Historia_Computadores

História e Evolução dos Computadores
Do Abacus às primeiras máquinas de
calcular...
ABACUS: China, 3000 b.c.
Era da computação mecânica...
1642: Blaise Pascal criou uma máquina mecânica (Pascaline) para
fazer somas. Pascal era filho de um cobrador de impostos.
1694: von Leibniz melhorou essa máquina para fazer multiplicações.
1820: Thomas de Colmar criou uma máquina para fazer as 4 operações
(Arithometer). Usada na 1ª Grande Guerra.
Os planos de Charles Babbage
Charles Babbage, Prof. Matemática de
Cambridge. Declarou uma vez, frustrado por
ter encontrado vários erros ao examinar os
cálculos da Royal Astronomical Society, o
seguinte: "I wish to God these calculations
had been performed by steam!“
1822: Charles Babbage (Prof. Matemática
Cambridge) propõe uns planos de uma
máquina a vapor para calcular equações
diferenciais (Difference Engine). Nunca
foi construída.
Ada: a 1ª Mulher Informática
Charles Babage teve ajuda de uma Senhora:
Lady Ada, Countess of Lovelace, filha de
Lord Byron.
Lady Ada era uma das poucas pessoas que
percebia o funcionamento da máquina de
Babbage. Foi ela que arranjou financiamento
do governo Inglês e colaborou no projecto.
Além disso, foi Lady Ada que criou as
instruções para a máquina.
Ou seja, foi a primeira mulher informática...
10 anos depois começou a trabalhar na
Analytical Engine. O primeiro
“computador” general-purpose...
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A máquina de Hollerith
2ª Guerra Mundial
1889: Herman Hollerith
construiu uma máquina para
ajudar na contagem no
Census dos Estados
Unidos.
As contas do Census de
1880 tinham demorado 7
anos...
Com a máquina de Hollerith
as contas do census
demoraram apenas 6
semanas...
Em 1896 fundou uma empresa: Tabulating Machine Company.
Em 1924 a TMC transformou-se na International Business machines (IBM)
Jon Von Neumann
1945: John Von Neumann cria o
EDVAC, o primeiro computador
com a arquitectura modular: CPU,
memória para programas, memória
para dados, I/O.
1941: Konrad Zuse, cria um
computador Z3 para desenhar
aviões e mísseis.
1943: os Inglesses construiram um
computador Colossus para
descodificar as mensagens dos
alemães.
1944: Howard Aiken (US) a
trabalhar para a IBM construiu a
primeira calculadora (Mark I) toda
electrónica. Usada para cálculos de
balística do exército. Tinha o
tamanho de metade de um campo
de futebol e 500 milhas de cabos.
Surge depois o ENIAC, construído
entre o governo dos Estados
Unidos e a Univ. Pennsylvania.
O ENIAC era 1.000 vezes mais
rápido que o Mark I.
ENIAC
O primeiro Bug num computador...
EDVAC
Em 1951, Remington Rand
construiu o primeiro computador
comercial, baseado na arquitectura
de von Neumann: o UNIVAC I
Esta primeira geração de
computadores era construída com
tubos de vácuo.
UNIVAC
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O Transístor...
• 1948: invenção do transístor.
• A substituição dos tubos de vácuo pelos
transístores levou à 2ª geração de
computadores: mais pequenos, mais rápidos,
mais fiáveis e menos consumidores de
energia.
• Primeiros computadores: Stretch (IBM) e
LARC (Sperry-Rand) . Usados em laboratórios
de energia nuclear.
• 2ª geração de computadores (1960s): várias
empresas comercializam este tipo de
computadores: Burroughs, Control Data,
Honeywell, IBM, Sperry-Rand.
Microprocessadores
Com o avanço da tecnologia
surgiram os primeiros
microprocessadores.
Intel 4004:
1ºmicroprocessador (Nov.1971)
“The Pioneer 10 spacecraft used the 4004 microprocessor. It was launched on March 2,
1972 and was the first spacecraft and microprocessor to enter the Asteroid Belt “
Primeiras Linguagens de Programação
• O facto dos programas passarem a ser carregados dinâmicamente e o
aparecimento de linguagens de programação trouxe a maior flexibilidade
aos computadores que começaram a ser usados para várias tarefas.
• Primeiras Linguagens de Programação:
• COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language)
• FORTRAN (FORmula TRANSlation) inventada por John Backus (IBM)
• BASIC (Beginner's All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) foi criada em
1963 por John George Kemeny e Tom Kurtzas (Dartmouth College) como
linguagem para ensinar programação na Universidade.
BASIC, Altair8800 e os dois miúdos:
William Gates e Paul Allen...
A popularidade do BASIC subiu em
flecha quando dois miúdos em 1975
escreveram uma versão do BASIC para
o Altair8800, o primeiro computador
pessoal.
Foi o primeiro produto da Microsoft
(vendido à MIPS).
Mais tarde, o W.Gates escreveu uma
versão do BASIC para a Apple e para o
IBM-DOS.
In 1980, IBM first approached Bill Gates and Microsoft, to discuss the state of home computers and Microsoft
products. Gates gave IBM a few ideas on what would make a great home computer, among them to have BASIC
written into the ROM chip. Microsoft had already produced several versions of Basic for different computer
system beginning with the Altair, so Gates was more than happy to write a version for IBM.
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Quando surgiu o PC?
Evolução
PCs
Mainframes
Servidores
Supercomputadores
Laptops
Dispositivos Móveis
On August 12, 1981, IBM introduced its new revolution in a box, the
"Personal Computer" complete with a brand new operating system from
Microsoft and a 16-bit computer operating system called MS-DOS 1.0.
The first IBM PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor. The PC came equipped with 16
kilobytes of memory, expandable to 256k. The PC came with one or two 160k floppy disk drives and
an optional color monitor. The price tag started at $1,565, which would be nearly $4,000 today.
Back to William Gates...
William Henry Gates III, born on October 28, 1955.
He grew up as an odd young man and his mother wondered if he was extremely
brilliant or had a mental problem.
She even took him to a psychiatrist, who told her there was nothing wrong with
Bill, he was just difficult and very bright, and she would have to learn to adjust.
In 1967 he started attending Lakeside Middle School in Seattle, Washington.
Lakeside Middle school got their first computer for the students to use when Bill
was in the 8th grade.
Here he met a young man named Paul Allen who was 2 years older than him, but
shared the same passion for computers.
Bill and Paul were considered to be computer nerds, spending hours and hours
working on computers, and developing computer programs.
At the young age of 14, Bill Gates programmed his first computer game, tic-tactoe, where the person could actually play against the computer.
In 1970, Gates and Allen started their own computer company, Traf-O-Data,
analyzing traffic for small towns.
In 1973, as a senior in high school, Gates got a job as a computer programmer
for a company called TRW in Vancouver, Washington.
William Gates and the Microsoft...
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Bill Gates started college at Harvard University in 1974, where he met his future
vice president, Steve Ballmer, who was his roommate at the time.
Paul Allen, who lived near the University, bought an electronics magazine at
Harvard Yard that was advertising what was said to be the first PC.
Bill and Paul knew that these machines would become very popular …
Bill Gates and Paul Allen wrote a version of BASIC to program the very first
personal computer, the Altair 8800, and started their business, first called MicroSoft.
In August of 1977, Bill moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico to work full time with
Micro-Soft.
They were able to provide software for PC's and then began to write programs
for other PC companies.
Bill Gates was 19 years old …
…and this was the beginning of Microsoft.
1st Photo: Microsoft
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And then... Microsoft Windows
• On November 10, 1983, Microsoft Corporation
formally announced Microsoft Windows, a nextgeneration operating system that would provide a
graphical user interface (GUI) and multitasking
environment for IBM computers.
A riqueza do Bill Gates...
Bill has 10% share of Microsoft.
As of 13:50 on 12/06/04 , Microsoft was selling for
$27.38 .
Value of Microsoft: $292 Billion
Bill is worth: $29.5 Billion
William H. Gates III, Co-founder, Chairman, Chief Software Architect,
and ex-CEO of Microsoft has been rated by Forbes Magazine as the
richest person in the world for the ninth consecutive year.
http://www.quuxuum.org/~evan/bgnw.html
Poor Bill...
When will Bill become a
TRILLIONAIRE? (By the US
definition: $1,000,000,000,000.)
If he can maintain the current
29% annual rate of growth, he
will achieve trillionaire-hood in
13.79 Years, on Dec 04, 2018.
http://www.quuxuum.org/~evan/bgnw.html
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