File - Conservation Mozambique
Transcrição
File - Conservation Mozambique
Dugong conservation in the Bazaruto Archipelago National Park; Enhancing protection & monitoring, and identifying risks & mitigation measures. EWT In partnership with the Bazaruto Archipelago National Park (2011 – 2014) Regional Classification: Endangered in Eastern Africa Recent evidence put forward by the Convention on Migratory Species (October 2010) suggests that Dugongs face the risk of extinction within the next 40 years. Dugongs are LISTED globally as Vulnerable. However, according to the 2013 Second Signatory State Meeting for the MoU on the Conservation & Management of Dugongs and their Habitat- they are classified as Endangered in Eastern Africa. Bazaruto’s Dugongs are considered the last remaining viable population in the Western Indian Ocean region (south of the Arabian Gulf). Population estimates published in 2012 conclude that this population numbers in the region of 247 individuals. Further population viability research conducted by dr a and v & f suggests that, with a stable age structure, and assuming 1/3rd of the females within the population are breeding, the loss of only two breeding females annually from the Bazaruto population is equivalent to a 12% loss from the reproductive cohort – a level of mortality that will initiate steep population decline. Objective of the Project: Secure core Dugong herds & habitat in the Bazaruto Archipelago by mitigating major threats (gill netting) & strengthening existing structures. Conservation Management Capacity Building Awareness/ education Alternative livelihoods for fishing communities In response to these alarming figures and specific threats identified by over 60 delegates attending the Maputo International Dugong Workshop in 2009, I developed the Dugong Emergency Protection Project- as an intervention to reduce Dugong mortality in Bazaruto, EWT adopted and began funding the Project shortly after. Since 2012, together with the Administrator of the Parque Nacional - we’ve developed a revised law enforcement strategy to reduce Dugong mortality in the Parque Nacional by mitigating the most significant threat to this population- incidental capture in illegal gill nets. We started off by identifying the Park’s needs and shortfalls, and what resources they required to mitigate gill net use, and implement an effective LE strategy. In the absence of patrol boats, fuel, communication networks, surveillance, and measurable law enforcement outputs, we raised funds to provide and maintain 2 marine patrol vessels, fuel to perform an average of 40 patrols per month, a VHF radio communication system that allows each outpost and mobile patrol units to relay information, patrol mapping systems, GPS units, and plenty GPS training The Park now operates what I like to think of as an effective law enforcement department that could lead Mozambique’s MPA’s towards implementing improved enforcement and compliance. Marine Patrol Coverage: June 2013 – February 2014 • Patrols = 195 • Coverage = 9,017 Km • Infringements = 154 • Items of illegal equipment confiscated = 2,838 • Gill nets confiscated = 9 Illegally harvested resources confiscated = 923 Kg The Park’s improved Marine Patrol coverage from June 2013 to February 2014 is indicated by the black tracks- representing 195 patrols and 9,017 km of patrol coverage. Each Boat AVERAGES 1,000kM OF COVERAGE PER MONTH. The red dots are the 154 Infringements identified and addressed during these 9 months- where 2,838 items of illegal equipment (including 9 gill nets), and 923 Kg of illegally harvested resources were confiscated. While Dugongs are observed during Marine Patrols, observation probability is low. Also, Gill nets used outside the Park Boundaries are not detected by Marine Patrols, since these seldom range outside the Park’s jurisdictional boundaries. Which led us to source funding for aerial surveillance and monitoring-which we perform not only inside, but also outside the Park’s boundaries from Cabo Sao Sebasteao to the mouth of Rio Save- approximately 140km of coastline IN TOTAL. Our observations, made by the pilot of a FUEL EFFICIENT Bathawk Ultra-light aircraft and one of the Park Scouts as a trained observer during 26 hours of surveillance and monitoring (over 6 days) distinguished two Dugong assemblages- one inside the Park, and one near the Nova Mabone/ Nhyambwe region; constituting 60km of unprotected, unpoliced waters to the north of the Park. Findings: Aerial Surveillance • 60 Km of coastline • Unprotected 51 hours of our 200 available hours of search effort produced these fisheries distribution findings. The red dots represent Illegal Gill nets, harvesting of Holothuria/ sea cucumbers is yellow, and so on… You’ll notice a lot line fishing happening mostly in the southern half of the Park and towards Vilanculos. This is because netting closure have been enforced for fishers of the Vilanculos district these past 3 month. Under normal circumstance, seine netting is the most prevalent fishery, followed by hand line. . Fisheries Distribution Findings Gill Nets Seine Nets Long Lines Holothuria Spear Guns Hand Line This is a closer look at Nova Mabone area relative to the Save River. This Map demonstrates the occurrence of Gill nets in proximity to Dugongs- which we find rather worrying. We’re in the process of consulting with the District Administrator, Maritime officials, and Police of Inhassoro to develop a set of joint mitigation measures to address this issue. We were informed by these authorities- that most of these gill nets are used by migrant fishers from the District of Govurro, and that the most effective way to deal with this issue would be through enforcement. Nova Mabone /Nhamabwe =Gill Nets = Dugongs Appeal to ANAC: A) Expansion of the Parque Nacional B) Research through a coastal livelihoods assessment & adequate development of Alternative livelihoods for the affected fishing communities. C) The development of a National Park sustainability strategy to ensure conservation interventions are maintained in the long term. In light of these findings, The EWT would like to put forward an appeal to ANAC for (A) The expansion of the Parque Nacional do Archipelago do Bazaruto to the Rio Save, in which further outposts are developed in collaboration with Maritimo, and in which the Park’s revised law enforcement strategy is applied. (B) Extensive research through a coastal livelihoods assessment and adequate development of Alternative livelihoods for the affected fishing communities takes place. And (C) The development of a National Park sustainability strategy to ensure conservation interventions are maintained in the long term. An integrated approach to information and specimen management for biodiversity conservation in central Moçambique Dr Marc Stalmans, Dr Piotr Naskrecki & Sr Mateus Mutemba Gorongosa Restoration Project E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Laboratory FASE 1 xxxx xxxx Possivel através de Acordo de Cooperação com USAID/Mozambique The Vision for E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Laboratory The E.O. Wilson Biodiversity Laboratory is a modern scientific facility, one of the first of its kind in Africa. It offers long-term research and training opportunities in biodiversity documentation, ecology and conservation biology to Mozambican and visiting researchers and students, and will help guide restoration efforts of Gorongosa and other protected areas of Mozambique. Specific goals 1. Baseline biological exploration and documentation to assist with the full restoration and expansion of Gorongosa 2. Long term surveys and monitoring of Gorongosa biodiversity, with focus on the most threatened and least explored habitats and organisms 3. Education of Mozambican conservationists and experts in a range of fields of biology and nature conservation 4. Media and outreach activity to promote conservation and ecotourism in Gorongosa Biological exploration and documentation • The first and most important step in biodiversity conservation is comprehensive understanding of what we are hoping to protect • The E.O. Wilson Lab will document the multicellular biodiversity of Gorongosa NP, beginning with all vertebrates, key groups of arthropods (insects, arachnids and related organisms), and all vascular plants • The Lab will maintain a synoptic collection of biodiversity of the park; it will collaborate closely with Mozambique’s national natural history museum and other scientific institutions Cheringoma Biodiversity Survey 2013 • First comprehensive, all-taxa survey of Gorongosa National Park • 15 scientists and students from Mozambique and other countries • Over 1,200 species documented: 54 spp. of mammals, 189 spp. of birds, including up to 29 spp. new to Gorongosa, 80 spp. of frogs and reptiles, most new to Gorongosa • At least 15 species of invertebrates new to science • Gorongosa Synoptic Collection - insect collection • • Gestão de Dados Data management • Gestão de Dados: Base de Dados da Biodiversidade da Gorongosa Data management: Gorongosa Biodiversity Database The database uses the Darwin Core metadata schema, which is the same schema as the one used by the EOL and most major biological databases. • • • Recurso de identificação e aprendizagem / Identification and learning resource • All species recorded from the park will be genetically barcoded using standard (mostly mitochondrial) DNA markers, and the resulting barcodes will be included in the Barcode of Life Database. This will be done in collaboration with the Canadian Centre for DNA Barcoding, an institution interested in making Gorongosa one of its focal sites for exhaustive documentation of genetic diversity of tropical ecosystems. Criação de Relações de Parceria Building partnerships • Education of conservation leaders and experts • Workshops, lectures and field experience for Mozambican and visiting students and researchers • Focus on advanced training in latest knowledge and applied methods of biodiversity documentation and conservation • Development of teaching and research resources African Entomology Course Insect biodiversity, ecology, and behavior in southern African ecosystems Media and outreach • Assistance in production of educational, scientific, and popular media • Dissemination of knowledge of Gorongosa, its biodiversity and conservation efforts • Collaboration with Gorongosa’s Center for Community Education in education of young students of the Gorongosa communities Implications from a vet perspective of the interface wildlife, domestic animals and Man *Carlos Lopes Pereira **Agostinho de Nazaré Mangueze *Wildlife Conservation Society Moçambique ** Direcção Nacional dos Serviços de Veterinária Saúde do ecossistema Saúde animal Saúde Humana Tabor GM(2002). Defining conservation medicine. In: Aguirre AA, Ostfeld RS, Tabor GM, House C, Pearl MC (eds).Conservation Medicine: Ecological Health in Practice.New York, USA: Oxford University Press; 2002. pp.8–16. 2 HOMEM 62% das infecções humanas são zoonoses DOENÇA ANIMAIS DOMÉSTICOS FAUNA DOENÇA DOENÇA (indígena) Zoonoses • • • • Doenças exóticas Tuberculose bovina Brucelose Brucelose Antraz E. Coli 0157:H7 Raiva Zoonoses Tuberculose Ebola Influenza aviar Raiva SARS Febre Aftosa Teileriose (Corridor) Febre catarral Maligna Raiva 3 C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 Millions Zoonoses • • • • • 24 23 22 21 20 19 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Cidade de Maputo Gaza Inhambane Niassa Maputo Manica Cabo Delgado Sofala Tete Zambezia Nampula 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 5.00 4 Áreas de Conservação 15.35% da superfície do Pais com 801590 Km2 Áreas de Conservação No. Área (km2) Parques Nacionais 6 33173 Reservas Nacionais 6 47900 Coutadas de Caça 12 42017 Total 24 123090 C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 Conservation áreas 15.35% of the country’s surface 801.590 km² Impact of disease on the interface Bovine tuberculosis Anthrax Brucellosis Rabies Rift Valley Fever Trypanosomiasis Impacts on community health 5 Impacto das doenças na interface Tuberculose bovina, Antraz Brucelose Raiva Febre do vale do Rift Tripanossomose Febre catarral maligna Febre Aftosa Peste Suína Africana Peste Bovina Peste dos Pequenos Ruminantes Esgana canina Peste bovina Raiva Impactos na saúde da comunidade Impactos no bem estar (economia) da comunidade Impactos na conservação/ biodiversidade C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 6 Doença e agente causador Associação e interacção animais domésticos /fauna Peste Bovina Morbillivirus Grande amplitude de hospedeiros ruminantes domésticos e selvagens. Espécies selvagens são fracos hospedeiros de manutenção. Mais afectados : búfalo, Kudu, cefo, facocero. Doença aguda em bovinos ruminantes selvagens e suínos. Não ocorre em Moçambique. Peste dos pequenos ruminantes Morbillivirus Hospedeiros: pequenos ruminantes domésticos e selvagens. A doença cila endemicamente nas manadas monádicas, e a transumância introduz a doença nas populações nativas. Persistência do Vírus na Tanzânia ameaça o norte de Moçambique. Febre aftosa Aftovírus As espécies selvagens não são reservatórios excepto os búfalos que são portadores persistentes dos vírus SAT 1 e SAT2 Altamente contagiosa e de rápida disseminação (bovinos suínos, pequenos ruminantes, e animais selvagens ex: boi cavalo no Serengeti. Tipo O isolado em búfalos em Moçambique (2010) na Reserva especial de Marromeu (DNSV-MINAG). Evidência que o virus circulava em bufalos existe desde 1978 Estava ausente em 1978 (Ferreira ML e Rosinha 1986). Este virus é possivelmente originário do Brasil de onde foi importado através de bovinos infectados no inicio da década de 70 7 Doença e agente causador Associação e interação animais domésticos /fauna Febre do Vale do Rift Phlebovírus Muitas espécies de mosquitos Culex e Aedes podem transmitir a doença. Não foi identificado reservatório vertebrado. O reservatório são os ovos do Aedes resistentes à seca do. Ocorre em Moçambique . Foco mais recente de grandes proporções ocorreu na A.Sul em 2010 e o que afectou entre 10000 a 20000 pessoas entre 1974 e 1976. Peste Suína Africana Vírus da Peste Suína Africana Doença dos suídeos domésticos e selvagens. O hospedeiro de manutenção são as carraças argasídeos (Ornithodorus spp). Papel secundário suídeos de vida livre (Facoceros são portadores assintomáticos do vírus). Presente em Moçambique. Nova estirpe identificada no Parque Nacional da Gorongosa (Quembo et al.) Febre catarral maligna Herpervirus-1 Alcelaphino Todas as espécies de de boi cavalo são reservatórios. Bovinos infectam-se quando expostos ao vírus das secreções nasais dos vitelos . Fatal para os bovinos e limitada a áreas onde os bovinos e bois cavalo têm interação . Os bovinos são hospedeiros finais. Não há evidência de ocorrer em Moçambique poucos bois cavalos e interação limitada. 8 Doença e agente causador Associação e interação animais domésticos /fauna Peste Equina Africana Orbivírus Endémico na Zebra que é o hospedeiro de manutenção circulando durante todo o ano. A prevalência de anticorpos em elefantes é elevada, mas o papel destes na manutenção do vírus é pouco provável. Presente em Moçambique Raiva Lyssavirus Ciclo silvático foi descrito em 33 espécies de carnívoros e 23 de herbívoros na África Subsaariana, incluindo chacais, texugo do mel, mangusto, raposa orelhuda e civeta. Transmitido dos animais selvagens para os domésticos e vice-versa. Fatal nos mamíferos originou quase a extinção dos cães selvagens no ecossistema do Massai-Mara -Serengeti . Kudu na Namíbia mantem o vírus sem a presença de outras espécies. Incidência a aumentar em Moçambique Teileriose ou doença do corredor Theileria parva sp. O Búfalo Africano é o reservatório das espécies de teileria que podem causar doença nos bovinos. Cefo e Pala-Pala transmitem Teileria sp. que não causa doença nos bovinos. Os bovinos são hospedeiros finais e são incapazes de infectar os vectores intermediários. Presente no sul e centro-noroeste de Moçambique com impacto económico. 9 Doença e agente causador Associação e interação animais domésticos /fauna Tripanossomose Espécies de tripanossomas Os animais selvagens incluindo o elefante , rinoceronte, búfalo, facocero, hipopótamo e vários artiodáctilos são hospedeiros de manutenção e são tolerantes à infecção, podendo manter ter altas taxas de infecção com vários tripanossomas . Os animais domésticos, equídeos e cães são susceptíveis. Presente em Moçambique 2/3 do território. Brucelose Brucella spp Não parece ser um problema nos bovídeos selvagens . Doença difícil de eliminar nos sistemas pastorais. A prevalência em búfalos aumentou em Moçambique como resultado de contacto com bovinos infectados. Antraz Bacillus anthracis Focos de doença documentados na ausência de animais selvagens. Ocorrência em animais selvagens se domésticos não está clara. Kudu joga um papel importante nas epidemias como amplificador . Ocorrência rara em Moçambique Esgana Morbillivirus Responsável pela morte de grande numero de leões e outros carnívoros no ecossistema do Serengeti e Massai Mara em 1994. Doença de C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze 10 risco nos Parques e Reservas em Moçambique Abril 2014 M. bovis “successful business” • Broad host range (all mammals) • Infects and settles in the new hosts. • It has a moderate ability to survive in the environment. • It is passed between domestic and wild animals and from these to man • In the late 70s it was confirmed in wild buffalo in Gorongosa National Park. (ML Ferreira and Rosie 1986) with high prevalence (28.6%) of lesions and confirmed in 9.5% (n = 21) and 2.1% in Marromeu • In Mozambique 54.000 new cases (2013) of human tuberculosis (20% extrapulmonary) per year to 6.3% fatality and $ 30 Million / year for combat. Second highest rate of MDRTB in SADC. FAUNA Caça furtiva Contacto direto Ambiente Turismo Consumo de leite não Pasteurizado e outros Produtos (sangue vísceras etc.). Contacto próximo! HOMEM Alta prevalência de HIV Falta de esclarecimento TUBERCULOSIS African buffalo Kudu Warthog Lion Leopard Calico Honey Badger Baboon Spotted Hyena Genet Boar Impala Eland Imbabala C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 ANIMAIS DOMÉSTICOS Situação desconhecida12 Bovine tuberculosis in Mozambique in the context of reported health events in 2012 Tripanosomose 8 Raiva 9 Cistecercose 11 D. Newcastle 11 PSA 16 Brucelose 22 Stilesiose 26 Fasciolose 29 D.T.C 50 Tuberculose 86 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 16 C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 Tuberculose e brucelose na interface (Parque Nacional do Limpopo) Pereira et al., 20071 Rodwell et al 2001)3 +10 anos Limpopo 2014 n=4158. 0 t+ N= 11935 (34.8%) 0% +0.98 Prevalência no sul 38.2% (+- 6.3%) N=54. 1 t+ (falso) =150 (36%) +8.06 >8x +15.68 n=49 SAT1= 39 (79.6%) SAT2 =35 (71.4%) SAT 3=38 (77,5%) 1Bovigan em búfalos e intradérmico em bovinos para TB , RBT para Brucelose 2.Bovid Stat-Pak e Bovigan para TB e IDEXX ELISA, intradérmico para bovinos, RBT e ELISA para Brucelose em búfalos 3. Intradérmico 4. RBT e Fixação de complemento 17 5.Blocking ELISA PCR e isolamento de vírus Theileriosis (corridor disease) • Silly Teileria lawrencii Bufalo – bovine Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (East) Rhipicephalus zambezienis (Southern). • First record in southern Mozambique in the 60s and 70s (Mapai Mossurize, Manica and Chimoio) • Reappears in 2004 Macarretane Chibuto, Gaza Province in southern Mozambique with significant impact on the region. • Occurrence was clearly linked to the presence of Buffaloes probably from the Limpopo National Park. Teileriose (T. Parva lawrencei em Chaimite Chibuto, Província de Gaza, Março-Maio de 2005 C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 19 Teileriose (T. Parva lawrencei em Chaimite Chibuto, Província de Gaza, Março-Maio de 2005 C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 19 Focos de Teileriose em relação a todos os focos de doenças transmitidas por carraças (2012) Babesiose 2 Bovinos 1,400.00 1,200.00 Erlichiose 1,000.00 3 800.00 Anaplasmose 600.00 16 400.00 200.00 Teileriose 21 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 0 5 10 15 20 25 C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 20 Doença do Corredor C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze 21 Abril 2014 Abcesso causado por laço Abcess caused by a snare C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 22 EXTINÇÃO LOCAL DOS CÃES SELVAGENS NO SERENGETI (TANZÂNIA) Focos de Raiva sucessivos no fim da década de 80 e inicio da década de 90 originaram a extinção local dos cães selvagens (mabecos) C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 26 O Impacto da esgana na população de leões do Serengeti (Tanzânia-1994) 30% dos leões (aprox: 1000) Chacais, hienas, raposas orelhudas e leopardos Rudovick Kazwala , Kazwala Sokoine University of Agriculture ,(2005) 27 Casos de Raiva no Homem e nos animais (2003 - 2012) ? Ano 2012 Raiva animal 9 casos Raiva Humana 43 óbitos 11997 casos de mordedura Fonte: Relatório do anoC.Lopes 2012 da Direção Nacional dos Serviços de Veterinária Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 28 Raiva humana (2012) Maputo 0 Tete 2 Manica 2 Niassa 3 Gaza 3 C.Delgado 4 Inhambane 4 Zambezia 6 Nampula 9 Sofala 10 0 2 4 6 Fonte: Relatório do ano 2012 da Direção Nacional dos Serviços de Veterinária 8 10 12 29 Variação da população de cães domésticos e proprietários de cães na vila de Mbamba , Reserva Nacional do Niassa desde 2008 Fonte: Colleen B. 2014 C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 Rabies • local silvatic Cycle: (Sub-Saharan Africa) • 33 species of carnivores 30 • 23 species of herbivores • Kudu in Namibia keeps the virus without the presence of other species. Febre do Vale do Rift Rudovick Kazwala , Kazwala Sokoine University of Agriculture (2005) , 32 Medição do risco de diferentes hospedeiros em atuarem como reservatório de T. brucei rhodesiense agente responsável pela doença do sono. Uganda 22.3 x Serengeti 1.070.000 x S.C. Welburn, K. Picozzi, M. Kaare, E.M. Fèvre, P.G. Coleman and T. Mlengeya(2005) 33 Infestação com mosca Tse-Tse C.Lopes Pereira & A. Nazaré Mangueze Abril 2014 34 Overview of Bird Conservation Science in Mozambique - the players and key components G. Allport, N. Aransay, C. Bento, M. Ngwenyama, M.Taylor The informal ‘bird’ group Many others but this group participating here: • Gary Allport, BirdLife International • Nacho Aransay, Maputo, Mozambique • Carlos Bento, Museu de História Natural & AACEM • Morris Ngwenyama, Associação Ambiente, Conservação e Educação Moçambique (AACEM) • Martin Taylor, BirdLife South Africa Organisations • BirdLife International – global bird conservation partnership of NGOs • BirdLife South Africa – BirdLife Partner in South Africa • AACEM – new NGO in Mozambique established with encouragement of BirdLife (and support from the Critical Ecosystems Partnership Fund (CEPF)) A Worldwide Network National Non-governmental organisations Autonomous, self-determined Committed to bird conservation Independent but caucus on key issues Together delivering the BirdLife Strategy A Worldwide Network 122 countries Over 2.5 million members; 8 million supporters Over US$270 million annual budget Over 1.2 million hectares of reserves Over 2 million school children BirdLife’s Global Partnership • 120 Countries/Territories – 78 Partners / Partners Designate – 34 Affiliates • • • 8 Country Programmes 12 Secretariat Offices The BirdLife Partnership strives to conserve birds, their habitats and global biodiversity, working with people towards sustainability in the use of natural resources Science driven: four areas of strategic operation 1. Save species 2. Conserve sites 3. Safeguard habitats 4. Empower people for positive change BirdLife South Africa • Membership based national NGO • Focus on conserving birds • Programmes on Red Data Book species, Important Bird Areas, tourism, education Associação Ambiente, Conservação e Educação Moçambique (AACEM) • New organisation • Working on engaging people in Mozambique • Carlos Bento, President • Morris Ngwenyama, Project Officer Globally Threatened Species • Strong science-based Red Listing • Threatened species action plans • ‘Preventing Extinctions’ programs Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) To document, monitor and effectively protect and manage the world’s most important places for birds and biodiversity. Needs primary data such as Atlases. Key Habitats/ Landscapes Engaging people – citizen science • How can the different values of biodiversity be expressed and quantified in policyrelevant ways to demonstrate its underpinning of sustainable development?* • What practical metrics can be developed to use for natural capital in national (and other) accounting?* • What are the costs of effective biodiversity conservation and how can these costs best be met?* • What actions are needed to improve the status of the most threatened species and sites, and are the ones underway having any effect? How cost-effective are different approaches in different contexts? • How important is improving connectivity between sites of biodiversity importance (given recent and projected habitat loss), and what are the best mechanisms for doing so?* • How significant are important sites for birds for the conservation of other wildlife? • What other focal taxa best complement birds in identifying the full set of key biodiversity areas? • What ecosystem services do important biodiversity sites deliver to people? How can these be assessed, monitored, and factored into policy to inform better and more sustainable outcomes for biodiversity and people?* • What are the causes of population decline in migratory species, especially landbirds, and what policy measures are needed to address these effectively? • Where are the global priorities for eradicating or controlling invasive species, given the potential benefits to native species, and costs/constraints of interventions? • How will human responses to climate change interact with direct climate change effects to impact biodiversity?* • Which species are under greatest extinction risk from climate change and what adaptating measures are required?* • How can ecosystem-based adaptation for people be best shaped to deliver adaptation for biodiversity (and vice versa)?* • What are the best ways to develop, empower and sustain local community groups as effective agents for conservation?* • How can we most effectively communicate with, and influence the psychology, values and behaviour of, people (citizens, business, decision-makers) in favour of biodiversity conservation?*