Sesavali eTnosi rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani fenomenia, romelic

Transcrição

Sesavali
eTnosi rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani fenomenia, romelic xangrZlivi
istoriuli procesis Sedegad yalibdeba. eTnosi warmoiqmneba, viTardeba,
zogjer iSleba kidec, amitom SeuZlebelia daveTanxmoT mosazrebas, rom
romelime eTnoss Cvenamde moeRwios Tavdapirveli, ucvleli saxiT. icvleba
ara marto eTnosisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ena, kultura da a.S., aramed
cvlilebas ganicdis misTvis damaxasiaTebeli morfologiuri tipic, rac
aucilebels xdis eTnikuri jgufis anTropologiur Seswavlas sivrcesa da
droSi.
Tanamedrove mosaxleobis eTnogenezurma kvlevebma zogadad aCvena, rom
xalxTa kulturuli da enobrivi naTesaoba xSirad maT warmomavlobiT naTesaobas da saerTo genofonds ar Seesabameba. cnobilia, rom ena da kultura SeiZleba gavrceldes maTi matarebeli anTropologiuri tipis gareSe,
magram TviTon anTropologiuri tipis
mier axali arealebis aTvisebas yo-
velTvis Tan axlavs maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli enisa da kulturis gavrceleba. maSasadame, anTropologiuri masalebis Seswavlas mniSvneloba ar ekargeba im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac uxvadaa werilobiTi istoriuli wyaroebi,
da eTnografiuli monacemebi.
eTnikuri anTropologia eZiebs morfologiur niSanTvisebaTa erTobliobas, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu im eTnosisaTvis. Aamdenad, anTropologiuri masala iqceva istoriuli procesebis Seswavlis wyarod.
qarTveli anTropologebis interesi afxazebis fizikuri tipis Taviseburebasa da warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis didi iyo. maTi (abduSeliSvili, 1955; Джанберидзе, 1963) naSromebi gamoirCevian mecnieruli WeSmaritebis ZiebiT, obieqturobiT da principulobiT. amis dasturia akademikos m. abduSeliSvilis recenzia S. inal-ifas wignze „Вопросы этно-культурной
истории абхазов“ (1976) - “У каждого исследователя есть право, при исследовании той или
иной проблемы, предложить свою собственную концепцию и для аргументации этой
концепции собрать и привлечь данные других авторов (причём приводить данные следует не
только в пользу своей концепции) и в ходе изученного обсуждения всех существующих
положений отдать логическое предпочтение данным в пользу своей концепции, но никто не
имеет права умалчивать, искажать или давать вольную интерпретацию данным других
авторов,
что
всегда
чревато
предубеждённостью,субъективностью
и
научной
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несостоятельностью концепции, наглядным примером чего и является, по нашему мнению,
антропологическая часть рецензируемой книги” (Абдушелишвили, 2004, с.48).
winamdebare naSromi, adre gamoqveynebuli koleqtiuri
monografiebisa-
gan “Феномен долгожительства” (1982) da “Абхазское долгожительство” (1987) gansxvavebiT, afxazebis warmomavlobis kvlevas
da maTi genetikuri kavSirebis dad-
genas eZRvneba. dRes rogorc saqarTvelosTvis, aseve saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis metad mniSvnelovania afxazTa eTnikuri jgufisa da qarTvel
mosaxlebas Soris saukuneebis maZilze ganviTarebuli urTierTobebisa da
genetikuri kavSirebis kidev erTxel ganxilva da anTropologiur masalaze
dayrdnobiT safuZvliani daskvnebis gamotana.
gvinda didi pativiscemiT movixsenioT da madloba gadavuxadoT anTropologiis ganyofilebis sxvadasxva Taobis TanamSromlebs. gansakuTrebuli
pativiT vixsenebT baton malxaz abduSeliSvils, romlis xelmZRvanelobiTa da gamWriaxobiT Seiqmna am ganyofilebis monacemTa baza anTropologiis mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi. swored es monacemebi daedo safuZvlad
momzadebul naSroms.
avtorTa jgufi madlobas uxdis Tamaz zubiaSvils, mzia biTaZes, maka
Wkaduas, daviT WiTanavas, kristian karlsons, lali lomsaZes, eka baqraZesa
da ana guriels wignis momzadebis procesSi gaweuli daxmarebisa da rCevebisTvis. aseve did madlobas movaxsenebT pativcemul recenzentebs konstruqciuli SeniSvnebisa da miTiTebebisaTvis, romelTa gaTvaliswinebas
naSromis srulyofisTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda.
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Tavi I. afxazebi da afxazeTi. mokle istoriulgeografiuli da demografiuli daxasiaTeba
cnobili orientalisti, akademikosi n. mari, aseve misi mimdevari d. gulia adre gamoqveynebul naSromebSi (Марр, 1912; Гулия, 1925) atareben azrs,
TiTqos ,,afxazebs da afxazeTs” saerTo araferi hqondaT qarTvelebTan, saqarTvelosTan, viTom isini abisiniuri, eTiopuri da egvipturi warmomavlobisani iyvnen (Гулия, 1925). samecniero moRvaweobis gviandel wlebSi orive
mecnieri aRiarebda da ukve
mkacrad akritikebda wamoyenebul usafuZvlo
hipotezas afxazebis afrikuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, miiCnevdnen, rom maT
mier adre SemoTavazebuli mcdari Sexeduleba damyarebuli iyo mxolod
legendebze, gadmocemebze da Seumowmebel monacemebze (Марр, 1938; Гулиа,
1951). d. gulia afxazebisa da qarTvelebis erTianobisa da igiveobis aRiarebasTan erTad Tavis gviandel naSromSi, anu aRsareba-anderZSi xazgasmiT
ambobs, rom afxazeTi saqarTvelos nawilia, afxazi _ igive qarTvelia, xolo afxazeTis
feodaluri kultura igive qarTuli kulturaa (Гулиа,1951
gv. 10,15). werilobiTi wyaroebi (Гамахария, Гогия, 1997) namdvilad metyveleben
imaze, rom afsuebi, anu Tanamedrove afxazebi ar arian afxazeTis pirveladi mkvidri mosaxleoba, isini gvian Sua saukuneebSi Camosaxldnen afxazeTSi. maT aiTvises da gadaiRes qarTuli feodaluri kultura, terminologia,
zne-Cveuleba, toponimika; XVII saukunis Semdeg ki Seqmnes sakuTari kultura da toponomika, rac adre engur-fsous monakveTze ar fiqsirdeba. akademikos n. maris ganmartebiT, qarTuli termini ,,afxazi,” anu ,,abasgi” momdinareobs qarTveli tomis-mesxis saxelwodebidan, kerZod ,,masxi-basxisagan.”
amasTan, afxazeTis miaxloebiTi saxelebia ,,basiani,” ,,faziani,” ,,faziano”,
,,fazisi” "fas", "basy", "basx", "abas" da sxva (Марр,1912).
saxelwodeba afxazTan da afxazeTTan "mesxi"-s kavSirs mxars uWers iv.
javaxiSvili. igi aRniSnavs, rom ,,xi” formanti qarTul enaSi tomis sakveci
formaa (javaxiSvili, iv., 1913). s. janaSia wers, rom termin ,,afxazs” araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs termin ,,afsuasTan” da saTanado fuZeebis ,,afsua",
afxazi”, ,,afsne” garegnuli msgavsebis niadagze aRmocenebuli…Secdomaa (janaSia, 1959).
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s. janaSias gansjiT, afxazeTis teritoriaze uZveles DdroSi mosaxle
qarTveluri tomi ,,sanigi” aris sanisave fuZisgan nayari variantuli saxelwodeba megruli modgmis tomisa, romelTa arseboba afxazeTis teritoriaze
afxazTa damkvidrebamde igulisxmeba (janaSia, 1959).
strabonze dayrdnobiT, akad. i. orbeli (Орбели,1911) da akad. g. meliqiSvili (Меликишвили, 1959) sanigebs da maT winapar henioxebs qarTvelebad,
kerZod, svanebad miiCneven. strabonis mixedviT, dioskuriis (anu cxumis _
g.g.) zemoT svanTa mravalricxovani tomi binadrobda (yauxCiSvili, 1957). aq
saqme exeba ara svaneTs - md. engurisa da cxeniswylis xeobebs, aramed
velad
ueW-
afxazeTs, sadac ara mxolod kodoris zemo welSi, aramed mTiswi-
neTSi da barSic dRemde SemogvrCa svanTa nakvalevi-toponimebi. esenia: bukolusi (buqlosi), svandis cixe, fusta, mukorisi,
lixni, sxemari, cxumi, moq-
vi, gagra, sqiomari, guma, cxubeni da sxva. svanebTan erTad gansakuTrebiT
farTod iyvnen gansaxlebuli meore qarTveluri tomi lazebi, anu megrelebi, romelTac Semdgom mTeli afxazeTis teritoria gadafares. amave teritoriaze da ufro Sors nikofsia _ md. yubanamde henioxebTan erTad vrceldebodnen sxvadasxva qarTveluri Temebi: kolebi, koraqsebi, sanigebi,
gebi, mesxebi, afSilebi,
abaz-
svano _ kolxebi, misimianebi da sxva.
dRevandeli afxazebi (e.i. afsuebi) abazebis moene da ganayari arian
(Генко,1955; lomTaTiZe, 1976). ax.w. Is. afsuebi (abzoa) pliniusis cnobiT
(VI.38), astraxanis maxloblad cxovrobdnen, saidanac yubanis saTaveebisken
wamovidnen (narkvevebi saq. istoriidan 2007, gv 72-73).
afsuebis ZiriTadi nawili XVI-XVII ss. cxovrobda Tanamedrove
gudau-
Tis raionis teritoriaze. SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT XVII s. bolodan
gulrifSsa da galis raionebSi, xolo ruseTis mier XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi
jiqebis TurqeTSi gasaxlebis Semdeg _ gagraSi. daaxloebiT oci aTasi afsua bedukuRmarTobis gamo moxvda TurqeTSi. afxazeTis samTavros gauqmebiT (1864w.), mTavris gadasaxlebaSi daRupviTa (1866w.) da adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe saglexo reformis gatarebis mcdelobiT ukmayofilo afsuebi 1866 wels aujanydnen ruseTis imperias, romelmac
isini, rogorc mahmadiani SeTqmulebi, muhajirebis saxeliT gaaZeva samSoblodan da genocidamde miiyvana (xorava, 2004). unda iTqvas, rom afsuaTa raodenoba afxazeTSi sxvadasxva dros icvleboda, magram maTi raodenoba
XX saukunemde 40 aTas
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suls arasodes Warbobda
(ToTaZe, 1995).
abazebis mcire tomi XIX s-Si kompaqturad cxovrobda yaraCai-CerqezeTis midamoebSi anu yubanis saTaveebSi md. labis xeobebsa da mis mimdebare
adgilebSi. XIX s. 60-ian wlebSi muhajirobis dros abazebis didi nawili
TurqeTSi gadasaxlda. adgilze darCenili abazebi
XX saukuneSi kvlav yu-
banis saTaveebSi da mcire raodenobiT balyareTSi cxovroben. 1970 wlis
aRweris mixedviT, isini 26 aTas suls Seadgenen da rogorc mejoge-mesaqonle xalxi, Tavs iyrian daaxloebiT 18 aulSi.
qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi
naTlad da gadaWriT gviCveneben, rom
afxazisa da afxazeTis cneba, teritoriuli ganfeniloba da sazRvrebi xSirad icvleboda. Tu XVII saukunemde es cneba mxolod md. bzifsa
da axal
aTons Soris teritorias da mis mosaxleobas moicavda, Semdeg is md. gumisTamde da md. kodoramde gavrcelda. XVII saukunis bolodan ki ukve moicavs md. RaliZgamde teritorias, mogvianebiT (XVII-XVIII ss. mijna, XVIII s.
80-iani wlebidan 1805 wlamde, 1864 wlidan dRemde) ki enguramde vrceldeba
(narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, 2007, gv. 7-8). istoriuli wyaroebidan
kargadaa cnobili, rom xsenebuli teritoriebi odiSis anu samegrelos samflobeloSi Sedioda. am garemoebas adasturebdnen ucxoeli misioner-mogzaurebis Txzulebebic. magaliTad, frangi mogzauri Sardeni, romelmac
1672-1673 wlebSi moiara samegrelo, rogorc TviTmxilveli wers, rom samegrelos anu odiSis samTavros md. kodori gamoyofs afxazeTisgan (mgalobliSvili, 1975). XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi amasve adasturebs frangi konsuli
gamba, romelic samurzayanos, teritorias RaliZgidan enguramde, sameg-
relos provinciad moixseniebs (mgalobliSvili, 1987). aRniSnul faqts kavkasiis rusi moxeleebic aRiarebdnen da mkacrad icavdnen, amitom afxazeTis
samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilis (e.w samurzayanos) kuTvnilebas samegrelos
samTavrosadmi sadaod ar miiCnevdnen. kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelma baronma g.
rozenma mkveTri pozicia daikava, roca Seityo, rom afxazeTis
mTavari m.
ServaSiZe 1834 w. amaod cdilobda sofel iloris mosaxleobis daficebas
erTgulebaze da oficialuri protestic ki ganucxada mas dadianis soflebis daCemebaze: ,,aseTi moqmedeba emsaxureba afxazeTSi arsebuli uwesrigobis gaxSirebas da ar SemiZlia gakvirveba ar gamovTqva aseTi TviTnebobis
gamo. samegrelosa da afxazeTs Soris cocxali sazRvari aris md. RaliZga
da ramdenadac sofeli ilori mdebareobs mdinaris marcxena mxareze, is ar
SeiZleba afxazeTs ekuTvnodes” (Аkты, т.VIII, с.449 ). samurzayanos samegrelo11
sadmi (dadianisadmi) kuTvnilebas adasturebs ruseTis samxedro literaturac (История...1843).
XVII saukunis bolodan samurzayano periodulad afxazeTis mTavarTa
mflobelobaSi iyo, magram miuxedavd amisa istoriulad da faqtobrivad
bolomde qarTul raionad darCa.
,,samurzayano’’, anu awindeli galis raioni, dResac qarTvelebiTaa dasaxlebuli. aq qarTul mosaxleobas XVII saukunis bolodan da XVIII s. dasawyisidan bzifidan Camosaxlebuli afsua-abazebi Seerivnen (narkvevebi saq.
istoriidan, 2007). qarTvelTa raodenoba XIX saukunis Mmeore naxevarSi
37000 kacs Seadgenda (Свод статистических . . .,1893), xolo 1917 wels 40858–mde
izrdeba (Сельскохозяйственная. . . ,1922), rasac emateba 1161 Camosaxlebuli afsua (ToTaZe, 1993). afsuebis garda XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan afxazeTis
mosaxleobas Seematnen agreTve Camosaxlebuli rusebi, Semdeg ki osmaleTidan devnili berZnebi da somxebi, agreTve SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT moaxalSene estonelebi, ukrainelebi da sxv.
dRes ruseTis meoxebiT 1992-1993w. omis dros ganxorcielebuli genocidisa da eTnowmendis Sedegad afxazeTi didwilad daclilia mkvidri qarTveli mosaxleobisgan. mravalricxovani daxocilebis garda 250 aTasze meti qarTveli da aTeul aTasobiT sxva eris warmomadgeneli (maT Soris daaxloebiT 30 aTasi afsua-afxazi), jerjerobiT gandevnilia Tavisi mama-papis
saxl-karidan da istoriuli samSoblodan.
afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze uZvelesi droidan kompaqturad
cxovrobda misimianTa qarTuli Temi, romelsac svanebad miiCneven. Mmas ekava md.kodoris zemo welis xeobebi; istoriul-geografiulad mas “misimianeTi” anu “dali” ewodeba. misimianeTs “afxazeTis svaneTsac” eZaxian. rusuli
administraciuli dayofiT, am regions mimdebare teritoriasTan erTad “webelda-dalis” saboqaulo ewodeboda. bunebrivia, geografiulad dals `zemo afxazeTic~ SeiZleba uwodoT.
kiTxvaze, vin arian misimianebi (anu mivsianebi), Tavdapirvelad pasuxi
gasca s. yauxCiSvilma, romelmac bizantieli mwerlebis TxzulebaTa monacemebis safuZvelze daaskvna, rom `misimianebi svanuri modgmis tomia~ (yauxCiSvili, 1936, gv. 277-280). p. ingoroyva iziarebs s. yauxCiSvilis zogad mosazrebas da asabuTebs mas Sesabamisi qarTuli eTnonimebis analogiiT: misimiani-svani, zani-Wani da sxv. amasTan, p. ingoroyva misimianTa svanur (qar12
Tul) kuTvnilebas adasturebs saistorio wyaroebis meoxebiTac, kerZod,
strabonis Txzulebis monacemebiT, romelSic naTqvamia, ro svanebi: àrian
pirvelni ZaliTa da ZlierebiT (pontos mTel tomTa Soris), brZanebloben
yvela garSemo tomebze da uWiravT kavkasionis mTiani mxare, romelic aRmarTulia dioskuriis zemoT~ (ingoroyva, 1954, gv.144).
VI_VIII ss. misimianTa gansaxlebas zemo da qvemo afxazeTSi p. ingoroyva
asabuTebs berZeni mweral-istorikosebis k. ptolemaiosisa da favstos buzandis cnobebze dayrdnobiT, romelTa mixedviT kolxeTis mosaxleoba `suano-kolxebi anu egro-suanebia~ (ingoroyva, 1954, gv.144).
z. anCabaZe yovelgvari sabuTisa da argumentis gareSe cdilobs misimianebis qarTveloba uaryos da isini afxazebad anu afsuebad warmoadginos.
igi acxadebs, rom `misimianebi, msgavsad afsilebisa da abazgebisa, afxazTa
(gulisxmobs afsuebs _ g.g.) winaprebi ariano~. misi TqmiT, `romel eTnikur
jgufsac ar unda ekuTvnodnen misimianebi, isini iyvnen afxazi xalxis webelda-dalis eTnikuri jgufis uSualo winaprebi, romelTa warmomadgenlebi misimianTa samSobloSi XIXs. meore naxevris damdegamde cxovrobdnen~
(Анчабадзе, 1959, с. 15).
z. anCabaZis da, saerTod, yvela afxazi mkvlevarisTvis awindeli afxazeTis teritoriaze dasaxelebuli: henioxi, sanigi, koli, koraqsi, kerketi,
melanqleni, afSili, misimiani da sxv. apriorulad araqarTveli afsua-afxazia (Бгажба, Лакоба, 2006). afxaz mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, qarTveli mecnierebi (Меликишвили, 1959; musxeliSvili, 2000) maT
qarTvelur tomad miiCnevs.
aseve gaugebria z. anCabaZis Sexeduleba abazgebze da afSilebze. igi
ar iTvaliswinebs, rom termini àbazgi~ berZnulia da is qarTuli termini
àfxazis~ sinonimia. rogorc gamoCenilma lingvistma T. gamyreliZem cxadhyo (gamyreliZe, 1993), “abazgi” qarTuli “afxazis” Sesatyvisi berZenizirebuli eTnonimia. i. javaxiSvili àbazg~ terminSi yvelgan da yovelTvis termin àfxazs~ gulisxmobs. amdenad, arc abazg-afxazs aqvs raime saerTo afsuasTan da, rogorc d. musxeliSvilma daamtkica (Мусхелишвили, 1999), arc
misimian-afSils (yauyCiSvili, 1957), abazg-afxazi - qarTveli afxazia. abazgi
ax. w. meore saukuneSia moxseniebuli, afSili - pirvel saukuneSi, xolo misimiani - VI saukuneSi. rogorc irkveva, z. anCabaZis mosazrebas abazg-afxazTa afsuobaze, aseve misimianTa da afSilTa afsuobaze anu araqarTvelobaze, safuZveli ara aqvs, radgan afxazi qarTuli terminia. is mesxTan-masx,
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basxTanaa dakavSirebuli, rac afxazTa qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs. miTumetes
amas adasturebs is, rom XVII saukunemde abazg-afxazTa nakvalevze qarTuli
toponimebi, hidronimebi da saerTod qarTuli onomastikaa gabatonebuli.
mxolod gvian Sua saukuneebSi gvxvdeba afsuuri toponimebi, isic umetesad
qarTul Zirze agebuli da garegnulad gaafsuebuli, an gaCerqezebuli. es
ki imaze metyvelebs, XVI-XVII saukuneebamde afsuebs afxazeTis miwa-wyalze
ar ucxovriaT.
awindeli afxazeTis uZvelesi toponimebi: biWvinTa, gagra, lixni, luxuni, bzifi, cxumi, cumuri, cxubeni, moqvi, fusta da sxva qarTuli saxelwodebebia. arafers vambobT cxumisa da kodoris aRmosavleT mxareze anu sabediano-odiSis nawilze, romelic ServaSiZeebma mxolod XVII saukunis bolodan SeierTes osmaleTisa da Cerqez-afsuaTa daxmarebiT.
misimianeTis mxaris saerTo saxelwodebebic svanur-qarTulia, magaliTad, misimianeTi, dali, afxazeTis svaneTi gamonaklisis garda, yvela toponimi da hidronimi svanur-qarTulia, afsuuri ki arcerTi, magaliTad: ajara,
aZgara, bokeri, genwviSi, gvandra, lagvanTa, laTa, Siyeri, Caxari, xewkvara
da sxv.
faqtia, rom sof. Siyeri momdinareobs svanur metyvelebaSi cocxlad
darCenili termini Siy-idan, rac zurgs, SemaRlebul teritoriaze Semofenil sofels (svanuri soflis am goraze dRemdea darCenili wm. giorgis naeklesiari). isic unda iTqvas, rom yofili sadadiSqeliano svaneTis mosaxleoba am eklesias erT-erT yvelaze cxovelmyofel salocavad miiCnevda da
is religiur dResaswauls atarebda misi saxeliT ise, rogorc danarCeni
adgilobrivi eklesiebi. yovelive amasTan, sof. Siyeris svanurobas adasturebs isic, rom es saxeli, rogorc amas enaTmecnieri m.qaldani aRniSnavs,
Tavisi fuZiTa da morfologiuri agebulebiT svanuria, romelSic er sufiqsi gamoiyofa, rac svaneTSi ase mravladaa damaxasiaTebeli geogarfiuli
saxelwodebebis (toponimebis) sawarmoeblad, magaliTad: Sdval-er, Wub-er,
ReSd-er, Tek-er, lamx-er, ladr-er, cal-er, tvib-er,wan-er, fxutr-er, Syaler da sxv.
faqtobrivad aseTive sistemis toponomia misimianebis erT-erTi mTavari
cixe-simagris saxelwodeba boker anu buqlos-buxlon, romlis mdebareobasac z.anCabaZe daaxloebiT 12 km siSoreze sxvagan uCvenebs da ara iq, sadac
idga mdinareebis _ gvandrasa da yuluCis SesarTavis CrdiloeTiT_yuluCis
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xeobaSi da romelsac misimianeTis garda misi mezobeli qarTuli mxareebis
dacvac ekisreboda CrdiloeTis nomadebisagan, maT Soris momTabare alanebisagan.
ueWvelia, rom svanuria misimianTa sof. genwviS-genwiSic, romelic
m.qaldanis marTebuli axsniT tirifis svanuri saxelidan – genwiSidan
momdinareobs (genw _ iolad moqanaves, daxrils aRniSnavs). aseve xvaraSi
momdinareobs svanuri xvarasagan, rac daSlads, darRvevads niSnavs, es ki
imaze unda miuTiTebdes, rom xvaraSis mTagrexili myari ar iyo, irRveoda
da iSleboda.
uTuod svanuria misimianeTSi mdebare toponimebi _ sqiomari (anu pimari anu himari) da omariSali. pirveli uTuod sgimaria, romelic cixe-simagres erqva (nangrevebiRaa darCenili) da sof. omariSalis CrdiloeTiT-misimianTa gzaze-qluxoris gadasasvleli kavkasiis qedis ZirSi mdebareobda.
sqiomari anu pimari igive sgimaris_mJavewylebiani adgilis saxelwodebaa,
xolo omariSali soflis saxeli–omaris kuTvnilebas niSnavs.
misimianeTis toponimebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa mis samxreTSi _
soxumis raionSi mdebare cixe fustas saxelwodebac, rac dakavSirebulia
afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul maqsime aRmsarebelisa da misi Tanamoazreebis
sapatimrosTan. es toponimi usaTuod svanuria. lentexur kiloze fust (zemo svanurad fusd), meufes, ufals niSnavs. rogorc
Cans, Semdeg man damate-
biTi Sinaarsic SeiZina da Tavadis, batonis, mbrZaneblis aRmniSvnelic gaxda. s. yauxCiSvilis moZiebiT, es cixe rusuli axalSeni sof. aleqsandrovskoeSi mdebareobda.
sxva cixe-simagreTa Soris misimianTa mxareSi dasaxelebulia tibeleosi, sagulisxmoa, rom es gaberZnulebuli saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba svanur
tvibs (xeobas), sadac es cixe idga _ (Seadare svaneTis dasaxleba tvibeers,
tobars, tvibs da sxv).
misimianebis vinaobaze miuTiTeben aqauri da saerTod afxazeTis mTebSi
arsebuli hidronimebi anu mdinareebis saxelwodebebi. rogorc m.qaldani
arkvevs, am mdinareebis umetesobas svanurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sufiqsi
ra axasiaTebs, esenia: gvandra, aZgara, ajara, xewkvera (xeqvara), msgavsi saxelwodebebi dResac gvxvdeba svaneTSi: dol-ra, nak-ra, kal-ra, Six-ra,
nensk-ra, fel-ra, melx-ra da a.S. aSkaraa, rom isini svanuri metyvelebis nayofi arian. afxazeTis mTiani mxaris mdinareebis saxelwodebaTa svanuroba
15
kargad SeniSna mkvlevarma v.zuxbaiamac, romelmac sxva, araerTi svanuri saxelwodebaTa arsebobac (magaliTad cxumis da sxv.) daadastura afxazeTSi
(zuxbaia, 1988).
aseve ueWvelia, rom misimianTa sof. CxalTis erT-erTi ubnis da Relis
saxelwodeba lagvanTac svanuria da ligvni-lagvan-idan anu tirilidan
momdinare satiral-sagodebel adgils ewodeba. niSandoblivia, rom es ubani cixe-simagre Cxalis (Cxaris) axlo mdebareobs da Tavis droze cixis irgvliv gaCaRebuli brZolis dros daRupulTa sasaflaos unda rqmeoda,
radgan am adgilze mravlad iCens Tavs adamianis sxvadasxva Zvlebi. aseve
svanuria dalis anu misimianeTis sof. laTas saxeli, rac svanurad sityva –
sityviT sazRvars, gasayars, gasayof adgils ewodeba. svanur-qarTuli unda
iyos qvabCaras saxelic. aseTi orfuZiani sistemis saxelwodebebi gvxvdeba
iseT adgilebSi, romelzec svanuri qreba da saerTo qarTuli Cndeba, qvabCara-qva da baCar e.i. qva – qarTulad da baCar _ svanurad mravlobiT ricxvSi.
misimianebisa da misimianeTis (dalis) svanur-qarTvelurobas adasturebs ara mxolod misimianeTis xsenebuli toponimebi, aramed mTeli afxazeTisa da misi mimdebare CrdiloeT kavkasiis anu dRevandeli yaraCai-balyareTisa da CerqezeTis mravalricxovani geografiuli saxelwodebebic. marto yaraCai-balyareTSi 150-ze meti svanuri toponimia dadasturebuli. maT
Soris yaraCaiSi: uSvglani, xurzuki (xur-zugi), xumara, senti, goSaix yala
(goSuanis cixe-koSki), Suanlar (eTnonimi), ebze yala (svanebis cixe), ebzelre auS, Jabolar da sxva mravali. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa misimianeT-darinis gzajvaredinze–teberdis xeobaSi mdebare cixe-simagris da naqalaqaris Suanas saxelwodeba, sadac dRemdea SemorCenili XI saukunis qarTuli
xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi da cixe-koSkebiani galavnis naSTebi. ueWvelia,
rom Suana momdinareobs eTnonim svaneTis TviTsaxeli Suanasagan. yaraCais
sxva mravali saxelwodebis garda, am mosazrebas unda adasturebdes am naqalaqaris garSemo mdebare teritoriis _ gimaris anu sgimaris saxelwodebac (gimar anu sgimar svanurad mJavewylebian adgils ewodeba). CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi svanTa gansaxlebaze metyvelebs agreTve e.w. nikonis matianis danarTi, romelSic yabardos didi mTavris Tumruya idarovis mier ivane mrisxanis daxmarebiT
`mSanTa da sonTa~ 164 kabakis da ramdenime qalaqis tipis
dabis dapyrobazea laparaki XVI saukuneSi (gasviani, 1991; Лавров,1950;1969).
16
afxazeTisadmi miZRvnili saistorio werilobiT wyaroebze, materialuri kulturis Zeglebze, toponimikaze, hidronimikaze, Tqmulebebze, agreTve
afxazeTis mimdebare mxareebis mTel istoriaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom
uZveles drosa da Sua saukuneebSi afxazeTis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils qarTvelTa erT-erTi uZvelesi Sto svanebi warmoadgendnen, romlebic
ara mxolod afxazeTis mTian teritoriaze, aramed baris teritoriazec iyvnen gansaxlebuli (amaze sxvadasxva saxelwodebebTan erTad, afxazeTis samefo dinastiis SavlianTa warmomadgenlebis mefobac migviTiTebs IXs. meore naxevarSi), magram droTa viTarebaSi svanebi TandaTan Semcirebulan an
sxva qarTul tomebSi gaTqvefilan. aseTi viTareba Cans kodoris xeobaSic
anu dalSi, sadac misimianebma mxolod gvian saSualo saukuneebamde moaRwies, Semdeg ki maTi adgili Crdilo kavkasiidan Camowolilma afsuebma daikaves, TviTon ki sxvagan gaifantnen an
mosulebSi gaiTqvifnen (amisi gadmo-
naSTia marSan-maruSiani anu webelda–dalis mflobelebi, romlebic dalis
droebiT flobisaTvis ijaras uxdidnen dadiSqelianebs XIXs. pirvel naxevarSi). dalisa da sxva adgilebis saxelwodebebi veraferma Secvala, rasac
adasturebs giuldenStedtis, klaprotisa da l. lulies cnobebic. dali
rom bolomde svanur samyarod darCa, amas mowmobs isic, rom mas XIX-s meore naxevarSi mezobeli svaneTis mosaxleobam kvlav miaSura da daimkvidra.
abazebisa da afsuebis vinaoba istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT
abazebisa da afsuebis vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT ori erTmaneTisagan
sruliad gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs.
pirveli mosazrebis
mixedviT, afsuaTa monaTesave abazebis nawili, anu
Semdegdroindeli tapanTelebis winaprebi XIII_XIV saukuneebSi Savi zRvis
sanapirodan
bzifsa da tuafses Soris teritoriidan
gadasaxldnen adiRe
_ CerqezeTSi anu yubanispireTSi (lomTaTiZe, 1969). g. TogoSvili wers, rom
abazinelma feodalebma saZovrebis ZiebaSi iwyes maruxis, qluxoris da sxva
gadasasvleli gzebiT kavkasionis qedis Crdilo kalTebze adiRelTa Soris
dasaxleba, romlis Sedegad xdeboda am xalxis kulturul-eTnikuri daaxloeba adiReelebTan (TogoSvili, 1969).
meore mosazrebiT, abazgebi DdRevandeli oCamCiris raionSi cxovrobdnen da Semdeg VI _VII saukunebSi gadasaxldnen gumisTa–bzifs Soris. z.
17
anCabaZis azriT, abazgisagan warmoiSva afxazi, anu afxazi da abazgi imave
fuZisaa, rac afsili (anCabaZe, 1975). am Sexedulebas Tu gaviziarebT araerTi
gaurkveveli
da
saCoTiro sakiTxi dadgeba. pirvel rigSi, sakiTxi
exeba abazgisa da afxazis urTierTmimarTebas, agreTve abazgebis Tavdapirvelad oCamCireSi gansaxlebas, aseve abazebis gansaxlebas SavizRvispireTSi.
viziarebT a. genkosa da q. lomTaTiZis daskvnebs (Генко, 1955; lomTaTiZe,
1976) afxazur (afsuur) da abazur enaTa igiveobis anu saerTo warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, rasac xels uSlis maTi gansaxleba kavkasiis qeds CrdiloeT
da samxreT kalTebze. am SemTxvevaSi logikurad dgeba Semdegi sakiTxi: Tuki isini saerTo warmoSobisani arian, maSin erT arealSi unda gavrcelebuliyvnen _ an samxreT kavkasiaSi an CrdiloeTSi da ara sxvadasxva garemoSi
gancalkevebulad da izolirebulad. varauds Tu sasurvel daskvnas abazebis samxreTidan – SavizRvispireTidan anu adleri-soWis mxridan XIII-XIV
saukuneebSi Crdilo kavkasiis mTianeTSi gadasaxlebis Sesaxeb. ewinaaRmdegeba is garemoeba, im periodSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi TaTar–monRolTa Semosevisa da batonobis pirobebSi gacilebiT mZime, autaneli pirobebi da situacia iyo, vidre Tundac afxazeTsa da misi mezobeli Savi zRvis midamoebSi. amitom, piriqiT, oqros urdosa da Semdeg ilxanTa mier gaCaRebuli
samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolebis gamo iq sacxovreblad xelsayreli viTareba ar iyo. rogorc wesi, yvelas, visac SesaZlebloba gaaCnda, yvelam mTis
xeobebsa da samxreT regionebs Seafara Tavi. mcire gamonaklisis garda,
adamianTa moZraoba mTels CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi samxreTisaken iyo mimar-
Tuli, rasac iq arsebuli bevrad ukeTesi bunebrivi saarsebo pirobebi gansazRvravda. warmoudgenelia SedarebiT samoTxiseuli SavizRvispireTidan
adamianTa did jgufebs CrdiloeT kavkasiis mwiri da xrioki mTebisaTvis
mieSura. amasTan gaugebaria isic, rom adler-soWis mxridan gacilebiT moxerxebuli, mokle da farTo gzebis arsebobis pirobebSi CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (yubanispireTSi) gadasasvlelad afxazeTi gadmoelaxaT da sanCaro-maruxis sauReltexilo sacalfexo bilikebiT yubanis saTaveebisaken gadasaxlebuliyvnen. xsenebul periodSi adler-soWis sanapiro da mimdebare mTebi
ukve dakavebuli hqondaT adiRur-Cerqezul tomebs, maT Soris SafsuRebs,
natuxaelebs, ubixebs da jiqebs, romlebic saqarTvelos am miwa-wyalze
CrdiloeTidan Camosaxldnen.
18
afxazeTis mxridan abazebis (viTom afxazebis) gadasaxleba CrdiloeTSi rom winazraxuladaa gamogonili, es bolo drosac dadasturda dokumenturad, saxeldobr aTiode wlis win gamovlenili italieli kartografis
jakobo gastaldis rukiTac (1561), romelzec gamosaxulia ruseTisa da ukrainis samxreTi teritoriebi. masze aRniSnulia kavkasionis, lixis (anu suramis) da sxva qedebi, aseve sxvadasxva qalaqebi, regionebi, mxareebi, qveynebi da a. S. rukaze Savi zRvis aRmosavleTi afxazeTis amJamindeli teritoriis CaTvliT naCvenebia samegrelos saxeliT. calke afxazeTi rukaze aRniSnuli ar aris, samagierod kavkasionis Crdilo-dasavleTSi mdinare yubanis, Sua welze miTiTebulia Abcvas regi., Cveni azriT, absuas regioni, romelic T. gvancelaZes ratomRac afxazeTis
regionad miaCnia. sinamdvileSi
is afsua unda iyos, rogorc abazebis nawili uwodebs
Tavis Tavs (amasTan,
abazebs aseTi saxelwodebis Temic aqvT). md. yubanis marcxena SenakadTan
dafiqsirebulia Асuа, romelic afxazeTSi Camosaxlebulma afsuebma q. soxums anu cxums uwodes. qalaqi soxumi rukaze sevastopolisadaa (sebastopolisi) saxeldebuli, oRond rukaze zogierTi
saxelwodeba nawilobriv
mainc damaxinjebulia (La dasezittione della pzima pazte dell Asia can inomi antici” et
modezni di jacono Gastald; Piemontese cosmogzato, 1997).
gastaldis rukaze md. yubanis SuawelSi afsua-abazebis sacxovrebeli
teritoria rom aris naCvenebi, amaze metyvelebs isic, rom abazebi yubanis
saTaveebSi _ md. Llabis xeobaSi XX s-Sic Tavis erT-erT TviTsaxelad afsuas miiCnevdnen, amitomac SemorCaT afsuas Temis saxelwodeba. maT gansaxlebaSi XVIs. 60-ian wlebSi, rogorc gastaldi afiqsirebs, ayvas saxelwodebaa dadasturebuli. cxadia, rukaze ayvasTan erTad-afsuazea laparaki da aq
,,afxazi” xelovnuradaa nagulisxmevi. amgvarad, CrdiloeTSi mobinadre abaza-afsuebi, romlebic gvian saSualo saukuneebSi Camosaxldnen afxazeTSi,
xelovnuradaa monaTluli SavizRvispireTSi mosaxle qarTveli afxazebis
saxeliT.
gastaldis rukaze afsua-abazebis yubanis Sua welSi lokalizeba uaryofs Sexedulebas XIII-XIVss.Afxazebis CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebis
Sesaxeb. aseTi gadasaxleba sinamdvileSi rom momxdariyo, isini yubanis SuawelSi ki ar dasaxldebodnen, aramed yubanis saTaveebSi, sadac saZovrebic
meti iyo da carieli adgilebic; amasTan es teritoria afxazeTTan axlo-
19
caa da SedarebiT ioli misaRwevic, vidre adiRe-CerqezebiT dasaxlebuli
yubanis Suaweli.
miuxedavad saTanado saistorio werilobiTi wyaroebis ar arsebobisa,
sruli safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom uZveles droSi gastaldis mier
yubanis SuawelSi naCvenebi afsuebi aSkarad is abazebia, romlebic frederik diubua de monperem (plinius ufrosis cnobebis safuZvelze–Is.) kaspiis
zRvis CrdiloeTiT ,,abzoes” saxelwodebiT uCvena. Sua saukuneebSi mejogemomTabare abzoebma anu abazebma kaspiispireTidan da volgispireTidan dasavleTisaken gadainacvles da yubanispireTSi daisadgures, saidanac monRolTa zewoliT jer imave mdinaris saTaveebs, Semdeg ki afxazeTsac moaSures.
amdenad, saqme Tavdayiraa gaazrebuli zogierTi afsua mkvlevaris mier,
roca CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mobinadre afsua-abazebs afxazeTidan gadasaxlebul afxazebad warmoidgenen. rasakvirvelia, am mosazrebas mxolod politikuri motivi aqvs, jer erTi, imitom, rom isini afsuebi arian da ara
istoriuli afxazebi (qarTvelebi), romlebic uZvelesi droidan cxovrobdnen afxazeTSi, rogorc avtoqtonebi; meorec, es Sexeduleba gamogonilia,
vinaidan sinamdvilis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi afsuebi kargaven istoriuli
afxazebisa da afxazeTis samarTal-memkvidreobas. amitom yovelnairad cdilobdnen TviTsaxelwodebasTan (afsua) erTad, dakavebuli teritoriis saxelis mixedviT, qarTvelebis mier Serqmeulic saxelic (afxazi) daimkvidron.
Tanamedrove afxazebi (afsuebi), rom Zveli Tu uZvelesi afxazebi anu
afxazeTis mkidrni ar arian, mtkicdeba mTeli rigi argumentebiTa da logikuri debulebebiT.
1. afsuebi rom afxazeTis mkvidri (avtoqtoni) ar arian amaze, pirvel
rigSi, metyvelebs is, rom afxazeTis miwa-wyalze XVII saukunemde ar arsebobs iseTi eTnonimi, toponimi da hidronimi, romelic afsuur enaze aixsneboda. toponimika, rogorc cnobilia, aris masze mobinadre xalxis kvali
dedamiwaze. ama Tu im teritiriis geografiul saxelwodebebSi upiratesad
gamoxatulia pirvandeli mosaxleobis ena, rwmena, sameurneo saqmianoba, niSan-Tvisebebi da sxva. aqedan gamomdinare, raki afxazeTis miwa-wyalze XVII
saukunemde ar Cans afsuebis kvali, SeuZlebelia aq maTi kompaqturi cxovreba, politikuri, kulturuli da sameurneo moRvaweoba vivaraudoT. samagierod, afxazeTis miwa- wyalis (gansakuTrebiT dasaxlebebisa da Zeglebis)
20
Zveli saxelwodebebi ZiriTadad qarTulia (aris mxolod berZnuli gamonaklisebi) da dafiqsirebulia rogorc qarTul, ise ucxour wyaroebSi. maT
Sorisaa gagra (gak-ra=svanurad kakali-kaklnari), biWvinTa (fiWvnari), bzifi
(bza), lixni anu luxuni (Ziriani, saZirkvliani), gudauTa, cxumi, dioskuria,
cxubeni, cumuri, moqvi, jixa-xora, fusta da uamravi sxva saxelwodeba. udaoa, rom afxazeTSi gvxvdeba afsuuri toponimebic, magram isini gviandeli
(gvian saSualo saukuneebis) warmonaqmnebi arian. maTi absoluturi umravlesoba qarTulis mibaZviTaa Seqmnili (gadasxvaferebuli) an Targmnilia qarTulidan (“muwis wyali”-“mWiSTa”, “aRacos wyali” _ “aaci”, “Suaqveyana”-“abJua”, “gurbedia”-“agubedia” da a.S.). afxazeTSi gvxvdeba agreTve rusuli toponimebi da hidronimebi,
romlebic
aseve
gviandelia
(XIX an XX sauku-
neebis).
2. yvelafridan Cans, rom afxazeTSi XVII saukunis bolodan Camosaxlebuli afsuebi
qristianebi arasodes yofilan, rasac ara mxolod swavlu-
li afxazebi s. basaria da d. gulia adastureben (Басария, 1923; Гулия,1925), aramed afsuebis mier dasangrevad mitovebuli 100-mde qristianuli eklesia-monasteri, romelic afxazeTis yovel Temsa da sofelSi idga, agreTve sakaTalikoso da ramdenime saepiskoposo centris mospoba, 100-mde sasuliero
piris daxocva XVIIs. 80-ian wlebSi, biWvinTis sakaTalikoso soflebis darbeva da sxva mravali faqti. afsuebs Tavidanve afxazeTSi rom ecxovraT da
odesme qristianebi yofiliyvnen, SeuZlebeli iqneboda maTi sazogadoebrivi
mexsiereba ise moSliliyo, rom ase ulmoblad moqceodnen qristianobas,
samRvdeloebas, mrevls daeklesia-monastrebs, rogorc es XVII-XIX saukuneebSi moxda. marTalia, XIXs. 30-ian wlebidan ruseTisa da saqarTvelos ZaliT daiwyo afsuebis masobrivi monaTvla, magram amas didi warmateba ar
mohyolia da suraTs mainc ar cvlis. Aaqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia imisi warmodgenac ki, rom afsuebs I an II saukunidan ecxovraT sayovelTaod
cnobil qristianul afxazeTSi, romlis (biWvinTis) episkoposi nikeaSi 325
wels daeswro qristianTa pirvel saeklesio krebas da aseTi xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi isini ar gamxdariyvnen qristianebi; afsuebi Tu odesme
qristianebi iyvnen, sad gaqra yvelaferi es ugzoukvlod da Tundac ruseTis ZaldatanebiT rogor miaSures masobrivad mahmadianur TurqeTs.
3. sakiTxavia, Tu afxazeTis miwa-wyalze qarTvelebi ar cxovrobdnen
da mxolod XX s-Si sabWoTa periodSi Casaxldnen stalinisa da berias Za21
lisxmeviT, rogorc amas RaRadeben afsua mkvlevarebi
da maTi amfsonebi,
maSin afxazeTSi vin aaSena da gaaforma qarTuli warwerebiT da freskebiT
100-mde soflisa da Temis Zveli eklesia, agreTve vin Seqmna afxazeTSi sami
saepiskoposo da erTi sakaTalikoso sakaTedro eklesia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom afsuebi warmarTi da mahmadianuri rwmenis iyvnen
(zogierTi mxolod formalurad moinaTla qristianad XIX saukuneSi. magram amis miuxedavad, maTi umravlesoba osmaleTSi gaixizna), afxazeTSi qarTvelTa gansaxlebis wyalobiT mainc qristianobis farTo kvali SemorCa
XX saukunemde!
4. afsuebs, rom uZvelesi droidan (Tundac II saukunidan) ecxovraT afxazeTis miwa-wyalze, maSin rogor ar hqonodaT misi florisa da faunis sakuTari terminologia. ranairad SeiZleba imisi warmodgenac ki, rom zRvisa
da Tevzis qveyanaSi maT Tevzeulis saxelwodebebi, an vazis qveyanaSi misi
jiSebis saxelwodebebi, aseve, sayovelTao qristianul qveyanaSi qristianuli terminologia da locva-wirvis wesebi ar hqondeT. Tu maTze raime warmodgena aqvT afsuebs, es mxolod adgilobrivi qarTvelebisgan aqvT nasesxebi da SeTvisebuli.
qarTul da ucxour werilobiT wyaroebze, afxazeTis saistorio Zeglebze da, rac mTavaria, afxazebis
(anu afsuebis) yofa cxovrebaze,
enasa
da kulturaze dakvirvebam akad. niko berZeniSvili daarwmuna SemdegSi: ”
"zemoTmoyvanili
daJinebuli mowmobani imis Sesaxeb, rom afxazebi agre
hgvanan kavkasiis mTiel xalxebs yofaSi,
sarwmunoebiT, rom isini cixeebsa
da qalaqebSi ar cxovroben, rom, rogorc Cans, mexorbleoba an sul ara
aqvT an metad mcire, rom isini megrelebs ar hgvanan - yofa cxovrebiT _
yvelaferi es imis mowmobaa, rom XVII saukunis afxazebi marTlac kavkasianebia, sakmaod gvian Camosulni barSi, maT jer kidev ver auTvisebiaT bari
da mTiulur cxovrebas ganagrZoben. ra Tqma unda, eseni ar arian
aborige-
nebi. maT ver SeuTvisebiaT qristianoba, iseve, rogorc ver SeuTvisebiaT feodaluri meurneoba (am yovlad uxvsa da noyier qveyanaSi), iseve rogorc
ver SeuTvisebiaT feodaluri socialuri wyoba...”….. (berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.
614).
n. berZeniSvili SeniSnavs, rom afxazebi mesaqonle xalxia- kavkasielTa
monaTesave, primitiuli yofiT da warmarTuli religiiT. Mmeore mxriv, is
aRniSnavs im faqts, rom afxazeTi VIII_XIII saukuneebSi aris
22
ganviTarebuli
feodaluri qveyana, saidanac qristianoba mTaSic vrceldeboda, rasac mowmobs berZnuli da qarTuli mwerloba (ioane sabanis Ze da sxva).amas mowmobs awindeli afxazeTis arqiteqturuli Zeglebi ,,da ucbad xdeba Zirfesviani gardatexa... me-XV saukunidan afxazeTi ,,warmarTobs”, afxazeTSi uqmdeba zedized
saepiskoposoebi, qreba qristianoba da es xdeba ara imis ga-
mo, rom aq osmaleTma ZaliT danerga mahmadianoba, rogorc es moxda mesxeTSi, aramed sul sxva safuZvelze-mahmadianoba afxazTa Soris fexs ikidebs
mas Semdeg, rac iq qristianoba minelda (berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 614).
marTalia, n. berZeniSvili garkveul uzustobas uSvebs, roca acxadebs,
rom mTeli afxazoba (igulisxmeba CrdiloeT kavkasiidan Camosaxlebuli)
ramdenime nakadad Camodis oqros urdos dawoliT afxazeTis teritoriaze
XIII saukunidan, agreTve maSin, roca ,,mcnebai sasjulos” ganixilavs rogorc afsua-afxazebisTvis (da ara dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis, e.i. istoriuli afxazebisTvis) Sedgenil Zegls, roca wers, rom XV s-dan afxazeTSi
TiTqos saepiskoposoebi uqmdeba da a.S.
jer erTi, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs mtkicebisTvis XIII,
Tun-
dac XIV-XV saukuneebSi afxazeTis Tanamedrove teritoriaze afsua-abazebis Camosaxlebis an, piriqiT, afxazeTidan Crdilo kavkasiaSi maTi gadasaxlebis Taobaze (rogorc amas z. anCabaZe, S. inal-ifa, q. lomTaTiZe da sxvebi varaudoben). orive urTierT sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba mogonili varaudia. aseve ,,mcnebai sasjulos” skurpuliozurma Seswavlam (gasviani, 2005w.)
cxadyo, rom am ZeglSi araviTari miniSnebac ki ar aris afxazeTSi
afsue-
bis cxovrebaze da maT warmarTobaze, piriqiT, saubaria dasavleT saqarTvelos samwysoSi qarTvelebis qristianuli rwmenisa da dogmebis Seryvna gadasxvaferebaze, zogierTi warmarTuli wesebis gacocxlebaze, rasac uTuod Temurlengis Semosevebi, qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri Seryeva
anu saqarTvelos politikuri daSlis procesi ganapirobebda. amas metyvelebs akad. korneli kekeliZis daskvnac xsenebul Zeglze: es Zegli ,,qarTvelebisadmia uSualod mimarTuli” (qarTuli literaturis istoria, 1960).
aseve arazustia XVs-dan afxazeTSi saepiskoposoebis zedized gauqmebaze
laparaki. am dros afsuebis masa jer kidev yubanis Sua welSi cxovrobda
(gastaldis ruka). afxazeTSi saepiskoposoebis gauqmeba ki afsuebis dawoliT moxda ufro gvian (Camosaxlebis Semdeg) e.i. XVIs. (biWvinTa), XVII
(dranda, moqvi) da XVIII (bedia) saukuneebSi. aseve osmaleTis mier afxazebi23
sadmi dawolaze da gamahmadianebis procesze saubari mxolod XVIs. Suaxanebidan SeiZleba, rodesac afsuaTa ZiriTadi masa CrdiloeT kavkasiaSia
Tavmoyrili. unda vivaraudoT, rom maTi gamahmadianebis procesi swored
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi daiwyo osmaleTis xeldebuli yirimis saxanos meSveobiT da ara afxazeTSi Camosaxlebis Semdeg. Cans isini, ukve nawilobriv mainc gamahmadianebuli iyvnen, roca afxazeTSi Camowven. usafuZvlo varaudia
agreTve isic, rom afxazeTSi Camosaxlebis dros afsuebs aq daxvdnen TanamoZme da Tanamoene xalxi.
miuxedavad am uzustobisa da zogierTi winaaRmdegobisa, Tavisi didi
erudiciis da alRos wyalobiT, akad. n. berZeniSvilis Sexeduleba da debulebebi afxazeTze saxelmZRvaneloa CvenTvis, gansakuTrebiT namdvil afxazebze, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Zveli da axali afxazebis Sesaxeb.
cnobilia, rom ,,afxazis” cnebam ruseTis meoxebiT metamorfoza ganicada: Абхазия не Грузия (Воробьёв, 1919; Воронов, 1907). XX saukunis dasawyisSi TavianT nabodvrebSi l. voronovi da n. vorobiovi acxadeben rom afxazeTs
araferi saerTo ar hqonda da ara aqvs saqarTvelosTan (viTom aq mxolod
ramdenime aseuli qarTveli cxovrobda) da tyuilad epotineboda am teritorias saqarTvelo. raki qveynidan TurqeTSi gaZevebis
Semdeg afsuebi co-
tani darCnen adgilze, am sababiT ruseTi cdilobda afxazeTi waeglija saqarTvelosTvis (rogorc axla) da TviTon dapatroneboda mis miwa-wyals.
amiTac iyo gamowveuli “afxazis” cnebis Secvla da misi afsuebisaTvis mikuTvneba, rac TavisTavad imperiuli politikis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tviseba gaxldaT. am politikas emsaxureboda afxazeTis mosaxleobis aRwerebic 1886, 1897 da sxva wlebSi, rodesac rusi statistikosebi yovelnairad
amcirebdnen afxazeTSi qarTvelebis ricxvs, aqucmacebdnen maT megrelebad,
svanebad, samurzayanoelebad, qarTvelebad, aWarlebad, gurulebad, imerlebad da a.S., risi mizani iyo maTi erTimeorisagan gaTiSva da iolad gaTqvefa rusebSi.
am mzakvrul rusul imperiul
sixarbes mxars uWerdnen ruseTis mier
gamozrdili axali separatistuli inteligenciis, aseve e.w. revoluciuri
moZraobis warmomadgenlebi s. basaria, d. gulia, n. lakoba, e. eSba da sxva.
ra Tqma unda, saqme ase martivad ar damTavrda. afxazeTs xan moxalise armiis generlebi n. denikini, m. aleqseevi, a. lukomski da sxva
ewiweboda da
xan yubanis mTavroba, bolos ki 1921 w. martidan bolSevikurma sabWoTa ru24
seTma Caigdo xelSi. amieridan “afxazis” cnebaSi araqarTul enaze mosaubre
afsua igulisxmeba, romelic istoriuli TvalsazrisiT afxazeTSi CrdiloeT kavkasiidanaa Camosaxlebuli da iq mosaxle abazebis TanamoZme. afsuas
mxolod imis gamo ewoda afxazi, rom is qarTvelTa
miwa_wyalze afxazeT-
Si dasaxlda. amitomac Tavdapirvelad d.gulia Seufereblad miiCnevda
maTTvis afxazis wodebas da moiTxovda am saxelis Secvlas,, afsne”–Ti,
amasTan acxadebda, rom maTi winaprebi abisinielebi, eTiopielebi da egviptelebi, e.i. araqarTvelebi iyvnen (Гулия, 1925). rac mTavaria, yovelive amis
gamo, n.berZeniSvili erTimeoresagan gamoyofs da ganasxvavebs Zvel da axal
afxazebs. misi azriT, VI-VII saukuneebidan mainc, rodesac afxazeTis sxvadasxva qarTveluri Temebi heniox-sanigebi, kolebi, koraqsebi, mesxebi, afSilebi, misimianebi da sxvebi erT saerTo masad--afxazebad Seirwyen da maTgan
saerTo qarTuli qveyana-afxazTa samefo Camoyalibda, isini qarTvelebs anu
Zvel qarTvelebs warmoadgendnen, romlebic saerTo qarTuli saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis erT-erTi iniciatorebi iyvnen. amitom SemTxveviTi ar SeiZleba iyos gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa titulatura_,, mefe afxazTa”.
Zvel ,,afxazebSi” rom qarTveli (qarTul enaze molaparake xalxi) igulisxmeba, es kargad Cans XIII_XIVss. sparsul, arabul, Turqul da sxva wyaroebidanac.
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavs, rom afxazi
kulturul-istoriulad qarTvelia (ase ganixilavs is afxazeTs, romelic
saqarTvelos organuli nawilia). mecnieris TvalTaxedviT, ,,afxazi" imdenadve (da ara ufro metad) arsebobda, ramdenadac qarTi, heri, kaxi, mesxi,
javaxi, klarji, SavSi, egri, svani, zani da sxva. an kidev "kaxeli", "qarTleli", "guruli", "imereli", "megreli", "aWareli" da a.S. ...
rom afxazi kul-
turul istoriulad "qarTveli" iyo (berZeniSvili ,1990, gv. 279-280).
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom ,,afxazTa samefo” mTeli Tavisi arsebiTeniT, mmarTvelobiT, kulturiT, politikiT qarTuli iyo. Tu aq afsuebi
(rac ararealuria) da sxvebi cxovrobdnen, saidan Cans es, an raSi vlindeba
es saerTod sakvirvelia, vis mier da ra monacemebis safuZvelze iqna mogonili afsuebis cxovreba afxazeTSi Tundac II saukunidan, rodesac aq sxvadasxva tomebTan-henioxebTan, sanigebTan, kolebTan, koraqsebTan, mesxebTan,
afSilebTan da sxvebTan erTad, abazgebi anu qarTvelebia
dasaxelebuli.
yvela dasaxelebuli tomi xom specialistebis (i.orbelis, g. meliqiSvilis,
25
T. miqelaZis, m.inaZis da sxv.) mier qarTvelur tomebadaa cnobili,_xolo
abazgebi (berZnulad) xom afxazebia. saidan da ris safuZvelze gaCnda abazgidan-afsua aravin ar icis, garda imisa, rom abazgi da afsua, agreTve absili (aseve abeSla- abisinia) erTimeores hgvanan fonetikurad, Tu formiT.
Tanac sakiTxavia, ranairad
SieZleba amdeni qarTveluri tomi-erT muWa
araqarTvel abazgebs Serwymoda (Tundac isini xelovnurad CavTvaloT afsuebad), roca mravalricxovani megrul-svanur-kolxuri tomebi maT gverdiT iyvnen da gacilebiT maRali kultura hqondaT. yovelgvari safuZvlis
gareSe xelovnuradaa mogonili abazgis (agreTve afSilis) afsuoba da afsuas afxazeTSi gansaxleba Zveli droidan, romlis uarsayofad sakmarisia
Tundac is, rom araviTari afsuuri
nakvalevi ar dasturdeba afxazeTSi
gvian saSualo saukuneebamde.
kidev meti, rodesac akad. n. berZeniSvili saubrobs osmaleTis da ruseTis imperiebis politikaze, saqarTvelos daSlisa
da
waSlis
gegmebis
Sesaxeb, agreTve qarTveli renegatebis saqmianobaze, wers: ,,ai am ukuRmarTobaTa Sedegia, rom Cven DdRes mtkicebac ki gvWirdeba afxazebis, mesxebis
(SavS-klarj-taoelebis), lazebis, aWarlebis qarTvelobisa” (berZeniSvili,
1966, gv. 281). rogorc vxedavT, n. berZeniSvilis mtkice da calsaxa mosazrebiT, Zveli afxazebi ueWvelad qarTvelebia. am SemTxvevaSi gasakviri isaa,
rom zogierTi istorikosi dResac, saqmeSi Cauxedavad uaryofs Zveli afxazebis qarTvelobas, maT araqarTvel afsuebad miiCnevs da aqedan gamomdinare, erT muWa miwa-wyalze oraborigenobis yalb mosazrebas gvTavazobs. sakiTxavia, Tu Zveli afxazebi ar iyvnen qarTvelebi, qarTvelebi afxazeTi ki
ar iyo saqarTvelo, rogor warmovidginoT ,,afxazTa samefos” qarTveloba,
an afxazTa erT-erTi moTave da wamyvani roli saqarTvelos srul gaerTianebaSi, an kidev gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSi pirvel
adgilze afxazTa Casma!?.
rodesac n. berZeniSvili afxazeTSi Camowolili afsuebis wes-Cveulebebze msjelobs, aRniSnavs, rom isini afxazeTSi gvarebad saxldebodnen gakafuli tyis SuagulSi, romlis irgvliv Robes da Txrils avlebdnen, udgamo da uarafro farRalala facxaSi cxovrobdnen primitiulad, cixeebs,
daba-qalaqebs da eklesiebs ar ekarebodnen, gardacvlils miwaSi dasaflavebis nacvlad xeze hkidebdnen, warmarTobasa da mahmadianobas misdevdnen,
baris florisa da faunis saxelwodebebi ar icodnen da sxva. aqedan gamom26
dinare n. berZeniSvili xazgasmiT miuTiTebs, rom Zveli afxazebi sul sxva
xalxi iyo Tavisi rwmeniT, eklesia-monastrebiT da kulturiT. n. berZeniSvili wers: Tavis droze afxazeTi iseTive saqarTvelo iyo da afxazi iseTive
qarTveli, rogoric egrisi da megreli, rogoric qarTli da qarTleli, da
a.S. (berZeniSvili, 1990 gv. 608). amasTan, is ganagrZobs, rom feodaluri xanis afxazi qarTvelia da afxazze, rogorc qarTvelisagan gansxvavebul
erovnebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. amitom is araerTxel da araerTgan ambobs da imeorebs, rom afxazi iseTive qarTveli iyo, rogoric qarTleli,
kaxeli, mesxi, megreli, svani da a.S. aqedan gamomdinare, ra didi dakvirveba
sWirdeba imas, rom afsua ar SeiZleba iyos afxazi Tavisi eTnikuri da
erovnuli TvisebebiT.
afsuebis vinaoba da
sadauroba
gansakuTrebiT kargad ician Zvelma
rusma swavlulebma da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic jer kidev XV saukunidan iyvnen sisxlxorceulad dainteresebuli kavkasiis miwawyliTa da misi simdidriT. am mxriv, sxvaTa Soris, cnobilia rusuli istoriografiis mamad wodebuli v. tatiSCevi (1686-1750ww.), romelic imavdroulad iyo ruseTis saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe (msaxurobda astraxanis
gubernatoradac), romlis rwmunebiT, obezebs Zvelad qarTvelebi ewodebodaT da ara afsuebi afxazeTis Sesaxeb igi ambobs: .,,Паче же мню, часть
Мингрелии Северная, которую турки и
кабардинцы
имянуют Авхазос, наши древние
именовали обезы. Ныне оной болъшую частъ кубанцы наполняют”(Татищев,1962, стр. 171).
am SemTxvevaSi v.tatiSCevi yubanispireTidan samegrelos CrdiloeT nawilSi-afxazeTSi afsua-abazebis Camosaxlebis aRmweri istorikosi ki araa
mxolod, aramed TviTmxilveli moxelec. saqme isicaa, rom v. tatiSCevi
adasturebs maT Camosaxlebas da j. gasteldis 1561 wlis rukis monacemebs.
yubanispireTSi afsuebis (abazebis) cxovrebis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare,
yovlad sarwmuno xdeba yubanispireTidan afxazeTSi afsua-abazebis Camosaxleba gvian saSualo saukuneebSi. amdenad, v. tatiSCevis zemoaRniSnul cnobaSi saeWvo TiTqos araferia, im SemTxvevaSic, “obezSi” rom qarTvelTan
erTad afxazic vigulisxmoT. arseboben sxva aranakleb sarwmuno wyaroebic
afsua abazebis afxazeTSi Camosaxlebaze. amis Sesaxeb araerTi evropeli da
rusi mkvlevari miuTiTebda. maT Sorisaa ingliseli edmund spenseri, romelic 1851 wels afxazebs Cerqezebad moixseniebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom afsuaabazebi CerqezeTidan (yubanispireTidan) Camowven afxazeTSi. Tanac am axal
27
afxazebs anu Cerqezebs spenseri rusebis yvelaze saSiS mtrebad moixseniebs. rusebisadmi afxazebis siZulvils spenseri gamoxatavs soxumTan dakavSirebiTac. ,,soxumis cixe-simagris axlo mdebare midamoebi yvelaze miudgomeli da veluri adgilebia mTels kavkasiaSi, romlis mosaxleoba ruseTis
yvelaze saSiSi da Seurigebeli mteria. isini nawilobriv yirimisa da yubanis xanebisa da sulTnebis Camomavlebi arian, romlebic Tavis tomebTan erTad dasaxldnen am adgilebSi” (k.koxi, e. spenseri, 1981, gv.135). yovelive es
adasturebs ara mxolod e.w. afxazebis yubanispireTidan (CerqezeTidan) mosulobas, aramed maT sulier anu religiur (mahmadianur) erTianobas yirimisa da CerqezeTis xalxebTan (saboloo jamSi osmalebTan), romlebic
mrisxane saRvTo omSi iyvnen ruseTis imperiasTan Cabmuli.
afsuebis anu axali afxazebis vinaoba SesaniSnavad icis a. diaCkov-tarasovma: "Думается, что большое племя абасков, . . . теснимое
адыгейскими племенами,
частыо перевалило за Гагринский кряж, частью за перевалы Псеашха, Ахбирц, Цагеркер,
Марух, Клухор. Произoшло это не так давно, быть может в XVI-XVII веках. Некоторые
думают, что мингрельцы жили значительно севернее, что в эпоху основания г. Сухуми
здесь господствовали мингрельцы, так как слово "Сухум" мингрельского происхождения
(цхум-жаркий), что при раскопках близ Сухума найдены вазы, носящие печать Грузинской
культуры и монеты с Грузинской
надписью. Однако эта гипотеза требует дальнеишей
разработки. Со своей стороны, имея в виду болышую близость языков мингрельского и
лазского, упоминаемое древними географамы поселение Старая Лазика (Vetus lazika) близ
села Новомихайловского, на р. Нечепсухо в 41 версте от Туапсе, упоминание Белля, что в
его время абхазы в окрестностях Лихны говорили на языке азра (e.i. megrulad - g.g.),
указание Безымянного в его перипле на то, что от Диоскуриады до р. Апсары жил прежде
народ, называвшийся колхами, впоследствии переименованные в лазов, сильное культурное
влияние, оказанное мингрельцами на абхазцев, мы признаем, что за этой гипотезой есть
будущность (А.Дьячков- Тарасов, 1903, стр.36-37).
rogorc j. gamaxaria wers, rasac a. diaCkov-tarasovi
Tezad miiCnevs,
am naSromSi hipo-
Semdeg naSromSi 1905 w.Ddamtkicebulad Tvlis: ”Абхазцы не
всегда обитали там, где теперь живут, а предания их и многие исторические данные и
обычаи указывают, что они пришли с севера и потеснили картвельские племена, пока не
остановились у Ингури” (Дьячков-Тарасов,1905, стр. 85). a. diaCkov-tarasovi, romelic
afxazeTSi rusTa Casaxlebas, iqidan qarTvelebis ayras da agreTve somexTa
ar SeSvebas qadagebda, pirdapir da gadaWriT aRiarebda, rom afxazeTi is28
toriulad saqarTvelo iyo da aq afsuebi CrdiloeTidan arian Camosuli
qarTvelebis Seviwroebisa da ayris Sedegad: ,,Тесня в предшествующие века
Mингрельцев на юг, абхазцы в своей передовой линии смещивались с теснимыми, переняли
от них многие обычаи, твердо стояли за христианство, чего нельзя сказать про северные
округа Абхазии, быстро подчинившиеся проповеди ислама (Дьячков-Тарасов,1909-1910,
стр.152,210). rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelebisadmi arc Tu ise keTilganwyobili
a. diaCkov-tarasovic adasturebs, rom afsuebi XVI_XVII ss-Si gamoCndnen
kavkasiis samxreTSi da daipyres samegrelos CrdiloeT nawili.
afxazTa ena da damwerloba
afxazuri ena Sedis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa afxazur-adiRur anu Crdilo-dasavlur jgufSi da yvelaze metad is abazur enasTan aris daaxloebuli. afxazuri da abazuri imdenad erTmaneTTan mWidrod mdgom enobriv
erTeulebs warmoadgenen gramatikuli wyobis, ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondisa
da Tundac fonologiuri sistemis mixedviT, rom moulodneli araferia
imaSi, Tu maT specialistebi ganixilaven erTi da imave enis dialeqtebad
(lomTaTiZe, 1977).
yvelaze meti sxvaoba afxazursa da
abazurs Soris mainc Tavs iCens
fonetikaSi, Tumca maT cal-calke enebad aRiarebisTvis es ar gaxlavT sakmarisi argumenti. ufro niSandoblivia afxazurisgan abazur-tapanTuri dialeqtis sxvaoba, risi mizezi am ukanasknelze adiRur enaTa gavlena agreTve
afxazur da abazur enaTa damwerlobis sxvadasxva, sakmaod polarul dialeqtTa erTeulebze dafuZvneba-ganviTareba gaxlavT (lomTaTiZe, 1976).
Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis ojaxSi afxazur-abazurTan erTad erTiandeba ubixuri da Cerqezuli ena. samive es ena
momdinareobs winareiberiul-kavkasiuri enisgan warmoqmnil winare afxazuradiRuri enisgan, romelsac savaraudod unda earseba Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulebis mijnidan ax.w. dasawyisamde da am dros unda daSliliyo amJamad arsebul sam enad (gvancelaZe, 2007). amas gvafiqrebinebs maT Soris struqturuli da materialuri siaxlovis arseboba, rac TvalnaTliv SeiniSneba afxazur-abazur, ubixur da Cerqezul enebs Soris. xolo sakuTriv zemoT xsenebuli enebi Zv.w. II-I aTaswleulis mijnaze saerTo iberiul-kavkasiuri (winarekavkasiuri) enisagan gamocalkevdnen, ris Sedegadac aseve safuZveli unda
Seqmnoda qarTveluri enebis Camoyalibebasac. swored am gayofis procesis
29
TandaTanobiTi gaRrmavebis Sedegad abazi eTnosi yalibdeba md. yubansa da
md. Tergs Soris teritoriaze. es is adgilia, sadac aseve cxovrobdnen maTi uSualo monaTesave da protokavkasiuri eTnosidan ganayari xalxi-ubixebi da Cerqezebi. afxaz-afsuebi kolxeTis miwawyalze garkveuli qronologiuri periodidan infiltrirebuli eTnosia, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
mosaxle abazebis ganayarebi arian. Tavad abazebi da adiReuri eTnikuri masis derivatia. gamomdinare aqedan, “abazas” analogiurad “afxazic” adiRuri
eTnikuri masis derivatia (gvancelaZe, 2007; iToniSvili, 2007).
yofili afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi afxazebi ZiriTadad kompaqturad gudauTisa da oCamCiris raionebSi cxovrobdnen. amis kvalobaze aq
mosaxle afxazTa enaSi gamoiyo ori mTavari dialeqturi erTeuli: abJuuri
da bzifuri. abJuelebi SedarebiT ufro mravalricxovani arian da TviT
dialeqtis SigniTac sxvaoba naklebad SesamCnevia. abJuur TqmaTa Soris yvelaze arsebiTi sxvaoba Tavs iCens kbilbagismieri mkveTri spirantis mixedviT (lomTaTiZe, 1977).
bzifuri dialeqti abJuur dialeqts upirispirdeba mTeli rigi fonemebiT. abJuurisagan gansxvavebiT bzifur kilokavSi gvaqvs winaenismier spirantTa da afrikatTa sisina-SiSina rigebi da Taviseburi faringaluri
fSvinieri spirantis martivi da labializebuli saxeobebi.afxazuri samwerlobo ena dafuZnebulia SedarebiT martivi fonologiuri sistemis mqone
abJuur dialeqtze (lomTaTiZe, 1977).
afxazuri enis rTuli fonetikuri sistemis gamosaxatavad jer kidev
1861 wels p. uslarma (Услар,1887) gamoiyena rusuli grafika da ramdenime
aso qarTuli da laTinuri anbanebidan. imave xanebSi Seiqmna general barTolomeis komisia afxazuri anbanis dasamuSaveblad da ufro martivi fonemuri sistemiT damuSavebuli anbanuri wigni gamoica 1865 wels. 1892 wels
aseve gamoica k. maWavarianisa da d. gulias saanbano wigni. 1909 wels gamoqveynda a. WoWuas saanbano wigni. 1926-28 wels iyo cda, gamoeyenebinaT (ukve
arsebuli ZiriTadi rusuli grafikis mqone anbanis gverdiT) n. maris mier
SemuSavebuli afxazuri analizuri anbani laTinur grafikze, magram verc
es anbani dainerga (lomTaTiZe, 1977).
1929w. n. iakovlevma afxazurisTvis daamuSava imave laTinuris safuZvelze 56 niSnis Semcveli anbani. am anbans iyenebdnen 1938 wlamde. 1938
wels damuSavebul iqna afxazuri anbani qarTuli grafikis safuZvelze-isic
30
56 niSnis Semcveli, romelic gamoiyeneboda 1954 wlamde. 1954 w. igi rusuli
grafikis safuZvelze damuSavebuli axali anbaniT, romelic nawilobriv eyrdnoba adre arsebuli rusuli grafikis mqone anbans (lomTaTiZe, 1977).
mosaxleobis aRwera
XIX s. bolomde afxazeTSi mosaxleobis oficialuri aRwera ar Catarebula. afxazeTis mosaxleobis raodenoba saglexo reformis Catarebis periodSi (1860-ian wlebSi) 65 aTas suls udrida, magram am monacemebSi afxazTa
(afsuaTa) garda qarTveli, rusi, berZeni, da sxvac igulisxmeba, radganac
maSin yvela erTad afxazad aRiricxa rogorc Tavad-aznaurTa kuTvnili an
Tavisufali fenis warmomadgeneli. amitom am monacemebiT Znelia calke afsuas da qarTvelis gamoyofa, miTumetes rom afxazeTis erT-erTi xalxmravali galis kuTxis mosaxleoba mTlianad qarTveli iyo (95%-ze meti), Tumca yvela isini samurzayanoelad aRiricxa. 1886 wels pirveli rusuli saojaxo aRweriT, zogierTi afxazi istorikosis cru monacemebiT, afxazeTis
mosaxleobis 68,7 procenti viTom afsua iyo. sinamdvileSi 1886w. afxazeTSi
sul cxovrobda
68.7 aTasi suli, aqedan 28 aTasamde afsua, xolo 34 aTa-
samde qarTveli. afxazi mkvlevarebis mier miRebuli 68,7 procentis saidumloeba
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
maT samurzayanos mosaxleoba 30,6 aTasi
suli qarTvelebs ki ar miumates, aramed afsuebs da ase SebrunebiT uCvenes
demografiuli suraTi.
afxazma mkvlevarebma S.inal-ifam, s.lakobam da b.aSubam ukuRma daiangariSes afxazeTis 1897 wlis aRweris masalebic, romlis mixedviT maT sruliad ar uCvenes qarTvelebSi samurzayanos mosaxleobis raodenoba, amitom
saerTo jamur monacemSi afxazTa sasurveli--gaberili raodenoba miiRes,
viTom isini 98,7 aTas suls udridnen maSin, rodesac 42,6 aTassac ver Seadgendnen. maTi angariSis siyalbes isic gvanaxebs, rom afxazeT-samurzayanos
maSindeli aRwerisas arc-erTi afxazi araa naxsenebi-yvela maTgani, aseve
samurzayanoelebi kavkasiel mTielebad arian saxeldebuli. amdenad, sakiTxavia ratom unda uCveno samurzayanoeli mainc da mainc afxazad, rodesac
isini qarTvelebi iyvnen. miTumetes, istoriulad es kuTxe
afxazeTis mTa-
varma mxolod XVII saukunis bolos daipyro, rogorc dadianis sakuTreba,
romlis mTeli mosaxleoba axlac da istoriuladac
megrelebi anu qar31
Tvelebi iyvnen. isini am aRweris drosac, qristiani qarTvelebi iyvnen
ara mahmadiani
Tu warmarTi afsuebi. amitomac muhajirobis
da
dros arcerTi
samurzayanoeli TurqeTSi ar gaxiznula, rac TavisTavad maT qarTvelobaze
miuTiTebs. amasTan, rogorc a.ToTaZe aRniSnavs afsua mkvlevarebis angariSis sicrues afxazeTis mosaxleobis eTnikur kuTvnilebasTan dakavSirebiT,
aaSkaravebs afxazeTis 1917 da 1926 wlebis aRweraTa monacemebic,
romlebic
pirdapir uCveneben TiToeuli aRricxuli piris erovnul-eTnikur kuTvnilebas. magaliTad, 1917 wlis sasoflo sameurneo aRweris Sedegad samurzayanoSi mcxovrebi 42 aTasi sulidan
40850 qarTvelia, xolo 1160-mde afsua
(ToTaZe, 1993).
afxazeTis afxazuri mosaxleobis gvarebi da raodenoba
afxazeTis
avtonomiuri
respublikis
mosaxleoba
saqarTvelos
1989
wlis oficialuri aRweris mixedviT, mTlianad udrida 525061 suls. aqedan
45,7% qarTveli iyo, 17,8%-afxazi, 14,6%-somexi, 14,2%-rusi, 2,8%-berZeni da danarCeni-4,9% sxva erovnebis. TviTon “afxazi”, romlis raodenoba mTeli mosaxleobis 17,8%-s Seadgens (e.i. 93267 suls). warmoSobis mixedviT, warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT faqtobrivad or eTnikur jgufad iyofa, kerZod: qarTvelad da afsuad, romelTaganac qarTvelTa raodenoba daaxloebiT Seadgens 72,7%-s, xolo afsuaTa – 21,7%-s. Aam SemTxvevaSi Cven vmsjelobT ara
afxazeTis mTel mosaxleobaze (525061 sulze), aramed mxolod imaTze, vinc
afxazadaa CaTvlili - 93267 sulze, romelTaganac 72,7% qarTuli gvaris matarebelia.
imis saCveneblad da dasamtkiceblad, eTnikurad vin Seadgenda afxazeTis mosaxleobis umravlesobas, sakmarisia ara mxolod procentuli monacemebis zogadi Cveneba, aramed misi mosaxleobis gvar-Camomavloba, romelic
eTnikuri vinaobis faqtiuri pasportia (ToTaZe, 1995; mibCuani, 2005).
istoriuli afxazebi rom Zveli qarTvelebia da isini XIX saukuneSic
(adrec da gvianac) afxazeTis ZiriTad mosaxleobas warmoadgendnen da mis
yvela Temsa da sofelSi cxovrobdnen, amas mowmobs agreTve XIX s. 30-50-iani wlebSi Sedgenili, afxazebis naTlobis saarqivo siebi (gasviani, 1998).
1989w. aRweris Sedegad afxazeTSi aRricxuli 93267 afxazidan umetesoba qarTuli gvaris matarebelia, maT Soris: abakelia, abaSiZe, abgajava, ab32
Silava, agumava, adamia, adamaZe, akobia, alania, alasania, amilaxvari, anTelava, anua, anCabaZe, ardaSelia, arisTava, arsalia, arCania, arjenia, asaTiani, aslanZia, aqirTava, aSxakalia, axalaia, axalaZe, axvlediani, babadiSi, bagaTelia, bagafSi, bakelia, baraTelia, baramia, barkalaia, barqaia, barRanjia, basaria, baxia, beia, bebia, bebua, bedenaSvili, beraia, berZenia, berulava, beselia, beslanZe, bigvava, bojgua, bokuCava, boCava, bJania, bJalava,
branZia, buava, bukia, gabelia, gabelaia, gabeskiria, gabilava, gabisonia, gablaia, gabrava, gabraia, gabria, gabunia, gagua, gagulia, gadelia, gadlia,
gamgia, gamzardia, gamisonia, gangia, garckia, gegenava, geTia, geria, gergaia,
gergia, gerzmava, gerxelia, gejua, gvazava, gvalia, gvaramia, gvasalia, gvaZabia, gvajalia, gvinjia, gviCia, gigiberia, gindia, gobeCia, gogia, gogilaZe,
goginava, gogoxia, gogua, golanZia, gorzolia, gonjua, grigolia, gublia,
gugunava, gudalia, gularia, gulia, gulordava, gulua, gunaria, gunia,
gurgulia, daguzia, daviTaia, daTuia, dagargulia, damenia, darsalia, darsania, darcmelia, dgebia, deviZe, dopua, doCia, duduCava, dumava, dundua,
elarjia, esava, ezugbaia, vardania, vekua, zarqua, zanTaria, zaqaraia, Taria,
Turqia, TayaiSvili, iaSvili, kakava, kakalia, kakubava, kalandia, kamkia, karanaZe, kaslania, kaslanZia, kaCabava, kacia, kvabanZia, kvarCelia, kvasia, kvacabia, kvaracxelia, kvarWia, kvekveskiria, kvikinia, kviraia, kvicinia, kvicaria, kedia, ketia, kiziria, kirTaZe, kirkinaZe, kirtava, kilasonia, kilaZe, kobaxia, kobeSaviZe (kopeSaviZe), kokoskeria, konaria, kontaria, kortava, koRonia, konjaria, korkinaZe, korsaia, korsantia, kotua, kurdRelia, kuia, kubrava, kulava, kurkunava, kupataZe, kuprava, kuxaleiSvili, labaxua, labia, lagvilava, ladaria, lazaria, lakoia, lakutava, lasuria, lataria, laRiZe,
logua, lomaia, lomia, lorTqifaniZe, lolua, makaCava, malania, malia, marRania, marSania, managaZe, mania, marxolia, marxulia, matua, maxaraZe, maxaria,
melaZe, minaZe, minjia, mircxulava, miqava, miqaia, miqvabia, miSaSvili, miSelia, mixonjia, mebonia, melaZe, meqvabia, nozaZe, narmania, nayofia, naWyebia,
ninua, niSaniani, nodia, odiSaria, okujava, osia, oCigava, orjonikiZe, panava,
panTia, papaskiri, papaskua, parkua, pasania, patia, Jvania, ramakiZe, rekvava,
rexviaSvili, rostobaia, sabua, sabekia, salayaia, samuSia, samsonia, sanaia,
sarTania, sanikiZe, sarsania, sangulia, saria, sasania, sanZava, sarsania, saqania, saRaria, sajaia, sergeia, siWinava, skveria, tabaRua, tanbia, tania, tarnava, taCulia, torxua, torCxua, torCinava, trapSi, turava, tyebuCava, ubila33
va, urataZe, uCava, faziliSvili, faziliSi, falanZia, fanTia, faCalia, faCulia, facacia, fanculaia, fircxelia, filia, fifia, qanTaria, qarava, qardava, qarcxalava, qarcxia, qaquCaia, qajaia, qorTua, quTelia, quCuberia,
Rvinjilia, Rurwkaia, Rurjua, yaliCava, yolbaia, yuraskua, Sadania, Sakaia,
Salia, SamaTava, Sanava, Saria, Sengelia, Sergelia, ServaSiZe, SerSelia, Soua, Surdulava, Cabrava, Cagava, CakvetaZe, Caligava, Camagua, Cangelia, Casania,
CaCibaia, CaCxalia, Cemia, Cengelia, Cepia, Cerqezia, Ciqovani, CixlaZe, Cqotua,
CxaiZe, Cxapelia, CxeiZe, carguSi, cecxlaZe, cikolia, ckua, cobexia, Zagania,
Zaqania, ZaZania, ZinZibaZe, ZiZaria, ZoweniZe, Warbia, wereTeli, wvinaria, wivwivaZe, wulukia, wurwumia, WavWavaZe, WankvetaZe, Wanturia, Wedia, WeliZe, WiTanava, Wkadua, Woloraia, WoWua, Wyonia, xaguSi, xazalia, xazariSi, xalvaSi, xalia, xarabua, xarazia, xarbelia, xarzalia, xarbia, xarCilava, xasaia,
xatxua, xecia, xvarckia, xvingia, xvintia, xvitiSi, xidaSeli, xonelia, xorava, xoWava, xubutia, jafariZe, jalaRonia, jelia, jergenia, jiblaZe, jigania, jinjolia, jinjua, jologua, jonua, jopua, joxua da a.S.
amrigad, miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTi afxazeTis dapyrobis Semdeg
(1810w.) Seudga iq qarTvelTa gadaSenebas, garusebis, kolonizaciis an sxva
gziT (“afxazeTi saqarTvelo ar ariso”-voronovi ,1907, “qarTvelebi usafuZvlod epotinebian soxumis olqso”- vorobiovi..,1919), afxazeTi mainc qarTvelTa mxared darCa. afxazeTSi warmoebul ruseT-saqarTvelos omSi (1992
w. agvisto-1993w. seqtemberi), saqarTvelo damarcxda da afxazeTis qarTvelTa genocidi da eTnowmenda ganxorcielda. amis Semdeg 15 weliwadi gavida.
“mSvidobismyofelebis” da arbitris niRbiT afxazeTSi Semosulma ruseTma
TandaTanobiT moaxdina mosaxleobis rusuli pasportizacia, teritoriis
okupacia, xelSi Caigdo qarTvel devnilTa qoneba, 2008 w. 26 agvistos ki saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis sruli darRveviT afxazeTi damoukidebel
saxelmwifod aRiara. am teritoriis aRweris mixedviT dafiqsirebulia Semdegi
afsuuri gvarebi: abgaS, abiZga, abuxba, adleiba, aviZba, aiba, akaba, al-
Sibaia, alan, amiCba, ampar, anqvab, anSba, apba, aJba, arRun, arZinba, ayusba,
aSiZba, aSuba, aCba, acuxba, aZba, axba, axsalba, bazba, barcic, bganba, bguec,
bobor, buTba, bRaJba, gicba, gunba, delba, ebJnou, enik, eSba, vozba, vouba,
zuxba, ivanba, inal-ifa, inarba, inuk, inSba, iunusba, kanba, kapba, kapS, karba,
kacba, kiut, kove, kuCba, kucba, lazba, lakoba, lakrba, leiba, luSba, mantoi, macaba, miqanba, muSba, mucba, nanba, okuJba, orCuCba, otirba, panba, pap34
ba, pateifa, pkin, Jikirba, sadJat-ifa, saZba, simsim, smir, tarba, tarkil, tapant, tbar, tvanba, tlifSa, tuJba, turnanba, Samba, Sinkuba, Slarba, Sugeni,
CaCba, Cirikba, CiCba, Ckok, Cukbar, ceiba, cviJba, ciba, cimecba, cixarba, cugba, cuSba,
ZiafS-ifa, Ziba, ZaZba, ZuaSba, Wanba, xagba, xalbad, xajimba, xaSba,
xaxba, xikuba, xinTba, xiSba, xoperba da a.S.
SesaZlebelia, rogorc afsuuri, ise qarTuli warmoSobis ramdenime gvari gamorCenilia, magram amiT arsebiTad saerTo Tanafardoba ar icvleba.
rogorc vxedavT, Tanamedrove afxazebSi, samjer da ufro meti qarTuli
eTnikuri gvaria gaerTianebuli, vidre sufTa afsuuri. es ki imazec metyvelebs, rom terminma “afxazma” metamorfoza ganicada, is qarTvelidan afsuas aRmniSvnelad gadaiqca.
cxadia, am terminis Sinaarsis cvlileba ganapiroba ruseTis imperiulma politikam, saxeldobr iman, rom afsuebis absoluturi umravlesobis
TurqeTSi gaZevebis (muhajirobis) Semdeg afxazeTis xelSi Casagdebad ruseTisaTvis aucilebeli iyo aqauri qarTvelebis ganeitraleba (“afxazeTi saqarTvelo ar ariso”). am mizniT saerTo aRwerebis dros qarTvelebi ruseTma – araqarTvel afxazebad gamoacxada, rogorc amas cdilobda megrelebis,
svanebis, aWarlebis, klarjebis, SavSebis, gurulebis, mesxebis da sxvebis
mimarTac. magram saqarTvelos daSla-daqucmacebis politikam (“dayavi da
ibatone”) afxazeTSi ufro noyieri niadagi ipova ukve gasresili da dakninebul-darbeuli afsuebis saxiT da viTom maTi dacvis droSiT.
rusuli imperiuli politikisa da afsuebis Zaladobis gamo zogierT
qarTvels iZulebiT gvaris gadakeTeba mouxda, magaliTad: abaSias – abaSad,
erisTavs – erisTad, alanias–alanad, inaliSvils – inal-ifad, kucias–kucbad, okujavas – okujbad, jinjolias – ajinjalad, Wanias – Wanbad, canavas
– canbad, SeyrilaZes – Sakrilad da a. S.
miuxedavd amisa, omiswina afxazeTSi oficialuri monacemebiT 240 aTasze (realurad ki bevrad) meti qarTveli cxovrobda. Tu amas daumatebT afsuebad Cawerilebsac, maSin aSkara gaxdeba, rom qarTuli eTnikuri elementi afxazeTSi mosaxleobis did umravlesobas Seadgenda.
35
Tavi II Tanamedrove afxazebis kraniologiuri
polimorfizmi
Tanamedrove kraniologiuri seria is SemaerTebeli jaWvia, romelic
Sua saukuneebisa da Tanamedrove mosaxleobas Soris arsebobs, radgan gvaZlevs paleoanTropologiuri monacemebis somatologiur monacemebze gadatanis saSualebas. Tanamedrove kraniologiuri seriis mopoveba Zalze rTulia moraluri TvalsazrisiT da amitom koleqciebis raodenoba yovelTvis
bevrad naklebia, vidre SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
ukiduresad mcirea kavkasiaSi (somxebis garda) mopovebuli Tanamedrove
kraniologiuri masalebi. am periodis saqarTvelos mosaxleoba mwiri, ramdenime sxvadasxva xarisxis daculobis seriiTaa warmodgenili, amitom sxvadasxva zomebis raodenoba jgufebSi daculobis mixedviT meryeobs.
oriode sityva Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis Sesaxeb.
(1) afxazebis karaniologiuri seria (44 mamakaci da 17 dedakaci) 1878
wels mopovebulia soxumis axlos (iaSu-axu) v. i. Cerniavskis mier (Алексеева
и др., 1986) daculia moskovis lomonosovis saxelobis universitetis
an-
Tropologiis institutisa da muzeumis fondSi. koleqcia 1950 wels m. abduSeliSvilma Seiswavla da gamoaqveyna naSromSi "masalebi kavkasiis kraniologiisaTvis" (abduSeliSvili, 1955), sadac igi analizisaTvis iyenebs saSualo monacemebs. Cven vsargeblobT individualuri ganazomebis blankebiT,
romlebic i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSia daculi (cxr. #1).
(2) megrelebis Tanamedrove seria samegrelos ramodenime punqtidanaa:
„medana“, „walenjixa“, „uCabona“ (9 mamakaci da 3 dedakaci) inaxeba zugdidis
mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi. gazomilia a. naTiSvilisa da m. abduSeliSvilis mier, blankebi inaxeba i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi.
(3) aWarlebis seria baTumidan (34 mamakaci da 26 dedakaci) i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSia
daculi.
(4) imerlebis mcire seria (2 mamakaci da 3 dedakaci), q. odesis pirogovis saxelobis saxelmwifo samedicino institutis anatomiis kaTedris muzeumSia daculi. Tavis qalebi m. abduSeliSvilis mier iyo Seswavlili
36
odesaSi, xolo individualuri monacemebi inaxeba i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis
ganyofilebaSi.
(5) avenisis seria (5 mamakaci da 7 dedakaci) mopovebulia v. aslaniSvilis mier da daculia i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi. es masala garkveul interess iwvevs,
radgan avenisisa da afxazebis morfotipis Sedarebam unda gvipasuxos kiTxvaze aris Tu ara afxazebSi kavkasionis tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli morfologiuri niSnebi, rogorc amas v. aleqseevi (Алексеев,1974) Tvlida.
(6) qarTveli mamakacis Tavis qala (eTnografiuli jgufisadmi kuTvnileba ar aris cnobili), romelic daculia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo samedicino universitetis anatomiis kaTedris muzeumSi. gazomilia a. naTiSvilis mier da gazomvis blanki inaxeba i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi.
(7) qurTebis seria (5 mamakaci da 7 dedakaci) baTumidan, daculia i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi.
(8) osebis seria (4 mamakaci da 2 dedakaci) q. odesis pirogovis saxelobis saxelmwifo samedicino institutis anatomiis kaTedris muzeumSia daculi. gazomilia m. abduSeliSvilis mier, xolo individualuri blankebi
inaxeba i.javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi.
(9) somxebis seria bingel-dagidan (92 mamakaci da 48 dedakaci) gazomilia m. abduSeliSvilis mier, xolo individualuri blankebi inaxeba i. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyofilebaSi.
TiToeuli seriis morfologiuri daxasiaTeba
afxazebis kraniotipisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: maRali Tavis qalas maCvenebeli (braqikranuli), mcire grZivi da saSualo ganivi diametrebi; Subli swori, zomieri siganis; saxis fuZis sigrZe mcire, yvrimalTaSua
diametri saSualo, saxis zeda sigane saSualo; cxviri saSualo siganisa da
simaRlis, maRali unagiriT, mkveTrad win warziduli; orbitebi saSualo
siganisa da simaRlis; saxe profilirebuli horizontalur sibrtyeSi da
37
swori vertikalurSi. (cxr. #1-2). es zogadi daxasiaTeba saerToa mamakacebsa da dedakacebisaTvis. gansxvaveba sqesTa Soris Tavis qalas formebis mixedviTac ar aRiniSneba. gamoTvlil seriebSi Tavis qalas formebis ganawileba Zalzed msgavsia. mamakacebSi doliqo da mezokranuli 23,8%, braqikranuli 31,0%, hiperbraqikranuli 38,1%, ultrabraqikranuli 7,1%. igive formebi dedakacebis seriaSi Semdegi SemcvelobiT aRiniSneba – mezokranuli
23,5%, braqikranuli 29,4%, hiperbraqikranuli 41,2% da ultrabraqikranuli
5,9%. Tu braqikranuli formebis Semcvelobas SevajamebT, maSin msgavseba
absoluturia (mamakacebSi 23,8% doliqo-mezo da 76,2% braqikrania, xolo
dedakacebSi 23,5% da 76,5% Sesabamisad). ase rom afxazTa es seria braqikraniiT gamoirCeva.
megrelebi. samegrelos Tanamedrove mosaxleobas axasiaTebs: braqikranuli Tavis qalas forma, maRali qalas simaRle, ganieri Subli, dabali saxe, ganieri zeda nawilSi da saSualo saxis Sua nawilSi; yvrimalTaSua diametri zomieri; Tvalbudeebis sigane da simaRle saSualoze dabali; mkveTrad win warziduli cxviri, saSualoze maRali unagiriT; saxe mkveTrad
profilirebuli horizontalur da swori vertikalur sibrtyeSi. dedakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: braqikrania, maRali saxe, saxis zeda sigane didi, xolo saxis Sua sigane da yvrimalTaSua diametri mcire, ganieri da maRali Tvalbudeebi, saSualo siganisa da maRali cxviri, cxviris unagiri
Zalian maRali, saxe orTognatuli, profilirebuli. samwuxarod, umetesi
niSani aRebulia erT Tavis qalaze, amitom zogierT niSnebSi SeiniSneba individualuri variaciis kvali.
aWarlebis (baTumi) seria Zalze
polimorfulia. mamakacebSi gamovle-
nilia Tavis qalas ramdenime forma (n=29): doliqokranuli (3%), mezokranuli (53%), braqikranuli (24%), hiperbraqikranuli (17%) da ultrabraqikranuli (3%). raodenobrivad mezokranebi Warboben. aseve cvalebadia Tvalbudis
maCvenebeli (n=27), gamovlenilia: hameokonhuri (3.7%), mezokonhuri (40.7%) da
hipokonhuri (55.6%) Tvalbudeebi; cxviris maCveneblis mixedviT (n=21) aRiniSneba leptorinuli (61.9%), mezorinuli (19.0%) da hamerinuli (19.0%) cxviri. yvelaze cvalebadi simoturi da dakrionuli maCveneblebia. simoturi
maCveneblis mixedviT ZiriTadad saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli fiqsirdeba,
xolo ganawileba Semdegnairia (n=23): mcire (13%), saSualo (26%), didi (48%)
da Zalian didi (13%). dakrionuli maCvenebeli simoturTan erTad cxviris
38
unagiris simaRleze miuTiTebs. aWarlebs ZiriTadad saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli axasiaTebT (n=24): mcire (4.1%), saSualo (29.2%), didi (37.5%) da Zalian didi (29.2%). aRsaniSnavia seriaSi saxis, zeda maCveneblis ganawileba.
seriaSi gamovlenilia TiTqmis yvela gradacia maCveneblisa (n=16): europrozopuli (31.2%), mezoprozopuli (43.8%), leptoprozopuli (18.8%) da hiperleptoprozopuli (6.2%) saxe. am yovelivedan Cans, rom mosaxleoba metad
cvalebadia. dedakacebis Tavis qalebi ZiriTadad imeoreben zemoT aRniSnul niSanTa cvalebadobas. am seriaSic mezokranebi sWarboben (n=18), Tumca
umniSvnelod, radgan
doliqo (38.9%), mezo (50%) da braqikranuli (11.1%)
formebia dafiqsirebuli.
sxvadasxva formebis raodenobrivi Sefardeba pirobiTia, radgan damokidebulia arCevis SemTxveviTobaze. garda amisa, Cven ar viciT realuri
ricxvi im mosaxleobisa, romelic Tavis micvalebulebs krZalavda konkretul samarovnis teritoriaze da a. S. amitom mniSvnelovania zogadi tendenciis gamovlena, rac Seexeba am seriis qalebis kraniologiur polimorfizms, miuxedavad zogadi cnebisa, rom qalebs mamakacebTan SedarebiT braqikefalia metad axasiaTebT, am SemTxvevaSi sawinaaRmdego suraTia saxeze,
sxva danarCeni niSniT gansxvaveba ar aRiniSneba.
imerlebis kraniologiuri seriis mamakacebis Tavis qalebi morfologiurad gansxvavebulia, maTgan, erTi xasiaTdeba: mcire grZivi da Zalze ganieri - hiperbraqikranuli Tavis qaliT da maRali qalasarqveliT. saSualo
siganis mkveTrad profilirebuli vertikalur proeqciaSi saxiT, mkveTrad
warziduli, maRali unagiris mqone cxviriT da didi TvalbudeebiT. mamakacis meore Tavis qala xasiaTdeba: Zalze grZivi da viwro Tavis qaliT (doliqokrania), saSualo siganis mkveTrad profilirebuli saxiT, cxviris maRali unagiriT. amave seriis qalebi xasiaTdebian: zomieri braqikraniiT, maRali qalasarqveliT, zomieri siganis da profilirebuli saxiT, cxviris
maRali unagiriT.
mTiulebis (avenisi) seriis mamakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire
grZivi da saSualoze maRali ganivi diametrebi, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli
braqikranuli, Tumca erTi mezokranuli formac fiqsirdeba. aRsaniSnavia
seriis polimorfuloba. braqikranuli Tavis qalebi xasiaTdebian, rogorc
viwro, saSualo da ganieri SubliT; mcire, saSualo da Zalian didi saxis
zeda siganiT; saxis Zalian mcire, saSualo da didi siganiT; yvrimalTaSua
39
diametri saSualoze didia, magram ar aRwevs im maqsimalur
mniSvnelobas,
riTac gamoirCeva kavkasionis tipi. Tvalbudeebi ganieri da mcire simaRlis,
cxviri saSualo siganisa da saSualoze maRali, unagiri saSualo simaRlis, cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Zalian didi, saxe mkveTrad
profilirebuli horizontalur da swori vertikalur sibrtyeSi. seriis
dedakacebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: saSualo grZivi da saSualoze maRali
ganivi diametrebi, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli braqikranuli, Tumca mezokranul formebTan erTad hiperbraqikranulic vlindeba. qalebs axasiaTebT: ganieri Subli, saSualo saxis zeda sigane da mcire saxis Sua sigane, saSualoze mcire yvrimalebi, ganieri da saSualo sididis Tvalbudeebi, saSualo siganis da saSualoze maRali cxviri, mkveTrad win warziduli, cxviris unagiri saSualoze maRali, saxe mkveTrad profilirebuli horizontalur sibrtyeSi da swori vertikalurSi. kacebTan gansxvavebiT qalebSi erTi mezognatuli saxis saerTo kuTxe da erTic saSualoze maRali
nazoma-
laruli kuTxe aRiniSneba. sxva danarCeni niSnebi amave Tavis qalebze normaluri cvalebadobis farglebSia. nazomolaruli kuTxe (146,4) hiperbraqikranul Tavis qalazea dafiqsirebuli. Cveni azriT, radgan dedakacebis Tavis qalasTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sublis Zvlis qicvis vertikaluri
mdgo-
mareoba, xolo borcvebi gamokveTiT aqvT gamoxatuli, nazioni (n), romelic
iRebs monawileobas zeda vertikalur kuTxis gazomvaSi agebulebidan gamomdinare ufro dabla fiqsirdeba. garda amisa, braqikefalizacias Tan
sdevs saxis ganivi zomebis zrda, rac TavisTavad cvlis saxis iers, xolo
am SemTxvevaSi miuxedavad kuTxis maRali mniSvnelobisa sxva niSnebiT Tavis qala evropeoiduli tipisadmi kuTvnilebas adasturebs. aRsaniSnavia,
rom avenisis seria baTumis seriisagan gansxvavebiT ufro didi yvrimalTaSoris diametriT da ufro mcire grZivi diametriT xasiaTdeba. orive seriis Tavis qalebze aReniSneba saxe mkveTrad
profilirebuli, orTognatu-
li, maRali unagiriT.
samedicino universitetis anatomiis kaTedris muzeumSi daculi mamakacis Tavis qalasaTvis gansakuTrebulad damaxasiaTebelia Zalze mokle
grZivi da mcire ganivi qalas diametrebi. qalas maCvenebeli braqikranulia.
saxe viwro, dabali da mkveTrad profilirebuli. cxviris unagiri zomieri
simaRlis, xolo cxviris Zvlebi mkveTrad win warziduli.
40
qurTebis kraniologiuri seria zemoT warmodgenili zogadi morfotipisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. mamakacebis Tavis qalebi xasiaTdebian: Zalze
didi grZivi da saSualoze mcire ganivi diametrebiT, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli dabali (doliqo-mezokranuli); Subli saSualo an saSualoze viwro;
kefa mkveTrad gamodrekili; saxe saSualo siganis, zomierad profilirebuli; cxviri saSualo simaRlisa da siganis, cxviris unagiri saSualo simaRlis. qalebi xasiaTdebian: Zalze didi grZivi da saSualo an saSualoze
odnav meti qalas siganiT. qalas maCvenebeli dabali, saxe horizontalur
proeqciaSi zomierad profilirebuli; cxviri saSualo simaRlisa da saSualoze viwro, cxviris unagiri saSualo simaRlis.
yvrimalTaSoris diamet-
ri saSualo siganis (gazomilia 1 Tavis qalaze).
osebis mamakacebis Tavis qalebi xasiaTdebian: zomieri ganivi da grZivi
diametrebiT, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli mezokranuli, saxe zomieri siganis,
zomierad profilirebuli, cxviri saSualoze maRali, saSualo siganis zomierad warziduli, cxviris unagiri saSualoze odnav maRali. amave seriis
dedakacebi xasiaTdebian mezokraniiT, swori SubliT, saSualoze farTo saxiT, saxis profili horizontalur proeqciaSi saSualoze mcire, vertikalur proeqciaSi zomierad daqanebuli, cxviri zomieri siganis da simaRlis.
somxebis mamakacebis kraniologiuri seria xasiaTdeba: saSualoze mokle zomierad braqikranuli qalasarqveliT, saSualo simaRlisa da saSualoze maRali saxiT, vertikalur proeqciaSi zomierad swori, xolo horizontalur proeqciaSi saSualoze metad profilirebuli saxiT, cxviris
Zvlebi Zalzed win warziduli, unagiri maRali. amave seriis dedakacebi xasiaTdebian: mokle da ganieri qalasarqveliT, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli braqikranuli, saxe saSualoze meti siganis, swori da saSualoze metad profilirebuli, cxviri saSualoze maRali, mkveTrad win warziduli cxviris
ZvlebiT.
amrigad, Tanamedrove mosaxleobis kraniologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze mosaxleoba ganekuTvneba indoxmelTaSuazRvispirul rasas. aWarlebis, megrelebis da afxazebis kraniologiuri seriebi, SedarebiT viwro saxiTa da cxviriT usaTuod kolxuri tipis warmomadgenlebi arian. avenisis
kraneologiur seriaSi SeiniSneba kavkasionis tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
SedarebiT farTo saxe. braqikefalizaciis procesi ganxilul seriebSi ar
41
aris bolomde misuli, radgan yvela seriaSi jer kidev mezokranebis sakmao
raodenobaa dafiqsirebuli, xolo qurTebis seriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi kaspiur anTropologiur tipTan maT morfologiur identurobaze
metyvelebs.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos, kerZod avenisis seria xasiaTdeba mcire grZivi da didi ganivi diametrebiT, qalas Zalian maRali maCvenebeliT. am niSniT maTTan msgavsebas avlenen afxazebi (mcire grZivi da saSualo ganivi
diametrebi, qalas maCvenebeli braqikranuli). megrelebi da aWarlebi aseve
braqikraniuli Tavis qalebiT xasiaTdebian. braqikrania, aWrlebSi didi da
megrelebSi ki Zalian didi ganivi diametriTaa ganpirobebuli. megrelebi
gamoirCevian Zalian ganieri SubliT da yvrimalebiT; dabali cxviriT da
dabali saxis simaRliT. aWarlebis ganmasxvavebeli niSania viwro cxviri.
afxazebisaTvis saSualo siganis yvrimalebi, xolo saSualo cxviris siganiT isini aWarlebTan msgavsebas amJRavneben. avenisis ganmasxvavebeli niaSania saSualoze maRali cxviri, mkveTri braqikrania. mTlianobaSi am niSanTa
kompleqsiT Tanamedrove aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba
diferencirdeba.
Tu erTmaneTTan SevadarebT saqarTvelos farglebs gareT mopovebul
kraniologiur seriebs (osebi, somxebi), aRiniSneba afxazebis meti msgavseba
saqarTvelos Tanadroul mosaxleobasTan.
somxebi afxazebisagan gansxvavdebian saSualoze maRali da saSualoze meti siganis saxiT, saSualoze maRali cxviriT. megreli mamakacebi (mcirericxovani seriis mixedviT) somexi mamakacebisagan gansxvavdebian dabali
saxiT, mkveTri braqikraniiT, xolo dedakacebi _ zomieri yvrimalTaSoris
diametriT.
osebs mTiulebisgan gansxvavebiT mezokrania axasiaTebT. garda amisa,
os dedakacebSi aRniSnulia sustad gamoxatuli cxviri saSualo unagiriT.
kavkasionis anTropologiuri tipis or warmomadgenels Soris aRniSnuli
gansxvaveba Tavis formis mixedviT, Cveni azriT, masalis SemTxveviTobasTanaa kavSirSi. Tumca, aqvea aRsaniSnavi, rom avenisis mosaxleobaSi aris gamovlenili mezokranuli formebi.
afxazebi osebisagan gansxvavebiT maRali unagiriT, mkveTrad win warziduli cxviriTa da mkveTrad profilirebuli saxiT gamoirCevian.
42
qurTebi, rogorc qarTvelebis, aseve afxazebis da somxebisagan doliqo-mezokraniiT, viwro SubliT da saSualo yvrimalTaSoris diametriT gamoirCevian.
zemoT, zogadad ganvixileT Cvens xelT arsebuli kavkasiis Tanamedrove mosaxleobis kraniologiuri polimorfizmi. aRvniSneT ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da a.S.
afxazebis kraniologiuri niSnebis individualuri da saSualo monacemebi warmodgenilia cxrilebSi (1-2).
imisaTvis, rom gangvesazRvra, ramdenad erTgvarovania
Tanamedrove af-
xazebis seria, aris Tu ara masSi minarevebi, gamoviyeneT Semdegi saxis statistikuri meTodebi:
1. seriaSi gazomili yoveli niSnis saerTo sidide (X), misi gadaxra (S),
saSualo Secdoma (x), da variaciis koeficienti (CV) (Sokal and Rohlf, 2000).
2. or jgufs Soris, romelTa individTa raodenoba iyo xuTi da meti
msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis dasadgenad gamoyenebuli iqna k. pirsonis msgavsebis koeficienti da morfologiuri distanciebi.
3. ZiriTad niSanTvisebaTa komponentebis gamosayofad, erTis mxriv, vawarmoebT ZiriTadi komponentebis analizs da, meores mxriv, diskrimentul
analizs, raTa a priori gamovyoT is variaciebi, romlebiTac TiToeuli jgufi ganicdis diskriminacias erTmaneTis mimarT (Patterson and Howells, 1976 ;
Junger et al.,1995 ; Lagun and Jungers, 1996 ; Aiello et al.,1999 ; Sokal and Rohlf, 2000). es ukanaskneli analizi jgufebSi individTa SezRuduli raodenobebis gamo warmoebuli iqna jgufis saSualo ariTmetikulis monacemebze dayrdnobiT
(Sokal and Rohlf, 2000).
statistikuri analizisTvis gamoyenebuli iqna JMP 6.0.2 (Copyright © 2005,
SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and PAST version 1.61 (Copyright Hammer and Harper 19992007 Hammer et al.,2001)) .
warmodgenil jgufs Soris univaribelurma Sedarebam aCvena, rom aWarlebi
metad variabeluri populaciaa vidre afxazebi. standartuli gadaxris koeficientiT (S) afxazebi gansxvavdebian megrelebisagan Semdegi niSnebis mixedviT: ganivi diametri, grZivi diametri, qalas simaRle, qalas fuZis sigrZe, saxis sruli simaRle, Sublis umciresi sigane, saxis zeda sigane, yvrimalTaSua diametris SedarebiT
didi zomebiT da mcire kuTxiT cxviris
Zvlebis profilis xazTan. afxazebi axlos dganan aWarlebTan, maT Soris
43
gansxvavebebi Zalian mcirea. aWarlebs axasiaTebT SedarebiT didi grZivi
diametri, saxis sruli simaRle, Tvalbudis sigane da simaRle da SedarebiT mcire cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan.
pirveladi analizis safuZvelze miRebuli warmodgenis formalizebisaTvis
Catarebulia komponenturi analizi. amis gansaxorcieleblad gamoTvlili iyo
mravlobiTi korelaciebi ZiriTadi kraniometrul niSnebs Soris (cxr.#3). kraniologiuri niSnebis korelaciuri matricis analizi gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze maRali kavSiri aRiniSneba qalas fuZisa da saxis fuZis sigrZeebs Soris (0.82) da
saxis zeda simaRlesa da cxviris simaRles Soris (0.81). Tavis qalas grZivi diametri mniSvnelovnad korelirebs qalas fuZis sigrZesTan (0.74). da qalas saxis
fuZis sigrZesTan (0.71);
aseve maRali korelaciuri kavSiria saxis Sua siganesa
da yvrimalTaSua diametrs Soris (0.73).
saxis profilirebis maCvenebel niSnebTan metad aris dakavSirebuli
Tavis qalas ganivi diametri, radgan mxolod am niSanTan susti, magram dadebiTi korelaciebi akavSirebT saxis saerTo kuTxes (0.31) da cxviris Zvlebis kuTxes profilis xazTan (0.41). es niSnebi yvelaze metad dakavSirebuli
arian erTmaneTTan (0.52), xolo yvela danarCenTan avlenen sust uaryofiT
kavSirebs (cxr.#3).
komponenturi analiziT vlindeba, rom afxazebis mTliani cvalebadobis
89.1%-s aRwers 7 ZiriTadi komponenti (cxr.#4). maqsimaluri cvalebadoba pirvel
komponentze modis (37.6%), xolo danarCeni eqvsi komponenti erToblivad cvalebadobis 51.5%-s moicavs. calkeuli komponentebis interpretacias araerTgvarovan daskvnebamde mivyavarT.
I komponenti Semdegi niSnebiT itvirTeba: saxis fuZis sigrZe (0.40397), grZivi
diametri (0.38995), yvrimalTaSua diametri (0.36776), saxis Sua sigane (0.33014), qalas
fuZis sigrZe (0.32371), saxis zeda sigane (0.31996). dabal datvirTvas avlenen saxis
grZivi zomebi: saxis zeda simaRle (0.23279), cxviris simaRle (0.17879), qalas simaRle (0.20767). am komponentze umetesad saxis ganivi zomebi asaxaven afxazebis
Sidapopulaciur cvalebadobas. zogadad, I komponenti ganivi zomebis cvalebadobis komponentia. am komponentiT ar xdeba jgufebis diferencireba.
44
45
46
Table #2
Average dimensions of modern Abkhazians craniological marks
Martin
Tanamedrove afxazebisA kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi
zomebi
Measurements
mamakacebi male
n
X
x
S
dedakacebi female
n
X
x
S
1
grZivi diametri Longitudinal diameter (G-op)
43
173.0
1.09
7.17
17
166.06
1.05
4.33
8
ganivi diametri Transversal diameter (eu-eu)
44
144.14
0.69
4.59
17
135.47
1.19
4.91
17
qalas simaRle Height of skull (b-ba)
39
135.05
0.78
4.89
17
129.35
1.03
4.26
8:1
Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Indicator of skull
43
83.47
0.66
4.34
17
84.06
0.96
3.96
9
Sublis umc. sigane Smallest width of forehead (ft-ft)
43
96.26
0.71
4.66
17
94.47
0.92
3.81
43
66.85
0.49
3.23
17
67.79
0.76
3.12
39
100.51
0.73
4.55
17
95.82
1.07
4.40
5
Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of
forehead
qalas fuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba)
40
saxis fuZis sigrZe Length of face base (eba-pr)
32
94.87
0.92
5.22
12
89.25
1.32
4.57
45
yvrimalTaSua diametri Vertebra diameter (zy-zy)
31
131.42
0.86
4.80
12
123.42
0.99
3.43
46
saxis Sua sigane Middle width of face (zm-zm)
31
91.61
0.83
4.64
10
86.90
1.42
4.48
43
saxis zeda sigane Upper width of face (fmt-fmt)
39
104.49
0.67
4.19
16
100.06
0.90
3.19
48’
saxis zeda simaRle Upper height of face (n-alv)
32
69.28
0.81
4.56
11
65.73
1.25
4.14
77
nazomalaruli kuTxe Azomalarical angle (fmo-n-fmo)
33
138.27
0.60
3.44
13
136.76
1.25
4.51
Zm*
zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe Igomaxilaric angle (zm-ss-zm)
30
125.80
0.82
4.49
10
123.10
2.17
6.86
72
saxis saerTo kuTxe Common angle of face (n-pr)
30
87.23
0.46
2.51
11
89.0
0.96
3.19
48:45
saxis maCvenebeli Indicator of face
28
52.79
0.64
3.37
11
53.44
0.92
3.06
48:17
vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical
facio-selebral indicator
30
50.40
0.56
3.17
13
51.00
0.81
2.93
40:5
saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined
face
31
94.42
0.58
3.23
12
94.61
1.13
3.92
54
cxviris sigane Width of nose (nl-nl)
32
24.66
0.31
1.73
12
23.17
0.45
1.57
55
cxviris simaRle Height of nose (n-ns)
33
52.58
0.49
2.83
12
48.75
0.46
1.59
54/55
cxviris maCvenebeli Indicator of nose
32
46.85
0.55
3.09
12
47.57
1.34
3.61
DS
dakrionuli simaRle Dacrionic height
30
12.84
0.35
1.93
12
11.82
0.56
1.94
SS
simoturi simaRle Symotic height
29
4.21
0.25
1.34
10
3.89
0.20
0.90
75’
cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle
of nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)
29
30.38
1.23
6.61
9
28.67
1.41
4.22
51
Tvalbudis sigane Width of eye cavity (ORB-MF)
33
41.94
0.27
1.54
14
40.09
0.38
1.44
52
Tvalbudis simaRle Height of eye cavity ORH
33
33.55
0.42
2.40
14
33.57
0.37
1.40
52:51
Tvalbudis maCvenebeli Indicator of eye cavity
33
80.12
1.17
6.74
14
89.21
1.58
5.89
47
saxis sruli simaRle Full height of face (n-gn)
7
115.29
2.46
6.53
2
112.5
-
-
SC
simoturi sigane Symotic width
33
8.24
0.47
2.67
14
8.4
0.50
1.87
DC
dakrionuli sigane Dacrionic width
30
20.2
0.47
2.57
13
18.98
0.81
2.94
FC
eSvis fossos siRrme Depth of canine tooth
32
2.63
0.42
2.35
11
1.82
0.51
1.70
DS/DC
dakrionuli maCvenebeli Dacrionic indicator
30
63.56
0.44
2.40
11
62.28
0.81
2.70
SS/SC
simoturi maCvenebeli Symotic indicator
29
51.09
0.65
3.50
13
46.31
0.64
2.30
9:8
* Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)
47
Continuation table #2
Average dimensions of modern Adjarians craniological marks
Martin
Tanamedrove aWarlebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi
zomebi
Measurements
mamakacebi male
n
X
dedakacebi female
x
S
n
X
x
S
1
33
180.2
2.38
7.90
24
177.0
1.43
7.03
8
29
144.6
0.98
5.30
19
135.5
0.87
3.80
17
31
136.7
1.08
6.01
22
130.4
0.94
4.40
8:1
29
80.4
0.87
4.73
19
76.2
0.92
4.02
9
30
98.3
0.75
4.09
23
94.0
0.88
4.24
9:8
forehead
28
67.8
0.60
3.18
18
69.8
0.67
2.84
5
31
101.6
0.92
5.14
23
97.7
1.06
5.10
40
23
93.6
1.02
4.88
17
89.8
1.26
5.22
45
18
131.9
0.64
6.98
11
123.8
0.94
3.12
46
25
92.6
0.92
4.60
13
89.8
1.13
4.07
43
26
106.6
0.94
4.82
13
100.6
0.81
2.95
48’
22
70.2
1.03
4.84
13
66.9
0.28
6.62
77
26
137.7
1.01
5.16
16
136.4
1.59
6.35
Zm*
21
127.8
2.07
9.52
12
121.3
1.28
4.45
72
22
88.1
0.73
3.42
12
87.7
0.84
2.93
48:45
15
53.1
1.13
4.39
9
55.2
1.14
3.42
48:17
vetikaluri facio-cerebraluri maCv. Vertical facioselebral indicator
21
51.4
0.91
12
52.5
0.94
3.24
40:5
saxis daxrilobis maCvenebeli Indicator of inclined face
23
92.5
0.88
4.24
17
92.3
0.99
4.06
54
20
23.9
0.44
1.97
16
23.3
0.43
1.72
55
27
52.5
0.74
3.82
17
49.8
0.65
2.70
54/55
20
46.1
1.06
4.75
16
46.7
1.27
5.10
DS
23
12.3
0.34
1.61
16
12.0
0.48
1.91
SS
25
4.8
0.23
1.09
18
4.6
0.25
1.05
75’
cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of
nose bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)
16
32.4
1.54
6.16
10
31.1
1.86
5.87
51
29
42.3
0.29
1.56
17
40.3
0.35
1.46
52
29
36.1
0.42
2.27
18
34.8
0.45
1.92
52:51
28
85.3
1.13
5.98
17
86.5
1.91
7.63
47
23
58.4
1.98
9.51
16
55.5
1.91
7.63
SC
25
45.9
2.51
12.6
18
47.8
2.07
8.80
DC
26
21.3
0.50
2.4
16
21.8
0.7
2.90
DS/DC
25
58.1
1.90
9.8
16
55.2
2.00
7.90
SS/SC
25
48.5
2.40
12.3
16
47.9
2.10
9.0
48
4.13
Average dimensions of modern Megrelians craniological marks
Martin
Tanamedrove
zomebi
megrelebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi
Measurements
mamakacebi male
dedakacebi female
n
X
x
S
n
X
x
S
1
8
182.1
2.32
6.56
3
174.0
5.55
9.62
8
7
150.1
2.53
6.70
2
144.0
1.41
2.00
17
5
140.4
0.96
2.16
1
138.0
-
-
8:1
7
83.0
1.32
3.50
2
85.3
2.02
2.85
9
8
102.9
1.17
3.30
3
101.7
1.96
3.40
9:8
Subl. ganivi maCvenebeli Longitudinal indicator of forehead
7
68.1
1.35
3.57
2
70.1
1.27
1.80
5
5
102.8
1.80
4.02
1
98.0
-
-
40
4
96.5
1.82
3.64
1
96.0
-
-
45
2
138.0
1.42
2.00
1
129.0
-
-
46
5
97.2
1.31
2.93
2
91.5
3.18
4.50
43
8
108.1
1.03
2.93
3
107.0
1.70
2.95
48’
5
66.0
1.35
3.03
2
72.0
2.12
3.00
77
6
137.2
1.45
3.51
3
139.2
3.80
6.58
Zm*
5
127.5
1.18
2.64
2
123.3
0.81
1.15
72
4
88.7
1.08
2.16
1
86.0
-
-
48:45
2
50.0
0.51
0.72
1
58.1
-
-
48:17
4
47.1
1.01
2.02
1
54.3
-
-
40:5
4
94.8
0.90
1.81
1
98.0
-
-
54
5
25.2
0.23
2.31
2
24.5
0.35
0.50
55
5
50.4
1.25
2.80
2
52.5
1.76
2.50
54/55
5
50.2
2.57
5.75
2
46.8
2.24
3.18
DS
4
13.3
0.81
1.62
2
13.1
0.60
0.85
SS
3
41
0.67
1.16
2
6.0
0.60
0.85
75’
3
34.3
3.60
6.23
-
-
-
-
51
4
41.0
0.79
1.58
2
42.0
-
-
52
5
33.2
0.65
1.46
2
34.5
0.35
0.50
52:51
4
80.4
0.84
1.68
2
82.1
0.84
1.19
DS/DC
4
55.1
3.30
6.59
2
64.5
6.46
9.13
SS/SC
3
44.8
2.86
4.91
2
62.6
3.78
5.31
49
Average dimensions of modern Jinvaly (Avenici) craniological marks
mTiulebis Tanamedrove
kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi
Martin
zomebi
Measurements
mamakacebi male
dedakacebi female
n
X
x
S
n
X
x
S
1
5
174.4
4.01
8.96
7
173.0
1.59
4.21
8
5
146.6
1.54
3.44
6
142.5
2.22
5.44
17
5
134.6
2.05
4.59
6
129.8
1.69
4.14
8:1
5
84.4
2.84
6.36
6
82.7
1.63
4.01
9
5
98.0
1.70
3.80
7
97.6
1.36
3.62
9:8
5
66.9
1.71
3.83
6
69.1
1.05
2.57
5
f h dfuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba)
qalas
5
110.8
1.66
3.71
7
99.3
1.17
3.10
40
2
97.5
6.01
8.50
4
96.5
1.67
3.35
45
5
136.2
2.03
4.54
7
127.3
1.26
3.33
46
5
96.6
2.34
5.24
7
92.1
0.93
2.47
43
5
107.6
1.93
4.32
7
106.1
1.36
3.60
48’
2
70.0
0.70
1.00
4
69.0
1.76
3.54
77
5
136.7
1.33
2.97
7
137.3
1.98
5.23
Zm*
5
125.3
2.44
5.46
7
123.1
0.60
1.61
72
2
87.5
1.06
1.50
7
86.5
1.52
3.04
48:45
2
50.4
0.02
0.03
4
86.5
1.52
3.04
48:17
2
50.4
0.51
0.72
3
51.5
0.48
0.83
40:5
2
96.4
2.58
3.65
4
96.3
1.82
3.65
54
5
25.0
0.75
1.67
7
24.6
0.34
0.90
55
5
55.4
2.29
5.12
7
51.9
1.28
3.38
54/55
5
45.4
1.93
4.33
7
47.9
1.45
3.83
DS
5
11.6
0.29
0.64
7
10.7
0.55
1.47
SS
5
4.9
0.47
1.06
7
4.8
0.57
1.51
75’
1
30.0
-
-
2
30.5
3.18
4.50
51
5
43.8
0.76
1.72
7
42.4
0.44
1.18
52
5
33.4
0.82
1.85
7
34.0
0.49
1.30
52:51
5
76.3
1.76
3.93
7
80.1
0.89
2.38
DS/DC
5
51.2
2.06
4.62
7
51.0
3.56
9.46
SS/SC
5
46.7
3.48
7.79
7
38.7
5.84
15.5
50
Average dimensions of modern Georgian (anatomy) craniological marks
Tanamedrove qarTveli mamakacis kraniologiuri niSnebi GGG
Martin
zomebi
Measurements
mamakacebi male
n
X
x
S
1
1
169.0
-
-
8
1
137.0
-
-
17
1
132.0
-
-
8:1
1
81.1
-
-
9
1
87.0
-
-
9:8
1
63.5
-
-
5
forehead
1
96.0
-
-
40
1
85.0
-
-
45
1
123.0
-
-
46
1
80.0
-
-
43
1
95.0
-
-
48’
1
62.0
-
-
77
1
134.0
-
-
Zm*
1
119.1
-
-
72
1
92.0
-
-
48:45
1
50.4
-
-
48:17
1
47.0
-
-
40:5
1
88.5
-
-
54
1
23.0
-
-
55
1
51.0
-
-
54/55
1
45.1
-
-
DS
1
11.0
-
-
SS
1
4.2
-
-
75’
?
46
51
1
40.0
-
-
52
1
32.0
-
52:51
1
80.0
-
47
1
110
-
SC
1
7.0
-
DC
1
16.0
-
FC
1
5.5
-
DS/DC
1
68.8
-
SS/SC
1
60.1
-
51
Martin
Tanamedrove imerlebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi
zomebi
Measurements
mamakacebi male
dedakacebi female
n
X
x
S
n
X
x
S
1
2
184.0
4.90
7.00
2
176.2
1.06
1.51
8
2
149.0
11.3
16.0
2
140.5
0.37
0.53
17
2
140.5
2.47
3.50
2
126.5
2.47
3.50
8:1
2
81.4
8.34
11.8
2
80.1
0.68
0.97
9
2
97.5
5.30
7.50
3
91.0
0.47
0.83
9:8
forehead
2
65.6
1.42
2.01
2
65.1
0.42
0.59
5
2
107.5
0.36
0.50
3
94.3
2.59
4.49
40
1
102.0
-
-
3
93.0
4.03
6.98
45
2
138.5
1.77
2.50
3
124.3
2.68
4.64
46
1
100.0
-
-
3
91.3
2.17
3.77
43
2
105.5
3.18
4.50
3
102.0
1.70
2.94
48’
1
74.0
-
-
3
65.7
0.54
0.94
77
2
139.9
1.48
2.10
3
144.1
1.61
2.80
Zm*
2
130.0
-
-
3
129.2
1.15
2.00
72
1
89.0
-
-
3
86.0
1.89
3.27
48:45
1
52.5
-
-
3
52.9
0.91
1.57
48:17
1
51.4
-
-
2
52.2
1.58
2.24
40:5
1
94.4
-
-
3
98.5
1.55
2.69
54
2
26.5
0.35
0.50
3
23.3
0.72
1.24
55
2
53.5
0.35
0.50
3
48.3
0.54
0.94
54/55
2
49.5
0.99
1.40
3
48.3
1.46
2.54
DS
2
13.4
0.07
0.10
2
11.7
0.49
0.70
SS
2
5.8
0.21
0.30
3
4.2
0.35
0.61
75’
1
36.0
-
-
1
27.0
-
-
51
2
44.5
1.76
2.50
3
41.3
0.27
0.47
52
2
63.0
2.12
3.00
3
32.3
0.98
1.70
52:51
2
80.7
1.56
2.20
3
78.2
2.30
3.99
FC
DS/DC
2
70.7
2.25
3.19
2
71.1
1.57
2.22
SS/SC
2
6532
2.52
3.56
3
56.7
4.88
8.35
52
Martin
Tanamedrove qurTebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi
zomebi
Measurements
mamakacebi male
x
S
x
S
1
5
190.0
2.93
6.57
6
188.8
3.09
7.56
8
5
137.6
2.17
4.84
6
139.3
2.13
5.21
17
3
133.0
2.50
4.32
5
132.4
1.04
2.34
8:1
5
72.6
2.23
5.00
5
73.2
0.90
2.03
9
5
92.6
1.51
3.38
6
96.7
1.98
4.86
9:8
forehead
5
67.3
1.12
2.52
5
69.7
2.07
4.63
5
3
99.0
1.70
2.94
5
96.4
1.04
2.34
40
1
94.0
-
-
8
-
-
-
45
3
134.7
0.55
0.96
1
124.0
-
-
46
3
91.0
2.86
4.96
3
90.3
4.27
7.40
43
5
102.0
1.79
4.00
6
103.0
2.08
5.10
48’
1
73.0
-
-
1
62.0
-
-
77
3
140.4
1.11
1.93
6
136.1
1.58
8.87
Zm*
n
X
dedakacebi female
n
X
5
-
-
-
1
126.0
-
-
72
5
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
48:45
1
54.5
-
-
8
-
-
-
48:17
1
56.6
-
-
1
46.6
-
-
40:5
1
98.9
-
-
8
-
-
-
54
2
25.5
1.06
1.50
4
22.0
0.70
1.41
55
3
52.7
0.98
1.69
4
50.2
2.56
5.12
54/55
2
48.1
0.71
1.01
3
46.1
1.48
2.57
DS
2
8.7
0.91
1.30
3
9.2
0.11
0.19
SS
2
4.2
0.25
0.35
4
4.00
0.43
0.86
5
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
51
2
42.5
0.36
0.50
4
40.5
0.25
0.50
52
2
35.5
0.35
0.50
4
34.2
1.63
3.27
52:51
2
83.6
1.53
2.16
4
84.6
4.12
8.24
DS/DC
2
42.5
6.79
9.60
2
51.6
2.09
2.96
SS/SC
2
49.1
4.54
6.43
4
50.6
2.30
4.61
75’
53
Average dimensions of modern Ossetians (Odessa) craniological marks
Martin
Tanamedrove osebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi
zomebi
Measurements
mamakacebi male
n
X
x
S
dedakacebi female
n
X
x
S
1
4
181.0
3.06
6.13
2
180.0
5.65
8.00
8
3
144.3
2.84
4.92
2
144.0
3.53
5.00
17
4
134.7
2.43
4.86
2
135.5
5.30
7.50
8:1
3
78.4
0.71
1.24
2
80.0
0.55
0.77
9
4
96.0
3.02
6.04
2
96.5
1.78
2.50
9:8
3
68.7
2.67
6.63
2
67.0
0.41
0.59
5
4
100.2
1.08
2.17
2
100.5
3.18
4.50
40
3
96.3
2.88
4.99
1
96.0
-
-
45
3
134.3
0.73
1.26
2
132.5
6.01
8.50
46
3
96.3
1.51
2.62
2
90.0
0.70
1.00
43
3
106.0
1.88
3.26
2
102.5
0.35
0.50
48’
3
67.7
3.34
5.79
1
61.0
-
-
77
4
143.3
1.80
3.61
2
141.5
3.46
4.90
4
131.3
1.37
2.75
2
131.1
2.19
3.09
Zm*
72
2
87.5
1.06
1.50
1
81.0
-
-
48:45
2
49.9
4.07
5.76
1
49.2
-
-
48:17
3
51.2
3.26
5.65
1
47.7
-
-
40:5
3
97.0
3.06
5.30
1
100.0
-
-
54
4
26.5
0.75
1.50
2
25.0
-
-
55
4
51.7
2.35
4.71
2
47.5
1.76
2.50
54/55
4
51.5
1.74
3.48
2
52.8
1.96
2.78
DS
4
12.3
0.51
1.02
2
10.0
1.06
1.50
SS
4
4.3
0.31
0.63
2
3.1
0.04
0.05
75’
cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of nose
bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)
1
27.0
-
-
1
16.0
-
-
51
4
45.0
0.61
1.22
2
43.0
2.12
3.00
52
4
34.2
0.54
1.08
2
33.5
1.76
2.50
52:51
4
76.1
0.44
0.88
2
77.9
0.28
0.38
47
2
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
DS/DC
4
59.2
4.43
8.87
2
50.3
7.22
10.2
SS/SC
4
47.1
4.63
9.27
2
33.3
5.70
8.06
54
Average dimensions of modern Bingel-Dag (Armenias) craniological marks
Tanamedrove somxebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo zomebi
Martin
zomebi Measurements
mamakacebi male
dedakacebi female
1
n
90
X
172.4
x
0.59
S
5.62
n
47
X
166.2
x
0.90
S
6.17
8
90
144.1
0.46
4.37
47
140.8
0.66
4.54
17
89
134.8
0.58
5.50
47
131.1
0.78
5.35
8:1
89
83.7
0.34
3.24
47
84.8
0.52
3.60
9
90
97.0
0.44
4.20
47
94.6
0.60
4.11
9:8
f h dfuZis sigrZe Length of skull base (n-eba)
qalas
88
67.3
0.35
2.98
47
67.2
0.41
2.85
5
88
100.4
0.40
3.77
47
96.6
0.52
3.58
40
79
96.1
0.55
4.87
42
92.8
0.61
3.95
45
79
133.2
0.52
4.70
39
124.5
0.86
5.41
46
80
94.3
0.59
5.29
38
90.4
0.79
4.88
43
89
105.4
0.41
3.90
47
101.0
0.61
4.20
48’
79
73.5
0.51
4.58
41
69.3
0.90
3.67
77
84
136.0
0.47
4.37
43
136.4
0.67
4.37
78
125.0
0.58
5.08
38
124.4
0.95
5.88
Zm*
72
81
85.9
0.38
3.48
41
85.3
0.49
3.15
48:45
75
55.2
0.38
3.27
38
60.0
0.53
3.25
48:17
78
54.6
0.43
3.78
41
52.9
0.57
3.64
40:5
78
95.9
0.47
4.12
42
96.4
0.60
3.91
54
81
25.5
0.26
2.35
41
23.9
0.34
2.21
55
81
54.2
0.35
3.13
41
51.0
0.51
3.30
54/55
80
47.2
0.57
5.10
40
47.2
0.81
5.14
DS
86
13.3
0.16
1.50
43
11.8
0.22
1.48
SS
80
5.0
0.17
1.53
40
4.6
0.16
1.02
75’
70
34.4
0.53
4.47
37
29.3
1.05
6.41
51
84
42.1
0.19
1.77
42
40.5
0.22
1.40
52
84
34.8
0.24
2.19
42
34.1
0.32
2.10
52:51
83
82.6
0.59
5.39
42
84.2
0.72
4.68
DS/DC
85
62.9
0.82
7.54
43
58.9
1.55
10.2
SS/SC
80
53.8
1.25
11.2
40
47.8
1.89
12.0
*Zm –(Абиндер, 1960)
55
Average dimensions of Middle Ages Duripshi, Abkhazia craniological marks
ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis kraniologiuri niSnebis saSualo
Martin
zomebi, durifSi, afxazeTi.
zomebi
dedakacebi
female
mamakacebi male
Measurements
n
X
x
S
n
X
1
4
179.5
4.04
8.0
1
177.0
8
5
144.6
2.39
5.35
1
141.0
17
2
134.5
0.38
0.53
-
-
8:1
4
81.4
1.74
3.48
1
79.7
9
5
97.6
3.81
8.52
1
96.0
9:8
5
67.4
1.58
3.54
1
68.1
5
2
105.0
0.71
1.00
-
-
40
1
96.0
0.0
0.0
-
-
45
2
136.5
1.77
2.51
-
-
46
3
94.3
0.55
0.95
-
-
43
4
109.3
3.49
6.98
1
104.0
48’
1
65.0
0.0
0.0
-
-
77
3
138.1
0.22
0.38
-
-
Zm*
1
124.9
0
0
-
-
72
1
88.0
0
0
-
-
48:45
-
-
-
-
-
-
48:17
1
86.4
0
0
-
-
40:5
1
92.3
0
0
-
-
54
1
25.0
0
0
-
-
55
1
53.0
0
0
-
-
54/55
?
DS
1
14.5
0
0
-
-
SS
1
4.64
0
0
-
-
75’
cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan Angle of nose
bones at profile line (RHI-N-PR)
-
-
-
-
-
-
51
3
41.3
0.27
0.47
-
-
52
3
32.7
1.19
2.05
-
-
52:51
3
79.0
2.08
4.99
-
-
47
-
-
-
-
-
-
SC
1
9.5
0
0
-
-
DC
2
21.7
2.15
3.04
-
-
FC
2
4.4
0.69
0.98
-
-
DS/DC
1
60.9
0
0
-
-
SS/SC
1
48.8
0
0
-
-
56
x
S
57
Results of the basic components analysis
Table N4
afxazebSi gamoyofili ZiriTadi komponentebi
Basic components
Eigenvalue
Variation %
Total %
1
145.9
37.6
37.6
2
68.7
17.8
55.4
3
45.5
11.7
67.1
4
27.7
7.1
74.3
5
21.9
5.7
79.9
6
19.4
5.0
84.9
7
16.1
4.2
89.1
II komponentze maqsimaluria cxviris Zvlebis kuTxe profilis xazTan
(0.7878), ganivi diametri (0.51361), dabalia saxis saerTo kuTxis (0.19567) da Sublis
umciresi diametris (0.17605) wvlili. meore ZiriTadi komponentis mixedviT afxazebi axlos dganan megrelebTan da gansxvavdebian aWarlebisagan.
III komponenti aseve ganivi zomebis komponentad unda miviCnioT, radgan masze
ZiriTadi
datvirTva
zogad
cvalebadobaSi Sublis umciresi diametri
(0.49520), saxis zeda sigane (0.35886), yvrimalTaSua diametri (0.19404) da Tavis ganivi diametri (0.11316) avlenen.
IV komponenti Tavisa da saxis grZivi zomebis ZiriTad datvirTvas asaxavs.
maqsimaluria qalas simaRle (0.78074), saxis sruli simaRle (0.31523), qalas fuZis
sigrZe (0.20389) da cxviris simaRle (0.11150).
V komponenti ganpirobebulia saxis Sua siganis (0.45800), yvrimalTaSua
diametris (0.40215), Tavis ganivi diametris (0.20872), saxis saerTo kuTxis
(0.18773) da saxis sruli simaRlis (0.17254) cvalebadobiT.
VI komponentze maqsimalur datvirTvas saxis sruli simaRle (0.79151), saxis
saerTo kuTxe (0.29329), cxviris sigane (0.15888) avlenen.
VII komponentze datvirTva yvrimalTaSua diametrs (0.57152), cxviris
Zvlebis kuTxes profilis xazTan (0.33233), saxis zeda siganes (0.14484), qalas
simaRles (0.13434), qalas fuZis sigrZes (0.12344) axasiaTebT. unda aRiniSnos,
rom miuxedavad zogierTi niSnis maRali datvirTvisa meeqvse, meSvide komponentebze TviT am komponentebis mcire wvlili zogad cvalebadobaSi umniSvnelos xdis am datvirTvas.
58
Results of the basic component analysis: loading of basic components
Table N5
afxazebis calkeuli niSnebis I-VII ZiriTad komponentebze datvirTva
Eigenvectors
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
1. G-OP
0.41
0.59
0.53
0.05
0.23
0.07
0.17
8. Eu-Eu
0.24
0.56
0.07
0.00
0.25
0.23
0.05
17.B-BA
0.27
0.20
0.19
0.05
0.42
0.62
0.32
5.N-EBA
0.31
0.02
0.00
0.27
0.08
0.35
0.05
40.EBA-PR
0.33
0.08
0.13
0.45
0.35
0.17
0.46
48’N-ALV
0.19
0.00
0.04
0.60
0.03
0.24
0.59
9.FT-FT
0.18
0.18
0.04
0.32
0.48
0.10
0.42
43.FMT-FMT
0.30
0.01
0.08
0.17
0.49
0.16
0.23
44. ZM-ZM
0.34
0.03
0.03
0.17
0.04
0.29
0.02
45.ZY-ZY
0.41
0.26
0.11
0.02
0.18
0.38
0.08
51.ORB-MF
0.08
0.03
0.02
0.03
0.09
0.04
0.02
52.ORH
0.01
0.02
0.11
0.22
0.03
0.08
0.16
54.NL-NL
0.08
0.02
0.05
0.09
0.08
0.04
0.01
55.N-NS
0.17
0.04
0.08
0.31
0.01
0.10
0.18
72.N-PR
0.00
0.15
0.15
0.04
0.11
0.17
0.06
75.RHI-N-PR
0.12
0.41
0.77
0.19
0.22
0.20
0.06
Semdgomi statistikuri analizi diskrimentulia, romelmac aCvena, rom
I faqtori 74.7% diskriminacias ganicdis da gamoyofs aWarlebs afxazebisagan Semdegi niSnebis mixedviT: grZivi diametri, ganivi diametri, saxis fuZis sigrZe, saxis zeda sigane, saxis Sua sigane, Tvalbudis simaRle da saxis saerTo kuTxe. meore diskrimentuli faqtori ZiriTadad ganasxvavebs
megrelebs sxva danarCenisagan Semdegi niSnebiT: qalas simaRle, qalas fuZis sigrZe, saxis zeda simaRle, Sublis umciresi sigane, yvrimalTaSua diametri da cxiris simaRle.
59
Figure N 1. Results of the principal components analysis presented for the first seven
principal components, which account for 89.1% of the total variation. The circle indicates the
95% confidence interval.
naxati #1. ZiriTadi komponenturi analizis Sedegebi warmodgenilia Svidi
ZiriTadi komponentiT, romlebic jamurad saerTo variaciis 89.1%-s agroveben. rkali warmoadgens 95%-s.
60
afxazebis kraniometruli niSnebis Seswavlis Sedegad SegviZlia gamovitanoT Semdegi daskvnebi: afxazebSi aRiniSna braqikrania,
romelic dakav-
Sirebuli iyo saSualo ganiv da mcire grZiv diametrebTan; afxazebi,
Table N 6
Results of diskimentual analysis and canonical coefficient
diskrimentaluri analizis Sedegebi da kanonikuri koeficientebi
Canonical vector
Eigenvalue
Variation %
Total %
Canonical
coefficient
1
1.328
74.7
74.7
0.76
2
0.341
19.2
93.9
0.50
3
00.107
6.1
100
0.31
Table N7
Results: loading of the first and third function
I-III funqciis datvirTva niSnebis mixedviT
Eigenvectors
1
2
3
1. G-OP
0.10511
0.042696
0.038146
8. Eu-Eu
0.05999
0.09011
0.002557
17.B-BA
0.024146
0.190584
0.03977
5.N-EBA
0.13073
0.21482
0.05358
40.EBA-PR
0.20538
0.075319
0.096696
48’.N-ALV
0.02278
0.027673
0.020729
9.FT-FT
0.04963
0.08505
0.0063
43.FMT-FMT
0.04625
0.031212
0.00288
44. ZM-ZM
0.08343
0.00835
0.082012
45.ZY-ZY
0.055937
0.140823
0.05594
51.ORB-MF
0.099414
0.19581
0.339796
52.ORH
0.12255
0.095107
0.020082
54.NL-NL
0.058212
0.04004
0.019282
55.N-NS
0.053502
0.21116
0.19481
72.N-PR
0.02995
0.02772
0.01901
61
Figure N 2. Results of the discriminant analysis presented for the first and second functions,
which account for 100% of the total variation
naxati #2. diskrimentuli analizis Sedegebi warmodgenilia pirveli da meore funqciiT, romlebic jamurad agroveben saerTo variaciis 100%-s.
megrelebi da aWarlebi SedarebiT viwro saxiTa da cxviriT usaTuod kolxuri tipis warmomadgenlebi arian. somotologiuradac erT tipSi arian gaerTianebulni. m.abduSeliSvilis kavkasiis xalxTa anTropologiuri klasifikaciis Tanaxmad (Абдушелишвили, 1964), ZiriTadi komponentebis analiziT
afxazebis Taviseburebas asaxavs mcire saxis fuZis sigrZe, grZivi diametri,
saxis zeda sigane da saSualo yvrimalTaSoris diametri. afxazebi (iseve
rogorc qarTvelebi) is jgufia, romelsac saxis Zlieri profilireba axasiaTebT, rac II komponentiTac dasturdeba. afxazebi aWarlebTan SedarebiT
naklebad polimorfuli arian. komponenturma aseve diskrimemtulma analizma aCvena, rom afxazebi da aWarlebi metad gvanan erTmaneTs da umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian samegrelos mosaxleobisagan (SesaZloa megrelebis seriis mcirericxovnobis gamo).
62
dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba uZvelesi (Zv.w. III aTaswleuli)
droidan Tanamedroveobamde.
afxazebis kraniologiuri polimorfizmi SeuZlebelia iyos Seswavlili mxolod Tanamedrove seriis safuZvelze.
eTnogenetikuri rekonstruqciebisaTvis aucilebelia afxazeTis teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobis anTropologiuri tipis cvalebadobis Seswavla drosa da sivrceSi. samwuxarod, adreuli epoqebis kraniologiuri
masala mTlianad dasavleT saqarTvelos regionidan Zalzed mcirea. miuxedavad imisa, rom afxazeTi uZvelesi droidan (qvis xanidan) aris dasaxlebuli da cnobilia ara erTi Zegli, romelic am teritoriaze adamianis uwyvet binadrobaze da kulturul ganviTarebaze metyvelebs, adreuli periodebis kraniologiuri masala ar arsebobs. Tumca litereturaSi moxsenebulia adrebrinjaos xanis yorRani (gumisTaSi), sadac micvalebulebi iyvnen
mokrunCxul mdgomareobaSi gverdze dasvenebuli (Бжания,1967). TviTon kranialuri an postkranialuri ConCxi Seuswavlelia, Zvlovani naSTebis Zalzed
cudi daculobis gamo. afxazi mkvlevarebis uaxloesi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Tanaxmad gagris raionis sofel aCmardas teritoriaze iyo gamokvleuli ganZis maZieblebis mier adre dazianebuli 5 da gaTxrili 1 dauzianebeli samarxi. ConCxis Zvlebi samarxebSi dazianebuli, micvalebuli iyo
dakrZaluli zurgze gaSotili samxreT - dasavleTiT damxrobili, kidurebi zogjer gadajvaredinebuli (Бжания, Бжания, 2007). radgan uSualod afxazeTis teritoriidan adreuli epoqebis Zvlovani masala ar moipoveba, paleomosaxleobis fizikuri tipis gansazRvrisaTvis vsargeblobT dasavleT an
mTlianad saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli monacemebiT, xolo aTvlis wertili adre brinjaos xanaa.
adre brinjaos xanis kraniologiuri masala dasavleT saqarTvelodan
warmodgenilia erTaderTi dedakacis Tavis qaliT WiaTuridan.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli am periodis kraniologiuri
masala mTlianad moicavs ocdaTormeti mamakacisa da ocdaerTi dedakacis
Tavis qalas, masala ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia mopovebuli
(Treli, werovani, tyviavi, kikeTi, zeiani, axalcixe, bedeni, ardisubani, siRnaRi, abelia, giorgi wminda). tyviavis seria inaxeba goris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi. naSromSi gamoyenebuli kraniologiuri masala mcire gamonaklisis garda istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis anTropologiis ganyo63
filebis fondSia daculi, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi masalis adgilmdebareoba teqstSia aRniSnuli.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli adrebrinjaos xanis seriis mamakacebis Tavis qalebs zogadad, axasiaTebT: doliqokrania, maRali qalas
simaRle, didi qalas saxisa da fuZis sigrZe, saSualoze farTo Sublis
Zvali, saSualo simaRlis, ganieri zeda nawilSi da saSualo siganis saxe
Sua nawilSi, saxe profilirebuli, mkveTrad warziduli cxviriT, Tvalbudeebi saSualo siganisa da simaRlis, yvrimalTaSua diametri saSualo siganis, eSvis fosos siRme didi, saxis saerTo kuTxe Zalzed swori. dedakacebis Tavis qalebi gamoirCeva ufro patara zomebiT, gracilurobiT. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia niSanTa kompleqsis igive ganviTareba, gansxvaveba nazomalaruli kuTxisa da dakrionul siganeSi vlindeba. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod WiaTuraSi mopovebuli qalis erTi Tavis qala doliqokranuli, saxe zeda nawilSi ganieri da mokle, Subli saSualo siganis, saxis
Sua nawilSi viwro, saSualo siganis da maRali Tvalbudeebi, win mkveTrad
warziduli viwro da mokle cxviri, eSvis foso Zalian Rrma, saxis saerTo
profili orTognatuli, xolo horizontaluri profili heteroprozuli
(Абдушелишвили, 1964). niSanTa es kompleqsi miuTiTebs, rom mosaxleoba, romelic binadrobda saqarTvelos teritoriaze adrebrinjaos xanaSi, evropeoiduli tipisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT gamoirCeoda, rac anTropologiur literaturaSi mediteranuli, anu xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tipiTYaris
cnobili (abduSeliSvili, 1982). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis anTropologiuri ieri msgavsi iyo, amitom SesaZloa dasavleT saqarTveloSi masalis ar arsebobis dros aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mopovebuli masalebi moviSvelioT.
Sua brinjaos xanis kraniologiuri masala moicavs ocdaerT mamakacsa da ocdaor dedakacs da ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia mopovebuli (awyuri, aspinZa, varZia, siRnaRi, arboSiki, Svindiani, alaverdi, axCia,
Treli, abanosxevi, qistauri, keTileTi, xramebi). dasavleT saqarTvelodan
am periodSi mopovebulia erTaderTi dedakacis Zalzed cudi daculobis
Tavis qala punqt sagvarjiledan - (imereTi). gazomilia sul ramdenime niSani: Sublis qorda (Zalian mcire), Tvalbudis sigane (mcire).
saqarTvelos teritoriaze am periodis mamakacebis Tavis qalebi mTlianobaSi xasiaTdebian Zalian didi grZivi diametriT (awyuris erTi Tavis qa64
las garda, romelzec saSualo grZivi da Zalian didi ganivi
diametri
fiqsirdeba), mcire, saSualo da saSualoze maRali ganivi diametriT. qalas
simaRle aseve polimorfulia, qalas fuZis sigrZe didi da Zalian didi,
xolo saxis fuZis sigrZe saSualo da didi; saxis zeda simaRle mniSvnelovnad cvalebadobs mcire zomidan saxis did zeda simaRlemde, xolo saxis sruli simaRle saSualo da didi simaRliT gamoirCeva. aRsaniSnavia
Sublis Zvlis saSualo, didi da Zalian didi umciresi sigane; saxis zeda
sigane metad cvalebadia da yvela SesaZlo variantiTaa warmodgenili, xolo saxis Sua sigane mcire, Zalian mcire da saSualo sidideebiT xasiaTdeba. yvrialTaSoris diametri wina periodTan gansxvavebiT matulobs, Tumca
mxolod or individis monacemebs emyareba. aRsaniSnavia Tvalbudeebis siganisa da simaRlis mcire zomebi, cxviris saSualo sigrZe da sigane. saxis
saerTo profili orTognantuli (Seswavlilia 1 Tavis qalaze), horizontaluri profili mkveTrad profilirebuli, cxviris unagiri maRali, cxiri
warziduli.
Suabrinjaos qalebis seria saqarTveloSi mopovebuli masalidan
yve-
laze ricxvmcirea. miuxedavad amisa, am mwiri masalidan Cans, rom saqarTvelos teritoria farTod iyo aTvisebuli. Tavis qalebi mopovebulia dasavleT (sagvarjile), aRmosavleT (Treli, Svindiani, arboSiki, abanosxevi, qistauri), samxreT (axCia, keTileTi, awyuri) umetesi niSani Seswavlilia TiToeul Tavis qalaze, amitom regionaluri Tavisebureba seriebs Soris individualur dones asaxavs.
grZivi diametri ZiriTadad didia, gamonaklisi – saSualo sigrZis Tavis qala Svindianidan. amave dros, ganivi diametri saSualo da did zomebs
aRwevs. Tavis qalas maCvenebeli doliqo-mezokranuli, saxis zeda simaRle
mcire. metad cvalebadia Sublis umciresi sigane da saxis zeda sigane, rac
SesaZloa SeswavlilTa raodenobiT aris ganpirobebuli. Tumca ar gamovricxavT mosaxleobis morfologiuri niSnebis did diapazonSi cvalebadobas
miuTiTebdes. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Tavis qala sigrZeSi jer kidev
didi da Zalian didia, xolo ganivi diametri iwyebs matebas.
Suabrinjaos xanis mosaxleobis morfologiuri tipis Sedarebam wina
periodis mosaxleobasTan gamoavlina gansxvaveba zogierTi niSnebis mixedviT. Tumca sxvaoba statistikurad arasarwmunoa da ganpirobebulia gamokvleulTa raodenobiT. zogierTi niSnebi, miuxedavad gamokvleulTa mcire
65
ricxvisa, adre da Suabrinjaos mosaxleobaSi msgavsia. mamakacebSi aseTi
niSnebia: ganivi diametri, Sublis umciresi diametri, dakrionuli simaRle
da dakrionuli sigane, zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe. aqedan, praqtikulad identuria ganivi diametri, zigomaqsilaruli kuTxe, dakrionuli simaRle da
sigane.
Semdegi periodis masala, romelic mogvepoveba dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriidan aris adreantikuri xana. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mopovebulia (abelia, RrmaxevisTavi, abulmugi, ardisubani, arRuni, varsimaanTkari, saduRa, kamaraxevi, samTavro, armazisxevi, gomareTi, qsani, cixedisxevi) asTxuTmeti mamakacisa da oTxmocdaerTi dedakacis Tavis qala. dasavleT saqarTvelodan
mogvepoveba erTi dedakacis (vani) da erTi mamakacis
(sairxe) Tavis qala.
vani – adreantikuri xanis mamakacis Tavis qala Zalian cudi daculobisaa. masze gazomilia mxolod grZivi diametri, romelic didi zomisaa.
sairxe – mopovebuli dedakacis Tavis qala xasiaTdeba: Zalian didi
grZivi da saSualo ganivi diametrebiT, Tavis qalas maCvenebeli, mezokranuli, saxis zeda simaRle mcire, Subli saSualoze viwro, saxis zeda sigane
mcire, Tvalbudeebi dabali da mcire siganis, ganieri da mokle cxviri, unagiri dabali, win sustad warziduli saxe, horizontalur WrilSi sustad
profilirebuli. Tavis qalaze aRniSnuli niSnebi (dabali unagiri da sustad profilirebuli saxe) ganasxvavebs mas saqarTveloSi mopovebul sxva
seriebisagan.
zogadad saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRniSnul periodebSi mcxovreb
mosaxleobas axasiaTebda: ZiriTadad doliqokranuli Tavis qala, farTo da
swori Subli, saSualo simaRlisa da siganis, saxe mkveTrad profilirebuli horizontalur da swori vertikalur proeqciaSi, saSualo simaRlisa
da
saSualo siganis mkveTrad gamoxatuli cxviri da sxv. es aris niSnebis
is kompleqsi, romelic dasturdeba brinjaosa da rkinis xanis mosaxleobaSic. amiT mosaxleobis fizikuri tipis didi drois manZilze uwyvetoba
dasturdeba (biTaZe, 2006).
elinisturi xanis kraniologiuri masala aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
mopovebuli (kavTisxevi, nataxtari, bagiWala, muxaTgverdi, nastakisi, samTavro, yaraRaji, qvemo juliti) ocdaSvidi mamakacisa da Tvrameti dedaka-
66
cis Tavis qaliT aris warmodgenili. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mopovebulia
mxolod erTi dedakacis da ori mamakacis Tavis qala (noqalaqevi).
noqalaqevis seria Zalzed cudi daculobisaa, mamakacis Tavis qalebze aRebuli iyo niSnebi romlebic xasiaTdebian: Zalian didi grZivi diametriT Tavis qalas maCvenebeli Zalian patara (doliqokranuli), Subli Zalian viwro, Tavis qalas fuZis sigrZe Zalian didi, saxe zomieri siganisa
da simaRlis, viwro da Zalian maRali cxviri, Tvalbudeebi saSualoze ganieri. dedakacis Tavis qala naklebi niSnebiTaa Seswavlili da xasiaTdeba:
saSualo ganivi diametriTa da Sublis umciresi siganiT, saSualoze ganieri saxiT zeda nawilSi, saSualo siganis yvrimalTaSua diametriT da saSualo simaRlis qalasarqveliT (po-b).
elinisturi xanis mosaxleobis morfologiuri Tavisebureba, gamoixateba imaSi, rom mTeli rigi niSnebiT am drois
mosaxleoba (Tavis forma,
saxis sigane, cxviris simaRle da sigane) miekuTvneba xmelTaSuazRvispirul
rasobriv tips. es xmelTaSuazRvispiruli tipi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli
winamorbedi xanis mosaxleobaSic, rogorc saqarTvelos, kavkasiis, aseve wina aziis teritoriaze. saqarTveloSi mopovebul masalebSi SeiniSneba adgilobrivi Taviseburebani, rac upirvelesad Zalian maRali cxviris unagiriT
da cxviris mkveTrad win warzidulobaSi gamoixateba.
gvian antikuri periodis kraniologiuri masala warmodgenilia 127 mamakacisa da 84 dedakacis Tavis qaliT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva punqtidan.
(aragvispiri, bagiWala, Jinvali XXV ubani, aranisi, mlaSe, Jinvalis karibWe, baiaTxevi, wiwamuri, niCbisxevi, kamaraxevi, samTavro, mogvTakari, sveticxoveli, urbnisi, jieTi, wiwamuri, neZisi, TalTebi, znauri).
wina periodebisagan gansxvavebiT gvian antikuri xanis kraniologiuri
masalis, detaluri analizi metad mniSvnelovania, radgan es erTaderTi
gvianantikuri xanis kraniologiuri seriaa dasavleT saqarTvelodan. jieTis (WiaTura) seriis mamakacebSi (n=10), grZivi diametris metad didi diapazoniT varireba aRiniSneba (175-210), ZiriTad, Zalian didi grZivi diametris
Tavis qalebTan erTad, gamovlenilia mcire (erTi) da saSualo (sami) diametris Tavis qalebi. aseTive situaciaa ganivi diametris mxriv (118-144). didi ganivi diametris Tavis qalaze Seswavlilia kidev Sublis sigane da saxis zeda sigane. orive Zalian didi kategoriiTaa Sefasebuli. rac Seexeba
Zalian mcire ganivi diametris Tavis qalas, am SemTxvevaSi, grZivi diametri
67
saSualo sididisaa (Tavis qala ultradoliqokranuli), maRali saxe, mkveTrad profilirebuli horizontalur sibrtyeSi, saxis zeda sigane zomieri,
xolo saxis Sua sigane didi, Tvalbudeebi Zalian ganieri da saSualo simaRlis, cxviri saSualo siganisa da Zalian maRali, cxviris unagiri saSualo, eSvis foso mcire. seriaSi gamovlenilia erTi mezokranuli Tavis qala, romelic mcire grZivi da ganivi diametrebiT xasiaTdeba. am Tavis qalas axasiaTebs: Sublis umciresi sigane da saxis zeda sigane saSualo, ganieri da maRali Tvalbudeebi, mcire horizontaluri profilirebis zeda
kuTxe. danarCeni hiper- da doliqokranuli Tavis qalebi xasiaTdebian: maRali, an Zalian maRali qalasarqveliT, didi qalas fuZis sigrZiT, saSualo,
an saSualoze didi saxis fuZis sigrZiT, maRali saxiT, saSualo siganis
saxis zeda nawilSi, xolo didi saxis Sua siganis da yvrimalTaSoris diametriT (ukanaskneli Seswavlilia sul or Tavis qalaze), ZiriTadad mezokonhuri (saSualo) TvalbudeebiT, Tumca gamovlenilia hamekonhuri (mokle)
da erTic hipokonhuri (grZeli), viwro da maRali cxviriT, saSualo cxviris unagiriT, mkveTard profilriebuli horizontalur proeqciaSi saxiT.
am seriaSi aseve aris zeda profilirebis kuTxis didi maCvenebeli (148,1),
romelic hiperdoliqokranul Tavis qalaze aRiniSneba. am Tavis qalas axasiaTebs: saSualo siganis Subli, saxe saSualo siganis, ganieri da dabali
Tvalbudeebi, cxviri saSualo simaRlis, simoturi maCvenebeli saSualo. mamakacebis Tavis qalebi SeiZleba daiyos or jgufad, masiur da gracilur
formebad, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi masiuri Tavis qalebis raodenoba orjer
naklebia.
qalebis (n=10) Tavis qalebis grZivi diametri naklebad cvalebadobs
da did an Zalian did zomebs aRwevs, amave dros, ganivi diametri mcire da
Zalian mcire rCeba. gamonakliss sul ramdenime Tavis qala warmoadgens:
ori saSualo da erTi Zalian didi ganivi diametrebiT. Zalian didi ganivi
diametris mqone Tavis qalaze aRiniSneba ganieri Subli da Zalian didi saxis zeda sigane. Tavis qalas maCvenebeli am SemTxvevaSi ucnobia, xolo
mTlianad seriaSi gamovlenilia ultra (erTi), hiper (erTi) da doliqokranuli (4) Tavis qala. niSanTa kompleqsi samwuxarod, arasrulad aris Seswavlili. ZiriTadi daxasiaTeba erTeul Tavis qalaze Seswavlili niSnebiT
aris warmodgenili. qalebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: saSualo saxis simaRle, saSualo, an saSualoze didi Subli, saSualoze didi saxis zeda siga68
ne, mcire saxis Sua sigane, yvrimalTaSoris diametri saSualo, Tvalbudeebi mcire siganisa da mcire, an saSualoze didi simaRlis. cxviri viwro da
maRali, saxe profilriebuli vertikalur proeqciaSi.
am seriis mniSvneloba kdiev ufro gaizarda, radgan gamovlenilia masiuri da graciluri formebi; Tavis qalas ramdenime forma; dafiqsirebulia maRali nazomalaruli kuTxe; maRali saxe; ganieri da mokle cxviri
(hiperpamerinuli cxviris maCveneblis mixedviT), radgan niSanTa es kompleqsi adre ganxilul masalaSi gamovlenili ar yofila.
adreul Suasaukuneebis kraniologiuri seriebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva punqtebSia mopovebuli da 317 mamakacisa da 203 dedakacis Tavis qaliT
(Telovani, vaSlisjvara, didi gldani, samTavro, nabaRrebi, martazi, bebriscixe, armazi, wilkani, karsnisxevi, mcxeTis gora, muxaTgverdi, sayaraulo seri, urbnisi, rusTavi, fitareTi, matani, qvemo bodbe, Weremi, gurjaani,
Jinvali, maRaros kari, neZisi, aragvis piri, bulaCauri, lafaraanTkari, yofCiskari, mlaSe, abanos xevi, kviracxoveli, bagiWala, TalTebi, ximSiaT miwebi, sioni, vani, noqalaqevi, aWara, java, stirfazi da britaTi) aris warmodgenili.
ZiriTadad seriebi erTmaneTis msgavsia. jer kidev Warbobs viwrosaxiani, doliqokranuli formebi, romelic CvenTvis kargad aris cnobili wina
xanis kraniologiur seriebidan. es tipi cnobilia ara marto saqarTvelos
teritoriaze mopovebuli kraniologiuri seriebiT, aramed wina periodis
masaliT samxreT kavkasiis da winaaziis teritoriebidan. es aris e. w. xmelTaSuazRvispiruli anTropologiuri tipi. am dros ukve SeiniSneba misgan
ramdenadme gansxvavebuli tipis arseboba. maRali Tavis qalas maCvenebeliT,
SedarebiT farTo saxiT, qalas fuZis mcire sigrZiT. saqarTvelos adrefeodaluri xanis mosaxleobaSi ukve dawyebulia anTropologiuri tipebis epoqaluri transformaciis procesi da dominirebul formebTan erTad, SeiniSneba Tanamedrove mosaxleobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi. vani (imereTi)
warmodgenilia Zalze cudi daculobis 4 Tavis qaliT (2 mamakacisaa da 2
dedakacis). mamakacis erTi Tavis qala deformirebulia, xolo meoreze Seswavlilia sul 5 niSani; dedakacis Tavis qalebi SedarebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aris. vanis Tavis qalebi tipologiurad ar gansxvavdebian zogadi
anTropologiuri tipisagan, dedakacis Tavis qala mezokranulia. am regionSiac dawyebulia braqikefalizaciis procesi. samegrelos regioni warmod69
genilia 1 punqtiT – noqalaqevi, mopovebulia erTi fragmentuli Tavis qala saxis qalas gareSe. es Tavis qalac emsgavseba zogad anTropooligiur
tips. adreul saukuneebSi mopovebuli kraniologiuri masalebis Seswavla
kidev erTxel gvaZlevs safuZvels gavusvaT xazi samxreT
da CrdiloeT
kavkasiis aborigenul mosaxleobaSi gavrcelebuli anTropologiuri tipebisa da am tipebis epoqaluri transformaciis mimarTulebis identurobas.
es zogadi daskvna, romelic kraniologiuri masalebis analizs eyrdnoba,
Tavis dasabuTebas poulobs kavkasiis Tanamedrove mosaxleobis
anTropo-
logiur SemadgenlobaSi.
ganviTarebuli Suasaukneebis kraniologiuri koleqcia saqarTvelodan sakmaod soliduria da emyareba 773 individis Tavis qalas, sadac 475
mamakacis da 298 dedakacisaa (lelobi, bebnisi, neZvi, CiTaxevi, rveli, Jinvalis samarovani, avenisi, gudruxi, mRvime, davaTi, sioni, nabaRrebi, Satili,
qviskarebi, yazbegi, rusTavi, dmanisi, vanis qvabebi, saRamos tbis eklesia,
damala, axalqalaqi, Zveli gavazi, matani, qvemo bodbe, sagvarjile, vaxulani, Txilvana, verbebi, kaloTa, sxalTa, durifSi).
am periodSi iseve rogorc aRmosavleT, asve dasavleT
saqarTvelos
kraniologiuri seriebi winaaziuri anTropologiuri tipiTaa warmodgenili. es faqti, Cveni azriT, dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis mosaxleobis genetikuri identurobis maCvenebelia.
amave dros SeiniSneba ara naklebi mniSvnelobis gansxvavebanic. saxe sagvarjiles seriaSi jer kidev ar aRwevs winaaziuri formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel zomebs. cxviris morfologiuri Taviseburebanic agreTve atareben lokaluri nairsaxeobebis kvals. zogadad formebis Camoyalibeba jer kidev
dasrulebuli ar aris, amas samegrelos teritoriaze walenjixaSi – punqt
faxulanSi mopovebuli erTi mamakacis Tavis qalac adasturebs, romelzedac
subraqikranuli qalasarqveli aRiniSneba.
aWaris mTianeTSi mopovebulia kraniologiuri masalebi xulos raio-
nis ori punqtidan: s. Txilvana da s. vernebi. masala fragmentulia. orive
seria zogadad imeorebs saerTo qarTul anTropologiur tips.
afxazeTis regioni warmodgenilia gudauTis r-nis s. durifSi mopovebuli (5 mamakacis da 1 dedakacis) kraniologiuri masaliT, romelsac axasiaTebs qalasarqvelis saSualo grZivi da saSualo ganivi diametrebi, qalas maCvenebeli saSualoze maRali (mkveTrad braqikranuli formiT), saxe
70
saSualo siganis, magram uaxlovdeba am kategoriis umaRles zRvars, saxis
saSualoze dabali maCveneblis mixedviT seria eqceva euriprozopul kategoriaSi. cxviri saSualo siganisa da simaRlis, unagiri Zalze maRali. niSnebis es kompleqsi, winaaziur rasobriv tips ekuTvnis da amdenad afxazeTis mosaxleoba ganviTarebul Sua
saukuneebSi, rogorc genetikurad, ise
morfologiurad, Sedioda winaaziuri rasobrivi tipebis imave variaciebis
farglebSi, romlebSiac, aseve, Sedioda amave periodis saqarTvelos danarCeni mosaxleobac.
am seriis msgavseba ZiriTadad kraniologiuri niSnebis mixedviT udaoa afxazebis Tanamedrove seriasTan. braqikrania, saSualo siganis saxe, maRali cxviris unagiri da mkveTri profilireba is saerTo niSnebia, rac
dRemde SenarCunebulia afxazebSi.
amave periodis CrdiloeT kavkasiis teritoriidan mopovebulia ramdenime kraniologiuri seria. mozdokis seria sul sami Tavis qaliT aris warmodgenili. ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi: Tavis qala saSualo sigrZisa da ganieri, hiperbraqikranuli, saxe saSualoze farTo da saSualo simaRlis, swori vertikalur WrilSi. saxis zeda kuTxe saSualo sididis, xolo Sua
kuTxis mixedviT saSualoze mkveTrad profilirebuli. cxviri saSualoze
viwro da saSualoze maRali, saSualod warziduli, maRali unagiriT. aRweril niSanTa kompleqsi, romelic saSualo monacemebidan aris miRebuli
Seicaven
erTmaneTisagan
mkveTrad
gansxvavebul
anTropologiuri
tipis
calkeul niSnebs. da amdenad araviTar msgavsebas ar avlens durifSi mopovebul kraniologiur masalasTan.
yabardo-balyareTis regionSi mopovebuli sami Tavis qala. maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia saSualo sigrZisa da farTo qalasarqveli, Tavis qala
braqikranuli, saxe saSualoze farTo da saSualo simaRlis, mezoprozopuli, horizontalur proeqciaSi saSualoze mkveTrad profilirebuli, cxviri saSualo siganisa da saSualoze maRali unagiris mqone. aRwerili niSanTa kompleqsi kavkasionis tipisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
CerqezeTis regionidan mopovebulia 13 Tavis qala. am Tavis qalebze
grZivi da ganivi diametrebi saSualo zomis, qalas maCvenebeli mezokranuli,
saxe saSualo siganisa da simaRlis, saxis zeda kuTxe saSualo, xolo saxis
zeda nawili mkveTrad profilirebuli, cxviri saSualo siganisa da simaRlis, saSualoze mkveTrad warziduli da saSualoze maRali unagiriT. Cerqe71
zeTSi dadasturebuli mezokranuli da leptoprozopuli tipi udavod Seesabameba pontiuri rasis adiRur lokalur variants, romelic gavrcelebulia Tanamedrove Cerqezebis, adiRelebisa da zogierT yabardoul da abazur
jgufebSi (Абдушелишвили, 1964).
gviani Suasaukuneebis anTropologiuri masala dasavleT saqarTvelodan mopovebulia
noqalaqevSi (samegrelo)
da warmodgenilia erTi mamaka-
cis fragmentuli Tavis qaliT. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mopovebulia 157
mamakacis da 106 dedakacis Tavis qalebi Semdeg punqtebSi: mcxeTa, winarexi,
Tvaladi, Jinvali, arRuni, abanosxevi, sioni, magraneTi, Satili, yazbegi, sagirTa, caro, rusTavi, yazreTi, musxi, koTelia, qoreTi, sba, roki.
mamakacebis kraniologiuri seria xasiaTdeba: qalas saSualo grZivi,
saSualoze meti ganivi diametrebiTa da saSualoze meti sididis qalas maCvenebliT, saSualoze meti qalasarqvelis simaRliT, farTo da zomierad
daqanebuli SubliT, ganieri da saSualo simaRlis saxiT, saSualoze metad
profilirebuli, horizontalur sibrtyeSi, vertikalur proeqciaSi swori,
saSualo siganisa da simaRlis cxviriT, maRali unagiriT, ganieri TvalbudeebiT. Sua saukuneebis qalebis seriaSi ZiriTadi niSnebis ganawileba mamakacebis msgavsia. gansxvaveba gamoixateba ufro dabali qalas maCvenebliT.
meti qalas fuZis sigrZiT, saSualo saxis maCvenebliT da ufro didi simoturi simaRliT.
noqalaqevis Tavis qalas axasiaTebs: saSualoze meti grZivi da didi
ganivi diametrebi, saxis zeda siganis saSualoze meti zoma. rogorc Cans,
gviani SuasaukuneebSi saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis sakmaod braqikefaluri Tavis maCvenebelia damaxasiaTebeli, yovelgvari regionaluri Taviseburebebis gareSe. am periodis mosaxleobaSi gamovlenilia mezokranuli
da doliqokranuli formebic. am faqts CvenTvis aqvs didi mniSvneloba,
radgan Tavis qalas formis absoluturi braqikefalizacia da masTan dakavSirebuli sxva niSanTa cvalebadoba arc gviani Suasaukuneebis, da arc Tanamedrove mosaxleobaSi ar miRweula, rac Tavis Tavad, mosaxleobis polimorfulobis SenarCunebaze metyvelebs. es faqti aseve adasturebs epoqalur transformacias raime sagrZnobi elementebis Carevis gareSe.
rogorc saqarTvelos kraniologiuri masalis mimoxilvidan Cans, uSualod monacemebi afxazeTis teritoriidan mxolod ori masala mogvepoveba:
ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebisa da Tanamedrove. saqarTvelos sxva regione72
bic srulad ar aris Seswavlili calkeuli periodebis mixedviT. amitom am
nawilSi Cveni msjeloba ZiriTadad mimarTuli iyo iqiTken, rom gveCvenebina
arsebuli masala, misi daculobis xarisxidan, agveRniSna mosaxleobis fizikuri tipis cvalebadoba droSi. rogorc masalidan Cans, saqarTvelos
mTel teritoriaze mimdinareobda epoqaluri transformaciis procesi, morfologiurad es braqikefalizaciasa da europrozopizaciaSi gamoixata. am
procesis Sedegad adreul epoqebSi gavrcelebulma metiteranulma (viwroTaviani da viwrosaxiani) anTropologiurma tipma winaaziur tipebs Cauyara
dasabami da amdenad saqarTvelos Tanamedrove lokaluri tipebi Camoyalibdnen uZvelesi anTropologiuri tipebis Sinagani ganviTarebis gziT, raime
sxva elementebis sagrZnobi zegavlenis gareSe (abduSeliSvili, 1980).
rac Seexeba afxazebis kraniologiur tips ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, morfologiurad afxazebi saqarTvelos Tanadrouli mosaxleobisagan
ar gansxvavdebodnen. e.i. kraniologiuri niSnebis epoqaluri transformacia
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze msgavsi mimarTulebisa iyo. mniSvnelovania
isic, rom miuxedavad Semdgom periodSi CrdiloeT kavkasielebis Camowolisa afxazeTSi, or sinqronulad daSorebul seriebs Soris (ganviTarebuli
Sua saukuneebi da Tanamedrove) ZiriTadadi niSnebis ganawilebaSi statistikurad saimedo gansxvaveba ar fiqsirdeba. es faqti adasturebs, rom am
mosaxleobas saerTo substrati akavSirebda da jer kidev XIX saukuneSi
CrdiloeT kavkasielebis xvedriTi wili afxazeTis mosaxleobaSi mcire
iyo.
73

Sesavali eTnosi rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani fenomenia, romelic

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