Formação dos substantivos

ARTIGO 1
Formação dos substantivos
Os substantivos são para identificar ou dar nome às pessoas, coisas e qualidades que nos
circundam.
Ex: student, man, house, sky, Monday, France, hope, information.
Um substantivo sempre responde a perguntas como: “Who is it?” ou “What is it?”.
Às vezes precisamos usar várias palavras com um substantivo para identificar que
pessoa, coisa ou que qualidade estamos nos referindo. Esses grupos de palavras são
chamados de “noun phrases”.
Ex:
A foreign student
The student at the back of the class
The student who asked the question
A) Acrescenta-se sufixos para formar algumas profissões:
VERBO + ( E ) R: bake  baker, build  builder, design  designer, manage 
manager, speak  speaker, teach  teacher
SUBSTANTIVO + (E) R: engine engineer, football footballer, garden gardener,
law lawyer, photograph photographer, trumpet trumpeter
Outros: butcher, carpenter, grocer, plumber, usher
- OR:
actor, author, director, doctor, editor, professor, solicitor, surveyor, tailor
- IST:
cello cellist, piano pianist, violin violinist, trombone trombonist, geology
geologist, physics physicist, economics economist, science scientist,
telephone telephonist chemistry chemist, art artist
-IAN:
mathematics mathematician, music musician, politics politician, statistics
statistician, history historian, library librarian, technique technician
- ANT:
account accountant, assist assistant, attend attendant, consult consultant and
other words like: dependant, informant, inhabitant
- ENT:
resident, superintendent
B) Algumas terminações são acrescentadas a substantivos, verbos e adjetivos para
formar substantivos abstratos:
- TION:
inform information, situate situation, solve solution, define definition,
promote promotion and other words like: nation, station.
- SION: verbos terminados em –de formam substantivos com o sufixo –sion
explode explosion, persuade persuasion, invade invasion, conclude
conclusion, decide decision
- SION e – SSION: verbos terminados em –vert formam substantivos com -version
convert conversion, pervert perversion
- SSION: formam substantivos com verbos terminados em –d ou –de
succeed succession, proceed procession, recede recession
- MENT: na maioria das vezes forma substantivos a partir de verbos
amuse amusement, judge judgement, excite excitement, argue argument,
state statement, arrange arrangement
- NESS: forma substantivos partindo de adjetivos.
sad sadness, ready readiness, useful usefulness, red redness, busy business
- ANCE, - ENCE, - ANCY,- ENCY
independent independence, attend attendance, account accountancy, efficient
efficiency.
Também: nuisance, conscience, emergency
- ABILITY OR - IBILITY: formam substantivos de adjetivos terminados em –able or
ible respectively.
probable probability, respectable respectability, possible possibility,
responsible responsibility
- ISM: used to describe all sorts of philosophies and other systems of belief.
Adjetivo
classical
communist
conservative
defeatist
liberal
optimistic
realistic
romantic
socialist
Pessoa
classicist
communist
conservative
defeatist
liberal
optimist
realist
romantic
socialist
A crença
classicism
communism
conservatism
defeatism
liberalism
optimism
realism
romanticism
socialism
C) Outros:
- AL: arrival, committal, denial, dismissal, proposal, refusal, withdrawal
- DOM: kingdom, wisdom
- HOOD: likelihood, neighborhood
- T: high height, weigh weight
- TH: broad breadth, deep depth, long length, wide width
Substantivos terminados em
drum - drummer
engine - engineer
physics – physicist
economics – economist
survey - surveyor
violin - violinist
law - lawer
chemistry - chemist
drama - dramatist
telephone - telephonist
supervise - supervisor
attend - attendant
technology - technologist
cello- cellist
trumpet – trumpeter
–ist, -er, -or, ian atribuindo qualificações às pessoas :
football - footballer
science – scientist
organize – organizer
library - librarian
comedy- comedian
type – typist
trombone - trombonist
photograph –photographer
music – musician
instruct - instructor
accounts - accountant
flute – flautist
democracy - democrat
athletics- athlete
gymnastics – gymnast
Substantivos abstratos terminados em –tion, -(s)sion, -ance, -ence,-ure, or –ment a
partir dos verbos:
arrive- arrival
add - addition
agree - agreement
amuse - amusement
appear – appearance
associate - association
assume - assumption
authorize - authorization
attend- attendance
complete -completion
conceive – conception
concentrate- concentration
conclude – conclusion
confer- conference
confuse -confusion
deceive- deception
decide - decision
declare - declaration
defend - defense
judge - judgment
observe - observation
permit - permission
prefer - preference
provide - provision
refer- reference
simplify- simplification
solve -solution
refuse – refusal
compare – comparison
defy - defiance
differ-difference
disappoint- disappointment
distinguish -distinction
divide-division
employ- employment
endure -endurance
enjoy -enjoyment
entertain -entertainment
explain- explanation
explode- explosion
explore -exploration
fail -failure
inform- information
imitate -imitation
interfere- interference
intervene -intervention
irritateirritation
multiply- multiplication
offend- offence
persist -persistence
proceed- procedure
receive- reception
repeat -repetition
sign -signature
revise- revision
depart -departure
Formação dos Adjetivos
Os adjetivos em inglês são usados geralmente antes dos substantivos.
Ex: right side, wrong place, big house, small room, nice girl, tall man, thin boys, black
cars.
Há, no entanto, alguns sufixos, que acrescentados ao final da palavra, podem nos ajudar
a identificar o significado de certos adjetivos.
-y acrescentado a substantivo:
air
→
airy
health →
cloud →
cloudy
hunger →
dirt
→
dirty
luck →
ease →
easy
mist →
fog
→
foggy
noise →
fun
→
funny
rubber →
grease →
greasy
silk
→
hair →
hairy
thirst →
-ly acrescentado a substantivo:
healthy
hungry
lucky
→misty
noisy
rubbery
silky
thirsty
brother →
coward →
father →
friend →
man →
woman →
mother →
home →
brotherly
cowardly
fatherly
friendly
manly
womanly
motherly
homely
leisure →
life
→
shape →
earth →
day
→
week →
fortnight →
month →
leisurely
lively
shapely
earthly
daily
weekly
fortnightly
monthly
-like adicionado a substantivo
business → businesslike
child →
childlike
god →
godlike
life
→
lifelike
workman → workmanlike
-ish acrescentado a substantivo
child →
childish
fool →
foolish
man →
mannish
snob →
snobbish
Britain → British
Denmark
Danish
Spain
red
green
white
fat
young
-ful adicionado a substantivo
beauty →
beautiful
care →
careful
doubt →
doubtful
faith →
faithful
hope →
hopeful
play →
playful
shame →
skill →
truth →
use
→
wonder →
harm →
shameful
skilful
truthful
useful
wonderful
harmful
-less acrescentado a substantivo
aim →
aimless
care →
careless
hope →
hopeless
life
→
lifeless
meaning →
point →
tact
→
use
→
meaningless
pointless
tactless
useless
→
→
→
→
→
→
Spanish
reddish
greenish
whitish
fattish
youngish
-able acrescentado a substantivo ou verbo
accept → acceptable
eat
→
eatable
adapt →
adaptable
laugh →
laughable
admire → admirable
love →
lovable
answer → answerable
memory → memorable
avoid →
avoidable
read →
readable
bear →
bearable
reason →
reasonable
believe →
believable
recognize → recognizable
change →
changeable
regret →
regrettable
consider → considerable
rely →
reliable
debate →
debatable
respect →
respectable
deny →
deniable
tax
→
taxable
depend →
desire →
drink →
dependable
desirable
drinkable
-ive acrescentado a verbo
administer
administrative
attract →
attractive
construct → constructive
destroy → destructive
digest →
digestive
exceed → excessive
extend →
extensive
sale →
value →
wash →
saleable
valuable
washable
explode
impress →
intend →
possess →
progress →
respond →
succeed →
explosive
impressive
intensive
possessive
progressive
responsive
successive
-ing ou –ed alguns particípios são usados como adjetivos
amazing → daring
frightening → shocking
amusing → embarrassing
interesting → surprising
boring →
entertaining
pleasing → thrilling
charming → exciting
promising → tiring
confusing → fascinating
satisfying → worrying
amazed →
conceited
excited →
reserved
amused →
disappointed
fascinated →satisfied
well-built → embarrassed
relaxed →
worried
Exercício:
1) ( FATEC ) Assinale a alternativa em que o adjetivo é composto por dois
substantivos, como na palavra "weight-loss".
a) low-cholesterol meals.
b) high-fat intake.
c) western-style boots.
d) well-known people.
e) ice-cream flavors.
2) ( UFSM ) As palavras "independence" e "independent" são, respectivamente, um
substantivo e um adjetivo. O mesmo ocorre, respectivamente, em
a) reconciles - reconciliation.
b) united - unity.
c) suggestion - suggested.
d) freedom – free.
e) practical - practically.
3) ( UERJ ) Nouns In English can be preceded by words of various grammatical classes.
The construction which does Not contain a typical instance of adjectival modification
is:
a) ... Comeback Album ...
b) ... German Director ...
c) ... Successful Attempt ...
d) ... Charming Documentary ...
4) ( ITA ) Os sufixos usados nas palavras nervousness, actually e surprising são
formadores, respectivamente, de:
a) substantivos, advérbios, adjetivos
b) substantivos, adjetivos, advérbios
c) adjetivos, advérbios, substantivos
d) adjetivos, substantivos, advérbios
e) advérbios, adjetivos, substantivos
5) ( EFOMM ) ___________ events are important for ___________.
a) Culture, educate
b) Cultural, education
c) Culture, educational
d) Cultural, educated
e) Cultures, education
6) ( EFOMM ) The ________ in the supply of oil at a time of increasing consumption
resulted in a severe energy crisis.
a) reduction
b) reducible
c) reductive
d) reductively
e) reduce
7) ( PUC – PR ) The baseball game was so _______ that the spectators were shouting
and jumping out of their seats.
a) excited
b) excitable
c) excitement
d) exciting
e) excite
8) ( UEL ) Um antônimo para a palavra “careful” é:
a) carefully
b) careless
c) carelessly
d) prompt
e) cherish
9) ( EFOMM ) When the police investigated the Bank robbery they discovered the $
10,000 had been stolen. After the __________ the Bank employees were very upset.
a) discovered
b) discover
c) discovery
d) discoverable
e) to discover
10) ( EFOMM ) You can trust Henry to take care of your health, for he is a very
good__________.
a) professor
b) sailor
c) servant
d) musician
e) physician
Gabarito:
1) E, 2) D, 3) A, 4) A, 5) B, 6) A, 7) D, 8) B, 9) C, 10) E