Research on analytical chemistry in Brazil

Microchemical Journal 77 (2004) 101 – 106
www.elsevier.com/locate/microc
Research on analytical chemistry in Brazil: an overview
J.B. de Andrade a,*, M.G.A. Korn a, S. Cadore b
a
Instituto de Quı́mica, Universidade Federal da Bahia-UFBA, Campus de Ondina, 40170-290 Salvador, BA, Brazil
b
Instituto de Quı́mica, UNICAMP, 13.084-971, Campinas, SP, Brazil
Accepted 25 February 2004
Available online
Abstract
An overview is presented of the beginnings, evolution and current status of research on analytical chemistry in Brazil. Among the various
fields of chemistry two decades ago, Analytical Chemistry was considered one of the least developed in Brazil. In the last 15 years, however,
research and development in this field have expanded considerably and today it is one of the most highly developed fields of Chemistry in
Brazil. This paper offers a general overview of this evolution and some suggestions for possible routes for the future of analytical chemistry
in Brazil.
D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Analytical chemistry; Research in Brazil
1. The beginnings
Chemistry in Brazil dates from 1817, 9 years after the
arrival of the Portuguese royal family to the country, with
the implementation of the first professorship in Chemistry,
created in 1808 at the Colégio Médico-Cirúrgico (MedicalSurgical College) of Bahia. The first professorial chair was
occupied by Sebastião Navarro de Andrade, who was
appointed by a Royal Charter that stated the following:
‘‘Being indispensable not only for the progress of studies in
medicine, surgery and agriculture, for which reason I have
ordered it to be established in this city, but also for the
perfect knowledge of the many precious products which
nature has enriched this kingdom in Brazil, let the practical
principles of Chemistry be taught, as well as their different
branches be applied to the arts and to pharmacy: I will,
therefore, create the Professorship of Chemistry in this city’’
[1]. Fritz Fiegl, an Austrian chemist who emigrated to Brazil
in late 1940, introduced scientific research in Analytical
Chemistry in the country with his pioneering work at the
Ministry of Agriculture’s Laboratory of Mineral Products in
Rio de Janeiro. Extending far beyond the development of
the spot test technique, his research involved in-depth
studies of chemical reactions and their mechanisms, which
* Corresponding author. Fax: +55-71-237-5524.
E-mail address: [email protected] (J.B. de Andrade).
0026-265X/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.microc.2004.02.014
led to remarkable discoveries [1,2]. His book, ‘‘Chemistry
of Specific, Selective and Sensitive Reactions’’, entirely
written in Brazil, was published in the late 1940s [1].
Still in the 1940s, Heinrich Hauptman established a
doctoral course in Chemistry in the country, at the newly
created University of São Paulo. One of Hauptman’s first
doctoral students, P. Senise, who began his research work in
1951, became one of the main mobilizers and multipliers of
Analytical Chemistry in Brazil and launched the foundations for graduate teaching of Chemistry in Brazil [1].
In the 1950s, research in Analytical Chemistry crossed
the boundaries of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Deserving
of special mention is the pioneer work of A. Celso Spinola
Costa, who was the foremost mentor of several generations
of chemistry students at the Federal University of Bahia [3].
This decade also saw the founding of the Pontifı́cia Universidade Católica’s Department of Chemistry in Rio de
Janeiro, thanks in large part to the efforts of Father Leopoldo Hainberger, who made this department a center of
reference in Analytical Chemistry [1]. During this time, the
first Analytical Chemistry textbook was published in Portuguese, authored by Professor Otto A. Ohlweiler [4] of the
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. This and other
books written by Prof. Ohlweiler contributed substantially
to the education of several generations of Brazilian chemistry students. The 1960s saw the introduction and/or
consolidation of graduate courses in chemistry and, later,
research activities, in Brazil’s universities.
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J.B. de Andrade et al. / Microchemical Journal 77 (2004) 101–106
2. The evolution
In a guest editorial published in Analytical Letters in
1985, P. Senise [5] gave a general description of the
evolution of Analytical Chemistry in Brazil and the status
at that time. He stated that several groups were doing
relevant research in Analytical Chemistry at 10 Brazilian
universities in 7 of Brazil’s 21 states: Bahia, Ceará, Distrito
Federal, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and São
Paulo [5]. In addition to identifying researchers and current
subjects of study, Senise stated that ‘‘...there is no general
definitive policy for the development of Analytical Chemistry research in Brazil. The groups that have emerged have
been driven either by historical motives or by the desire to
solve local problems...’’ [5].
Fifteen years later, Oliveira Neto, Cadore and Kubota
[6] wrote a mini-review for Analytical Letters, describing
the work developed in Analytical Chemistry by researchers at 18 universities in 13 Brazilian states that offered
graduate programs in Analytical Chemistry. This review
listed 233 papers authored by Brazilian researchers, mainly in the period of 1996– 2000, and published in the
foremost journals in this field, including a large variety of
analytical techniques (e.g., electroanalytical—including
biosensors, atomic absorption and plasma emission spectrometry, high resolution gas and liquid chromatography,
thermal analysis, automation of analytical methods, EPR
spectroscopy, radiochemical and chemometric methods).
The methods developed by those researchers were applied
to different matrices such as biological, geological, metallurgical and environmental materials. Several studies
were also reported involving the use of organic reagents
for the preconcentration and determination of metals, as
well as the determination of equilibrium constants and
kinetic studies to shed light on reactive mechanisms of
analytical interest and applied to complex ions of biological interest. In the year 2001, Brazilian researchers
published approximately 1900 scientific papers. In the
same year, 400 scientists earned their MSc and 300 their
Fig. 1. Main areas of scientific investigation by Brazilian Analytical
Chemists.
Fig. 2. Main chemical species under scientific investigation by Brazilian
Analytical Chemists.
PhD degrees in Chemistry, 20% of them in Analytical
Chemistry [7].
The growth recorded in Analytical Chemistry in Brazil in
this 15-year period [5,6] was driven by at least two major
mobilizing factors: the SBQ—Sociedade Brasileira de Quı́mica (Brazilian Society of Chemistry) and the PADCT—
Plano de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientı́fico e Tecnológico [8] (Support Plan for Scientific and Technological
Development). The SBQ was founded in 1977, concomitant
to the establishment of the journal Quı́mica Nova (New
Chemistry), and marked the beginning of the cohesion,
organization and dissemination of Chemical research in
the country. In the early 1980s, the country offered only
six graduate programs in Analytical Chemistry and the
number of researchers interested in this field was considered
small [9]. However, during the 5th Annual Meeting of the
SBQ held in Campinas, SP in July 1982, several researchers
interested in Analytical Chemistry decided to organize
periodic meetings on Analytical Chemistry. The 1st National Meeting on Analytical Chemistry (ENQA) was held 4
months later [9]. So far, 12 national meetings have taken
place, which, together with the SBQ’s Division of Analytical Chemistry, have contributed toward promoting the
development of this area [10].
The PADCT, a program created by Brazil’s federal
government and financed jointly with the World Bank,
was fully operational from the mid-1980s to the mid1990s. During that period, 449 projects received financial
support totaling US$ 83,000,000.00 [11,12], which involved
funding for Education in HR (Undergraduate and PostGraduate projects); Research Groups (Consolidated and
under Consolidation); Infrastructure (Analytical Centers,
Multi-user Equipment, Libraries and Maintenance); Technological Research (University – Company Projects); Scientific Dissemination and the Editing of Didactic Books,
which also led to the creation of the Journal of the Brazilian
Chemical Society in 1989 [13], consolidating the promotion
of scientific publications.
With an exponential growth in the 1990s, the field of
Chemistry in Brazil has entered this millennium displaying one of the highest growth rates in the country in
terms of producing MSc and PhDs, as well as in the
J.B. de Andrade et al. / Microchemical Journal 77 (2004) 101–106
103
number of articles published in top quality scientific
journals [8].
3. Current status and future of analytical chemistry
In 2002 there were 25 masters’ courses and 17 doctoral
courses qualifying professionals in Analytical Chemistry in
Brazil. Twenty of these courses involved Analytical Chemistry, three involved Environmental Chemistry and two
involved Chemistry, with research lines in Analytical and
Environmental Chemistry. The areas of scientific investigation are extensive, with emphasis on studies involving the
determination of chemical species in foods [14 –26] and
environmental samples (relating to the hydrosphere, lithosphere and atmosphere) [27 – 53]. A marked increase has
also been observed in research work on pharmaceuticals and
clinical samples [54 –67]—Fig. 1. Apart from the above,
metals appear to be the most extensively studied chemical
species (Fig. 2), for which different spectroanalytical techniques are employed, such as atomic emission, absorption or
fluorescence [67 – 101]. Chromatographic techniques [102 –
122] have been widely utilized in environmental and clinical
research applications. Electroanalytical techniques have also
been increasingly employed and their use is rapidly becoming widespread throughout the country [123 – 145]—Fig. 3.
The development of analytical instrumentation, which was
but incipient a decade ago, has increased quantitative and
qualitatively, particularly electrodes, biosensors [146 – 153]
and flow analysis [20,79,154 –159]. The use of ultrasoundbased chemical reactions and other types of sample treatment strategies [14,24,26,70,160 – 166], new preconcentration procedures [20,23,77,91,101,167 – 171] and
chemometric methods [20,172 – 179] have contributed to
the continuing development of research conducted in Brazil.
Zagatto and Sá [180] recently published an excellent
review about the development of Analytical Chemistry in
Brazil in the last century, focusing on international achievements, tendencies for the next century and forecasts of
future trends. This review [180], together with the articles
and the six other reviews [151,181 –185] published in the
special edition of the Journal of the Brazilian Chemical
Society and dedicated to the 11th Annual Meeting on
Analytical Chemistry held in 2001, provides a good overview of the state of the art of Analytical Chemistry in Brazil.
In line with worldwide trends, however, there is an
increasing need for analytical methods involving the use of
smaller sample amounts, that are sufficiently sensitive to
determine low concentrations of different species and of
separating mixtures of increasingly complex substances. In
this context, the emphasis in analytical chemistry research in
Brazil has been mainly on trace analysis, particularly in
connection with environmental studies, as well on the automation of analytical methods in parallel with the development
of instrumentation, as Senise pointed out in 1985 [3]. Senise’s
[3] comment to the effect that ‘‘... Unfortunately, research in
Fig. 3. Main analytical techniques used by Brazilian Analytical Chemists.
the Chemical industry is still very limited and, for a number of
reasons, it seems unlikely that it will be implemented in the
near future. . .’’ still holds true [8]. One of our strongest hopes
and major challenges is for a change in this picture, particularly since Brazil’s chemical industry is at the forefront of the
sector in Latin America, with an annual net revenue reaching
up to US$40 billion. However, 50% of the revenue of Brazil’s
chemical industry derives from the production of chemical
products for industrial applications, i.e., ‘‘base industry’’. The
proactive interaction between academia and the industrial and
business sector is of high strategic relevance to modify the
profile of our chemical industry, as well as to increment
academic chemistry technologically and innovatively.
In the last few years, interest in science has grown quite
remarkably in Brazil, and this interest includes the field of
Chemistry. Analytical chemistry went through a period of
questioning, during which its objectives and contents were
reassessed to adapt them to current demands. Today, it is the
most interdisciplinary area in Chemistry, interacting with
practically all the others. The quest for more sensitive and
selective analytical methods favors the possibility of instrumental development, as well as the resumption of some
qualitative and quantitative techniques that were less
exploited in the past. A growing tendency has also been
observed for researchers in the area to work jointly with
other fields of science, such as Biology, Medicine, Engineering, Computer Science, Arts, etc. The country’s scientific and technological research continues to awaken the
spirit of investigation and the search for analytical methods
that contribute positively to human well-being and to the
environment. Our post-graduate programs seek to contribute
qualifying professionals who, in turn, are absorbed by the
industry or act in universities throughout the country. The
government’s funding agencies stimulate interaction among
the different research groups, thereby broadening and disseminating the advances achieved in the area more rapidly
and effectively.
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