Urban noise characterization of Miguel Rossafa square

Buenos Aires – 5 to 9 September, 2016
Acoustics for the 21st Century…
PROCEEDINGS of the 22nd International Congress on Acoustics
Noise Assessment and Control: ICA2016-0229
Urban acoustic assessment: Urban noise
characterization of Miguel Rossafa square in
Umuarama - Paraná
Dayane Cristina Lima Estercio (a), Sabrina Sayuri Suenaga(b), Caroline Salgueiro da
Purificação Marques (c), Wanda Terezinha Bononi (d)
Universidad Paranaense – UNIPAR, [email protected]
Universidad Paranaense – UNIPAR, [email protected]
(c)
Universidad Paranaense – UNIPAR, [email protected]
(d)
Universidad Paranaense – UNIPAR, [email protected]
(a)
(b)
Abstract
Noise pollution is one of the evils that affect urban centers, which main source of noise is
vehicular traffic. Despite the fact that the noise is an pollutant agent invisible to the eye, its
effects are noticeable in the body and are responsible for reduced life quality. Because of its
harmfulness, this topic has been the subject of research aimed at describing the effects of
noise, characterize the levels and the relationship between the noise and the environment. This
work has the objective to characterize the urban noise of the Miguel Rossafa Square in
Umuarama Parana. Through monitoring and analysis of acoustic indices. Ascertain whether
they agree with the NBR10151 / 2000 and the criteria evaluation of the United States
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The monitoring was conducted in 2013
and 2014. In each monitoring were measured 5 different points of the square, one being the
control point, there were three measurements a day, three days a week, with a duration of
fifteen minutes in each point. The average sound pressure levels and statistical levels achieved
in 2013 and 2014 exceeded 70 dB (A), especially the L10, which represents the peak values,
showed 83.9 dB (A) in 2013, and 83.62 dB (A) in 2014. The measured values were shown to be
higher than 60 dB (A), maximum allowed by the standard. The research has shown that noise
sources, especially the traffic of vehicles and surrounding commercial activities, altered the
quality of the sound environment, in reason that the levels are above the permissible by the
current regulations. Moreover, it proved to be essential to adopt measures and a urban and
environmental planning in order to minimize noise levels and therefore the effects on individuals
who attend the analyzed area.
Keywords: Urban Noise; Urban acoustics; Umuarama; Statistical indices; Miguel Rossafa
Square.
22nd International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2016
Buenos Aires – 5 to 9 September, 2016
Acoustics for the 21st Century…
Urban acoustic assessment: Urban noise
characterization of Miguel Rossafa square in
Umuarama - Paraná
1 Introduction
The high levels of urban noise, has become a form of environmental pollution that most affects
the population. The noise is distinguished from other urban pollutants, as it constitute itself as
such only when it is issued by the sound source, but when it is stopped ceases to exist, leaving
only the damage that these noises cause in human beings [1].
Faced with this problem the subject has been debated and the focus of studies worldwide,
however in Brazil there's a lack of studies related to impacts caused by noise. This shortage of
studies is partly because the tradition of architectural studies are mainly focused on language
development, aesthetic, economic and the social aspects of the city [2]. Of the few studies in
Brazil, it stands out the studies of Alves (2013), Schmitt (2010), Nunes Ribeiro (2008), Lacerda
(2005), Medeiros (1999), Niemeyer and Slama (1998). Which describe the relationship between
the exposure of ambient noise, especially noise from vehicular traffic, and the effect upon the
population.
The city of Umuarama-PR, as well as other cities on the state of Paraná, is constantly
developing and also monitors the growth of urban problems, such as increased noise levels. In
this context, it is necessary to qualify it through monitoring the urban noise assessments. These
evaluations act as a monitoring and controling tool, which are fundamental to the adoption of
measures [3].
The study case of this research is the Plaza Miguel Rossafa, located in the city of UmuaramaPR, due to the flow of vehicles provided from the Avenues Paraná and Londrina, which
constitute one of the most important transport routes in the city and featuring its growth. In the
square are developed activities of leisure and sports, with residential and commercial areas in
its surroundings, and the constant presence of vehicles noise, from cars, motorcycles, buses
and trucks. People exposed to such noises from vehicular traffic raise "changes in behavior,
such as nervousness, mental fatigue, frustration, impaired performance at work" [4]. For the
characterization and analysis of the impact generated by traffic noise, they were carried out
monitoring and analysis of environmental acoustics of Square Miguel Rossafa.
For this analysis, the data were collected in two stages with the measuring device of the sound
pressure level, sound meter Digital Cl-Hiseg, DT8852. The equipment was provided by the
University Paranaense - Unipar, University Unit of Umuarama, used in accordance with their
respective manuals and according to NBR 10151/2000, of ABNT (noise evaluation in inhabited
areas seeking the comfort of the community) and no pedestrian interference or even vehicles
parked in front of the measurement locations. In each monitoring were measured 5 different
points of the square, one of them a control point, as shown in Figure 01.
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22nd International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2016
Buenos Aires – 5 to 9 September, 2016
Acoustics for the 21st Century…
Figure 01: Map of the monitored points in 2013 and 2014
Source: City Hall of Umuarama [5] – Adapted authors (2014).
The 1st monitoring carried out in 2013, was made in 4 points of the square, and the control
point, at street José Dias Lopes. In the 2nd measurement performed in 2014, remained the
measurements in the square of points, however there was a change in the P5 control point for
the P6, at street Arnaldo Tupan, in reason of the high level of noise ratio in P5 point. In each
monitoring point were carried out three measurements per day, Monday, Wednesday and
Friday, lasting fifteen minutes [6].To complete the analysis and conclusion of the monitoring were
calculated acoustic descriptors and noise levels compared to NBR 10151/2000. The noise
levels were evaluated if they are in accordance with the evaluation criteria by the United States
Department of Housing and Urban Development – HUD [7].
2 Literature Review
The literature review sought to contextualize the study case in two stages. The first part sought
to define what is noise and its effects on man. Then it sought to correlate the noise with the
growth of cities. In both steps was carried out a connection to the city and the place where the
research was conducted.
2.1
The noise and the effects on man
The sound is regarded as a mechanical vibration means, and which has the frequency and
intensity within the range of audible frequencies, and that is perceptible to the human hearing [8].
The "noise is a sound without harmony, usually negative connotation" [9]. The definition of noise
as a unwanted sound, is subjective [10], because "what is music for a man may be noise to
another" [11], as shown in figure 02. The main sources of urban noise are road, rail traffic and air,
construction, public works and neighborhood [12].
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22nd International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2016
Buenos Aires – 5 to 9 September, 2016
Acoustics for the 21st Century…
Figure 02 – Sound Nuisance: Demonstrating subjective character of noise
Source: Souza et al. (2006, p.45) [13].
The city of Umuarama from 2000 to 2010 had a population growth of 9.91% [14],[15],and between
2010 to 2014 it is estimated that there was an increase of 6.59% [16].This population growth has
been accompanied by increased noise sources, as follows the increase of the vehicle fleet,
which is one of the main sources of noise pollution.
In 2011, it concluded that the Sonora pollution exceeded water pollution, becoming the second
environmental problem that affects people, behind only to air pollution [17].The contact with the
noise in modern times, it has become daily, therefore is present in any developed activities such
as work, transportation, home and leisure [18]. This exposure does not become harmful when it is
within the limits set by the NBR 10151, however when this limit is exceeded becomes harmful,
as shown in table 01.
Table 01: Sound levels and their effects
SOUND LEVELS
EFFECTS
50dB (A)
Moderate daytime nuisance, but the body adapts easily
[12]
.
From
55 dB (A)
Strong day uncomfortable, accompanied by stress [12].
65 dB (A)
Degradative stress
Iniciate the biochemical imbalance of the body
[19]
.
70 dB (A)
Iniciate the body harm, high blood pressure, the risk of
myocardial infarction and ischemic heart disease [20].
From
80 dB (A)
Risk of hearing loss, peptic ulcers, fatigue, hypertension,
circulatory problems, irritability [21].
100 dB (A)
May cause hearing loss
[12]
.
Source: Carmo, 1999; Passchier-Vermeer, 1993; WHO, 1980, 1999; (Adapted authors, 2014).
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22nd International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2016
Buenos Aires – 5 to 9 September, 2016
Acoustics for the 21st Century…
The continuous exposure results in a false adaptation, for there is a decrease in the individuals
perception [22], but the noise levels do not suffer reduction, as well as the negative effects they
generate. Since it is present in people lives, it is classified as their physical characteristics or
how they are noticed, varying according to their use, meaning, emotional and affective qualities
[11]
.
The effects generated by the noise go beyond a simple discomfort, it includes a number of
health problems, as shown in Table 01, and that are related in function of exposure time,
frequency, intensity, scale and the overall individuals health conditions [23],[24].
2.2
The Growth of Cities and the Noise
The development of citys, often uncontrolled, has boosted the raise of noise sources as well as
increasing their levels. Currently the problems related to this exposure to noises have reached a
global scale, especially since the advent of machines and equipment arising from technological
development [25].The noise permeates societies since they started living in cities. From Rome,
with rudimentary carts to the events of gladiator fights, noise has been shown to be present [13].
Exposure of noise has been shown to be higher in urban areas, as a result of activities
developed, which contributes to stress conditions that affect the quality of life, making noise a
public health problem [18]. This growth brought the increase in the number of vehicles, because
of population growth, government taxes reductions, the personal purchasing level, credit
facilities and the expansion of the road network [26]. This increase is caused by the type of traffic,
geometrical conditions of the track and immediate surroundings, and the type of materials used
in the coating, such as glass, smooth plaster or concrete, which have low absorption coefficients
[27]
.
The square and its surroundings are basically made of low absorption material, which
contributes to the increase of sound reflections, and therefore the increase of sound levels,
potentiated by the features of the square itself, because it is flat and has no barriers. In the case
study was carried out vehicular count in order to assess traffic flow, the vehicles were classified
as motorcycle, car and truck. In the study there was a decrease of 13.64% in the fleet of
vehicles from 2013 to 2014 and it is concluded that improvements and changes in the road
network interfered in the carrier flow, reducing the local sound pressure levels [28].
3 Monitoring Acoustic Results - Case Study
The average sound pressure levels performed on the measurements was calculated through
average log, referring to the acoustic descriptors L eq, L10, L50, L90, Ltraffic. The L10 refers to the
peak value, where the noise level exceeds 10% of the measurement time; the L 50 is the middle
level; L90 is measured from the residual noise level. The Ltraffic is the estimate of the noise due to
the traffic volume [9].
In the measurement conducted in 2014 it was found that the noise levels were lower compared
to the first measurement step in 2013. From the data, it is noticeable that there were no
significant variations between the two stages, where all values are above 60 dB (a), which the
maximum is allowed by NBR10151, as shown in table 02.
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22nd International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2016
Buenos Aires – 5 to 9 September, 2016
Acoustics for the 21st Century…
Table 02: Average (log) of the acoustical descriptors – Sound Pressure Level – dB (A)
Acoustical descriptors
1st monitoring Step (2013)
2nd monitoring Step
(2014)
Leq
80,4 dB (A)
80,7 dB (A)
L10
83,9 dB (A)
83,62 dB (A)
L50
78 dB (A)
76,89 dB (A)
L90
73,9 dB (A)
73,04 dB (A)
Lttraffic
81,4 dB (A)
79,83 dB (A)
Source: Research data, 2014.
The variation of the levels in monitoring occurs because of the traffic characteristics, as well as
the geometric conditions of the routes which can produce high noise levels, even with a small
flow of vehicles, therefore, not always a higher volume traffic corresponds to an increase of the
noise levels [29]. Another important factor in the changing sound level was the control point
modification P5 to P6, representing a significant change in the overall average, as shown in
Table 03.
Table 03: Average (log) of the acoustical descriptors – Sound Pressure Level – dB (A)
Acoustical descriptors
1st monitoring Step
(2013) Control point P5
2nd monitoring Step
(2014) Control point P6
Leq
69,56 dB (A)
60,91 dB (A)
L10
74,68 dB (A)
61,98 dB (A)
L50
67,74 dB (A)
51,91 dB (A)
L90
59,28 dB (A)
48,2 dB (A)
Ltraffic
70,76 dB (A)
63,34 dB (A)
Source: Research data, 2014.
The control point function is to perform a parameter, between the study area in question and a
farther point, in order to analyze whether the noise coming from the Miguel Rossafa Square
exerts an effect at that point and consequently in the urban area.
"The level of equivalent sound pressure (Leq) in decibels weighted "A" [dB (A)]: Level obtained
from the average square value of the sound pressure (with weighting A) Refers to the entire
measurement range" [30], and for a defined standard a limit of 60 dB (a). The average equivalent
level Leq carried out in the two steps was presented above the permissible, however there was
a variation in these levels, as shown in the graphics 01 and 02. In red highlight to the limit of 60
dB (A).
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22nd International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2016
Buenos Aires – 5 to 9 September, 2016
Acoustics for the 21st Century…
Graphic 01: Average Equivalent Level (2013)
Source: Research data, 2014.
Graphic 02: Average Equivalent Level (2014)
Source: Research data, 2014.
The variation in levels between the points is due to instabilities in traffic, because of
accelerations and decelerations, the traffic conditions, the roads characteristics and the
behavior of the driver in the direction [31]. The obtained levels are above 60 dB (A), maximum
allowed by NBR10151, as shown in the summary of the results in Table 04. As the evaluation
criteria H.U.D. [7], recommends the exterior noise levels are measured outdoors.
Table 04: HUD Limits – Leq
EQUIVALENT LEVELS – Leq dB(A)
EVALUATION
H.U.D. - dB (A)
Leq< 49
49 < Leq< 62
CLASSIFICATION
“Clearly
acceptable”
“Normally
acceptable”
MONITORING
2013 - dB (A)
MONITORING
2014 - dB (A)
--
--
--
P06: 60,91
P01: 73,91
P03: 71,89
P04: 72,65
P02: 77,69
62 < Leq< 76
“Normally
unacceptable”
P01: 75,56
P02: 75,76
P03: 71,03
P04: 73,83
P05: 69,56
Leq> 76
“Clearly
unacceptable”
--
Source: Barbosa (1992) [7]. (Adapted authors, 2014).
According to these parameters all points related to the 1st measurement and the points 1, 3 and
4, relating to the 2nd measurement are classified as "normally unacceptable", the point 2, of the
2nd measurement is classified as "clearly unacceptable" and the control point 6 as "Normally
acceptable."
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22nd International Congress on Acoustics, ICA 2016
Buenos Aires – 5 to 9 September, 2016
Acoustics for the 21st Century…
4 Conclusions
The sources of urban noise, especially the traffic of vehicles and surrounding commercial
activities, altered the quality of the sound environment, both from the square and in the vicinity.
The results of the project identified that the sound levels of Miguel Rossafa Square are above
the permissible by the applicable standard, and are considered "Clearly Unacceptable" or
"Normally Unacceptable" according to levels recommended by H.U.D. except for the control
point P06.
The level variations present in the two monitoring stages are due to the site characteristics itself,
as the type of traffic, the drivers conduct and changing the control point. On the other hand, the
square is a reverberant sound field that presents sound spreading of traffic noise in buildings
parallel to the track, forming acoustic barriers for buildings in its surroundings.
It was evident that the measured levels endanger the health and quality of life of people living in
the vicinity and or enjoy the activities that the square provides. Moreover, it proved fundamental
the environmental and urban planning, both in the research area and in other public areas in
order to minimize noise levels and therefore the effects on individuals who frequent these areas.
Acknowledgments
The case study is the result of the Scientific Initiation Project (PIC): Umuarama Urban Acoustic:
monitoring and analysis of traffic noise, from the course of Architecture and Urbanism,
developed by the University Paranaense - UNIPAR.
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Buenos Aires – 5 to 9 September, 2016
Acoustics for the 21st Century…
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