
B-085
SENSITIVITY IN ACTIVE OPTIMAL POWER DISPATCH
Edmarcio Antonio Belati, Geraldo Roberto Martins da Costa..................................................................................................7
B-088
SHORT TERM HYDROTHERMAL COORDINATION WITH TRANSMISSION RESTRICTIONS: STATE OF THE ART
OF THE OPTIMIZATION METODS
Alberto Vargas, Wilfredo Sifuentes...........................................................................................................................................7
B-089
SIMULATION OF THE HYDROPOWER SYSTEMS OPERATION USING OPERATION POLICIES VIA NEURAL
NETWORKS
Rodrigo Sacchi, Adriano A. F. M. Carneiro, Aluizio F. R. Araújo............................................................................................8
B-104
A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE SYSTEM BUSES TO REACTIVE ALLOCATION
Thales Sousa, Geraldo Roberto Martins da Costa.....................................................................................................................8
B-112
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION NETS. SIMPLEX METODO
Daniel O. Anaut, Guillermo Fabián. Di Mauro, Juan Antonio Suárez, Martin Moran.............................................................9
B-114
PREDICTIVE EVALUATE OF THE NEWS RELIABILITY INDEXES CONSIDERING GLOBAL ANALYSIS:
GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
Agnelo Marotta Cassula, Armando M. Leite da Silva, Cleber E. Sacramento, Luis A. F. Manso...........................................9
IX
B-125
A MORE PRECISE EXTENDED WARD EQUIVALENT FOR REAL-TIME ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
SYSTEMS
Irênio de Jesus Silva Junior, Carlos Alberto Favarin Murari.....................................................................................................9
B-127
IMPROVEMENT OF VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS CONSIDERING CONTROL DECISIONS ON TRACING PV
AND QV CURVES
Andre Saraiva de Paula, Anésio dos Santos Júnior...................................................................................................................10
B-129
TRANSIENT STABILITY COMPOSITE INDECES TO DYNAMIC SECURITY ASSESSMENT
Edni Nunes de Oliveira, Antonio Padilha.................................................................................................................................10
B-137
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM BASED ON FUZZY SYSTEMS
Daniel Gomes Ferrari, Gelson da Cruz Júnior...........................................................................................................................11
B-144
CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT ELECTRIC GENERATION MODEL BY HIDRELECTRICITY IN THE BRAZIL
José Francisco Rodrigues, Renato Crivellari Creppe................................................................................................................11
B-147
COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIMAL AND DUAL STOCHASTIC DYNAMICAL PROGRAMMING IN THE
OPERATION PLANNING OF HYDROTHERMAL POWER SYSTEMS
Thaís Gama de Siqueira, Secundino Soares Filho.....................................................................................................................11
B-153
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR ON THE FORMATION OF THE SYNCHRONIZING AND
DAMPING TORQUE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEMS
Renato Luiz de Araujo Junior, Percival Bueno de Araujo.........................................................................................................12
B-175
IMPORTANCE OF VOLTAGE CONTROL IN LONG AND WEAKLY MESHED SYSTEM
Benjamín R. Serrano, Alberto Vargas, Juan Pablo Moncho......................................................................................................12
B-176
AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL IN A COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT
David Fagundes Fabri, Cláudio Ferreira, Pedro Paulo de Carvalho Mendes...........................................................................12
B-177
EVALUATION THE FIRM AND ASSURED ENERGIES IN HIDROELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS UNDER
DIFFERENT OPERATION POLICES
Thyago Carvalho Marques, Luciana Martinez, Marcelo Augusto Cicogina, Secundino Soares, João Eduardo Lopes.................................13
B-183
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES FOR GENERATION AS AN INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING
ELEMENT
Ricardo Junqueira Fujii, Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão, André Luiz Veiga Gimenes, Miguel Edgar Morales Udaet Udaeta........................13
B-187
INFLUENCE OF STATCOM IN POWER SYSTEMS STABILITY
Carlos Henrique Rennó Ribeiro Santos, Pedro Paulo de Carvalho Mendes, Cláudio Ferreira................................................13
B-204
WELL-BEING ANALYSIS FOR GENERATING SYSTEM BY NON-SEQUENTIAL MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
Luiz A. F. Manso, Warlley S. Sales, Armando M. Leite da Silva, Leônidas C. Resende.........................................................14
B-211
EVALUATION OF THE OPTIMIZED OPERATION OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Renato Mendes da Silva, Adriano Alber de França Mendes Carneiro.....................................................................................14
B-240
MELP-A LONG TERM GENERATION AND INTERCONNECTION EXPANSION PLANNING MODEL OF ELECTRIC
SYSTEMS
Maria Luiza V. Lisboa, Albert C. Geber de Melo, Maria Elvira P. Maceira, Carlos Henrique M. de Sabóia, Fernando Cattan
Josan, Claudia Sagastizabal, Mario Jorge Daher, Paulo R. Holanda Sales..............................................................................15
TOPIC 2.................................................................................................................................................................17
RENEWABLE AND NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ELECTRIC POWER
B-003
ELECTRICITY STORAGE SYSTEM WITH FUEL CELLS FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES
Paulo Fabrício Palhavam Ferreira, Ennio Peres da Silva, Antonio José Marin Neto, Fernando Rezende Apolinário...................................19
X
B-010
THE COMPLEMENTARITIES BETWEEN WIND AND SOLAR ENERGIES IN STAND-ALONE HYBRID SYSTEMS A CASE STUDY USING THE PROGRAM ASES
Wilson Negrão Macêdo, João Tavares Pinho............................................................................................................................19
B-011
PHOTOVOLTAIC-BASED LIGHTING SYSTEMS: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS UNDER NON SINUSOIDAL
VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
Fábio Mendes da Silva, Nelson J. Camelo, Osvaldo R. Saavedra, Walbermark M. dos Santos..............................................19
B-026
INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ON THE ELECTRIC SYSTEM
João Carlos Vernetti dos Santos, Gilnei Carvalho Ocácia, Flavio Alves Machado..................................................................20
B-030
SOFTWARE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS FOR
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Luis Carlos Macedo Blasques, João Tavares Pinho..................................................................................................................20
B-037
ELECTRIC VEHICLES USING DIRECT OXIDATION FUEL CELLS - DOFC
Brandão, M.O, Almeida, S.C.A................................................................................................................................................21
B-038
DEVELOPMENT OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES TESTING SYSTEM
César Wilhelm Massen Prieb, Arno Krenzinger.......................................................................................................................21
B-042
A TOPOLOGICAL SURVEY ON SINGLE-PHASE GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
Márcio do Carmo Barbosa Rodrigues, Estêvão Coelho Teixeira, Henrique Antônio Carvalho Braga....................................21
B-046
EVALUATION OF THE OPERATION OF THE LES-UFRGS PV-WIND HYBRID SYSTEM
Felipe Hernández García, Arno Krenzinger, Jorge A. Villar Alé..............................................................................................22
B-064
STRATEGY TO INTRODUCE SMALL DISPERSED ENERGY STORAGE AND GENERATION SOURCES INTO THE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
V. A. Popov, L. N. Canha, F. A. Farret, L. König, D. P. Bernardon..........................................................................................22
B-074
USING TECHNIQUES OF VIRTUAL REALITY FOR THE STUDY OF THE CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY IN
ELECTRIC POWER
Fabiana Bissochi, Edgard Afonso Lamounier Jr, Alexandre Cardoso, Fábio Lima de Albuquerque.......................................23
B-080
OPTIMIZATION OF THE STATIC PLAIN CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE MODIFIED
Heston Silveira, Izete Zanesco, Adriano Moehlecke................................................................................................................23
B-081
DEVELOPMENT OF A STATIC CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE WITH HIGH OPTICAL
CONCENTRATION
Tiago Cassol Severo, Izete Zanesco, Adriano Moehlecke........................................................................................................24
B-082
IMPLEMENTATION OF A SOLAR CELL FABRICATION PROCESS BASED ON RAPID THERMAL FURNACES
Tatiane Cecchini, Ana Paula Mallmann, Adriano Moehlecke, Izete Zanesco, Carlos del Cañizo Nadal.................................24
B-084
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF WIND POWER GENERATORS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Maurício B. C. Salles, Walmir de Freitas, André Morelato França..........................................................................................25
B-099
A LOW-COST PHOTOVOLTAIC INVERTER-CONTROLLER FOR PUBLIC LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Fábio Mendes da Silva, Nelson J. Camelo, Osvaldo R. Saavedra............................................................................................25
B-103
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF MICRO GAS TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBER FOR BIOMASS GAS
Lourival J. Mendes Neto, Alexander Paramonov, Electo E. Silva Lora, Marco Antonio R. Nascimento................................25
B-115
THE BACANGA TIDAL PLANT PROJECT: CONCEPTION AND PERSPECTIVES
Shigeaki Leite de Lima, Osvaldo R. Saavedra, Allan Kardec Barros, Nelson José Camelo....................................................26
B-116
FORECAST SYSTEM OF DEMAND ATTENDANCE FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS SYSTEMS
Bartolomeu Ferreira dos Santos Junior, Silvangela Líliam da Silva Lima, Osvaldo R. Saavedra, Sebastian Yuri C. Catunda.....................26
B-117
Pt-RARE EARTH ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL
E.G. Franco, T.A.B.Santoro, S.R. Brandão, A.O. Neto, E.V. Spinacé, E.Aricó, M. Linardi....................................................27
XI
B-118
OPTIMIZATION STUDIES ON PEM FUEL CELL USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
T.A.B.Santoro, A.M.Saliba-Silva, E.G.Franco, S.R.Brandão, S.A.A.Bueno, M.Linardi..........................................................27
B-119
ENERGY QUALITY OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION WITH PV GRID-CONNECTED SYSTEMS AT USP:
EVALUATION OF SUPPLY PARAMETERS
Wilson Negrão Macêdo, Roberto Zilles....................................................................................................................................28
B-132
A PROPOSAL TO THE PERFORMANCE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO THE UTILITY POWER
GRID
Fabio Lima de Albuquerque, Adélio José de Moraes, Geraldo Caixeta Guimarães, Sérgio Manuel Rivera Sanhueza,
Alexandre Rodrigues Vaz..........................................................................................................................................................28
B-133
W. R. Baldo, S. A. Ara Bueno, A.M.Saliba-Silva, M. Linardi..................................................................................................28
B-134
A METHODOLOGY FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY ASSESSMENT IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS WITH WIND
GENERATION
José Eduardo O. Pessanha, Walbermark M. dos Santos, Fabio M. da Silva, Newton R. P. Filho............................................29
B-138
EFFECTS OF IRRADIANCE ATTENUATORS ON THE TESTING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES
Andrade, A.C., Vera, L.H., Prieb, C. W. M, Krenzinger, A......................................................................................................29
B-141
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SOLAR RADIATION AUGMENTATION ON PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
Gabriel Blanco, Guillermo Santillán, Esteban Gelso, Manuel Rodríguez...............................................................................30
B-150
NATURAL GAS STEAM REFORMING FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION. AN EXERGETIC APPROACH
María Isabel Sosa, Alberto Fushimi, José Luz Silveira...........................................................................................................30
B-166
BIOGAS PURIFICATION SYSTEM FROM SEWER FOR MICROTURBINES UTILIZATION
Sílvia Maria Stortini González Velázquez, Luís Henrique Nobre Avellar, Osvaldo Stella Martins, David Freire Costa,
Patrícia Maria Guardabassi, Américo Varkulya Jr., Vanessa Pecora.......................................................................................31
B-168
WIND POTENTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SÃO PAULO STATE
Adriana Rocha, Luiz Antonio Rossi........................................................................................................................................31
B-169
A SOFTWARE DEVELOPED FOR ELECTRICAL SUPPLYING THROUGH PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Luiz Antonio Rossi, J. A. Marini.............................................................................................................................................31
B-174
FORECASTING ELECTRICITY LOAD DEMAND: ANALYSIS OF THE 2001 RATIONING PERIOD IN BRAZIL
Lacir Jorge Soares, Leonardo Rocha Souza............................................................................................................................32
B-179
ENERGY RESOURCE FROM WATER REUSE FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION
Geraldo Francisco Burani, Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta, Fabiana Aparecida de Toledo Silva, Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão................32
B-182
POWER GENERATION ASSESSMENT WITH DIESEL USING FULL COST ACCOUNTING APPROACH
Ricardo Lacerda Baitelo, Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta, Geraldo Francisco Burani, Su Pei Fei.........................................33
B-184
BIOMASS GASIFICATION ENERGY, A NON-CONVENTIONAL RESOURCE FOR A CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
Oscar Tadashi Kinto, Jose Aquiles Baesso Grimoni, Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão, Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta,
Yokogawa Service S.A..........................................................................................................................................................33
B-186
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH FUEL CELLS INTO ENERGY PLANNING
Geraldo Francisco Burani, Flávio Minoru Maruyama, Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão, Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta..............................34
B-191
ELECTRIC WIND POWER GENERATION - ONE STUDY OF THE FIVE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY
A. Rocha, L.A. Rossi..............................................................................................................................................................34
B-192
A GENERATOR FOR A HYDRO POWER PLANT WITH NO WATER HEAD
Tadeu Rezende de Azevedo, Ivan Eduardo Chabu.................................................................................................................34
B-196
FUZZY CONTROL APPLIED TO A HYBRID SYSTEM OF ENERGY RENEWABLE SOURCES: WIND,
PHOTOVOLTAIC AND BIOGAS
Luiz Octavio Mattos dos Reis, Galdenoro Botura Jr, José Luz Silveira, Ronaldo Rossi ......................................................35
XII
B-203
SOFTWARE FOR CALCULUS OF ELECTRIC SYSTEM SUPPLY WITH WIND MOTORS UTILIZING PERMANENT
MAGNETS GENERATOR
Teófilo Miguel de Souza, Carlos Eduardo Affonso..................................................................................................................35
B-215
LABORATORY TESTING OF SMALL WIND TURBINES
Gustavo de Marsillac Peña, Jorge Villar Alé, Fabiano Daher Adegas......................................................................................36
B-216
WIND FARMS PROJECT: COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS APPLICATION AND COMPARISON
Jorge Villar Alé, Guilherme Gorga Azambuja, Tchiarles Coltinho Hilbig, Fabiano Daher Adegas, Alexandre Vagtinski de
Paula.........................................................................................................................................................................................36
B-228
THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A URBAN SOLID WASTE BURNING POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
Hans Cristian Borowski, José Luz Silveira..............................................................................................................................36
B-231
EVALUATION OF A PERMANENT MAGNETS GENERATOR TO BE DRIVEN BY WINDMILLS
Teófilo Miguel de Souza, Rodrigo Carneiro Leonel, Inácio Bianchi.......................................................................................37
B-246
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A FUEL CELL COGENERATION SYSTEMS
Elisângela Martins Leal, José Luz Silveira..............................................................................................................................37
B-248
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY FOR ISOLATED RURAL AREAS. STUDIES
IN COLOMBIA, CUBA AND PERU
Judith A. Cherni.......................................................................................................................................................................38
B-258
POWER QUALITY STUDY IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS FUEL CELL
Gilson Paulillo, Flávio R. Garcia, Patricio R. Impinnisi, Mauricio P. Cantão........................................................................38
B-261
FEASIBILITY OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS IN CHILE
Paulino Alonso Rivas, Sergio Espinoza Méndez, Patricio Robles Calderón..........................................................................39
TOPIC 3...............................................................................................................................................................41
THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
THERMONUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
HYDROELETRIC POWER PLANTS
B-031
VALUE ADDED AT THERMAL POWER PLANTS PROJECTS ANALYSIS UNDER RISK ON BRAZILIAM
WHOLESALE ENERGY MARKET
Wagner da Silva Lima, Dorel Soares Ramos..........................................................................................................................43
B-065
ENVIRONMENTAL ZONING FOR LOCALIZATION OF THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN THE BASIN
OF PIRACICABA, CAPIVARI AND JUNDIAÍ RIVERS
Eliane Aparecida Faria Amaral Fadigas, Luiz Henrique Alves Pazzini, Jean Cesare Negri, Sérgio Barillari, Lelis Tetsuo
Murakami................................................................................................................................................................................43
B-073
INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT CONDITIONS AND OPERATION LOAD ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A
COMBINED CYCLE THERMAL POWER PLANT
Clecius Ferreira da Silva, Dalmo Massaru Wakabayashi, Felipe Raúl Ponce Arrieta, Electo Eduardo Silva Lora..............43
B-120
ESTIMATE OF ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN BRAZIL
Electo Eduardo Silva Lora, Karina Ribeiro Salomon............................................................................................................44
B-157
ON ANALYSING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BRAZILIAN NORTHERN COUNTRY AUTONOMOUS POWER
PLANTS
Elizabeth Ferreira Cartaxo, Nelson Kuwahara, Ricardo Wilson A. da Cruz..........................................................................44
B-167
SAFETY ANALYSIS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS USING FUZZY LOGIC AND FAULT TREE EVALUATION
Antônio C. F. Guimarães, Celso M. F. Lapa...........................................................................................................................45
B-185
DESIGN ANALYZE MODELING FOR SMALL SCALE HYDRO POWER GENERATION
Jose Aquiles Baesso Grimoni, Octavio Ferreira Affonso, Luiz Cláudio Ribeiro Galvão, Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta..........................45
XIII
B-198
POWER PLANT CO-GENERATION PROTECTION SYSTEM
Antônio Carlos Moscardi, José Aquiles Baesso Grimoni.........................................................................................................46
B-200
RECAPACITATION AND RE-POWERING SMALL HIDRO POWER PLANTS OUT OFF use OR IN USE IN THE
SÃO PAULO STATE
Inácio Bianchi, Teófilo Miguel de Souza..................................................................................................................................46
B-224
DROP OF NITROGEN OXIDES GENERATION AT DISTILLATE GAS BURNING IN A FURNACE OF THE
INDUSTRIAL BOILER
Jarquin Lopez G., Polupan G., Toledo-Velazquez M., Sanchez-Flores P. F..............................................................................47
TOPIC 4.................................................................................................................................................................49
THECNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ISSUES RELATED TO COGENERATION SYSTEMS
B-008
MODIFICATION IN THE ENERGETIC SCENERY IN THE INDUSTRIES OF MALT
Marcelo Bergamini de Carvalho, Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho, José luz Silveira.....................................................................51
B-013
COGENERATION UTILISING RESIDUAL HEAT OF AN INDUSTRIAL INCINERATOR
Marcelo Bergamini de Carvalho, Ricardo Barbosa Posch Siqueira, Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho, José Luz Silveira..................................51
B-018
ENERGETIC AND EXERGETIC ANALYSES OF A SUGAR CANE INDUSTRY WITH COGENERATION
SYSTEM IN EXPANSION
Ricardo Alan V. Ramos, Cássio R. M. Maia, José L. Gasche, Thales B. Uchoa, Fabiano P. Branco, Marcelo C. Fiomari,
Alessandro T. Takak.................................................................................................................................................................51
B-028
COGENERATION AS INSTRUMENT FOR IMPROVE THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
José Manuel dos Santos Cruz, Maria da Glória Barros Monteiro, Perla Reis Pinho..............................................................52
B-034
UPDRAFT GASIFICATION
Rolando Zanzi, José Suarez, Pablo Roque..............................................................................................................................52
B-036
USE OF A RANKINE ABSORPTION BOTTOMING POWER CYCLE IN A COGENERATION PLANT
José A. Borgert Jr., José A. Velásquez.....................................................................................................................................53
B-054
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING A COGENERATION PLANT
Luiz Gustavo do Val, Alcir de Faro Orlando...........................................................................................................................53
B-077
ENERGETIC UTILIZATION OF SOLIDS WASTES IN BROILER AVICULTURE
Fábio de Souza Florentino, Pedro Magalhães Sobrinho, José Luz Silveira............................................................................54
B-078
ANALYSIS TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF GENERATOR NATURAL GAS IN A
COGENERATION SYSTEM: CASE STUDY
Adriana Aparecida dos Santos Costa, Oscar Armando Maldonado Astorga, José Luz Silveira.............................................54
B-101
OPERATIVE BEHAVIOR OF GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEMS. PART A: BASIS FOR MODEL OF
ANALYSIS
María Isabel Sosa, Mauricio Maspoli, Alberto Fushimi.........................................................................................................55
B-102
OPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR OF GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEMS. PART B: APPLICATION OF
ANALYSIS MODEL
B-130
METHODOLOGIES FOR COSTS ALLOCATION IN STEAM COGENERATION PLANTS
Rolando Nonato de Oliveira Lima..........................................................................................................................................56
B-152
ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY OF GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEMS
B-156
OPTIMIZATION OF AMAZONAS STATE LUMBER-MILL INDUSTRY THERMIC SYSTEMS AS ENHANCED BY
COGENERATION
José Tadeu Diniz Alkmin, Vladimir Paixão e Silva, Elizabeth Ferreira Cartaxo, Adriana Correia Flores.............................56
XIV
B-159
REGULATORY REFORM AND ELECTRICITY DEMAND IN COLOMBIA'S INDUSTRY
Rodrigo Taborda.......................................................................................................................................................................57
B-164
SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF COGENERATION SYSTEMS APPLIED TO TANNERIES
Paulo Smith Schneider, Horácio Antônio Vielmo, Rodrigo Danieli, Sandro Tavares Conceição, Mariliz Gutterres Soares,
Nilson Romeu Marcílio............................................................................................................................................................57
B-181
COGENERATION WITH ENERGY RESOURCES FROM URBAN WASTES
Geraldo Francisco Burani, José Aquiles Baesso Grimoni, Fernando Selles Ribeiro, Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta..................................58
B-193
THERMOECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF COGENERATION ALTERNATIVES FOR A SUGAR PLANT
Mauricio Colombo, María Rosa Hernández, José Luz Silveira...............................................................................................58
TOPIC 5.................................................................................................................................................................61
ENERGY AND LOAD FORECASTING
INTEGRAL PLANNING OF RESOURCES SEEKING THE INCREASE OF THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRIC DEMAND AND QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX
B-005
A TIME SERIES DECOMPOSITION FORECASTING MODEL FOR WATER INFLOWS FORECASTING
Luciano Brito Querido, Gelson da Cruz Júnior........................................................................................................................63
B-024
METHODOLOGICAL AND ORGANISATIONAL CHALLENGES IN THE ELABORATION OF THE BRAZILIAN
ELECTRICAL POWER SECTOR EXPANSION PLANS AND ENERGY BALANCE FORECASTS
Sergio Valdir Bajay...................................................................................................................................................................63
B-050
DYNAMIC LOAD BEHAVIOUR ESTIMATION DURING ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESTORATION
Lia Mota, Alexandre Mota, André Morelato...........................................................................................................................63
B-097
INVESTIGATION OF A FORECASTING MODEL BASED ON PPS NEURAL NETWORKS
Renato Junqueira Maia, Gelson da Cruz Júnior.......................................................................................................................64
B-098
HEURISTIC APPROACH TO LONG TERM LOAD FORECASTING BASED IN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Andréia Oliveira Cuer, Gelson da Cruz Júnior........................................................................................................................64
B-121
A SUGGESTION FOR STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION OF LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR ENERGY TIME SERIES
USING NON-PARAMETRIC REGRESSION
Rosane M. Kirchner, Reinaldo C. Souza, Flávio A. Ziegelmann............................................................................................64
B-135
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS BY NEURAL NETWORK BASED ON ADAPTIVE
RESONANCE THEORY
Wagner Peron Ferreira, Maria do Carmo Gomes da Silveira, Anna Diva P. Lotufo, Carlos. R. Minussi...............................65
B-178
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEASONAL STREAMFLOW FORECASTING MODELS
Manoel Henrique da Nóbrega Marinho, Thyago Carvalho Marques, Secundino Soares, Rosangela Ballini........................66
B-180
LOCAL APPLIED OF INTEGRATED ENERGY RESOURCES PLANNING
William Takanori Ino, Miguel E. Morales Udaeta, Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão, Carlos Marcio Vieira Tahan...................66
B-210
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK-BASED SHORT-TERM DEMAND FORECASTER
Alexandre P. Alves da Silva, Ubiratan P. Rodrigues, Agnaldo J. Rocha Reis, P.C. Nascimento, Luciano S. Moulin.................................67
B-214
ENERGY FLOWS, ANXIETIES AND BARRIERS: A point of view of the electric energy demand in rural communities
electrified by conventional grids
Federico Morante, Roberto Zilles..........................................................................................................................................67
B-232
ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF THE PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS SCRIPTS IN THE
ENERGY SUPPLY
José Aquiles Baeso Grimoni, André Luiz Veiga Gimenes, Claudio Elias Carvalho, Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta,
RicardoCamargo....................................................................................................................................................................68
XV
B-233
FULL COST ACCOUNTING MODEL FOR POWER GENERATION
Julio Henrique Boarati, Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta, Luiz Cláudio Ribeiro Galvão, Jose Aquiles Baesso Grimoni...............................68
B-249
THE CHILD´S AND OF THE WOMAN TEACHER´S DIFFICULTIES IN THE SCHOOL WITHOUT ELECTRICITY
Rosaura de Menezes Selles Ribeiro, Fernando Selles Ribeiro.................................................................................................69
TOPIC 6.................................................................................................................................................................71
SUBSTATIONS AND EQUIPMENTS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE
INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRIC SYSTEMS
LEGISLATION FOR THE ELECTRIC ENERGY TRADE
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
TARIFF SYSTEMS
B-033
APPLICATION OF WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR MONITORING SHORT-DURATION VARIATIONS VOLTAGES
IN TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Raimundo Nonato M. Machado, Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra, Evaldo Gonçalves Pelaes.........................................................73
B-048
IDENTIFICATION OF BUILDING BLOCKS FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM RESTORATION
Alexandre Mota, Lia Mota, André Morelato...........................................................................................................................73
B-105
THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS INTERCONNECTION ON RESTRUCTURING BRAZILIAN ELECTRICAL
ENERGY MARKET: A RELATION BETWEEN COMPETITIVENESS AND INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING
Andre C. Paro, Dorel S. Ramos, Eliane A. F. A. Fadigas, Miguel E. M. Udaeta.....................................................................73
B-106
THE USE OF ELECTRICITY TIME-OF-DAY AND INTERRUPTIBLE SUPPLY TARIFFS TO OPTIMISE LOAD
CURVES
Alvaro Afonso Furtado Leite, Claudio Bezerra de Carvalho, Dean William Carmeis, Dorel Soares Ramos, Gilberto de
Martino Jannuzzi, José Luiz Pereira Brittes, Maria Rosa Rezende, Sérgio Valdir Bajay........................................................74
B-123
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC GENERATION SHEDDING MODEL FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
Osvaldo A. Ojeda, Rodolfo E. Rosés, Daniel Greco...............................................................................................................74
B-172
UNIVERSALIZATION OF PUBLIC ENERGY SERVICES CASE STUDY: THE RURAL ENVIRONMENT BEFORE
AND AFTER THE LAW 10,438
José do Carmo, Rui Manuel Marques, Fernando Selles Ribeiro............................................................................................75
B-189
AUCTION MECHANISM AND ENERGY PRICE DETERMINATION IN BRAZIL
Gustavo Santos Masili, Adriano Jeronimo da Silva, Carla Regina Lanzotti, Paulo de Barros Correia..................................75
B-194
GAME THEORY COMPETITIVE MODELS FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY TRADE
Erick M. Azevedo, Paulo B. Correia, Tiago B. Correia, Fernando C. Munhoz......................................................................76
B-197
OPTIONS CONTRACTS IN THE BRAZILIAN ELECTRICITY MARKET
Tiago B. Correia, Fernando C. Munhoz, Paulo B. Correia, Erick M. Azevedo......................................................................76
B-253
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT THAT THE INCLUSION OF A RURAL FEEDER IN A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
CAUSES IN THE RELIABILITY INDEXES
Agnelo Marotta Cassula, Fernando Selles Ribeiro, Cleber Esteves Sacramento....................................................................77
TOPIC 7................................................................................................................................................................79
COMPUTER MODELS AND PROGRAMS FOR ANALYSIS AND DESING OF POWER PLANTS
B-007
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY
ANALYSIS OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS
Eduardo Wulff Hirano, Edson Bazzo.......................................................................................................................................81
B-022
A SIMPLIFY TRATMENT TO SEISMIC EVALUATION OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM PSEUDO-STATIC
METHOD
L.C. Sousa Jr, L.J. Pedroso......................................................................................................................................................81
XVI
B-023
OPTIMISATION OF ENERGY INTENSIVE SYSTEMS WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Nikulshin V., Wu C., Nikulshina V..........................................................................................................................................81
B-035
INTELLIGENT SYSTEM TO LOCATE FAULTS IN RURAL DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS
Rodrigo Aparecido Fernandes Pereira, Luís Gustavo W. Silva, José R. Sanches Mantovani................................................82
B-058
MULTIMACHINE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR DYNAMIC STABILITY
ANALYSIS
André Maurício Damasceno Ferreira, Walter Barra Júnior, José Augusto Lima Barreiros, Carlos Tavares da Costa Jr.............................82
B-060
A HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM APPLIED TO THE ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM
Márcia Marcondes Altimari Samed, Mauro A. da Silva. Sá Ravagnani, Rosimeire Gomes..................................................83
B-142
DYNAMIC AGGREGATION OF DUAL-INPUT POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER MODELS TO CALCULATE
DYNAMIC EQUIVALENTS
Eduardo J. S. Pires de Souza, Marcos A. Albuquerque..........................................................................................................83
B-143
IMPACT OF THE SIMULTANEOUS OPERATION OF AIR CONDITIONERS IN THE POWER SYSTEM
Sergio Manuel Rivera Sanhueza, Geraldo Caixeta Guimarães, José Carlos de Oliveira, Carlos Augusto Guimarães
Medeiros, Fernando Lessa Tofoli, Fábio Lima Albuquerque, Bismarck Castillo Carvalho..................................................83
B-195
ILLUSTRATING THE EFFECTS OF THE ARGENTINE PESO DEVALUATION ON A THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATOR USING THE MARKOV CHAIN MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
Manuel de Tezanos Pinto........................................................................................................................................................84
B-222
COMPUTER MODEL OF THE POWER STEAM GENERATOR FOR STUDENT EDUCATION AND
IMPROVEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL SKILL
Mikhlevskiy A., Mikhlevskiy S., Pysmennyy Ye., Polupan G., Sanchez-Silva F., Real-Ramirez C. A.................................84
B-230
AN AUTOMATIC METHOD FOR MULTISWING STABILITY ANALYSIS IN MULTIMACHINE POWER
SYSTEM
Alexandre Vieira de Oliveira, Laurence Duarte Colvara........................................................................................................85
B-239
DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE FOR DESIGN OF MICRO HYDROELETRIC WITH PERMANENT MAGNETS
GENERATOR AND POWER SUPPLY UNTIL 10 kW
Teófilo Miguel de Souza, Alexandre Augusto Barbosa Mariano...........................................................................................85
B-254
A NON-LINEAR STABILITY STUDY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE SPEED GOVERNOR PARAMETERS
FOR THE 9A ITAIPU GENERATING UNITY
Paulo Renato Galveias Lopes.................................................................................................................................................85
TOPIC 8 ..............................................................................................................................................................87
HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
CONTROL AND SAFETY MEASURES SYSTEMS
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
B-001
DETERMINATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE PARAMETERS FROM STANDSTILL FREQUENCY
RESPONSE TEST
Carlos A. Rivera Salamanca, J. Enrique Carrasco Alvarez, Hipolito Cantú Lemus..............................................................89
B-006
INFLUENCES Of the TEMPERATURE CONTROL And CYCLE OF OPERATION Of the COMPRESSOR In the
QUALITY OF ENERGY AT HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATORS
Diego Santos Greff, Nathan Mendes.....................................................................................................................................89
B-014
AN ADAPTIVE CONTROL STRATEGY WITH FUZZY SUPERVISION APPLIED TO DAMP POWER SYSTEM
DYNAMIC OSCILATIONS BY USING TCSC SUPPLEMENTARY CONTROL
Walter Barra Jr., José Augusto Lima Barreiros, Carlos Tavares da Costa Jr., André Maurício Damasceno Ferreira................................89
B-015
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTELLIGENT SYSTEM FOR POWER ADAPTIVE PROTECTION
Leonel Crisostenes, Germano Lambert Torres, Ronaldo Rossi, Carlos Henrique Valério de Morae...................................90
XVII
B-016
AN INTELLIGENT TOOL FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RECONFIGURATION
Germano Lambert Torres, Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva, Alexandre Rasi Aoki, Carlos Henrique Valério de Moraes,
Belmiro Ribeiro Costa, Jair Alves Barbosa.............................................................................................................................90
B-017
INDEXES AND MARGINS FOR VOLTAGE SECURITY ASSESSMENT IN REAL TIME OPERATION
Jorgeson O.R. dos Santos, Rover F. França, Ricardo Prada, Luiz Claudio de Araujo Ferreira, André Bianco......................91
B-020
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM AND REMOTE DATA TREATMENT OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
CONNECTED IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Tiago T. dos Santos, Flávio Antônio Becon Lemos, Erico Bruchmann Spier, Eduardo Knorr...............................................91
B-052
MONITORING SySTEM FOR 345 kV CIRCUIT BRAKERS WITH DIGITAL OPTICAL SENSORS TO
INDICATE THE CONTACTS POSITION
Douglas Alexandre de Andrade Garcia, Humberto Alencar Pizza e Silva, Josemir Coelho Santos, Wilson Roberto Bacega....................92
B-053
A DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ALGORITHM FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION USING DISCRETE
WAVELET TRANSFORMS
David Calhau Jorge, Denis Vinicius Coury............................................................................................................................92
B-055
OPTIMAL REACTIVE ALLOCATION
Rodrigo Souza Fortunato, Paulo Augusto Nepomuceno Garcia, José Luiz Rezende Pereira, Edimar José de Oliveira............................93
B-062
RELIABILITY OPTIMIZATION IN ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
M. G. Da Silva, A. B. Rodrigues, C. L. C. Castro, O. R. S. Mendez, A. C. Neto, E. A. Moutinho, N. S. A. Neto, B.
Cavalcante, M. F. B. Aronés, V. L. P. Casas..........................................................................................................................93
B-067
END-TO-END TEST OF 500 kV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING TRANSITORY SIGNALS SYNCHRONIZED
FOR GPS
Marcelo E. de C. Paulino, Geraldo M. Aoun.........................................................................................................................93
B-069
DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION LINE CABLES THROUGH NONLINEAR MOLDES
Nilson Barbieri, Renato Barbieri, Oswaldo Honorato de Souza Júnior.............................................................................. ..94
B-070
STRUCTURAL DAMPING ESTIMATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE CABLES
Nilson Barbieri, Renato Barbieri, Oswaldo Honorato de Souza Júnior.............................................................................. ..94
B-086
DIAGNOSIS OF AIR-BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER IN REACTOR'S BAYS
Ozias Gomes de Oliveira, Giorgio Eugênio Oscare Giacaglia, Weberson Eduardo Guioto Abreu.......................................94
B-090
HARMONIC AND TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING WAVELET TRANSFORMS
Gustavo Bacino, Juan Sánchez..............................................................................................................................................95
B-091
AUTOMATION OF AN AIR PRESSURE PLANT OF A STANDARD HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATION
João Donizete Passos, Giorgio Eugênio Oscare Giacaglia, Weberson Eduardo Guioto Abreu.............................................95
B-092
THE FAULT LOCATION IN TRANSMISSION LINES BASED ON TRAVELLING WAVES AND WAVELET
TRANSFORM
Murilo da Silva, Mário Oleskovicz, Denis Vinicius Coury....................................................................................................96
B-093
THE SHORT-SHORTEST TERM OPERATION PLANNING WITH ELETRIC-ENERGETIC COUPLING USING
OPFAC
Luiz Giovani L. Rodrigues, Adriano A. F. M. Carneiro, Geraldo R. M. da Costa.................................................................96
B-094
CORRECTION METHOD FOR ELECTRICAL TESTS IN TRANSFORMERS DESIGNED FOR 50 Hz OF
FREQUENCY TESTED AT 60 Hz
José Manuel Esteves Vicente, Ângelo José Junqueira Rezek, Antonio Tadeu Lyrio de Almeida..........................................97
B-095
AUTOMATION OF THE TEMPERATURE ELEVATION TEST IN TRANSFORMERS WITH INSULATING OIL
José Manuel Esteves Vicente, Ângelo José Junqueira Rezek, Antonio Tadeu Lyrio de Almeida..........................................97
B-126
MODELLING TRANSMISSION NETWORK SPECIAL EQUIPMENTS FOR VOLTAGE SECURITY ASSESSMENT
Ricardo Prada, Fausto M. Netto, André Bianco, Luiz A.S. Pilotto.........................................................................................98
XVIII
B-139
A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL GROUNDING SYSTEMS CONSIDERING THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH
FREQUENCIES
Fernando Carneiro Lyra Amaral, André Nunes de Souza, Maria Goretti Zago.......................................................................98
B-145
A STUDY ABOUT MAXIMUM LOADING IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
Cristiano da Silva Silveira, Geraldo Roberto Martins da Costa...............................................................................................98
B-154
COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION FOR PROTECTION AND COORDINATION OF ANSI CATEGORIES I & II
TRANSFORMERS
Fernando Toledo Toledo, José Dolores Juárez Cervantes, Vicente Ayala Ahumada................................................................99
B-155
SCALE MODEL OF A DYNAMIC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
Fernando Toledo Toledo, José Dolores Juárez Cervantes, Ricardo Mota Palomino................................................................99
B-171
EFFECTS OF SVC AND STATCOM ON ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS SMALL SIGNAL VOLTAGE
STABILITY
Alexandre Brandão Nassif, Vivaldo Fernando da Costa, Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva...........................................................99
B-173
MODERN AND PREDICTIVE CONTROL TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
MODELING
C. H. F. Silva1, H. M. Henrique, L. R. Gomes......................................................................................................................100
B-201
GENERATION OF PSEUDO-MEASUREMENTS IN SUB-STATIONS OF RADIAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
TO BE USED IN ESTIMATING THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM STATE
Rolando Marcelo Pringles, Delia Graciela Colomé...............................................................................................................100
B-206
RECONFIGURATION OF RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS USING HYPERBOLIC TANGENT FUNCTION
Vinicius Ferreira Martins, Edimar José de Oliveira, José Luiz Rezende Pereira, Paulo Augusto Nepomuceno Garcia............................101
B-207
THE INFLUENCE OF FAST VALVING IN POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
Fernando Buzzulini Prioste, Pedro Paulo de Carvalho Mendes, Cláudio Ferreira................................................................101
B-208
ANALYSIS PROGRAM OF RELIABILITY OF DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS
Otavio H. S. Vicentini, Airton Violin, Cícero Lefort, Manuel L. B. Martinez, Renata Bachega,
Marco Aurélio Saran, Renato Oling, Hermes R. P. M. De Oliveira......................................................................................101
B-209
FUZZY CONTROLLERS APPLIED TO LOAD-FREQUENCY CONTROL OF REAL SYSTEM
Carlos Ednaldo Ueno Costa, Raimundo Nonato Machado, José Augusto Lima Barreiros, Ubiratan Holanda
Bezerra, André Maurício Damasceno Ferreira, Walter Barra Júnior, Carlos Tavares-da-Costa Júnior, João
Paulo Vieira, Benedito Rodrigues, Norberto Bramatti, Pedro Wenilton Barbosa Duarte.....................................................102
B-212
DIGITAL MAP OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN STATE OF PARÁ
Luis Carlos Macedo Blasque, Marcos André Barros Galhardo, Silvio Bispo do Vale, Alfredo Augusto Vieira Barros,
Cláudio Luciano da Rocha Conde.........................................................................................................................................102
B-213
DIGITAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES APPLIED FOR THE VOLTAGE REGULATION IN A 10 kVA ELETRIC POWER
GENERATION REDUCED SYSTEM
Alessandra M. dos S. Oliveira, Carlos Tavares da Costa Jr., Walter Barra Jr., José A. L. Barreiros, Bárbara
M. Campos, Kátia C. Silva, Jorge R. R. Risuenho................................................................................................................103
B-225
A STUDY OF SPACIAL LOAD FORECASTING IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS PLANNING
Nelson Kagan, Mariângela de Carvalho Bovolato................................................................................................................103
B-229
OBTAINING OF THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS ALONG
TRANSMISSION LINES USING AN ANALYTICAL METHOD
Luiz Fernando Bovolato, Afonso José do Prado, José Paulo Fernandes Garcia, Valmir Alves Cardoso Jr..........................104
B-234
EFFECTS OF THE HARMONIC CONTAMINATION IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS WITH COMPENSATION OF
REACTIVE POWER
Mario Brugnoni, Norberto Lemozy......................................................................................................................................104
XIX
B-235
CHANGES IN THE LOSSES OF THREE PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, DUE TO VOLTAGE
UNBALANCES AND HARMONICS
Norberto A. Lemozy, Mario S.F. Brugnoni............................................................................................................................105
B-255
STUDY OF LINEARITY ERROR INFLUENCE OF MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS IN INTELLIGENT
CONTROLLERS OF INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS
Fenando S. Dantas, Galdenoro Botura Jr, Leonardo Mesquita, Paloma Maria Silva Rocha, Oscar A. Maldonado...................................105
B-259
SECONDARY FREQUENCY REGULATION FOR THE "SISTEMA INTERCONECTADO DEL NORTE
GRANDE" (SING) (NORTHERN INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM IN CHILE)
Hector Peña M, Victor Vilche D............................................................................................................................................105
B-260
USING PSCAD AND MATLAB PROGRAMAS TO SOLVE THE SECONDARY FREQUENCY REGULATION
PROBLEM
Héctor Peña M., Victor Vilche D..........................................................................................................................................106
TOPIC 9.............................................................................................................................................................107
EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY
B-051
CALIBRATION METHODOLOGY FOR COSTS REDUCTION of ELECTRONIC POWER METERS
Sergio Luiz Pereira, Douglas A. A. Garcia..........................................................................................................................109
B-066
IMPACTS OF THE RATIONING OF ELECTRIC POWER OF 2001 AND 2002 IN BRAZIL
César Endrigo Alves Bardelin.............................................................................................................................................109
B-096
ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF A STORAGE WALL AGAINST TO SUDDEN CHANGES OF SURROUNDING
TEMPERATURE.
Angélica Boucíguez, Luis T. Villa, Miguel Angel Lara......................................................................................................109
B-108
METHODOLOGY BASED ON MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE POWER LOSES IN A SUBTRANS
MISSION SYSTEM
Gastón Suvire, Delia. Graciela Colomé..............................................................................................................................110
B-110
TRIFASIC INDUCTION MOTOR WAVELET ANALYSIS ON SHORT TERM VOLTAJE VARIATIONS
Mario G. Macri, Miguel Arizmendi, Mario Benedetti........................................................................................................110
B-113
HARMONICS GENERATION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
Mario Guilhermo Macri, Gustavo Bacino, Cristian Monti................................................................................................111
B-122
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR THE RECONVERSION OF PUBLIC LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Cristóbal Giménez Gallur, Pablo A. Massa, René R. Romero Tirado...............................................................................111
B-128
HOW TO BUY TRANSFORMER THROUGH COST-BENEFIT RELATION
Antônio Melo de Oliveira, Adalberto José Batista, Ana Cláudia Marques do Valle, Gilney da Costa Vaz......................111
B-131
THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSIENT PHENOMENA IN COOLING TOWER AND CONDENSER ON THE
EFFICIENCY OF POWER PLANT
Janez Oman, Brane Širok, Igor Kuštrin, Jure Smrekar.....................................................................................................112
B-170
CASE STUDY: REPLACEMENT OF BULBS AT THE COUNTRYSIDE
José do Carmo, Rui Manuel Marques, Fernando Selles Ribeiro.....................................................................................112
B-223
DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT EXCHANGERS ON THE BASE OF FINING THERMO-SIPHONS FOR EFFICIENT
USE OF SAVING ENERGY
Gershuni A., Pysmennyy Ye., Polupan G., Sanchez-Silva F., Carvajal-Mariscal I..........................................................113
B-236
A GRAPHICAL INTERACTIVE APPROACH FOR EXANTE AND EXPOST ENERGY PRICING IN COMPETITIVE
ELECTRICITY MARKETS
Victor M. Doña, Alejandro Hoese....................................................................................................................................113
XX
B-237
ECONOMIC DISPATCH AND ENERGY PRICING: A COMBINATORIAL APPROACH
Alejandro Hoese....................................................................................................................................................................114
B-242
LOOSES ANALYSIS IN POWER SYSTEMS BASED ON PERSISTENCE DIAGRAM
Claudio O. Dimenna, Daniel Anaut, Mario G. Macri............................................................................................................114
B-243
STUDY OF FLICKER PERCEPTIBILITY CURVES
Claudio Dimenna, Gustavo Bacino.......................................................................................................................................115
B-245
ENERGY CONSERVATION IN COOLING TOWERS
Joaquim Antonio dos Reis, José Luz Silveira, Pérsia Eiko Domeni.....................................................................................115
B-247
ELECTRIC ENERGY SAVING IN COLD WATER PRODUCTION SYSTEM ASSOCIATED TO A DAIRY
INDUSTRY: COGENERATION AND USE OF BIOGÁS IN A WASTE TREATMENT SYTEM.
Antonio Carlos Caetano de Souza, Henrique César Sampaio, Oscar Armando Astorga Maldonado, José Luz Silveira..........................115
B-250
A LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA) FOR SETTING ENERGY-EFFICIENCY STANDARDS IN BRAZIL:
THE CASE OF RESIDENTIAL REFRIGERATORS
Guilherme de Castilho Queiroz, Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi, Edson Adriano Vendrusculo, Thomaz Borges,
José Antenor Pomílio...........................................................................................................................................................116
B-251
LOW-CURRENT CONSUMPTION ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Márcio Abud Marcelino, Francisco J. Grandinetti, Samuel E. de Lucena...........................................................................116
B-252
ECONOMY OF ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING EFFICIENT LAMPS IN
PUBLIC AND RESIDENTIAL ILLUMINATION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE POWER QUALITY
Maldonado A O. A, Horii R. H., Reis L. O. M., Botura Jr. G., Mesquita L.........................................................................117
B-257
IMPACT OF INTERHARMONICS GENERATED BY ARC FURNACES ON HARMONIC FILTERS: A REAL
CASE
Flávio R. Garcia, Gilson Paulillo, Ricardo Araújo, Alexandre C. Naves............................................................................117
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5th LATIN-AMERICAN CONGRESS: ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND
TRANSMISSION....……………………………………………………………………………………………………..119
XXI
TOPIC 1
GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS PLANNING
1
B-019
STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT TO DEFINE GUIDELINES AND PROCEEDINGS TO THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING FOR THE BRAZILIAN POWER SECTOR
Silvia Helena M. Pires¹
Alexandre M. Medeiros¹
Daniella F. Soares¹,²
Elisa D.R. Vieira¹ ³
Fábio Bonatto ¹,³
Geyson Mattos da Silva¹,³
Paulo C. P. Menezes ¹,³
Pedro M.C. Farah ¹,²,4
¹CEPEL Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica - Av. Um s/no, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21941-590
[email protected], [email protected]
²Fund. Pe. Leonel Franca
[email protected]
³Fund. COPPETEC
{elisav, fbonatto, geyson, pcpm}@cepel.br
4
UFRJ
[email protected]
For many years the Brazilian electricity power sector is doing efforts to acquire a strategic environmental approach for sectorial
planning. The CEPEL (Electric Power Research Center) and the COPPE/UFRJ (PPE - Program of Energy Planning) have joined forces to
develop a set of methodological tools to incorporate environmental criteria on sectorial planning, in accordance with the principles of
strategic environmental assessment. The methodological tools and the study case developed in the Araguaia-Tocantins watershed are
presented in this work.
Keywords: Environmental planning, Hydropower generation expansion.
B-039
TOOLS FOR LOCATION OF THERMOELECTRIC PLANTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Kátia Lívia Zambon¹
Adriano Alber França Mendes Carneiro¹
Antônio Nélson Rodrigues Silva²
Jean Cesari Negri³
¹Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica
²Departamento de Engenharia de Transportes
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos USP
Caixa Postal: 359; Av. Trabalhador SãoCarlense, 400, São Carlos - SP; Brasil, CEP: 13566-590
Fone: +55 16 2739365; Fax: +55 16 2739372
CTI, Bauru Engineering University, UNESP
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
³Departamento de Planejamento de Expansão CESP / São Paulo
[email protected]
The growing use of thermoelectric plants for the expansion of electric energy supply systems is increasingly requiring
advanced decision support techniques for site selection. These tools are applied either by entrepreneurs who want to invest in
that market or by government agencies in charge of environmental licensing. Among the tasks carried out by the latter are
project guidance and authorization for the operation of new plants. Two different approaches for thermoelectric plants location
are analyzed in this work. In the first one, called LITOM, the solutions are presented as the most suitable cells (in that case, areas
of twenty-five by thirty-three kilometers that can comprise one or more municipalities) for the installation of a plant using a
specific technology for electric energy generation. The system can also point out the most appropriate technology for any
particular cell. In that approach the system was designed to be applied specifically in the state of São Paulo, which has been
divided for that purpose in 416 cells containing all 645 municipalities. Three databases (cells, technologies, and fuel type)
contain all data needed for the analyses. The second approach, called SIGTE, is a GIS-based model in which most data (such as
the municipalities, the roadways, the railways, the pipelines, the transmission lines, etc.) are represented as graphical elements
or layers in a Geographic Information System environment. As the input data is georeferenced, the model becomes a reasonable
representation of reality on which the system can rely on to conduct the spatial analyses. The results of the comparative analysis
suggest that the second model can be seen as an improvement of LITOM. Although SIGTE can be transferred for use in different
areas, it has been also tested in the state of São Paulo,in order to allow a direct comparison of the results of the two models.
Keywords: Geographic Information Systems, Thermoelectric Plants, Decision Support Systems
3
B-040
MODELS OF HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS OPERATION PROGRAMMING, APPLIED TO MEDIUM TERM
PLANNING IN ELECTRICITY MARKETS
Gaspar Añó
Carlos Galdeano
Osvaldo Añó
Instituto de Energía Eléctrica U.N.S.J.
Av. Lib. San Martín (oeste) Nº 1109, J5400ARL San Juan Argentina
Tel/Fax: +54 264 4226444
This work presents a mathematical development to solve the optimal medium and long term operation planning of a
hydrothermal power generation system. This problem is typically divided into two sub problems, namely, a master problem of
reservoir optimization, solved through stochastic dynamic programming, and its subordinated problem, the economical
scheduling, which solves the weekly thermal optimization by using the hydropower energy proposed by the master problem.
Usually, the reservoir optimization proposes weekly hydropower energy per reservoir, after that, for each stage, the
subordinated problem deduces the hydropower energy from the load by means of some heuristic criteria, optimizes the operation
of thermal power units, and verifies the accomplishment of the system operative constraints.
This work presents a model based on optimization methods with constraints, which aim at solving the economic
dispatch sub problem. It optimizes simultaneously the placement of the proposed hydropower energy and the operation of the
thermal blocks, by accounting for the network and operative constraints.
Subsequently, the simulation results of a typical system are presented, and some variations in costs, nodal prices,
Lagrange multipliers, etc., produced by variations in parameters of some system components, are analyzed.
Finally, a mention is done on the results obtained through each of two mathematical programming methods: nonlinear
programming, and iterative quadratic programming.
Keywords: Optimization Methods, Medium Term Optimal Dispatch, Hydrothermal Systems, Mathematical Programming
Methods.
B-043
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT METHODOLOGIES APPLIED TO THE FLOOD CONTROL
Marco Aurélio de Almeida Castro
Adriano Alber de França Mendes Carneiro
Marinho Gomes de Andrade
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos - USP
CEP 13566-590 - São Carlos SP Brasil
Fax: (55) (16) 273-9372
{maurelio, adriano}@sel.eesc.sc.usp.br, [email protected]
These work present four methodologies, some between the most used and other innovators, applied to the flood control
in hidroelétricas plants. Are them: (i) Method of Curve Volume X Duration, the first method applied in the Brazilian Power
System; (ii) Method of Curve Volume X Duration by Windows which applies the concept of time windows to the method (i); (iii)
Method of the Critical Trajectories, currently very applied in the Brazilian Power System, which is based on a recursive
algorithm; (iv) Method of the Stochastic Differentiate Equations which shapes the water inflows peaks as a Markov Diffusion
Model. The methodologies are applied to hydroelectric plants of the Brazilian Hydroelectric System, determining different
empty volumes. The impacts of these different empty volumes on the energy generation are evaluated throughout simulation
studies.
Keywords: Flood Control and empty volumes
B-044
ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM WITH VALVE-POINT LOADING BASED ON A GENETIC ALGORITHM
APPROACH
Letícia Takahashi
Leonardo Nepomuceno
Ivan Nunes da Silva
UNESP - Faculdade de Engenharia de Bauru - FE
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica - DEE
4
Av. Eng.º Luiz Edmundo Carrijo Coube s/n, Caixa Postal 473, 17.033-360 Bauru - SP
Fone/Fax: (014) 221 6116
[email protected], {leo, ivan}@feb.unesp.br
The purpose of the Economic Dispatch (ED) problem is to calculate an optimal generation dispatch policy, taking into
account various operational aspects. Many ED problems have been proposed in the literature presenting different levels of
representation for the transmission and generation systems. Conventional optimization algorithms, most of them classified as
Calculus-based (CB) methods, have presented some drawbacks when solving certain ED problems presenting non-convexity
and/or non-differentiability issues. This is case when valve-point loading is considered for thermal generating units in ED
problems, or also when avoidance zones of operation are considered for hydraulic generating units. Such problems are the basic
motivation for the use Genetic Algorithms (GA) to solve ED problems. The formulation for the proposed ED problem is described
as a trade-off between minimum transmission power losses and minimum generation costs. In mathematical terms the proposed
ED formulation is described as a multiple-objective problem presenting many local minima. To explore the non-differentiability
features of the problem, valve- point loading are also considered for thermal generating units. The Genetic Algorithm is applied
to IEEE test systems and comparisons with a previously proposed CB method, based on a Hopfield approach, are also provided.
Results point-out the importance of exploiting global optimization spaces in ED problems through GA methods, when compared
to local search procedure. Results also depict the importance of considering non-differentiability features in the ED problem.
Generation cost reduction in the range of 3 to 8 % have been provided by the proposed GA solution approach in the tests
performed.
Keywords: Economic Dispatch, Genetic Algorithms, Power Flow, Valve-Point Loading
B-056
NETWORK STATIC EXPANSION PLANNING USING A NEW CONSTRUCTIVE HEURISTIC ALGORITHM
Ivo Chaves da Silva Junior
Edimar José de Oliveira
José Luiz Rezende Pereira
Paulo Augusto Nepomuceno Garcia
Departmento de Engenharia Elétrica
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-UFJF
Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
[email protected] / [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
This work presents a new constructive heuristic algorithm for the solution of problems of static planning of
transmission network systems expansion. The proposed algorithm uses as solution technique the primal-dual methodology of
interior points, making the representation of the expansion possible, inside the Hessiana matrix and vector solution gradient.
The expansion is represented by the hyperbolic tangent function commonly used in neural networks and the transmission system
is modeled by the load flow DC, considered as ideal for problems of planning of transmission systems. The results presented in
this work refer to Brazil's south area equivalent system.
Keywords: Transmission Network Expansion Planning, Constructive Heuristics Algorithms, Interior Points Technique,
Hyperbolic Tangent Function.
B-061
CONTINUATION POWER FLOW: AUTOMATIC PARAMETER DETERMINATION
Edwin Enrique Niño Hernández¹
Carlos Alberto Castro Jr.¹
Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva¹
Dilson Amancio Alves²
¹UNICAMP/FEEC/DSEE
Caixa Postal 6101, cep 13081-970 Campinas,SP
Fone: 0xx-19-37883708 Fax: -19-32891395
{enino, ccastro}@ieee.org, [email protected]
²Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
[email protected]
The conventional Newton method is considered inadequate for computing the maximum loading point (MLP) of power
5
systems, since (a) it presents numerical difficulties in the vicinity of MLP and (b) the load flow Jacobian matrix is singular at
MLP. Continuation methods are useful tools to trace the solution (PV) curve without experiencing numerical difficulties. A
parameterization is necessary to obtain a modified, well-conditioned set of load flow equations. In this paper the real power
losses in transmission lines are used as parameters. In addition, procedures for an automatic choice of the most appropriate
parameter are investigated. Such procedures include the utilization of fast voltage stability indices. Simulation results have
shown that the proposed method is able to trace the whole solution (PV) curve very efficiently.
Keywords: Continuation power flow method, voltage stability, maximum loading point, voltage stability indices.
B-072
ASSESSMENT OF THE DISTRIBUTED GENERATION FOR THE BRAZILIAN CASE
Flávio Neves Teixeira
Osvaldo José Venturini
Felipe Raúl Ponce Arrieta
Marco A. Rosa do Nascimento
Vladimir Melián Cobas
Thermal System Study Group - Federal University of Itajubá
Av. BPS 1303 CP 50, Itajubá, MG, Brazil, CEP 37500-903
tel: +55 35 3629 1266 Fax: +55 35 3629 1355
{flavio, osvaldo, aponce, electo, marco, vladimir }@iem.efei.br
In Brazil, the socioeconomic scenario of the last years, for several reasons, has presented a continuous growth of the
electric energy demand, so an expansion of the installed electric capacities in the short and medium term is needed. The
traditional solutions for the increase in the generation capacity, transmission and distribution, local or regional, can be
expensive and generally they request a planning of medium to long term. In this way, innovative solutions can offer good business
for the sector, resulting in public benefits. In this market, technological progresses have been positioned the distributed
generation (DG) as a great potential solution. New developments in technologies of electric power generation in small scale,
considering reciprocating engines, Stirling engines and mainly gas microturbines, have been providing credibility for the DG as
premise of power generation either onsite or close to final consumer. Considering the scenario above, it is the aim of this work to
describe and to compare, taking in to account technical and economic aspects, the technologies mentioned previously, adapted
to the Brazilian conditions. It is also made an evaluation of the employment of different fuels for each one of these technologies,
for example diesel, alcohol, natural gas and biomass. The considered variants are: conventional separated heat and power
(SHP) and combined heat and power (CHP), and the analysis is made from the a consumer's point of view that is for opting
among these alternatives with a 45 kW demand. The results allow comparing the generation costs of each one of the
technologies, and it was verified a great potential for CHP using biomass, mainly when the prime mover is the Stirling engine
and microturbine.
Keywords: Distributed generation, small scale cogeneration, technical-economical evaluation.
B-075
A STUDY OF HYDROTHERMAL COORDINATION OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION CONNECTED IN A
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Erico Bruchmann Spier
Flávio Antonio Becon Lemos
Sérgio Haffner
Eduardo Knorr
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do RS (PUCRS) - Grupo de Sistemas de Energia Elétrica (GSEE)
Av. Ipiranga 6681, Prédio 30, Bloco 5, Sala 220, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre RS Brasil
Fone: (51) 3320-3594 Fax : (51) 3320-3540
{spier, lemos, haffner}@ee.pucrs.br , [email protected]
This paper present a study on hydrothermal coordination of distributed generation connected in a distribution system.
In this study are considered as distributed generation three small hydro power plant and a diesel generator installed into an
industry. All these generators, excepted the diesel generator, are connected in the distribution system permanently. The utility is
owner of two small hydropower plants, one is operated as independent producer and third one is an emergency backup
generator. The distributed generations connected in the distribution system are not able to supply the demand, so the utility has to
purchase energy from the grid what imply in two contracts: one for energy and other for demand. The proposal of this paper is
6
minimise the energy purchase of the transmission grid and the thermal generation costs to allow an improvement of dispatching
and to avoid penalty for demand and energy violation limits. The modelling and computing are carried out using GAMS
Software.
Keywords Distributed Generation, Hydrothermal Coordination, Unit Commitment, Distributed Generation Coordination,
GAMS..
B-083
STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR OF LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS IN CONGESTED POWER SYSTEM
Alessandra Macedo de Souza
Geraldo Roberto Martins da Costa
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos USP (Universidade de São Paulo)
Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400 Centro, 13566-590 São Carlos SP
Tels: (16) 273-9366 ramal:229 Fax: (16) 273-9372
{amacedo, geraldo}@sel.eesc.sc.usp.br
This paper presents the study of the behavior of Lagrange multipliers in electrical power systems congested. The
Lagrange multipliers are obtained through an optimal power flow program (OPF). We used the primal dual logarithmic barrier
method to solve the OPF problem. First, the lagrange multipliers are obtained in a uncongested state of the net. Then, the net is
brought to congestion reducing the limits of transmission systems. In this situation, the new multipliers are found. In the
congested case, a load increment is accomplished to analyze the behavior of the objective function. Tests were accomplished in 5
and 30 bus systems, where the Lagrange multipliers behavior and objective function could be observed in several study
conditions.
Keywords: Optimal power flow, interior point method, non linear programming.
B-085
SENSITIVITY IN ACTIVE OPTIMAL POWER DISPATCH
Edmarcio Antonio Belati
Geraldo Roberto Martins da Costa
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos - USP
Avenida Trabalhador Sancarlense, 400 13566-590 São Carlos - SP.
(016) 2739366 ramal 229
{belati, geraldo}@sel.eesc.usp.br
An approach to solve the perturbed Active Optimal Power Dispatch (AOPD) problem is proposed in this study. The
methodology consists in obtaining the optimal solution for the initial problem via a program of AOPD, and using sensitivity to
estimate new solutions after the occurrence of some perturbations in the problem. These perturbations consist in load variations
in some buses of the system. The sensitivity technique is based on both the information of second order and otimality conditions.
The computation of the solutions after the occurrence of perturbations in the system does not depend of initial and correction
parameters such as penalty and barrier used in the conventional AOPD programs. The numerical results demonstrate the
potential of this methodology for the solution of the perturbed AOPD problem.
Keywords: Sensitivity analysis, optimal power flow, Perturbation.
B-088
SHORT TERM HYDROTHERMAL COORDINATION WITH TRANSMISSION RESTRICTIONS: STATE OF THE ART
OF THE OPTIMIZATION METODS.
Alberto Vargas
Wilfredo Sifuentes
Instituto de Energía Eléctrica (IEE)
Universidad Nacional de San Juan San Juan, Argentina
Av. Libertador San Martin 1109 Oeste, 5400 San Juan Argentina
{avargas, wsifuentes}@iee.unsj.edu.ar
In the last 10-15 years in Latin America most of the countries have converged towards competitive electric markets
based on central dispatch increasing the number of restrictions to deal with. Important interconnections between these markets
7
are expected for the next 5-10 years and important energy/power transfers should occur increasing much more the short term
planning problem. From this point of view is necessary an optimization models revision used in solving the short term
hydrothermal coordination in order to include these new restrictions taking care that the execution time of the model must be
short, in the order of minutes, due to the necessity to interact between several market scenarios. This paper shows the advantages
and drawbacks of the most known techniques able to tackle real size problems like Latin-American countries which in spite of
being small in power are characterized by generation heterogeneity, weak meshed networks and hard and complex restrictions.
Keywords: Hydrothermal Coordination, Optimization, Optimal power flow.
B-089
SIMULATION OF THE HYDROPOWER SYSTEMS OPERATION USING OPERATION POLICIES VIA NEURAL
NETWORKS
Rodrigo Sacchi
Adriano A. F. M. Carneiro
Aluizio F. R. Araújo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos - Universidade de São Paulo
CEP 13566-590 - São Carlos - SP - Brasil
Fax(55) (16) 273-9372
{sacchi, adriano, aluizioa}@sel.eesc.usp.br
The optimal behavior of the Hydropower Plants (HP) is determinated by its relative position on the cascade.This paper
brings the aplication of the Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM) with Dynamics Systems Models, to learn those relationships
between them, and to simulate the optimal operation of a real hydropower system: seven HP's on the Brasilian South-East
System. This model is a version unsupervised of the Nonlinear Auto-Regressive model with eXogenous input (NARX), called by
Self-Organizing NARX (SONARX) network, able to work with space-temporal patterns. A nonlinear modelling program,
developed to obtain the optimal deterministic operation of hydrothermals power systems, is used to optimize the operation of
these units, considering diferents conditions, and with objective function is the minimization the non-hydraulic cost function.
Following, these results of this optimization are used to trainning SONARX network. The results obteined here, shows that this
kind of forecast using neural networks could optimize the recources in hydropower generation.
Keywords: short term planning , simulated operation, operation policies, neural network , optmization
B-104
A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF THE SYSTEM BUSES TO REACTIVE ALLOCATION
Thales Sousa¹
Geraldo Roberto Martins da Costa²
¹GAGTD Grupo de Automação da Geração, Transmissão e Distribuição
Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas - Universidade de São Paulo
Escola Politécnica 05508900 - São Paulo SP, Brasil
[email protected]
²LOSEP Laboratório de Otimização em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica Universidade de São Paulo
Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos 13566590 - São Carlos SP, Brasil
[email protected]
Optimal Reactive planning consists in determining the localization and magnitude of reactive sources that assure the
operation of electrical power system attending the pre-stablished physical and security limits. These approaches to the reactive
allocation problem can be classified in four sets: analytical methods, numerical programming methods, heuristic methods and
methods based on artificial intelligence. In the present paper, the proposed solution method for reactive (VAr) planning is based
on the numerical programming method. This solution handles the determination of the buses, where the reactives will be
allocated, starting from the analysis of the Lagrange multipliers. The Lagrange multipliers associated with the reactive power
equality constrains are then obtained from an optimal power flow program. From an initial choice of buses, a linear
programming problem whose objective function is to minimize the amount of reactive power to be installed is built. The solution
of linear programming problem in turn moves back to the problem for an operational solution to be searched, respecting all
problem constraints. The proposed approach was analyzed using the WARD & HALE 6 buses system, AEP-30 buses system and
IEEE-118 buses system and presented excellent results.
Keywords: Optimal Power Flow, VAr Planning, Linear Programming, Electric Power Systems.
8
B-112
OPTIMAL CONFIGURATION OF PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION NETS. SIMPLEX METODO
Daniel o. Anaut
Guillermo Fabián. Di Mauro
Juan Antonio Suárez
Martin Moran
Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata
Fac. Ingeniería, Dto. Ing. Eléctrica.Juan B. Justo 4302,
(7600) Mar del Plata - Argentina.
{danaut, gdimauro, jsuarez}@fi.mdp.edu.ar
In this work, an analysis of the reduction of electric losses by Joule effect (technical losses) in primary distribution nets
is presented. To find the radial configuration of optimal operation that provides the minimum losses constitutes a problem of
integer optimization not lineal with quadratic objective function. The method Simplex was used to solve this problem. The results
are comparable to those obtained by other methods, making the analysis of all the combinations of net configurations possible,
taking into account the imposed restrictions.
Keywords: optimal configuration of Electrical Nets, Simplex, Quality of Service, Technical Losses.
B-114
PREDICTIVE EVALUATE OF THE NEWS RELIABILITY INDEXES CONSIDERING GLOBAL ANALYSIS:
GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
Agnelo Marotta Cassula¹
Armando M. Leite da Silva²
Cleber E. Sacramento³
Luis A. F. Manso4
¹Unesp / FE-G
Av. Dr. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333
Cx. Postal 205 CEP 12516-410, Guaratinguetá-SP BRASIL
Tel (55 12) 3123-2834 Fax (55 12) 525.2466
[email protected]
²Universidade Federal de Itajuba - UNIFEI
[email protected]
³CEMIG
[email protected]
4
Universidade Federal de São João Del Rey - UFSJ / DEPEL
[email protected]
This paper presents a new methodology to evaluate in a predictive way the reliability of distribution networks,
considering the failures from the generation and transmission systems. The proposed algorithm is based on the chronological
Monte Carlo simulation and also on the minimal cut-sets theory. It is possible to determine the probability distribution
associated with the reliability indices, and to identify the most influential equipment on the system reliability. In order to apply
the proposed algorithm to meshed distribution networks, a new technique that decomposes the original system into smaller
subsystems is developed. The proposed model also includes load transfer restrictions due to equipment capacity constraints. The
IEEE-RBTS Bus 2 test system is used to describe step by step the proposed methodology. The results obtained for a typical
CEMIG distribution system are presented and discussed.
Keywords: Integrated reliability, Hierarchical level 3, Reliability worth, Distribution reliability.
B-125
A MORE PRECISE EXTENDED WARD EQUIVALENT FOR REAL-TIME ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
SYSTEMS
Irênio de Jesus Silva Junior
Carlos Alberto Favarin Murari
DSEE/FEEC UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Caixa Postal 6101 , CEP: 13081-970, CAMPINAS SP
FONE: (19) 3788-3708 FAX: (19) 3289-1395
{irenio, murari}@dsee.fee.unicamp.br
9
The Extended Ward Equivalent is one of the equivalent models for the external system more used by centers of
control of electrical energy systems. The Extended Ward Equivalent is a potential tool in studies of planning and operation
of the electric networks. Seeking to improve the precision of the results obtained with the reduced networks, this work
presents studies and comparative tests accomplished to evaluate the acting of the sensibility matrices Lcric, Leq, B'' and L in
the Extended Ward Equivalent for radial and meshed networks.
Keywords: Equivalents; Extended Ward ; Matrices; Sensibility
B-127
IMPROVEMENT OF VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS CONSIDERING CONTROL DECISIONS ON TRACING PV
AND QV CURVES
Andre Saraiva de Paula¹
Anésio dos Santos Júnior²
¹CEPEL UNICAMP
[email protected]
²UNICAMP
[email protected]
In this paper it is proposed a new approach to the analysis of Static Voltage Stability on Transmission Networks by P-V
and Q-V curves. An improvement is obtained simulating control actions in the procedures used to tracing the P-V curves. They
are traced with solutions calculated by Optimal Power Flow (OPF) routine. The OPF problem is solved by projected reduced
gradient approach (Dommel and Tinney, 1968). The control actions calculated by OPF routine are implemented within a
procedure to trace the P-V curves. The increase of load on load buses (PQ), with power fact constant or reactive load constant, is
taken into account. The Q-V curves are plotted with traditional technique relate to points of P-V curves traced with aid of OPF
routine. The curves traced through presented approach improve the information level used in operation planning and control of
power systems. This can present more realistic limits on overload of systems and to avoid critical situations in operation
environment. The control actions simulated in the numeric presented tests to trace P-V curves are: re-dispatched of generation
or voltage magnitudes in controlled buses. The tests were realized at standard IEEE 30, 57 and 118 power systems. The Brazil's
procedures and criteria of voltage stability analysis are discussed.
Keywords: Voltage Stability, P-V curves, Q-V curves, Voltage Collapse, Optimal Power Flow.
B-129
TRANSIENT STABILITY COMPOSITE INDECES TO DYNAMIC SECURITY ASSESSMENT.
Edni Nunes de Oliveira
Antonio Padilha
Universidade Estadual Paulista Campus de Ilha Solteira
Av. Brasil, 31 Centro - CEP: 15385-000, Cidade: Ilha Solteira - SP - Brasil
Telefone: (18) 3743-1150 - Fax: (18) 3743-1163
{edni, padilha}@dee.feis.unesp.br
Indices that report how much an electrical power system is stable or unstable front to a contingency have been the
object of several studies of transient stability. Indices based on the concepts of coherence, transient energy conversion between
kinetic energy and potential, and three dot products of state variables (obtained starting from simulations step the step in the
domain of the time), it has been told as promising. The experience has been showing that when these indices are applied
individually, it is obtained good results only in special cases. Experience shows that composite indices (which consider the
influence of several indices) have been suggested, and experiences with the use of the average arithmetic of these it has been
presenting better results. However, it is waited that a composition in that is valued the best indexes result in better performance.
This way this work presents a composition in a systematic way, where the composition of the indexes is obtained by the sum of
each individual index multiplied by its respective coefficient (weigh). The calculations of the weights were obtained starting from
a statistical treatment, as described in this work. The obtained indices in a systematic way, were compared with the composition
by the arithmetic average. This way of classification of the contingencies drives to a fast and reliable conclusion about the
stability of the system. The tests, results and discussions are presented using two power systems: the IEEE17 system and a South
Brazil system.
Keywords: transient stability, severity indices, dynamic security analyses, composed index and classification of contingencies.
10
B-137
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM BASED ON FUZZY SYSTEMS
Daniel Gomes Ferrari
Gelson da Cruz Júnior
NEPE Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Energia
UFG Universidade Federal de Goiás - Escola de Engenharia Elétrica - EEE
Praça Universitária, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, 74605-220, Goiânia GO BRASIL
Telefone: (62) 296070 Ext. 32
This work proposes three approaches to classify substation single-line diagrams so it can be used in a power
distribution network expansion, when the present network structure won't hold the power consumption load in the future. With
these approaches the expertise shall confront different single-line diagrams, so he can choose the best solution to a given
problem. This classification is based on reliability, operational flexibility and impact on the environment criteria of each
electrical equipment that is part of a substation specification. Simulations were accomplished to establish the best way to stand
for the classification criteria through the fuzzy logic use and the approach with the best outcomes in the classification.
Keywords: Fuzzy systems, substation, single-line diagram.
B-144
CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT ELECTRIC GENERATION MODEL BY HIDRELECTRICITY IN THE BRAZIL
José Francisco Rodrigues
Renato Crivellari Creppe
Faculdade de Engenharia de Bauru - UNESP
CEP: 17033-360 Bauru SP
tel: 14 2216115, fax: 14 2216116
[email protected],[email protected]
The article has objective to talk on inherent aspects to the Brazilian model of electric energy generation, by the
hidrelectricity generation, that represents 90% of the generated total approximately and therefore demonstrating the
importance that this generating park possesses for the history of the country and its future scientific and technological
development, that one day served as example and world reference to the specialists' of the section eyes and that now it suffers the
consequences of the lack of investments and planning, and to comment also some aspects that refer on strategies that it has been
verifying for the study and control of flowing out in some river basins and dams seeking an understanding of that parameter
because to the recent happened episode of the lack of energy in the country in the areas southeast and northeast, mainly. It is
waited that the answer to the question presented in the title of the article, it can be accomplished by each reader, after the reading
of the same.
Keywords: Hidrelectricity, electric energy generation, renewable electric energy source
B-147
COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIMAL AND DUAL STOCHASTIC DYNAMICAL PROGRAMMING IN THE
OPERATION PLANNING OF HYDROTHERMAL POWER SYSTEMS
Thaís Gama de Siqueira
Secundino Soares Filho
Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação - UNICAMP
Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas
P.O. Box 6101, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil, +55-19-3788-3859
{thais,dino}@densis.fee.unicamp.br
The operation planning of hydrothermal power systems aims to determine, for each stage (month) of the planning
period (years), the amount of generation for each plant of the system which attends the load demand and minimizes the expected
operation cost along the planning period. The traditional way of solving this problem, adopted in the Brazilian electrical sector
for many years, was using the Stochastic Dynamic Programming (SDP) technique. Recently this technique was replaced by the
Dual Stochastic Dynamic Programming (DSDP) one, based on Benders' decomposition, that promises to solve the "curse of
dimensionality" associated with SDP. This work presents a comparison between SDP and DSDP in the resolution of the
11
operation planning of hydrothermal power systems, discussing the advantages and disadvantages of both methods. In the
studied applications the particular case of systems composed by only one hydro plant has been considered.
Keywords: Operation planning of hydrothermal power systems, Stochastic Dynamic Programming, Dual Stochastic Dynamic
Programming, Benders' decomposition.
B-153
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR ON THE FORMATION OF THE SYNCHRONIZING AND
DAMPING TORQUE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEMS.
Renato Luiz de Araujo Junior
Percival Bueno de Araujo
Universidade Estadual Paulista Campus de Ilha Solteira
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica - Av. Brasil, 31 Centro
CEP: 15385-000 - Cidade: Ilha Solteira - SP Brasil
Telefone: (18) 3743-1150 - Fax: (18) 3743-1163
{araujorl, percival}@dee.feis.unesp.br
The contribution of the static VAr compensator (SVC), on the formation of the electrical torque of the power system is
investigated on the basis of a Phillips-Heffron model of single-machine infinite-bus power systems. Analyzing the several ways
to form the torques, are defined the direct and indirect electrical torques. Them, the synchronizing and damping torques from the
electrical torques generated by the SVC actuation are evaluated. Furthermore, it is effectuated a study of the influences of the
voltage and damping controls of the SVC on the synchronization and damping torque coefficients. Simulating, results are
evaluated. Based on the theoretical analysis of the problem and on the simulated results, conclusions are enunciated.
Keywords: SVC, Power System Stability, Dynamic Stability, Linear Models, Electric Power System.
B-175
IMPORTANCE OF VOLTAGE CONTROL IN LONG AND WEAKLY MESHED SYSTEM
Benjamín R. SERRANO.
Alberto VARGAS.
Juan Pablo MONCHO
Instituto de Energía Eléctrica - UNSJ
Av. Libertador San Martín 1109 (Oeste), 5400 SAN JUAN ARGENTINA
Te: (+54264) 4226444
Fax: (+54264) 4210299
{bserrano, avargas, moncho}@iee.unsj.edu.ar
This work presents a calculation model and methodology for coordinating control actions associated to voltages and
reactive power flow, having into account economic criteria (losses minimization) and security aspects (selective distribution of
reactive power reserves). The selection of control actions was structured in two sequential stages, using for each case Quadratic
Programming (PQ). The first of them uses generators as control elements, due to their availability and fast response. At this
stage of the optimization problem a multiobjective function is used, which considers those criteria already mentioned
appropriately pondered. Control variables of this stage are voltages in the high side of buses with generation. At the second
stage, the control is carried out over the possibility of under load regulation of interconnection transformers, considering the
losses minimization as objective function. Finally, applications to real systems with long and weakly meshed networks, having
into account different demand scenarios, and their respective conclusions are included.
Keywords: Voltages and reactive power control, losses optimization, security criteria consideration, long and weakly network
B-176
AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL IN A COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT
David Fagundes Fabri
Cláudio Ferreira
UNIFEI - Universidade Federal de Itajubá - Campos Prof. José Rodrigues Seabra
GESis - Grupo de Engenharia de Sistemas
Av. BPS, 1303 - Bairro Pinheirinho - Cx. Postal 50, CEP 37500-903, Itajubá-MG, Brasil
Tel.: 55 (35) 3629-1254 Tel/Fax: 55 (35) 3629-1365
{fabri, claudio, ppaulo}@iee.efei.br
12
In the deregulated structure, a distribution company has the freedom to have contract with any generation company for
transaction of power. A distribution company may have contracts with a generation company in another control area. These
transactions are called bilateral contracts. In this paper, the traditional AGC is modified to take into account the effect of
bilateral contracts on the dynamics. The concept of distribution companies participation matrix to simulate these bilateral
contracts is introduced and reflected in the four-area block diagram. At the end of this paper one question stays without answer:
who must be penalized for contract violations, a distribution company, generation company, or both of them?
Keywords: AGC, Automatic Generation Control, Deregulation, Bilateral Contracts, Secondary Control, Contract Violation.
B-177
EVALUATION THE FIRM AND ASSURED ENERGIES IN HIDROELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS UNDER
DIFFERENT OPERATION POLICES
Thyago Carvalho Marques¹
Luciana Martinez¹
Marcelo Augusto Cicogina²
Secundino Soares¹
João Eduardo Lopes²
¹Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
CP Caixa Postal: 6101 - CEP 13083-970 Campinas-SP-Brasil.
Fone: +55-019-3788-3859
{thyago, martinez, marcelo, dino}@densis.fee.unicamp.br
²TecHidro Consultoria
Fone: +55-019-3788-3859
[email protected]
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the energy availability of hydroelectric power systems generation. Based on
results of simulation and optimization models for the operation of hydroelectric power systems, duration curves are raised,
which supply information about the firm and assured energies in hydroelectric generating systems. Different operation polices
are considered such as Deterministic Optimization, Stochastic Dynamic Programming, Deterministic Optimization assuming
streamflow foreseen. Hydrothermal and purely hydroelectric power systems are considered, for the case of isolated
hydroelectric plants as well as cascaded hydroelectric systems.
Keywords: Hydrothermal power system, Operation polices, Availability energy, Optimization, Firm and assured energy and
Simulation.
B-183
DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES FOR GENERATION AS AN INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING
ELEMENT
Ricardo Junqueira Fujii
Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão
André Luiz Veiga Gimenes
Miguel Edgar Morales Udaet Udaeta
USP - GEPEA Grupo de Energia do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
Avenida Prof. Luciano Gualberto, travessa 3, 158; CEP: 05508-900; São Paulo - SP - Brasil
Tel: 55 11 3818-5279; Fax: 55 11 3032-3595
[email protected]
This paper aims to assess the viability of the use of distributed resources for power production inside the state of São Paulo, taking
into account its different forms, advantages and drawbacks. To accomplish the assessment and using de integrated energy resources planning,
the full cost accounting for energy resources was applied to each administrative region of the state, which allowed a greater focus without
jeopardizing the final results. The analysis were performed considering the usage of the most prospective energy sources such as wind, solar,
natural gas, hydro and biomass generation; the results show that when the different aspects of each type of distributed generation are taken into
account the renewable forms of energy generation are likely to be more competitive, when compared to traditional forms of generation.
Keywords: Integrated Resource Planning, Distributed Generation, Full Cost Accounting
B-187
INFLUENCE OF STATCOM IN POWER SYSTEMS STABILITY
B O O K O F AB S T R A C T S
13
Carlos Henrique Rennó Ribeiro Santos
Cláudio Ferreira
UNIFEI - Universidade Federal de Itajubá Campos Prof. José Rodrigues Seabra
Tel.: 55 (35) 3629-1254
Tel/Fax: 55 (35) 3629-1365
{carloshr, ppaulo, claudio}@iee.efei.br
This paper presents the linearized model of FACTS device called STATCOM, connected to a power system through a
coupling transformer. The power system studied is composed of a synchronous machine connected to an infinite bus through a
transmission line with an intermediate compensation bus where the FACTS device is connected. The paper shows the influence of
STATCOM in the improvement of stability and damping of this power system. Based on simulations it is possible to observe the
effect of STATCOM in the damping and stability enhancement of power systems.
Keywords: FACTS, STATCOM, Power Systems, Stability and Linearized Model.
B-204
WELL-BEING ANALYSIS FOR GENERATING SYSTEM BY NON-SEQUENTIAL MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
Luiz A. F. Manso¹
Warlley S. Sales¹
Armando M. Leite da Silva²
Leônidas C. Resende²
¹Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei Dpto de Eletricidade DEPEL
Pça Frei Orlando, 170 São João del-Rei MG CEP.: 36.307-352
Tel.: (32) 33792552 FAX: (32) 33792306
[email protected]
²UNIFEI
This paper presents a new approach for generating system well-being analysis. In order to evaluate the frequency of
occurrence associated with the operating system states: healthy, marginal and at risk, the proposed methodology uses the nonsequential Monte Carlo simulation, a non-aggregate Markov load model and a new estimating process of frequency indices,
designated as the one-step forward state transition, which is very flexible and computationally efficient. New test functions are
proposed to estimate the well-being indices, based on this estimating process. Case studies on the IEEE-RTS (Reliability Test
System) and on a configuration of the SSB (Brazilian South-Southeastern System) system are presented and discussed.
Keywords: Well-being analysis, Health analysis, Generation reliability, Monte Carlo simulation.
B-211
EVALUATION OF THE OPTIMIZED OPERATION OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Renato Mendes da Silva¹
Adriano Alber de França Mendes Carneiro²
¹Duke Energy International, Geração Paranapanema S.ª
Av. das Nações Unidas, 12901, 30º andar, Brooklin, São Paulo-SP, CEP 04578-000.
[email protected]
²Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Universidade de São Paulo
Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400, São Carlos-SP, C.P.:359, CEP 13560-970.
Tel: (016) 273-9325. Fax: (016) 273-9372
[email protected]
Through the analysis of optimization and simulation studies regarding the energy operation of the existing plants in the
Paranapanema river, situated in the southwestern region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, it is expected to show that the system
operation, based on operation rules - achieved considering the cascade optimization - yields significant gains of generation and
energy stored in the system, therefore providing a better use of the available hydrologic resources, as well as a more favorable
final storage level for each plant, which implies in a more efficient and reliable operation of the whole set.
Keywords: Optimization, Simulation, Operation, Operation Rules.
14
B-240
MELP-A LONG TERM GENERATION AND INTERCONNECTION EXPANSION PLANNING MODEL OF ELECTRIC
SYSTEMS
Maria Luiza V. Lisboa¹
Albert C. Geber de Melo¹
Maria Elvira P. Maceira¹
Carlos Henrique M. de Sabóia¹
Fernando Cattan Josan¹
Claudia Sagastizabal²
Mario Jorge Daher³
Paulo R. Holanda Sales³
¹CEPEL Centro de Pesquisas de Energia Elétrica
Av. Hum, S/N, Cidade Universitária, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro RJ, Brazil
Tel: +55 21 2598 6232 / Fax: +55 21 2598 6482
{mlisboa, albert, elvira, saboia, cattan}@cepel.br
²IMPA Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada
[email protected]
³ELETROBRÁS
{mjdaher, [email protected]}
This paper describes the main features of a Long Term Expansion Planning Model tool, called MELP, and its
application to define a generation and interconnection expansion plan for the Brazilian system covering the period 2003-2022.
The main outputs are the obtained annual evolution of new hydro and thermal capacities as well as interconnections for each
region, the associated investment and operational costs.
Keywords: generation expansion planning, linear programming
15
TOPIC 2
RENEWABLE AND NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ELECTRIC POWER
17
B-003
ELECTRICITY STORAGE SYSTEM WITH FUEL CELLS FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES
Paulo Fabrício Palhavam Ferreira
Ennio Peres da Silva
Antonio José Marin Neto
Fernando Rezende Apolinário
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Laboratório de Hidrogênio da UNICAMP
Cx. P. 6039 CEP 13083-970 Campinas SP.
Fone/Fax: 19-32891860; Fone: 19-37882073
[email protected]
Since the re-structuration of the Brazilian power sector and the introduction of the system which permits the free
negotiation of the energy prices for great consumers, it was adopted a set of tariffs which vary according to the demand along the
day. The tariff has increased significantly at the peak hours when the demand is higher (typically between 6 and 9 P.M.).
Therefore it became interesting for those great consumers, most of which are large industries, to buy cheaper electric energy
during the off-peak hours, to store this energy and to use it during the peak hours. From the standpoint of the technology, this
possibility has some drawbacks on what comes to the well-known difficulties to store electric energy, and this demands the use of
an electric power conversion system.
This work seeks to analyze the technical and economical viability of producing electrolytic hydrogen using off-peak
electric power and reconverting this gas into electricity on the peak hours through the use of fuel cells. The study uses the tariff
differentials for the electric power along the day and the power consumed by an industry on the peak hours as parameters,
aiming to determine the cases in which the use of the re-conversion system is profitable. Technical data has been obtained
through a small scale and complete system consisting of a water electrolysis hydrogen generation system, gas treatment and
storage components and fuel cells to convert hydrogen back into electricity. This system is thoroughly described and presented in
this work. This system also has another important feature that must be highlighted and which is its use as a backup in case of
blackouts substituting any auxiliary power generators.
Keywords: Fuel Cells, Electrolytic Hydrogen, Reduction of Energy Costs
B-010
THE COMPLEMENTARITIES BETWEEN WIND AND SOLAR ENERGIES IN STAND-ALONE HYBRID SYSTEMS A CASE STUDY USING THE PROGRAM ASES
Wilson Negrão Macêdo¹
João Tavares Pinho²
¹Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia, USP
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289, 05508 900 , São Paulo, Brazil
Fax.: 55118162878 Fone: (0xx-11)(30912656)
[email protected]
²Grupo de Estudos e Desenvolvimento de Alternativas Energéticas - UFPA
Universidade Federal do Pará
P.O. Box 8605 - 66.075-900, Belém - Pará - Brazil
[email protected]
The main goals of this work are to show the possibility of complementarities between wind and solar energies for the
generation of electricity, and the applicability of the computer program developed for this purpose. The program consists of two
modules, one for wind and the other for photovoltaic subsystems, both including the processing of the meteorological data
available. This is done through a case study for a stand-alone hybrid system installed in the community of Praia Grande in the
brazilian countryside. This study clearly shows the importance of the right choice of the wind turbine to match the wind
characteristics of the site, and the possibility of complementarities between the wind and solar sources.
Keywords: Hybrid Systems, Wind Energy, Photovoltaic Energy, Isolated Systems
B-011
PHOTOVOLTAIC-BASED LIGHTING SYSTEMS: PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS UNDER NON SINUSOIDAL
VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
Fábio Mendes da Silva
Nelson J. Camelo
19
Osvaldo R. Saavedra
Walbermark M. dos Santos
Núcleo de Energias Alternativas
Depto. de Engenharia Elétrica
Universidade Federal do Maranhão-UFMA.
65085-580, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
In this work the influence of sinusoidal and non sinusoidal voltage waveform, generated by inverters used in
photovoltaic systems supplying LFC and LTF type fluorescent lamps, is analyzed. Tests have been performed using as primary
source a 12V-120Ah battery and three inverters: the first is an 1100W sinusoidal type; the second is based on sinusoidal modified
waveform, and the last is based on square waveform. In the evaluation tests, current and voltage waveforms, harmonic spectrum
and other parameters such as active power, power factor, total distortion harmonic and lux have been considered. Results
provide important information and knowledge about several parameters and characteristics that are very useful as base for
performance analysis and help the choice of pairs inverter-lamp among the configurations tested, specially when the application
is a photovoltaic- based public lighting.
Keywords: Distortion harmonic, photovoltaic systems, inverters, fluorescent lamps
B-026
INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION ON THE ELECTRIC SYSTEM
João Carlos Vernetti dos Santos
Gilnei Carvalho Ocácia
Flavio Alves Machado
PPGEAM-ULBRA, Núcleo de Energia
Campus de Canoas, Rua Miguel Tostes, 101, CEP 92420-280 Canoas (RS)
[email protected]
This work aims to investigate possible compensation and capacity effects on the electric system through photovoltaic
power systems (pv systems) distributed in the extent of Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. A simulation program is used to simulate the
pv power generation over the time period of one year from pv systems located in 22 meteorological stations distributed on the
area of the State. Based on these data, a generation model is elaborated at municipal level for the State. The compensation effect
is defined as the possibility of reducing levels of flotation of the total production of electricity through the geographical
distribution of power systems. Finally, the capacity effect, describing the minimum power production of a photovoltaic
generating park, as well as the effects related to the connection of these with the conventional generation park are examined. So,
it is possible to estimate the possible reduction of the generation capacity of the conventional system starting from renewable
systems.
Keywords: Capacity effect, Compensation effect, grid-connected pv-systems
B-030
SOFTWARE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS FOR
ELECTRICITY GENERATION
Luis Carlos Macedo Blasques
João Tavares Pinho
GEDAE - Grupo de Estudos e Desenvolvimento de Alternativas Energéticas
Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA
Caixa Postal 8605
CEP 66075-900 Belém-PA-Brasil
Tel/fax: (0xx91) 211-1299 / 211-1977
{lblasqs, jtpinho}@ufpa.br
This paper presents a study about the economic feasibility of photovoltaic solar systems for electricity generation,
resulting in the development of a software which considers all the variables of interest in this kind of analysis. Initially, the
technical characteristics of PV systems are studied with the purpose of guaranteeing a well-dimensioned system to reduce the
investment costs. The second stage concerns the study of economic variables applied to the analysis of an electricity generation
system, which represents the main body of this paper, because it is believed that the economic component is the most important
factor that can compromise the competitiveness of PV systems. The software, developed in Visual Basic 6.0 programming
language, is based on the analysis commented above and presents the results of grid-connected and stand-alone PV systems, as
well as comparisons with other energy generation sources.
Keywords: electricity generation, renewable energies, photovoltaic systems, economic analysis.
20
B-037
ELECTRIC VEHICLES USING DIRECT OXIDATION FUEL CELLS - DOFC
Brandão, M.O
Almeida, S.C.A.
Programa de Engenharia Mecânica - COPPE/UFRJ
Ilha do Fundão, CT sala G-204, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, cep: 21945-970
telefax 55-21-2562-8388 / 9919-8939
[email protected]
Recently studies on fuel cells are motivating and detach in the automotive scene for presenting a clean and efficient
solution for problems of emissions and energy efficiency. At the end of the last century one gave credit that the referring problems
to the lack of oil as well as the crises of this product, fruit of regional conflicts, could motivate the development of alternative
energy sources. What was seen in the truth was that problems as the greenhouse effect and the bad quality of air in the great cities,
became a strong factor generating less tolerant laws. This forced the world to think about an energy model that could handle the
energy demand, but also prevent environmental polution. An alternative very cited in the scientific field is the fuel cell. This paper
is destinated to the study made by COPPE/UFRJ of a type of fuel cell little searched in the world: Direct Oxidation Fuel Cell of
álcoois DOFC, applied in the developed prototype. Together with its study it is presented common technology of a fuel cell and a
modeling of an medium vehicle using one stack of 50kW in series with a bank of batteries of 30kW.
Keywords: Fuel Cells, Direct Conversion of Energy,Alternative Energy.
B-038
DEVELOPMENT OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES TESTING SYSTEM
César Wilhelm Massen Prieb
Arno Krenzinger
Laboratório de Energia Solar
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Rua Sarmento Leite 425, sala 208, Porto Alegre RS 90150-170
Fone/fax (0xx51) 3316-6841
Several works has been written about a tendency of the marketed photovoltaic modules to present measured power
values lower than the rated power, often beyond the limits of the stated tolerance range. In small systems these differences can be
absorbed by project “safety coefficients”. On the other hand, power losses of this order are unacceptable in medium and large
systems. This context evidences the importance of the correct photovoltaic generators characterization. Although the complete
characterization includes both electric and mechanical tests, it is from the current-voltage curve that are obtained most of the
parameters that rule the photovoltaic module behavior, allowing the detection of defects that would not be detected otherwise. In
this paper is presented the methodology employed by the Laboratório de Energia Solar of the Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Sul for the experimental determination of the characteristic curve of photovoltaic modules under natural sunlight.
The employed procedures are described as well as the data acquisition system, constituted by a set of multimeters connected to a
computer. A dedicated software controls the multimeters and the electronic load connected to the module under test. The
multimeters measure simultaneously the irradiance on the test plane, the voltage and the current of the module. 500 currentvoltage pairs are acquired in less than two seconds. A refrigerating device used to control the temperature of the module is also
described. A curve of a calibrated module obtained with the described equipment is compared to its calibration curve and
discussed the results.
Keywords: solar energy, photovoltaics, photovoltaic module, I-V curve, characteristic curve.
B-042
A TOPOLOGICAL SURVEY ON SINGLE-PHASE GRID-CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
Márcio do Carmo Barbosa Rodrigues
Estêvão Coelho Teixeira
Henrique Antônio Carvalho Braga
NAEP - Núcleo de Automação e Eletrônica de Potência
Faculdade de Engenharia, UFJF
Cx. Postal 422, 36001-970, Juiz de Fora, MG, BRAZIL
Phone: +55 32 3229-3443 ext. 28; FAX: +55 32 3229-3401
[email protected]
21
This work describes a survey on the static converter topologies applied to photovoltaic energy processing, emphasizing
single-phase grid-connected ones. In addition to circuit presentation and specific comments, a discussion regarding
international standards is provided. A new topology, based on current-multilevel converters, proposed by the authors, is also
presented here. An extensive comparison table is included at the end of this paper concerning important parameters, such as
inverter type, isolation capability, number of switching devices, number of reactive elements, number of stages and quality of
injected current. Design engineers could use the information presented here to decide about the topology that meets their
requirements.
Keywords Renewable energy, photovoltaic energy processing, PVinverter topologies, survey.
B-046
EVALUATION OF THE OPERATION OF THE LES-UFRGS PV-WIND HYBRID SYSTEM
Felipe Hernández García¹
Arno Krenzinger²
Jorge A. Villar Alé³
¹Centro de Investigaciones de Energía Solar
División de Energía Eólica
Micro 3, Rpto. Abel Santamaría, Santiago de Cuba CP 90800
TEL (53)(22)-677131
[email protected]
²Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica
Rua Sarmento Leite 425 Porto Alegre, RS 90050-170
TEL 051-3316.6841
[email protected]
³Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica
Av. Ipiranga 6681 Porto Alegre, RS 60619-900
TEL 051-3320.3500
[email protected]
The Solar Energy Laboratory of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul is performing studies aiming to verify
the viability of the use of PV-Wind hybrid systems in sites with different wind speed and solar radiation patterns. Within this
purpose a system was assembled comprising several silicon PV modules (to a total of 420 W), an eolic generator (400 W
nominal), a battery bank and a charge controller. A wind tunnel, able to drive wind turbines up to 1.3 m in diameter, was also
assembled. The main variables needed to characterize the hybrid generation system were registered by a data acquisition system
along several days. The results obtained from these measurements were used to validate a computer simulation software. This
paper shows the results of the operation of the wind turbine as a function of the system voltage, as well as the behavior of the
photovoltaic modules and the battery bank. It was also analyzed the fraction of power from each generator and performed an
energy balance for the studied period.
Keywords: Photovoltaic wind hybrid energy system.
B-064
STRATEGY TO INTRODUCE SMALL DISPERSED ENERGY STORAGE AND GENERATION SOURCES INTO THE
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
V. A. Popov
L. N. Canha
F. A. Farret
L. König
D. P. Bernardon
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica
Campus Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
Fone: (55)220-8147/Fax: (55)220-8030
22
The installation of the distributed energy sources in the distribution systems represents an option to the utility for the
expansion of the electricity supply inside of the current competitive model of electric power market. The presence of several
sources, even with small powers and without parallel operating with the distribution system, can provoke significant impacts on
the system operating modes. In some cases, it is necessary to adopt some operational parameters to avoid a possible negative
influence on the quality of the energy supplied to consumers. This work presents the first stage of the research regarding the
influence of the small disperse generation on the main operational parameters of the distribution systems (losses and voltage
drop).
Keywords: Distributed Energy Sources; Quality; Losses; State Estimation; Fuel Cell.
B-074
USING TECHNIQUES OF VIRTUAL REALITY FOR THE STUDY OF THE CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY IN
ELECTRIC POWER
Fabiana Bissochi
Edgard Afonso Lamounier Jr.
Alexandre Cardoso
Fábio Lima de Albuquerque
Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Av.: João Naves de Ávila, 2160 Cep 38400-900 Bloco 3N Uberlândia - MG - Brasil
[email protected], {lamounier, alexandre}@ufu.br, [email protected]
This paper proposes the use of Virtual Reality Techniques on the construction of a virtual envirmonment that supports
the study of converting solar energy into electric energy. In this environment, a virtual house has been built to simulate the
convertion phenomenon and the energy storage (in batteries) of the generated energy. Electric equipments have been installed in
this house and their use can also be simulated. Furthermore, the system allows the user to analyse the sunstroke level in several
regions in Brazil and around the world, which allows a comparative study of the total cost of ownership in converting solar
energy into electric one, in these different places.
Keywords: Virtual Reality, VRML, JavaScript, Photovoltaic Solar Energy.
B-080
OPTIMIZATION OF THE STATIC PLAIN CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE MODIFIED
Heston Silveira
Izete Zanesco
Adriano Moehlecke
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS
Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 10 Porto Alegre RS Brasil CEP 90619-900
Fax: 55 51 33203616 Fone: 33203535 Ramal 4804
[email protected]
Static concentrator photovoltaic modules concentrate solar rays on the solar cells through an optical system, without
the need of a mechanism to follow the sun. If these devices were to be built with bifacial solar cells, active on both faces, it would
be possible to obtain a cost reduction. The optical system of the plain static concentrator module, MEC-P, is based on diffuse
reflection and it is composed by a box with no lid with the internal surface white painted The set of bifacial solar cells are
assembled over the optical system. The solar radiation that passes among the cells incides on the white surface, and it is reflected
back in order to reach the rear face of the cell. The aim of this paper is to optimize and to analyze the MEC-P which was modified
in order to make its industrial manufacturing easier. The distance between the solar cells and the diffuse reflector and the
distance between the strip of solar cells affect the module performance. Such geometric parameters must be optimised
considering the incident radiation on the rear face bifacial cells, as well as the module cost. To achieve this goal, a equation set
was developed to determine the view factor between strip of solar cells and the reflector diffuse surface. The best thickness of the
optical system and the best distance between the cell strips is 6 cm and 10 cm, respectively. The concentrator will have a total
area of 60 cm x 120 cm. The MEC-P module cost is of US$ 2,3 per watt, while the cheapest standard module found in the market is
US$ 3,3 per watt, resulting in a cost reduction of approximately 30%. The behaviour of the concentrator module and standard
module is similar during the year.
Keywords: Solar energy, Static concentrator modules, Diffuse reflection.
23
B-081
DEVELOPMENT OF A STATIC CONCENTRATOR PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE WITH HIGH OPTICAL
CONCENTRATION
Tiago Cassol Severo
Izete Zanesco
Adriano Moehlecke
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS
Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 10 Porto Alegre RS Brasil CEP 90619-900
FAX: 51 33203616 Fone: 51 33203535
{izete, tcassol}@pucrs.br
The electrical energy production provided by the solar energy conversion is a way to obtain energy without causing
environmental problems. The main disadvantage of this technology is its relative high initial cost when it's compared with
conventional resources. One way to overcome this problem is to concentrate the solar radiation on the solar cells by an optical
system. The goal of this paper is to present the development of the static concentrator photovoltaic module HELIUS-33X,
designed for stand-alone PV systems. The solar cells are bifacial and they are installed in the entry aperture. A new method to
design linear optical systems is presented, based on the non-imaging optics. A PV module with constant response during the year
was took into account, when it is slopped 48º in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. The computer tools and the rules of the non-imaging
optics were used to design the optical system of the HELIUS-33X. The shape of the optical system was designed considering
small parts, with 0.5 cm each one. The orientation of these small parts of the reflector was calculated and, then, the optical
system was designed with the software Corel Draw. The module has a geometric concentration of four and the optical
concentration varies from 1.0 to 2.2. The increasing of the output energy, when the static concentrator module HELIUS-33X is
compared to a standard one, is 19% in the summer and 46% in winter. In this way, the output energy during the year fits in well
with a typical load demanded by the user of a stand-alone PV system.
Keywords: solar energy, concentrator photovoltaic modules, stand-alone PV systems.
B-082
IMPLEMENTATION OF A SOLAR CELL FABRICATION PROCESS BASED ON RAPID THERMAL FURNACES.
Tatiane Cecchini¹
Ana Paula Mallmann¹
Adriano Moehlecke¹
Izete Zanesco¹
Carlos del Cañizo Nadal²
¹Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS
Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Prédio 10 Porto Alegre RS CEP 90619-900
Fone: 51 3320 3535 Fax: 51 3320 3616
[email protected]
²Instituto de Energia Solar Universidade Politécnica de Madri - Espanha
Rapid Thermal Processes (RTP) are one of the most studied alternatives to reduce solar cell production costs. This
reduction happens due to reduced processing time and the amount of thermal and cleaning steps. However, phosphorus and
boron diffusion on silicon wafers may introduce impurities, but on the other hand, it can also do gettering (extraction and
capture of undesired impurities). The aim of this paper is to present a fabrication process of solar cells based on RTP. In the
beginning, p+ and n+ highly doped regions were optimised by using PC-1D program, which simulates solar cells, by analysing
their performance. To find out the process parameters, that is, temperature and time of diffusion, wafers were processed and
sheet resistance of highly doped regions were measured after rapid thermal processing.
In order to verify contamination and gettering mechanisms during phosphorus and boron diffusion, minority carrier
lifetime was measured before and after rapid thermal processing. It was noticed in general that phosphorus diffusion improves
initial lifetime of samples. However this improvement does not happen when using boron, although the gettering propitiated by it
produces higher lifetime than in wafers processed without boron.
Based these outcomes, some prototypes of solar cells were produced in RTP furnaces, but it wasn't possible to perform
an appropriate analysis due to some problems faced in metallization processes like low adherence of metal grid and shortcircuits on edge. This way, efficiencies of 10% was measured when cell is illuminated by n+ face and 4% when it is illuminated by
p+ one.
Keywords: Solar cell, rapid thermal process, gettering, lifetime
24
B-084
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF WIND POWER GENERATORS DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Maurício B. C. Salles
Walmir de Freitas
André Morelato França
Departamento de Sistemas de Energia Elétrica (DSEE)
Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação (FEEC)
Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
Caixa Postal 6101 CEP 13081-970, Campinas, SP
Fone: (19) 3788-3708 Fax: (19) 3289-1395
{sallesuk,walmir,morelato}@dsee.fee.unicamp.br
This paper investigates the dynamic performance of wind power generators directly connected to distribution systems.
The dynamic behavior of induction machine based wind power generators with blade pitch control acting as either an electrical
power regulator or a rotor speed regulator are compared under wind and electrical perturbations. Simulation results have
shown that during wind perturbations both approaches lead to similar performance. However, during short-circuits, as opposed
to the electrical power regulator case, rotor speed regulator case can improve the system voltage stability. Moreover, a new
approach to improve the stability performance of induction generators is proposed. Such approach consists of switching a
constant resistance in series with the rotor winding by using standard circuit breakers. Simulation results have shown that such
method can enhance the voltage stability margin of distribution networks with induction machine based wind power generators.
Keywords: induction machine, dynamic simulation, voltage stability, wind power power generator.
B-099
A LOW-COST PHOTOVOLTAIC INVERTER-CONTROLLER FOR PUBLIC LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Fábio Mendes da Silva
Nelson J. Camelo
Osvaldo R. Saavedra
Universidade Federal do Maranhão-UFMA.
65085-580, São Luís, MA, Brasil.
In this paper, the development, implementation and test results of the conditioning and utilization of photovoltaic
energy in public lighting systems is presented. Such a system is composed by a charge and discharge controller, a photocell and
an inverter. Solar energy is transformed into electricity by means of a photovoltaic module that charges a battery. The charge and
discharge controller verifies the battery's voltage level, connecting it or not to the photovoltaic module and enabling or not the
inverter. By this procedure, the useful life is extended. At night, the push-pull type inverter is started by the photocell energizing a
compact fluorescent lamp. Implementation strategies and characteristics are described and comparisons with commercial
systems, concerning its simplicity, easy implementation and low cost, are also done. A prototype has been implemented using low
cost general purpose components and chips and is also described in this paper.
Keywords: Public lighting; photovoltaic energy; low-cost inverters; photovoltaic controllers.
B-103
PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF MICRO GAS TURBINE COMBUSTION CHAMBER FOR BIOMASS GAS
Lourival J. Mendes Neto
Alexander Paramonov
Electo E. Silva Lora
Marco Antonio R. Nascimento
Federal University of Itajubá UNIFEI
Mechanical Engineering Institute - Mechanical Department
Thermal Systems Study Group
Av BPS, 1303 Pinheirinho Itajubá MG, ZIP: 37.500-903 Brazil
Phone/fax (+55 35) 3629-1355
{lourival, marco, electo}@iem.efei.br, [email protected]
25
Distributed generation emerges as a new philosophy for electricity production in our time, since then, it is possible to
see new concepts of technology following the idea of energy production away from the main producers, most of the time in the
countryside. Distributed generation technologies include small gas turbine engine generators (microturbines), internal
combustion reciprocating engines, photovoltaic panels, fuel cells, solar thermal conversion and Stirling engines using fossil and
biomass fuels. Among them, the microturbines engines to generate electricity are a promising technology for the near future,
working with fossil or renewable fuels. Regarding the renewable fuels, the question is about the possibility to use low calorific
fuel gas from biomass gasification in gas microturbines and which are the necessary constructive changes. This paper presents
assessment of this possibility and the influence of fuel parameters on the geometry of the micro gas turbine combustion chamber
and the NOx emission. An analysis of the combustor operating with no changes on the geometry is done keeping the heat released
by the fuel constant, and also other two analysis is done varying the heat released and keeping the geometry and no changes at
all, only changing the fuel. It's possible to verify that the combustion chamber doesn't work if change the fuel. It's necessary rise
the fuel flow, for a low calorific fuel, or change the geometry.
Keywords: Combustion Chamber, Microturbine, Distributed Generation, Biomass Gasification, NOx.
B-115
THE BACANGA TIDAL PLANT PROJECT: CONCEPTION AND PERSPECTIVES
Shigeaki Leite de Lima
Osvaldo R. Saavedra
Allan Kardec Barros
Nelson José Camelo
Universidade Federal do Maranhão - UFMA
65085-580, São Luís, MA, Brasil
[email protected], [email protected], {allan,ncamelo}@dee.ufma.br
Among the initiatives to use alternative sources of energy, which had an enormous influence in the economic process
of the region in the State of Maranhão, there were the use of the wind and of the hydraulic force of rivers and tides, during the
period corresponding to the 18th and 19th century. In the 20th century, some studies were carried out which focused on the
viability of the use of the tidal energy as an electricity source. One of those studies is related with the Bacanga barrage, which,
due to different reasons, had but the partial conception of the work, which consisted mostly on the conception of the spillway and
reservoir. In this work, we present a review on those studies in the tidal generation of Bacanga barrage, as well as we consider
the political and economic historical context where each study occurred. We start by a technical review to later analyze the facts
which forced the current state. It is also carried out an analysis of the current possibilities on the reuse of the remaining potential
and its corresponding sites.
Keywords: Tidal Plant; Renewable Energies; Energy efficiency.
B-116
FORECAST SYSTEM OF DEMAND ATTENDANCE FOR PHOTOVOLTAICS SYSTEMS
Bartolomeu Ferreira dos Santos Junior
Silvangela Líliam da Silva Lima
Osvaldo R. Saavedra
Sebastian Yuri C. Catunda
Núcleo de Energias Alternativas NEA
Departamento de Engenharia de Eletricidade DEE
UFMA - Universidade Federal do Maranhão Campus Universitário do Bacanga
São Luís MA 65085-580
In this work we propose a forecast system for demand supply for isolated photovoltaic systems. The main function of this
system is to forecast the battery discharge characteristic considering several situations, allowing the user to plan and to
program the remaining battery stored energy and allowing the system to manage the cutting of loads, to improve and extend the
useful life of the system as a whole. Due to the battery nonlinear characteristics and its dependency on the type/rate of use,
among other variables, to ensure the forecast validity, it is necessary the system to constantly learn from a real photovoltaic
system behavior. Results from a forecast core implementation are shown in this paper. The results show that, from real time data,
26
it is possible to attain an increasing and robust adaptation level for the forecasting process. This work is part of a major project
for developing a photovoltaic systems manager.
Keywords: Photovoltaic systems, solar energy, energy efficiency, battery, forecast system.
B-117
Pt-RARE EARTH ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL
E.G. Franco¹, ²
T.A.B.Santoro
S.R. Brandão
A.O. Neto
E.V. Spinacé
E.Aricó
M. Linardi
¹Instituto de Pesquisa Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN/CNEN
CCTM - Laboratório de Células a Combustível PEM
Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo - SP, Brasil.
Phone: (5511) 3816-9192/Fax (5511) 3816-9370
²UNIBAN - Universidade Bandeirante de São Paulo
Electrocatatalysts containing PtSm, PtTb and PtDy nanoparticles supported on high surface area carbon were
synthesized by the colloid method developed by Bönemann and were characterized by Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDS),
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The electrocatalysts were tested for methanol and
ethanol electro-oxidation using the thin porous coating electrode technique. The results for methanol and ethanol electrooxidation show that all the binary electrocatalysts investigated increase the oxidation current values when compared to pure Pt
and the best results were obtained using a PtDy electrocatalyst.
Keywords: electrocatalystic, fuel cell, ethanol, methanol, rare earth elements
B-118
T.A.B.Santoro
A.M.Saliba-Silva
E.G.Franco
S.R.Brandão
S.A.A.Bueno
M.Linardi
Instituto de Pesquisa Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN/CNEN
Phone: (5511) 3816-9192/Fax (5511) 3816-9370
Optimization of fuel cells operation is very desirable from economical point of view, since the energy production by fuel
cells should be maximized. To obtain an optimized fuel cell performance under various experimental conditions,
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used under dynamic load in order to evaluate the resistence of Proton
Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) under practical operation conditions. The experiments were carried out using a
PEMFC unit assembled with a commercial E-TEK MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly). The results were analyzed by the
statistical methodology of response surface (star central composite) optimizing the process operational parameters at PEMFC.
The chosen operational parameters to evaluate the PEMFC process were: working temperature at the cell unit, inlet gas flow
and humidifying temperature, keeping the working current in the range of 2.5 A. An important dependent variable, measured
during the trials, was fuel cell voltage, collected at steady state, after achieving the EIS spectrum. The voltage result, following
Ohm's Law, is an indirect measure of total PEMFC resistance against the occurring electrochemical reactions developed inside
the fuel cell, since the current was kept constant during the experiments. The low frequency impedance module, at Bode
Diagram, is an indicative of PEMFC total resistance. To get some representation of chemical kinetics at PEMFC, the inflection
frequency and inflection angle at Bode diagram phase angle curve were also taken as dependent variables. The data were treated
electronically by statistical software and the response surfaces were obtained, showing optimized results for an specific MEA.
27
The results are indicative to achieve better performance when the working temperature tends to be around 70-80ºC, with lower
gas flow, less than 120 mL/min H2. The humidifying temperature seemed to have no greater influence in the experimented range.
Keywords: PEMFC, hidrogen, fuel cell
B-119
ENERGY QUALITY OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION WITH PV GRID-CONNECTED SYSTEMS AT USP:
Evaluation of supply parameters
Wilson Negrão Macêdo
Roberto Zilles
Programa Interunidade de Pós-graduação em Energia
IEE POLI - FEA IF
Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia, USP
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto 1289, Cep 05508 900 São Paulo, Brazil
Fone: (0xx-11)(30912656) Fax.: 55118162878
{wnmacedo, zilles}@iee.usp.br
The paper present results obtained from the evaluation of the parameters regarding energy quality, supplied by the 6.3
kWp grid connect PV system, installed in the building administration of the Electrotechnical and Energy Institute of São Paulo
University, IEE-USP.
The results obtained show the need to perform systematic studies to get experience and background to work with the
possible problems and benefits that this kind of installation can provide to electric grid.
Keywords: Power Quality, Grid-Connected PV System, Distributed Generation, Operation Characteristic, Active and Reactive
Power Control.
B-132
A PROPOSAL TO THE PERFORMANCE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS CONNECTED TO THE UTILITY POWER
GRID
Fabio Lima de Albuquerque
Adélio José de Moraes
Geraldo Caixeta Guimarães
Sérgio Manuel Rivera Sanhueza
Alexandre Rodrigues Vaz
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
AV.: João Naves de Ávila, 2160, CEP 38400-900 Bloco 3N, Uberlândia MG Brasil.
Tel: (0xx34)3239-4180
[email protected], {ajmoraes, gcaixeta}@ufu.br, [email protected]
Among the energy forms used to substitute the conventional electricity generation methods, the photovoltaic solar
conversion is one of the most interesting alternative. In fact, this option may be justified because of some advantages such as
lower losses, higher efficiency and longer useful lifetime than others similar energy sources. However, the operation of such
system must be optimized in order to make it even more competitive. Within this context, this work aims to develop a control
equipment to search for the maximum power operation of a photovoltaic system connected to the power grid. PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) technique is used to adjust the DC side voltage to the point of maximum power absorbed by the AC system,
optimizing the operation of the photovoltaic generator at any sunstroke level. Some results are shown to confirm its efficacy of
the proposed solution.
Keywords: Photovoltaic Solar Energy, Distrubuted Generation, PWM Inverter
B-133
W. R. Baldo
S. A. Ara Bueno
A.M.Saliba-Silva
M. Linardi
28
Instituto de Pesquisa Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN/CNEN
Phone: (5511) 3816-9192/Fax (5511) 3816-9370
A development of a new process for Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) production of PEM Fuel Cell aiming cost
reduction and innovation has been conducted at IPEN (Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares) in São Paulo, Brazil.
This process comprises a spray technique for the catalyst ink layer application followed by a hot press procedure. Water was
chosen as solvent for the catalyst ink preparation, simplifying the method. The data were treated electronically by statistical
software and the response surfaces were obtained, showing optimized results for this specific PEMFC. A statistical study
(Plackett-Burman factorial design) of the main process parameters such as spray air pressure, spray distance, membrane
temperature by spraying, membrane drying time, press temperature, press pressure and press time has been made. The process
parameters were evaluated using EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) and polarization curves (current densities x
cell voltage).
Keywords: fuel cell, membrane electrode assembly, gas diffusion electrode, catalyst ink, hot press.
B-134
A METHODOLOGY FOR VOLTAGE STABILITY ASSESSMENT IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS WITH WIND
GENERATION
José Eduardo O. Pessanha*
Walbermark M. dos Santos
Fabio M. da Silva
Newton R. P. Filho
Universidade Federal do Maranhão
Campus do Bacanga - Centro Tecnológico DEEE
Núcleo de Energia Alternativa - NEA
São Luís, Ma, 65040-080
Tel: 0XX 98 217-8822/Fax: 0XX 98 217-8241
[email protected]
This work investigates voltage stability problems in a distribution power system with wind generation (induction
machines) using a methodology that combines steady state and time domain computer simulation. The steady state analysis
applies sensitivity indices in order to identify the operation conditions and the buses subject to voltage problems, and indicates
the proper system bus where the wind farm must be installed. Time domain analysis is used to verify the generator and the
distribution system dynamic responses to network disturbances, and verify the system robustness in terms of voltage stability
based on sensitivity indices.
Keywords: wind generation, voltage stability, sensitivity analysis, time domain.
B-138
EFFECTS OF IRRADIANCE ATTENUATORS ON THE TESTING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES
Andrade, A.C.¹
Vera, L.H.²
Prieb, C. W. M²
Krenzinger, A²
¹Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul PUCRS
²Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul UFRGS
Rua Sarmento Leite, nº 425 sala 208, CEP 90050-170
Telefax 51 3316 6841
The purpose of this work is to validate the use of black polyethylene shading nettings as irradiance attenuators on the
testing of photovoltaic devices using the Sun as light source. An experiment was carried out in order to check if any potential
spatial non-uniformities and temporal instability on the solar irradiance caused by the netting could distort I-V curves of
photovoltaic devices. I-V curves of an encapsulated photovoltaic cell were traced under several conditions, under direct sunlight
and covered by the net at different distances. Two types of shading nets were tested. The nets were stretched on wooden frames
29
and were large enough to be considered infinite from the photovoltaic cell view. The solar irradiance on the test plane was sensed
by a reference photovoltaic cell attached to the frame of the cell under test. An external reference cell was used to ensure there
was no fluctuation of the solar irradiance during the test. The data of voltage, current and irradiances were obtained with an
automated data acquisition system. The results showed that the tested shading nets can be successfully used as irradiance
attenuators for the testing of photovoltaic devices. The quality of the dampened light excels the requirements of class A solar
simulators.
Keywords: photovoltaic, solar radiation, solar energy.
B-141
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SOLAR RADIATION AUGMENTATION ON PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES
Gabriel Blanco
Guillermo Santillán
Esteban Gelso
Manuel Rodríguez
Department of Electromechanical Engineering
College of Engineering
National University of the Centre of Buenos Aires Province
Av. Del Valle 5737, 7400 Olavarría, Argentina
TE/FAX: 54-2284-451055
[email protected]
The initial capital cost of the photovoltaic cells and modules has always been a major barrier for the widespread use of
the technology all over the world and in Latin America specifically. The general idea of reducing the initial capital costs of PV
systems by producing more power out of the same module is appealing by itself.
As it is known, by increasing the incident solar radiation falling on a PV module, the PV module's power output will
increase according to the inherent characteristics of the PV cells. However, an increment in the radiation level may increase the
temperature of the cells that, in turn, would diminish the efficiency and power output of PV cells.
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate in the field the performance of photovoltaic modules when the incident
solar radiation is augmented by means of planar reflectors and up to which extent the temperature increase offsets the increment
in the power output of the PV module. In the process, the effect of the reflectors' geometry on the performance of the module was
studied in terms of two of the main geometric parameters. The experiment has yielded promising results considering both the
increase in power output obtained and the simplicity and low cost of the system studied.
Keywords: photovoltaic modules performance, planar reflectors, solar radiation augmentation, temperature effect, PV system
cost
B-150
NATURAL GAS STEAM REFORMING FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION. AN EXERGETIC APPROACH
María Isabel Sosa¹
Alberto Fushimi¹
José Luz Silveira²
¹UNLP - Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Facultad de Ingeniería
Avda. 1 y 47, 1900, La Plata, BA, Argentina
Fax: +54 - 221 425 9471
{misosa, afushimi}@volta.ing.unlp.edu.ar
²Departamento de Energia
UNESP Universidade Estadual Paulista - Faculdade de Engenharia Campus Guaratinguetá
Cx. Postal 205, SP, Guaratinguetá, 12500-000, Brasil
Tel:. +55 12 3123.2800 r.1904
Fax. +55 12 525.2466
[email protected]
The objective of this work is to present a tool in order to evaluate the hydrogen production from natural gas using steam
reforming as feedstock for use in fuel cells. A thermal system fuel by natural gas is proposed, which includes heat recovery
processes in order to reduce the destroyed exergy. Mass, energy and exergy balances are carried out. The exergetic flows at 800º
C are presented, the destroyed exergy is obtained showing a value of 25%, when the natural gas conversion is of 50%. The
reformer efficiency gives a value of 50%, being strongly temperature dependent.
Keywords: hydrogen 1, gas reforming 2, fuel cell 3, exergetic analysis 4, natural gas reforming 5.
30
B-166
BIOGAS PURIFICATION SYSTEM FROM SEWER FOR MICROTURBINES UTILIZATION
Sílvia Maria Stortini González Velázquez
Luís Henrique Nobre Avellar
Osvaldo Stella Martins
David Freire Costa
Patrícia Maria Guardabassi
Américo Varkulya Jr.
Vanessa Pecora
USP CENBIO Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289 CEP 05508-010 São Paulo SP Brasil
Fone: +55 11 3483 6983 Fax: +55 11 3091 2649
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], {americo, vpecora}@iee.usp.br
This article intends to present some considerations directed to electricity generation with 30 kW (ISO) micro turbines,
using biogas generated by sewage treatment process in SABESP (Basic Sanitation Company of São Paulo State), located at
Barueri, Brazil. This project, pioneer in Latin America, is being accomplished together with BUN Biomass Users Network of
Brazil (proponent), in association with CENBIO Biomass Reference National Center (executer), with patronage of FINEP / CTENERG (financial backer), by means of CONVENTION No: 23.01.0653.00, regarding to ENERG-BIOG Project “Installation
and Tests of an Electric Energy Generation Demonstration Unit from Biogas Sewage Treatment”.
Initially will be presented some aspects about sewage treatment in Brazil, enforcizing São Paulo State, including its
metropolitan region.
Moreover bigger details about biogas production in sewage treatment systems will be shown, as well as its physicistchemistries characteristics.
For the exploitation of this fuel, respecting the effective Brazilian legislation, as well as for longer equipment's useful
life to electricity production, is necessary to adopt biogas purification systems. In this article, it is intended to emphasize the
advances obtained in the biogas purification systems proceeding from sewers produced at the Barueri Sewer Treatment Station,
São Paulo State.
Thus, the contribution of this article will be in the development of biogas purification systems from sewer used in
the project, also including relative aspects about the sizing of such equipment installed, as well as details about electricity
generation system using micro turbines as biogas conversion technology.
Keywords: biogas; electricity; swage; purification.
B-168
WIND POTENTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SÃO PAULO STATE
Adriana Rocha¹
Luiz Antonio Rossi²
¹Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica UNICAMP
CEP: 13083-970, Campinas SP Brasil.
F: +55 (11) 5584-9561, Mobile: +55 (11) 9193-2403
[email protected]
²NIPE, UNICAMP
Caixa Postal 6011, CEP:13083-970, Campinas - SP, Brasil.
F: +55 (19) 3788-1041, FAX: +55 (19) 3788-1010
[email protected]
This article have been the aim of the submit the analysis from wind speed and direction, in cities with a great distance in
São Paulo State, considering climatological data of six stations between 1978 and 1982. The measurements were registered for
Departamento de Águas e Energia Elétrica (DAEE) in hydrometeorological reports at 10-m height. The compilation of these
data has a lot importance for determining the wind potential of region.
Keywords: wind potential, Weibull distribution , electric powe.
B-169
A SOFTWARE DEVELOPED FOR ELECTRICAL SUPPLYING THROUGH PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Luiz Antonio Rossi
J. A. Marini
UNICAMP
Caixa Postal 6011, CEP:13083-970, Campinas - SP, Brasil
31
F: +55 (19) 3788-1041, FAX: +55 (19) 3788-1010
[email protected]
In the last two decades, the energy supply systems utilizing renewable resources have been used as an alternative
solution to the problem of electrical energy supplying to isolated rural communities and remote areas. In this work, especially in
the case of electricity generation through photovoltaic systems, it was developed a software based on an appropriate and
original methodology supported by the Visual Basic language. This software is utilized for the design of electrical energy
supplying systems to attend public lightning as well as to schools and nurseries, water pumping and irrigation systems, health
center's cooling, telecommunication, and leisure. It is also utilized for residential electrical load purposes (lightning, cooling,
radio and television functioning, water pumping, etc.). Besides the design of photovoltaic systems, the software allows an
economical analysis of the project parameters and a comparison to both the probable conventional electric grid expansion and
the diesel generator group system providing the same electrical energy consumption. At last, this software represents an
important device for those involved with photovoltaic system project.
Keywords: Photovoltaic System; Solar Energy, Software.
B-174
FORECASTING ELECTRICITY LOAD DEMAND: ANALYSIS OF THE 2001 RATIONING PERIOD IN BRAZIL
Lacir Jorge Soares¹
Leonardo Rocha Souza²
¹LESCE/CCH UENF
Av. Albero Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil, CEP 28013-600
[email protected]
²EPGE FGV
Praia de Botafogo, 190, 11o andar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, CEP 22253-900
[email protected]
This paper studies the electricity load demand behavior during the 2001 rationing period, which was implemented
because of the Brazilian energetic crisis. The hourly data refers to a utility situated in the southeast of the country. We propose a
stochastic model making use of sophisticated linear techniques, such as the generalized long memory induced by Gegenbauer
processes, which models the seasonal behavior of the load. The autocorrelation function (ACF) of these processes resembles a
damped sine wave and matches the sampled ACF of the series after the trend and calendar effects are removed. The model is
proposed for sectional data, that is, each hour's load is studied separately as a single series. This poses no problem since we aim
at forecasting multiples of 24 hours ahead and in so doing shorter lags do not affect the prediction to a great extent. Furthermore,
this approach avoids modeling the intricate intra-day pattern (load profile) displayed by the load, which varies throughout days
of the week and seasons. Calendar effects are modeled by dummy variables and a stochastic level, driven by some trend, is also
allowed. The forecasting performance of the model is compared with a SARIMA benchmark using the year of 1999 as the out-ofsample. The model clearly outperforms the benchmark. The forecasting performance is then evaluated before, during and after
the rationing period. The rationing period is shown to have imposed a structural break in the series, decreasing the load at about
20%. Even so, the forecast accuracy is decreased only marginally, and the forecasts rapidly readapt to the new situation. We
conclude for general long memory in the series and also that some statistical properties, gauged by the model, are not lost after
the structural break.
Keywords: Long Memory, Generalized Long Memory, Load Forecasting, Rationing.
B-179
ENERGY RESOURCE FROM WATER REUSE FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY PRODUCTION
Geraldo Francisco Burani¹
Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta²
Fabiana Aparecida de Toledo Silva²
Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão²
¹ USP - IEE - Instituto de Energia e Eletricidade da Universidade de São Paulo
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289 CEP 05508-010 São Paulo, SP
²USP - GEPEA - Grupo de Energia do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, trav. 3, 158; CEP: 05508-900; São Paulo-SP, Brasil
Tel: 55 11 3091-5279; Fax: 55 11 3032-3595
[email protected]
32
The aim of this paper is to assess the possibility of attaining energy gain from the residual sludge resulting from the
treatment of urban sewage water.. In this work will be approach too: the possibility of indirect generation of electricity pumping
water from the Pinheiros river to the Billings Dam (after cleaning the water in an complex flotation process that is the water
reuse), which in turn generates electricity at the Henry Borden plant; accumulation of carbon credits due to the reduction of
carbon emission to the atmosphere as a result of the adequate use of the methane gas, one the greenhouse gases. A preliminary
case study will be done for the Pinheiros river, where the amount of sludge produced from the water reuse reaches a startling
level, compelling the study for the best possible ways to processes and eliminate this great amount of organic matter. Obtaining
energy gain from residual sludge fits in the comprehensive context of sustained development which in turn supports the concept
of clean energy production and renewable sources use, less pollutant the conventional ones. A benefit inherent to the proper use
of that kind of sludge is the clean generation of electricity as distributed generation.
Keywords: Sustainable development; clean development mechanisms; water reuse, energy renewal sources; emissions
reduction
B-182
POWER GENERATION ASSESSMENT WITH DIESEL USING FULL COST ACCOUNTING APPROACH
Ricardo Lacerda Baitelo¹
Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta¹
Geraldo Francisco Burani²
Su Pei Fei³
¹ USP - GEPEA - Grupo de Energia do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
³ USP - Enerq Centro de Estudos em Regulação e Qualidade de Energia
Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, travessa 3, 158; CEP: 05508-900; São Paulo - SP - Brasil
[email protected]
² USP - IEE - Instituto de Energia e Eletricidade da Universidade de São Paulo
This paper presents the result of a study comparing two energy resources: diesel and bio-diesel. For the comparative
analysis, the full cost accounting is used, a tool that encompasses all the factors involved in a specific project, including not only
technical or economical aspects, but also environmental and social aspects. According to the results, it is pointed that both fuels
are comparable, since both of them obtained similar scores. However, diesel fuel has more technical and economical
advantages, whereas biodiesel proves to be superior in terms of social and environmental areas.
Keywords: Diesel, Bio-diesel, Full Cost Account; Sustainable Development; IRP.
B-184
BIOMASS GASIFICATION ENERGY, A NON-CONVENTIONAL RESOURCE FOR A CLEAN DEVELOPMENT
Oscar Tadashi Kinto¹
Jose Aquiles Baesso Grimoni²
Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão²
¹Yokogawa Service S.A
Al. Juruá,149 - 2ºandar Alphaville, 06455-010 Barueri SP Brasil
² USP - GEPEAGrupo de Energia do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
Avenida Prof. Luciano Gualberto, travessa 3, 158, CEP: 05508-900; São Paulo - SP - Brasil
[email protected]
This paper's objective is to show a study for production of energy by using biomass focused on an energy planning and
as a mechanism of clean development. The region of the Médio Paranapanema (MPP)is defined, as one of the less developed
areas of the São Paulo state, according to IRP's philosophy and also showing the state of the art of existing gasification
technology in the world. The methodology used was the analysis and characterization of the region, the biomass resources and
gasification technologies, focused on a ACC( full costs analysis) during the planning period of 10 years. Getting as result, 4x103
GWh using the following biomasses wastes: sugarcane bagasse, maize, safrinha maize, cotton and cassava as fuel and using the
technology of fluidized bed gasifier. Using these results we could establish a foreground plan for the region and show the viability
and supply of this technology for electrical energy production.
Keywords: Gasification, Biomass, Energy, Environment, IRP.
33
B-186
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH FUEL CELLS INTO ENERGY PLANNING
Flávio Minoru Maruyama²
Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão³
Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta³
²Copem Engenharia Ltda
CEP 04551-060 São Paulo SP
³ USP - GEPEA Grupo de Energia do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, trav. 3, 158, CEP: 05508-900; São Paulo-SP, Brasil
[email protected]
The goal of this study is to present the Fuel Cells inside the IRP (Integrated Resource Planning). This proposal is
focused on an area of the Sao Paulo state. Starting from an overview of the state of the art of fuel cells technology susceptible to
application, to proceed it's sought to emphasize the used methodology and the main criteria adopted to guarantee the possibility
and viability of the fuel cells application in MPP. Specially concerning an analysis of the technological, environmental, political
and socio-economical of future perspectives with the introduction of the fuel cells in MPP. It is based on a Integrated Resources
Planning and Sustainable Development, where all these factors possess the same importance in the choice of the generating unit
of electricity, looking for the best decision where, consumers, nature and investors can be satisfied today and in the future. In
conclusion is necessary to notice the great importance and the great social and environment advantages of this technology as a
“Clean Development Mechanism”, protecting the environment, the future generations, which is the world general concern.
Keywords: Fuel Cells, Hydrogen, Energy Resources, IRP, Sustainable Development.
B-191
ELECTRIC WIND POWER GENERATION - ONE STUDY OF THE FIVE DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABILITY
A. ROCHA¹
L.A. ROSSI²
¹Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica UNICAMP
CEP: 13083-970, Campinas SP Brasil.
F: +55 (11) 5584-9561
[email protected]
²Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola - UNICAMP
Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Planejamento Energético NIPE
Caixa Postal 6011, CEP:13083-970, Campinas - SP, Brasil.
F: +55 (19) 3788-1041, FAX: +55 (19) 3788-1010
[email protected]
This paper has with object: to study the wind power generation into the sustainability concept. This concept attend of
the preoccupation of the world economic development models and their ecological efficiency. The preoccupation with the
ecological prudence has been incorporated in short time towards developed countries and in development, like the Brazil.
However the concept assimilation has been came quickly because the exploratory, destructive and contaminate capacity of the
human related the natural resources have been more quickly than.
Keywords: wind energy, sustainability, electric power generation.
B-192
A GENERATOR FOR A HYDRO POWER PLANT WITH NO WATER HEAD
Tadeu Rezende de Azevedo
Ivan Eduardo Chabu
University of São Paulo Escola Politécnica
Av Professor Luciano Gualberto, Trav. 3, nº 158, Edifício da Eng. Elétrica PEA Sala A2-19
ZIP 05508-900 Cidade Universitária São Paulo SP Brazil
Tel: +55-11-9961-5875 Fax: +55-11-3091-2092
Brazil has the largest source of water in the world as well as the largest hydro power plants infrastructure. Half of this
34
water flowing in rivers is located in the Amazon rain forest and surrounding areas and is not being used to generate energy
because of the non-existence of a water head in flat landscapes. In 2000, Azevedo proposed the use of this water with a minimum
flow speed of 1 m/s as an alternative source to produce electrical energy for isolated communities.
In this paper, we make an overview of the complete system focusing on the different electrical machines that could be
used in this kind of application: asynchronous machine and synchronous generator excited or non-excited. After defining the
boundary conditions we select the machine and state the principles of its design. The solution is a 48-pole permanent magnet
synchronous generator. Finally the results of the tests performed in a laboratory with a prototype and some perspectives of
improvement of the equipment are shown.
Keywords: Generator, River, Water Head, Magnet, Permanent ,Community, Isolated.
B-196
FUZZY CONTROL APPLIED TO A HYBRID SYSTEM OF ENERGY RENEWABLE SOURCES: WIND,
PHOTOVOLTAIC AND BIOGAS
Luiz Octavio Mattos dos Reis¹ ²
Galdenoro Botura Jr¹
José Luz Silveira ¹
Ronaldo Rossi ¹ ²
¹Universidade Estadual Paulista
Av. Ariberto Pereira Da Cunha, 333 Pedregulho CEP: 12500-000, Bloco 4 UNESP Campus Guaratinguetá - SP
²UNITAU
Energy renewable sources have been presenting a growth in their uses in the past decade, because they have the
following advantages: plenty availability, reliability, be renewable and not pollutants in comparison to the generation sources
using fossil and nuclear combustibles.
In spite of the advantages, there are some inconvenient that do not encourage the use of these alternative energy systems
for the production of large amount of energy. One of these is the form the electric energy is delivered in the outlets of the
conversion systems.
This paper deals with a proposition for the development of an electric generation system that uses the sunlight, the wind
and the biogas. The proposed system is basically intended for the use in small country communities, where it is difficult the access
to the electric power distribution network, because of geographic or economic problems. The energy generated by photovoltaic
panels and wind turbines coupled to asynchronous generators, will be converted by the use of power electronic devices,
overlooked by a control network based on fuzzy logic. This technique when compared to the conventional control systems
presents many advantages like: do not need detailed mathematic models of the systems, do not present lack of adjustment due to
temperature variation, do not need special adjustment, are not sensible to the frequency variations, besides other. The fuzzy logic
is based in a set of rules that at any instant will look for the maximum power operation point from each one of the generating
sources for each wind and sunlight intensities, in such a way that all the generated power, the losses discounted, is totally
transferred to the load.
Keywords: Energy renewable, wind energy, sunlight energy, biogas, fuzzy logic control
B-203
SOFTWARE FOR CALCULUS OF ELECTRIC SYSTEM SUPPLY WITH WIND MOTORS UTILIZING PERMANENT
MAGNETS GENERATOR.
Carlos Eduardo Affonso
Unesp - Campus de Guaratinguetá - Centro de Energias Renováveis - Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica,
Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333, CEP: 12516-410, Guaratinguetá-SP, Brasil
Fone: (12)3123-2834, Fax: (12) 3123-2830.
This project has as main purpose the development of a capable software of calculus of electric system supply utilizing
the force of the winds. It is presented the choice of the diameter from the area sweep by the blades of the rotor, the electric power
supplied by an eolic source, the mechanical devices for wind motors, permanent magnets generator, storage of energy by
batteries, DC-AC converters, electric wires for transmission from the energy of the power supply to the center of consumption.
The objective is the electric energy generation by eolic supply source for small systems and also was developed to courses of
training, agricultural technical schools, schools of engineering and companies that lend service for the agricultural
35
cooperative, electric concessionaires of energy, companies and organizations of the tertiary sector, organs of the government,
manufacturers and dealers of materials and electric equipments and municipal administrations.
Keywords: wind energy, permanent magnets generator, renewable energy source, software, Windpower.
B-215
LABORATORY TESTING OF SMALL WIND TURBINES
Gustavo de Marsillac Peña
Jorge Villar Alé
Fabiano Daher Adegas
Núcleo Tecnológico de Energia e Meio Ambiente - NUTEMA
Avenida Ipiranga 6681 - CEP 90619-900; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil
Caixa Postal 1429 Fax: (51) 320-3540
[email protected], {villar, fda}@pucrs.br
The demand of Small Wind Turbines Generators (SWTG) has been increasing significantly in the world. Nowadays,
there are more than 50 manufacturers of SWTG who represent over than 125 different models. In general, they are small
companies with limitations to obtain the characteristic curve of their machines. Thus, a lot of SWTG are introduced in the market
without certification and respective power curve. The present work deals about a methodology that allows to obtain the power
curve of SWTG. A system, including a data logger, was used and a new power transducer was projected with capacity of
measuring the instantaneous power of the wind turbine for different wind speed. The wind turbine was tested in laboratory with
its respective blades stimulated by the flow of air of an axial fan. The instantaneous power, wind speed, rotation of rotor, and
temperature of operation of the SWTG were monitored and measured. The preliminary results show that, with this proposed
methodology, it is possible to obtain the curve characteristic of SWTG. In the wind turbine studied, the power curve obtained in
laboratory was lower than the power curve supplied by the manufacturer, but closer to the ones found in the bibliographical
references about power curve testing. In the continuity of the project, a field work will be accomplished and the same system will
be tested, but, this time, in natural wind conditions. In this stage of the work, the standard IEC614000-12 will be used as
reference, as well as tests and results found in other bibliographical references.
Keywords: Small Wind Turbine, Power Curve, Characteristic Curve, Performance Test.
B-216
WIND FARMS PROJECT: COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS APPLICATION AND COMPARISON
Jorge Villar Alé
Guilherme Gorga Azambuja
Tchiarles Coltinho Hilbig
Fabiano Daher Adegas
Alexandre Vagtinski de Paula
Núcleo Tecnológico de Energia e Meio Ambiente - NUTEMA
Avenida Ipiranga 6681 - CEP 90619-900; Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil
Caixa Postal 1429 Fax: (51) 320-3540
{villar, , hilbig, fda}@pucrs.br, {azambuja, alexandre}@em.pucrs.br
The paper presents a methodology for wind farms sizing with the use of WasP and WindFarm softwares which are used
for project and analysis of wind farms. The methodology is presented through the simulation made in the city of Imbé, located in
the state of the Rio Grande do Sul which presents a good wind potential. All the parameters in need for wind farm sizing are
described, as well as its insertion in those softwares. In the wind farms simulations, the local wind resource which is modified by
the topography and roughness of the region, is analyzed. It is determined the annual energy production, wake losses and
efficiency of the wind farms using different models of wind turbines. Also are presented comparative results between both
softwares, being outstanding the specific characteristics and specific potentialities of each computational tool.
Keywords: Wind Farms Simulation, WAsP, WindFarm, Wind Farm project and efficiency.
B-228
THERMOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A URBAN SOLID WASTE BURNING POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
Hans Cristian Borowski
36
José Luz Silveira
Departamento de Energia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá, FEG-UNESP
Av. Dr. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333, Guaratinguetá, SP, CEP 12516-410
Tel. (0xx12) 3125.2800, Fax (0xx12) 3125.2466
{borowski, joseluz}@feg.unesp.br
This paper aim to offer an example of energetic and economic analysis of a hypothetic incineration system, which works
with a mix of urban solid waste and natural gas, investigating the consequences of the existence of previous separation of
recyclables, who is accomplish with higher collect and separation costs. Is considered that this study make possible a better
evaluation of real systems. Parallel to the analysis of the influence of existence or not of previous separation is done an
evaluation of the variables interest rates incidence in the economic result of the solid waste incineration process, with energy
recuperation in a cogeneration model. Starting from a minimum electric generation necessity of 5 MW, and a process steam
consume of 36 t/h, was determinated the system dimensions, the investment, operation and maintenance costs, as well the
combustible consumption. Was verified that the interest rate influence overcome the residues separation in the determination of
the system viability, although the external environmental effects, not considered in the economic evaluation, have a favorable
effect for previous separation against burning waste as collect.
Keywords: incineration, urban solid waste, energy, cogeneration, energetic analysis, economic analysis.
B-231
EVALUATION OF A PERMANENT MAGNETS GENERATOR TO BE DRIVEN BY WINDMILLS
Rodrigo Carneiro Leonel
Inácio Bianchi
Centro de Energias Renováveis
Unesp/Guaratinguetá
Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 333, 12516-410, Guaratinguetá-SP, Brasil
Fone: (12)3123-2834; Fax: (12) 3123-2830
This work presents the first results of an electric wind power generation plant, composed of a permanent magnet
synchronous generator of low speed (1200 rpm) driven for a 18 vanes windmill. The generator has nominal three-phase power of
1 kVA, situated in the micro hydro electrical plants power range, and was submitted to the previous tests in the Laboratories of
the São Paulo State University at Guaratinguetá. The stead state tests had been made using a load panel assembled with a set of
different power lamps which can be connected in a balanced or unbalanced distribution between the phases. The tests aim is to
verify the behavior of the generated power and voltage when the rotation of the generator varies, that is pertinent, since the
windmill is an intrinsically changing speed motor driver. In the first stage of the tests it was applied a low rotation (800 rpm)
supplied for a 2 cv induction motor connected by pulleys and band to the generator. They had been measured voltages of 110 V
per phase and 450 W of total power delivered to the lamps. The current and voltage waves had been registered and harmonic
analysis were performed for some load forms. The results had revealed reasonable, and had evidenced points where the
generator can be improved.
To minimize the effect of the windmill speed variation in the system, the energy of the generator will be rectified and
transmitted to the charger of a 12 V batteries bank, connected to a d.c./a.c. converter, where it will be converted from 12 V d.c. to
127 V a.c. or 220 V a.c..
The project has just started and it needs more detailed analyses of the generator behavior, wave forms and harmonics.
The integrated design of the generation, storage and conversion of the energy still needs to be done.
Keywords: Alternative energy sources, renewable energy, wind potential, wind energy, windmills, permanent magnet electric
generator.
B-246
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A FUEL CELL COGENERATION SYSTEMS
Elisângela Martins Leal
José Luz Silveira
Departamento de Energia
Faculdade de Engenharia, Campus de Guaratinguetá
Universidade Estadual Paulista
37
Av. Dr. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333 - Guaratinguetá, SP, CEP: 12500-000, Cx. Postal 205
Tel.: 55 12 525.2800
Fax : 55 12 525.2466
This paper presents a comparison between a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)
cogeneration systems. The cogeneration system is applied to a dairy industry of medium size that typically demands 2,100 kW of
electricity, 8,500 kg/h of saturated steam (P = 1.08 MPa) and 2,725 kW of frigorific power (cold-water production at 1ºC) and is
sized in order to meet the electrical demand of the establishment (electrical parity). Besides, the fuel cell cogeneration system
consists of a fuel cell associated to a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The plant performance is evaluated on the basis of
fuel utilization efficiency and each system component is evaluated on the basis of Second Law efficiency. The presented energetic
analysis shows a fuel utilization efficiency of about 87% for the two cases. The exergetic analysis shows the irreversibilities in the
heat recovery steam generator and in the combustion chamber are more significant. Finally, the economic feasibility study was
included for the evaluation of a cogeneration system, taking the payback period, the annual interest rate, the fuel price and the
equivalent period of utilization into account.
Keywords: Cogeneration, MCFC, SOFC, HRSG.
B-248
THE SUSTAINABILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY FOR ISOLATED RURAL AREAS. STUDIES IN
COLOMBIA, CUBA AND PERU
Judith A. Cherni
Imperial College London, *Environmental Policy & Management Group
Department of Environmental Science & Technology
Imperial College London, 4th Floor, RSM Building, South Kensington campus London, SW7 2AZ, UK
[email protected]
Energy provision for rural areas in developing countries has so far been achieved via two main approaches, centralized
electricity distribution through grid extension and decentralised technology. It is known that electricity originating in the
centralized national grid is highly efficient and convenient. To provide electricity to rural people and settlements, the tendency
has been to extend and amplify the grid annex to isolated areas. Yet, despite a significant increase, only 44% of the worlds rural
population has access to electricity or any other forms of modern energy. This paper focuses on the second approach and refers
to new technologies such as wind, biogas, photovoltaic and micro-hydroelectric. Renewable energy technology can emerge as a
less costly option for generating and providing electricity in places that are not connected to the national grid. The paper
discusses a number of outstanding characteristics of renewable technology which indicate that these can be technically, socially
and environmentally sustainable in the long term. Energy provision is often critical to improve the subsistence conditions of the
rural poorest and renewable energy technology (RET) represents, in many cases, the only feasible option for remote
communities. RET can generate power without causing much impact on the natural environment. It is positive sign that these
technologies have now been used for decades. Wasted potential and numerous difficulties are, however, affecting the long-term
sustainability of the equipment.
The paper analyses the extent to which RET can be an advantageous solution for the generation and supply of energy in
rural
isolated areas. It argues that technical as well as non-technical factors are essential for the sustainability of energy
development in isolated to rural areas and for decision making processes in the energy sector. It discusses how the RESURL1
project in Colombia, Cuba and Perú collected information on the state and barriers for effective energy generation.
Keywords: renewable energy, poverty, electricity generation, isolated areas.
B-258
POWER QUALITY STUDY IN DISTRIBUTED GENERATION SYSTEMS FUEL CELL
Gilson Paulillo
Flávio R. Garcia
Patricio R. Impinnisi
Mauricio P. Cantão
Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento - LACTEC
[email protected]
This paper presents a case study dealing with Power Quality Issues and Distributed Generation Systems, involving a
Fuel Cell technology and its influence on Distribution Network. PQ Issues evaluated in this paper are Harmonics and Voltage
38
Imbalance. This study have focused on a Fuel Cell installed at LACTEC facilities, in Curitiba PR, Brazil, PC-25C model and
200 kW, which is the first fuel cell installed at Latin America. Finally, the paper presents all the results obtained as well as
conclusions, pointing out what should be analyzed in the connection of such device in a distribution network.
Keywords: Fuel Cell Power Quality Harmonics Voltage Imbalance Distributed Generation
.B-261
FEASIBILITY OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS IN CHILE
Paulino Alonso Rivas
Sergio Espinoza Méndez
Patricio Robles Calderón
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso - Chile
Escuela de Ingeniería Eléctrica
The permanent increase of the energy demand in countries like Chile requires a strong research activity for finding new
energy resources at low cost. This implies a deep and systematic investigation that has as purpose, to obtain an energetic matrix
so wide as possible. This investigation should consider like an important condition to be under the contexto of sustainable
development.
Considering this aspects we present some preliminary results of analysis of viability related with the alternative of
electric geothermal plants of power to the south of Chile.
Keywords: Geothermal, Power Plants, Electricity Production.
39
TOPIC 3
THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
THERMONUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
HYDROELETRIC POWER PLANTS
41
B-031
VALUE ADDED AT THERMAL POWER PLANTS PROJECTS ANALYSIS UNDER RISK ON BRAZILIAM
WHOLESALE ENERGY MARKET
Wagner da Silva Lima¹
Dorel Soares Ramos²
¹Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa em Energia NEPE
Escola de Engenharia Elétrica UFG
Praça Universitária sn, CEP 74.855-440 Goiânia GO
[email protected]
² USP - Depto de Eng. de Energia e Automação Elétricas PEA
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, travessa 03, nr. 158, CEP 05508-900 - São Paulo SP
[email protected]
This paper presents a methodology to credit risk analysis of thermal power plants on Brazilian wholesale energy
market. A stochastic model was implemented to simulate forced and programmed maintenance stops, which perform a
considerable financial risk source for generators with forward contracts. Based on power plant risk credit was defined a strategy
to cover the expenses with the stops of the power plant with base load forward contracts and cash budget management of the
project. A case study was carried out concerned project finance with combined cycle gas fired and internal combustion engine
thermal generation technology. The proposed methodology was applied for six typical power plants projects. The results present
the effectiveness of this analysis for forward contracts establishments in Brazilian power industry, focusing in cash flow stability.
Keywords: Project finance, risk management, thermal generation, competitive markets.
B-065
ENVIRONMENTAL ZONING FOR LOCALIZATION OF THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN THE BASIN OF
PIRACICABA, CAPIVARI AND JUNDIAÍ RIVERS
Eliane Aparecida Faria Amaral Fadigas¹
Luiz Henrique Alves Pazzini¹
Jean Cesare Negri²
Sérgio Barillari²
Lelis Tetsuo Murakami³
¹Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo
Avenida Professor Luciano Gualberto, 158, travessa 3 - sala A2-13, Cidade Universitária - São Paulo - SP - Brasil - 05508-900
Telefone : (55)(11)(3091-5349) (3091-5277) / Fax: (55)(11)(3032-3595)
{eliane;pazzini}@pea.usp.br
²Companhia Energética de São Paulo - CESP
Alameda Ministro Rocha Azevedo, 25 11o andar CEP 01410900 São Paulo / SP
³Lechare Informática S/C Ltda
Rua Artur de Azevedo 1063 un.31 CEP 05404-012 São Paulo / SP
[email protected]
This paper presents a study making an analysis of thermal plant implantation into the basin of Piracicaba / Capivari
and Jundiaí rivers, situated in São Paulo State, considering several technologies and their environmental impacts in the region,
with the objective of supporting the optimizing choice of the best site to implantation thermal units. The paper presents the
studies that consider the environmental aspects : water availability, atmospheric emissions and the existing pollutants of the
region. These issues were analyzed for different simple and combined cycle technologies with different refrigeration systems
and power capacity units. For evaluating the influence of environmental variables, two types of simulations was done: the first
one makes the ordination and localization of the thermal plants considering just the economics variables; the second considers
also, the environmental aspects. The best solution was found applying the objective function including specific weights and
rules.
Keywords: Thermoelectric, Integrated Resources Planning, Environmental Zoning
B-073
INFLUENCE OF AMBIENT CONDITIONS AND OPERATION LOAD ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A COMBINED
CYCLE THERMAL POWER PLANT
43
Clecius Ferreira da Silva
Dalmo Massaru Wakabayashi
Felipe Raúl Ponce Arrieta
Thermal System Study Group - Federal University of Itajubá
Av. BPS 1303 CP 50, Itajubá, MG, Brazil, CEP 37500-903
Tel: +55 35 3629 1321, Fax: +55 35 3629 1355.
Combined cycle thermal power plants have shown themselves to be an excellent alternative for electric energy
generation in a worldwide basis. The reasons for that are their high efficiency and their good performance environmentally
speaking. These peculiarities become the preferred conversion technologies in the Priority Plan of Thermal Power Electricity,
which was elaborated here in Brazil. This type of thermal power plant is characterized by its complex operation and the extreme
sensitivity of its performance in relation to multiple parameters such as: ambient conditions, load variations, the use of
supplementary firing, etc. Because of these reasons it is necessary to carry out studies that help us understand and mitigate the
influence of these variables on the performance of this kind of generating unit. By using the software “Thermoflex”, produced by
Thermoflow Inc., it was possible to simulate the influence of the ambient temperature, atmospheric pressure and the air relative
humidity on the operation of a combined cycle thermal plant. The plant is composed by two Siemens-Westinghouse 501F gas
turbines coupled to three pressure level HRSGs and re-heating with fuel supplementary firing, and a steam turbine, with a
capacity of 600 MW (ISO). A detailed analysis of the behavior of this type of plant was carried out, and several graphics were
drawn indicating, in a quantitative way, how the efficiency and the generated power are severely affected by the variation of the
above parameters. Also, a strategy for operating at partial loads aiming at maximizing the thermal efficiency of the installation
was established. Curves presenting the variation of the plant's efficiency and machine power at partial loads are shown.
Keywords: Combined Cycle, Energy Generation, Generated Power, Net Efficiency.
B-120
ESTIMATE OF ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY FOR THERMAL POWER PLANTS IN BRAZIL
Karina Ribeiro Salomon
Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas Térmicos (NEST)
Universidade Federal de Itajubá DME/IEM/UNIFEI
Av BPS 1303, CP 50, Itajubá, MG, CEP 37.500-903, Brasil
Global warming and the following climatic changes that will come as a consequence of the increase of CO2
concentration in the atmosphere have increased the world's concern regarding the reduction of these emissions, mainly in
developed countries, which pollute the most. Thermoelectric generation, as well as other industrial activities such as chemical
and petrochemical ones, are related to the emission of pollutants that are harmful to humans, animals and plants. The emissions
of carbon oxides (CO and CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are directly related to the greenhouse effect. The negative effects of sulfur
oxides (SO2 and SO3 named SOx) and the nitrogen oxides (NOx) are their contribution to the formation of acid rain and their
impacts on human health and on the biota in general. This study intends to evaluate the environmental impacts of the
atmospheric pollution resulting from the burn of fossil fuels. This study considers the emissions of CO2, SOx, NOx and PM in an
integral way and they are compared to the international air quality standards that are in force, using a parameter called
ecological efficiency ().
Keywords: thermal generation, atmospheric emission, ecological efficiency.
B-157
ON ANALYSING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BRAZILIAN NORTHERN COUNTRY AUTONOMOUS POWER
PLANTS
Elizabeth Ferreira Cartaxo¹
Nelson Kuwahara¹
Ricardo Wilson A. da Cruz²,³
44
¹Universidade Federal do Amazonas
Faculdade de Tecnologia
Av. Rodrigo O. Jordão Ramos, 3000, Coroado, CEP 69077-000
Manaus/AM
Fone/Fax (92) 647 4066
[email protected]; [email protected]
²Universidade Estadual do Amazonas
Instituto de Tecnologia/Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
Av. Darcy Vargas, 1200, Parque Dez, Manaus/AM
³Fundação Centro de Análise, Pesquisa e Inovação Tecnológica - FUCAPI
Av. Getúlio Vargas, 361, ap. 402, Centro, CEP 69020-010, Manaus/AM
[email protected]
The power generation in Amazon is typically an autonomous system highly dependent on Diesel power sets. The plants
are as well dependent on logistics, and qualified fuel and lubricants, and reliable maintenance programs and cost-compatible
electric energy tariffs. The specific fuel consumption ratio (sfc) is the parameter reflects all those variables the most. This paper
presents sfc data surveyed among ten northern Brazilian country power plants and an costs analysis of an autonomous power
plant working in this scenario, meanwhile searching for conclusions which may contribute for the establishment of the
regulatory mark of the northern system. Another important contribution given by this work is the application of the ISO 3046/1
methodology for the correction of sfc of Diesel engines, upon rain forest conditions of temperature and humidity.
Keywords: specific fuel consumption, energetic efficiency, compression ignition engine.
B-167
SAFETY ANALYSIS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS USING FUZZY LOGIC AND FAULT TREE EVALUATION
Antônio C. F. Guimarães
Celso M. F. Lapa
Nuclear Engineering Institute - Reactors Department,
Via Cinco, s/nº - Cidade Universitária - Zip Code 21945-970, Postal Box 68550, RJ / BRAZIL
Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) are responsible by the safety generating of 20% of the electrical energy produced in the
word. For warranty this situation, the NPP are composed by many system which maintain the reactor in normal operation or, in
situation of accident, return the installation to the safety mode. The use of fuzzy logic in a fault tree analysis propitiates the
identification of critical component and its contribution to general uncertainty of the system. This information may be utile to the
plant operator decides about the test surveillance planning, the maintenance scheduling and other operations safety practices,
that will propitiate the safety operation cited above. In this paper, an application with a hybrid methodology combining fuzzy
logic and fault tree was applied to a standard four-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) high-pressure injection system (HPIS).
In normal operation its function completing the inventory of water of the primary circuit through the system of refrigeration of
the reactor as well as to guarantee a stamp for the bombs of this system. In the accident situations, where the vapor generators
are totally unavailable or there was a rupture of the primary system, it is used for removing of decline heat of the fission product.
The results obtained ratified the good performance this hybrid method in safety analysis problems.
Keywords: Fuzzy logic, Fault Tree, PWR, HPIS.
B-185
DESIGN ANALYZE MODELING FOR SMALL SCALE HYDRO POWER GENERATION
Jose Aquiles Baesso Grimoni
Octavio Ferreira Affonso
Luiz Cláudio Ribeiro Galvão
Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta
Tel: 55 11 3091-5279; Fax: 55 11 3032-3595
[email protected]
45
The study and development of small hydro power generation systems have grown considerably because of their
importance in producing energy for local consumers through the use of isolated systems: a simplified solution that results in low
costs of implantation and maintenance, ease of operation and reduces the damage to the environment.
The purpose of this paper is an evaluation of the feasibility of small hydro power projects for local consumers, limited
to the range of 1 kW to 500 kW. It presents an assessment of hydroelectric capacity of the hydrographic basin of “Médio
Paranapanema” and an economic budget of the equipment needed for this purpose. These results have been showed well for
decentralized hydro resources multiple use.
Keywords: Local Energization; Hydro-energy Small Exploitation; Decentralized Generation; SHP; Renewal Energy Resources.
B-198
POWER PLANT CO-GENERATION PROTECTION SYSTEM
Antônio Carlos Moscardi
José Aquiles Baesso Grimoni
USP - Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
Av Prof Luciano Gualberto travessa 3 158, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
Tel : 0xx 11 30915312 Fax: 0xx 11 30915719
In this paper we will show a cogeneration system model and simulations in industrial plants, like oil refinery,
petrochemicals and chemicals plants.
This type of cogeneration systems needs a special care with the protection when we have a network supply interruption.
In that operation condition is importat to know if the generator protection time is correct. It is important to mantain the
generator operation in the case of losing network supply . Its importat to mantain the main loads of the plant process too.
Network fault conditions and another types of system perturbations are used to check the protection performance. The
protection time performance in the fault elimination and the regeneration of the isolated electric system with the associated
loads are evaluated too.
The dynamic load model are analysed for this type of industrial plants. Also the electric machines( motors and
generators) and other electric equipments dynamic models are used in this paper.The protection location in the industrial plant
is a function of the network topology and the voltage level of the cogenertion system. That information is very important to define
the correct protection system functions.
Keywords : Cogeneration, Protection, Simulation
B-200
Recapacitation and RE-POWERING SMALL HIDRO POWER PLANTS OUT OFF use OR IN USE IN THE SÃO PAULO
STATE
Inácio Bianchi
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Unesp/Guaratinguetá
Fone: (12) 3123-2832
Fax: (12) 3123-2830
{ibianchi, teofilo}@feg.unesp.br
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the contribution of the old mini and small hydropower plants of São Paulo State
re-powering to increase the available electric power. The software HIDRWATT was used to estimate the power increase. The
software calculations algorithm is based on the Small Hydropower Plants Manual “Diretrizes para Estudos e Projetos
Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas” edited by the ELETROBRÁS, and its main imputing data for the calculation of the generated
power are the net effective head, the discharge and the pressure conduit's length. The Public Energy Services Committee CSPE
had been cataloging 94 old mini and small hydropower plant out off service or in operation for very long time in São Paulo State,
and most of them was built about 100 years ago. Just 90 of these plants were catalogued together information enough to have the
its re-powering estimated. By re-powering these plants it is possible to insert more them 117 MW in the São Paulo State power
system with a low cost. It can be done increasing the capacity of the existing plant by installing new hydraulic turbines,
generators and equipments. In some cases the available power may be quadruplicated. Thus, taking into account the old mini
and small power plants of which re-powering calculation could be done, it is possible to increase over than 34 % the contribution
of such plants for the power generation system.
Keywords: Re-powering, small hydropower plants, old small hydropower plants, Electric Power System of São Paulo State.
46
B-224
DROP OF NITROGEN OXIDES GENERATION AT DISTILLATE GAS BURNING IN A FURNACE OF THE
INDUSTRIAL BOILER
Jarquin Lopez G.¹
Polupan G.²
Toledo-Velazquez M.²
Sanchez-Flores P. F.²
¹National Polytechnic Institute
Av. Santa Ana No. 1000
Col. San Francisco Culhuacan. ESIME Culhuacan
Mexico D.F. Tel. 57296000 ext. 73061
¹National Polytechnic Institute
Av. IPN s/n, Edif. 5, SEPI-ESIME Zacatenco, UPALM, Mexico D. F.
Tel. 57296000 Ext. 54783, Fax. 57526000 Ext. 54754
[email protected]
The present work is devoted to analytical researches of methods directed on decrease of nitrogen oxides formation at
burning of natural gas in a furnace of a steam generator. Many different methods were investigated like: recirculation of smoke
gases in burners, injection of water in the zone of burning at simultaneous decrease in air excess coefficient into the burning
zone, the organization in furnace of two stages of burning and recirculation smoke gases. However, the methodology given in this
work is applied only for two stages of combustion at simultaneous smoke gas recirculation.
Keywords: natural gas combustion, NOx emission, recirculation, water injection, two stage combustion
47
TOPIC 4
THECNICAL AND ECONOMICAL ISSUES RELATED TO COGENERATION
SYSTEMS
49
B-008
MODIFICATION IN THE ENERGETIC SCENERY IN THE INDUSTRIES OF MALT
Marcelo Bergamini de Carvalho
José luz Silveira
UNESP Feg
In the current circumstance, when the Brazilian decided to expand the import of natural gas to supply the growing
demand of energy in the country, and at the need of energy recuperation throughout the work looking for the natural for the
resources optimization (it means, use the energy, minimizing the efficiency loss in the cycles and processes). This study aims to
modify the energetic head office of a transformation process of barley in malt. The characteristics of this process allow the
application of energy conversion techniques in cogeneration, characterizing in that way an alternative to rationalize the
consumption of natural gas and, consequently, to reduce the undesirable environmental impact. The found results demonstrate
how much the associated techniques can collaborate to minimize the energy costs.
Keywords: natural gas, economic analysis, parity electric, parity thermal
B-013
COGENERATION UTILISING RESIDUAL HEAT OF AN INDUSTRIAL INCINERATOR
Marcelo Bergamini de Carvalho
Ricardo Barbosa Posch Siqueira
José Luz Silveira
UNESP
Searchimg for other alternative source of electric energy production, the use of cogeneration techniques seem to show
na excellent aternative to minimize that problem, in the peculiar case of the incinerator, the recuse of available residual energy in
the exchausting geses of a great load incinerator comes as a source to be explored, since the generation techniques is used. When
it is na incinerator, such reuse becomes well coming, because to burn the solid residues it is necessary to apply a great amount of
fuel where its energy is not abosorbed totally.
In this work, we analyzed the real situation of na incinerator of great chemical industry, we disbeleeved the used
procedures, we presented diagram of “SANKEY”, we applied termoeconômica techniques that the aplicabilidade of the cogeneration and it demonstratespay back of 2 to 4 years, depending on the hours worked in the year. Being this way great option to
reduce the impacts of energy crisis, to increase the confiability on energy supply to company and to solve its problems with solid
wastes.
Keywords: cogeneration, incinerator, economic analysis, Sankey Diagram,
B-018
ENERGETIC AND EXERGETIC ANALYSES OF A SUGAR CANE INDUSTRY WITH COGENERATION SYSTEM IN
EXPANSION
Ricardo Alan V. Ramos¹
Cássio R. M. Maia¹
José L. Gasche¹
Thales B. Uchoa¹
Fabiano P. Branco¹
Marcelo C. Fiomari²
Alessandro T. Takaki²
¹Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira UNESP
Av. Brasil Centro, 56 Caixa Postal 31 CEP: 15.385-000 Ilha Solteira - SP
[email protected]
Departamento de Engenharia Destilaria Pioneiros S.A.
Fazenda Santa Maria da Mata Caixa Postal 12 CEP: 15.360-000 Sud Mennucci - SP
[email protected]
51
In this work, an energetic analysis of a sugar cane industry plant located in the west area of the São Paulo State
(Destilaria Pioneiros S.A.) was accomplished to define the performance of each equipment as well as the global efficiency of the
system. In addition, it was also taken into account an exergetic analysis. Two situations were considered for comparative
analysis: the current plant, which is self-supplied in terms of electric energy and steam for the processes, and a new enlarged
plant which generates additional electric energy for selling to electric companies. The results show the advantages of using the
new system
.
Keywords: Thermodynamics, energy, exergy, cogeneration, sugar cane industry.
B-028
COGENERATION AS INSTRUMENT FOR IMPROVE THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY
José Manuel dos Santos Cruz¹
Maria da Glória Barros Monteiro²
Perla Reis Pinho³
¹Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Lusíada
Edifício da Lapa - Largo Tinoco de Sousa, P-4760-108 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
Telefone: +351252309200 Fax: +351252376363
{jcruz, santoscruz}@fam.ulusiada.pt
²SUCH - Serviço de Utilização Comum dos Hospitais
Porto, Portugal
[email protected]
³Escola Secundária de Monserrate
Viana do Castelo, Portugal
[email protected]
Today, the commitment to give answers to the climatic variations implies a progressive decreasing of use of traditional
combustibles (petroleum and coal). In the last years the energy sector is suffering a deep changes, mainly in the European Union
(EU) (liberalization and regulation of the markets, diversification of the sources of primary energy, use of new technologies),
with the purpose of introducing larger efficiency in the different phases of the energy cycle (exploration, transformation and
use), lowering the price of the final energy, improving the competitiveness of the economy and the citizens' well-being, to
guarantee the safety of the energy provisioning and to improve the quality of the atmosphere.
The conventional way of electricity generation is made using thermal power plant where the energy source is fossil fuels
(coal, fuel-oleo and natural gas). The search of these combustibles will continue growing high rhythms, mainly in the economies
in development where efficiency is less than a third. In a power plant combined cycle using natural gas, the efficiency is around
55%. In parallel of an half of the primary energy to get lost in the process of electricity generation; this process is responsible for
more than 30% of the atmospheric emissions, promoting the " green house" effect, central aspect of the concept of sustainable
development.
In this context, the development of the cogeneration should be seen as one of the available instruments to help to reach
those objectives, which is associated with some important benefits: improvement of the efficiency in the conversion and use of the
energy, improvement of the environment, reduction of the investment cost and exploration, promoting decentralized forms of
electricity generation, mainly near to natural gas suppliers.
This work wants to give a perspective of application of cogeneration technology in Portugal, under European Energy
Policy, presenting results of one case study Pedro Hispano Hospital.
Keywords: Cogeneration, Electricity Generation, Energy Efficiency, Energy Policy, Sustainable Development
B-034
UPDRAFT GASIFICATION
Rolando Zanzi¹
José Suarez²
Pablo Roque³
¹Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Technology
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), S-100 44 Stockholm, Suecia
Teléfono: (46 8) 790 8257 fax: (46 8) 10 8579
[email protected]
²Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Oriente,
90900 Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
Teléfono: (53 22) 643120 fax: (53 22) 632689
52
[email protected]
³Centro de Estudios de Termoenergética Azucarera
Universidad Central de las Villas
C. Camajuani Km 5. Santa Clara. CP 54830, Cuba
Teléfono: (53 42) 281194 fax: (53 42) 281608
[email protected]
The paper summarizes the main characteristics and the design of a bench scale of updraft gasifier at the Royal Institute
of Technology. The paper concludes with the combined heat and power generation in the Harboore updraft wood-chips gasifier
in Danemark.
In the updraft gasifier the downward-moving biomass is first dried by the upflowing hot product gas. After drying, the
solid fuel is pyrolysed, giving char which continues to move down to be gasified, and pyrolysis vapours which are carried upward
by the upflowing hot product gas. The tars in the vapour either condense on the cool descending fuel or are carried out of the
reactor with the product gas, contributing to its high tar content. The product gas from an updraft gasifier thus contains a
significant proportion of tars and hydrocarbons, which contribute to its high heating value. There is interest in the cleaning of the
updraft gas for electricity production, as low temperature tars are more reactive and thus easier to be removed, than the hightemperature tars produced in much lower amounts by downdraft and fluidized bed gasifiers.
The Harboore updraft wood chips gasifier was set in operation in 1993. After 3 years of optimisation the plant provides
district heating for about 650 subscribers at Harboore. The objetive was to cogenerate both heat and electricity. Experiments on
catalytic cracking of the tar in the product gas were abandoned in 1997 and a wet gas cleaning system was developed. Two gasengines, each 768 kWE power, (from manufacturer Jenbacher, Austria) were set in operation early 2000.
Keywords: combined heat and power generation (CHP), wood chips, gas cleaning, updraft gasifier, gasification
B-036
USE OF A RANKINE ABSORPTION BOTTOMING POWER CYCLE IN A COGENERATION PLANT.
José A. Borgert Jr.
José A. Velásquez
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná PUCPR
Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155, 80215-901 Curitiba, PR, Brasil
Telefone: (41) 330-1323 Fax: (41) 330-1349
It is shown that the use of an aqua-ammonia Rankine absorption power cycle at the bottom of a cogeneration plant may result in
an economic advantage. In order to make a consistent evaluation the Rankine absorption power cycle was optimized using as
goal function the exergoeconomic unitary cost of the electricity produced by both the cogeneration plant and the absorption
cycle. The Zoutendijk method of feasible directions was used for this optimization. Obtained results show that when the Rankine
bottoming cycle is used the generated net power becomes 3.18% greater than that of the cogeneration plant alone while the
unitary cost of electricity diminishes in 3.06%.
Keywords: Absorption power cycles; Exergoeconomic analysis; Exergoeconomic optimization.
B-054
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING A COGENERATION PLANT
Luiz Gustavo do Val
Alcir de Faro Orlando
Mechanical Engineering Department, PUC-Rio
R.Marquês S.Vicente 225, CEP 22453-900, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
An experimental procedure was developed to evaluate cogeneration plants, including the uncertainty analysis of the
main parameters. As a result, this methodology aims the development of optimized criteria for specifying and operating
cogeneration plants. A plant in a brewery was studied to supply the data to the experimental procedure. It is composed of three
4,9 MW gas turbines and three heat recovery boilers with a supplemental burner capability for generating a process steam flow
rate of 36000 kg/h. The main drive for the development of this methodology is the observation that there are neither flow rate
measurement instruments for the combustion air and for the turbine exhaust gases in a cogeneration plant in operation, nor on
line composition natural gas analyzers. A mass balance of the combustion equation was then used together with the
53
measurement of the exhaust gas composition to determine the ratio between mass of combustion air and natural gas, and, thus,
the air flow rate, since the natural gas flow rate is directly measured. The uncertainty analysis was then used to analyze the heat
transfer from the exhaust gases, to preheat the water in the economizer, before entering the recovery boiler. Due to the fact that
the difference between the heat calculated for the gas side and for the water side of the economizer and boiler was larger than the
uncertainty of measurement, it was concluded that the thermal losses were significative. Because of the fact that the gas side was
the outer one, it was concluded that a more reliable data for the plant performance measurement should be based on the water
side of the heat exchanger. The same methodology was used to determine the degradation of the economizer performance, that
becomes gradually dirty along the time. When the difference between two measurements taken at different times is larger than its
uncertainty, it can be concluded that the heat exchanger became dirty. The uncertainty analysis was also used to compare the
calculated percentage of the available fuel energy that was converted into heat and power in the cogeneration plant with the
design data. Many Energy Services Companies (ESCO) must have continuously this evaluation in order to keep under control
the cost of the energy to be sold to their clients. If the difference between measured and design data is larger than measurement
uncertainty, it can be concluded that the plant is not operating properly.
Keywords: Cogeneration, Uncertainty Analysis, Energy Plant Diagnosis
B-077
ENERGETIC UTILIZATION OF SOLIDS WASTES IN BROILER AVICULTURE
Florentino, F. S.
Sobrinho, P. M.
Silveira, J. L.
Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho
Campus de Guaratinguetá SP, Brasil
DEN Departamento de Energia
{fabiosf, sobrinho, joseluz}@feg.unesp.br
In this work is studied the potential of energetic utilization of chicken waste, what is composed by an organic material
where are deposed the broiler chicken dung. The chickens stay normally in hangars where is necessary to do a thermal
conditioning to produce the conditions of chicken comfort, increasing the production. The process of utilization of the organic
material is done by anaerobic biodigestion, that reduces the potential of pollution of the wastes and generates the biogas to be
used as fuel; being used in a internal combustion engine, for example, looking for electric generation. In the study, after be found
the mount of energy available in the generation process (electric power and heat in the gases), is calculated the refrigeration
power necessary, appointing if the conditioning will be done by absorption refrigeration system or steam compression
refrigeration system. With the system defined, an economic analysis is done to find the pay-back, according to the investment
levels and the annual interest rate.
Keywords: Biodigestion, biogas, generation, energy.
B-078
ANALYSIS TECHNICAL-ECONOMIC OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF GENERATOR NATURAL GAS IN A
COGENERATION SYSTEM: CASE STUDY
Adriana Aparecida dos Santos Costa
Oscar Armando Maldonado Astorga
José Luz Silveira
UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista - Campus de Guaratinguetá
Av. Dr. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333, Pedregulho, Cep. , Guaratinguetá, SP, Brasil
[email protected], {oscarama, joseluz}@feg.unesp.br
In this work is presented a proposal of cogeneration systems using internal combustion engine using natural gas, with
the goal to improve the employment of the primary energy in the case study in a company. An energetic audit happened in the
industry, it analysed the recent energetic market, the cogeneration's legislation, the technicaleconomic feasibility of the
implementation of the cogeneration system offered and the future perspective of the company related to the improvement of its
installations and the flexibility for supplying energy of the other sources. This study also analysed the existent electrical system
and the characteristics of the equipment responsible for generation of thermal energy. The work aim of the was to check the
possibility of a better utilization of this moto-generation group how a cogeration unit, to offer the best useful form with minimum
change in the recent electrical system and without damages for the manufacture's process. Nowadays, the company has a motogeneration group, that was the focus of this work, acquired in 2001 in order to supply the lack of providing of the electrical energy
54
that Brazil confronted in the same year. This fact, reduced the investments coasts for the implementation of the cogeneration
system, because the moto-generation group investment is amortisated. The results of this work converged for a compact
cogeneration system that better adapted to the particularise of the enterprise studied. Beyond of the financial advances verified,
through the annual positive profits, there are technical and strategic advances. So, this work will give technical support for
decisions about the best advantage the energetic potential of the equipment acquired by company in matter and for other
companies that present a similar panorama.
Keywords: compact cogeneration system, natural gas, energy conservation , moto-generation group, energetic audit
B-101
OPERATIVE BEHAVIOR OF GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEMS. PART A: BASIS FOR MODEL OF
ANALYSIS
María Isabel Sosa
Mauricio Maspoli
Alberto Fushimi
UNLP - Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Facultad de Ingeniería
Fax: +54 - 221 425 9471
{misosa, afushimi}@volta.ing.unlp.edu.ar, [email protected]
The technical feasibility of implementation of a new project and in particular of a cogeneration system, is generally
analyzed based on its design specifications and sized in function of the demands of electric and caloric energy called "nominal"
or "of design", that in general don't reproduce the real practice. Real plant energy demands of electricity and heat are not
constants, vary "randomly". The cogeneration system is designed with a gas turbine with a given power output and a recovery
boiler with a steam generation limit. On one hand, this should be able to respond appropriately to demand fluctuations, therefore
the gas turbine set should have a higher power output than the maximum demand. An overdesign would lead to unnecessary
investment expenses. The recovery boiler presents certain adjusting possibilities of its steam production, by means of the by pass
of hot gases other supplementary combustion. The economic feasibility of implementation of a new system should take into
account these fluctuations, in way of predicting technical and economical results according to the reality of the plant, that are
more rigorous that the mere feasibility under nominal conditions. It is necessary to make an operative simulation model whose
complexity will be proportional to the quantity of variables to be considered and the "supplementary steam flow marginal fuel
flow correlation" should be determined, maintaining the design parameters constant. In this work the methodology of
determination of the aforementioned correlation is described and whose complexity forces to its resolution with computer
calculation, and the results that have been obtained in the analyzed cases. They are discussed and conclusions are enunciated, in
order to infer conceptual rules to predict the operative behavior.
Keywords: cogeneration 1, gas turbine 2, heat recovery boiler 3, supplementary combustion 4, optimization 5.
B-102
OPERATIVE BEHAVIOUR OF GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEMS. PART B: APPLICATION OF
ANALYSIS MODEL
María Isabel Sosa
Mauricio Maspoli
Alberto Fushimi
Fax: +54 - 221 425 9471
In the Part A the principles of an analysis model of the different heat transfer packages of a heat recovery steam
generator were given based on thermal transfer laws, which allow to evaluate the operative behavior of the unit under conditions
different to the nominal. In the present Part B, results and conclusions are presented obtained by applying the model to industrial
cogeneration systems with gas turbine and heat recovery steam generator. In such systems converge a high capital cost and low
of the energy; due to micro-economic profitability it is favorable to reduce the capacity of the system and therefore the cost of its
readiness, with a slight fuel cost increment due to loss of efficiency. With this approach the design of the system that can supply
the imposed nominal energy demands is defined, which is later analyzed for different operative conditions. Given the
characteristics of the caloric demands, the steam system has been adopted in three pressures, high pressure superheated steam
obtained directly from the recovery boiler, mid pressure saturated steam by expansion of the high pressure steam produced by the
boiler in a backpressure steam turbine with previously desuperheated exhaust stream, and lastly a marginal flow of low pressure
55
saturated steam as a mean to improve the heat recovery. Low pressure steam is supposed may be sold as much as it is produced.
The capacity of steam generation system should be regulated in function of the demand, and it should be increase by means of the
supplementary combustion, when the demand acquires higher values than the minimum one. This phenomenon is analyzed by
means of the model and general conclusions are discussed.
Keywords: cogeneration 1, gas turbine 2, heat recovery steam generator 3, supplementary combustion 4, optimization 5.
B-130
METHODOLOGIES FOR COSTS ALLOCATION IN STEAM COGENERATION PLANTS
Rolando Nonato de Oliveira Lima.
UFSJ - Universidade Federal de S. J. Del Rei DCTEF CSA
Praça Frei Orlando, 170 - sala 2.20 MD.
Tel (32) 3379 2630
Based in a previous and traditional methodology of allocation costs in steam cogeneration schemes one makes two
alternatives for comparision.The first is more direct and more simple and is based in an average steam rate, a first law approach,
and in the hypothesis that the costs of steam must be attributed to the steam produced in the boiler. The second is based in Curzon
& Ahlbon efficiency, a new approach in Thermodynamics called now endoreversible Thermodynamics by various authors, and is
a second law approach. The allocation costs methodologies consider only the fuel costs but is very easy to adopt other costs like
capital costs and O&M costs too, and allocate them in the same manner. And there are possibilities of extension of the new
proposed methodologies to other cycles like gas turbines and engines.
Keywords: allocation costs, cogeneration costs, steam and electricity costs.
B-152
ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY OF GAS TURBINE COGENERATION SYSTEMS
María Isabel Sosa
Mauricio Maspoli
Alberto Fushimi
Fax: +54 - 221 425 9471
The exergetic analysis of a conventional steam system of an industrial plant shows an enormous inefficiency that can be
reduced by means of the substitution of the conventional boiler for a cogeneration system with turbine of gas (TG) and recovery
boiler (WHB or HRSG). The qualitative indicators of each alternative that can be proposed by means of a set of design
parameters can be evaluated by means of a computational model, being observed in general that they improve with the efficiency
of the gas turbine, its exhaust gas temperature and mass flow, temperatures and pressures of the demanded steam for caloric use.
Optimum conditions for the HRSG are that it can give the demanded steam without supplementary firing, and the
appropriate turbine of gas is that that can give the necessary exhaust heat with the pinch points that they don't drive to an
excessive rise in the purchased cost of the HRSG.
When the price of the electricity is low as it happens in our Country and the electricity demand is reduced, the economic
feasibility is favored when the gas turbine is selected rather smaller than the technically appropriately sized one, and the
supplementary combustion is used to fit the balance to supply the total steam demand. This practice is better than the
supplementation with steam generated separately in a conventional boiler. The analysis of the effects of the supplementary
combustion has been realized to determine the limits of the interval in that its application could be convenient. In this work, the
realized task is reported and conclusions are informed.
Keywords: cogeneration 1, gas turbine 2, waste heat boiler 3, supplementary firing 4, optimization 5.
B-156
OPTIMIZATION OF AMAZONAS STATE LUMBER-MILL INDUSTRY THERMIC SYSTEMS AS ENHANCED BY
COGENERATION
José Tadeu Diniz Alkmin
56
Vladimir Paixão e Silva
Elizabeth Ferreira Cartaxo
Adriana Correia Flores
Departamento de Eletricidade
Universidade Federal do Amazonas - Faculdade de Tecnologia
Av. Rodrigo O. Jordão Ramos, 2000, Coroado CEP 69077-000
Manaus/AM
Fone/Fax (92) 647 4066
The current work shows a survey of the necessary energy inputs to be used in the logging industries in the State of
Amazonas, within the context of the cities of Manaus, Itacoatiara and Manacapuru. It is followed by approaches of capacity and
possible energy to be produced in cogeneration systems for the group of industries surveyed, being considered the conditions of
energy rationality, as much as for consumption, as for the auto production of energy. It was concluded in a discussion with the
participation of this industrial section in the integrated planning of resources for the formation of an energy matrix for the State
of Amazonas, the acquired advantages and obstacles to overcome with the insert of cogeneration as a source to offer electric
energy.
Keywords: Cogeneration, Industrial Sector, integrated planning of resources
B-159
REGULATORY REFORM AND ELECTRICITY DEMAND IN COLOMBIA'S INDUSTRY
Rodrigo Taborda
Facultad de Economía. Universidad del Rosario.
Calle 14 # 4 69, Bogotá, COLOMBIA
[email protected]
The regulatory reform in Colombia's electric utilities led to an important change in the supply and demand patterns of
energy. The paper explores demand for energy at plant level and contrasts the results for the pre and post reform periods. Our
estimations show a considerable change in the demand for electric energy, they also show the gains of using a micropanel versus
aggregated data (ISIC 3), the micropanel estimations show a considerable change in the elasticities and proves to be more
precise.
Keywords: electric energy demand, regulatory reform, industry demand for electric energy.
B-164
SIMULATION OF DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF COGENERATION SYSTEMS APPLIED TO TANNERIES
Paulo Smith Schneider
Horácio Antônio Vielmo
Rodrigo Danieli
Sandro Tavares Conceição
Mariliz Gutterres Soares
Nilson Romeu Marcílio
Engenharia Mecânica
Rua Sarmento Leite 425 90050-170 Porto Alegre RS
Fone 51 33163931 Fax 51 3316 3355
{pss, vielmoh}@mecanica.ufrgs.br, [email protected], {mariliz, [email protected]
This work reports a technical viability study concerning the use of cogeneration systems in tanneries in the state of Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil. A case study in a specific plant is carefully chose to represent the reality of this industrial segment. The
energy demands are available from the tannery annual historical records and completed with some field measurements.
Different design proposals are submitted to a set of electrical and thermal demands, presented in 3 assembling: a) reciprocating
natural gas engines, b) natural gas turbines and c) natural gas steam generators and turbines. The thermal system software
IPSEPro (Simtech, 2000) is used to simulate the design proposals. The outputs of the simulations allow to conclude that medium
values of energy demands cannot be taken as design data for cogeneration systems, once they hide the equipment's partial load
performance. The present simulation assumed the demand of either electrical or thermal energy, a situation that results in the
surplus of the other form. The thermal performances reached by the 3 alternatives are quite elevate, what makes cogeneration
57
projects in tannery industry viable.
Keywords: cogeneration, natural gas, simulation, thermal systems.
B-181
COGENERATION WITH ENERGY RESOURCES FROM URBAN WASTES
José Aquiles Baesso Grimoni²
Fernando Selles Ribeiro²
² USP - GEPEA Grupo de Energia do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
[email protected]
The objective of this work is the analysis the urban solid wastes for energy cogeneration and conservation applied in the
region of Medio Paranapanema MPP focused with the objective of the Integrated Resources Planning IRP. IRP consists of
selecting electrical energy offered expansion through process that evaluate and entire group of alternatives that include the
increase of installed capacity, conservation and energy efficiency, self production and sources renewed, in way to guarantee that
the system users receive continuous energy of good quality at the smallest possible cost. MPP is located in the State of São Paulo,
Brazil, and it presents limited development, due partly, to the lack of electrical energy. MPP is an area with repressed demand,
and the supply of energy is essential for maintaining sustainability. Thus, alternative investments in the demand sections are
considered very important for the future of this. We have several ways of taking advantage of urban solid residues. We can
mention, for example, the composting of organic material, garbage incineration, biogas production and the energy conservation
with recycling. In this work, each one of this alternatives is analyzed trying to quantify energy potential, as well as the involved
costs.
Keywords: Urban Solid Waste; Cogeneration; Recycling; IRP; Sustainable Development.
B-193
THERMOECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF COGENERATION ALTERNATIVES FOR A SUGAR PLANT
Mauricio Colombo¹
María Rosa Hernández¹
José Luz Silveira²
¹Departamento de Ingeniería Química
Universidad Nacional de Tucumán
Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología
Av. Independencia 1800 (4000) Tucumán, Argentina
Tel. +54-381-4364093 Ext. 201 Fax. +54-381-4363004
²Departamento de Energía
UNESP - Universidad Estatal Paulista
Av. Dr. Aríberto Pereira da Cunha, 333, 12516-410 - Guaratinguetá- SP Brasil
Tel. +55-12-525-2800 Ext. 1904 Fax. +55-12-525-2466
[email protected]
The development of new techniques that allow analysis and optimization of energy systems is indispensable in a world
with finite natural resources and growing demand of electrical energy for development.countries. Thermoeconomy is a powerful
tool to analyze and improve energy systems, since it involves the economic evaluation of several systems of energy
transformation trough an exergetic approach.
In this work an Exergetic Cost of Manufacture (CMEX) is used for the analysis and optimization of systems of
combined production of heat and work. It was selected a case of study of a sugar plant at Tucumán (Argentina) for the importance
on regional economies and the possibilities that it presents for cogeneration.
Cogeneration is used in sugar plants, since it requires steam production and electric power generation. In the existent
facilities steam is generated in low pressure boilers using bagasse (fibrous residual of the cane mill) as fuel.
Moreover, since it was considered useless the storage of big quantities of bagasse, most of the boilers were designed to
burn the whole available bagasse at low pressure. Changing operation parameters, in particular, using higher pressures of
generation, led to electric power surplus, with sale opportunities to the electrical network.
58
Cogeneration structures are compared through the use of cost exergtics functions defined by functional diagrams, and
the corresponding problems MINLP due to equipment cost. It is also considered the convexificación of these cost functions to get
a MILP.
Special emphasis is made on the distribution of equipment cost to satisfy steam generation and the electrical demand
simultaneously.
The uncertainty of the data is taken account considering different scenarios for key variables of optimization
Keywords: cogeneration, optimization, functional diagrams, sugar plants
59
TOPIC 5
ENERGY AND LOAD FORECASTING
INTEGRAL PLANNING OF RESOURCES SEEKING THE INCREASE OF THE
ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTRIC DEMAND AND QUALITY OF LIFE
INDEX
61
B-005
A TIME SERIES DECOMPOSITION FORECASTING MODEL FOR WATER INFLOWS FORECASTING
Luciano Brito Querido
NEPE - EEE - UFG
Telefone: (62) 296070 Ext. 32
This article presents a methodology for time series forecasting by decomposition that combines statistical models and
artificial neural networks when analyzing each component of the series. Starting with the decomposition of the time series, the
proposed model works the sazonal component by the relative links method, the tendency component by neural networks and the
random component by normal probability distribution. After the analysis of each component, the model reconstructs the time
series for future values forecasting. This methodology shows better results than the Holt-Winters´ forecasting model (Triple
Exponential Smoothing) and the PAR (Parametric Auto Regressive) forecasting model from Box and Jenkins.
Keywords: Time Series, Neural Networks, Moving Averages, Forecasting.
B-024
METHODOLOGICAL AND ORGANISATIONAL CHALLENGES IN THE ELABORATION OF THE BRAZILIAN
ELECTRICAL POWER SECTOR EXPANSION PLANS AND ENERGY BALANCE FORECASTS
Sergio Valdir Bajay
Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Planejamento Energético e Departamento de Energia/FEM
Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-970, Campinas, SP
[email protected]
Every year, the Coordinating Committee for the Expansion Planning of Electrical Systems (CCPE) has the duty to
elaborate a ten years forward planning for the electric power sector, while Law no. 9478, from 1997, requires the National
Council of Energy Policy (CNPE) to elaborate forecasts of the Brazilian energy balance, which have been carried out for
periods of 20 years ahead. Obviously these two prospective studies, both under the responsability of the Ministry of Mines and
Energy (MME), should be inter-related. A critical review of the methodologies employed in these studies and the way they have
been produced is made in this paper, pointing out the steps forward and the barriers still to be overcome. Some innovations, in
terms of methodology and organisational changes in their elaboration are proposed. Discussions concernig the possible roles
of CNPE, MME and a new support unit for the Ministry in its planning activities then follow, within the scope of the proposed
institutional scheme.
Keywords: energy planning, electrical power sector expansion, energy balance
B-050
DYNAMIC LOAD BEHAVIOUR ESTIMATION DURING ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESTORATION
Lia Mota
Alexandre Mota
André Morelato
DSEE/FEEC/UNICAMP
Av. Albert Einstein, 400 Cidade Universitária, C.P.6101 CEP 13083-270 Campinas (SP)
{lia, assis, morelato}@dsee.fee.unicamp.br
Power system restoration is a problem characterized by a high dynamism, where load behaviour during its
reenergization can significantly interfere in the real time switching operations previously determined by the restoration plans.
This behaviour is affected by different conditions, such as interruption duration, seasonal characteristics, control actions taken
during restoration and consumer type. This dynamic characteristics implies the need of a constant load assessment during
blackout as an way to estimate its behaviour during reenergization. In this work, load models components were identified by
typical consumers (residential loads, industrial loads and commercial loads), using data from characteristic substations. In the
sequence, several substations were identified based on the previously identified components using static and dynamic estimation
63
methods. The Kalman filtering technique could be considered adequate for this type of analysis, providing dynamic estimation of
load typical components and its behaviour during restoration by the typical load responses aggregation. The proposed
methodology was tested using data collected from different CPFL substations during the year 1994.
Keywords: Power system restoration, dynamic load parameter estimation
B-097
INVESTIGATION OF A FORECASTING MODEL BASED ON PPS NEURAL NETWORKS
Renato Junqueira Maia¹
Gelson da Cruz Júnior²
¹Tribunal de Contas da União
Setor de Administração Federal Sul, quadra 4, lote 1, 70042-900, Brasília - DF - BRASIL
(55)(61) 316-7563
[email protected]
²NEPE - EEE - UFG
Praça Universitária, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, 74605-220, Goiânia - GO - BRASIL
(55)(62) 209-6070 ext. 32
[email protected]
There has been a lot of study about forecasting in time series, and that subject has application in several fields, like
engineering, economics, etc. Because of its great importance, studies about that matter always concern scientists, governments
and private companies.
Lately, there has been a great interest in researches involving artificial neural networks about forecasting in time series.
Several studies have been made about that subject, and the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural networks have been widely used
for that purpose.
This work investigates the convenience of the use of a relatively new model of artificial neural network, called PPS
because of the use of “Polynomial Powers of Sigmoids” as activation function. That kind of network was presented in a doctoral
thesis in 1997 (Marar, 1997), and achieved very good results in data classification, pattern recognition, voice signal analysis
and image compression applications.
With the purpose of making a conclusive analysis about the use of PPS neural networks for forecasting in time series,
two neural networks were implemented, an MLP one and a PPS one. The reason for that is the great acceptance of the MLP
networks for that kind of forecasting. The results of the two networks implemented are compared, and the PPS one achieves, in all
the experiments, better results than the ones obtained with the MLP one. Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the PPS
neural network is capable of achieving very good results in the forecasting in time series with the same characteristics found in
the series used in this work, even if the available training set is not very large.
Keywords: forecasting, artificial neural networks, PPS neural networks, function approximation.
B-098
HEURISTIC APPROACH TO LONG TERM LOAD FORECASTING BASED IN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Andréia Oliveira Cuer
NEPE - EEE - UFG
Telefone: (62) 296070 Ext. 32
In this work it is proposed an approach to long term load forecasting done by Artificial Neural Networks or nets like
they'll be called, and adjusted by exogenous criterions. The choice of these criterions was based in the approach applied
nowadays by the some of the Brazilian power distribution companies. Three approaches were compared: the one applied
nowadays, another approach uses nets, and the third is the one proposed in this work that uses nets and then adjusts these
forecasted values according to exogenous criterions. In most cases, the proposed approach obtained better results.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, adjustment exogenous criterions, long term load forecasting.
B-121
A SUGGESTION FOR STRUCTURE IDENTIFICATION OF LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR ENERGY TIME SERIES
64
USING NON-PARAMETRIC REGRESSION
Rosane M. Kirchner¹
Reinaldo C. Souza²
Flávio A. Ziegelmann³
¹Departamento de Física, Estatística e Matemática
Universidade do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do SulIjuí
Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
[email protected]
²Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro Brasil
³Departamento de Estatística
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil.
This paper suggests an approach for the identification of the structure of linear and non-linear time series through nonparametric estimation of the unknown curves in models of the type Y)=E(Yt|Xt =xt) +å , where Xt=(Yt-1,Yt-2,...,Yt-d).
A traditional nonlinear parametric model assumes that the form of the function E(Yt,Xt) is known. The estimation
process is global, that is, under the assumption of a linear function for instance, then the same line is used along the domain of the
covariate. Such an approach may be inadequate in many cases, though. On the other hand, nonparametric regression
estimation, allows more flexibility in the possible form of the unknown function, since the function itself can be estimated through
a local kernel regression. By doing so, only points in the local neighborhood of the point X,t where E(Yt|Xt =xt) is to be estimated,
will influence this estimate. In other words, with kernel estimators, the unknown function will be estimated by local regression,
where the nearest observations to the point where the curve is to be estimated will receive more weight and the farthest ones, a
less weight. After the estimation of the unknown function, the determination coefficient is calculated in order to verify the
dependence of each lag.
Under the proposed methodology, it was verified that the Lag Dependence Function (LDF) and the Partial Lag
Dependence Function (PLDF) provide good approximations in the linear case to the function of autocorrelation (ACF) and
partial function of autocorrelation (PACF) respectively, used in classical analysis of linear time series. The graphic
representation is also very similar to those used in ACF and PACF.
For the Partial Lag Dependence Function (PLDF) it becomes necessary to estimate multivariable functions. In this
case, an additive model was used, whose estimate is computed through the backfitting method, according to Hastie and
Tibshirani (1990). For the construction of confidence intervals, the bootstrap technique was used.
The research was conducted to evaluate and compare the proposed methodology to traditional ones. The simulated
time series were generated according to linear AR(1) and non-linear MA(1) models. A series of one hundred observations was
generated for each model.
The approach was illustrated with the study of the structure of a time series of electricity demand of DEMEI- the city
department of energy of Ijui, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Keywords: Time series; non-parametric regression; coefficient of determination; kernel smoothing; backfitting
B-135
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF POWER SYSTEMS BY NEURAL NETWORK BASED ON ADAPTIVE
RESONANCE THEORY
Wagner Peron Ferreira
Maria do Carmo Gomes da Silveira
Anna Diva P. Lotufo
Carlos. R. Minussi
UNESP Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - Câmpus de Ilha Solteira
Av. Brasil, 56, 15385-000 Ilha Solteira SP
Fone: (18) 3743 1150
{wagner, annadiva, minussi}@dee.feis.unesp.br, [email protected]
This work presents a methodology for transient stability (first swing) analysis of electrical energy system using a neural
network based on the ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory) architecture, named ART&ARTMAP fuzzy neural network. The neural
network operation is constituted of two fundamental phases: training and tests. The training phase requires a great quantity of
65
processing time to perform, while the test phase requires no computational effort. This is the principal reason to use neural
networks to solve complex problems that demand fast solutions, such as the real time applications. The principal characteristics
of the ART neural networks are the plasticity and stability that are essentials for the execution of the training and for an efficient
analysis (tests). The fuzzy neural ART&ARTMAP network that is proposed, aims to produce a superior performance in precision
and velocity, when compared to conventional ARTMAP formulation, and more superior when compared to neural networks that
use the training by a backpropagation technique. To illustrate the proposed method, results are presented considering a
multimachine power system.
Keywords: Electric power systems, transient stability analysis, neural networks, fuzzy logic, adaptive resonance theory.
B-178
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEASONAL STREAMFLOW FORECASTING MODELS
Manoel Henrique da Nóbrega Marinho¹
Thyago Carvalho Marques¹
Secundino Soares¹
Rosangela Ballini²
¹Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
CP Caixa Postal: 6101 - CEP 13083-970 Campinas-SP-Brasil.
Fone: +55-019-3788-3859
{henrique,thyago, dino}@densis.fee.unicamp.br
²Universidade Estadual de Campinas
Instituto de Economia
Caixa Postal: 6135 - CEP 13083-970 Campinas-SP-Brasil
[email protected]
The goal of this paper is to present a methodology to carry out the seasonal streamflow forecasting using database of
average monthly inflows of one Brazilian hydroelectric plant located at Grande river. The model is based on the Adaptive
Network Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The performance of this model was compared with a Periodic Autoregressive
model, Perceptron Network with back propagation and Neurofuzzy Network. The results show that the forecasting errors of the
ANFIS model considered are significantly lower than the other methodologies.
Keywords:
Streamflow Forecasting, Neurofuzzy Networks, Artificial Neural Networks, Fuzzy Inference Systems,
Autoregressive Models.
B-180
LOCAL APPLIED OF INTEGRATED ENERGY RESOURCES PLANNING
William Takanori Ino
Miguel E. Morales Udaeta
Luiz Claudio Ribeiro Galvão
Carlos Marcio Vieira Tahan
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, trav. 3, 158; CEP: 05508-900; São Paulo-SP, Brasil
Tel: 55 11 3091-5279; Fax: 55 11 3032-3595
[email protected]
The present work has in view the elaboration of projections based on IRP (Integrated Energy Resources Planning) in
order to propose an alternative of sustainable development to one region of the State of Sao Paulo. Using the data of the region,
gathered in the past years by several researches of the GEPEA-USP, scenarios of the development and consume of energy have
been created. In these scenarios, two possibilities to supply the demand of the region were considered: energy of clean sources
and/or renewable as well as energy of sources that have lower costs. In order to simulate the behavior of several factors of the
offer and demand, the LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning) has been used. Both scenarios have vantages and
disadvantages, but the clean sources scenario certainly could supply the needs of the region for the next twenty years.
Uncertainties in longer periods make the forecasts no much reliable, because changes in both, demand and offer, could
invalidate the study. The best is an accompaniment of the sector's behavior in order to make shorter projections, ten years for
example, to set the generator estate and policies of consumption. Long forecasts are good to show the limits of the system and the
66
reserve to preview emergency situations as occurred in 2001 with shortness of water supply and consequently broke of energy
catering.
Keywords: IRP; sustainable development,, energy resources, LEAP; energy scenarios.
B-210
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK-BASED SHORT-TERM DEMAND FORECASTER
Alexandre P. Alves da Silva¹
Ubiratan P. Rodrigues²
Agnaldo J. Rocha Reis²
P.C. Nascimento²
Luciano S. Moulin³
¹PEE-COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
C.P. 68504, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil.
Phone: +55 21 2562-8621
[email protected]
²Systems Engineering Group (GESis)
Institute of Electrical Engineering
Federal University at Itajubá
Av. BPS, 1303 - Itajubá, MG, 37500-903, Brazil
Phone/fax: +55 35 3629-1365
[email protected],.{agnreis, paulocn}@iee.efei.br
http://www.geocities.com/agnaldo_reis
³Electric Power Research Center (CEPEL)
Av. Hum, s/n, Cidade Universitária - Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-590 - Brazil
[email protected]
The importance of Short-Term Load Forecasting (STLF) has been increasing lately. With deregulation and
competition, energy price forecasting has become a big business. Bus load forecasting is essential to feed analytical methods
utilized for determining energy prices. The variability and non-stationarity of loads are becoming worse due to the dynamics of
energy tariffs. Besides, the number of nodal loads to be predicted does not allow frequent interventions from load forecasting
experts. More autonomous load predictors are needed in the new competitive scenario.
The application of neural network-based STLF has developed sophisticated practical systems over the years. However,
the question of how to maximize the generalization ability of such machines, together with the choice of architecture, activation
functions, training set data and size, etc. makes up a huge number of possible combinations for the final Neural Network (NN)
design, whose optimal solution has not been figured yet. This paper describes a STLF system which uses a non-parametric model
based on a linear model coupled with a polynomial network, identified by pruning/growing mechanisms. The load forecaster has
special features of data preprocessing and confidence intervals calculations, which are also described. Results of load forecasts
are presented for one year with forecasting horizons from 15 min. to 168 hours ahead
Keywords: Confidence intervals, neural nets, load forecasting.
B-214
ENERGY FLOWS, ANXIETIES AND BARRIERS: A point of view of the electric energy demand in rural communities
electrified by conventional grids
Federico Morante
Roberto Zilles
Universidade de São Paulo
Programa Interunidades de Pós-Graduação em Energia, PIPGE USP/IEE
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289 - CEP 05508-900 - São Paulo SP
Fone: (11)3091.2637 Fax: (11)3816.7828
{fmorante, zilles}@iee.usp.br
In any society, independent of her size several flows of energy happen, that involves food, energy and fuels productions
and their distributions. These flows actually involve systems where technical, economic and social subjects are play. The
massive uses of electric energy, together with the end uses of the petroleum turn much more complex the system management.
Moreover, the electricity made possible the utilization of different devices with the capacity to increase the potentialities of the
human beings. This paper, throughout historical perspective, tries to show some aspects related with the introduction of the
electric grids in the rural boundary and the anxieties and existent barriers. The goal is to discuss the rural electrification
67
problem and put in evidence its relationship with energy demand.
Keywords: Rural electrification, Electric Energy Demand, Socioeconomic development.
B-232
ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF THE PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORTS SCRIPTS IN THE ENERGY
SUPPLY
José Aquiles Baeso Grimoni¹
André Luiz Veiga Gimenes¹
Claudio Elias Carvalho¹
Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta¹
Ricardo Camargo²
¹USP - GEPEA Grupo de Energia do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
Tel: 55 11 3091-5279; Fax: 55 11 3032-3595
[email protected]
²FIA - Fundação Instituto de Administração
Rua José Alves Cunha Lima, 172 - CEP: 05365-050
This article has as main objective to present the proposal of a reformulation and adaptation of the PER - Preliminary
Environmental Report scripts necessary to the Environmental Licensing of small energy enterprises (hydroelectric, thermo
electrical, transmission lines and gas pipelines) in the State of Sao Paulo. It is based on the European community's international
experience and in the concept that the new scripts need to expand in details all the items and to insert new, establishing a uniform
content among them. As a result, examples of impacts and respective mitigating measures for the most frequent cases are
presented in the proposed new scripts of PERs. .It also proposes the non-need of Work Plan that would be absorbed by PERs,
more detailed and complete. Finally, as part of these results, it is stood out that are now necessary and possible changes in the
licensing process employed in the State of Sao Paulo, as the appearance of new technologies, faster and more efficient requires
equally agility and efficiency in the implantation process, what would only be gotten with the adaptation and reformulation of the
licensing process. Through the final results it concludes that a single script is viable for the several energy enterprises types and
this procedure could simplify and to reduce costs of the elaboration (pertinent to the entrepreneur) and evaluation (pertinent to
Environmental Secretary) processes of PERs.
Keywords: Environmental Licensing; Preliminary Environmental Report; Energy Enterprises; Environment; Energy.
B-233
FULL COST ACCOUNTING MODEL FOR POWER GENERATION
Julio Henrique Boarati
Miguel Edgar Morales Udaeta
Luiz Cláudio Ribeiro Galvão
Jose Aquiles Baesso Grimoni
Tel: 55 11 3091-5279; Fax: 55 11 3032-3595
[email protected]
The electricity in nowadays society is very important to provide development, social justice and comfort. Energy users knows all
the advantages of this great invention, but ironically they also fight against the construction of news plants because the damages
that electricity generation provides to environment and certain groups of people that are affected. The solution for this problem
has to consider the costs involved at the electricity generation, but not only the financial costs and this is the reason why we will
consider the concept of full Cost Account. This report had the objective of create a analysis method to show the positive and
negative impacts of the hydroelectric and thermoelectric (with natural gas) generation to find the best solution in terms of
Complete Costs to provide the energy generation increasing for the two kind of plants. The research source come from the
Integrated Resources Planning theory that uses the Full and Sustainable Development approach, legal resolutions and laws,
studies for electrical sector, News that involves the subject and academic works. Therefore the analysis method is coherent with
the Complete Costs approach that consider that negative impacts means qualitative costs and at the same time the financial costs
are not forgotten but considered as one the elements in analysis process that seek the lower (qualitative) cost for the whole
society too looking for sustainable development.
Keywords: Full Cost Account, Electricity, Power Generation, IRP, Sustainable Development.
68
B-249
THE CHILD´S AND OF THE WOMAN TEACHER´S DIFFICULTIES IN THE SCHOOL WITHOUT ELECTRICITY
Rosaura de Menezes Selles Ribeiro¹
Fernando Selles Ribeiro¹,²
¹UNESP Guaratinguetá - SP - Brasil
[email protected]
²Escola Politécnica da USP
[email protected]
This article analyses the working conditions the elementary education teacher faces when working in country schools
which don't have access to electric power; it also analyses the deficiencies this lack of electricity imposes on the educational
process. The article was written based on the Arimura´s work (2000), named “The country school without electricity”, having as
target the study of the role education can have in achieving the access and rational end use of electricity, and the role electricity
can have in achieving the educational process. The rural electrification program market is made of populations of which there is
little information about consumption habits. In search of such information, in a survey of the target public of rural electrification
programs in São Paulo State, the mentioned author studied the everyday life in those country schools where electricity has not
arrived yet. The reported data is used for a reading from the point of view of Work Psychodynamics analyzing the constraints to
the work of the teacher, mainly of the woman who is a teacher, making it possible to come to the conclusion, concerning negative
aspects, that the lack of electricity brings about her self-esteem as well as the teaching-learning process and, also, concerning
the stress suffered by the students, which directly affects their families´ welfare.
Keywords: Rural electrification, energy end use, constraints of the work, education and energy.
69
TOPIC 6
SUBSTATIONS AND EQUIPMENTS FOR HIGH-VOLTAGE
INTERCONNECTION OF ELECTRIC SYSTEMS
LEGISLATION FOR THE ELECTRIC ENERGY TRADE
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
TARIFF SYSTEMS
71
B-033
APPLICATION OF WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR MONITORING SHORT-DURATION VARIATIONS VOLTAGES IN
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
Raimundo Nonato M. Machado¹
Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra²
Evaldo Gonçalves Pelaes²
¹Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Pará
Av. Almirante Barroso, 1155, Marco, Belém-PA, BR, CEP: 66093020
Tel: (91) 211-0363
[email protected]
²Universidade Federal do Pará - Campus Universitário do Guama
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica e da Computação
CEP: 66075900
Tel: (91) 211-1306 ramal 32, fax: (91) 211-1634
{bira,pelaes}@ufpa.br
In this work the multiresolution signal decomposition technique is used as a powerful tool for detecting, classifying and
quantifying the short duration variations (SVD) in the electrical tranamition system. Using the proposed technique one will have
the ability to measure the magnitude and duration of the signal during SDV events. The information gained at different resolution
levels and the measured values by the proposed technique can be used to distinguish among similar power quality phenomena
and may help in finding the source of disturbance.
Keywords: power quality, wavelet transform, multiresolution signal decomposition.
B-048
IDENTIFICATION OF BUILDING BLOCKS FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM RESTORATION
Alexandre Mota
Lia Mota
André Morelato
DSEE/FEEC/UNICAMP
Av. Albert Einstein, 400 Cidade Universitária, C.P.6101 CEP 13083-270 Campinas (SP)
{assis, lia, morelato}@dsee.fee.unicamp.br
After an electric power system outage, it is necessary to quickly reestablish the power energy supply, reducing
technical, social and economical prejudices caused by the interruption. The restoration process can be defined as the control
actions sequence necessary to reenergize power lines and loads in a rapid and safe way. In this approach, nuclear elements of the
restoration process can be identified, known as “restoration building blocks”, or RBBs. In this work a methodology for
restoration building blocks identification in electric power systems is proposed, based on numerical inspection of a nodal
admittance type matrix associated to heuristic search techniques in different stages, taking into account loads priority levels and
the identified RBBs interconnection required at the end of the restoration process. Operational costs and electrical feasibility of
suggested configurations are also considered in the problem formulation. The use of numerical representation of system
topology associated with heuristic search provides results in proper time for power systems restoration activities. The proposed
method was tested using IEEE14 and IEEE30 networks, providing satisfactory results.
Keywords: Power system restoration, Heuristic search, Topological analysis, Restoration building blocks.
B-105
THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS INTERCONNECTION ON RESTRUCTURING BRAZILIAN ELECTRICAL
ENERGY MARKET: A RELATION BETWEEN COMPETITIVENESS AND INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING
Andre C. Paro
Dorel S. Ramos
Eliane A. F. A. Fadigas
Miguel E. M. Udaeta
GEPEA Group, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
[email protected], [email protected], {eliane, udaeta}@pea.usp.br
73
This paper intends to introduce the potential of utilization of “Integrated Resource Planning” for best results on the
feasibility analysis of thermoelectric power plants taking into account the changing Brazilian market rules. In order to support
the project finance for the new thermal generation in Brazil, current feasibility analysis methods and integrated planning
concepts are discussed, considering all the involved entities roles in such process. The current market status is then presented, as
well as some highlights concerning the risks mitigation related to the natural gas and spot price along the financing period,
directly determining dispatch conditions. Finally, the risks of the projects and the demand behavior, hydrological scenarios and
spot price volatility are carried out, emphasizing its influence in bilateral contracts establishment. The conclusion about this
discussion is that some politic arrangements are needed to give stronger directions to this kind of generation investors and the
integrated planning has a great contribution to give on supporting these adjustments.
Keywords: Energy Resources, Power System Planning, Power Generation Dispatch, Thermal Power Generation.
B-106
THE USE OF ELECTRICITY TIME-OF-DAY AND INTERRUPTIBLE SUPPLY TARIFFS TO OPTIMISE LOAD
CURVES
Alvaro Afonso Furtado Leite¹
Claudio Bezerra de Carvalho¹
Dean William Carmeis¹
Dorel Soares Ramos²
Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi¹
José Luiz Pereira Brittes³
Maria Rosa Rezende4
Sérgio Valdir Bajay¹
¹Universidade Estadual de Campinas UNICAMP
Núcleo Interdisciplinar de Planejamento Energético NIPE.
{afurtado, jannuzzi, bajay}@fem.unicamp.br, [email protected], [email protected],
²Universidade de São Paulo USP
[email protected]
³Companhia Paulista de Força e Luz - CPFL
[email protected]
4
Consultora da Universidade de São Paulo USP
[email protected]
The objective of this work is to present a methodology based on economic signals applied to electricity tariffs, which
aims to guide the formulation of new electricity time-of-day and interruptible supply tariffs for specific consumer groups,
particularly in industry. The proposed methodology considered the Brazilian electrical power sector's experience with time-ofday tariffs (the blue and green tariffs), as well as available information concerning the international experience with such tariffs
and with interruptible supply tariffs at peak times.
Keywords: electricity tariffs, time-of-day tariffs, interruptible tariffs
B-123
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC GENERATION SHEDDING MODEL FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
Osvaldo A. Ojeda
Rodolfo E. Rosés
Daniel Greco
Instituto de Energía Eléctrica. Facultad de Ingeniería
Universidad Nacional de San Juan
Libertador Gral. San Martín 1109 (oeste), CP: J5400ARL San Juan - ARGENTINA
Tel: ++54 - 264 - 422 6444, Tel-Fax: ++54 - 264 4210299
www.iee-unsj.org
{ojeda, roses, dgraco}@iee.unsj.edu.ar
This paper shows the development and implementation of a computational model which emulates the automatic
generation shedding (AGS) in electric power systems. The model was developed for PSS/E and is used to study dynamic behavior
of interconnected supply system.
Up to now the performance of the AGS was only included as manual indications of isolated actions, so that the
modelling was inefficient, especially when many simulations are required.
74
The model was developed for the Interconnected Argentinean System (SADI) with lighted rules, so that application to
other system could be adapted.
The tests and results obtained with the model are analyzed and shown. Possible implementations of the model in several
studies are discussed. Using the model in redefinition of the adjustment parameters of the real AGS system is also considered.
Keywords: Dynamic stability, dynamic simulation model, automatic generation shedding.
B-172
UNIVERSALIZATION OF PUBLIC ENERGY SERVICES CASE STUDY: The rural environment before and after the
Law 10.438.
José do Carmo¹
Rui Manuel Marques¹
¹ USP - IEE - INSTITUTO DE ELETROTÉCNICA E ENERGIA
Praça Ramos de Azevedo, 254 2º andar, CEP 01037-912 São Paulo SP
Tel : (0xx11) 3224-7269
{jrcarmo, rmanuel}@iee.usp.br
²USP - ESCOLA POLITÉCNICA DE ENGENHARIA - PEA
Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
[email protected]
This work is about the existing public policies aiming at the rural electrification before and after law 10.438 from April
26 2002, which deals with the universalization of public electrical energy savings. In São Paulo, there is the State program “Luz
da Terra” started in 1996, and the Federal program “Luz no Campo” implemented in December 1999.
The objective is to show the possible ways and sceneries of the rural electrification after the Law of universalization,
regulated through resolution 223 of Aneel, showing the new profile traced for the countryside.
The electrical energy distributors are supposed to attend, according to this law, without any cost to the consumers, to all
requests for power supply in the rural area. As a consequence, there will be a significant budget impact (restriction in obtaining
resources from the Global Reversion Reserves RGR) and to the lack of resources from the companies to carry out the task.
The situation becomes worse, as the consumers may demand anticipation to their requests for power supplies, even
before the deadline fixed by Aneel, for services to the still non-electrified areas, as long as they anticipate payment to the
electrical energy dealer, and receive after some time, from the dealer, the return of the investments made, corrected by the IGP-M
with an additional increase of 0.5 % a month.
The dealer, in its turn, should submit the resources to the execution of the universalization plans, and receive them at the
end of the task, by means of expense report to Aneel, through “Conta de Desenvolvimento Energetico” CDE. However, there is
the doubt whether the balance between obtaining the resources from CDE, after submitting expense report, and paying the
consumers what they have invested in advance, or even if the resources invested in carrying out the projects, will be favorable for
the companies.
To minimize the impacts of the enormous investments to be made, the dealers should encourage the extension projects in
the rural areas to be accomplished in partnership with Federal and State governments, universities and agriculture technicians.
These projects may increase the consumption in KWh and in a faster way; bring back a significant return of the investment made.
Finally there is evidence that the universalization will bring benefits to the countryside and solution to some of the most
serious Brazilian socio-economical problems.
Keywords: Rural electrical networks; electrical energy demand; Socio-economical development.
B-189
AUCTION MECHANISM AND ENERGY PRICE DETERMINATION IN BRAZIL
Gustavo Santos Masili
Adriano Jeronimo da Silva
Carla Regina Lanzotti
Paulo de Barros Correia
Universidade Estadual de Campinas Unicamp
Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica DE
Sala IE-301, Cx. Postal: 6122, CEP: 13083-970, Campinas SP
Fone: (19) 3788-3285 Fax: (19) 3289-3722
http://www.fem.unicamp.br/~masili
{masili, adrianojs, lanzotti, pcorreia}@fem.unicamp.br
75
Researchers around the globe who discuss the question about the agent's remuneration in the electric sector take as
premise hypotheses of that the energy market has strong similarities with traditional markets of commodities. They support these
conclusions without apparently considering the deviations that this peculiar market possesses when compared to traditional
markets. The Brazilian energy market is composed of 24 main generators of which only one, Furnas, is responsible for more than
half of the of national energy supply. Beyond these, there are also 40 distribution companies who still take care of the captive
market and 31 traders authorized to commercialize energy in the wholesale market and to attend free consumers. This market
has some peculiarities, as for example, to be constituted of a relatively small number of agents; to exist, as in most markets,
certain risk aversion; moreover, great economic power asymmetry and structural restrictions of energy transmission, being this
last responsible for the existence of the so called sub-markets. These factors, allied to the characteristic of being an
indispensable good for the population and, consequently, to the economy, make with that the energy market demands a deep
analysis by the public power sector in many aspects, especially when thinking about the economic-financier health of the agents
who compose the market. The energy price formation is primordial to the remuneration of these agents. One of the existing
mechanisms for price formation is the auction, which became, legally, the main form of energy trade in Brazil. Auctions theorists
usually consider risk neutral agents with symmetrical bargaining power for bidding competitively. The reality shows that energy
negotiation markets involve an oligopoly of non-symmetrical agents frequently bidding for the same products. So bids leave the
strict competitive character by incorporating one strategic component through the use of market power. This stimulates agents
to explore the auction mechanism, which may consequently become an inefficient price maker. This article evaluates experiences
of markets of electric energy in diverse countries of the world, attempting against for the remuneration of the observed agents
and transposing the empirical knowledge acquired by the practical ones in these countries for future applications in the
Brazilian market. Basically two mechanisms of remuneration through auctions are studied, the remuneration from uniform
price, or either, all the auction's wining agents pay the same price, and the remuneration through discriminatory price, when
agents can pay different prices for the same product in the same auction. Authors who argue about the applications of uniform
and discriminatory price auctions point advantages and disadvantages with respect to each mechanism. The case of the United
Kingdom and California can be used as an example, where specialists have, after exhausting evaluations, chosen different
mechanisms for energy trade in the spot market. This can be explained by analyzing the intrinsic factors about the markets and
the local economy, showing that the choice of a mechanism of price formation for the energy market is not obvious nor intuitive,
being necessary an extensive quarrel and evaluation previously to the adoption of the mechanism, pondering the economic and
political conjuncture of the local energy model.
Keywords: auctions, price formation, energy trade.
B-194
GAME THEORY COMPETITIVE MODELS FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY TRADE
Erick M. Azevedo
Paulo B. Correia
Tiago B. Correia
Fernando C. Munhoz
Departamento de Energia
FEM / UNICAMP
Cx.P 6122 - IE301 - 13083-970 - Campinas/SP - Brazil
Fone: (35) 3623-5742 / (35) 9915-1395 Fax: (35) 3623-5742
{azevedo, pcorreia, tcorreia, fcolli}@fem.unicamp.br
The existing relationship among the participants in a market of electrical energy can be treated by the Dynamic Games
Theory. This work analyses the relevant points and the way they should be carried out in relation to the application of this theory
in spot and bilateral markets of electrical energy. The treatment of common and private market information is also discussed
here. As a result of these analyses, a framework of commercialization models of electrical energy is put forward.
Keywords: Electric Energy Trade, Game Theory, Electricity Auctions.
B-197
OPTIONS CONTRACTS IN THE BRAZILIAN ELECTRICITY MARKET
Tiago B. Correia
Fernando C. Munhoz
Paulo B. Correia
Erick M. Azevedo
Unicamp FEM Dept. de Energia.
sala ie301, cx postal 6122, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP
Fone: 3788-3262
{tcorreia, fcolli, pcorreia, azevedo}@fem.unicamp.br
76
Firms to reduce uncertainness present in the market use contracts, therefore the firms are able to create a whole of
information for their strategic planning. Thus, the building of an efficient practice to formulate the contracts can be understood
as a competitive advantage, since it allows gaining an extra income. However, the use of contracts in commercials transactions
of electricity implies in costs, in developing and maintenance of the contracts. A fraction of these costs is a result of the effort to
implement mechanisms of hedge and provide reliability for commercial transactions from the contract. The Brazilian electricity
market, being predominated by hydroelectric generation, is very sensitive hydrological changes, creating one cause of
uncertainty inherent in the system. Thus, dry seasons, the water reserve for power generation decrease and the system perform
under installed capacity. Although the State has developed tools to reduce this risk, such as the Energy Reallocation Mechanism
(ERM), pressures of the demand can cause crisis like what happened in the half semester of 2001. In this case it is interesting
develop tools in the contracts, such as derivatives contracts. The present paper analyses the nature of the relationship of the
transactions costs between options contracts in the electricity trade and compare to the costs of the risk operating in a market
without derivatives.
Keywords: electricity market, contracts, derivatives, risk.
B-253
ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT THAT THE INCLUSION OF A RURAL FEEDER IN A DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
CAUSES IN THE RELIABILITY INDEXES
Agnelo Marotta Cassula¹
Fernando Selles Ribeiro¹,²
Cleber Esteves Sacramento³
¹Unesp / Faculdade de Engenharia de Guaratinguetá
[email protected]
²Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo
[email protected]
³CEMIG - Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais
[email protected]
This paper makes an analysis of the impact that the inclusion of a rural feeder in a distribution system causes in the
reliability indexes. Exists the perception that including a rural feeder, which are usually radial and have less sophisticated
protection scheme, the reliability of the whole distribution system it would be deteriorated. With the restructuring of the electric
regulation, recently new indicators were introduced in Brazilian's law for evaluating of the reliability distribution systems. This
new regulation fixes limits that if they were exceeded implicate financial tax. The electricity companies use the tax that would
arise due to inclusion of the rural feeder as argument to justify the non-investment in rural areas and, therefore, contradicting the
tendency of universal access to electricity public service. The results obtained for a test system and a typical Brazilian
distribution system demonstrate that is not justified the fear that the main reliability indexes are obligatorily deteriorated
because of the rural electrification.
Keywords: Integrated reliability, Hierarchical level 3, Reliability worth, Distribution reliability.
77
TOPIC 7
COMPUTER MODELS AND PROGRAMS FOR ANALYSIS AND DESING OF POWER
PLANTS
79
B-007
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE USE OF OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS
OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS
Eduardo Wulff Hirano
Edson Bazzo
UFSC - Federal University of Santa Catarina
Department of Mechanical Engineering
88.040-900 Florianópolis, SC - Brazil
Phone 55 48 331-9812 Fax 55 48 234-4615
This work proposes the optimization of unit commitment centered on the overall efficiency curve of hydropower plants.
The analysis of the overall efficiency of hydropower plants, as undertaken in this work, consists of studying the shape of the
efficiency curve of a hydropower plant for all the range of power the plant can generate. The analysis tries to identify the possible
ways of energy waste with the aid of the maximum overall efficiency curves, the main purpose is to reduce the water consumption
for a given power demand by finding the best combination of operation points of the turbines installed. The Cyclic Coordinate
search procedure is employed to optimize the operation of the power plants and simulations were performed to study cases where
the plants have turbines with the same efficiency curves and where the plants have turbines with different efficiency curves. A
consideration of few cases shows some values of possible energy waste. It is shown that, for even relatively small increases of
about 1% or 2% in efficiency, the energy conservation in absolute terms is significant since the hydropower plants in Brazil have
often a large power generating capacity.
Keywords: Hydropower plants, Hydraulic turbines, Efficiency, Optimization
B-022
A SIMPLIFY TRATMENT TO SEISMIC EVALUATION OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAM PSEUDO-STATIC
METHOD
L.C. SOUSA Jr
L.J. PEDROSO
Universidade de Brasília - Faculdade de Tecnologia
Departamento de Engenharia Civil
Cx. Postal 04492, 70.919-970 - Brasília DF
[email protected]
This paper presents an analytical approach-Pseudo-Static Method, for a simplified seismic safety evaluation in
concrete dams, based on the global stability of the effective loads on the dam.This screening-level analysis obtains an index of
seismic safety for the dam. Its consist of determination of inertia forces on the dam and the effect of hydrodynamic pressures from
the reservoir. The gravity load method is used to compute stresses and stability.The results and predictions derived by this model
are obtained through the computational codes (CADAM-Ca e CGDAM/UnB), used in the stability analysis of a typical dam
section. These results are compared with others given in the literature. Agreement between this approach and other numerical
results is sufficient to validate the method in the codes.
Keywords: Seismic Dam Safety, Pseudo-Static Method, Seismic Evaluation.L.C.
B-023
OPTIMISATION OF ENERGY INTENSIVE SYSTEMS WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Nikulshin V.¹
Wu C.²
Nikulshina V.³
¹Professor and Head of Theoretical General and Nonconventional Power Engineering Department
Odessa National Polytechnic Univ., 65044, Odessa, Ave. Shevchenko 1;
Tel: +38 0482 288 416; Fax: +38 0482 250 104
[email protected]
²Professor of Mechanical Engineering Department, U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis
MD 21402-5000; Tel: 410-293-6512;Fax: 410-293-2591
[email protected]
³M.Sc. Student of Energy Technology Department, Royal Institute of Technology
SE-1004, Stockholm, Sweden, Tel.:+46 737888540; Fax:+46(0)8203007
[email protected]
81
In the design and operation of energy intensive systems the problem of improving the efficiency is very important. The
main way for solving this problem is optimization. This paper describes the general approach for thermoeconomical
optimization systems with linear structure. The suggested method is based on the building and the analysis of special graphs of
thermoeconomical expenditure. The method is illustrated by an example of optimization of solar heat pump systems with season
heat storage.
Keywords: Optimization,graphs, thermoeconomics, heat pumps, solar systems
B-035
INTELLIGENT SYSTEM TO LOCATE FAULTS IN RURAL DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS
Rodrigo Aparecido Fernandes Pereira
Luís Gustavo W. Silva
José R. Sanches Mantovani
UNESP - Ilha Solteira
P.O. Box 031, 15385-000 Ilha Solteira - SP
Fone: (18)-3743-1150, Fax:(18)-3743-1163
{rodrigof, wesz, mant}@dee.feis.unesp.br
Locating faults in distribution feeders is a problem of probabilistic nature. However, the specialized literature proposes
some solution techniques, which are limited by technical and economical factors. This work is aimed to locate single-line-toground faults, thus the maintenance work for the fault restoration and/or network repairs can be rapidly performed, providing
reliable power supply to the customers by maintaining the quality power and supplying indices according to acceptable
standards. It is presented a specialist system to locate faults composed by the following structure: 1) Data Base: Typical values of
fault resistances, parameters and topology of the feeder, typical load curves and permanent fault rates by the feeder section; 2)
Knowledge Base: Fault type selection routines, short circuit computation, load flow, estimation and localization of the possible
fault location and calculation of the estimated fault resistance; 3) Data Acquisition System: Sample of fault current values on the
phases, neutral at the substation output; 4) Data Base Update: Done through user, which gives as input the exact point of the
incidence of one fault localized with success. The update of the data base values (fault resistance and permanent fault rates) is
done periodically. It was analyzed one real-life feeder with 80% of rural and 20% of urban customers. Results showed the
proposed methodology is good for locating phase to ground faults.
Keywords: Fault Location, Intelligent System, Rural Distribution Feeders, Single-Line-to-Ground Fault.
B-058
MULTIMACHINE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION PROGRAM FOR DYNAMIC STABILITY ANALYSIS
André Maurício Damasceno Ferreira¹
Walter Barra Júnior²
José Augusto Lima Barreiros²
Carlos Tavares da Costa Júnior²
¹Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Pará (CEFET/PA)
Av. Almirante Barroso, 1155 (Marco) - CEP: 66093-020 - Belém(PA), Brasil
Fone: (91) 211.0364
[email protected]
²Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA)
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação (DEEC)
Campus Universitário do Guamá - CEP: 66075-900 - Belém(PA), Brasil
Fone: (91) 211.1680 Fax: (91) 211.1634
{walbarra, barreiro, cartav}@ufpa.br
This paper presents a multimachine electric power system simulation program, developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
As its main characteristics, this program can work with a generic number of synchronous machines, represented using nonlinear dynamic models chosen by the user. Other power system regulators can be easily included and modified. This program can
be used to evaluate power system performance, regarding its dynamic stability. Power system damping controllers can be
designed using conventional models (with fixed parameters and structure) or advanced control techniques (adaptive, fuzzy,
neural, etc.), for generator excitation control or supplementary FACTS devices control.
Keywords: Computer Simulation, Multimachine Power System, Dynamic Stability, Power System Stabilizers, FACTS Devices.
82
B-060
A HYBRID GENETIC ALGORITHM APPLIED TO THE ECONOMIC DISPATCH PROBLEM
Márcia Marcondes Altimari Samed
Mauro A. da Silva. Sá Ravagnani
Rosimeire Gomes
Universidade Estadual de Maringá
Departamento de Engenharia Química
Bloco D-90, Av. Colombo, 5790, CEP: 87020-900, Campus Universitário, Maringá PR Brasil
Fone: (44) 261-4774, Fax: (44) 263-2651
[email protected]
Recently, the Brazilian Power Sector has passed by serious transformations and some changes have already been
feeling on the electric power production. Among this changes can be highlighted the decentralization of production, the
independent production of concessionaires and the intensive use of alternative sources. In this sense, the termo power
production has became important in the Brazilian Power Sector. With the termo power production rises the following question:
how each unit of production may operate, in such a way to attend the demand with the minor possible price of production?
Problem like this is called Economic Dispatch and it requires powerful tools to determine its optimal value. This paper proposes
to solve the Economic Dispatch by the way of Gradient Direction formulated by the Penalty Function in the Mutation Operator
from a Genetic Algorithm. This association results in a Hybrid Genetic Algorithm that assembles the best characteristics of
Genetic Algorithms and Penalty Function. Cases extracted from papers show its efficiency to solves problems with 6 and 13 units
of production.
Keywords: Economic Dispatch, Nonlinear Program, Genetic Algorithms, Hybrid Genetic Algorithms, Penalty Function.
B-142
DYNAMIC AGGREGATION OF DUAL-INPUT POWER SYSTEM STABILIZER MODELS TO CALCULATE
DYNAMIC EQUIVALENTS
Eduardo J. S. Pires de Souza
Marcos A. Albuquerque
Department of Electrical Engineering
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio)
Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225, sala 401L, Gávea, CEP 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BRAZIL
Phone: (55) (21) 3114 1231 Fax: (55) (21) 3114 1232
[email protected]
The paper presents a new methodology for dynamic aggregation of dual-input stabilizer models applied on voltage
regulators of coherent generating units. The aim is the calculation of dynamic equivalents for power system transient stability
studies. The methodology available in the literature deals with the dynamic aggregation of single-input stabilizer models. The
dynamic aggregation of a group of coherent generating units attached to a common busbar consists in the representation of this
group by one or more equivalent generating units. The dynamic aggregation has been considered as a parameter adjustment
problem of equivalent models properly chosen. These parameters are numerically adjusted using the Levenberg-Marquardt
method. According to the dynamic aggregation method used, only stabilizers with the same input signal are aggregated. The
equivalent excitation system model is initially determined without the power system stabilizer (PSS). Then, the equivalent PSS
model is included. The frequency responses are presented in Bode diagrams (magnitude and phase). The dynamic equivalents
are evaluated in the New England system, considering dual-input power system stabilizer models of the Brazilian system
stability database. The swing curves of the internal system generators obtained with the complete system are compared with
those obtained with the equivalent system.
Keywords: Transient stability, dynamic equivalents, coherent generators, dynamic aggregation, excitation systems.
B-143
IMPACT OF THE SIMULTANEOUS OPERATION OF AIR CONDITIONERS IN THE POWER SYSTEM
Sergio Manuel Rivera Sanhueza¹
Geraldo Caixeta Guimarães¹
José Carlos de Oliveira¹
Carlos Augusto Guimarães Medeiros¹
Fernando Lessa Tofoli¹
83
Fábio Lima Albuquerque¹
Bismarck Castillo Carvalho²
¹Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2160, CEP 38400-90 Bloco 3N, Uberlândia-MG-BRASIL
Tel.: (0xx34) 3239-4180
{sergiorivera, fernandolessa}@pop.com.br, {gcaixeta, jcoliveira}@ufu.br,
²Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso
Depto de Engenharia Elétrica,
Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, S/N, Coxipó CEP 7060-900 Cuiabá - MT
[email protected]
The intense and widespread use of air conditioners have caused the reactive power demand of the grid system to
increase. Therefore, the presence of such type of load deserves special attention, since the power system may collapse when
submitted to overload and voltage sags. Such phenomena are used in this paper in order to establish a comparison between
computational and experimental results obtained when a room air conditioner is employed. Four mathematical models are
proposed and tested for this device.
Keywords: Load modeling, air conditioners, voltage sag, frequency variation, power quality.
B-195
ILLUSTRATING THE EFFECTS OF THE ARGENTINE PESO DEVALUATION ON A THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATOR USING THE MARKOV CHAIN MONTE CARLO SIMULATION
Manuel de Tezanos Pinto
Área Regulatoria - Departamento de Electrotecnia
Facultad de Ingeniería UBA
Paseo Colón 850 Subsuelo, C1063ACV, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Phone 54 11 4343-0891 int 366 Fax 54 11 4343-0891 int 365
[email protected]
The Monte Carlo Simulation technique is widely used in Operations Research, but we find limited cases applied for
Valuations. This technique is extremely useful to deal with cases where we have a big degree of uncertainty and, of course,
Argentina has it.
This work proposes two valuations of Central Costanera S.A., Argentina's largest thermoelectric generator, the first
one before the Peso Devaluation and the second one after it. With this analysis I will illustrate the devaluation effects on the
Company. Central Costanera is a very useful case to illustrate us those effects because it has a special geographical location,
advanced Combined Cycle technology and access to Capital Markets. On the other hand the Company is very sensitive to the
Spot market volatility.
I have run two Simulations: the first one prior and the second one after to the Devaluation using a MCMC Markov
Chain Monte Carlo Method. The key variables are different for each of the Models and have been adjusted according to
historical data that will not be presented in this abstract because of the limit of this paper. Although the final product is a
Valuation, I recommend any reader to thoroughly observe the factors conducing to such result value.
Keywords Argentina Spot Market Combined Cycle Central Costanera Valuation Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation Finance.
B-222
COMPUTER MODEL OF THE POWER STEAM GENERATOR FOR STUDENT EDUCATION AND IMPROVEMENT
OF PROFESSIONAL SKILL
Mikhlevskiy A.¹
Mikhlevskiy S.¹
Pysmennyy Ye.¹
Polupan G.²
Sanchez-Silva F.²
Real-Ramirez C. A.²
¹National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute"
Pr. Peremogy 37, PC 252056, Kyiv, Ukraine
Tel/Fax 380-44-2741034
²National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico
84
B O O K O F A B S T R AC T S
av. IPN, Edif. 5, SEPI-ESIME Zacatenco, UPALM, Mexico D. F.
Tel. 57296000 Ext. 54783, Fax. 57526000 Ext. 54754
[email protected]
The operational power boiler computational simulation has been developed to help Mechanical Engineering students
understand Power Engineering concepts. Using the software, the students could interact with basic concepts and elements like
the steam generator, burners, drum and heat transfer surfaces. This simulation is based on mathematical models of boiler
processes: burning, heat exchange, thermal conduction. Using boiler mathematical model it is possible to change parameters in
real time and to study and regulate different processes by changing automatically/manual and research how these affect the
operation in general. This system was tested in real operation conditions, and it turned out to be very reliable. It was created on
the base of the modern digital technology to replace the obsolete analogous instruments.
Keywords: Computer simulator, steam generator, student education, virtual laboratory
B-230
AN AUTOMATIC METHOD FOR MULTISWING STABILITY ANALYSIS IN MULTIMACHINE POWER SYSTEM
Alexandre Vieira de Oliveira
Laurence Duarte Colvara
DEE FEIS / UNESP
Engineering Faculty of Ilha Solteira - State University of São Paulo
C. P. 31 - Ilha Solteira - SP - Brazil - CEP 15.385-0000
Phone: 55-18 - 3743 1233; fax 55-18 - 3743 1163
{avieira, laurence}@dee.feis.unesp.br
The multiswing stability analysis of Power System by automatic method is approached. Detailed models of
synchronous machine are used, including the action of the Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR's) and Speed Regulators
(Governors). The transient energy function is computed for the least energy Unstable Equilibrium Point (UEP), and it is used as
the threshold value for multiswing stability, while the crossing of the boundaries of the Positive Synchronization Region (PSR) is
used for instability conclusion.
Keywords: transient stability, Multiswing,Automatic Method, Positive Synchronization Region.
B-239
DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE FOR DESIGN OF MICRO HYDROELETRIC WITH PERMANENT MAGNETS
GENERATOR AND POWER SUPPLY UNTIL 10KW
Alexandre Augusto Barbosa Mariano
Unesp/Guaratinguetá
Fone: (12)3123-2834; Fax: (12) 3123-2830
[email protected]
The present work aims at supply solutions of computer calculations, in environment Windows, utilizing Language of
Programming Delphi 7.0. Application is come back for electric energy generation projects by means of micro hydroeletric with
permanent magnets generator, that they can be utilized by the Renewable Center of Energies, in construction by the Electric
Department of Engineering, Unesp, Campus of Guaratinguetá. Still, utilizing the software, supply several results to analyze and
compare the alternatives of projects, of way it obtain supply what to better relation cost by benefit.
Keywords: energy, micro hydroeletric, permanent magnets generator, software, design.
B-254
A NON-LINEAR STABILITY STUDY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE SPEED GOVERNOR PARAMETERS
FOR THE 9A ITAIPU GENERATING UNITY
85
Paulo Renato Galveias Lopes
ALTOM POWER BRASIL
Av. Charles Scheneider, s/n° 12040-001 Taubaté SP- Brasil
Tel: +55-12-2253685, Fax: +55-12-2253623
[email protected]
This paper presents the results obtained in the methodology applied in the determination of the parameters to be used in
the speed governor of the 9A generating unit of ITAIPU power plant. Two algorithms developed by ALSTOM POWER HYDRO
based on MATLAB and SIMULINK of MATHWORKS were used. The first algorithm permits, through a linear analysis of the
transfer's functions involved, the determination of the optimum parameters to be used in the speed governor of the generating
unit. The second algorithm permits a non-linear simulation of load rejection and load acceptance making possible the validation
of the results obtained in the first analysis. The main advantage of this methodology is to permit the verification of the turbine
non-linearity's influences in the group stability, that are usually neglected in this kind of studies.
Keywords: hydraulic turbines speed governors, stability studies, hydraulic power generation, computer simulation, control
system optimization.
86
TOPIC 8
HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
CONTROL AND SAFETY MEASURES SYSTEMS
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
87
B-001
DETERMINATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE PARAMETERS FROM STANDSTILL FREQUENCY RESPONSE
TEST
Carlos A. Rivera Salamanca
J. Enrique Carrasco Alvarez
Hipolito Cantú Lemus
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
02200, Mexico, D.F., MEXICO
At the present time, Standstill Frequency Response (SSFR) test have great an acceptance like a powerful tool in the
determination of synchronous machine parameters, in particular those parameters of the most complete models in which there
are unequal mutual inductances and other damping effects. In this sense, the number of transfer functions used in the adjustment
of the direct axis model has a considerable effect. The use of transfer functions has been of great help for the best rotor
representation in the derived models, reason why it is recommended by the IEEE Std. 115. This paper propose to use the transfer
functions in the determination of synchronous machine two-axes model; obtaining better results when using SSFR and finding
parameters for the q axis, which is not possible in traditional tests. In this case, the network theory is used to explain the
technique of the transfer functions. The machine considered in IEEE Std. 115 is a 192.3 MVA turbine generator and the machine
considered in this work is a ¼ HP, 208 V, 1.2 A., 60 Hz synchronous generator, which complicates the measurements then are used
extrapolation methods in order to find the impedance the stator resistance and in some cases differs (in their behavior) of big
machines, since the construction designs are different, however the methodology that here is presented is the same one.
Keywords: Standstill Frequency Response SSFR Test.
B-006
INFLUENCES Of the TEMPERATURE CONTROL And CYCLE OF OPERATION Of the COMPRESSOR In the
QUALITY OF ENERGY at household refrigerators
Diego Santos Greff
Nathan Mendes
PUCPR CCET LST
R. Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Curitiba - PR - 80215-901
Fone: 41 330 1691 Fax: 41 330 1345
http://www.pucpr.br/lst/
{dsgreff, nmendes}@ccet.pucpr.br
Low-cost household refrigerators are thermally controlled by a gas bulb thermostat attached to an evaporator surface.
In this way, this temperature control device can hardly improve the thermal performance of refrigerators focused on energy
consumption reduction. Therefore, this work describes an integrated environment of hardware and software to evaluate thermal
systems performance with a data acquisition system, based on the VXIbus platform, conceived to measure physical quantities
such as temperature distribution within refrigerator and freezer compartments under pre-determined conditions of temperature
and relative humidity. The main goals of this proposal are: i) evaluate the thermal and energy efficiency improvement in low-cost
refrigerators when submitted to a control concerning multipoint temperature measurement; ii) Apply the developed temperature
control technique integrated to a variable speed compressor and iii) reduce labor costs to accomplish energy consumption
testes.
Keywords: household refrigerator, consumption, test, instrumentation.
B-014
AN ADAPTIVE CONTROL STRATEGY WITH FUZZY SUPERVISION APPLIED TO DAMP POWER SYSTEM
DYNAMIC OSCILATIONS BY USING TCSC SUPPLEMENTARY CONTROL
Walter Barra Jr.¹
José Augusto Lima Barreiros¹
Carlos Tavares da Costa Jr.¹
André Maurício Damasceno Ferreira²
¹Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) - Campus Universitário do Guamá
89
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação (DEEC)
CEP: 66075-900 Belém (PA), Brasil
Fone: (91) 211-1680
{walbarra, barreiro, carta}@ufpa.br
²Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Pará (CEFET/PA)
Av. Almirante Barroso, 1155 (Marco), CEP: 66093-020 - Belém(PA), Brasil
Fone: (91) 211-0364
[email protected]
This work presents an adaptive control strategy with fuzzy supervision which can be applied in order to damp local and
inter-area dynamic oscilations in the electric power systems. The Control strategy is based on an adaptive dynamic model using
a Local Model Network (LMN). By using the pole-placement design, the parameters of the control law are calculated using the
LMN parameters, for the current operating condition. A fuzzy supervisor scheme, based on qualitative rules, is used in order to
provide a safe adaptation of the LMN parameters, avoiding erroneous learning when the system is under faults. In order to
assess the performance of the proposed strategy, several simulations tests were carried out by using an nonlinear machine infite
bus-bar model, with a TCSC. The results show that the proposed fuzzy strategy is able to improve the dynamic stability margins of
the power system.
Keywords: Power System Dynamic Stability, FuzzySystems,Adaptive Control.
B-015
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTELLIGENT SYSTEM FOR POWER ADAPTIVE PROTECTION
Leonel Crisostenes¹
Germano Lambert Torres²
Ronaldo Rossi³
Carlos Henrique Valério de Moraes²
¹AES-Eletropaulo
[email protected]
²Universidade Federal de Itajubá
Av. BPS 1303 Itajubá 37500-000 MG
Phone: (35)3629-1240 Fax: (35)3629-1187
{germano, valerio}@iee.efei.br
³São Paulo State University UNESP
University of Taubate
[email protected]
This paper presents the developments made in the Technologic Development and Research Program from AESEletropaulo. This project has set up a methodology and developed a computer package for an Intelligent Adjust System of
Protection. This methodology took in consideration the global system state, the load level as used by system, besides other
outside factors related to protection systems. For that purpose were developed mathematical routines adequate to protection
studies, and summed up the area engineers' knowledge as Intelligent Systems. This system for decision support was introduced
using the intelligent multi-agents systems concept, by the use of many advanced techniques of Artificial Intelligence interacting
with a master agent, and cooperating between themselves for the solution of problem for protection system adjustment. The
objective was to sum up the implementation advantages from each artificial intelligence technique used in the classic problems
of electrical systems, and suppressing their disadvantages.
Keywords: Intelligent systems 1, Intelligent agents 2, Digital protection 3, and Multi-agents systems 4.
B-016
AN INTELLIGENT TOOL FOR POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RECONFIGURATION
Germano Lambert Torres¹
Luiz Eduardo Borges da Silva¹
Alexandre Rasi Aoki¹
Carlos Henrique Valério de Moraes¹
Belmiro Ribeiro Costa²
Jair Alves Barbosa²
¹Federal University of Itajuba UNIFEI
Av. BPS 1303 Itajubá 37500-000 MG
Phone: (35)3629-1240 Fax: (35)3629-1187
{germano, leborges, aoki, valerio}@iee.efei.br
90
²Brasilia Energy Company CEB
{belmiro, jair}@ceb.com.br.
This paper presents the developments made in the Technological Development and Research Program from Brasilia
Energy Company (CEB) in the same subject of this paper. This project has set up a set of procedures that were introduced into
computer packages, for helping the operators in recovering actions in the CEB distribution network. This project is aimed to the
development of an action plan to be applied by the time of a fault occurrence in the distribution system. The developed computer
package was based in artificial intelligence techniques and numeric routines, providing a hybrid system for the help of decision
making of the operation centres dispatchers.
Keywords: 1. Intelligent systems, 2. Case-based reasoning, 3.Power system operation, 4. Control center tools
B-017
INDEXES AND MARGINS FOR VOLTAGE SECURITY ASSESSMENT IN REAL TIME OPERATION
Jorgeson O.R. dos Santos¹
Rover F. França²
Ricardo Prada²
Luiz Claudio de Araujo Ferreira³
André Bianco4
Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei
Praça Frei Orlando, 170, São João del-Rei, 36300 000, Minas Gerais, Brasil
fone: (32) 33792583 fax: (32) 33792306
[email protected]
Pontifícia Universidade Católica - PUC / Rio
Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225 Gávea, 22453 900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
fone: (21) 31141214 fax: (21) 31141232
{rover, pradaprada}@ele.puc-rio.br
³Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS
Centro Regional de Operação Sudeste - COSR-SE
Rua Real Grandeza, 219, Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
fone: (21) 2528-3788 fax: (21) 2528-3987
[email protected]
4
CEPEL
[email protected]
It is presented a meaningful and comprehensive computational tool for voltage security assessment. It is composed of
indexes with physical and mathematical meaning and it is suitable for real time operation. The tool identifies whether the voltage
solution for the load or generator connected to a bus is on the upper half of the V x S curve or in the lower part. The distance to the
"nose" of the curve is also estimated. The indexes evolution in time following a load ramp is shown. The Rio area of the Brazilian
system is used for illustrative tests with near by future operating points. The area is loaded up to the limit in order to verify the
behaviour of the proposed indexes in conditions of voltage insecurities. It is concluded that the computational tool is adequate
and effective for voltage security assessment when it is monitored the indexes evolution related to a sequence of operating.
Keywords: voltage security, voltage stability, voltage collapse.
B-020
DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM AND REMOTE DATA TREATMENT OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
CONNECTED IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Tiago T. dos Santos¹
Flávio Antônio Becon Lemos¹
Erico Bruchmann Spier¹
Eduardo Knorr²
¹Pontifícia Universidade Católica do RS (PUCRS)
Grupo de Sistemas de Energia Elétrica (GSEE)
Av. Ipiranga 6681, Prédio 30, Bloco 5, Sala 220, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre - RS Brasil
Fone: (51) 3320-3594 Fax : (51) 3320-3540
²Hidroelétrica Panambi S.A.
Rua 7 de setembro 918, 98280-000 Panambi RS - Brasil
91
This paper presents a Data Acquisition System and Remote Data Treatment of Distributed Generation Connected in a
Distribution System developed for a regional utility called Hidropan. The remote data are collected in three small hydro power
plants, in the supply substation and from an industrial consumer, which can be operated in parallel with utility or used as
emergency backup or for demand control in the peak hour. The field data are integrated in the Ethernet Wirelles using
Programming Logic Controller with TCP-IP protocol. These PLC´s are connected with electronic meters of electrical energy, in
the collecting points, and the sensors of reservoir level of small hydro power plants. The treatment of these data in the Hidropan
control centre are made with a computational tool developed using a SCADA system and Graphical Interfaces to support
operator decision related of power plant dispatching and energy purchase from supplier. The SCADA system has the function to
store historical data and support WEB functions (Graphics, Interfaces and Tables) to be accessed by Internet browsers.
Keywords: SCADA, Ethernet Wireless Network,Programming Logic Controler, Distributed Generation.
B-052
MONITORING SySTEM FOR 345kv CIRCUIT BRAKERS WITH DIGITAL OPTICAL SENSORS TO INDICATE THE
CONTACTS POSITION
Douglas Alexandre de Andrade Garcia¹
Humberto Alencar Pizza e Silva¹
Josemir Coelho Santos²
Wilson Roberto Bacega³
¹Electrical and Energy Institute of São Paulo University IEE/USP MsC
Tel: 11-3091-2594 ; 11-3091-2560
[email protected] ; [email protected]
²Polytechnic School of São Paulo University EPUSP - Ph.D. Professor
³CTEEP “Companhia de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista” - Engineer
Power Utilities are migrating to traditional maintenance to reliability-based maintenance with advanced monitoring
systems installed on all kinds of substations strategic equipment. This work presents an optical solution developed to attend the
need of finding the close/open state of the Circuit Breaker's (CB) contacts during its maneuver to provide faster and safer
equipment operation. The prototype system was installed on an EGIC-345kV Circuit Breaker and its cost-benefit was found to be
very attractive even for other class of CB. The work also points out the importance of having a complete CB Monitoring System
in order to have effective maintenance actions based on reliability .
Keywords: 1.Circuit Breakers; 2. Optical Sensors; 3. Monitoring System; 4. Reliability; 5 Maintenance.
B-053
A DIFFERENTIAL RELAY ALGORITHM FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS PROTECTION USING DISCRETE
WAVELET TRANSFORMS
David Calhau Jorge¹
Denis Vinicius Coury²
¹Departamento de Informática
Universidade Estadual de Maringá
Av. Colombo, 5.790, 87.020-900 - Maringá - PR.-Brazil
phone:(44)261-4324 fax:(44)263-5874
[email protected]
EESC-Universidade de São Paulo
Av. Trabalhador São Carlense,400 - Centro, 13566-590 - São Carlos - S.P.- Brazil
phone:(16)273-9354 fax:(16)273-9372
[email protected]
This work proposes the Wavelet Transform as a fast and effective means of analyzing waveforms from power
transformers in order to improve the protection of such equipment. The differential signals are processed by Discrete Wavelet
Transforms to obtain discrimination between both inrush and fault situations. In order to test the proposed algorithm, over 2300
simulations of fault and inrush currents in two different power transformers were implemented using ATP (Alternative Transient
Program) software. Very encouraging results are presented in the paper concerning the capacity of discrimination of the
situations described as well as the speed of response when compared to the traditional method.
Keywords: Power transformers, differential protection, EMTP-ATP, inrush current, saturation, Wavelet Transforms.
92
B-055
OPTIMAL REACTIVE ALLOCATION.
Rodrigo Souza Fortunato
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-UFJF
Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
Tel: (55)(32)3229-3444 Fax: (55)(32)3229-3401
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
This work presents a methodology to optimally determine the size, number, location and type of capacitors to be
inserted in unbalanced distribution systems. The main objective of this insertion is to minimize the energy losses as well as the
peak load power losses considering capacitor installation costs. Due the discrete nature of optimum capacitor allocation
problem, the genetic algorithm has proven to be efficient to formulate this problem. A new methodology based on sensitivity
analysis was also developed to reduce the searching space, avoiding combinatorial explosion and making the genetic algorithm
very efficient.
Keywords: Three-Phase Power Flow, GeneticAlgorithm, Sensitivity Analysis.
B-062
RELIABILITY OPTIMIZATION IN ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
M. G. Da Silva
A. B. Rodrigues
C. L. C. Castro
O. R. S. Mendez
A. C. Neto
E. A. Moutinho
N. S. A. Neto
B. Cavalcante
M. F. B. Aronés
V. L. P. Casas
Electrical Engineering Department
Federal University of Maranhão
AV dos Potugueses S/N, Campus do Bacanga, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil, Zip Code: 65080-40
phone: 0++982178243, fax: 0++982178241
{guia, osvaldo, cpgee, lpaucar}@dee.ufma.br, [email protected], [email protected],
{agnelo_eng, emanuelmoutinho}@hotmail.com, [email protected]
This paper has as objective to describe the development of probabilistic models and computational techniques to
optimize the reliability of distribution networks with radial topology. The developed models and techniques have been applied in
a pilot area of the Energetic Company of Maranhão (CEMAR). The selected pilot area is the Forquilha region that has 68500
customers spreaded in a geographic area with about 267 Km2. The reliability assessment in the Forquilha feeders has been
carried out using the Analytic Method of State Enumeration. This method allows to evaluate reliability indices for the load
points and areas of the distribution system. These indices have been evaluated including several effects such as: active, passive
and momentary interruptions, load transfer constraints, load curve, operational failures in protection devices and switching
operations. Furthermore, the interruption costs for the customers classes in the Forquilha area also have been estimated. The
analysis that have been carried out allowed to identify critical areas and vulnerabilities in the Forquilha feeders.
Keywords: Reliability, Distribution Networks, Load Transfer Constraints, Interruption Costs, Optimization
B-067
END-TO-END TEST OF 500 KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING TRANSITORY SIGNALS SYNCHRONIZED FOR
GPS
Marcelo E. de C. Paulino¹
Geraldo M. Aoun²
93
¹ADIMARCO Representações e Serviços LTDA
Av das Américas 500 - Bloco 21 - Sala 336, Barra da Tijuca - 22640-100, Rio de Janeiro RJ
Tel : (21) 2494-7140 Fax : (21) 2494-7141
[email protected]
²FURNAS Centrais Elétricas S.A.
[email protected]
This work describes the procedures used to perform End to End test in several protection systems, synchronized by
satellite signals (GPS), using transitory signals generated by simulation programs of electrical power systems or acquired
through oscyllographs. It presents, for instance, the tests performed in the 500 kv transmission line between Cachoeira Paulista
and Poços de Caldas, in SE Itajubá 3-MG commissioning, of Furnas-Cemig transmission system, and the tests performed in the
start up of the 500Kv line transmission between SE Imperatriz and SE Açailândia, of ELETRONORTE transmission system
Keywords: End-to-End Test, Transmission Line Protection, Relay Test, Transitory Signals, GPS.
B-069
DYNAMICAL ANALYSIS OF TRANSMISSION LINE CABLES THROUGH NONLINEAR MOLDES
Nilson Barbieri
Renato Barbieri
Oswaldo Honorato de Souza Júnior
Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, CEP: 80215-901 Curitiba Paraná
Tel: 41 330 1321
Fax: 41 330 1349
[email protected]
In this work the authors analyze the dynamical behavior of transmission line cable through nonlinear models. Three
sample lengths were used, 13, 32 and 65 meters and two load situations with 10700 and 15860N. The experimental data are
collected through five accelerometers placed on half of sample and the simulated data are obtained using the Finite Element
Method. The forced response was obtained through an impulsive excitation. To validate the mathematical models, simulated
and experimental data are compared. The differences between the results obtained with linear and nonlinear models are verified
using an experimental signal.
Keywords: transmission line cable, nolinear model, vibration
B-070
STRUCTURAL DAMPING ESTIMATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE CABLES
Nilson Barbieri
Renato Barbieri
Oswaldo Honorato de Souza Júnior
Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1155 Prado Velho, CEP: 80215-901 Curitiba Paraná
Tel: 41 330 1321
Fax: 41 330 1349
[email protected]
In this work the authors try to establish a procedure to damping identification of transmission line cables with interest to
estimate in a simple way (proportional) the system damping matrix. The procedure is based on experimental and simulated data.
The Rational Fraction Polynomial Method (RFPM) is used to modal analysis. The experimental data are collected through five
accelerometers and the simulated data are obtained using the Finite Element Method. Three sample lengths were used, 13, 32
and 65 meters. The forced response was obtained through an impulsive excitation. To validate the mathematical model it is used
the reduction of the system considering the measured degrees-of-freedom. After this, the system damping matrix is estimated
through different procedures.
Keywords: damping, identification, reduced model, modal analysis.
B-086
DIAGNOSIS OF AIR-BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER IN REACTOR'S BAYS.
Ozias Gomes de Oliveira¹
94
Giorgio Eugênio Oscare Giacaglia¹
Weberson Eduardo Guioto Abreu¹,²
¹UNITAU Universidade de Taubaté
Rua 4 de Março, 432 Centro Taubaté SP
0xx12 225-4151
²CTEEP Companhia deTransmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista
Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 116 12050-970 Taubaté SP
0xx12-281-4400
The purpose of this paper is to analize the possibility of on-line measurement of the operation time of each extra high
tension circuit breaker's main chamber, in an indirect way, with the real condition diagnosis of the operation without the need of
unavaibility of the equipment.
The method applied on the research is based on electric current parameters in the potential equalization capacitors of
circuit breaker, trought transmition sensors and I.R. complement, installed in the circuit breaker.
The results obtained in real conditions of a 440kV circuit breaker operation in the substation of Taubaté-SP, compared
to the tradicional methods, showed to be satisfactory.
The proposed method allows for a fast diagnosis at a reduced cost, whith more reliability in the interconnected system of
electric energy transmission.
Keywords: System of electric energy transmission, diagnosis on-line of circuit breaker.
B-090
HARMONIC AND TRANSIENT ANALYSIS USING WAVELET TRANSFORMS
Gustavo Bacino
Juan Sánchez
Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata - Facultad de Ingeniería
Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, CP 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
{gustavo, jsanchez}@fi.mdp.edu.ar
Here the application of wavelet transforms to the analysis of transients and harmonics that appear in electrical systems
when complex excitations are applied is presented. In general standard methods of analysis can be divided between those
working in time domain and those that work in frequency domain. This is due to the existence of mathematical representations for
simple circuits elements in both cases. The possibility of using the wavelet transform for the signals and circuits elements is
analyzed here using recent reported results. Circuits elements became modeled by matrices in the wavelet transform domain
and, in this way, the time domain equations became algebraic equations involving matrices and vectors in the wavelet transform
domain. Here the behavior of simple systems if analyzed, because the results are simpler and easy to be validated. In the long
term the analysis of more complex and even nonlinear systems is planned
Keywords: Discrete wavelet transform, multiresolution analysis, transient analysis, energy quality.
B-091
AUTOMATION OF AN AIR PRESSURE PLANT OF A STANDARD HIGH VOLTAGE SUBSTATION
João Donizete Passos¹,²
Giorgio Eugênio Oscare Giacaglia¹
Weberson Eduardo Guioto Abreu¹,²
¹UNITAU Universidade de Taubaté
Rua 4 de Março, 432 Centro Taubaté SP
²CTEEP Companhia de Transmissão de Energia Elétrica Paulista
Rodovia Presidente Dutra, km 116 12050-970 Taubaté SP
The scope of this work is the improvement of the maintenance and operation performance of the equipment and systems
of interest within the contract signed between ANEEL (National Electric Energy Agency) and CTEEP (São Paulo Electric
Energy Transmission Company).
It describes the automation of an air pressures plant of a standard high voltage substation, where dependability is a
major point in the operation of pressure circuit breakers installations.
95
In the old system intense maintenance and operation disturbances where necessary, due to pressure switches
adjustments.
The troubles about compressors stages often resulted in irreversible damages to the machines.
The EAC (pressured air plant), operates with imported compressors and their components are not found in domestic
market. On the other hand, their cost is quite high.
A managing system with pressure transducers and a programmable logic controller, that controls the all system,
warning the Operator with the performance and disturbance, has been implemented.
The results were a reduction in maintenance costs and increased machines time life.
In all the cases, the PLC generates a warning signal before any unexpected situation, protecting the compressor and
increasing their availability to the system.
The methodology of this work was:
-Electrical System Interference Model;
-EAC's operation philosophy and analyses;
-Pressure Switches substitution by transducers analyses;
-Transducers, Digital/Analogic interfaces and PLC specifications;
-Changes in the actual scheme (Automation necessity).
The implemented improvement produced a substantial economy to maintenance and operation of the system, so that
this work is intended to be an example to other process that in the future, with increased use of automation, will become a
significant increment of revenues to Electric Power Companies.
Keywords: Pressure Switches substitution by transducers
B-092
THE FAULT LOCATION IN TRANSMISSION LINES BASED ON TRAVELLING WAVES AND WAVELET
TRANSFORM.
Murilo da Silva
Mário Oleskovicz
Denis Vinicius Coury
CEP 13566-590 São Carlos SP Brasil
Fax: (55)(16)273-9372
{musilva, olesk, coury}@sel.eesc.sc.usp.br
This work presents an application of Wavelet Transform (WT) to analyze the high frequency transients in a transmission
system caused by a fault situation, with the purpose of if determining the accurate location of the same one. The methodology of
fault location used in this work is based on the traveling waves theory, where in function of the propagation time of the signals,
between fault point and the terminals of the line disclosed for the WT, the fault location is determined. The fault location problem
is boarded through the practical implementation of a computational algorithm. In this implementation, the user can choose the
location's technique to be used, with registered data in one or in both terminals of the line, as his necessity and/or availability of
the required resources. Independent of the considered technique, the implemented algorithm presents promising results to the
location of one determined fault situation on the transmission system in analysis. It was tested and validated with a whole variety
of different simulation for the transmission system (440 KV) under fault condition, using the Alternative Transients Program
(ATP) software.
Keywords: Fault Location, Transmission Lines, Travelling Waves and Wavelet Transform.
B-093
THE SHORT-SHORTEST TERM OPERATION PLANNING WITH ELETRIC-ENERGETIC COUPLING USING OPFAC
Luiz Giovani L. Rodrigues
Adriano A. F. M. Carneiro
Geraldo R. M. da Costa
CEP 13566-590 - São Carlos SP Brasil
Fax: (55) (16) 273-9372
{lgiovani, adriano, geraldo}@sel.eesc.sc.usp.br
96
This work brings a beginning study of the electric-energetic coupling in the short-shortest term operation planning
using Optimal Power Flow in Alternate Current (OPFAC) aiming to inquire possible mismatches between the energetic planning
and the eletric planning. It is made an analysis of the electrical aspects influence in the short term energetic planning using
OPFAC together with the minimization of generation cost and the transmission losses. The generation cost minimization is made
for the hidrothermal system optimization using a Hydrothermal System Optimization Program (POSH) based on a convex
simplex algorithm and the application of the network flow theory, while the transmission losses minimization is made using an
OPFAC based on the Dual-Newton method. These tools allow to analyze the necessity of adjustments to make compatible the
energetic optimization and the electric optimization of the power system, and to search an “optimal” planning that attends the
energetic planning and electric planning. Like this, the electric-energetic interface becomes strongest, therefore the generation
goals gotten by the short-term planning, that will be passed to the shortest-term planning, already includes the effect of the
electric system aspects. These one provide the mismatches control in the optinal trajectory of the system and it contributes to
improve the global optimization of power system operation planning. The analyzed system is the 440 kV Equivalent System of
CESP (Energetic Company of São Paulo), with 53 bus, being 7 generation bus, 85 transmission lines and 48 transformers.
Keywords: short-shortest term operation planning, eletric-energetic coupling, optimal power flow, generation cost, transmission
losses, optimization.
B-094
CORRECTION METHOD FOR ELECTRICAL TESTS IN TRANSFORMERS DESIGNED FOR 50 Hz OF FREQUENCY
TESTED AT 60 Hz
José Manuel Esteves Vicente
Ângelo José Junqueira Rezek
Antonio Tadeu Lyrio de Almeida
UNIFEI/IEE/DET Federal University of Itajubá
P.O Box: 50 Zip Code: 37500-903 - Itajubá, MG - Brazil
Tel : +553536291174/1180 Fax: +553536291380/1187
{manuel; rezek}@iee.efei.br
The paper proposes a simple tests correction method for transformers designed for 50 Hz tested at frequency of 60 Hz.
This way, there is no necessity of using a motor-generator group to obtain the frequency of 50 Hz, in order to make the tests of the
transformers designed for 50 Hz. Using the available frequency of 60 [Hz] of our electrical system the tests will be corrected for
50[Hz], using the methodology described in the paper. The obtained results are presented and discussed.
Keywords: transforms, tests, correction method, frequencies 50[Hz and 60[Hz]
B-095
AUTOMATION OF THE TEMPERATURE ELEVATION TEST IN TRANSFORMERS WITH INSULATING OIL
José Manuel Esteves Vicente
Ângelo José Junqueira Rezek
Antonio Tadeu Lyrio de Almeida
UNIFEI/IEE/DET Federal University of Itajubá
P.O Box: 50 - Zip Code : 37500-903 - Itajubá, MG - Brazil
Tel : +553536291174/1180 Fax: +553536291380/1187
{manuel; rezek}@iee.efei.br
The automation of the temperature elevation test is outlined here in both concerning the oil temperature elevation and
the determination of the winding temperature elevation. While automating this test it is necessary to use four thermometers, one
three-phase wattmeter, a motorized voltage variator and a Kelvin bridge to measure the resistance. All the equipment must
communicate with a microcomputer, which will have the test program implemented. The system to be outlined here was initially
implemented in laboratory and, due to the good results achieved, is already in use in some transformer manufacturing plants.
Keywords: transformers, automated tests, temperature elevation
B-126
97
MODELLING TRANSMISSION NETWORK SPECIAL EQUIPMENTS FOR VOLTAGE SECURITY ASSESSMENT
Ricardo Prada¹
Fausto M. Netto¹
André Bianco²
Luiz A.S. Pilotto²
Pontifícia Universidade Católica
Rua Marquês de São Vicente 225 Gávea, 22453 900, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
fone: (21) 31141214 fax: (21) 31141232
{fausto, prada}@ele.puc-rio.br
²CEPEL
Av. Um s/n, Ilha do Fundão, Caixa Postal 68007, 21944 970, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
(abianco, pilotto}@cepel.br
This work is concerned with the steady-state modelling of some special equipments of the transmission network and its
incorporation to the voltage security assessment function. The equipments considered were: direct current link (DC link), static
VAR compensators (SVC), HVDC/CCC and lines with series controlled compensation (TSSC).
Keywords: voltage security, voltage stability, voltage collapse.
B-139
A NOVEL APPROACH TO MODEL GROUNDING SYSTEMS CONSIDERING THE INFLUENCE OF HIGH
FREQUENCIES
Fernando Carneiro Lyra Amaral
André Nunes de Souza
Maria Goretti Zago
University of São Paulo UNESP
CP 473, CEP 17033-360, Bauru-SP, Brazil
[email protected],[email protected],[email protected]
This paper describes a novel approach to map characteristics of grounding systems using artificial neural networks.
The network acts as an identifier of structural features of the grounding processes. So that output parameters can be estimated
and generalized from an input parameter set. The results obtained by the network are compared with other approaches also used
to model grounding systems concerning lightning
Keywords: Grounding, Artificial Neural Networks, Lighting, High Voltage.
B-145
A STUDY ABOUT MAXIMUM LOADING IN ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS
Cristiano da Silva Silveira
Geraldo Roberto Martins da Costa.
USP - Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos
Avenida Trabalhador Sãocarlense, 400 Centro, 13566-590 São Carlos SP
tels: (16)273-9366 r. 229 Fax: (16)273-9372
{silveira, geraldo}@sel.eesc.sc.usp.b
This work presents a research about the modified continuation method applied to the power flow problem. Voltage
stability definitions and concepts are described in a way to highlight and point out the differences and the similarities among
several methods used to determine the maximum loading of electrical power systems. A technique based on automatically
controlling the step size is proposed as an innovation of the continuation method. The objective of this technique is to determine
the maximum loading point without the traditional need of asking the user for the initial step size. The results compare the
performance between the conventional and the new method. These methods are analyzed using IEEE test systems (14, 30, 57 and
118-bus).
Keywords: continuation method, load flow, maximum loading, voltage stability, step size.
B-154
98
COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION FOR PROTECTION AND COORDINATION OF ANSI CATEGORIES I & II
TRANSFORMERS
Fernando Toledo Toledo
José Dolores Juárez Cervantes
Vicente Ayala Ahumada
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Azcapotzalco
Departamento de Energía, Área Eléctrica
Av. San Pablo # 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200, México, D.F., México.
tel: 5318-9049, fax: 5318-9055
{ttf, jjc, ava}@correo.azc.uam.mx
Some users of category ANSI I and II transformers, have reported frequent disconnecting related with melting primary
protective fuses. At first, the causes had not been identified, although short-circuit fault were not present, and the selection of
fuses specifications was correct according with actual standards and confirmed by fuses manufacturers recommendations. The
problem was analysed by experts and they concluded that some own considerations of transformers normal operation had been
omitted. In order to solve such problem, new normalized selection fuses criteria were established. This paper analyzes and
applies such criteria using software that models selection and coordination of primary and secondary protective devices.
Keywords: transformer protection, inrush points,through-fault protection, overcurrent coordination.
B-155
SCALE MODEL OF A DYNAMIC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
Fernando Toledo Toledo¹
José Dolores Juárez Cervantes¹
Ricardo Mota Palomino²
¹Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
Unidad Azcapotzalco, Departamento de Energía, Área Eléctrica
Av. San Pablo # 180, Col. Reynosa Tamaulipas, 02200, México, D.F., México.
tel: 5318-9049, fax: 5318-9055
{ttf, jjc}@correo.azc.uam.mx
²Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica
Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación
Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, edif. 4Z, Col. Lindavista, México, D.F., México
Tel/Fax: 5729-6000 ext. 54626
[email protected]
In this work the design and implementation of a scale model of a voltage controller for a distribution network based on
the dynamic reactive injection principle is presented. Also, a computer program written in Fortran and Visual Basic languages
for the monitoring, analysis and reactive power injections determination for voltage control, and the design stages of the scale
network including the communication subsystem between the network and the computer algoritm. The results obtained with this
compensation algoritm are discussed and its practical limitations for implementation are pointed out.
Keywords: Voltage Regulation, Feeder´s Reactive Compensation, Dynamic Voltage Control.
B-171
EFFECTS OF SVC AND STATCOM ON ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS SMALL SIGNAL VOLTAGE STABILITY
Alexandre Brandão Nassif
Vivaldo Fernando da Costa
Luiz Carlos Pereira da Silva
FEEC/UNICAMP
Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz
Av. Albert Einstein, 400. CP6101, CEP 13083-970 Campinas SP
Phone: (19) 3788-3720, Fax: (19) 3289-1395
{nassif, vivaldo, lui}@dsce.fee.unicamp.br
In this paper, the impacts of two Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers, namely, Static Var
99
Compensator (SVC) and Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), on small signal voltage stability of a simple system
composed by a load fed by a generator via a reactive transmission line are investigated. The inclusion of these two devices shows
the improvement on voltage stability margin. The results show that the STATCOM has a better performance than the SVC on
small signal voltage stability. The study is based on investigation of the eigenvalues of the linearized power system model in the
framework of dynamic bifurcation theory. The eigenvalues of the system as a function of the constant power demand can be
plotted against a power-voltage curve (P-V curve) to give a comparison of the static and dynamic approaches. The results
presented show that using this model in conjunction with the P-V trace, all the basic aspects of the small signal voltage stability
can be easily addressed.
Keywords: voltage stability, dynamic modes of instability, Hopf bifurcation, saddle-node bifurcation, load model, FACTS,
SVC, STATCOM.
B-173
MODERN AND PREDICTIVE CONTROL TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES MODELING
C. H. F. Silva¹
H. M. Henrique¹
L. R. Gomes²
¹Faculdade de Engenharia Química
Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
Campus Santa Mônica Zip Code: 38400-902, Uberlândia MG Brasil
Phone Number: (34) 3239-4292 Fax: (34) 3239-4188.
²Companhia Energética de Minas Gerais (CEMIG)
Zip Code: 38401-344 Uberlândia MG Brasil
Phone Number: (34) 3228-4670 Fax: (34) 3228-4685
[email protected]
Control systems applied to small power plants are generally simplified. The most part of small hydro plants, electromechanical instruments and mechanical devices are applied for controlling the electrical-energy generation process employing
classical and simplified strategies of control. The aim of this work is to develop the software for controlling of speed and voltage
quantities in synchronous machines of small plants using modeling process associated to modern control and predictive
techniques. Simulation, model validation and software application will be evaluated in Martins Hydro Plant (4 x 2,75 MVA)
located in Uberlândia(MG)/Brazil.
Keywords: Modern Control, Model Predictive Control, Power Systems, System Regulation
B-201
GENERATION OF PSEUDO-MEASUREMENTS IN SUB-STATIONS OF RADIAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS TO
BE USED IN ESTIMATING THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM STATE
Rolando Marcelo Pringles
Delia Graciela Colomé
Instituto de Energía Eléctrica
Universidad Nacional de San Juan
Avda. Libertador San Martín 1109 Oeste, CP 5400 - San Juan, Argentina
The objective of the present work is to defined and develop a methodology to generate a set of pseudo-measurements
that are representative of the nodal loads at each sub-station MV/LV of the radial distributors, to be used in estimating the state of
distribution systems. This work presents a procedure for modelling the network loads by using typical load curves, data from
users' billing files, and geographical information on connectivity. This paper includes the determination of the typical load
diagrams normalized for each of the various user. These diagrams have been obtained from the statistical analysis of the
consumption measurements carried out within a measurement campaign for the revision of the tariff scheme. The effect of The
season of the year, the day of the week and the time of day were considered. The number and type of users connected to each
MV/LV sub-station, are obtained from data on users' connectivity per node, contained in a geographic information system (GIS).
Meanwhile, the power consumption of each user considered in the de-normalization of the load-curve is obtained from the users
billing database. With the typical load curve and the energy consumption rates, the demand of the various users is estimated.
These values, along with the information on connectivity for each user, are added up in order to obtain an estimated value of the
node demand. With the aim at proving the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, it was verified whether the electric power
100
values measured at the various MV/LV substations during the measurement campaign were included or not in the confidence
interval computed for the pseudo-measurement of the nodal demand. The verifications thus done allow to state that the
developed methodology generates satisfactorily the pseudo-measurements within an associated confidence interval, that
includes the measurements with which the obtained results have been contrasted.
Keywords: state estimation, distribution systems, pseudo-measurements, load curves, observability.
B-206
RECONFIGURATION OF RADIAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS USING HYPERBOLIC TANGENT FUNCTION.
Vinicius Ferreira Martins
Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-UFJF, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
This paper presents a heuristic algorithm to solve the reconfiguration of distribution systems problem. The objective is
to obtain a radial configuration which provides minimum loss in distribution feeders. The problem is formulated using optimal
power flow based on primal-dual interior point method. The results obtained from a 37 bus test system show the effectiveness of
the proposed methodology.
Keywords: Distribution systems, reconfiguration, optimum power flow
B-207
THE INFLUENCE OF FAST VALVING IN POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
Fernando Buzzulini Prioste
Cláudio Ferreira
UNIFEI - Campos Prof. José Rodrigues Seabra
Tel.: 55 (35) 3629-1254, Tel/Fax: 55 (35) 3629-1365
{prioste, ppaulo, claudio}@iee.efei.br
The Power System Stability can be enhanced with the use of Fast Valving in steam turbines. Its actuation guarantees a
fast reduction of mechanical power in faults and load rejections, reducing the accelerating area (P-) and rising the decelerating
area.
The paper presents the actuation of Fast Valving in a 13 Bus system, extracted from the Brazilian power system and in a
2 Bus system.
Keywords: Stability, Steam Turbines, Fast Valving, Power Systems.
B-208
ANALYSIS PROGRAM OF RELIABILITY OF DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS
Otavio H. S. Vicentini¹
Airton Violin¹
Cícero Lefort¹
Manuel L. B. Martinez²
Renata Bachega²
Marco Aurélio Saran²
Renato Oling³
Hermes R. P. M. de Oliveira³
¹FUPAI Fundação de Pesquisa e Assessoramento a Indústria
[email protected]
²UNIFEI Universidade Federal de Itajubá
[email protected],
101
³AES Sul Distribuidora Gaúcha de Energia S.A.
[email protected]
The objective of this paper is to present a computer program to compute reliability indices (FIC, DIC, FEC and DEC)
for distribution network, developed in a Research Project. This program permits to compute penalties and medium annual costs
of energy interruptions and compare the obtained indices with the reliability index targets set by the national regulatory agency
(ANEEL) for the different sets of customers, using information obtained directly from utility database or informed by the
program user.
The devoloped program also allows changing the failure rates and in the topology of electrical network, this way, to
realize a sensitive study to verify the effect of some different protection devices and types of lines, justifying investments that can
improve the reliability, the power quality, and reduce costs of energy interruption and other associated costs.
The main steps and parts of this program are shown in this paper, including an entire and practical example with
graphic results.
Keywords: reliability program, distribution networks, reliability indices.
B-209
FUZZY CONTROLLERS APPLIED TO LOAD-FREQUENCY CONTROL OF REAL SYSTEM
Carlos Ednaldo Ueno Costa¹
Raimundo Nonato Machado²
José Augusto Lima Barreiros¹
Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra¹
André Maurício Damasceno Ferreira²
Walter Barra Júnior¹
Carlos Tavares-da-Costa Júnior¹
João Paulo Vieira¹
Benedito Rodrigues³
Norberto Bramatti4
Pedro Wenilton Barbosa Duarte³
¹Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) - Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação (DEEC)
Campus Universitário do Guamá - CEP: 66075-900 Belém (PA), Brasil - Fone: (91) 211-1680
[email protected], {barreiro, bira, walbarra, cartav}@ufpa.br, [email protected],
²Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica do Pará (CEFET/PA)
Av. Almirante Barroso, 1155 (Marco) - CEP: 66093-020 - Belém(PA), Brasil, Fone: (91) 211-0364
[email protected], [email protected],
³Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil (ELETRONORTE) CAP ELN - Amapá
{rodrigues, wenilton}@eln.gov.br
4
Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil (ELETRONORTE) LACEN ELN - Belém
[email protected]
This work presents a performance evaluation of three controllers used to implement the load-frequency control of an
isolated real power system. The first controller is a conventional PID one, with fixed-parameters well adjusted by trial and error.
The other two are based on fuzzy logic. One of them is a classic fuzzy implementation of the control signal, with the system
frequency deviation and its variation as inputs, using fuzzification and defuzzification, and a convenient set of fuzzy rules and
membership functions. The other one uses a type of fuzzy supervision where the parameters of a PID control are obtained using
fuzzy schemes, and the control signal is then formed by the conventional way. A simulation program, using
MATLAB/SIMULINK, was implemented to test the controllers in the system on consideration. Results of tests presented show
good performance for the fuzzy controllers. Some considerations are also presented referring to the implementation of these
proposed load frequency controllers.
Keywords: Load frequency control, PID control, Fuzzy logic, Fuzzy supervision and control.
B-212
DIGITAL MAP OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS IN STATE OF PARÁ
Luis Carlos Macedo Blasque¹
Marcos André Barros Galhardo¹
Silvio Bispo do Vale¹
Alfredo Augusto Vieira Barros²
Cláudio Luciano da Rocha Conde²
102
¹Columbia Engenharia
Av. J. Marcelino de Oliveira, 761 CEP 67030-170 Ananindeua-PA-Brasil
Tel/Fax: (+5591) 8111-4489 / 255-0370
{lblasqs, galhardo, bispo}@ufpa.br
²ARCON/PA Agência Estadual de Regulação e Controle de Serviços Públicos
{alfredobarros, claudio}@arcon.pa.gov.br
This paper presents a software developed with the main objective of building a digital map of the electrical systems
existing in the Brazilian state of Pará, providing an easy access, visualization and changing of data referred to those extensive
electrical systems. The software presents information related to the 47 thermal plants, 4 hydro plants and 2 renewable sources
systems, besides the many substations and transmission lines connecting the great generation centers. All this information is
also present in the database of ARCON, the governmental agency responsible for the control of the electricity services in the
state. This software, besides its innovative characteristics, comes as a powerful tool to facilitate and to stimulate the access to the
data of large-scale electrical systems.
Keywords: digital map, electrical systems, electricity generation, transmission lines.
B-213
DIGITAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES APPLIED FOR THE VOLTAGE REGULATION IN A 10 kVA ELETRIC POWER
GENERATION REDUCED SYSTEM
Alessandra M. dos S. Oliveira
Carlos Tavares da Costa Jr.
Walter Barra Jr.
José A. L. Barreiros
Bárbara M. Campos
Kátia C. Silva
Jorge R. R. Risuenho
Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica da UFPA
Centro Tecnológico, Campus Universitário do Guamá,
Belém, PA, Brasil, CEP: 66075-900, fax: 0xx91- 211-1634, fone: 0xx91- 211-1739
[email protected], {cartav., walbarra, barreiro}@ufpa.br
This paper presents the design, implementation and tests of a computer based control system, which was design to
perform the control of a 10 kVA electric power generator. The complete laboratory system aims to allow the experimental studies
on advanced Soft Computing control strategies applied to the power systems dynamic stability improvemment. In order to
accomplish data aquisition tasks and voltage control, a friendly Windows based man-machine interface was developed. Poleplacement digital control strategy was applied to perform the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) design. The design strategy
uses only low order parametric models, which are estimated from plant measuremments. In order to assess the performance of
the developed computer based tool, some experimental tests were carried out in the 10 kVA synchronous generator. Step changes
on both control reference and generator load were applied. The experimental results show the good performance of the computer
based developed control system.
Keywords: Eletric Power Generator, Digital Control, Data Acquisition, Computer based Modelling and Identification
Techniques, Voltage Control.
B-225
A STUDY OF SPACIAL LOAD FORECASTING IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS PLANNING
Nelson Kagan¹
Mariângela de Carvalho Bovolato²
¹PEA/EPUSP/USP
[email protected]
²UNESP/FEIS/ILHA SOLTEIRA
[email protected]
The evaluation of future distribution loads is based on spatial load forecasting models. A spatial forecast does not only
consist in determining a certain total magnitude of the load, but also includes the estimation of its geographical distribution, i.e.
where the load is to be allocated along time. The approach proposed in this research presents a study of the Spatial Load
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Forecasting in a region by using both “land use” and “end use” models, which leads to a Simulation Method. The referred
model is based upon preference factors, which can be obtained through the Fuzzy Sets Theory. Objective and subjective aspects
are then incorporated into the method through linguistic variables and fuzzy rules. The proposed spatial load forecasting model
defines the load evolution according to customer classes and small areas, as well as the corresponding maximum demand and
load curves in the region. Load growth is then established both in existing small areas as well as in new areas. The spatial load
forecasting model provides a reliable input for the systems expansion planning in the studied region. The research also shows
how the proposed methodology is effectively applied to real conditions through a case study.
Keywords: Spatial loads forecasting, land use, end use, fuzzy logic, planning, distribution systems.
B-229
OBTAINING OF THE PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS ALONG
TRANSMISSION LINES USING AN ANALYTICAL METHOD
Luiz Fernando Bovolato¹
Afonso José do Prado¹
José Paulo Fernandes Garcia¹
Valmir Alves Cardoso Jr.²
¹DEE/FEIS/UNESP
CEP:15385-000 - Ilha Solteira São Paulo Brasil
Fone: 0 xx 18 3743 1150 ou 1168 Fax: 0 xx 18 3743 1163
{bovolato, afonsojp, jpaulo}@dee.feis.unesp.br
²ELEKTRO
CEP:13504095 Rio Claro São Paulo Brasil
Fone: 0xx (19)3535-6053; Fax: 0 xx 19 3535-6028
[email protected]
The Analytical method, developed in this work, to the improvement of the studies to evaluate and to quantify the
magnitudes of the short circuit currents and consequently the optimization of the measurement and specification of components
of power electric systems with smaller effort computational, smaller time of processing and without loss of precision. The
methodology obtains the probability distributions of the fault currents within of an probabilistic environment of system
conditions, involved in the process of evaluation of the fault. The presented formulation includes a technique of insert of an
auxiliary bus in each possible defect point along the length of the line. The Gamma distribution was assumed as being the
continuous function that better explains the distributions of observed frequencies. The adherence of the Gamma distribution,
regarding to observed distributions, is verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Keywords: Analytical Methods Applied to Short-Circuit Studies, Probabilistic Short-Circuit.
B-234
EFFECTS OF THE HARMONIC CONTAMINATION IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS WITH COMPENSATION OF
REACTIVE POWER.
Mario Brugnoni
Norberto Lemozy
Grupo Energía y Ambiente (GEA), Departamento de Electrotecnia
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Paseo Colón 850, (C1063ACV) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA
Tel/Fax (5411) 4343-0891
[email protected]
In the present communication are shown data from tests carry out in a work of consultancy to verify possible causes of
the breakdown of a capacitor bank destined to correct the power factor in an important building in Buenos Aires City. The origin
of the problem was the behavior of a six pulses rectifier. A simulation using the Matlab-Simulink® to verify the results of the test
and the conclusions was made.
Keywords: Power factor, harmonics, simulation.
B-235
CHANGES IN THE LOSSES OF THREE PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, DUE TO VOLTAGE
104
UNBALANCES AND HARMONICS
Norberto A. Lemozy
Mario S.F. Brugnoni
Grupo Energía y Ambiente (GEA), Departamento de Electrotecnia
Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires
Paseo Colón 850, (C1063ACV) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA
Tel/Fax (5411) 4343-0891
[email protected]
Single phase and non linear loads in distribution networks, arise unbalances and distortion of voltages. This lead to
modify the performance of three phase induction motors. In the present work, an analysis of how unbalances and harmonics
affects the performances of this motors is done. Then, the results of several tests are shown, which are compared with theoretical
predictions and standards recommendations.
Keywords: Unbalance, harmonics, derating, losses, asynchronous machines.
B-255
STUDY OF LINEARITY ERROR INFLUENCE OF MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS IN INTELLIGENT CONTROLLERS
OF INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS.
Fenando S. Dantas
Galdenoro Botura Jr
Leonardo Mesquita
Paloma Maria Silva Rocha
Oscar A. Maldonado
Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP
Campus de Guaratinguetá
Av.Dr. Ariberto P. Cunha, 333, Guaratinguetá SP, CEP 12500-000
Tel.: (012) 3123-2834
[email protected]
The analysis and control of systems through the use of the fuzzy logic can be implemented in two distinct ways: by means
of computer or through especially projected electronic systems to operate as microprocessor based on fuzzy logic. In the case of
industrial systems when dedicated system consisting by electronic circuits is used for accomplishment of the control it is
important that the designer has knowledge during the project of the generator of the membership function of which could be the
maximum error in the linearity of the function so that an action of control does not occur is out the specified ones previously. In
this paper will be presented the analysis of the influence of the error of linearity that can occur in the membership functions of the
triangular type for fuzzy logic controllers, and its possible consequences when such functions are used into a control system. In
the development of the work was used the software MATLAB, where a program was developed so that it was possible to modify
the form of the membership function. The developed work showed that for small variations in the linearity of the membership
function, in the band that can occur in controllers normally used in industrial systems, the reply of the control system did not
exhibit errors that make impracticable the use of based dedicated intelligent controllers in fuzzy logic, being able the same ones
to constitute an excellent option of use for the designers of control systems. The designers of these dedicated circuits will be able
to use less restrictive specifications of its components, what it will facilitate and sell at a loss the project of the same ones.
Keywords: fuzzy logic, microprocessor, membership function, circuits.
B-259
SECONDARY FREQUENCY REGULATION FOR THE "SISTEMA INTERCONECTADO DEL NORTE GRANDE"
(SING) (NORTHERN INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM IN CHILE)
Hector Peña M
Victor Vilche D.
Electrical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaiso - CHILE
[email protected]
105
This work presents an approach to the solution of the secondary frequency control problem for the Sistema
Interconectado del Norte Grande (Northern Interconnected System in Chile) (SING). This is a very particular problem due to the
ratio between generation capacity and load, the events that the system has suffered in the past, a system composed of many
generating companies and a non regulated load equipped with under frequency relays. The proposed solution is not the classical
integrator loop of the literature but a new approach to primary loop control. Economic valuation of the effects of the proposed
scheme are properly taken into account and results from simulation in Matlab are shown.
Keywords: Secondary frequency control, primary loop, economic valuation, SING, Matlab
B-260
USING PSCAD AND MATLAB PROGRAMAS TO SOLVE THE SECONDARY FREQUENCY REGULATION
PROBLEM
Héctor Peña M.
Victor Vilche D.
Escuela de Ingeniería Eléctrica
Facultad de Ingeniería
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
Av. Brasil 2147
[email protected]
This work presents the joint application of Matlab and Pscad programs to the solution of the economic valued
secondary frequency control problem.. The system under study is mainly based in Combined Cycle Plants. The installed capacity
is approximately 3500 MW and the load is approximately 1200 MW composed mainly of copper mining industries. This work
presents the detailed three phase model with typical parameter values for a Combined Cycle Plant in PSCAD and the rest of the
system modelled in Matlab. The secondary frequency control problem is solved without using the classical integrator closed loop
normally presented in the literature.
Details of the interconnection between the three phase model and the signal model are also presented together with the
results obtained of the proposed solution. It is deemed important to show how a model in full detail can be connected with one in
less detail using cost effective programs if compared to full graded very expensive professional power system analysis packages.
Keywords: Pscad, Matlab, Secondary frequency control
106
TOPIC 9
EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY
B-051
CALIBRATION METHODOLOGY FOR COSTS REDUCTION of ELECTRONIC power METERS
107
Sergio Luiz Pereira¹
Douglas A. A. Garcia²
¹Escola Politécnica
Universidade de São Paulo - PEA-POLI/USP
[email protected]
²Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia
Universidade de São Paulo IEE/USP
Fone: 11-3091-5113
[email protected]
This work treats on the development of a software calibration methodology developed and applied in an electronic
power meter prototype to decrease its production costs. The prototype is based on simple and consistent hardware architecture,
with the utilization of cheap sensors, being developed and tested at IEE/USP laboratory in order to validate the methodology
over the range of nominal current and voltage parameters where the prototype is indicated to operate. This methodology allowed
the electronic power meter prototype to be typed as 0.5% class.
Keywords: 1.Active and Reactive Power meter; 2. Electronic power meter; 3. Calibration; 4. Costs.
B-066
IMPACTS OF THE RATIONING OF ELECTRIC POWER OF 2001 AND 2002 IN BRAZIL
César Endrigo Alves Bardelin
Escola Politécnica Universidade de São Paulo - USP
Departamento de Energia e Automação Elétrica PEA
Vila Monumento, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo SP, Brasil
Fones: (11) 6914 5177 R.218
[email protected]
This work approaches the effects provoked by the electric power rationing happened in 2001 and 2002 in Brazil,
approaching the effects caused in the electric section, in the growth of the economy, in the trade balance, in the collection of taxes
and the resolutions and laws that the rationing impelled.
Keywords: Rationing, Impacts, Energy, Economy, Consumption.
B-096
ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF A STORAGE WALL AGAINST TO SUDDEN CHANGES OF SURROUNDING
TEMPERATURE.
Angélica Boucíguez¹
Luis T. Villa²
Miguel Angel Lara³
¹INENCO. Fac. Cs. Exactas. Universidad Nacional de Salta.
Av. Bolivia 5150. Salta. Argentina.
Tel: 54 - 387 - 4255424 Fax: 54 -387 - 4255888
[email protected]
²INIQUI. Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Argentina.
[email protected]
³IFIR Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Ingeniería y Agrimensura.
Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Argentina.
[email protected]
A technical contribution looking for to get appropriate designs in the field regarding to devices devoted to storage and
transport of a great variety of agricultural products under special conditions on the surrounding temperature is presented here.
With that purpose, phase change materials are used in order to optimize the behavior of the wall storage device's submitted
typical boundary temperature conditions such as sudden increasing during finite time and short time interval or weak variation
during a long time period. The corresponding associate mathematical model descriptive of the physical situation, consist in a
classical one dimensional Stefan problem for the linear heat conduction equation, whit the corresponding fixed and free
boundary conditions regarding respectively to the external temperature and with the heat flux on the solid - liquid interface.
109
Different situations of practical interest regarding the sourronding external temperature to the storage wall were considered, to
carry out the numerical simulations. The obtained results were tested against corresponding theoretical predictions being the
agreement reasonably good.
Keywords: free boundary problem, phase change materials, numerical solutions.
B-108
METHODOLOGY BASED ON MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE POWER LOSES IN A SUBTRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
Gastón Suvire
Delia. Graciela Colomé
Instituto de Energía Eléctrica - Universidad Nacional de San Juan
Avda. Libertador San Martín 1109 Oeste CP 5400 San Juan Argentina
{rsuvire, colome}@iee.unsj.edu.ar
The present work aims at defining and developing a methodology to calculate the energy loses in a subtransmission
network of a distribution system on the basis of the network measurements available at a control center. Three distinct calculus
alternatives are considered for computing the energy loses, by using active power, energy, and electric current measurement
data. In order to determine how the precision of measuring instruments in the measurement chain affects the precision of
computed loses, a study is done here on the uncertainty of measurements, and on the computed values attained from them. It was
decided to try measurement instruments of a more stringent class, which enabled to verify how the uses of instruments of a higher
class affects the precision level on loses. On account of the large amount of intervening measurements, an analysis was also done
to find whether an error compensation was attained among the numerous measurements used in the calculus of loses. The
present work includes an analysis on how possible errors on line and transformers parameters affect the computations of loses.
Based on the results herein attained, it was found that the only method among the studied ones that is sufficiently precise for
computing energy loses is the one using electric current measurements. The present work attempts to profit form such
information on measured values, with the aim at computing the system's energy loses both globally and disaggregated into
components and into subsystems. To know the values for these energy loses and the way the components contribute to their
occurrence will allow to plan the investments tending to decrease such loses or, alternatively, to adopt operative configurations
that cause lower loses in the electric system. During the development of the work, the proposed procedures are applied to solve a
given real problem, that is, the calculus of loses in the subtransmission system of the electric power distribution system of the
Province of San Juan, Argentina.
Keywords: power loses, subtransmission, distribution, measurement.
B-110
TRIFASIC INDUCTION MOTOR WAVELET ANALYSIS ON SHORT TERM VOLTAJE VARIATIONS
Mario G. Macri
Miguel Arizmendi
Mario Benedetti
Facultad de Ingeniería - Juan B. Justo 4302
CP7600 - Mar del Plata - República Argentina
te: +54 0223-4816600 - Fax +54 0223-4810046
{gmacri, arizmend, mbenedet}@fi.mdp.edu.ar
The wavelet transform (WT) is presented as a method of detection of the instant of beginning, permanency and
finalization of the perturbation of the states variables of the induction three phase motor on a short duration input voltage
variation. This application constitutes an example of the wavelet analysis advantage over Fourier's method, which can't detect
the instant of frequencies change. The wavelet method allows the analysis of aperiódicals signals that characterize the voltage
perturbations. In the Fourier analysis, the detection of the instant where the frequencies changes is not possible. The wavelet
method allows the analysis of aperiódicals signals that characterize the voltage perturbations. The multirresolution analysis
that provide the wavelets, allows the temporary detection of the fast transitory variations of the state variables, and at the same
time the low frequency components analysis. An analysis for the de-tection of three types of short duration voltage variations was
realized: voltage sags (dips), transitory elevations (swells) and short term interruptions. The results allow the temporary
segmentation of the signals what can be used for their characterization and classification.
110
Keywords: Power disturbance signals, Continuous Wavelet Transform, Electric Machines analysis.
B-113
HARMONICS GENERATION OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
Mario Guilhermo Macri
Gustavo Bacino
Cristian Monti
Grupo de Estudio en Sistemas Eléctricos (G.E.S.E.)
Facultad de Ingeniería Av. Juan B. Justo 4302
CP 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
{gmacri, gustavo}@fi.mdp.edu.ar, [email protected]
The objective of the present work was to obtain a valoration of the harmonic generation of power transformers by
means of simulations based on indirect tests, and taking account the to non-line behavior of the iron on bases of the experimental
magnetic saturation curves. The components of Fourier of the phase and line currents were obtained for transitory and
stationary regime. The simulations shows the influence of the dissymmetry of the magnetic circuit of the transformer nucleus on
the harmonic content of the primary phase and line currents.
Keywords: Modelling and Simulation, Electric Machines, Power Quality, Harmonics
B-122
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR THE RECONVERSION OF PUBLIC LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Cristóbal Giménez Gallur
Pablo A. Massa
René R. Romero Tirado
LEDE-SIECIT Departamento de Electrotecnia - Facultad de Ingeniería
UNLP - Universidad Nacional de La Plata
48 y 116 La Plata -1900. Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
+54-221-425-0877
{cgimenez, massa}@ing.unlp.edu.ar, [email protected]
This work demonstrates the possibility to carry out reconversion works in systems of public lighting starting from
higher energy efficiency and the consideration of legal aspects that makes to the concession of the public service exploitation of
electricity, like it is the case of Argentina.
The energy efficiency is obtained, for the substitution of lamps and luminaries of better performance than those
installed and the maintenance that avoids expenses, for the inappropriate operation of the facilities.
The legal aspects consist on a group of laws and regulations that allows to constitute the fund of resources.
Once the works is defined by means of a calculation program, an economic evaluation and a financial programming are
carried out in way to be able to analyze the viability of the undertaking. Considerations on the social and economic impact of this
type of facilities are made.
Keywords: Energy saving, public lighting, technical - economic evaluation.
B-128
HOW TO BUY TRANSFORMER THROUGH COST-BENEFIT RELATION
Antônio Melo de Oliveira
Adalberto José Batista
Ana Cláudia Marques do Valle
Gilney da Costa Vaz
Federal University of Goias
Electrical Engeneering School
74605-220 Goiânia GO Brazil
Fax/Fone: +55 (62) 202-0325
{melo, batista, anaclaudia}@eee.ufg.br, [email protected]
111
The software for distribuition transformer economical analysis - ANET was implemented in DELPHI, which aims to
present an alternative methodology for Distribuition Transformers aquisition, where the transformer cost and the load and noload losses are compared for each supplier to be evaluated. At the end of each evaluation, the ANET makes a decreasing
classification, indicating the best acquisition option.
Keywords: Energetic efficiency, economic analysis, distribution transformer, avoided cost.
B-131
THE INFLUENCE OF TRANSIENT PHENOMENA IN COOLING TOWER AND CONDENSER ON THE EFFICIENCY
OF POWER PLANT.
Janez Oman
Brane Širok
Igor Kuštrin
Jure Smrekar
University of Ljubljana
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,
Aškerèeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
Phone: +386 1 4771 306, Fax: +386 1 2518 567
{janez.oman, brane.sirok, igor.kustrin}@fs.uni-lj.si
The objective of the paper is to present the analysis of experimental data on the transition phenomena of mass and heat
transfer in the natural draft cooling tower connected with the condenser in the unit and the influence of both on the unit's
performance. The effectiveness of heat transfer in the cooling tower influences the saturation temperature in the condenser,
which affects the load of the steam turbine and consequentially the efficiency of the unit. The analysis presented in the paper is
based on the results of simultaneous measurements of the unit's performances, the thermodynamic variables in the cooling tower
and the parameters of the condenser. The results of measurements as well as the results of analysis are presented graphically. The
reconstruction of the cooling tower was performed for it's bad operational characteristics. After reconstruction, the
measurements of cooling tower, condenser and performance tests of unit were repeated. The analysis was carried out from the
position of operating characteristics of the unit's cold end i.e. of the cooling tower and the condenser. The results indicated that
after improvement of the cooling tower efficiency the bad operating conditions in the condenser exposed to view. After
improvements of the cooling tower operational characteristics the efficiency of the unit was improved, but the calculations show
that through condenser more exergy is destroyed therefore it is necessarily to improve also the condenser's performance.
Keywords: power plant, cooling tower, condenser, exergy loss, efficiencys.
B-170
CASE STUDY: REPLACEMENT OF BULBS AT THE COUNTRYSIDE
José do Carmo¹
Rui Manuel Marques¹
¹Universidade de São Paulo Programa Interunidades de Pós-Graduação em Energia, PIPGE USP/IEE.
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289 - CEP 05508-900 - São Paulo SP.
Fone: (11)3091.2637 Fax: (11)3816.7828
{jrcarmo, rmanuel}@iee.usp.br
² USP - ESCOLA POLITÉCNICA DE ENGENHARIA - PEA
Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas
[email protected]
The work shows the study results on the substitution of incandescent light bulbs for fluorescent compact, in the area of
concession of a concessionaire of energy distribution. The used methodology reflects the simple return of the investment in
project of energy conservation, considering the relation of the difference between the investments in the two technologies, and
the difference between the costs of operation and maintenance.
The authors' aim is that the concessionaire invests, based on the results demonstrated here, in this substitution of light
bulbs. The economy verified in the study, generated in the substitution of light bulbs, can be applied in research and development,
along with other projects of extension in the rural area, what can provide the concessionaire, attainment of a return in kWh and
contribute for the development in the countryside, through the creation of new jobs, expansion of the quality in the schools,
112
eradication of the illiteracy and improvement of the social conviviality.
Keywords: Luminotechnique,Substitution of technology, economy of energy, light bulbs, demand of electric energy.
B-223
DEVELOPMENT OF HEAT EXCHANGERS ON THE BASE OF FINING THERMO-SIPHONS FOR EFFICIENT USE
OF SAVING ENERGY
Gershuni A.¹
Pysmennyy Ye.¹
Polupan G.²
Sanchez-Silva F.²
Carvajal-Mariscal I.²
¹National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute"
Pr. Peremogy 37, PC 252056, Kyiv, Ukraine
Tel/Fax 380-44-2741034
[email protected]
²National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN s/n, Ed. 5
SEPI-ESIME Zacatenco, UPALM, Mexico D. F., Mexico, CP07738
Tel. 57296000 Ext.54783, Fax. 57526000 Ext. 54754
[email protected]
One of the effective forms of energy saving and rational using of heat during the burning of organic fuels, as well as
protection of the environment against thermal pollution, is the recovery of living heat of industrial furnaces, steam and heat
water boilers. To directly increase the thermal efficiency of equipment it is possible to use the living heat to heat the air going into
burning. For this purpose the effective heat exchangers "gas - gas" type can be used. Such heat exchangers are the air heaters on
the basis of fining thermo-siphons (TS). We propose to use the bimetallic tubes to approach to the high thermal parameters of
thermo-siphons. The internal tube working under high pressure is made of steel. The external aluminum tube of thermo-siphons
has the spiral fins of aluminum. This aluminum tube has dense mechanical contact to steel internal tube. Working medium in
thermo-siphon is distilled and decontaminated water. Long-live test (10 thousand hours) of the steel thermo-siphons with water
as a working medium were executed. We show the opportunity of an effective utilization of the steel-water combination in
thermo-siphon. Experimental researches of thermal resistance of the contact steel - aluminum were executed during long
operation of thermo-siphons. We offer the numerical calculation procedure of heat exchangers air heaters created on the base of
thermo-siphons with external spiral fins. The authors offer calculation procedure of the external convective heat exchange. The
calculation of air heater for the steam boiler CB-250 (“Cleaver Brooks”) was executed. The method of thermal efficiency
improvement on 5 % for this boiler at operate loading 0.75 kg/s and the dry steam pressure of 0.8 MPa is shown.
Keywords: energy saving, heat exchanger, thermo-siphon, calculation method, industrial application
B-236
A GRAPHICAL INTERACTIVE APPROACH FOR EXANTE AND EXPOST ENERGY PRICING IN COMPETITIVE
ELECTRICITY MARKETS
Victor M. Doña
Alejandro Hoese
Universidad Nacional de San Juan - Facultad de Ingeniería
Avda. Libertador San Martín 1109 (Oeste), CP 5400 San Juan ARGENTINA
Tel: (0054 264) 4226444 Fax: (0054 264) 4210299
The electric power industry throughout the world is in a period of radical and rapid restructuring, with the traditional
paradigm of the vertically integrated electric utility structure being replaced by competitive markets in unbundled electricity
services with disaggregated structures. Generation, transmission, distribution companies and large consumers, all acting as
participants of competitive electricity markets, interact through the energy and power exchange both in the spot and future
market. In the most of Sud and Central American electricity markets economic signals by short and long-run spot prices are
usually given. Energy prices can be distinguished temporarily and spacely. Here the concept of the incorporation of the
transmission losses arises and with it of the penalization factors (or its inverse, node factors). The energy price can it turns also
influenced by the generation capacities and transmission capacities. In this context also arises the necessity of having tools that
113
allow to calculate the energy prices obtained in the preliminary dispatch programming (Exante) and in the real execution
(Expost). The differences among that executed and that programmed arises due to load modifications, faults of components, non
programmed maintenance, etc. The expost modelation requires precise results, since in many cases it is used to calculate the
final remunerations to the agents of the market.
This paper presents a friendly-user interface for economic dispatch of thermal units and energy pricing that use a
heuristic based on linear programming and lagrangean relaxation. Transmission congestion and losses are considered so as all
operation constraints of generation units. The complete package there is been implemented using object-oriented programming
with Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6), Windows API functions -Application Programmer's Interface-, Data storage through Microsoft Jet
and Graphic Server were used. A brief description of the mathematical model is made, and also the graphical interactive
environment that allows from a friendly way to the user to be able to carry out energy prices calculations, analysis, reports and
statistical is presented.
Keywords: Ex-ante and Ex-post spot pricing, Economic Dispatch, Graphical Interactive Interface.
B-237
ECONOMIC DISPATCH AND ENERGY PRICING: A COMBINATORIAL APPROACH.
Alejandro Hoese
Universidad Nacional de San Juan - Facultad de Ingeniería
Avda. Libertador San Martín 1109 (Oeste), CP 5400 San Juan ARGENTINA
Tel: (0054 264) 4226444 Fax: (0054 264) 4210299
[email protected]
An economic dispatch methodology based on combinatorial optimization is presented in this work. The methodology
uses a high performance evolutionary algorithm -Simulated Rebounding- as optimization engine. The advantage of the
methodology is based on 1) the easy consideration of non-linearities and non-convexities without assuming major
simplifications, 2) the possibility to evaluate good solutions with minor relaxations and 3) the parallel nature of the
computations. The combinatorial approach finds the optimum by trying dispatches fulfilling the given operation constraints.
The spot pricing methodology is based on an ex-post approach considering the results of the economic dispatch.
The main handicap of any combinatorial approach is, even with current computers, computation time requirement.
Nevertheless, the internal parallelism of the methodology proposed allows the natural implementation on parallel computers to
speed up drastically the time performance.
Some results of the application of the methodology to power systems are presented, in which the network is considered
at the transmission level. A comparison with an economic dispatch based on linear-programming is also presented.
Keywords: Economic Dispatch. Combinatorial Optimization. Ex-post spot pricing.
B-242
LOOSES ANALYSIS IN POWER SYSTEMS BASED ON PERSISTENCE DIAGRAM
Claudio O. Dimenna
Daniel Anaut
Mario G. Macri
Investigadores UNMDP
Juan B. Justo 4302, CP7600 - Mar del Plata - República Argentina
Te: +54 0223-4816600 - Fax +54 0223-4810046
{dimenna, danaut, gmacri}@fi.mdp.edu.ar
The energy looses in distribution systems is estimated in this work by means of the persistence diagram based on the
utilization time concept for the construction of the load characteristic, this method give the time of each power level and by
integration the energy looses, the advantage is the simplicity and the low quantity of data required, for the computation.
Keywords: Power Quality, Power systems economics, performance evaluation.
B-243
STUDY OF FLICKER PERCEPTIBILITY CURVES.
114
Claudio Dimenna
Gustavo Bacino
Grupo de Estudio en Sistemas Eléctricos (G.E.S.E.)
Av. Juan B. Justo 4302, CP 7600 Mar del Plata Argentina
{dimenna , gustavo}@fi.mdp.edu.ar
The relievement and comparative analysis of flicker curves for certain configuration of lights with attempt conditions,
their negativ effects, the standard specifications and the later comparation with the results of the trials in the laboratory, are the
principal goals of the present work. The kind of fluctuation simulated in this experience was those of the IRAM 2492-3 Standard
for Kind a. This voltage variation was a rectangular and periodic one.The flicker not only affects quality energy but also is
responsibility of the equipments who produces it and of all the electrical system. If the design of the system is accomplish
considering the flicker sources, this problem will be reduce or even eliminate.
Keywords: flicker; quality of energy; flicker perceptibility curves.
B-245
ENERGY CONSERVATION IN COOLING TOWERS
Joaquim Antonio dos Reis
José Luz Silveira
Pérsia Eiko Domeni
UNESP- Campus de Guaratinguetá
Faculdade de Engenharia - Departamento de Energia
{jareis, joseluz}@feg.unesp.br
A cooling tower make a cold water to enter in contact with the air resulting in the evaporation of part of that water. In
most of the towers one or more propellers or centrifugal fans move the air upward or in crossflow through them. A great
superficial area of water is provided spraying the water by ejectors or making the water to go down the packing tower in decks
(or chicanes). In a great number of industrial applications, the process heat is removed using cooling towers, in which the hot
water of the installation is continually recirculated and cool using the evaporative cooling principle. In the most common type of
cooling tower the temperature of the circulating water is reduced placing it in direct contact with the air. Such towers are called
wet towers : the cooling is obtained partially by the evaporation of a fraction of thecirculation water and partially for the
transfer of sensitive heat. As the towers are usually separate from the main installation, they are usually unknown until that a
crisis happens. A lot of attention has been given now to your project, to assure an effective operation. To cooling a same amount
of water, the less consumption of energy in the tower is possible, and one of the items responsible by this consumption is the type
of packing. The packings provide different areas of thermal exchange by unit of volume, implicating in demands of air smaller for
the same cooling, and by consequence smaller work is provided for the fans to impel the amount of air demanded by the specific
conditions by an operation at a smaller cost. The physical situation inside a cooling tower is very complex (films and drops of
water in the air are in constant configuration exchanges). There are not a mathematical model that is capable to simulate all the
details of the process of simultaneous transfer of heat and mass that happens inside the tower. This article analyzes the operation
of a cooling tower and identifies the electric power consumption in the system in use and proposes exchanges in some tower
parameters that leave to a smaller consumption of energy in the fans drivers.
Keywords: Cooling towers, energy, consumption, conservation of energy.
B-247
ELECTRIC ENERGY SAVING IN COLD WATER PRODUCTION SYSTEM ASSOCIATED TO A DAIRY INDUSTRY:
COGENERATION AND USE OF BIOGÁS IN A WASTE TREATMENT SYTEM.
Antonio Carlos Caetano de Souza
Henrique César Sampaio
Oscar Armando Astorga Maldonado
José Luz Silveira
Departamento de Energia - UNESP
{caetano, oscarama, joseluz}@feg.unesp.br, [email protected]
This work shows the possibilities of the electric energy economy in a cold water production system in a dairy factory. In
the first step, technical and economic viability using cogeneration system joining gas turbine system and absorption
refrigeration system (ARS) was analyzed, substituting a existing electric chiller (to provide all necessity of cold water to
115
refrigerating chamber). In this situation, it was generated 2043 kW of electricity and 2725 kW of refrigeration power (cold water
in 1º C). This cogeneration system generate all refrigeration power useful and electricity required to the industry, saving at about
1.100 kW used by electric chiller, having a global saving at about 3.143 kW. In this case, the pay-back of the investment, is about
43 months. At after, technical and economic viability using biogás, produced at the Waste Treatment System (WTS), was
analyzed, and its medium production is 80 Nm3/h, to a ARS, producing some cold water to this dairy factory. It suggests the direct
burn of the biogás to this refrigeration system using as refrigerant fluid ammonia and as absorbent water. In this case, the ARS
studied generate 24,17% of the thermal power to the refrigeration system in this factory, saving about 298,28 kW of electricity.
Using this ARS, it is possible the pay-back at about 8,64 months. It is concluded, in the two cases, it has technique and economic
possibility the conservation of electricity.
Keywords: Energy Conservation, Economic Analysis, biogás, Cogeneration,Absorption Refrigeration System.
B-250
A LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA) FOR SETTING ENERGY-EFFICIENCY STANDARDS IN BRAZIL: THE
CASE OF RESIDENTIAL REFRIGERATORS
Guilherme de Castilho Queiroz¹
Gilberto De Martino Jannuzzi²
Edson Adriano Vendrusculo³
Thomaz Borges4
José Antenor Pomílio³
¹CETEA/ITAL e International Energy Initiative (IEI)
Packaging Technology Center (CETEA/ITAL Institute of Food Technology)
Av. Brasil, 2880 , Jardim Brasil, 13073-001 Campinas-São Paulo
tel/fax: 55 19 3743-1900 / 3241-8445
http://www.ital.sp.gov.br
[email protected]
²International Energy Initiative e DE/FEM/UNICAMP
³International Energy Initiative e FEEC/UNICAMP
[email protected]
4
International Energy Initiative e LABSOLAR/UFSC
The Brazilian law 10.295/2001 set the principles for the “National Energy Conservation Policy and Rational Use of
Energy”. The law requires the development of energy standards for all of energy consuming equipment commercialized in the
country. This paper presents the impacts of introducing cost-effective improvements in domestic refrigerators that were
determined by means of a LCCA analysis. The analytical approach and computer simulation tool used in the study are the ones
employed for the US DOE as well as the European Commission. The results were used to estimate the impacts of efficiency
standards on new refrigerators up to year 2020 assuming two hypothetical cases. Case A assumes that all new refrigerators sold
have the efficiency innovations proposed here, Case B assumes that part of these innovations would be included in a first
mandatory standard enforced in year 2005 and in 2010 a second mandatory standard would consider all the innovations
analyzed. The electricity consumption per refrigerator in Case A can be reduced by 43% (in 2005) with currently known and
available technologies. The payback time to the consumer (12% interest rate) is calculated to be 7 years (lower than the 16 years
average life time). Over 2005-2020 period, Brazil would save around 80 TWh, Brazilian consumers would save more than 12
Billion R$ on their electricity bills and the nation would save 38,000 GgCO2 (due to avoided CO2 emissions from natural gas
power plants).In Case B, we assume two mandatory standards, one enforced in year 2005 that yields a 24% reduction. A second
mandatory standard set in 2010 reduces by 48% (compared to the base year 2000 refrigerator consumption). The payback time
was calculated as 7 and 12 years, respectively. Over 2005-2020 period, Brazil would save 70 TWh, the consumers would save 9
billion R$ and the nation would save 34,000 GgCO2.
Keywords: standards & labels, energy-efficiency, life-cycle, cost analysis, brazilian refrigerators.
B-251
LOW-CURRENT CONSUMPTION ELECTRIC VEHICLE
Márcio Abud Marcelino¹,²
Francisco J. Grandinetti²
Samuel E. de Lucena¹
¹UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Campus de Guaratinguetá
12516-410 Guaratinguetá SP Brasil
[email protected]
116
²Universidade de Taubaté UNITAU
Faculdade de Engenharia
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
12020-040 Taubaté SP Brasil
This paperwork proposes the use of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) to control the speed of an automotive vehicle that
has electrical traction provided by a battery-fed three-phase induction motor. The PWM is implemented by a low-cost
microcontroller provided with optimized charts for distinct speed value implementations, synchronized transition between
different charts and reduced odd harmonics generation. The open-loop speed control is implemented with an equal
voltage/frequency ratio, in order to maintain a constant amount of torque. This technique was implemented using a single
passenger vehicle, a Mini-Baja vehicle type. The essays have shown that, besides eliminating mechanical parts, its application
resulted on reduced electrical current consumption.
Keywords: Electric vehicle, induction motor, speed control, pulse width modulation, mini-baja.
B-252
ECONOMY OF ENERGY IN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM USING EFFICIENT LAMPS IN PUBLIC AND
RESIDENTIAL ILLUMINATION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE POWER QUALITY.
Maldonado A O. A
Horii R. H.
Reis L. O. M.
Botura Jr. G.
Mesquita L.
Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”
Av. Dr. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha, 333 12516-410 Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil
[email protected]
The increasing presence of compact fluorescent lamps and high-pressure sodium lamps in residential, commercial,
industrial and public illumination has caused a considerable increase of harmonics on the power system, with serious
consequences in the quality of the power supplied, causing since malfunctioning until the loss of equipments fed by the system. In
despite of the best performance in energetic terms, it is still unknown the effects that its use can provoke in the quality of the power
supplied by the utility. In the same way, it seems necessary to try to establish a commitment among what is won with the economy
of energy and what is lost with the decrease of the power quality. To find indexes that show and quantify the compromising of the
power quality is one of the challenges of the moment. This work present the results from a experiment study of the effects of
efficient lamps in power quality of the secondary voltage distribution system.
Keywords: Power quality, economy of energy, harmonics, fluorescent lamps, discharge lighting.
B-257
IMPACT OF INTERHARMONICS GENERATED BY ARC FURNACES ON HARMONIC FILTERS: A REAL CASE
Flávio R. Garcia¹
Gilson Paulillo¹
Ricardo Araújo¹
Alexandre C. Naves²
¹Instituto de Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento - LACTEC
[email protected]
²INEPAR S.A. Indústria e Construções
This paper presents the results obtained in a interhamonics monitoring at a big Brazilian steel producer. The reactors at
2nd harmonic filter installed in this consumer to correct power factor and harmonic filtering have presented problems, indicating
the need for this study. The paper presents the on site spectral monitoring, its statistical evaluation and the modeling applied at
computer simulations. Finally, paper presents the real influence of interharmonics on the harmonic filtering system, as well as
the solutions to correct the identified problems.
Keywords: Interharmonics Harmonic Filters Reactors Arc Furnace - Monitoring.
117
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