feradi liTonebis da maTi Senadnobebis

m. babuciZe, z. lolua
feradi liTonebis da
maTi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
`teqnikuri universiteti”@
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti
m. babuciZe, z. lolua
feradi liTonebis da
maTi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo
sabWos mier
Tbilisi
2009
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009
ISBN 978-9941-14-489-9
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto,
ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu
meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis
gareSe.
saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.
Sesavali
SeduReba, rogorc liTonebis damuSavebis erTerTi wamyvani teqnologiuri procesi, farTod gamoiyeneba
sapasuxismgeblo
liTonkonstrueciebis
dasamzadeblad. SenaduRi konstruqciis xarisxi da
saimedoba arsebiTadaa damokidebuli konstruqciis
masalisa (ZiriTadi liTonis) da SeduRebis teqnologiis Sesabamisobaze. mxolod racionalurad SemuSavebuli teqnologia aris garanti miRebuli
produqciis maRali xarisxisa da dabali TviTRirebulebis.
liTonis unari warmoqmnas eqspluataciisaTvis
saimedo SenaduRi SeerTeba, fasdeba misi SeduRebadobiT. SeduRebadobis cneba aerTianebs teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebis kompleqss, romlebic asaxaven
ZiriTadi liTonis reaqcias SeduRebis dros mimdinare cvlilebebisadmi da mis unars SeduRebis garkveuli teqnologiis gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyofil
iqnes
teqnikuri
pirobebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
moTxovnebis damakmayofilebeli SenaduRi SeerTebis
miReba.
aRiarebulia, rom SeduRebis mecnierebisa da
teqnikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze yvela
erTgvarovan liTonebs SeuZliaT warmoqmnan damakmayofilebeli xarisxis SedaduRi SeerTebebi. liTonebis dayofa kargi da cudi SeduRebadobis mqone
jgufebad, aris pirobiTi. maT ganmasxvavebel niSans
warmoadgens is faqtori, rom am ukanasknels esaWiroeba SeduRebis garTulebuli teqnologia da specialuri saSemduReblo masalebi. amitom SeduRebadoba ar warmoadgens liTonebisa da maTi Senadnobebis ganuyofel Tvisebas. igi garda ZiriTadi liTonis teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebisa, agreTve
3
ganisazRvreba: SeduRebis xerxiTa da reJimiT; misarTi liTonis, eleqtrodis dafarvis, flusisa da
damcavi airis SedgenilobiT; dasamzadebeli kvanZis
konstruqciiTa da nakeTobis saeqspluatacio pirobebiT.
Savi liTonebisgan gansxvavebuli Tbogamtaroba,
Jangbadisken maRali swrafva da mTeli rigi sxva
faqtorebi arsebiT gavlenas axdenen feradi liTonebisa da maTi Senadnobebis teqnologiur SeduRebadobaze. iseTi garTulebebi, rogoricaa SesaduRebel zedapirebze Zneldnadi Jangeulis furCebis
arseboba, forebisa da bzarebis warmoqmnisadmi
midrekileba, SenaduRi nakeris simtkicisa da koroziuli medegobis daqveiTeba sxvadasxva feradi liTonis
nakeTobebis
SeduRebisTvis
specialuri
xerxebisa da teqnologiebis gamoyenebis aucileblobas ganapirobeben.
ase, magaliTad: foladebisagan gansxvavebiT
feradi liTonebis nebismieri nakeTobis dnobiT SeduReba moiTxovs winaswar SeTbobas (saerTo an
adgilobrivs); airuli da damcav airebSi rkaluri
SeduReba xorcieldeba specialuri flusebisa da
dafaruli misarTi masalebis gamoyenebiT; rkaluri
SeduRebisTvis rekomendebulia minimaluri denis
Zala; damcav airad gamoiyeneba mxolod inerciuli
airebi da sxva.
saxelmZRvanelo Sedgenilia arsebuli Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebis, monografiebisa da gamoqveynebuli samecniero Sromebis safuZvelze liTonebis da Senadnobebis dnobiT SeduRebis teqnologiis programis mixedviT. masSi ganxilulia
spilenZis, brinjaos, TiTberis, aluminis, nikelis,
titanis, zogierTi feradi liTonis foladTan da
4
gansxvavebuli feradi liTonebis erTmaneTTan SeduRebis teqnologiebi, agreTve warmodgenilia SeduRebis gavrcelebuli meTodebisa da saSemduReblo masalebis daxasiaTeba.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo Sedgenilia profesor m. babuciZis da doqtorant g. loluas mier
da gankuTvnilia qimiuri teqnologiisa da metalurgiuli fakultetis bakalavriatis da magistraturis studentebisTvis, romlebic gadian kurss
saswavlo disciplinaSi `liTonebis dnobiT SeduRebis teqnologia~. agreTve energetikis, manqanaTmSeneblobis teqnologiis, hidroteqnikis, kavSirgabmulobis, samSeneblo, arqiteqturis fakultetis
magistraturis studentebisTvis, romlebic arCeviT
sagnad gamoiyeneben ganxilul saswavlo disciplinas.
5
nawili I
saerTo sakiTxebi
Tavi I
liTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi
1.1. saerTo cnobebi liTonebsa da Senadnobebze
liTonmcodneoba aris mecniereba, romelic
Seiswavlis liTonebisa da Senadnobebis Tvisebebsa
da aRnagobas, aseve liTonuri Senadnobebis Sinagan
aRnagobasa (struqturasa) da Tvisebebs Soris arsebul damokidebulebas.
sxva masalebisgan liTonebis ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebia: bzinva, aragamWvirvaloba, Wedadoba, Tbogamtaroba da eleqtrogamtaroba. termini `liToni~
aerTianebs liTonuri masalebis mTel jgufs –
rogorc sufTa liTonebs, aseve Senadnobebs. sufTa
liTonebs iyeneben im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac masalas
esaWiroeba dnobis maRali temperatura, Tbogamtarobisa da eleqtrogamtarobis maRali maCveneblebi.
liTonkonstruqciebis dasamzadeblad ZiriTad
gamoyenebas naxuloben Senadnobebi, romelTa upiratesoba sufTa liTonebTan mimarTebaSi Semdegi
faqtorebia: dnobis ufro dabali temperatura;
gamdnar mdgomareobaSi maRali denadoba; mcire Cajdoma; Tvisebebis cvlilebis unari qimiuri Sedgenilobis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi; Termuli damuSavebis gavleniT Tvisebebis gaumjobesebis unari.
6
liTonebis fizikur TvisebebsE BmiekuTvneba:
xvedriTi wona, Tbogamtaroba, eleqtrogamtaroba da
dnobis temperatura.
xvedriTi wona – gramebSi gamosaxuli 1 sm3 moculobis liTonis wona.
Tbogamtaroba – liTonis unari gaataros
siTbo. izomeba 1 wT.-Si 1 sm2 kveTis ReroSi gavlili
siTbos raodenobiT.
eleqtrogamtaroba – liTonis unari gaataros
eleqtroba. es Tviseba gansakuTrebiT axasiaTebs
sufTa liTonebs. SenadnobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
eleqtrogamtarobis Seqceuli Tviseba – eleqtrowinaRoba. xvedriT eleqtrul winaRobas uwodeben 1
mm2 kveTisa da 1m sigrZis gamtaris winaRobas, gamosaxuls omebSi.
dnobis temperatura – gaxurebis xarisxi, romlisTvisc aRiniSneba liTonis myaridan Txevad
mdgomareobaSi gadasvla (cxrili 1.1).
liTonebis meqanikur TvisebebsE miekuTvneba:
sisale, simtkice, drekadoba da plastikuroba. es
Tvisebebi gvevlineba miyenebuli garegani datvirTvebisadmi masalis winaaRdegobis unaris ganmsazRvrel gadamwyvet maCveneblebad da axasiaTeben
Senadnobebis unaris ganmsazRvrel gadamwyvet maCveneblebad da axasiaTeben Senadnobis vargisianobas
eqspluataciis sxvadasxva pirobebisTvis.
sisale – liTonis unari winaaRmdegoba gauwios
ufro mtkice sxeulis mis zedapirSi SeRwevas.
simtkice – liTonis unari winaaRmdegoba gauwios rRvevis process masze datvirTvis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi.
drekadoba – liTonis unari daibrunos sawyisi
forma da zomebi datvirTvis zemoqmedebis Sewvetis
Semdeg.
7
plastikuroba (siblante) _ liTonis unari
datvirTvis zemoqmedebiT Seicvalos forma da
zomebi, xolo datvirTvis zemoqmedebis Sewyvetis
Semdeg SeinarCunos miRebuli forma da zomebi.
liTonebis teqnologiur TvisebebsE miekuTvneba:
WriT
damuSavebadoba,
Wedadoba,
Txevaddenadoba, Cajdoma, SeduRebadoba da sxva Tvisebebi,
romlebic gansazRvraven masalis vargisianobas
sxvadasxva xerxebiT damuSavebisTvis.
WriT damuSavebadoba – liTonis unari metnaklebad kargad damuSavdes meqanikurad basri
mWreli instrumentiT.
Wedadoba – liTonis unari daeqvemdebaros
wneviT damuSavebas, miyenebuli datvirTvis gavleniT
miiRos axali forma da zomebi nakeTobaTa mTlianobis darRvevis gareSe.
Txevaddenadoba – gamdnari liTonis unari
Seavsos Camosasxmeli forma.
Cajdoma – gacivebis dros liTonis sxmulis
moculobis Semcireba.
yvela Senadnobs gaaCnia garkveuli Cajdomis
sidide, rac moyvanilia 1.1. cxrilSi.
SeduRebadoba – liTonis unari warmoqmnas
calkeuli nakeTobebis mtkice SeerTebebi, rasac ganapirobebs adgilobrivi gaxurebiT gamdnari an
plastikuri mdgomareobebis Seqmna.
liTonebis qimiuri TvisebebiE – maTi unari
sxvadasxva nivTierebebTan, upirveles yovlisa, JangbadTan warmoqmnas naerTebi. rac maRalia es unari,
miT ufro metia masalis rRvevis SesaZlebloba. garemomcveli
garemos
zemoqmedebiT
liTonebis
rRvevas uwodeben korozias.
8
cxrili 1.1.
gavrcelebuli liTonebisa da Senadnobebis
Tvisebebi
rkina
naxSirbadiani
foladi
ruxi
Tuji
Wedadi
Tuji
spilenZi
brinjao
TiTberi
alumini
duralumini
magniumi
titani
nikeli
dnobis
temperatura, 0C
Cajdoma, %
liTonebi
da Senadnobebi
meqanikuri Tvisebebi
fardosimtkicis
sisale
biTi
zRvari
wagrZe- brinelis
gaWimvaze
leba, mixedviT
kgZ/mm2
%
25-32
20-30
90-100
32-90
4-30
136-260
xvedriTi
wona,
gr/sm3
7.88
7.83
1539
1420-1520
_
2
7.15
1150-1260
1
12-32
1.5-3
180-260
7.25
1150-1350
1.5
30-40
3.12
149-201
8.94
8.6
8.6
2.71
2.552.83
1.74
4.5
8.9
1083
1000-1050
900-1050
658
610-660
_
1.5
1.5
_
_
20-22
28-50
25-50
8-11
42-47
55-65
10-35
20-50
25-45
13-18
30-40
60-100
40-150
20-37
100-130
650
1825
1453
_
2.5
2
17-20
12-14
40-45
15-17
20-30
35-40
25-30
150-200
80-100
liTonuri masalebi gaerTianebulia Savi da
feradi liTonis jgufebSi. Sav liTonebs miekuTvneba rkina da misi Senadnobebi (foladebi da
Tujebi). ferad liTonebs miekuTvneba alumini,
spilenZi, magniumi, nikeli, titani da sxva; aseve
Senadnobebi, romlebic fuZis saxiT ar Seicaven
rkinas.
foladi – warmoadgens rkinisa da naxSirbadis
Senadnobs, romelSic naxSirbadis Semcveloba ar
aRemateba 2%-s. garda aRniSnuli elementebisa
9
foladebis garduvali (mudmivi) minarevebia: 0,8% Mn.
0,35% Si, 0,04% S. 0,05%P. 0,05 % O2 (moyvanilia zeda
zRvruli Semcvelobebi). mudmiv minarevebs miekuTvneben agreTve wyalbadisa da azotis garkveul
narCen Semcvelobebs (Mn da Si warmoadgenen
foladis sasargeblo minarevebs, xolo danarCenebi
mavnea). Sedgenilobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben naxSirbadian da legirebul foladebs.
naxSirbadiani
foladebi
Seicaven
mxolod
zemoT ganxilul elementebs TavianTi zRvruli
SemcvelobiT. naxSirbadiani foladebis meqanikuri
Tvisebebi damokidebulia naxSirbadis Semcvelobaze.
Warbi naxSirbadi ganapirobebs maRal simtkicesa da
sisales, magram dabal plastikurobas (simyifes).
naxSirbadis Semcvelobis zrda uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens SeduRebadobaze. amitom SeduRebadobis moTxovnidan gamomdinare naxSirbadiani foladebi dayofilia (pirobiTia) dabalnaxSirbadiani (C≤0,25%),
saSualo naxSirbadiani (0,26-0,45% C) da maRalnaxSirbadiani (0,46-0,75% C) foladebis jgufebad.
legirebuli foladebi gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis misaRebad damatebiT Seicaven iseT elementebs, rogoricaa: qromi, volframi, vanadiumi,
molibdeni, titani, spilenZi, alumini, bori, manganumi da siciliumi (zeda zRvarze meti SemcvelobiT/ da sxv., romlebsac malegirebel elementebs uwodeben. legirebuli foladebi malegirebeli
elementebis Semcvelobis mixedviT dayofilia: daballegirebuli (TiToeuli elementis Semcveloba
ar aRemateba 2%-s, xolo malegirebadi elementebis
jamuri Semcveloba 5%-s), saSualodlegirebuli
(malegirebeli elementebis jamuri Semcvelobaa 5-
10
10%) da maRallegirebuli (jamuri Semcvelobaa 1055%).
daniSnulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben instrumentalur da sakonstruqcio foladebs. instrumentaluri foladebisgan mzaddeba meqanikuri damuSavebisTvis gankuTvnili mWreli iaraRebi. sakonstruqcio foladebi gamoiyeneba manqanaTmSeneblobaSi,
mSeneblobaSi da sxva dargebSi. instrumentalur
foladebSi naxSirbadis Semcveloba Seadgens 0,10,7%-s.
Tuji – warmoadgens rkinisa da naxSirbadis
Senadnobs, romelSic naxSirbadis Semcveloba aRemateba 2%-s. Tujis klasifikacia dafuZnebulia
grafitis CanarTebis tipze da formaze. am nimuSebis
mixedviT Tujebi SeiZleba daiyos oTx jgufad: 1.
ruxi Tuji (firfitovani grafiti); 2. maRalmtkice
Tuji (sferoiduli grafiti); 3. Wedadi Tuji
(grafitis budobrivi CanarTebi); 4. TeTri Tuji
(grafitis CanarTebis gareSe).
feradi liTonebis gavrcelebuli Senadnobebia:
TiTberi (spilenZis Senadnobi TuTiasTan); brinjao
(spilenZis Senadnobebi kalasTan, tyviasTan, aluminTan da sxv./; diuralumini (alumini-spilenZimagniumis Senadnobebi); niqromi (nikelis Senadnobebi
qromTan) da sxv.
fizikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben
mZime (tyvia, spilenZi, nikeli da sxv./ da msubuq
(alumini, magniumi, titani da sxv./ ferad liTonur
masalebs.
11
1.2 SenaduRi SeerTebebis ZiriTadi liToni
dasamzadebeli SenaduRi konstruqciis saeqspluatacio saimedoba da ekonomiuroba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli misi mdgeneli elementebis
masalebis (ZiriTadi liTonis) sworad SerCevaze.
SenaduRi
konstruqciebis
detalebi
ZiriTadad
mzaddeba dabalnaxSirbadiani da daballegirebuli
sakonstruqcio foladebisgan, romlebic miekuTvnebian kargad SeduRebadi liTonebis kategorias,
maT Semcvlelebad xSirad gamoiyeneba aluminisa da
titanis Senadnobebi.
SezRudulia SenaduR konstruqciebSi saSualonaxSirbadiani sakonstruqcio foladebis gamoyeneba
(iyeneben manqanaTmSeneblobaSi da gemTmSeneblobaSi).
specialuri daniSnulebis SenaduRi konstruqciebis
detalebis masalebad gamoyenebas naxuloben sxvadasxva markis saSualodlegirebuli da maRallegirebuli
sakonstruqcio
foladebi.
maRalnaxSirbadiani sakonstruqcio foladebisgan da Tujebisgan SenaduRi konstruqciebi ar mzaddeba. am
masalebisgan damzadebuli detalebis SeduRebis
aucilebloba aRiniSneba mxolod saremonto samuSaoebSi da xorcieldeba gansakuTrebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT. aqve unda aRniSnos, rom
TeTri Tuji SeduRebas ar eqvemdebareba.
aluminis Senadnobebis SenaduRi konstruqciebis masalebad (foladebis Semcvlelebad) gamoyeneba ganpirobebulia maRali xvedriTi simtkiciT
(cxrili 1.2), maRali dartymiTi siblantiT dabal da
Zalian dabal temperaturebze (nax. 1.1), koroziis winaaRmdeg maRali medegobiT. aluminis Senadnobebis
mniSvnelovan Taviseburebad iTvleba maTi maRali
12
teqnologiuroba wnexviTa da glinviT damuSavebis
dros. daproeqtebis dros saSualeba arsebobs
SeirCes naglinis ufro efeqturi da racionaluri
profilebi, rac uzrunvelyofs liTonis damatebiT
ekonomiasa da Sromatevadobis Semcirebas.
cxrili 1.2
aluminis Senadnobebis fardobiTi xvedriTi
simtkice (droebiTi winaRobis Sefardeba moculobasTan) foladebTan mimarTebaSi
aluminis
Senadnobi
АМг5В
АМг6
АМг61
fl. 2
15XСНД
10ХСНД
2.0
2.5
2.7
1.4
1.8
1.9
1.2
1.5
1.6
sapasuxismgeblo konstruqciebis dasamzadeblad farTo gamoyenebas naxuloben alumin-magniumis
sxvadasxva Senadnobebi, romelTa simtkicis zRvari
Seadgens 20-34 kgZ/mm2-s, romelTa SeduRebis dros
gamoricxulia
nakermimdebare
zonis
simtkicis
daqveiTeba. am Senadnobebis dartymiTi siblante
TiTqmis ar icvleba temperaturis Semcirebis dros.
АМг6 Senadnobis sxvadasxva tipis SinaduRi SeerTebebis
statistikuri
simtkicis
gamokvleviT
dadgenilia, rom temperaturis Semcireba -600C temperaturamde ar axdens statikuri simtkicis cvlilebas.
13
nax. 1.1. liTonebis dartymiTi siblante: 1-АМг6; 2fl.3; 3-15 ГФ.
titansa da mis Senadnobebs axal sakonstruqcio masalebs Soris umniSvnelovanesi adgili
ukaviaT. Tavisi mcire simkvrivis gamo titanis
Senadnobebi miekuTvnebian msubuqi liTonebis kategorias. sufTa titanis mcire simtkicis (25 kgZ/mm2)
mizeziT ar naxulobs mniSvnelovan gamoyenebas.
gansxvavebiT sufTa titanisgan teqnikuri titani
Seicavs
mTel
rig
minarevebs,
romelTagan
mniSvnelovania azoti, Jangbadi, wyalbadi da naxSirorJangi. es minarevebi zrdian simtkices, magram
nawilobriv amcireben plastikurobis maCveneblebs.
teqnikuri titani droebiTi winaRobiT 40-55 kgZ/mm2
da fardobiTi wagrZelebiT 20-30% praqtikul gamoyenebas naxulobs konstruqciuli masalis saxiT,
miuxedavad maRal temperaturebze (5002C) simtkicis
garkveuli maCvenebliT Semcirebisa.
titanis meqanikur Tvisebebze umniSvnelovanes
gavlenas axdens civad damuSaveba, rac uzrunvel-
14
yofs plastikurobis Semcirebas, xolo simtkicisa
da sisalis zrdas.
titanis Senadnobebi floben SesaniSnav Tvisebebs, simtkices normalur da maRal temperaturebze, maRal koroziul medegobas da sxv. aqedan
gamomdinare titani gvevlineba Zvirfas sakonstruqcio masalad saaviacio mrewvelobis sxva umniSvnelovanes dargebSi.
Tumca aluminisa da titanis SenaduR konstruqcebSi gamoyenebis xvedriTi wili gadauWarbeblad maRalia danarCen ferad liTonebTan mimarTebaSi, miuxedavad amisa, spilenZis, brinjaos, TiTberis, nikelis, niqromis, Savisa da feradi liTonebis SenaduRi SeerTebebis damzadeba ganpirobebulia
uamravi faqtorebiT da moiTxovs sainJinro gadawyvetasa da seriozuli SeduRebis teqnologiebis SemuSavebas.
1.3. Savi da feradi liTonebis markireba
liTonebis markireba warmoadgens asoebisa da
ricxvebis Sexamebas, romelTagan asoebi gamosaxaven
calkeul elementebs, xolo ricxvebi maT Semcvelobebs.
naxSirbadiani xarisxiani foladis markirebis
dros, ricxvi aRniSnavs naxSirbadis saSualo Semcvelobas meased procentebSi.
magaliTi. foladi 20 – xarisxiani naxSirbadiani foladi, romelic saSualod Seicavs 0,20%
naxSirbads.
foladi 45 – xarisxiani naxSirbadiani, romelic saSualod Seicavs 0,45% naxSirbads.
15
legirebuli foladebis markirebisTvis gamoiyeneba asoebisa da ricxvebis Sexameba. pirveli
ricxvi aRniSnavs naxSirbadis Semcvelobas meased
procentebSi, xolo asoebi miuTiTeben foladSi
malegirebel elementebis arsebobas (cxrili. 1.3).
cxrili 1.3
qimiuri elementebis pirobiTi aRniSvna foladis
markirebis dros
М _ molibdeni
Х _ qromi
A _ azoti*
Н _ nikeli
Ц _ cirkoniumi
Б _ niobiumi
С _ siliciumi
Ю _ aluimini
В _ volframi
Т _ titani
К _ kobalti
Г _ manganumi
Ф
_
vanadiumi
Р _ bori
Д _ spilenZi
* _ mxolod maRallegirebul SenadnobebSi.
asoebis Semdeg mdgari cifrebi gviCvenebs eklementebis saSualo Semcvelobas procentebSi, xolo
Tu asos Semdeg ricxvi ar aris, es imas niSnavs, rom
aRniSnuli elementis Semcveloba ar aRemateba 1%-s.
markirebis bolo aso A miuTiTebs gogirdis da
fosforis mimarT gazrdil sisufTaveze.
magaliTi. foladi 20X qromiani foladi, romelic Seicavs ≈0,20% naxSirbads, ≈1% qroms.
foladi 12X2H3 _ qromnikeliani foladi SemcvelobiT ≈0,12% naxSirbadis, ≈2% qromis, ≈3% nikelis.
foladi 25XГ2СА _ maRalxarisxiani foladi
SemcvelobiT ≈25% naxSirbadis, ≈1% qromis, ≈2% manganumis, ≈1% siliciumis.
foladis markireba SAE’-is mixedviT. iTvaliswinebs foladis markebis cifrul aRniSvnas.
16
am klasifikaciis mixedviT pirveli cifri aRniSnavs xarisxs:
1 _ naxSirbadiani foladi
2 _ nikeliani foladi
3 _ qromnikeliani foladi
4 _ molibdeniani foladi
5 _ qromiani foladi
6 _ qromvanadiumiani foladi
7 _ volframiani foladi
8 _ siliciummanganumiani foladi.
Tujis markireba xdeba asoebisa da ricxvebis
SexamebiT. arsebobs Tujebis Semdegi asoiTi aRniSvnebi: Б – TeTri; С – ruxi; К – Wedadi; В –
maRalmtkice; М – modificirebuli. ricxvebiT gamosaxaven Tujis meqanikur Tvisebebs.
feradi liTonebis markireba iTvaliswinebs
elementebis Semdeg aRniSvnebs: A _ alumini; M _
spilenZi; Б _ beriliumi; Бр _ brinjao; Ж _ rkina; К _
kadmiumi; Л _ TiTberi; Мц _ manganumi; Н _ nikeli da
nikelis Senadnobebi; О _ kala; С _ tyvia; Ф _ fosfori; Ц _ TuTia.
spilenZisa da mis SenadnobebSi pirveli ricxvi
gamosaxavs spilenZis Semcvelobas %-Si.
deformirebuli aluminis Senadnobebis aRniSvnebi xdeba asoebiT: Д, АК, АВ, ВД da В, romlis Semdegac iwereba Senadnobis nomeri, magaliTad Д16, АК6
da a.S.
sxmuli aluminis Senadnobebi aRiniSneba asoebiT: АЛ romlis Semdegac miTiTebulia Senadnobis
nomeri, magaliTad АЛ1, АЛ3 da a.S.
17
deformirebuli magniumis Senadnobebi aRiniSneba MA asoTi, romlis Semdegac miTiTebulia
Senadnobis nomeri, magaliTad MA3, MA8 da a.S.
sxmuli magniumis Senadnobebi aRiniSneba МЛ
asoebiT, romlis Semdegac miTiTebulia Senadnobis
nomeri, magaliTad МЛ5, МЛ6 da a.S.
aso M masalis markis Semdeg aRniSnavs momwvar
mdgomareobas, xolo aso T _ TermuldamuSavebul
mdgomareobas.
1.4. SenaduRi SeerTebebis Termuli damuSaveba
liTonis struqturis gaumjobesebis, Sinagani
Zabvebis acilebisa da Semcirebis, bzarebis warmoqmnisagan dacvis mizniT da sxv., SeduRebis Semdeg mimarTaven SenaduRi SeerTebebis Termul damuSavebas.
SenaduRi SeerTebebis (konstruqciebis) Termuli damuSavebis moTxovna SeiZleba Semoifarglos
rogorc winaswari da Tanmxlebi SeTbobis operaciebis SesrulebiT, aseve Termuli damuSavebis sruli
ciklis Catarebis RonisZiebebiT _ mowva, normalizacia, wrToba, moSveba, daZveleba da sxv.
feradi liTonebisa da Senadnobebis Termuli
damuSavebis sakiTxebi ganxilulia maTi SeduRebis
teqnologiebTan erTad, xolo rac Seexeba Sav liTonebs
maTgan
ZiriTadad
mzaddebian
dabalnaxSirbadiani da legirebuli SenaduRi konstruqciebi da umniSvnelovanes gadasaWrel problemas
warmoadgens SenaduRi SeerTebebis bzarebisagan
dacva.
naxSirbadiani foladebisgan damzadebuli SenaduRi SeerTebebis bzarebisadmi medegobis gazrdis
18
efeqturi saSualebaa winaswari SeTboba, romlis
temperaturac ganisazRvreba naxSirbadis eqvivalenturi raodenobis saSualebiT.
naxSirbadis eqvivalentis angariSisTvis iyeneben Semdeg empiriul formulas:
CЭ = C +
1
(Mn + Cr ) + 1 Ni + 1 Mo
9
8
13
(1.1)
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT nakeTobis sisqis gavlenas
naxSirbadis eqvivalentis Sesasworeblad, maSin naxSirbadis sruli eqvivalenti iqneba:
CЭ′ = CЭ (1 + 0,005S )
(1.2)
xolo SesaduRebeli detalebis winaswari SeTbobis temperatura gamoiTvleba formuliT
TSeT = 350 CЭ′ − 0,25
19
(1.3)
Tavi II
SeduRebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi
2.1. SeduRebis fizikuri arsi
liTonebis SeduReba warmoadgens calkeuli
nawilebisgan dauSleli SeerTebebis miRebis process. teqnikaSi iyeneben myari tanebis dasaSleli da
dauSleli SeerTebebis mraval saxeobas. SeerTebebi,
romlebic jer SeiZleba daiSalos, xolo Semdeg ki
kvlav aewyos arsebobs xranuli, sogmanuri, solisebri da sxv. ganvixiloT myari tanebis monoliTuri
dauSleli SeerTebebis warmoqmnis pirobebi.
cnobilia, rom nebismieri kondensirebuli nivTiereba, romelic imyofeba myar da Txevad mdgomareobaSi, TavisTavad warmoadgens atomebisa an
molekulebis sistemas, romelic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian atomTaSoriso an molekuluri
SeWidebis ZalebiT. dadgenilia, rom yvela umciresi
nawilakis
SeWidebis
Zalebi
urTierTgawonasworebulia, garda imaTi, romlebic ganlagebulni
arian myari tanis zedapirze.
im
SemTxvevaSi
Tu
moxdeba
SesaerTebeli
nawilakebis zedapiruli atomebis miaxloeba ramodenime angstremis (3_5.10-8 sm) tol manZilze, Sexebis mTel zedapirze damyardeba fizikuri kontaqti
da aRiZvreba atomur molekuluri kavSirebi, maSin
adgili eqneba monoliTuri dauSleli SeerTebis
miRebas.
Tu siTxeebisTvis atomebis miaxloeba gacilebiT iolad xorcieldeba maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli didi Zvradobisa da dasvelebis xarjze,
myari tanebis am xerxiT SeerTebis mcdeloba, bevrad
ufro garTulebulia. myari tanebis zedapirebs
20
Tundac saguldagulo meqanikuri damuSavebis Semdeg
/xexva, polireba da sxv./ gaaCniaT mikroskopiuli
usworobebi, borcvebi, Rrmulebi, ris gamoc maTi
miaxloebis dros saWiro kontaqti aRiniSneba
mxolod calkeul fizikur wertilebSi. xolo danarCen sxva ubnebSi, zedapiris reliefSi gadaxra
Seadgens 10-4÷10-5 sm-s, rac gacilebiT metia moTxovnaze.
zedapiruli atomebis eleqtronuli garsis
uSualo urTierTqmedebis SesaZlebloba garTulebulia im garemoebiT, rom tanis zedapiri arasdros ar aris Tavisufali Jangeulebisagan, cximovani furCebisagan da sxva gaWuWyianebebisagan,
aseve haeris atmosferoSi warmoqmnili airebisa da
orTqlis adsorbirebuli fenisagan. amitom myari
tanis SesaerTebeli zedapirebis atomebi Cveulebriv
pirobebSi daubrkoleblad ar Sedian erTmaneTTan
kontaqtSi. ganxiluli problemebi savsebiT tipiuria liTonebisa da maTi SenadnobebisTvis, romlebisTvisac mzaddeba sxvadasxva daniSnulebis
SenaduRi konstruqciebi. aRniSnuli sirTuleebis
gadalaxvisTvis gamoiyeneba ori ZiriTadi saSualeba
(xerxi): gaxureba da wneva.
Tu liTonis SesaerTebeli nawilebi gaxurdeba
gadnobamde, maSin TavisTavad warmoiqmneba Txevadi
liTonis abazana, romlis gamyarebis procesSic
aRiZvreba aucilebeli atomTaSorisi kavSirebi da
warmoiqmneba Senaduri nakeri, romelic or liTonur nawils mtkiced aerTebs monoliTSi.
SenaduRi SeerTebebis misaRebad aseve SesaZlebelia liTonis gadnobis gareSe gaxurebis gamoyeneba. gaxurebis procesSi liTonis temperaturis
gazrdiT mimdinareobs atomebs Soris kavSirebis Se-
21
susteba, isini xdebian moZravi, liToni iZens sirbiles, izrdeba misi plastikurobis Tvisebebi. Tu
SemdgomSi ganxorcieldeba SesaerTebeli nawilebis
dawnexva (Cajdoma), maSin warmoiqmneba plastikuri
deformacia da SeerTebis adgilze liTonis `dena~,
moxdeba Jangeulebisa da sxvadasxva gaWuWyianebebis
zedapiruli fenebis rRveva, ganxorcieldeba fizikuri kontaqti da damyardeba aucilebeli atomTaSorisi kavSirebi.
Sesabamisad, gaxureba da Cajdoma ganxilul
SemTxvevaSi SeduRebis dros avseben erTmaneTs. did
gaxurebas pasuxobs mcire Cajdoma da piriqiT.
yoveli
liTonisTvis
arsebobs
gansazRvruli
Tanafardoba aucilebel minimalur wnevasa da
gaxurebis temperaturas Soris, romelic savsebiT
sakmarisia SeduRebis ganxorcielebisTvis. aseTi damokidebuleba teqnikurad sufTa rkinis magaliTze,
pirobebisTvis romlebic gamoricxaven SesaerTebeli
zedapirebis gaWuWyianebas, naCvenebia 2.1. nax-ze.
naxazis veli mrudiT iyofa or ared: SeduRebadobis (mrudis zemoT) da xarisxiani SeduRebadobis uqonlobis (daStrixuli are mrudis qvemoTaa/.
Strixuli vertikaluri xazebi saSualebas iZlevian
dadgindes temperaturuli sazRvrebi rkinis SeduRebis dros. magaliTad, liTonis t1-ze dabal temperaturaze, xarisxiani SenaduRi SeerTebebis miReba
moiTxovs Zalian did, praqtikulad ar gamoyenebul
Cajdomis wnevas. amis gamo aRniSnul ares (I) moixsenieben rkinis SezRuduli SeduRebadobis saxelwodebiT. ufro maRal t1...t2, temperaturis farglebSi
rkinis
gaxurebiT
SeduRebis
ganxorcieleba,
moiTxovs miT ufro naklebi Cajdomis wnevis gamoyenebas, rac ufro maRali iqneba liTonis gaxurebis
22
temperatura. rkinis SeduRebis temperaturis am intervals pasuxobs, wneviT SeduRebis saxelwodebiT
cnobili (II) are, da bolos, rodesac teqnikuri
rkina miaRwevs dnobis temperaturas (t2) da ufro
mets, maSin Cajdomis wnevis gamoyenebis saWiroeba
(P=0) aRar arsebobs. rkinis SeduReba procesis
aseTi parametrebisTvis miekuTvneba dnobiT SeduRebis ares (III).
nax. 2.1. rkinis SeduRebisTvis aucilebeli damokidebuleba temperaturasa da wnevas Soris:
I _ SezRuduli SeduRebadobis are; 11 _ wneviT SeduRebis are. III _ dnobiT SeduRebis are.
23
SenaduRi SeerTebis miReba SesaZlebelia liTonis SesaduRebeli nawilebis yovelgvari gaxurebis gareSe, e.w. civ mdgomareobaSi mniSvnelovani
dawnexvis
ganxorcielebiT.
maRali
xvedriTi
simkvrive liTonSi ganapirobebs didi plastikuri
deformaciebis ganviTarebas, gamyofi zedapiris
gaswvriv liTonis `denasa~ da axali liTonis iuveliruli `gaSiSvlebuli~ zedapirebis warmoqmnas.
aqedan gamomdinare damyardeba aucilebeli fizikuri kontaqti da aRiZvreba mtkice atomTaSorisi
kavSirebi. liTonebis civad SeduReba SesaZlebelia
iseTi plastikuri masalebisTvis, rogoricaa alumini, spilenZi, tyvia da sxv.
ganvixiloT ori liTonuri Zelis magaliTze
wnevis gamoyenebiT da dnobiT SeduRebis sqemebi.
liTonebis mdgomareobaSi SeduReba (nax 2.2.) iTvaliswinebs Zelebis gaxurebasa da dawnexvas, xolo
erToblivi plastikuri deformaciiT SeerTebis
miRebas. liTonuri Zelebis SeduRebis Tanmimdevroba
Semdegia: dasawyisSi xdeba torsebis Sexeba calkeul wertilebSi; yvela mikroSverilebis daTelva;
atomTaSorisi kavSirebis damyareba; kontaqtSi Cabmuli marcvlebs Soris sazRvrebis erT kveTSi (kv. II) ganlageba. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom SesaZlebelia adgili qondes Tvisebebis gauaresebas, rogoricaa Zelebis ara adgilze SeerTeba (kv 2-2), romlebmac SeiZleba gadakveTon rogorc marcvlis
sazRvrebi, aseve tanebi.
24
nax. 2.2. liTonis ori naWris Zelebis myar mdgomareobaSi SeduRebis sqema: a _ sawyis mdgomareobaSi; b _ wnevis miyenebis Semdeg;
g _ difuziis da saerTo marcvlebis warmoqmnis
Semdeg.
liTonis gadnobis Sedegad miRebul SenaduR
SeerTebaSi, gamoxatulia iseTive xasiaTis (struqturis
uwyvetoba)
SeerTebis
zonaSi:
nakeriSednobis sazRvari _ sawyisi liToni. 2.3. nax.-ze
warmodgenilia SenaduRi SeerTebis ganivi kveTi.
nakeris kristalebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT svetiseburi forma, yalibdebian SenaduRi liTonis
Semolxobili marcvlebisgan da qmnian masTan erT
mTlianobas.
25
nax. 2.3. liTonebis dnobiT SeduRebis sqema:
a _ SesaerTebeli nawiburebis gadnobis momentSi
(g _ saSemduReblo abazanis Txevadi liToni),
b _ Txevadi liTonis kristalizaciis Semdeg
(d _ SenaduRi nakeri; e _ Sednobis sazRvari).
amgvarad, ganxiluli procesebis fizikuri arsidan gamomdinare SesaZlebelia saboloo daskvnis
gakeTeba, rom SeduReba warmoadgens dauSleli
SeerTebebis miRebis process SesaduRebel nawilebs
Soris atomTaSorisi kavSirebis damyarebiT, rac
ganpirobebulia maTi adgilobrivi an erTiani
gaxurebiT, an plastikuri deformirebiT, an orives
erToblivi moqmedebiT. SeduRebiT miRebuli SeerTebebisTvis (SenaduRi SeerTebebisTvis) damaxasiaTebelia struqturuli kavSirebis uwyvetoba.
26
2.2. SeduRebis dros gamoyenebuli energiis wyaroebi
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, SeduRebis aucilebel
pirobas warmoadgens SesaerTebeli zedapirebis
aqtivacia anu myari tanis zedapiruli atomebisTvis
garkveuli energiis gadacema.
aseTi saxis energia SeiZleba iyos gadacemuli
siTbos saxiT (Termuli aqtivacia), drekadplastikuri deformaciis (meqanikuri, aqtivacia), eleqtronuli dasxivebisa da sxvadasxva saxis zemoqmedebiT.
liTonebis SeduRebis dResdReobiT cnobili
procesebi xorcieldeba mxolod ori saxis energiis
xarjze – Termuli (T) da meqanikuri (M) an maTi SexamebiT _ Termomeqanikuri (TM). siTbos matareblebi
da wyaroebi energiis ganxiluli saxeebisTvis
SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli. ase magaliTad, Termuli energia SesaduRebel nakeTobas SeiZleba miewodos eleqtruli rkaliT, airuli aliT, eleqtronuli, lazeruli da sinaTlis sxivebiT, gamavali
deniT da sxv.
meqanikuri energiis wyaroebs SeiZleba warmoadgendnen moxaxune kontaqtebi, vibrirebadi kontaqtebi, wnexurmeqanikuri kontaqtebi, dartymiTi
kontaqtebi da sxv. aRniSnuli wyaroebis realizaciisTvis gamoiyeneba ultrabgeriTi rxevebi, srialis xaxuni, wneva, afeTqeba da sxv.
Tanamedrove SeduRebis procesebis ganmasxvavebeli niSania is garemoeba, rom maTi didi umravlesoba `Termulia~ da Cveulebrivad xorcieldeba
rkalis zonaSi Termuli an Termulmeqanikuri energiis SeyvaniT. Tu Seiyvaneba mxolod meqanikuri en-
27
ergia, miuxedavad amisa adgili eqneba mis Termul
formaSi mniSvnelovan gardaqmnas.
SesaduRebel masalaSi Seyvanili energia ixarjeba (gardaiqmneba) gaxurebaze, SesaerTebeli masalebis deformaciaze da difuziuri procesebis
ganviTarebaze.
SeduRebaze gamosayenebeli energiis saxeebis
gamartivebuli struqturuli sqema warmodgenilia
2.4. nax-ze. rogorc sqemidan Cans, SeduRebis ganxorcielebisTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes energiis
sxvadasxva wyaroebi, romelTa raodenobac maT
modifikaciebTan erTad Seadgens ramdenime aTeuls.
SeduRebis dros gamoyenebuli energiis wyaroebisa da matareblebis fizikur movlenaSi arsebiTi
gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, SesaZlebelia rom moiZebnos kanonzomierebebi da maxasiaTebelebi, romlebic
maTi erTiani niSniT Sedarebas uzrunvelyofen.
energia SeduRebaze
T
TM
Termuli
Termomeqanikuri
Termomatareblebi
rkali, ali,
sxivi, ganmuxtva
da sxv
M
meqanikuri
energiis gardamqmnelebi
gaxureba
SemolRvoba
da sxv.
wyaroebi
xaxuni, wneva, ultrabgera, afeTqeba da sxv.
deformacia
difuzia
nax. 2.4. SeduRebaze gamoyenebuli energiis saxeebi
28
saSemduReblo gaxurebis wyaroebis umniSvnelovanesi
maxasiaTeblebia:
saerTo
simZlavre,
farTis erTeulze gaxurebis simZlavris koncentraciis done da gaxurebis efeqturobis margi qmedebis
koeficienti,
romelic
TavisTavad
warmoadgens
SenaduR SeerTebaSi Seyvanili simZlavris Sefardebas,
energiis
wyarodan
warTmeul
saerTo
simZlavresTan.
zogierTi
gaxurebis
wyaros
zRvruli maxasiaTeblebi moyvanilia 2.1. cxrilSi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom cxrilSi moyvanili
gaxurebis wyaroebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes ara
marto SenaduRi dauSleli SeerTebebis misaRebad,
aseve mTliani SeerTebebis rRvevis (Wris) mizniT.
Termuli wyaroebidan yvelaze farTo gamoyenebas naxulobs eleqtruli rkali, rac ganpirobebulia
misi
miRebis,
SenarCunebisa
da
regulirebis simartiviT. Tumca simZlavris SedarebiT dabali zRvruli koncentracia gaxurebis
laqaSi, aqveiTebs misi gamoyenebis efeqturobas
sqelkedliani
liTonkonstruqciebis
SeduRebis
dros.
dResdReobiT sul ufro farTo gamoyenebas
naxuloben maRalkoncentrirebuli eleqtronuli
konebis
saSualebiT
qimiurad
aqtiuri,
mxurvalmedegi, maRali simtkicis da sxv. Senadnobebis
SeduReba. aseve kosmosuri sivrcis pirobebSi SeduRebis samuSaoebis warmoeba.
plazmuri Wavli da airuli ali farTo gamoyenebas naxulobs ganmacalkevebeli WrisTvis, nakeTobis zedapirze specialuri Tvisebebis fenebis
dafrqvevisTvis da sxva sferoebisTvis.
29
cxrili 2.1.
saSemduReblo gaxurebis wyaroebis zogierTi energetikuli maxasiaTeblebi
gaxurebis
wyaroebi
simZlavre, vt
simZlavris
koncentracia,
vt/sm2
gaxurebis
umciresi
farTobi, m2
saSemduReblo
rkali
eleqtrorkaluri
plazmuri Wavli
airuli ali
eleqtronuli
sxivi
lazeris sxivi
sinaTlis
gamaxureblebi
2·105
4·104
1·10-4
gaxurebis
efeqtiurobis
mqk
0,75
1·105
1·105
1·10-6
0,80
1·104
1·105
6·102
1·107
1·10-2
1·10-7
0,55
0,85
2,5·104
105
1·1010
2·103
1·10-8
_
0,05
0,7
saSemduReblo gaxurebis perspeqtiul wyaros
warmoadgens lazeruli sxivi _ dResdReobiT
simZlavris yvelaze maRali koncentraciis wyaro.
lazeris sxivi jerjerobiT gamoiyeneba mxolod dabali sisqis nakeTobebis (15 mm-mde) SeduRebisTvis.
aRniSnuli gaxurebis wyaros seriozuli naklia dabali margi qmedebis koeficienti (15%-mde). mZlavri
maRalefeqturi lazeruli gaxurebis wyaroebis
Seqmna, maT saSualebas miscems daimkvidron ufro
sapatio adgili saSemduReblo warmoebaSi.
30
2.3. SeduRebis xerxebis klasifikacia, SenaduRi
SeerTebebis tipebi,
SenaduRi SeerTebebis defeqtebi
SeduRebis sxvadasxvagvari da mravalricxovani
xerxebis Seswavla mizanSewonilia maTi klasificirebiT da saerTo niSnebiT gaerTianebul calkeul jgufebad dayofiT. dResdReobiT SeduRebis
procesebis klasifikaciis safuZvlad arCeulia niSanTa sami jgufi: fizikuri (SeerTebebis misaRebad
gamosayenebeli energiis forma da wyaros saxe);
teqnikuri (SeduRebis zonaSi liTonis dacvis xerxi,
procesis uwyvetoba da meqanizaciis xarisxi) da
teqnologiuri (calke dgindeba SeduRebis yoveli
meTodisTvis).
unda aRiniSnos, rom yvelaze ufro saerTo da
arsebiTia klasifikaciis fizikuri niSnebi, romlebic moyvanilia 2.2. cxrilSi.
cxrilidan Cans, rom SeduRebis Termul klasSi
gamoyofili saxeobebi xorcieldeba dnobis xarjze,
Tburi energiis gamoyenebiT. meqanikur klasSi gamokveTilia SeduRebis saxeobebi, romlebic mimdinareoben meqanikuri energiisa da wnevis saSualebiT.
Sualeduri Termomeqanikuri klasis warmoqmnas ganapirobeben SeduRebis saxeebi, romlebic xorcieldebian Tburi energiisa da wnevis gamoyenebiT.
klasifikaciis danarCeni ori niSani (teqnikuri
da teqnologiuri) aerTianebs SeduRebis ZiriTadi
saxeebis mravalricxovan nairsaxeobebs, romlebic
CamoTvlilia 2.2. cxrilSi. ase magaliTad, marto
rkaluri SeduReba iTvlis ara erT aTeul meTods,
nairsaxeobas, xerxs da saSualebas, rogoricaa
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduReba, flusis qveS da
31
damcav airebSi SeduReba, or an mravalrkaliani SeduReba, aseve wylis qveS an vakuumSi SeduRebis gamoyeneba da a.S.
gamoyenebis are da warmoebis konkretuli
moTxovnebi ganapirobeben SeduRebis ama Tu im
saxeebisa da xerxebis SerCevas, romelTa raodenobamac dResdReobiT ramdenime aTeuls SeiZleba
gadaaWarbos.
cxrili 2.2.
meqanikuri
Termomeqanikuri
Termuli
SeduRebis
klasi
SeduRebis klasifikacia fizikuri niSnebiT
SeduRebis saxeebi
rkaluri
eleqtrowiduri
eleqtronul sxivuri
lazerul-sxivuri
plazmur-sxivuri
ionur-sxivuri
bJutvadi ganmuxtviT
sinaTliT
induqciuri
airuli
Termituli
CamosxmiT
kontaqturi
difuziuri
induqciur-wnexviTi
airwnexviTi
Termokompresiuli
rkalurwnexviTi
widurwnexviTi
TermitulwnexviTi
Rumeluri
civad
afeTqebiT
ultrabgeriT
magnitoimpulsuri
wnevis gamoyenebis aucilebloba
SeniSvna
ara
Tburi
energiis
gamoyenebiT dnobiT
SeduRebiT
gansaxorcielebeli
saxeebi
aris
Tburi energiis gamoyenebiT da wneviT
SeduRebiT
gansaxorcielebeli
saxeebi
aris
meqanikuri energiis
gamoyenebiT
da
wneviT
gansaxorcielebeli SeduRebis saxeebi
32
rogorc cnobilia myari tanebis dauSleli
monoliTuri SeerTebebis warmoqmnas ganapirobebs
rogorc SeduReba, agreTve rCilva, Sewebeba (nax. 2.5)
da SeduRebis originaluri sxvadasxva kombinacia.
SeerTebebis miRebis dasaxelebuli meTodebi aseve
SeiZleba iqnes klasificirebuli sxvadasxva romelime niSniT, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom am sakiTxis gadawyveta ufro mizanSewonili iqneba SeduRebis romelime specialur disciplinaSi.
dnobiT SeduRebis saSualebiT miRebuli SenaduRi SeerTeba Sesdgeba ZiriTadi liTonisgan
(SesaerTebeli detalebis liToni), SenaduRi nakerisgan (ZiriTadi da misarTi liTonebis gadnobisa da
Semdgomi kristalizaciis Semdeg warmoqmnili liToni) da nakermimdebare zonisgan (Termuli gavlenis zona), romelic arsebiT struqturul cvlilebebs ganicdis gadnobis gareSe. dnobiT SeduRebis
saSualebiT miRebuli nakerebi SeerTebis saxidan
gamomdinare iyofa (cxrili 2.3) oTx ZiriTad jgufad, romlebsac miekuTvneba: pirapira SeerTebebis
nakerebi; kuTxuri SeerTebebis nakerebi; tavruli
SeerTebebis nakerebi da pirgadadebuli SeerTebebis
nakerebi. maTgan yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia pirapira SeerTebis nakerebi.
SenaduR
konstruqciebs
damzadebis
dros,
waeyenebaT sxvadasxva moTxovnebi, romlebic maTi
daniSnulebidan da SeerTebis tipebidan gamomdinare
icvlebian da moiTxoven konkretizacias. aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli moTxovnebis saerTo saxiT
formireba SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebelia mxolod im
garemoebis dasabuTeba, rom nebismieri nakeTobisTvis minimalurma Sromatevadobam uzrunvelyos
misi sakmarisi Sromisunarianoba.
33
nax. 2.5. dauSleli SeerTebebi romlebic miiReba:
dnobiT SeduRebiT (a), rCilviT (b), SewebebiT (g),
kontaqturi SeduRebiT (d) 1,3 – ZiriTadi liToni; 2
_ nakeri; 4 _ nakermimdebare zona; 5 _ wertilis
guli.
SenaduRi SeerTebebisadmi wayenebuli mTeli
rigi moTxovnebidan (rogorc saerTo, aseve specialuri), sakmaod mniSvnelovania defeqtebis warmoqmnisadmi medegobis uzrunvelyofis moTxovna.
34
cxrili 2.3.
SenaduRi SeerTebebis nakerebi
35
SenaduRi SerTebebisa da nakerebis sakmaod
gavrcelebul defeqtebs
/nax. 2.6./ miekuTvneba:
kristalizaciuli (cxeli) bzarebi; civi bzarebi;
forebi Seudnoblobis zona, CauduRebloba; gawva;
CanaWrebi; Tia; kraterebi; nakeris zomebis Semcireba
da sxv.
kristalizaciis
bzarebs
uwodeben
makroskopiul an mikroskopul aramTlianobebs, romlebsac
aqvT naserebis an CanaWrelis saxe da romlebic
Caisaxebian nakeris liTonis pirveladi kristalizaciis procesSi. es bzarebi Semdgom SeiZleba ganviTardnen gacivebis Semdeg, liTonis myar mdgomareobaSi.
nakeris RerZis mimarT, orientaciis mixedviT
cxeli bzarebi arseboben /nax. 2.6. a, b, g./ grZivi,
ganivi, grZivi da ganivi. xolo nakeris zedapirze
ganlagebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben bzarebs (2.7. a,b),
romlebic rCebian nakeris SigniT an gamodian zedapirze (rkaluri SeduRebisTvis).
nax. 2.6. bzarebis orientacia nakeris RerZis mimarT:
a _ grZivi; b _ ganivi; g _ kombinirebuli.
36
nax. 2.7. kristalizaciuli bzarebis ganlageba nakeris kveTis mimarT: a _ bzarebi zedapirze; b _ bzarebi zedapiris SigniT.
eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis dros bzarebi (nax.
2.8. a, b./ yovelTvis rCebian SenaduRi nakeris SigniT.
nax. 2.8. bzarebis ganlageba eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis dros: a _ nakeris RerZis mimarT; b _ svetovani
kristalitebis ganStoebebs Soris.
37
civi bzarebi SenaduR SeerTebSi Caisaxebian
dakristalebuli abazanis liTonis gacivebis procesSi (nax. 2.9. a,b,g,d) da Semdeg viTardebian Zalian
nela SeduRebis damTavrebidan ramdenime saaTis,
zogjer dReRamis an kviris gasvlis ganmavlobaSic.
civi bzarebi warmoadgenen saSualo naxSirbadiani
foladebis tipiur defeqtebs.
nax. 2.9. civi bzarebi SenaduR SeerTebebSi: a _
grZivi bzarebi nakermimdebare zonaSi (moxleCvebi);
b _ grZivi bzarebi Sednobis zonaSi (mowyvetebi);
g _ ganivi bzarebi nakeris liTonSi; d _ ganivi
bzarebi nakermimdebare zonaSi.
CamoTvlili faqtorebi gvevlinebian civi bzarebis, kristalizaciuli bzarebisgan arsebiT ganmasxvavebel niSnebad.
bzarebi (cxeli da civi) gansakuTrebiTi saSiSi
defeqtebia, romlebic safrTxes uqmnian SenaduRi
konstruqciebis saimedobas da saWiroeben maT aRmosafxvrelad efeqturi saSualebebis gamoyenebas.
forebs uwodeben airebiT Sevsebul nakerebis
Rruebs (nax. 2.10. a,b,g,d). forebi SeiZleba iyos mik-
38
roskopiuli (ramodenime mikroni) an makroskopiuli
(kveTSi 4-6 mm). Tumca bzarebTan mimarTebaSi forianoba iTvleba naklebad saSiS defeqtad, miuxedavad
amisa misi warmoqmna xarisxian SeerTebebSi mainc
araa sasurveli.
nax. 2.10. forebi nakeris liTonSi: a _ zedapirze
gamosuli; b _ zedapiris SigniT; g _ forebis
jgufuri ganlageba; d _ forebi eleqtrowiduri
SeduRebis dros.
Seudnoblobis zona, romelic warmoiqmneba
eleqtrorkaluri da eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis
gansakuTrebul pirobebSi, xasiaTdeba ZiriTad da
abazanis liTonebs Soris Sednobis uqonlobiT perimetris nawilze, xolo zogjer mTel perimetrzec.
defeqtis Casaxva aRiniSneba rkaluri SeduRebisTvis
39
gazrdil siCqareebze da maRal denebze, xolo
eleqtrowidurisTvis SeduRebis optimaluri reJimebisTvisac.
CauduReblobas uwodeben detalebis SesaerTebeli sisqis nawilis Sednobis uqonlobas. rkaluri
SeduRebisTvis ganasxvaveben CauduReblobebs, romlebic (nax. 2.12. a,b,g,d,e) warmoiqmnebian nakeris
kveTSi an fuZeSi, xolo eleqrowiduri SeduRebisTvis (nax. 2.13 v,z,T), romlebic warmoiqmnebian
nawiburebze da SeerTebebis zedapirebze.
a)
b)
nax. 2.12. nakeris kveTis an fuZis CauduReblobis
saxeebi: a _ dabali deniT; b _ rkalis araswori
gadaadgilebiT RerZis mimarT; g _ Cadnobis sisqis
SemcirebiT nakeris dasawyisSi; d – nakeris boloSi;
e _ sisqis SemcirebiT SeduRebis ganaxlebis dros.
CanaWrebs uwodeben nakeris sazRvrebze liTonis sisqis adgilobriv Semcirebebs (nax. 2.14.
a,b,v,i,k,l). CanaWrebis wamoqmnas SenaduR SeerTebaSi
ganapirobebs rkalis Zabvis gazrda, eleqtrodis
40
nax. 2.13 eleqtrowiduri SeduRebisTvis CauduReblobis saxeebi: v – or nawiburze; z –erT
nawiburze; T – nawiburis zedapirze.
diametris Semcireba, SeduRebis siCqaris gazrda, da
aseve SeerTebis RerZidan eleqtrodis arasworad
gatareba.
nax. 2.14 CanaWrebis saxeebi: a – kuTxuri nakerisTvis;
b – ormxrivi pirapira nakerisTvis; g _ navur mdgomareobaSi SeduRebuli kuTxuri nakerisTvis.
Tia warmoadgens defeqts, romelic xasiaTdeba
Sednobis gareSe nakeris liTonis daRvenTiT ZiriTadi liTonis zedapirze (nax. 2.15 a,b). Tias warmoqmna upiratesad aRiniSneba erTSriani pirapira nak-
41
erebis nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe SeduRebis
dros, aseve kuTxuri nakerebis dawolili eleqtrodebiT SeduRebis da daduRebis SemTxvevebSi.
nax. 2.15. Tias warmoqmna SeduRebis dros: a – pirapirasTvis; b – kuTxuri nakerebisTvis.
defeqtis warmoqmnis mizezebia: maRali Zabva,
eleqtrodis didi diametri da SeduRebis dabali
siCqare.
nax. 2.16. gawva SenaduR SeerTebebSi
(nakeris ukana mxare).
gawva warmoadgens (nakeris Rruebs, romlebic
warmoiqmnebian abazanis liTonis gadmoRvriT. ZiriTadi mizezia maRali denis Zala da nawiburebs Soris arsebuli RreCos gazrda.
42
Tavi III
SeduRebis ZiriTadi saxeebis mokle
daxasiaTeba
3.1. eleqtrorkaluri SeduReba
SeduRebis procesebis mimdinareobis dros gamoyenebuli energia warmoadgens misi meTodebad
dayofis safuZvels. maTgan yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia
_
eleqtrorkaluri,
ekleqtrowiduri,
airuli, kontaqturi, civad da sxv. SeduRebis meTodebi. ganxiluli meTodebis xerxebad (saxeebad) dayofa
sxvadasxva
niSnebiT
xdeba.
ganvixiloT
eletrorkaluri SeduRebis gavrcelebuli saxeebi.
eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebis dros, ZiriTadi da
misarTi liTonebis gasadnobad saWiro siTbos gamoyofs saSemduReblo rkali (mZlavri rkaluri ganmuxtva eleqtrodebs Soris), romelic warmoiqmneba
ionizirebul airSi maRal-amperaJiani denis gavlis
dros. rkaluri SeduRebis xerxebad dayofa xdeba
ori ZiriTadi niSniT: meqanizaciis xarisxiT (xeliT
SeduReba,
naxevaravtomaturi
SeduReba
da
avtomaturi SeduReba); abazanis liTonis haeris mavne
gavlenisagan dacvis saxiT (dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduReba, flusis qveS SeduReba; damcav
airebSi SeduReba da TviTdamcavi an aqtivizebuli
saeleqtrodo masalebiT SeduReba).
xeliT eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebisTvis (nax.
3.1.) ZiriTad muSa rgols warmoadgens damWerSi Camagrebuli dnobadi an aradnobadi saeleqtrodo masalebi (mzaddeba grafitisagan, naxSirisagan da
volframisagan), romlis saSualebiTac SemduReblis
mier Tanmimdevrulad sruldeba Semdegi operaciebi:
43
rkalis anTeba da SenarCuneba; eleqtrodis miwodeba-gadaadgileba nakeris RerZis mimarT; rkalis
manipulacia _ garkveuli traeqtoriiT moZraoba
abazanisTvis
formis
misacemad;
rkalis
gadaadgileba _ nakeris mTel sigrZeze SeduRebisTvis da SeduRebis damTavreba.
nax. 3.1. xeliT eleqtrorkaluri SeduReba: 1 _ ZiriTadi liToni; 2_ saSemduReblo abazana; 3 _
krateri; 4 _ saSemduReblo rkali; 5 _ CaduRebuli
liToni; 6 _ daduRebuli liToni; 7 _ saeleqtrodo
Rero; 8 _ eleqtrodis damWeri; 9 _ SeduRebis
wredi; 10 _ kvebis wyaro.
naxevaravtomaturi SeduRebisTvis (nax. 3.2.)
meqanizirebulia mxolod mavTulis (an misarTi masalis) miwodeba rkalis zonaSi, xolo danarCeni
operaciebis Sesruleba SemduReblis mier xeliT
xorcieldeba.
44
nax. 3.2. naxevaravtomaturi SeduReba: 1 _ mimwodebeli meqanizmi; 2 _ kaseta mavTuliT; 3 _ moqnili
Slangi; 4 _ eleqtrodis damWeri.
avtomaturi SeduRebis (nax. 3.3.) yvela operacia
aris
meqanizebuli.
rogorc
avtomaturi
aseve
naxevaravtomaturi SeduRebisTvis eleqtrodad da
misarT masalad gamoiyeneba rulonad daxveuli
(aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT SeduRebisTvis mxolod
misarT masalad) saSemduReblo mavTuli.
45
nax. 3.3. avtomaturi SeduReba: 1 _ ZiriTadi liToni;
2 _ krateri; 3 _ gamdnari liTonis abazana; 4 _
SenaduRi nakeri; 5 _ saSemduReblo aparati; 6 _
gadasaadgilebeli urika.
avtomaturi SeduRebisTvis rkalis gadaadgilebis meqanizacias uzrunvelyofs urika, romelzec damontaJebulia saSemduReblo aparati.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT (nax. 3.4) SeduReba
xdeba xeliT, risTvisac dawnexvis operaciiT,
rogorc wesi, cali mxridan (Reroze denis misayvanad), daWril Reros edeba garkveuli Sedgenilobisa
da sisqis dafarva.
rkalis anTebis Semdeg ZiriTadi liTonis
nawiburebi, Rero da dafarva dnebian da warmoqmnian
saSemduReblo abazanas. siTbos wyaros mocilebis
Semdeg mimdinareobs Txevadi liTonis kristalizacia da SenaduRi nakeris formireba, xolo gacivebis Sedegad widis qerqis warmoqmna, romelic
iolad cildeba gaxurebuli nakeris zedapirs.
46
nax. 3.4. dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduReba:
1 _ dafarva; 2 _ eleqtrodis Rero; 3 _ rkali;
4 _ SeduRebis abazana; 5 _ SenaduRi nakeri;
6 _ widis qerqi.
flusis qveS SeduReba (nax. 3.5) arsebuli meqanizebuli xerxebidan efeqturad gamoiyeneba saSemduReblo abazanis granulirebuli dafarviT (e.w.
flusiT) dacvis mizniT. flusi romelic SeduRebis
zonaSi SiSveli mavTulisagan damoukideblad miewodeba, gadnobis Semdeg warmoqmnis abazanis liTonis widur dacvas.
47
nax. 3.5. flusis qveS SeduReba: 1 _ saeleqtrodo
mavTuli; 2 _ flusis fena; 3 _ orTqlisa da airebis
buStovana; 4 _ saSemduReblo abazana; 5 _ SenaduRi
nakeri; 6 _ widis qerqi.
SeduRebis procesSi rkali anTia saeleqtrodo
da ZiriTad liTonebis Soris buStovanaSi, romelic
warmoiqmneba
rkalis
svetidan
gamoyofili
orTqlisa da airebis zemoqmedebiT. rkalis sveti
yvela mxridan garSemortymulia 30-50 mm sisqis
flusis feniT. rkalis mocilebis Semdeg mimdinareobs saSemduReblo abazanis liTonis kristalizacia da nakeris formireba. gamdnari flusi amotivtivdeba abazanis zedapirze da gacivebis Semdeg
warmoqmnis qerqs, romelic iolad cildeba nakeris
zedapiridan.
damcav airebSi SeduRebis dros (nax. 3.6),
eleqtrodis mimarT koncentrulad ganlagebuli
SeduRebis zona garemoculia saqSenidan dabali
wneviT miwodebuli haeriT. am xerxs zogjer uwodeben aireleqtruls, radganac es termini gamoxatavs
mimdinare movlenis arss. SeduRebis am xerxisaTvis
48
arsebiTia is garemoeba, rom liTonis gasadnobad
saWiro siTbo miiReba ara marto rkaluri ganmuxtvis Sedegad, aseve qimiuri reaqciebisa an sxva
procesebis xarjze, romlebic mimdinareoben airul
fazaSi.
nax. 3.6. damcav airebSi SeduReba: 1 _ damcavi airi;
2 _ saqSeni.
damcav airebSi SeduRebas awarmoeben: rogorc
aradnobadi, aseve dnobadi eleqtrodebiT; rogorc
arameqanizebuli,
aseve
meqanizebuli
xerxebiT,
rogorc cvlad, aseve sxvadaxva polarobis mudmiv
denze; rogorc aqtiur, aseve inertul airebSi.
3.2. eleqtrowiduri SeduReba
eleqtrowiduri SeduReba ewodeba SenaduRi
SeerTebis miRebas, gamdnar flusSi denis gavlis
dros gamoyofili temperaturis gamoyenebiT. myar
mdgomareobaSi saSemduReblo flusebi denis ara
gamtarebi arian. flusis gadnobiT denis gamtari
widuri abazanis warmoqmnis yvelaze efeqtur (Tumca
49
ara erTaderTs) process warmoadgens rkaluri ganmuxtva, romelic Txevad widaSi denis gatarebis
dawyebisTanave amTavrebs moqmedebas. ganvixiloT
SesaerTebeli elementebis awyobisa da maTi SeduRebis (nax. 3.7. a, b) Tanmimdevroba: SesaduRebeli detalebis awyoba xdeba vertikaluri nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe maT Soris 20...40 mm sididis
teqnologiuri RreCos dacviT, detalebze orive
mxridan gamomyvani TamasebiT, wyliT gacivebadi
spilenZis mcocebiT, satuCeebiTa da saeleqtrodo
masalebiT.
nax. 3.7. eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis sqema: a _ awyoba;
b _ SeduReba; 1 _ detalebi; 2 – spilenZis wyliT
gacivebadi mcocebi; 3 _ gamyarebuli abazanis liToni; 4 _ gamdnari abazanis liToni; 5 _
eleqtrodebi; 6 _ qveda gamomyvani Tamasa; 7 _ zeda
gamomyvani Tamasa.
SenaduRi SeerTebis dakompleqtebis Semdeg
detalebs
Soris
RreCo
ivseba
flusiT
da
regulirdeba
eleqtrodis
Sverilis
sidide;
50
danadgaris
CarTvis
Semdeg
rkali
inTeba
eleqtrodsa da qveda gamomyvan Tamasas Soris, rac
ganapirobebs flusis gadnobas da widuri abazanis
warmoqmnas; gamdnar widaSi denis gavlis dros
iwyeba rkaluris widur procesSi gadasvla _ saSemduReblo mavTulisa da SesaduRebeli detalebis
nawiburebis gadnoba, rac uzrunvelyofs saSemduReblo abazanis (widuri da liTonuri) warmoqmnas;
siTbos wyaros mocilebis Semdeg _ rac xdeba mcocebisa da eleqtrodis maRla aweviT da masTan erTad RreCoSi flusis damatebiT, mimdinareobs
SenaduRi nakeris kristalizacia, xolo mis zemoT
gamdnari abazanis Sevseba; SeduRebis bolos zeda
gamomyvani Tamasis meSveobiT xdeba SeerTebidan Cajdomis niJarebis mocileba, mcocebis moxsna da gamomyvani Tamasebis CamoWra.
eleqtrowiduri SenaduRi SeerTebebi arsebobs
sami tipis: pirapira; kuTxuri da tesebri. pirapira
da kuTxuri SeerTebebi gamoiyeneba 16-800 mm, xolo
tesebri 16-450 mm-mde sisqis detalebis SeduRebis
dros.
praqtikaSi gamoyenebas naxulobs eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis Semdegi (nax. 3.8. a,b,g,d,e,v) xerxebi:
erTeleqtrodiani; sameleqtrodiani; mravaleleqtrodiani;
firfitovani
eleqtrodebiT,
dnobadi
satuCiT; kontaqtur-widuri da sxv.
51
nax. 3.8. eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis xerxebi: a _
erTeleqtrodiani; b _ sameleqtrodiani; g _ mravaleleqtrodiani; d _ firfitovani eleqtrodebiT;
e _ dnobadi satuCiT; v _ kontaqtur-widuri.
erTeleqtrodiani SeduReba (nax. 3.8. a) ganivi
moZraobis gareSe gamoiyeneba 50...60 mm, xolo ganivi
moZraobis SemTxvevaSi 150 mm-mde sisqis detalebisTvis.
sameleqtrodiani SeduReba (nax. 3.8. b) samfaza
denis gamoyenebiT, ganivi moZraobiT uzrunvelyofs
500 mm-mde sisqis SeerTebebis miRebas.
mravaleleqtrodiani SeduReba (nax. 3.8. g) gamoiyeneba
Zalze
sqelkedliani
detalebisTvis.
dadgenilia, rom samfaza denisTvis eleqtrodebis
ricxvi samjeradi unda iyos, e.i. 3, 9 da a.S. risTvisac firfitovani eleqtrodebiT SeduReba (nax. 3.8.
d) gamoiyeneba SedarebiT mokle nakerebis (1,5 m-mde)
misaRebad, SesaerTebeli nakeTobebis sisqis mixedviT SeirCeva firfitebis zomebi da raodenoba.
52
dnobadi satuCiT SeduReba (nax. 3.8. e) aerTianebs mavTulisa da firfitovani eleqtrodebiT SeduRebis saxeebs. am SemTxvevaSi firfitebze miduRebuli milebi uzrunvelyofen mavTulebis miwodebas,
xolo uZrav firfitaze damagrebuli milebi ki asruleben dnobadi satuCis daniSnulebas. es xerxi
gamoiyeneba rTuli wrfivi profilis nakerebisTvis.
pirapira eleqtrowiduri anu sxvanairad kontaqtur-widuri (nax. 3.8. e) SeduReba gamoiyeneba misarTi masalis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi deni miewodeba
uSualod SesaduRebel Reroebs. widis abazanis warmoqmnisa da torsebis gadnobis Semdeg deni gamoirTveba da Reroebi erTmaneTs mieTeleba garkveuli wneviT. gamyarebis Semdeg miiReba dauSleli
SeerTeba.
3.3. airuli SeduReba
saSemduReblo ali warmoiqmneba airisebri sawvavis an sawvavi siTxis orTqlis JangbadSi wvis
Sedegad. sawvavi airebis specialuri sanTurebis gamoyenebiT airuli SeduRebis SesrulebisTvis, liTonebisa da Senadnobebis saSemduReblo alis minimaluri temperatura unda iyos 30000C. sxvadasxva
sawvavi
airebidan
am
moTxovnas
akmayofilebs
mxolod acetileni _ C2H2, romelic miiReba
acetilenis specialur generatorebSi kalciumis
karbidis CaC2 wyalTan reaqciis dros:
CaC2+2H2O=C2H2+Ca(OH)2
kalciumis karbidi _ sali da Zneldnobadi
kristaluri nivTiereba miiReba rkalur eleqtrul
RumelebSi kalciumis oqsidis (CaO) naxSirTan (C)
SednobiT:
CaO+3C=CaC2+O2
53
acetilenis wvis dros umaRlesi temperaturis
misaRwevad gamoiyeneba TiTqmis sufTa Jangbadi (9798%-iani), romelsac Rebuloben specialur danadgarebze atmosferuli haerisagan da miawodeben momxmarebels foladis balonebiT (150 kg/sm2 wneviT).
airuli SeduRebis praqtikaSi farTo sawarmoo
gamoyenebas naxuloben inJeqtoruli an dabali wnevis saSemduReblo sanTurebi, romlis sqemac mocemulia 3.9. nax-ze.
nax. 3.9. inJeqtoruli saSemduReblo sanTuris konstruqciuli sqema da saSemduReblo alis aRnagoba:
1 _ nipeli; 2 _ regulirebadi ventili; 3 _
sanaTuris inJeqtori; 4 _ Semrevi sakani; 5 _ Semrevi
milaki; 6 _ sanTuris buniki; 7 _ nipeli; 8 _ birTvi;
9 _ aRmdgeni zona; 10 _ CiraRdani.
nikelisa da ventilis saSualebiT sanTuris inJeqtors SlangiT miewodeba Jangbadi (3-4 kg/sm2
wneviT). viwro arxidan maRali siCqariT gamosuli
Jangbadi Seiwovs acetilens, romelic nipelidan dabali wneviT (0,5 kg/sm2) miyvanilia sanTuraze. Semrev
sakanSi miRebuli Jangbadisa da acetilenis narevi,
Semrevi milakiT miedineba sanTuris bunikisken.
bunikis arxidan gamosvlis Semdeg, sawvavis
narevi inTeba da warmoqmnis (nax. 3.10. a,b,g) rTuli
54
struqturis saSemduReblo als, romelsac gaaCnia
sami damaxasiaTebeli zona.
nax. 3.10. acetilen-Jangbadis ali: a _ normaluri; b _
damJangveli; g _ damanaxSirbadianebeli; 1 – birTvi;
2 _ aRmdgeneli zona; 3 _ CiraRdani.
pirveli zona, romlis temperaturaa daaxloebiT 15000C miiReba maSin, rodesac Teoriulad erT
moculoba acetilenisTvis saWiroa erTi moculoba
Jangbadi. Tumca praqtikulad (Jangbadis nawilobrivi
gaWuWyianebis
gamo),
rekomendebulia
acetilenis JangbadTan Sefardeba iyos 1÷1,3. am
SemTxvevaSi miiReba normaluri ali, romelsac gaaCnia mkveTri moxazulobis odnav kasriseburi da
boloSi momrgvalebuli forma.
birTvis garsacms axasiaTebs kaSkaSiT naTeba,
rac
ganpirobebulia
ganJanguli
naxSirbadis
nawilakebis arsebobiT. TviTon birTvs, romlis temperaturac praqtikulad daaxloebiT 9000C-is tolia
mocisfro feri gaaCnia.
meore zona (aRmdgeneli), romelic birTvis
bolodan 3-6 mm-Taa daSorebuli. muqi feriT gamoirCeva. am zonaSi mimdinareobs gamdnari liTonis
Jangeulebisgan aRdgena. aRmdgeneli zonis maRali
temperaturis (daaxloebiT 32000C) mqone aliT xdeba
liTonis gaxureba da gadnoba.
mesame zona (damJangveli), anu CiraRdani Sesdgeba
naxSirorJangisgan,
wylisa
da
azotis
orTqlisagan. maTi warmoqmna alSi, aRmdgenel
zonaSi naxSiris Jangisa da wyalbadis wviT garemomcveli haeris xarjze xdeba. mesame zonis tem-
55
peratura Seadgens 1200-25000C-s. damJangveli alis
warmoqmnis mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos acetilenTan mimarTebaSi Jangbadis maRali Semcveloba (1,3%ze meti). Jangbadis moculobiTi Semcvelobis zrda
ganapirobebs: birTvis sigrZeSi Semcirebas da
konusis magvari formis miRebas, rac arTulebs SeduRebis process. birTvis boloSi warmoiqmneba
momwvano feris ganStoebebi, birTvi kargavs formasa
da moxazulobas da aseTi aliT SeduReba SeuZlebelia.
amgvarad, normaluri aliT miRebuli SeerTebebi gacilebiT erTgvarovania, nakerSi iSviaTia
forebis, airis buStovanebisa da sxvadasxva CanarTebis arseboba.
detalebis airuli SeduRebis teqnika iyenebs
or xerxs: marjvenas da marcxenas (nax. 3.11 a,b). marjvena xerxisTvis saSemduReblo sanTuris ali nakerzea mimarTuli da igi gadaadgildeba misarTi masalis win.
nax. 3.11. airuli SeduRebis xerxebi:
a _ marjvena; b _ marcxena.
56
marcxena xerxis SemTxvevaSi sanTuris ali nakeridanaa mimarTuli da gadaadgildeba misarTi Reros Semdeg marjvnidan marcxniv.
praqtikaSi 3 mm-ze naklebi sisqis liTonebisTvis
mwarmoebluria
sisqeebisTvis
marcxena
marjvena,
xerxi,
xolo
gansakuTrebiT
ki
didi
im
SemTxvevaSi Tu iyeneben nawiburebis gamoyvanas.
3.4. kontaqturi da wnexuri SeduReba
dauSleli
SeerTebis
miReba
kontaqturi
Se-
duRebis dros xorcieldeba gamavali eleqtruli
deniT liTonis gaxurebiT da SemkumSavi datvirTvis
zemoqmedebiT SeerTebis zonis plastikuri deformaciiT.
SenaduRi
mixedviT
saxeobas:
SeerTebebis
ganasxvaveben
pirapiras;
Sesrulebis
kontaqturi
wertilovans
formis
SeduRebis
da
sam
gorgola-
Wovans.
pirapira kontaqtur SeduRebas ori nairsaxeoba
gaaCnia: SeduReba winaRobiT da SeduReba SemolRvobiT (nax. 3.12). winaRobiT SeduRebis dros detalebi
mtkiced magrdeba manqanis momWer mowyobilobaSi da
mcire
wnevis
gamoyenebiT
SesaduRebeli nawiburebiT.
57
mieWireba
erTmaneTs
nax. 3.12. pirapira kontaqturi SeduRebis sqema: 1,2 _
SesaduRebeli detalebi; 3 _ denmimyvanebi; 4 _
transformatori.
amis Semdeg irTveba deni da detalebi maTi
kontaqtisa da maTTan mimdebare zonis adgilebSi
swrafad xurdebian maRal temperaturamde. amis Semdeg manqanis Casajdomi mowyobilobiT da denis
erTdrouli gamoTiSviT xorcieldeba maTi dawnexva,
rac ganapirobebs SeerTebis miRebas myar mdgomareobaSi.
SemolRvobiT SeduReba arsebobs wyvetili da
uwyveti. pirvel SemTxvevaSi detalebis erTmaneTTan
miaxloebis Semdeg irTveba deni da Sverilebisa da
sxvadasxva uTanabrobebis adgilebSi Zabvis qveS
mimdinareobs maTi erTmaneTTan xanmokle Sexebebi,
xolo Semdgom _ maTi erTmaneTisagan gancalkeveba.
naperwkluri gaSxefviT mimdinare miaxloebisa da
gancalkevebis
procesebis
cikli
ganmeordeba
manamde, sanam ar moxdeba nawilobriv SemolRvobili
liTonis mTel SesaduRebel kveTze galRvoba.
mxolod amis Semdeg, gazrdili wnevis moqmedebiT
moxdeba gaTiSul denze detalebis swrafi Cajdoma,
58
rac ganapirobebs gaWuWyianebuli (ZiriTadad daJanguli) liTonis gamodevnas SeduRebis zonidan.
uwyveti SemolRvobiT kontaqturi pirapira SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs detalebis erTmaneTTan Tanabari da neli miaxloeba, sanam ar
moxdeba calkeul wertilebSi (SverilebSi) maTi
Sexeba. am SemTxvevaSi warmoqmnili denis maRali
simkvrive ganapirobebs liTonis gadnobas, nawilobriv aorTqlebas da Sxefebis saxiT amoxeTqas pirapiras sibrtyidan. Semdgomi miaxloebis Semdeg
Sexeba moxdeba sxva wertilebSic da procxesi
meordeba. detalebis miaxloeba gagrZeldeba manamde,
sanam masalebis pirapira zedapirebi Tanabrad ar
galRveba. amis Semdeg mniSvnelovani wnevis gamoyenebiT moxdeba swrafi Cajdoma.
wertilovani SeduReba (nax. 3.13) kontaqturis
erT-erTi gavrcelebuli xerxia, romlisTvisac gamoiyeneba is movlena, rom detalebSi gamavali deniT yvelaze metad xurdeba maTi Sexebis adgilebi
(sakontaqto zedapirebi), radganac isini denisadmi
sakmaod maRali winaRobiT xasiaTdebian. wertilovan
kontaqtur manqanebSi gamoiyeneba wakveTili konusis
formis spilenZis eleqtrodebi, romlebiTac xdeba
SesaerTebel detalebSi denis gatareba da maTze
datvirTvis miyeneba.
ganvixiloT wertilovani SeduRebis mimdinareoba. SeduRebisTvis gamzadebul pirgadadebul
furclebisTvis xdeba nawiburebidan wertilebs Soris manZilis moniSvna da moniSnul-awyobili SeerTebebis eleqtrodebs Soris moTavsebis Semdeg, momWidebis dasma ramodenime adgilas. awyobis sisworis
Semowmebis Semdeg iwyeba SeduRebis procesi samarTavi pedlis moqmedebiT. pedalze daWeriT xdeba
59
SesaduRebeli
furclebis
SekumSva
(datvirTva
gadaecema eleqtrodebis saSualebiT), xolo ramodenime wamSi furclebSi denis impulsis gatareba.
maRali winaRobis gamo furclebis SeerTebis
adgilze xdeba liTonis gadnoba, ris Semdegac gamoyenebuli iqneba damatebiTi datvirTva.
nax. 3.13. kontaqturi wertilovani SeduRebis sqema:
1,2 _ SesaduRebeli detalebi; 3 _ spilenZis
eleqtrodebi; 4 _ saSemduReblo transformatori;
5 _ SenaduRi wertilis birTvi.
gorgolaWovani SeduReba uzrunvelyofs mtkice
da mkvrivi SenaduRi nakeris miRebas. kontaqturi
SeduRebis am xerxisTvis pirgadadebuli SeerTebis
misaRebad
eleqtrodebad
gamoiyeneba
spilenZis
diskebi (nax. 3.14), romelTagan erT-erTi maTgani wamyvania, xolo meore mimyoli. SeduRebis procesSi
pedalze daWeris Semdeg mieyeneba wneva, ris gamoc
SesaduRebeli furclebi mkveTrad ikumSeba da irTveba deni, romlis Semdegac procesi mimdinareobs
wyvetili impulsebiT.
60
nax. 3.14. gorgolaWovani (nakeruli) SeduRebis sqema:
1,2 _ SesaduRebeli furclebi; 3 _ eleqtrod gorgolaWebi; 4 _ transformatori; 5 _ SenaduRi nakeri.
airwnexuri SeduReba (nax. 3.15) gamoyenebas naxulobs relsebis, milebis, zolurebis da sxv. profilis detalebis pirapira SeduRebisTvis.
nax. 3.15. airwnexuri SeduRebis sqema: 1,2 _ SesaduRebeli detalebi;
3 _ mravalplazmiani sanTura.
61
aRniSnuli procesisTvis SesaerTebeli detalebis plastikur mdgomareobamde misayvanad an
maTi nawiburebis gasadnobad axureben mravalplazmiani sanTurebis gamoyenebiT. amis Semdeg RerZuli
wnevis miyenebiT mimdinareobs nawiburebis dawnexva
da SenaduRi SeerTebis miReba. SeduRebis es xerxi
sakmaod mwarmoebluria da ganapirobebs maRali
xarisxis nakerebis miRebas.
3.5. civad SeduReba
am meTodis vargisianoba normalur temperaturaze plastikuri liTonebis (alumini, spilenZi
da sxv.) SeerTebisTvis, ganapiroba misi farTo gamoyeneba eleqtro samontaJo waroebaSi.
civad SeduRebiT SenaduRis SeerTebis warmoqmnas (nax. 3.16 a.b) uzrunvelyofs miyenebuli
adgilobrivi wnevis moqmedebiT liTonuri kavSirebis damyareba. xanrisxiani SeduRebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebelia SesaerTebeli zedapirebis saguldagulod gawmenda
nax. 3.16 civad SeduRebis sqema: a-winaswari CaWeris
gareSe; b-winaswari CaWeriT; 1-SesaduRebeli detalebi; 2-puansonebi; 3-SemzRudavi sayrdenebi; 4SeduRebis adgili; 5-winaswari mimWeri.
62
cximovani da Jangeulis furCebisgan, rac
xorciledeba meqanikuri da qimiuri xerxebiT. pirgadadebuli da kuTxuri SeerTebebiT SeduRebisTvis xvedriTi wnevis SerCeva xdeba detalebis
sisqis mixedviT: 0.5-1.0 mm furclovani aluminismm-is
Tvis saWiroa 100-125 kg/mm2-ze; xolo 1,0-2,0
150-175 kg/mm2-ze.
pirapira SeerTebebis civad SeduRebas (nax. 3.17.)
iyeneben 10 mm2-mde kveTis aluminis sadenebis SeerTebisTvis, risTvisac saWiro wnevis sidide unda
Seadgendes 30-80 kg mm2-ze.
nax. 3.17. pirapira civad SeduRebis sqema.
aluminis mavTulebis civad SeduRebas warmatebiT iyeneben adidvis sawarmoebSi. SeduRebis
stacionaluri danadgarebi saSvalebas iZlevian
SeduRdes 3.5 mm diametramde mavTulebi Semdgomi
adidvisTvis 0.7 mm diametramde, gawyvetis gareSe.
aluminis mavTulebis civad SeduRebisTvis praqtikul gamoyenebas naxuloben mcire gabaritiani
saSemduReblo marwuxebi (nax. 3.18. a, b), romelTa
gamoyenebiTac SesaZlebelia 10 mm2-mde kveTis aluminis mavTulebis SeduReba.
63
nax. 3.18. mavTulebis civad SeduRebis marwuxebi:
a-xelSi dasaWeri (KC-6 tipis); b-magidaze dasadgmeli (CHC-2 tipis ).
civad
SeduReba
xorciledeba
specialur
danadgarebze, romelTa gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs
sxvadaxva saxis SenaduRi SeerTebebis miRebas (nax.
3.19.). civad SeduRebiT SeiZleba damzaddes SeerTebebi:
64
nax. 3.19. civad SeduRebiT miRebuli SeerTebebi.
aluminis_aluminTan;
aluminis-spilenZTan;
aluminis-rkinasTan; aluminis-nikelTan; spilenZisspilenZTan; spilendis-vercxlTan; tyviis-tyviasTan;
tyviis-rkinasTan da sxv.
65
Tavi IV
saSemduReblo masalebi
saSemduReblo masalebma unda uzrunvelyon:
siTbos (energiis) wyaros warmoqmna da gamdnari
(SesaerTebeli) liTonis miReba; siTbos wyaros moqmedebis SenarCuneba da stabilizacia; SeduRebis
zonis dacva haeris mavne zemoqmedebisgan; abazanis
liTonis ganJangva da legireba; garkveuli qimiuri
Sedgenilobis xarisxiani SenaduRi SeerTebis miReba.
CamoTvlili moTxovnebidan gamomdinare saSemduReblo masalebi SeiZleba daiyos eleqtrodebisa
(misarTi liTonebis) da danarCeni (saeleqtrodo
dafarvebi; saSemduReblo flusebi; damcavi da sawvavi airebi da sxv.) masalebis jgufebad.
eleqtruli SeduRebis procesSi eleqtrodis
daniSnulebaa denis miyvana siTbos wyaromde da
amasTan erTad damatebiTi gamdnari liTonis warmoqmna dnobiT SeduRebisTvis an datvirTvis warmoqmna
wneviT SeduRebisTvis. SeduRebis sxvadasxva xerxebisTvis gankuTvnili eleqtrodebi SeiZleba iyos:
aradnobadi an dnobadi; mTliani an sxva kveTis, SiSveli an dafaruli; wyvetili (daWrili) an uwyveti
(gorglis saxiT) da sxv. aradnobadi eleqtrodebis
masalad gamoiyeneba: naxSiri, grafiti, volframi da
spilenZis Senadnobebi. dnobadi eleqtrodebi mzaddeba dabalnaxSirbadiani (an legirebuli) foladebisgan
da
feradi
liTonebisgan.
aradnobadi
eleqtrodebis gamoyeneba rekomendebulia wneviT da
damcav airebSi eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebis xerxebisTvis, xolo dnobadi eleqtrodis eleqtro-
66
rkaluri da eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis nebismieri
xerxisTvis.
elqtrodebis ganxilul nomenklaturaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia saSemduReblo mavTuls,
romelic warmoadgens rogorc uwyvet eleqtrods,
aseve misarT masalasac. saSemduReblo mavTuli
farTod gamoiyeneba rogorc xeliT (es masala daWril Reroebad ixmareba dafarul eleqtrodebSi)
aseve meqanizebuli (damcav airebSi, flusis qveS da
eleqtrowiduri) SeduRebis xerxebisTvis. agreTve
unda aRiniSnos, rom uwyveti eleqtrodis sakmaod
gavrcelebuli saxeobaa fxvnilgula mavTuli. orive
saeleqtrodo masala mzaddeba rogorc Savi, aseve
feradi liTonebisgan.
4.1. saSemduReblo mavTuli
SiSveli (daufaravi) saSemduReblo mavTuli
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba flusis qveS an damcav
airebSi naxevaravtomaturi da avtomaturi, aseve
eleqtrowiduri SeduRebisTvis. xeliT SeduRebisTvis mavTuls Wrian 350-400 mm sigrZis Reroebad,
xolo Semdeg zedapirze adeben dafarvas. aseT
saSemduReblo masalas uwodeben saSemduReblo
eleqtrods.
Cveulebriv saSemduReblo saeleqtrodo mavTuli mzaddeba Savi da feradi liTonebis kargad
deformirebad masalebisgan. yvela saSemduReblo
mavTulis pirobiT aRniSvnaSi Sedis indeqsi `Cв~
(saSemduReblo) da Sedgom sxvadasxva liTonebis
markirebis dros gamoyenebuli cifrebi da asoebi.
67
nebismieri liTonis SeduRebis teqnologiis SemuSavebis
dros
udidesi
mniSvneloba
eniWeba
saeleqtrodo mavTulis swor SerCevas, radganac
misi Sedgeniloba gansazRvravs nakeris qimiur
Sedgenilobas da uzrunvelyofs mis meqanikur,
fizikur da fizikur-meqanikur Tvisebebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom SeduRebis procesSi gamdnari liToni
reagirebs damcav aresTan (widasTan da airTan),
romlis drosac mimdinare metalurgiuli procesebiT sagrZnoblad icvleba nakeris Sedgeniloba mavTulTan mimarTebaSi. aRniSnuli garemoeba unda
gaTvaliswinebul iqnes saeleqtrodo masalebis SemuSavebis dros da unda iqnes daculi SenaduRi
SeerTebis elementebis Sedgenilobisa da Tvisebebis
Sesabamisoba.
foladis saSemduReblo mavTulebi. gosti 224675 iTvaliswinebs 75 markis saSemduReblo mavTulis
warmoebas, romlebic 3 jgufad iyofian: 6 marka _
dabalnaxSirbadiani; 30 marka _ legirebuli; da 39
marka _ maRallegirebuli. isini mzaddebian 0,3; 0,5;
0,8; 1,2; 1,6; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0; 6,0; 8,0; 10,0 da 12,0 mm
diametris. aqedan meqanizebuli SeduRebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli mavTulis diametri ar unda aRematebodes 6,0 mm-s. mavTuli momxmarebels miewodeba
gorglis saxiT. Tu mavTulis zedapiri aris mospilenZebuli, gamoiyeneba aRniSvna `0~. 4.1. cxrilSi
moyvanilia foladis saSemduReblo zogierTi mavTulis Sedgeniloba.
68
cxrili 4.1.
zogierTi markis foladis saSemduReblo mavTulis
qimiuri Sedgeniloba, % (gosti 2246-75)
mavTulis
marka
Св-08
Св-08А
Св-08АА
Св-08ГА
Св-10ГА
Св-10Г2
Св-08ГС
Св-12ГС
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,10
0,12
0,12
0,10
0,14
0,350,60
0,350,60
0,350,60
0,801,10
1,101,40
1,501,90
1,401,70
0,81,1
1,82,10
Si
Cr
Nl
S
ara umetes
P
sxva
elementebi
0,03
0,15
0,30
0,040
0,040
0,01 Al
0,03
0,12
0,25
0,030
0,030
0,01 Al
0,03
0,10
0,25
0,020
0,020
0,01 Al
0,03
0,10
0,25
0,025
0,030
-
0,03
0,20
0,30
0,025
0,030
-
0,03
0,20
0,30
0,030
0,030
-
0,85
0,20
0,25
0,025
0,030
-
0,90
0,20
0,30
0,025
0,030
-
0,95
0,20
0,25
0,025
0,030
-
Св-15ГСТЮЦА
0,11
Mn
0,18
0,61,0
0,85
0,30
0,40
0,025
0,025
Св-20ГСТЮА
Св08Г2С
C
ara
umetes
0,18
0,61,0
0,85
0,30
0,40
0,025
0,025
69
0,20 –
0,50 Al,
0,05 –
0,15Zr,
ara
nakleb
0,40 Ce
0,100,20 Ti,
0,20 –
0,50 Al,
0,30 –
0,45 Ce
cxrilSi moyvanili pirveli xuTi marka gamoiyeneba dabalnaxSirbadiani foladebis flusis qveS
SeduRebisTvis (mavTulis markis asoebi A da AA miuTiTeben nakeris liTonis gazrdil sisufTaveze
gogirdTan da fosforTan mimarTebaSi).
dabalnaxSirbadiani foladebis naxSirorJangis
areSi SeduRebisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia Св-10Г2, Св08ГС, Св-12ГС, Св-08Г2С, markis saSemduReblo mavTulebi. rac Seexeba Св-15ГСТЮЦА da Св-20ГСТЮА
markis
saSemduReblo
mavTulebs
(specialuri
daniSnulebis aqtivizebuli masalebia) maTi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia dacvis gareSe Ria rkaliT SeduRebisTvis.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
mavTuli. mTliani kveTis saSemduReblo mavTuli
miewodeba momxmarebels gosti 7871-63-is mixedviT
(cxrili 4.2). aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis mavTuli diametriT 0,8-12 mm, SeiZleba iyos naWimi an
nawnexi. naWimi mavTuli miewodeba mopirsalebul
mdgomareobaSi xveulebad, xolo cxladCawnexili _
xveulebad an wnelebad, sigrZiT ara umcires 3 m-sa.
gorglebis zomebi da masa unda Seesabamebodes 4.3.
cxrilis monacemebs.
70
cxrili 4.2.
danarCeni
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli mavTulebis Sedgeniloba
mavTulis
Al
Mg
Mn
Fe
Si
marka
≤99,97
≤0,015
≤0,015
СвАВ-00
0,10÷0,35
СвВА-1
≤99,5
0,20÷0,35
1,0÷1,5
0,3÷0,5
0,2÷0,4
≤0,05
СвАМц
4,8÷5,8
0,5÷0,8
≤0,4
≤0,4
СвАМг5
5,8÷6,8
0,5÷0,8
≤0,4
≤0,4
СвАМг6
6,5÷7,5
0,5÷0,8
≤0,4
≤0,4
СвАМг7
4,5÷6,0
≤0,6
СвАН5
7,0÷10,0
≤0,10
≤0,6
СвАН10
11,5÷13,5
≤0,3
СвАН12
minarevebi
ara
umetes,
mavTulis
%
marka
СвАВ-00
СвВА-1
СвАМц
СвАМг5
СвАМг6
СвАМг7
СвАН5
СвАН10
СвАН12
Ti
0,1÷0,
2
0,1÷0,
2
-
Be
0,002÷
÷0,005
0,002÷
÷0,005
0,002÷
÷0,005
-
-
-
-
Zn
0,1
Cu
0,005
0,015
0,2
-
0,2
0,05
0,1
1,4
-
0,2
0,1
0,1
1,2
0,2÷0,4
-
-
-
-
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,1
1,0
1,1
0,2
0,1
0,6
0,005÷
÷0,25
71
-
jamuri
Zr
-
sxvadasx
va
minar
evebi
0,01
0,05
0,1
0,08
0,5
0,35
cxrili 4.3.
aluminis mavTulis gorglebis zomebi da masa
mavTulis diametri, mm
0,8
1,0-2,2
2,5-3,5
4,0-6,0
7,0-12,0
gorglis Siga
diametri, mm
150-300
250-400
350-500
≤600
≤750
gorglis masa,
kg
1,5
10
25
40
40
mavTuli miewodeba makonservebeli gapoxviT.
misi Senaxva da transportireba rekomendebulia
iseT pirobebSi, romlebic gamoricxaven SefuTvis
mTlianobis darRvevas. amiT uzrunvelyofil iqneba
mavTulis zedapiris dacva koroziisgan, gaWuWyianebisgan da meqanikuri dazianebebisgan.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
mavTuli. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduReblad
gankuTvnili
mavTulebis
qimiuri
Sedgenilobebi moyvanilia 4.4. cxrilSi. ganxiluli
Sedgenilobebidan
cxrili 4.4.
spilenZisa da qromiani brinjaos SesaduRebeli mavTulebis Sedgeniloba %
mavTulis marka
МТ
Бр.Х0,7
Бр.ХТО,6-05
Cr
Ti
Nl
Fe
0,4-0,9
-
-
-
0,4-0,8
0,4-0,6
-
-
72
МНЖКТ5-1-0,2-0,2
Бр.КМц3-1
mavTulis marka
МТ
Бр.Х0,7
Бр.ХТО,6-05
МНЖКТ5-1-0,2-0,2
Бр.КМц3-1
-
0,1-0,3
5,0-6,5
1,0-1,4
-
-
-
Si
Mn
Cu
minarevebis
jami
0,150,30
2,75-3,5
-
99,95-99,99
`
0,01-0,05
≤0,3
≤0,2
0,3-0,8
`
≤0,7
1,0-1,5
`
≤1,1
flusis qveS SesaduReblad gamoiyeneba mavTulebi
МТ,
БрХТО,6-0,5
da
БрХ0,7,
xolo
aireleqtruli SeduRebisTvis _ mavTulebi МНЖКТ51-0,2-0,2 БрНМц3-1.
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
mavTuli. saSemduReblo mavTulebi mzaddeba gansxvavebuli Sedgenilobis titanis Senadnobebisgan da
miewodeba momxmarebels teqnikuri pirobebis uwyisebis Sesabamisad. titanis SeduRebisTvis gamoiyeneba BT1 Senadnobisgan damzadebuli mavTuli, romelSic Sedis: 0,05%C; 0,3%Fe; 0,05%S; 0,15% Jangbadi;
0,04% azoti da 0,01% wyalbadi. titanis SenadnobebisTvis gankuTvnili mavTulis qimiuri Sedgenilobis SerCeva xdeba im mosazrebidan gamomdinare, rom
iqnes uzrunvelyofili SenaduRi SeerTebebisTvis
simtkicisa da koroziamedegobis moTxovnebi.
4.2. fxvnilgula mavTuli
fxvnilgula mavTuli nax.4.1. warmoadgens universalur saSemduReblo masalas, romelic praqti-
73
kulad gamoiyeneba nebismieri liTonis SesaduReblad da gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis mqone fenis
dasaduReblad. igi xSir SemTxvevebSi konkurencias
uwevs iseT klasikur saSemduReblo masalebs,
rogoric aris saSemduReblo mavTuli, dafaruli
eleqtrodi, flusi da damcavi airebi. fxvnilgula
mavTuli xSirad gamoiyeneba naxSirbadiani da
legirebuli foladebis, aseve Tujebisa da feradi
liTonebis SeduRebasa da daduRebaSi, rac ganpirobebulia misi qimiuri Sedgenilobis farTo
zRvrebSi varirebiT.
fxvnilgula
mavTuli,
romelic
aRiniSneba
rusuli asoebiT ПП («Порошковая проволока»), warmoadgens `milisebri~ an ufro rTuli konstruqciis
uwyvet eleqtrods romlis gulic Sedgenilia madnis, feroSenadnobebis, liTonebis, qimikatebisa da
sxva masalebis fxvnilebisagan mzaddeba (nax.4.3.)
nax. 4.1. fxvnilgula mavTulis konstruqciebi: a,b,g _
milisebri; d,e,v,z _ garsacmis nawilia gulis SigniT Seyvanili: T _ orSriani.
74
gulis iolad deformirebad liTonis lentaSi gaxveviTa da dawnexviT, rac xorcieldeba filerebSi.
pirveli gatarebis Semdeg fxvnilis SemWidroebisa
da dawnexvis mizniT mimdinareobs mavTulis gatareba ramodenime filerSi (diametrebSi sxvaoba
Seadgens 0,3-0,5 mm-s) saWiro diametris miRebamde.
nax. 4.2. fxvnilgula mavTulis damzadebis sqema: 1 _
lenta; 2 _ kazmiani bunkeri; 3 _ filerebi; 4 _
fxvnilgula mavTuli.
eleqtrodis dafarvis msgavsad, gulis kazmSi
Semaval komponentebs sxvadasxva daniSnuleba gaaCniaT. ase, magaliTad, gamdnari liTonis dacva haeris
mavne
zegavlenisagan,
ganJangva,
liTonis
legireba, azotis SekavSireba mdgrad nitridebad,
rkalis ganmuxtvis stabiluroba da sxv. yovelive
amis garda, gulis Semdgenebi unda akmayofilebdes
kidev
saerTod
miRebul
pirobebs,
romlebic
waeyeneba yvela saSemduReblo masalas, kerZod nakeris kargi formirebis uzrunvelyofa, widis qerqis
ioli mocileba, ZiriTadi liTonis CaduRebis sakmao
siRrme, liTonis minimaluri gaSxefa, forebis, bzarebis, araliTonuri CanarTebisa da sxva defeqtebis
Tavidan acileba, nakerisa da SenaduRi SeerTebebis
sasurveli meqanikuri, fizikuri da fizikur-qimiuri
Tvisebebis miReba da a.S.
75
fxvnilgula mavTulebi SesaZloa gamoyenebul
iqnes SeduRebisaTvis rogorc SeduRebis zonis
damatebiTi dacvis gareSe, ise damcavi airebisa da
flusebis gamoyenebiT. fxvnilgula mavTuls, romelic SeduRebis procesSi ar moiTxovs SeduRebis
zonis damatebiT dacvas, TviTdamcavi ewodeba. aseTi
mavTulis gulis SedgenilobaSi Semavali masalebi
rkaliT gaxurebasa da gadnobisas qmnis Txevadi
liTonis widiTa da airiT dacvis ares, amJamad
farTo gavrceleba pova naxSirorJangis airis qveS
TviTdamcavi fxvnilgula mavTulebiT SeduRebam.
ganasxvaveben
fxvnilgula
mavTulebs
daniSnulebis, liTonis dacvis xerxisa da gulis
Sedgenilobis mixedviT. bolo wlebSi farTo gavrceleba hpova fxvnilgula mavTulebma legirebuli
foladebis, Tujebis, feradi liTonebisa da maT
Senadnobebis SeduRebasa da daduRebaSi.
dacvis xerxis mixedviT fxvnilgula mavTulebi
SeiZleba iyos TviTdamcavi da SeduRebis zonis
airiT an flusis damatebiTi dacviT.
gulis Sedgenilobis mixedviT fxvnilgula
mavTulebi xuT ZiriTad tipad iyofa: rutilorganuli, karbonatul-fluorituli, fluorituli,
rutilisa da rutil-fluorituli. pirveli sami
tipis mavTuli gamoiyeneba yovelgvari damatebiTi
dacvis gareSe, xolo meoTxe da mexuTe tipi _ naxSirorJangis aris qveS SeduRebisaTvis.
rutil-organuli tipis guli ZiriTadad Sedgeba rutilis koncentratisa da aluminsilikatebisagan (mindvris Spati, qarsi, graniti, da sxv.)
ganmJangavad gamoiyeneba feromanganumi, xolo airwarmomqmnel masalebad _ kraxmali an celuloza.
76
aseTi
tipis
mavTulebi
TviTdamcavi
TvisebiT
xasiaTdeba.
rutilis tipis mavTulis guli ZiriTadad Seicavs rutilis koncentrats, aluminsilikatebsa da
madans. ganmJangavebad gamoyenebulia feromanganumi,
ferosiliciumi, ferotitani, feroalumini. aseTi
tipis mavTulebi SeduRebisas damatebiT airul
dacvas (ZiriTadad naxSirorJangis airiT) moiTxovs.
karbonatul-fluorituli tipis mavTulis guli Sedgeba airwarmomqmneli masalebisagan _ kalciumis, magniumis, natriumis an sxva liTonebis karbonatebisagan. widis warmomqmnel masalad gamoiyeneba rutilis koncentrati, aluminsilikatebi,
tutemiwa liTonis oqsidebi. fluoritis koncentrati da sxva, ganmJangavebad Seitaneba feromanganumi
an ferosiciliumi, an orive erTad. mdgrad nitritebad azotis gadayvanisaTvis gulSi SehyavT titani
da alumini. am tipis mavTulebi miekuTvneba TviTdamcav kategorias, magram maTi gamoyeneba SeiZleba
damatebiTi damcav naxSirorJangis airTan erTad.
rutil-fluorituli tipis mavTulis guli
ZiriTadad Seicavs rutilisa da fluoritis koncentratebs. widis warmomqmnelebad zogjer SehyavT
tutemiwa liTonis oqsidebi da aluminsilikatebi.
ganmJangavebs
warmoadgenen
feromanganumi
da
ferosiciliumi. am tipis gulis mqone mavTulebi
moiTxovs damatebiT damcav ares _ naxSirorJangis
airs.
fluoritis tipis mavTulis guli ZiriTadad
Sedgeba fluoritis koncentratisagan. liTonis
gansaJangavad gamoiyenebian feromanganumi, alumini,
magniumi. alumini amasTanave ierTebs azots da gada-
77
hyavs mdgrad nitridis saxeSi. am tipis mavTulebi
gamoiyeneba rogorc TviTdamcavi.
SeduRebis mwarmoeblurobis gazrdisa da kargi
saSemduReblo-teqnologiuri Tvisebebis miniWebis
mizniT, yvela tipis fxvnilgula mavTulis gulSi
SehyavT rkinis fxvnili.
4.3. dafaruli eleqtrodebi
dnobadi eleqtrodiT arameqanizebuli (xeliT)
eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebis dros gamoiyeneba liTonuri da araliTonuri masalebiT Sedgenili kombinirebuli saSemduReblo masala _ dafaruli
eleqtrodi. misi elementebia: liTonuri Rero da
masze Semogozili dafarva (nax. 4.3). pirveli warmoadgens saeleqtrodo da misarT masalas, romelic
uzrunvelyofs rogorc denis rkalze miyvanas, aseve
SeduRebis abazanis gamdnari liToniT Sevsebas.
d
1
D
2
nax. 4.3. dafaruli eleqtrodi: 1 _ saeleqtrodo
Rero; 2 _ eleqtrodis dafarva.
78
meore
elementi
warmoadgens
mravalkomponentian araliTonur masalas, romelic gadnobis
Semdeg uzrunvelyofs: rkaluri procesis stabilurobas (mdgradobas); SeduRebis zonis dacvas haeris mavne gavlenisgan; abazanis liTonis ganJangvasa
da legirebas; SenaduRi SeerTebis tolsimtkicesa
da xarisxs. ganxiluli moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad, nebismieri dafarva unda Seicavdes
sastabilizacio, airwarmomqmnel da widis warmomqmnel mdgenelebs, ganmJangvelebsa da malegirebel elementebs.
dafaruli eleqtrodebis klasifikacias ganapirobebs Semdegi niSnebi: a) warmoqmnili nakeris
meqanikuri Tvisebebi da xarisxi; b) dafarvis tipi da
sisqe; g) nakeris Sesrulebis sivrciTi mdebareoba;
d) diametri; e) SeduRebis denis saxeoba da polaroba. ganxiluli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba
ruseTisa da ukrainis warmoebis eleqtrodebis pirobiTi aRniSvna (nax. 4.4.).
nax. 4.4. dafaruli eleqtrodebis pirobiTi aRniSvnis
struqtura:
1 _ eleqrodis tipi; 2 _ eleqtrodis marka; 3 _ diametri; 4 _ daniSnuleba; 5 _ dafarvis sisqe; 6 _
jgufi; 7 _ standartis mixedviT daduRebuli liTonisa da nakeris maxasiaTeblebis jgufis maCvenebeli indeqsi; 8 _ dafarvis tipi; 9 _ SeduRebis
sivrciTi mdebareobis aRmniSvneli indeqsi; 10 _
denis saxeoba, polaroba da kvebis wyaros uqmi
svlis Zabva; 11 _ standarti; 12 _ standarti.
79
dafaruli eleqtrodis tipi (p.1) aerTianebs
sxvadasxva markis eleqtrodebs, romlebsac erTnairi simtkicis maCvenebeli (nakeris minimaluri sagarantio winaRoba) gaaCniaT. xolo marka (p.2) warmogvidgens eleqtrodebs, romlebsac pirobiTi aRniSvnis yvela punqtis erTnairi maCvenebeli gaaCniaT,
eleqtrodis diametris garda.
daniSnulebis mixedviT (h.4) dafaruli eleqtrodebi iyofa Semdeg klasebad: naxSirbadiani da
daballegirebuli sakonstruqcio foladebis
SeduRebisTvis, romelic aRiniSneba У asoTi; legirebuli sakonstruqcio foladebis SeduRebisTvis _
Л asoTi; Tbomdgradi foladebis SeduRebisTvis _ Т
asoTi; maRallegirebuli foladebis SeduRebisTvis
_
BBasoTi;
gansakuTrebuli
Tvisebebis
fenis
daduRebisTvis _ H asoTi; Tujebis SeduRebisTvis _
Ч asoTi; spilenZis SeduRebisTvis _ М asoTi; aluminis SeduRebisTvis _ А asoTi.
dafarvis sisqis mixedviT (3.5) eleqtrodebs
awarmoeben Txeli dafarviT (D:d≤1,2) _ indeqsi M;
saSualo sisqis dafarviT (1,2+ ≤D:d≤1,45) _ C; sqeli
dafarviT (1,45≤D: d≤1,8) _ D; zesqeli dafarviT (D:
d≥1,8) _ Г.
gogirdisa da fosforis Semcvelobis mixedviT
eleqtrodebi iyofa 1...3 jgufebad (p.6), amasTan jgufis maRal nomers am elementebis ufro dabali Semcveloba Seesabameba da xarisxic maRalia.
SeduRebis sivrciTi mdebareobis aRmniSvneli
(p.9) indeqsebis raodenoba aris oTxi: 1-nebismier
sivrciT
mdebareobaSi
SeduRebis
Sesrulebis
SesaZleblobis
aRmniSvnelia;
2-garda
vertikalurisa zemodan qvemoT; 3-garda Werulisa da verti-
80
kaluris zemodan qvemoT; 4-SeduReba SesaZlebelia
mxolod qveda da navur mdebareobaSi.
eleqtrodebis dafarvis tipebi (p.8) aRiniSneba
Semdegi indeqsebiT: mJave dafarva _ A; rutiliani
dafarva _ P; fuZe dafarva _ Б; celuloziani
dafarva _ Ц; sxva saxis dafarvebi _ А.
magaliTis
saxiT
ganvixiloT
dafaruli
eleqtrodis Semdegi pirobiTi aRniSvna:
Э-46 - eleqtrodis tipia Э rkaluri SeduRebis
eleqtrodi, SenaduRi nakeris minimaluri droebiTi
winaRobaa 46 kv.Z/mm2 (A _ nakeris maRali plastikurobis maCvenebelia); УОНИ – 13/45 eleqtrodis
markaa; 3,0 _ eleqtrodis Reros diametri, mm; У _
daniSnulebaa
naxSirbadiani
da
daballegiuri
foladebis SeduReba; D _ gaaCnia sqeli dafarva: Б
_ aqvs fuZe dafarva; 1 _ SeduReba SesaZlebelia nebismier sivrciT mdebareobaSi; 0-SeduReba xdeba
Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv doneze.
spilenZis
SeduRebisTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli
dafaruli eleqtrodebis Rerod iyeneben daWril
aralegirebul an fosforiT legirebul spilenZis
mavTulebs, БрКМц3-1 markis silicium-manganumian
brinjaos mavTuls an ZiriTadi liTonis analogiuri Sedgenilobis Camosxmul Reroebs. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi rekomendebulia БрФ0 4-03 markis kalafosforovani brinjaos sxmuli Reroebis gamoyeneba.
saeleqtrodo Reroebze Semogozili dafarvebis
SedgenilobebSi (cxrili 4.5.) Sedis mdgenelebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen rkaluri procesis stabilurobas, widis warmoqmnas, abazanis liTonis ganJangvasa da legirebas, normaluri nakeris formirebas.
81
cxrili 4.5.
spilenZis SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis dafarvis
Sedgenilobebi, won. %-Si
mdnobi Spati
mindvris Spati
rkinis
fxvnili
graniti
spilenZis
silicidi
ferotitani
titanis orJangi
feromanganumi
manganumis madani
vercxlisebri
graniti
ferosiliciumi
(75%)
aluminis
fxvnili
kvarci
marmarilo
potami
siminali
krioliti
jamuri %
10
12
-
Sedgenilobis # da eleqtrodebis marka
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
32
-
9
ОЗМ-1
ОЗЧ-1
-
-
ММЗ-1
ММЗ-2
Комсомолец
К-100
1
ЗГ
komponentebi
10
12
30
14
82
-
12,5
-
7,5
-
12,5
15
30
20
32
-
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
38
-
50
-
-
47,5
2,5
47,5
-
-
-
17,5
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
17,5
-
16
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
16
-
32
8
-
-
25
2,44
-
-
32
-
2,5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2,5
-
-
-
-
-
-
4,5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
-
27
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
80
100
80
100
100
100
100
100
75
100
82
narevi
narevi
narevi
narevi
narevi
25
narevi
20
narevi
20
Txevadi mina
SeniSvna: #4 da #9 darvebSi Seyvanilia simanali (27-30% Al; 19-22% Mn; 31-35% Si; 0,2%-mde C; 0,5%mde P), romelic warmoadgens aqtiur ganmJangvels.
TiTberis
SesaduRebeli
dafaruli
eleqt-
rodebis Reroebi mzaddeba ЛК80-3, ЛМц59-02 da ЛМцЖ
59-1-1 markis TiTberisagan an БрКМц3-1 markis brinjaosagan.
legirebuli
TiTberis
SesaduRebeli
eleqtrodis Rero igive Sedgenilobis unda iyos,
rogorisac
aris
SesaduRebeli
nakeToba.
aseve
dasaSvebia М2 da М3 markis spilenZis Reroebis gamoyeneba.
Reroebi
Semogozilia
specialuri
dafarvebiT (cxrili 4.6.), romlebmac unda uzrunvelyon rkalis kargi stabilizacia. cxrilSi moyvanili
dafarvebis
mqone
eleqtrodebis
gamoyeneba
Cveulebrivi (aralegirebuli) TiTberis SeduRebisTvis uzrunvelyofen TiTqmis erTnair xarisxs. #7
dafarva yvelaze Zvelia, magram amJamad iSviaTad gamoiyeneba,
radganac
garTulebulia
dafarvis damzadebis teqnologia.
83
orfeniani
cxrili 4.6.
TiTberis SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis dafarvebi
komponentebi
2,0
75
-
-
20
7
-
9
7,5
-
-
32
-
4,5
2,0
-
12,5
-
16
2,5
32
17,5
-
-
#7
II fena
2
БЛ-1
I fena
gadadnobili boraki
biqromati
bentoniti
feromanganumi (dabalnaxSirbadiani)
natriumis fToridi
mdnobi Spati
spilenZis silicidis
ligatura*
grafiti
natriumis qloridi
alumini (fxvnili)
carci
ferosiliciumi
mindvris Spati
natriumis fosfati
manganumis madani
titanis koncentrati
kaliumis hidroqromati
krioliti
kaliumis qloridi
xis naxSiri
carci
kaliumis sulfati
boris wida
Txevadi mina
Sedgeniloba, %
3
4
#
#6
ЗТ
КПМ** 5
1
ОБ5
17
15
-
17
-26
-8
10
30
-
-
-
-
15
9
-
16
26
10
-
22
26
30
5
30
30
-
-
35
50
2,5
komponentebis jamze _ 35%
20
5
-
75
25
ligaturis mdgenelebia: 25% Si; 3% Fe; 0,5% P; danarCeni
spilenZi.
** anazelisTvis Txevadi minis magivrad Seiyvaneba 6% nitrolaqi.
*
84
brinjaos
SesaduRebeli
dafaruli
eleqtrodebis Reroebs umravles SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi
liTonis Sedgeniloba gaaCnia, Tumca saukeTeso
SedegebiT xasiaTdeba nebismieri sxmuli brinjaosTvis БрКМц3-1 markis Reroebis gamoyeneba. es sakmaod
universaluri
mavTuli,
romlis
SedgenilobaSic Sedis 10%Al da 3-5%Fe uzrunvelyofs nakeris maRal simtkicis maCveneblebs. rkinis arseboba
ganapirobebs nakeris liTonis wvrilmarcvlovnebas
da simtkices. rTuli Sedgenilobis aluminiani
brinjaosTvis kargi Sedegebi miiReba nikelisa da
manganumis
damatebiT.
brinjaos
eleqtrodebis
dafarvebma (cxrili 4.7.) unda uzrunvelyos rkalis
stabilizacia, Rerosa da dafarvis Tanabari dnoba,
abazanis liTonis ganJangva da legireba. #1,5,10,13
eleqtrodebi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva markis sxmuli
brinjaos SeduRebisTvis, #5, 6 da 14 aluminiani
brinjaosTvis, xolo
#2-4 da 7-9 sxvadasxva
Sedgenilobis kaliani brinjaosTvis.
85
cxrili 4.7.
sxvadasxva markis brinjaos SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis dafarvebi
qimiuri Sedgeniloba won %-Si. eleqtrodis marka da #
komponentebi
alumini (fxvnili)
carci
marmarilo
xis naxSiri
grafiti
feromanganumi
krioliti
boraki gadamdnari
kaliumis qloridi
natriumis qloridi
natriumis fToridi
mdnobi Spati
bentoniti
spilenZis fosfati
titanis koncentrati
karborundi
fenisiliumi
ferotitani
natriumis sulfati
mindvris Spati
magnezia
qimiuri Sedgeniloba, won%-Si, eleqtrodis marka da #
1
2
3
4
15
35
35
15
-
5
80
15
-
50
35
15
-
15
70
15
-
-
5
АБ-2
5
33
9
28
14
11
-
6
БЛ-3
2,5
35
50
12,5
-
7
8
9
35
35
15
15
-
25
35
15
15
15
-
15
5
15
10
55
-
10
Бр1
2
6
55
15
17
5
3
-
11
Бр2
45
5
5
38
7
-
12
Бр3
45
5
10
31
9
-
13
К-100
12,5
62,5
10
15
-
14
ЭАЛ-1
15
30
40
30
-
28
41
28
3
ganxiluli eleqtrodebis Reroebze dafarvis
dadeba xdeba amovlebis (umravles SemTxvevaSi orjeradi) xerxiT.
aluminisa da magniumis Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli dafaruli eleqtrodebis Reroebs unda
gaaCndeT ZiriTadi liTonis Sedgenilobebi, teqnikuri aluminisTvis gankuTvnili eleqtrodis ReroSi
dasaSvebia gacilebiT meti raodenobis minarevebis
arseboba, vidre ZiriTad liTonSia. aqedan gamomdinare xSirad gamoiyeneba 5% siliciumis Semcvlelobis AK markis mavTuli. siliciumi amcirebs liTonis Cajdomas da zrdis Txeldenadobas, rac uzrunvelyofs nakeris formirebis gaumjobesebas. Reroze dadebuli dafarvis Sedgeniloba unda flobdes mniSvnelovan reaqciul unarianobasa da Zlier
flusis warmomqnel moqmedebas, rac ganpirobebulia
SeduRebisa da kristalizaciis maRali siCqareebiT.
saeleqtrodo Reroebis Semosagozad gamoiyeneba
liTiumiani da uliTiumo dafarvebi.
teqnikuri aluminis SesaduRebel eleqtrodebisaTvis rekomendirebulia naklebad aqtiuri
uliTiumo dafarvebis gamoyeneba, radganac liTiumiani dafarvebi ganapirobeben nakerSi formebis warmoqmnas (cxrilebi 4.8 da 4.9.).
cxrili 4.8.
SesaduRebeli aluminis eleqtrodebis samkomponentiani uliTiumo dafarvebis Sedgeniloba, won. %-Si.
komponentebi
qlorovani kaliumi
qlorovani natriumi
krioliti (Na3AlF6)
boraki
marka, Sedgenilobis #
1
2
3
4
50
40
50
34
15
30
30
43
35
30
20
23
-
87
cxrili 4.9.
aluminis SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis mravalkomponentiani uliTiumo dafarvebis Sedgeniloba,
won. %-Si.
komponentebi
qlorovani
kaliumi
qlorovani natriumi
qlorovani
bariumi
fTorovani
kaliumi
fTorovani
kalciumi
fTorovani
alumini
bifToridi
krioliti
(Na3AlF6)
karnaliti
(K3AlF6)
natriumis
hidrosulfati
boraki
kaliumis
fTorcirkonati
5
50
marka, Sedgenilobis #
6
7
8
9
35
50
29
40
10
30
-
25
13
19
40
40
-
20
-
48
-
-
9
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
10
-
-
-
8
-
0,7
-
20
35
-
-
22
29
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
1,3
-
-
-
12
-
-
garda teqnikuri aluminisa #1 dafarva agreTve
gamoiyeneba АМц da АМг,@#2 dafarva AMг5 da AMгцGб
88
#3Al-Mg-is sxvadasxva, #4 dafarva AЛ4 da AЛ5 Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebisTvis.
liTiumiani dafarvebiT (cxrili 4.10.) xdeba
aluminisa da magniumis Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
eleqtrodebis damzadeba. #5,6,14,18,19 eleqtrodebi
gamoiyeneba magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebisTvis.
maTgan saukeTeso maCveneblebiT gamoirCeva #18
dafarvis mqone eleqtrodebi.
cxrili 4.10.
liTiumiani saeleqtrodo dafarvebis Sedgeniloba,
won. %-Si cxrili
komponentebi
qlorovani
kaliumi
qlorovani
natriumi
qlorovani
liTiumi
qlorovani
magniumi
fTorovani
cirkoniumi
krioliti
(Na3AlF6)
fTorovani
kalciumi
fTorovani
liTiumi
fTorovani
kaliumi
fTorovani
bariumi
fTorovani
natriumi
fTorovani
marka, Sedgenilobis #
14
15
16
17
18
45
53
33
-
11
50
12
20
13
25
19
21
20
40
-
-
30
21
3
2
18
35
-
13
-
2
6
-
10
24
34
-
15
24
34
-
-
8
9
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
10
-
-
-
20
33
-
-
-
28
-
-
-
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
-
31
-
-
3
39
11
9
18
-
-
2
0
-
22
-
-
-
-
-
24
-
-
-
35
10
-
-
2
17
9
-
-
-
33
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
17
-
-
-
26
-
-
-
89
magniumi
fTorovani
alumini
kaliumis
fToridi
kaliumis
biqromati
natriumis
sulfati
bunebrivi
siliciumis
mJava (qviSa)
titanis koncentrati
rkinis Jangi
ferosiliciumi
magniumis
oqsidi
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
0,5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
nikelis da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
dafaruli eleqtrodebis Rero SeiZleba damzaddes
Н-1, НП-1 da НП-2 markis nikelis, H30K markis nikelsiliciumiani, НМц2,5 markis nikelmanganumiani da
nixromis tipis mavTulebisagan.
Txevad minaSi azelili dafarvis (cxrili 4.11.)
kazmis saeleqtrodo Reroze dadeba rekomendebulia
dawnexvis xerxiT.
90
cxrili 4.11.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
eleqtrodebis dafarvebis rekomendebuli
Sedgenilobebi, won. %-Si.
komponentebi
1
Sedgenilobis #
2
3
carci
40
55
48
mdnobi Spati
48
30
-
feromanganumi
04
-
-
ferosiliciumi
03
05
04
kalcirebuli soda
02
-
-
kvarcis qviSa
03
-
-
kaolini
-
05
-
titanis orJangi
-
-
-
ferotitani
-
05
-
alumini
-
-
08
manganumi (liTonuri)
-
-
10
ligatura nikelmagniumi (20%...)
-
-
10
4
33
40
10
10
04
03
-
4.4. saSemduReblo flusebi
Savi da feradi liTonebis dnobiT SeduRebis
sxvadasxva xerxebisTvis farTod gamoiyeneba specialuri granulirebuli araliTonuri masalebi _
e.w. flusebi. Savi liTonebisaTvis flusebs iyeneben
mxolod dnobadi eleqtrodebiT meqanizebuli (avtomaturi da naxevaravtomaturi) eleqtrorkaluri
da eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis dros. feradi liTonebisTvis flusebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
dnobadi da aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT rkaluri,
91
eleqtrowiduri, airuli da SemolRvobiT kontaqturi pirapira SeduRebis SemTxvevebSi. Savi liTonebis
eleqtrorkaluri
SeduRebisTvis
gankuTvnili flusebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa _
gamdnari
liTonis
widuri
dacvis
warmoqmna.
eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi Txevadi
widis abazana warmoadgens, rogorc damcav saSualebas, aseve liTonis gasadnob siTbos wyaros
denis gatarebis procesSi. xolo feradi liTonebisTvis
gankuTvnili
flusebis
daniSnulebas
agreTve Seadgens Zneldnadi zedapiruli furCebis
daSla da zogierT SemTxvevaSi Jangeuli furCebidan
liTonis aRdgena. saSemduReblo flusebis klasifikacia sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT xdeba.
daniSnulebis mixedviT ganasxvaveben saerTo da
specialuri daniSnulebis flusebs. saerTo daniSnulebis flusebi ZiriTadad gankuTvnilia naxSirbadiani da daballegirebuli foladebis eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebisTvis. specialuri daniSnulebis
flusebs iyeneben eletrowiduri procesebisTvis,
legirebuli foladebisa da feradi liTonebis
sxvadasxva meTodebiT SeduRebisTvis.
damzadebis xerxis mixedviT ganasxvaveben mdnar
da aramdnar flusebs. mdnari flusebi mzaddeba
eleqtrorkalur an alqmed RumelebSi kazmis komponentebis SednobiT, xolo aramdnari (keramikuli)
flusebi _ myar mdgomareobaSi kazmis komponentebis
urTierTdamagrebiT (SewebebiT).
marcvlebis aRnagobis mixedviT mdnari flusebi
SeiZleba iyos miniseburi an pemziseburi. miniseburi
flusebi gamWirvale marcvlebisgan Sedgeba da maTi
xvedriTi wonaa _ 1,4-1,8 g/sm3. pemziseburi flusebi
92
SedgenilTa qafiseburi marcvlebisgan da maTi
xvedriTi wonaa _ 0,6-1,0 g/sm3.
feradi liTonebis sxvadasxva meTodebiT SeduRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba specialuri flusebi, Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi rekomendirebulia Savi liTonebisTvis gankuTvnili zogierTi markis flusis
(cxrili 4.12.) gamoyeneba.
cxrili 4.12.
naxSirbadiani da legirebuli foladebis SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili zogierTi flusis Sedgeniloba
flusis
marka
АН348А
ОСц-45
АН-20
АН-26
SiO2
MnO
41,044,0
34,038,0
38,044,0
22,0
32,0
38,047,0
0,5
3,0
Sedgeniloba, %
Al2O3 CaO MgO K2O
Na2O
4,5
6,5
5,07,5
Fe2O3
CaF2
2,0
4,05,5
6,09,0
29,0
24,0
4,5
6,5
2,5
-
2,0
30,0
20,0
5,0
18,0
11,0
14,0
2,7
-
1,0
1,5
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
sxvadasxva meTodebisTvis aucilebelia flusebis
gamoyeneba, romelebic Slian zedapirze warmoqmnil
Jangeulis furCebs da araliTonur CanarTebTan erTad gadayavT widami.
spilenZis airuli SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili
flusebis ZiriTadi komponentebia boraki (Na2B4O7)
da bormJava (H3BO3). xSir SemTxvevaSi flusad gamoiyeneba marto boraki (mcire sisqis detalebisTvis),
romelic Semdegi reaqciebis mimdinareobiT Slis
Jangeulis furCs:
Na2B4O7 ↔ 2NaBO2+B2O3
2NaBO2+B2O3+CuO ↔ 2NaBO2 Cu(BO2)2
93
da warmoqmnili wida amotivtivdeba gamdnari
liTonis zedapirze, xolo gamyarebis Semdeg iolad
cildeba SenaduR nakers (cxrili 4.13.).
cxrili 4.13.
spilenZis airuli SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili
flusebis Sedgeniloba, won. %
flusis komponentebi
boraki
bormJava
sufris
marili
natriumis
hidrofosfati
xis naxSiri
siliciummJava
kaliumis karbonati
flusis #
3
4
5
70
50
50
10
35
20
-
1
100
-
2
50
50
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
-
-
6
56
22
7
75
09
11
8
20
80
-
15
15
-
-
20
15
-
22
05
-
radganac mowodebuli boraki (Na2B4O7·10H2O)
Seicavs kristalizaciur tens, forebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT aucilebelia misi gadadnoba 750-8000C
temperaturaze da flusSi aseTi saxiT gamoyeneba.
flusebi #5 da #7 ufro rTuli Sedgenilobisaa. maTi gaxurebisa da gadnobis dros mimdinareobs Tavisufali fosforis gamoyofis reaqcia.
2Na2 HPO4 + 2SiO2 + 5C ↔ 2Na2SiO3 +H2O + 5CO +2P
ris Semdegac xdeba fosforis qveJangidan liTonuri spilenZis aRdgena
5Cu2O + 2P ↔ P2O5 + 10Cu
TiTberis airuli SeduRebisTvis rekomendebulia igive flusebis gamoyeneba, Tumca saukeTeso
Sedegebs iZlevian #1,2 da 8 Sedgenilobebi.
94
siliciumiani da kaliani brinjaosTvis iyeneben
gadamdnar boraks an 4.13. cxrilSi moyvanil flusebs. aluminiani brinjaosTvis Semdegi Sedgenilobis fluss: 45% KCl; 20% BaCl; 15% NaF. nikeliani
deformorebuli
brinjaosTvis
rekomendebulia
flusis gamoyeneba, romelic Tanabari raodenobiT
Seicavs boraks, bormJavas da sufris marils.
spilenZis grafitis eleqtrodiT eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebisTvis savsebiT dasaSvebia airuli
SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis gamoyeneba,
Tumca praqtikaSi xSirad iyeneben 4.14. cxrilSi moyvanil flusebs, romlebiTac Txevad minaSi gaxsnis
Semdeg ifareba misarTi Reroebi.
cxrili 4.14.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT spilenZis SeduRebisTvis
gankuTvnili misarTi Reroebis dasafari flusebis
Sedgeniloba
flusis komponentebi
boraki
bormJava
flusis Sedgeniloba, %
flusis #
1
2
3
4
5
50
68
68
22
95
10
-
natriumis hidrofosfati
siliciummJava
xis naxSiri
sufris marili
kaliumis karbonati
15
15
20
-
02
20
-
15
15
02
-
33
45
-
magniumi (liTonuri)
sul:
100
100
100
100
05
100
TiTberis
grafitis
eleqtrodiT
SeduRebisTvis rekomendebulia airuli SeduRebisTvis
gankuTvnili da 4.15 cxrilSi moyvanili flusebis
gamoyeneba. #3 flusiT kargad duRdeba ЛО62-1
95
mxolod markis legirebuli TiTberi, sxva SemTxvevebSi dadebiTi Sedegebi ar miiReba. #2 flusi
warmoadgens `boridul widas~, romelic miiReba borakis liTonur magniumTan erTad gadadnobiT.
cxrili 4.15.
TiTberis grafitis eleqtrodiT rkaluri SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis Sedgeniloba
komponentebi
gadamdnari boraki
magniumi (liTonuri)
krioliTi
qlorovani kaliumi
#1
100
-
qlorovani natriumi
xis naxSiri
carci
natriumis fosfati
sul
100
Sedgeniloba
#2
#3
95
05
35
50
100
12,5
2,5
100
#4
20
50
30
100
brinjaos grafitis eleqtrodiT rkaluri SeduRebis dros iyeneben airuli SeduRebisTvis gaTvaliswinebul flusebs. gamonaklisia mxolod aluminiani
brinjao,
romlisTvisac
aucilebelia
gacilebiT aqtiuri flusis gamoyeneba. karg Sedegs
iZleva Semdegi Sedgeniloba: 30% krioliTi; 40%
qlorovani kaliumi da 30% qlorovani natriumi.
spilenZis dnobadi eleqtrodiT flusis qveS
meqanizebuli SeduRebisTvis iyeneben foladebis SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis Semdeg markebs:
AH-348AA, OCц-45,: AH-20 da sxv. aseve iyeneben specialuri Sedgenilobis keramikul flusebs (cxrili
4.16), rac ganapirobebs SenaduRi nakeris legirebasa
da ganJangvas.
96
cxrili 4.16.
spilenZis rkaluri SeduRebisTvis rekomendebuli
keramikuli flusebis Sedgeniloba, won. %
komponentebi
nomeri da marka
#1
#2
K-13
ЖMM-1
20
-
8,0-10,0
-
magneziti
15,0
-
carci
15,0
-
boraki (gamomSrali)
20,0
-
15-19
3,0-3,5
8,0
0,8
boris Spati
-
3,5
marmarilo
mindvris Spati
-
28,0
57,5
xis naxSiri
-
2,2
100
100
Tixamiwa
kvarcis qviSa
mdnobi Spati
aluminis fxvnili
sul
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
sxvadasxva meTodebisTvis gamoiyeneba qlorovani da
fTorovani marilebis fuZeze damzadebuli specialuri flusebi, romlebic Slian Al2O3-is furCs da
gadayavT igi dabal temperaturaze (1830C) TviTaqrolebad AlCl3-Si.
aluminis airuli SeduRebis dros iyeneben
saWiro daniSnulebis flusebiT (cxrili 4.17) dafarul misarT masalebs, romelTa gaxurebisa da gadnobis Sedegad flusi Seiyvaneba SeduRebis aba-
97
zanaSi. zogierT SemTxvevebSi mimarTaven ganxiluli
Sedgenilobebis fluspastebiT SesaduRebeli nawiburebis dafarvas (funjis saSualebiT), rac ganapirobebs SeduRebis procesSi damatebiTi flusis Seyvanas SeduRebis abazanaSi.
cxrili 4.17.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis airuli SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis Sedgeniloba, won. %Si
komponentebi
flusis nomeri #
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
8
9
natriumi
30
45
28
35
33
49
30
40
30
kaliumi
45
30
50
48
45
29
45
49
40
liTiumi
bariumi
15
-
10
-
14
-
09
-
15
-
18
15
-
-
-
07
15
08
-
08
-
07
-
10
-
08
-
-
qlorovani:
fTorovani:
natriumi
kaliumi
natriumis
hidrosulfati
mdnobi Spati
03
-
-
-
-
-
-
03
-
-
-
-
-
-
04
-
-
-
krioliti
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
30
sul
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis naxSiris eleqtrodiT eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebisaTvis iyeneben
wina SemTxvevaSi ganxilul an 4.18. cxrilSi moyvanili Sedgenilobis flusebs.
98
cxrili 4.18.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis naxSiris eleqtrodiT rkaluri SeduRebisTvis rekomendebuli
flusebis Sedgeniloba, won %-Si
flusis nomeri, #
5
6
А3
komponentebi
1
АФ-4А
2
3
qlorovani
kaliumi
qlorovani
natriumi
qlorovani
liTiumi
qlorovani
bariumi
fTorovani
liTiumi
fTorovani
natriumi
kaliumis
hidrosulfati
mdnobi Spati
bromovani
kaliumi
krioliti
flusi АФ-4А
sul
-
79
48
40
29
-
16
20
30
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
9
45
35
46
-
19
30
30
25
-
-
-
15
15
13
-
20
-
48
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
03
-
-
-
-
-
12
-
-
04
10
07
-
-
05
-
-
-
03
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
04
-
-
10
-
-
100
100
100
100
30
100
100
100
100
09
100
35
65
100
4
УФОК-А1
7
aluminis da misi Senadnobebis dnobadi eleqtrodiT avtomaturi SeduReba xdeba naxevradRia
rkaliT flusis fenaze. am meTodisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia qlorovani kaliumis (KCl) – qlorovani
natriumis (NaCl) - krioliti Na3AlF6 sistemis flusebis gamoyeneba (cxrili 4.19)
99
cxrili 4.19.
flusebi aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis dnobadi
eleqtrodiT avtomaturi SeduRebisTvis
flusis
marka
АН-А1
УФОК-А1
МАТН-1
flusis
Sedgeniloba,
won %-Si
50
20
30
40
34
30
43
daniSnuleba
sufTa aluminisa da АМц
SenadnobisTvis aluminisa
da misi SenadnobebisTvis
АМц da АМг SenadnobebisTvis
30
23
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebisTvis
gamoyenebuli flusi unda iyos aqtiuri, rac uzrunvelyofs
SeduRebis
procesSi
warmoqmnili
Jangeulebis gaxsnas; unda gaaCndes unari Seamciros
gadabmuli Jangeulebis temperatura da daicvas
gamdnari abazana Jangbadisa da haerisagan; ar unda
Seicavdes nakeris liTonSi mavne elementebis Semtan
elementebs.
airuli da naxSiris eleqtrodebiT rkaluri
SeduRebisTvis
gamoiyeneba
boratebis
fuZeze
damzadebuli mravalkomponentiani flusebi (cxrili
4.20).
cxrili 4.20.
nikelis airuli SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis Sedgeniloba, won. %
komponentebi
flusis nomeri, #
3
4
5
1
2
100
50
15
30
06
6
(CM3)
10,5
bormJava
-
50
50
50
28
52,5
qlorovanimanganumi
-
-
10
-
11
5,3
boraki
100
ilmeniti
-
-
05
-
11
5,3
alumini
-
-
15
-
-
-
qlorovaninatriumi
bariumis karbonati
-
-
05
-
10
10
-
5,3
-
bariumis zeJangi
-
-
-
-
-
-
qlorovaniliTiumi
-
-
-
-
-
5,3
qlorovanikobalti
ferovanadiumi
-
-
-
-
11
11
5,3
10,5
titaniskoncentrati
-
-
-
-
11
-
100
10
100
100
100
100
sul
yvela flusi mzadeeba wyalze an spirtze.
dnobadi eleqtrodiT avtomatur SeduRebas awarmoeben keramikuli flusebiT (cxrili 4.21), romelTa
gamoyeneba НМц2 markis mavTulTan erTad ganapirobebs nakerisa da ZiriTadi liTonebis erTnair
qimiur Sedgenilobas.
cxrili 4.21.
nikelis avtomaturi SeduRebis dros gamoyenebuli
keramikuli flusebis Sedgeniloba, won. %-Si
komponentebi
flusis nomeri, #
1
2
15
12
55
60
15
15
06
05
marmarilo (saeleqtrodo)
mdnobi Spati
fluoritis koncentrati
Tixamiwa
manganumi (liTonuri)
titanis fxvnili
aluminis fxvnili -2,-3
sul
Txevadi mina
101
02
02
06
100
16-18
06
100
18-20
nakeris xarisxis dacemas. garda aRniSnulisa,
widis qerqi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas flusis gamodnobisaTvis kazmis SedgenilobaSi.
aluminis, titanisa da maT fuZeze Senadnobebis
flusis qveS SeduRebisaTvis gamoiyenebian uJangbado flusebi: AH − A1 ; AH − A4 ; AH − T 1 ; AH − T 3
da sxva. 4.22 cxrilSi mocemulia maTi Sedgeniloba.
cxrili 4.22.
flusebi aluminis, titanisa da maT fuZeze
Senadnobebis SeduRebisaTvis, %
flusis
KCI NaC Na 2 AL LiCI CAF2
BaCL2 NaF
marka
AH
AH
AH
AH
− A1
− A4
− T1
−T3
50
50
-
20
-
30
30
-
20
-
79.5
85.5
19
10
1.5
1.5
rac ufro mcirea marcvlis zomebi, miT ufro
didia CaduRebis siRrme da viwroa nakeri siganeSi
da piriqiT. pemziseburi flusebi uzrunvelyofs dabali da farTo nakeris miRebas. SeduRebisas 3 mm-ze
mcire diametris mavTulis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi
rekomendebulia wvrilmarcvlovani flusis gamoyeneba.
4.5. damcavi airebi
damcav airebSi eleqtrorkalur SeduRebas axasiaTebs garkveuli Taviseburebani, romelTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia:
rkalis koncentraciis maRali xarisxi, romelic uzrunvelyofs struqturul gardaqmnebis
102
minimalur zonasa da nakeTobebis SedarebiT mcire
deformaciebs:
• maRali mwarmoebluroba;
• gamdnari liTonis maRalefeqturoba dacva
haeris mavne zegavlenisagan gansakuTrebiT inertuli airebis gamoyenebisas;
• rkalsa da SeduRebis abazanebze uSualod
Tvalyuris devneba;
• saSemduReblo samuSaoebis dabali Rirebuleba (gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri airebis gamoyenebisas);
• nebismieri sisqis liTonebis SeduRebis SesaZlebloba;
• flusebisa da dafarvebis gamoyenebis Tavidan
acileba;
• meqanizaciisa da avtomatizaciis farTo SesaZlebloba;
SeduRebis samuSaoebis Sesrulebis saSualeba
sivrciT nebismier mdebareobaSi da sxva.
damcav airebSi SeduRebas gaaCnia saxesxvaoba,
romelic SeiZleba klasificirdes Semdegi niSnebis
mixedviT: damcavi airebis saxe, airuli dacvis xasiaTi, eleqtrodis tipi, gamoyenebli denis saxe da
sxva. magaliTad, damcavi airebis mixedviT SeiZleba
iyos inertuli, aqtiuri an maTi narevi; dacvis
mixedviT – Wavluri nakadiT, kombinirebuli Wavluri nakadiT an makontrolebel atmosferos kameraSi; eleqtrodis tipis mixedviT _ dnobadi da
udnobi eleqtrodebiT; denis saxis mixedviT _ mudmivi da impulsuri deniTa da sxva.
dnobiT rkaluri SeduRebisas damcav airebad
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba inertuli an aqtiuri airebi
an maTi narevi. es damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoria
103
airebis zemoqmedeba gamdnar liTonze. magaliTad,
azoti, romelic rkinisa da qromis mimarT aqtiurs
warmoadgens,
spilenZisa
da
kobaltis
mimarT
praqtikulad neitraluria. yvela liTonebis mimarT
neitralurad gvevlineba erTatomiani airebi (argoni, heliumi).
damcavi airebi SeirCeva SesaduRebeli liTonebis Sedgenilobis mixedviT. inertuli airebi gamoiyeneba qimiurad aqtiuri liTonebis SesaduReblad,
xolo aqtiuri – roca liTonis sasurveli Tvisebebis miReba SesaZlebelia maTi metalurgiuli damuSavebis (daJangviT, aRdgeniT, daazotirebiTa da
sxva). isini gamodevnian haers SeduRebis zonidan,
riTac icaven nakeris liTons haerSi Semavali Jangbadisa da azotis mavne zegavlenisagan.
inertuli ewodeba iseT airebs, romlebsac ar
gaaCniaT qimiuri reaqciis unari da praqtikulad ar
ixsnebian liTonebSi. esenia erTatomiani airebi, romelTa atomis gare eleqtronuli Sre Sevsebulia
eleqtronebiT, riTac ganpirobebulia maTi qimiuri
neitraloba SeduRebaSi. inertul airebad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba argoni, heliumi da maTi narevi.
argoni ( Ar ) warmoadgens sruliad ufero da
usuno, arasawvav da arafeTqebad airs. misi kuTri
wona 200 C -ze 1,66 kg/m3 (101,3 mpa) Seadgens. imis gamo,
rom argoni haerze SedarebiT ufro mZimea, amitom
igi SeduRebis procesSi uzrunvelyofs SeduRebis
zonisa da Txevadi liTonis abazanis saimedo
dacvas. gost 10157-79-is Tanxmad, iwarmoeba sami
markis argoni: A , Б da B (cxr. 4.23).
104
cxrili 4.23.
argonis Sedgeniloba, %
Semcveloba
argoni
Jangbadi
azoti
A
Б
B
99,99
0,003
0,01
99,96
0,005
0,04
99,90
0,005
0,10
yvela markaSi tenis Semcveloba ar unda aRematebodes 0,03 kg/m3-s. A markis argoni ZiriTadad
gamoiyeneba aqtiuri da iSviaTi liTonebisa (titani,
cirkoniumi da niobiumi) da maT fuZeze arsebuli
Б markis argoni
Senadnobebis
SesaduReblad.
gankuTvnilia
dnobadi
da
udnobi
volframis
eleqtrodiT aluminis, magniumisa da maT fuZeze
arsebul Senadnobebis SesaduReblad. B markis argoni gamoiyeneba qromnikeliani, koroziamedegi da
mxurvalmtkice foladebis SesaduReblad.
argonis Senaxva da transportireba warmoebs
specialur foladis balonSi, romelSic 150 at (15
mpa) wnevis qveS Tavsdeba 6m3 moculobis argoni. argonis Sesanaxi balonebis qveda nawili SeRebilia
Sav ferad, zeda _ TeTrad. balonis zeda nawilSi
Savi rusuli asoebiT warwerilia «Аргон чистый».
argoni ZiriTadad haeridan miiReba, sadac misi
Semcveloba 1,28%-s ar aRemateba. maTi miReba Jangbadis misaReb danadgarebze specialuri argonis
misaRebi mowyobilobiT warmoebs. masSi miRebuli
argoni sufTavdeba azotisa da Jangbadisagan.
heliumi ( He ), argonis msgavsad, warmoadgens
sruliad ufero da usuno airs. igi, haerTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT msubuqia, rac aZnelebs SeduRebisas haerisagan liTonis abazanis saimedo dacvas.
amitom misi xarji SeduRebisas sakmaod didia. ar-
105
gonTan SedarebiT, heliumi 10-jer ufro msubuqia.
misi gamoyeneba SeduRebis procesSi iwvevs SeduRebis zonis SedarebiT intensiur gaxurebas. es
ukanaskneli gamowveulia rkalis Zabvis vardnis
didi gradientiT.
teqnikuri pirobebis tu 51-689-75 Tanaxmad, iwarmoeba ori sortis heliumi: maRali sisufTavis da
teqnikuri (cxr. 4.24), heliumis Senaxva da transportireba xdeba foladis specialur balonebSi, sadac
igi moTavsebulia 150 at (15 mpa) wnevis qveS. balonebi SeRebilia yavisferi saRebaviT, romlis
zeda nawilSic aris warwera rusul enaze «Гелий».
cxrili 4.24.
heliumis Sedgeniloba, moc. %
Semcveloba
heliumi (araumc.)
wyalbadi (araumt.)
azoti (araumt.)
Jangbadi (araumt)
naxSirwyalbadi
neonia
maRali sisufTavis
99,985
0,0025
0,005
0,002
0,003
0,002
teqnikuri
99,8
0,06
0,12
0,005
0,005
0,005
heliumi ZiriTadad miiReba specialur danadgarebSi bunebrivi naxSirwyalbadiani airebis gadaciebiT. am dros meTani, eTani da sxva naxSirwyalbadebi
gadadian Txevad mdgomareobaSi, xolo heliumis,
gaaCnia ra gaTxevadebis Zalze dabali temperatura
(-2960 C ), rCeba airad mdgomareobaSi. haerSi heliumi
Zalze mcire raodenobiTaa da, argonis msgavsad,
Jangbadis misaReb danadgarebSi miiReba rogorc
Tanamdevi produqti.
aqtiuri damcavi airebi ewodeba iseT airebs,
romelTac unari SeswevT haeris mavne zemoq-
106
medebisagan saimedod daicvan SeduRebis zona da
gamdnari liToni. amave dros, isini qimiurad
reagireben gamdnar liTonTan an ixsnebian masSi.
SeduRebaSi aseT damcav airad farTod gamoiyeneba
naxSirorJangis airi. igi aqtiuri airia da SeduRebis rkalSi nawilobriv iSleba CO da C 2-ad. amitom SeduRebis dros SeduRebis Txevad liTonur
abazanaSi mimdinareobs zogierTi minarevebis intensiuri daJangva da liTonis danaxSirbadianeba.
Txevad liTonSi Semavali elementebidan gansakuTrebiT intensiurad iJangebian alumini, titani da
cirkoniumi; SedarebiT naklebad siliciumi, manganumi, qromi, vanadiumi da sxva. uaryofiT mxared
iTvleboda naxSirorJangis qveS SeduRebisas nakerSi
forebis warmoqmna, rac dakavSirebuli iyo SeduRebis abazanidan CO -s gamoyofasa da liTonis sust
ganJangvasTan.
amitom
SesaduRebel
mavTulSi
siliciumis Seyvanam es uaryofiTi mxare mTlianad
moxsna da SeduRebisas naxSirorJangis damcav airad
gamoyenebis saSualeba mogvca.
naxSirorJangis
sawarmoo
miReba
SesaZloa
kirqvis gamowviT (romelic Seicavs 40%-mde CO 2-s),
specialur RumelebSi koqsis an anTracitis wviT
(≤ 18 % CO 2) an sxva procesebiT. igi warmoadgens
sruliad ufero, odnav gansxvavebuli sunis haerze
mZime aramomwamlav airs. 00 C -ze misi simkvrive 1,98
g/l Seadgens, rac 1,5-jer metia haerze. es Tviseba ki
uzrunvelyofs SeduRebis procesSi gamdnari liTonisa da SeduRebis zonis saimedo dacvas.
naxSirorJangis airi maRali wnevis qveS Txevad
mdgomareobaSi gadadis, xolo gadacivebisas – uSualod myarSi (mSrali yinuli), romelic gaxurebisas
Txevad fazaSi gadausvlelad airad mdgomareobaSi
107
gadadis. Txevadi naxSirorJangi warmoadgens ufero
siTxes, romelic +110 C -ze dabla wyalbadze mZimea,
xolo mis zeviT _ msubuqi. 1 kg Txevadi naxSirorJangis aorTqlebisas normalur pirobebSi (00 C -ze)
miiReba 509 l airi.
gost 8050-76-is mixedviT, SeduRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba I da II xarisxis naxSirorJangi, romlebic
erTmaneTisagan ZiriTadad wylis orTqlis SemcvelobiT gansxvavdebian (cxr. 4.25).
cxrili 4.25.
naxSirorJangis airis Sedgeniloba, %
Semcveloba
CO2 (ara umciresi)
CO (ara umetesi)
wylis orTqli (760
vr. w. sv. 2000C-ze)
xarisxi
SeduRebisTvis I
xarisxi
SeduRebisTvis
II xarisxi
99,5
0
0,178
99,0
0
0,515
sakvebi
teqnikuri
98,5
98,0
0
0,05
ar ganisazRvreba
xSir SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba sakvebi naxSirorJangi,
romelic
Seicavs
Tavisufal
wyals
minarevebis saxiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, aucilebelia maTi gaSroba. naxSirorJangi transportirdeba da inaxeba foladis balonebSi an cisternebSi Txevad mdgomareobaSi, romelic moxmarebis
procesSi gazificirdeba. foladis balonSi 40 l
moculobisaa, masSi moTavsebulia 12,6 m3 (anu 12600
l) Txevadi airi. baloni Sav feradaa SeRebili,
romlis zeda nawilSic ganlagebulia yviTeli
feris
saRebaviT
warwera
(« CO2 сварочный»).
108
` CO2
saSemduReblo~
amgvarad, SeduRebisas, naxSirorJangis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, warmoqmnili Tavisufali Jangbadis
SekavSirebisa da mis uvnebel mdgomareobaSi gadayvanis (widaSi) mizniT saSemduReblo mavTulSi
damatebiT SehyavT ganmJangavi elementebi Si da Mn .
SeduRebisaTvis farTo gamoyeneba hpova mavTulma
C B − 08Γ 2C , C B − 08ΓC .
airebis
narevi.
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
mizanSewonilia inertuli da aqtiuri airebis narevis gamoyeneba, rac uzrunvelyofs rkalis mdgradobisa da
CaduRebis siRrmis zrdas, nakeris formirebis gaumjobesebas, liTonis gaSxefis Semcirebas, nakeris
simkvrivis zrdas, rkalSi liTonis gadatanis xasiaTis gaumjobesebas, mwarmoeblurobis gazrdas da
a.S. garda amisa, damcavi airis narevis gamoyenebas
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
argoni+( 1…5%O2 )-is narevi. argonSi Jangbadis
mcire minarevi dabla wevs kritikul wertils,
romlis drosac liTonis wveTuri gadatana gadadis
WavlurSi, uzrunvelyofs SedarebiT mkvrivi nakeris
liTonis miRebas, aumjobesebs Sednobadobas, amcirebs
SemoWrebs
da
zrdis
procesis
mwarmoeblurobas. es narevi gamoiyeneba dabalnaxSirbadiani da legirebuli foladebis SesaduReblad.
argoni+( 10 … 20%CO2 )-is narevi. dabalnaxSirbadiani da daballegirebuli foladebis SeduRebisas, xels uwyobs nakerSi forianobis Tavidan acilebas. aRniSnuli raodenobiT argonTan misi narevi
zrdis rkalis stabilurobasa da Txeli furclebis
SeduRebisas aumjobesebs nakeris xarisxs.
109
75% Ar + 20%CO2 + 5%O2 -is narevi. am proporciis
airebis narevi zrdis rkalis stabilurobas mdnadi
eleqtrodiT foladebis SeduRebisas, sagrZnoblad
amcirebs liTonis gaSxefas, aumjobesebs nakeris
formirebasa da xarisxs da amcirebs nakeris forianobas.
argoni+( 10…30% N 2 )-is narevi. argonze azotis
damateba zrdis rkalis mier Cadnobas. es narevi gamoiyeneba spilenZisa da zogierTi markis uJangavi
austenituri foladebis SesaduReblad.
80%CO2 + 20%O2 -is narevi. es narevi gamoirCeva
maRali damJangavi TvisebebiT, ris gamoc, CO2 -Tan
SedarebiT, izrdeba warmoqmnili widis fenis sisqe.
igi uzrunvelyofs CaduRebis siRrmis zrdas, nakeris karg formirebas, minimalur gaSxefasa da nakeris maRal simkvrives. aRniSnuli narevi ixmareba
dabali
naxSirbadiani
da
daballegirebuli
foladebis SeduRebisas.
Jangbadi gamoiyeneba rkaliT SeduRebisas naxSirorJangTan an argonTan erTad. igi warmoadgens
usuno da ufero airs, romelic xels uwyobs wvis
process. Jangbadi ZiriTadad haeris Rrma gadacivebiT miiReba (iSviT SemTxvevaSi wylis eleqtroliziT). igi unda akmayofilebdes gost 5583-78-is
moTxovnebs. iwarmoeba sami sortis Jangbadi: I –
Seicavs ≥ 99,7 moc. % O2 ; II _ Seicavs ≥ 99,5 moc. %
O2 ; III _ Seicavs ≥ 99,2 moc. % O2. wylis orTqlis
Semcveloba samive sortSi 0,005g/sm3-s ar unda aRematebodes. igi miewodeba lurj ferad SeRebil baloneSi Savi saRebaviT rusul enaze warweriT
«Кисларод».
110
wyalbadi mgrgvinavi ufero, ugemo da usuno
airia. haerTan an JangbadTan narevi feTqebadia. igi
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba atomur-wyalbaduri SeduRebisas, xolo bolo wlebSi plazmuri Wrisa da SeduRebisas, rogorc plazmis warmomqmneli airi. mikroplazmuri
SeduRebisas
gamoiyeneba
argonwyalbadis (≤20 moc.% H 2 ) narevi, rac uzrunvelyofs
plazmis svetis karg SekumSvas, ris Sedegad xdis
mas SedarebiT koncentrirebuls. garda amisa, wyalbadi, rig SemTxvevebSi, qmnis aRmdgeniT atmosferos.
gost 3022-80-is Tanaxmad, miRebis xerxis mixedviT iwarmoeba wyalbadis sami marka: A ,Б, B . maTSi
yvelaze sufTaa A markis wyalbadi (99.99 moc. %
H 2 ), romelic wylis eleqtroliziT miiReba. igi
inaxeba da transportirdeba foladis balonebiT,
romelSidac moTavsebulia wyalbadi 150 amt (15 mpa)
wneviT. balonebi muq mwvane feradaa SeRebili,
wiTeli feris sami wriuli zolebiT.
azoti ufero da usuno airia, misi simkvrive
1,25 kg/m3 tolia. igi ar iwvis da xels ar uwyobs
wvas. azoti ar ixsneba spilenZSi da masTan ar
reagirebs. amitom, rogorc damcavi airi, SesaZloa
misi gamoyeneba spilenZis SeduRebisas. gost 9293-74
Tanaxmad, azoti mzaddeba airadi da Txevadi saxiT.
igi inaxeba da miewodeba foladis balonebiT 150
atm (15 mpa) wneviT. amJamad iwarmoeba oTxi xarisxis
azoti: umaRlesi (≥99.994 moc.% N 2 ); pirveli (≥99,6
moc.%N2); meore (≥99 moc.% N 2 ); mesame (≥97 moc.% N 2 ).
mis ZiriTad minarevs Jangbadi warmoadgens.
azoti
miiReba
haeris
atmosferodan
misi
gaTxevadebiTa da reqtifikaciiT.
111
azotis balonebi SeRebilia Sav ferad yavisferi zoliTa da zeda cilindrul nawilSi yviTeli
feris warweriT «Азот».
4.6. sawvavi airebi
acetileni
acetileni warmoadgens naxSirwylebis gajerebul rigs (CnH2n-2). misi qimiuri formulaa C2H2;
struqturuli formula H-C=C-H. normaluri wnevasa
da
temperaturaze.
acetileni
uferuli
airia.
acetilenSi fosforiani wyalbadisa da gogirdwyalbadis minarevebis arseboba mas mZafr damaxasiaTebel
suns
aniWebs.
atmosferul
wnevaze
0
0
(_82,4)÷(_83,6) C-ze acetileni ikumSeba -85 C-is dabla
acetileni gadadis myar mdgomareobaSi da warmoqmnis kristalebs. myari da Txevadi acetileni
iolad feTqdeba xaxunis, meqanikuri an hidravlikuri
dartymebisa da detonatoris moqmedebiT.
acetilenis sruli wva mimdinareobs reaqciiT.
C2H2 +2,502 =2CO2+H2O+Q.
amgvarad, 1 moculobis acetilenis sruli wvisaTvis saWiroa 2,5 moculobis Jangbadi.
farTod gamoiyeneba acetileni qimiur warmoebaSi,
rogorc
ZiriTadi
sawyisi
nivTiereba
sxvadasxva organuli sinTezis produqtebis misaRebad: sinTezuri kauCuki, plastmasebi, gamxsnelebi,
ZmarmJava da a.S, aseve _ rogorc sawvavi nivTiereba
masalebis airaluri damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi. Jangbadis areSi wvis dros miiReba ali, romlis temperatura 31500C-s aRwevs. am temperaturis miReba
112
sxva sawvavi airebis gamoyenebiT jerjerobiT ucnobia. aucilebelia gvaxsovdes, rom acetileni (iseve,
rogorc
wyalbadi)
miekuTvneba
gansakuTrebiT
feTqebad
nivTierebas
(airs).
acetilenis
TviTaalebis temperatura 240-6300C farglebSia da damokidebulia wnevasa da masSi arsebul sxvadasxva
nivTierebebze:
wneva: mpa ...................................0,2.........0,3.......0,4....................2,2
kgZ/sm2 .........................2.............3..........4.....................22
TviTaalebis temp,0C ... 630.........530....... 475..............350
rogorc
vxedavT,
wnevis
zrda
amcirebs
acetilenis TviTaalebis temperaturas.
sawvavi airebi afeTqebasafrTxianobis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani maCvenebelia aalebis energiis sidide:
rac mcirea es sidide, miT ufro afeTqebasafrTxiania
nivTiereba.
acetilens,
wyalbadis
msgavsad aalebis sididis dabali mniSvneloba axasiaTebs.
Tanamedrove praqtikaSi liTonebis airaluri
damuSavebisaTvis gamoiyeneba kalciumis karbidisa
da wylis urTierTobis reaqcia.
kalciumis karbadi CaC2 aris myari kristaluri
aRnagobis nivTiereba, romlis texsac muqi ruxi an
yavisferi Seferiloba aqvs. kalciumis oqsidisa da
naxSirbadisagan karbidis warmoqmna endoTermulia
da 1900-23000C _ ze mimdinareobs reeaqciiT
CaO +3C =CaC2+CO2 –Q.
amgvarad, erTi kg CaC2 warmoqmnisTvis saWiroa
56,08
36,03
= 0,875 kg CaO da
= 0,562 kg C.
64,1
64,1
teqnikuri kalciumis karbidi Seicavs 70_75%
qimiurad sufTa CaC2, 17-24% CaO-s da sxvadasxva
minarevebs, kerZod, magniumis, aluminisa da rkinis
113
oqsidebs,
gogirdisa
da
fosforis
naerTebs,
ferosiliciumis, naxSirbadisa da sxv.
kalciumis karbidi sagrZnoblad aqtiuria da
wyalTan urTierTqmedebiT iSleba airadi acetilenisa da kalciumis oqsidis pidratis (Camqrali
kiri) warmoqmniT. es procesi egzoTermulia:
CaC2 +2H2O = C2H2+Ca(OH)2 +Q.
amgvarad,
1
kg
qimiurad
sufTa
CaC2-is
daSlisTvis saWiroa
Tan, miiReba
36,032
= 0,562
64,1
kg wyali. amas-
26,036
74,096
= 0,406 kg C2H2 da
= 1,156
64,1
64,1
kg Ca(OH)2.
dauSvebelia kalciumis karbidis gadaxureba.
gansakuTrebiT
saxifaToa
adgilobrivi
gadaxurebebi, radganac am dros misi daSlis temperatura
700-8000C-s aRwevs. am temperaturaze SesaZloa karbidis polimerizacia, daSla da afeTqeba, gansakuTrebiT reaqciis zonaSi haeris moxvedrisas. amitom kalciumis karbidis daSlis adgilze temperatura 1500C-s ar unda aRematebodes.
kalciumis karbidis nawilakebis zomebis SemcirebiT acetilenis gamosavali mcirdeba, rac
aixsneba masSi gare minarevebis didi raodenobiT
arsebobiT (CaO da sxv.). kalciumis karbidis daSlis
siCqare erT-erTi ZiriTadi maCvenebelia, ramac ganapiroba acetilenis generatorebSi gamoyeneba. es
maCvenebeli izomeba 1 kg kalciumis karbididan 1
wuTSi gamoyofili acetilenis raodenobiT. daSlis
siCqare (l/kg.wT) damokidebulia kalciumis karbidis
sortsa da granulaciaze, agreTve, wylis temperaturaze. dadgenilia, rom daSlis siCqare sakmaod
114
didia kalciumis karbidis dasvelebidan pirveli 2-4
wuTis ganmavlobaSi.
kalciumis karbidi aqtiurad reagirebs atmosferos tenTan, amitom igi Tavsdeba da transportirdeba hermetulad daxurul taraSi, romelic
unda
inaxebodes
kargad
saniavebel
mSral
sawyobebSi.
4.7. acetilenis Semcvleli sawvavi airebi
acetilenis
Semcvleli
airebi
gamoiyeneba
airaluri damuSavebis im procesebSi, romlebic ar
moiTxoven gamaxurebeli alis maRal temperaturas.
aseTebia: advildnobadi liTonebis (aluminis, magniumisa da maTi Senadnobebis) SeduReba, maRali da
dabaltemperaturuli rCilva, zedapiruli wrToba,
Txelfurclovani foladebis SeduReba, JangbadiT
zedapiruli da gamyofi Wra.Semcvlelma airebma
farTo gamoyeneba pova JangbadiT gamyofi Wris
dros, rodesac gasaxurebeli alis temperatura ar
moqmedebs procesis mimdinareobaze. amitom Wris
dros SesaZloa yvela airis gamoyeneba, romelTa
narevic JangbadTan iZleva aranakleb 1800-2000oC temperaturis als. Semcvleli airebi, rogorc wesi,
gacilebiT iafia acetilenze. amasTan, igi aradeficituri da xelmisawvdomia.
airSemcvlelebis efeqturoba da gamoyenebis
pirobebi ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba maTi Semdegi
TvisebebiT: dabali TbounarianobiT, simkvriviT,
aalebis temperaturiTa da JangbadTan narevSi wvis
siCqariT, narevSi Jangbadisa da sawvavis fardobiT,
115
alis efeqturi Tburi simZlavriT, JangbadTan narevis wvisas alis temperaturiT.
alis efeqturi simZlavre im siTbos raodenobaa, romelic Seitaneba gasaxurebel liTonSi
drois erTeulSi (kal/sT). aRebuli sawvavi airis
alis
efeqturi
simZlavre
damokidebulia
or
sidideze: narevSi Jangbadisa da sawvavis fardobasa
da sawvavi airis xarjze:
β 0 = 0,9 − 1,5;
bunebrivi
β0
VJ
Va
. acetilenisaTvis
airisaTvis
(meTani)
β 0 = 1,0 − 1,5; teqnikuri propanisaTvis β 0 = 3,0 − 3,5.
bunebrivi
airi
(meTani).
bunebrivi
airis
Sedgeniloba ganisazRvreba misi mopovebis mixedviT
da saSualod Semdegia (moc. %): CH4 _ 97,8; C2H6 da
C3H8 _ 0,9; N2 da CO2 _ 1,3. igi xasiaTdeba SedarebiT
dabali TbounarianobiT da misi JangbadTan narevis
wvisas alis temperatura 2100-22000 C-ia. bunebrivi
airi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba foladis gamyofi da
zedapiruli Wris, 4-5 mm sisqis foladis firfitebis
da advildnobadi liTonebisa da Senadnobebis SeduRebis, rCilvisa da sxva procesebisaTvis.
teqnikuri propani da propan-butanis narevi. es
airebi miiReba navTobis produqtebis gadamuSavebis
Sedegad. gost 10196-75-is Sesabamisad, teqnikuri propani ZiriTadad Sedgeba propanis (C3H8) an propanisa
da propilenisagan (C3H6), romelTa jamuri Semcveloba ≥93 moc.%-ia, garda amisa, masSi SesaZloa
4%-mde eTanis (C2H6), eTilenis (C2H4) da 3%-mde butanisa (C4H10) da butilenis (C4H8) arseboba. JangbadTan
maTi narevis wvisas alis temperatura 2400-25000C-s
aRwevs. wnevis gazrdiT an temperaturis SemcirebiT
116
propani, butani da maTi narevi gadadis Txevad
mdgomareobaSi da mas Txevadi airi ewodeba.
Txevadi airi SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes 6 mmmde
sisqis
foladis
SesaduReblad,
Tujis
SesaduReblad da rCilvisaTvis, feradi liTonebisa
da Senadnobebis Wrisa da SeduRebisaTvis, dasaduReblad, zedapirul wrTobisaTvis, metalizaciisaTvis, plastmasebis dasafrqvevad da sxv
acetileni ZiriTadad miiReba kalciumis karbidisagan acetilenis generatorSi (gost 5190-78 `dabali da maRali wnevis acetilenis generatorebi~).
am standartis mixedviT igi SesaZloa iyos dabali
wnevis ≤0,01 mpa ⎛⎜ 0,1
kgs
⎝
⎞ da saSualo wnevis 0,01sm 2 ⎟⎠
⎛
⎝
0,07 da 0,07-0,18 mpa ⎜ 0,1 − 0,7 da 0,7 − 1,5
kgs
⎞ . ganasxsm 2 ⎟⎠
vaveben gadasaadgilebel da stacionarul generatorebs. wyalTan kalciumis karbidis urTierTqmedebis mixedviT, SeiZleba iyos: `karbidi wyalSi~ (KB);
`wyali karbidze~ (BK); `sveli~ da `mSrali~ procesiani; `wylis gamodevniT~ (BB).
117
nawili II
SeduRebis teqnologia
Tavi 5
aluminis Senadnobebis teqnologia
5.1. aluminis Senadnobebis mokle daxasiaTeba
aluminis gamoyenebas teqnikaSi ganapirobebs
misi iseTi Tvisebebi, rogoricaa: mcire kuTri wona
(2,7 g/sm3), gazrdili cveTamedegoba da koroziuli
medegoba damJangav areebsa da haerze. sufTa aluminis simtkice dabalia ( δ B ≤80 n/mm2), amitom misgan
mzaddeba nakeTobebi, romlebsac ZiriTadad gazrdili koroziuli medegoba moeTxovebaT.
alumins da mis Senadnobebs gaaCniaT dnobis
dabali temperatura (sufTa aluminis dnobis temperaturaa 6580C), foladTan SedarebiT, wrfivi
gafarToebis koeficientis gadidebuli da drekadobis modulis Semcirebuli mniSvnelobebi.
qimiuri Sedgenilobebidan, miRebis xerxisa da
damuSavebis saxeobidan gamomdinare, alumini da misi
Senadnobebi dayofilia or ZiriTad jgufad: aradeformirebadi (gamoiyeneba sxmulis saxiT) da deformirebadi (iyeneben wnexil, naglin an naWed mdgomareobebSi). aradeformirebads (sxmuls) miekuTvneba
Senadnobebi
siliciumisa
da
spilenZis
mniSvnelovani SemcvelobiT. Tavis mxriv, deformirebad
Senadnobebs yofen or kategoriad: pirveli _ Termulad araganmtkicebadi, romelsac miekuTvneba deformirebadi alumini A. ormagi Senadnobebi AMn(AlMn) da AMn(Al-Mg); meore _ Termulad ganmtkicebadi
118
Senadnobebi, romlebic TavianTi TvisebebiT iyofian
sam jgufad:
I jgufi _ avialebis AB(Al-Cu-Mg) tipis, romlebic bunebrivad daZvelebul mdgomareobaSi kargi
koroziuli medegobiT xasiaTdebian;
II jgufi _ duraluminebis Д(Al-Cu-Mg) tipis,
romlebSic gamoiyofa sami qvejgufi: 1. kargi plastikurobis mqone (Д18, ДЗП); 2. saSualo simtkicis (Д);
maRali simtkicis mqone (Д16, Д17);
III jgufi _ maRali simtkicis Senadnobebi B(AlCu-Mg-Zn) tipis.
aluminis
zogierTi
Senadnobis
qimiuri
Sedgeniloba moyvanilia 5.1 cxrilSi.
SenaduRi konstruqciebis umravlesoba mzaddeba Termulad araganmtkicebadi deformirebadi
aluminis Senadnobebisagan aramopirsalebul mdgomareobaSi. Tumca, bolo wlebSi gamoyenebas poulobs Termulad ganmtkicebadi Senadnobebic. sxmuli Senadnobebi SenaduR konstruqciebSi SezRudulad gamoiyeneba. maT SeduRebas awarmoeben mxolod
defeqtebis gamosworebis mizniT.
5.2. aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
metalurgiuli Taviseburebani. alumini aqtiurad urTierTqmedebs JangbadTan, ris Sedegadac
warmoqmnili aluminis oqsidi faravs mis zedapirs
sakmaod Zneldnobadi mkvrivi da mtkice oqsidis
furCiT. normalur temperaturaze furCis sisqis
warmoqmnis Semdeg, aluminis Semdgomi Jangva praqtikulad Cerdeba. amiT aixsneba furCis saukeTeso
damcavi Tvisebebi.
119
cxrili 5.1.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba
standarti
gosti
11069-64
sistema
Al
Al-Mn
gosti
4784-74
Al-Mg
Al-Mg-Si
marka
Al
A95
АДО
АМг
АМгС
АМг-2
АМг-3
АМг-5
АМг-6
АМг-6.1
АГВ
АДЗ1
Al-Cu-Mg
Al-Si
АЛ-2
АЛ-4
Cu
Mg
Mn
Fe
Si
deformirebadi Termulad araganmtkicebadi
99,95
0,01
0,03
0,03
99,50
0,02
0,05
0,025
0,30
0,30
dana0,02
0,05
1,0÷1,6
0,7
0,6
rCeni
0,1
0,05
1,0÷1,4
0,25÷0,45
0,15÷0,35
1,8÷2,6
0,2÷0,6
0,4
0,1
3,2÷3,8
0,3÷0,6
0,5
0,5÷0,8
dana0,1
14,8÷5,8
0,5÷0,8
0,4
0,5
rCeni
0,1
5,8÷5,6
0,5÷0,8
0,4
0,4
0,05
5,5÷6,5
0,8÷0,11
0,4
0,4
deformirebadi Termulad ganmtkicebadi
danarCeni
Д1
Д16
gosti
2685-63
qimiuri Semcveloba, %
danarCeni
danarCeni
0,1÷
0,5
0,1
3,8÷
4,8
3,8÷
4,9
0,8
0,3
Zn
Ti
sxva
elementebi
0,005
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,002
0,1
0,02
0,1
0,02÷0,10
0,02÷0,10
-
0,05
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,1
0,45÷0,9
0,15÷0,35
0,5
0,5÷1,2
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,4÷0,9
0,1
0,5
0,3÷0,7
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,4÷0,8
0,3÷0,8
0,5
0,7
0,3
0,1
0,1
1,2÷1,8
0,3÷0,9
0,5
0,5
0,3
0,1
0,15
10÷13
10÷14
0,3
0,3
-
2,3
0,01
sxmuli (aradeformadi)
0,1
0,5
0,25÷0,5
0,8
120
Jangis furCis umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia
airebis (gansakuTrebiT wylis orTqlis) adsorbciis
unari. am Tvisebas furCi inarCunebs liTonis dnobis
temperaturamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom oqsidis
aRemateba
furCis
simkvrive
(2,85....3,95
g/sm3)
aluminisas, gaaCnia ra mniSvnelovani meqanikuri
simtkice (20 n/mm2, roca sisqe 10-5 sm), zedapiruli
daWimulobis ZalebiT igi iolad kavdeba gamdnari
liTonis zedapirze, furCis Tburi gafarToebis
koeficienti 3-jer naklebia aluminisaze, ris gamoc
liTonis gaxurebisas adgili aqvs furCSi bzarebis
warmoqmnas.
aluminis legirebis dros icvleba furCis
Sedgeniloba.
tute
da
tutemiwa
elementebis
minarevebis
arsebobisas,
adgili
aqvs
furCis
gamdidrebas maTi oqsidebiT. aseTi furCi fxvieria.
higroskopulia da SedarebiT cudad icavs liTons
airebis difuziisagan.
zedapirze
furCis
arseboba
arTulebs
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebas, gaaCnia
ra dnobis maRali temperatura (20500C), SeduRebis
dros furCi ar dneba, faravs liTons mtkice
garsiT,
rac
xels
uSlis
saerTo
abazanis
warmoqmnas.
Jangbadis mimarT aluminis maRali aqtiurobis
gamo, SeduRebis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia aluminis
aRdgena misi oqsididan, amitom SeduRebis dros
miRebul unda iqnes zomebi furCis dasarRvevad, mis
mosacileblad da liTonis ganmeorebiTi daJangvisagan dasacavad.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
dros did garTulebas qmnis SenaduR nakerSi forebis warmoqmna. dadgenilia, rom aluminis nakerSi
forebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi wyalbadia, ro-
121
melsac, sxva airebisagan gansxvavebiT, gamdnar aluminSi maRali xsnadobis unari gaaCnia, xolo SeduRebis abazanaSi gaxsnili wyalbadis wyaros warmoadgens misarTi da ZiriTadi liTonebis zedapirebze arsebuli oqsidis furCsa da cximovan gabinZurebebSi, saeleqtrodo dafarvebsa da flusebSi
dagrovili
teni.
gamdnar
aluminTan
tenis
urTierTqmedeba mimdinareobs Semdegi reaqciiT:
2Al+3H2OQAl2O3+6H
abazanis
liTonis
kristalizaciis
dros,
temperaturis vardniT mimdinareobs wyalbadis gamoyofa. wyalbadis buStulebi, romlebic ver aswreben
abazanidan amotivtivebas, rCebian nakeris liTonSi
da warmoqmnian forebs.
aluminis
Senadnobebis
SeduRebis
dros,
forianobasTan
brZola
upirvelesi
amocanaa,
romlis gadasawyvetad saWiroa SemuSavdes rigi
RonisZiebebisa
SenaduR
nakerSi
wyalbadis
koncentraciis Sesamcireblad.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros
mniSvnelovani garTuleba iqmneba kristalizaciuri
bzarebis warmoqmnis gamo. teqnikuri aluminis da
aluminmagniumis Senadnobebis medegoba bzarebis
warmoqmnisadmi damokidebulia SenaduR nakerSi
rikinisa da siliciumis Semcvelobaze. soliciumis
Semcvelobis 0,6%-mde zrda aqveiTebs, xolo rkinis
Semcvelobis 0,7%-mde gadideba zrdis medegobas
kristalizaciuri
bzarebisadmi.
amasTan,
0,1%
siliciumi sakmarisia bzarebis warmoqmnisaTvis,
xolo 0,1% rkina ar aris sakmarisi rom gamoiricxos
cxeli bzarebis warmoqmna. aluminmagniumis SenadnobebSi SenaduRi nakeris medegoba kristalizaciuri
bzarebisadmi damokidebulia magniumis Semcvelo-
122
baze, romlis moqmedebac rkinis moqmedebis analogiuria.
foladebisagan
gansxvavebiT,
aluminis
Senadnobebis
SeduRebis
SemTxvevaSi
winaswari
gaxureba 200...2500C temperaturamde ar uzrunvelyofs
cxeli bzarebis aRkveTas, radganac igi ganapirobebs
kristalitebis mniSvnelovan gamsxvilebas da Zabvebisa da deformaciebis zrdas.
legirebuli aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis
dros damatebiTi garTuleba iqmneba civi bzarebis
warmoqmnis
gamo,
e.w.
TviTwrTobadi
SenadnobebisaTvis
(alumini-TuTia-magniumi).
civi
bzarebi warmoiqmneba SeduRebis Semdeg garkveuli
drois monakveTSi. aseT bzarebs xSirad dayovnebul
rRvevas
undauwodeben.
aRiniSnos is garTulebebic, romlebic
dakavSirebulia aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis
Zabvebisa da deformaciebis warmoqmnasTan, rac
ganpirobebulia wrfivi gafarToebis koeficientis
maRali mniSvnelobiT.
SenaduRi SeerTebebis struqtura da Tvisebebi.
nakeris struqtura da Termuli gavlenis zonaSi
struqturuli cvlilebebi arsebiTad gansazRvraven
SenaduRi SeerTebis fizikur-meqanikur Tvisebebs.
rogorc
foladis,
aseve
sufTa
aluminis
SenaduRi SeerTebis nakeris struqtura xasiaTdeba
uxeSi, svetovani aRnagobiT. Tumca am ukanasknelis
kristalitebis zomebi gacilebiT ufro didia.
amitom maRali sisufTavis aluminis SeduRebis
dros xSiria nakerSi kristalizaciuri bzarebis
warmoqmna. struqturaSi, garda fuZisa (aluminis
myari xsnari), SeiniSneba aluminis interliTonuri
naerTebi rkinasTan da siliciumTan.
aluminmagniumis Senadnobebis SenaduRi SeerTebis nakeri ufro wvrilmarcvlovani aRnagobiT
123
xasiaTdeba. masze gacilebiT wvrilmarcvlovani aRnagoba gaaCniaT aluminmagniumisa da sxva legirebuli Senadnobebis nakerebs, rac dakavSirebulia
minarevebis arsebobasTan. struqturaSi SeiniSneba
aluminis naerTebi manganumTan, magniumTan da aseve
ufro rTuli Sedgenilobis fazebi, romlebic Seicaven rkinisa da siliciumis minarevebs.
teqnikurad sufTa aluminisa da Termulad
araganmtkicebadi Senadnobebis SenaduRi nakeris
mimdebare zonebSi SeduRebis dros mimdinareobs
liTonis rekristalizacia umTavresad naglinis
mimarTulebiT, rasac Tan axlavs sisalis garkveuli
Semcireba.
Termulad
ganumtkicebadi
maRalmagniumiani
aluminmagniumis
Senadnobebis
SeduRebadoba
garTulebulia,
radganac
nakermimdebare
zonas
gaaCnia gazrdili mgrZnobiaroba gaxurebisadmi da
uSualod nakerTan momijnave ubnebSi afuebisadmi
midrekileba.
gaxurebis
dros
afuebas
iwvevs
molekuluri
wyalbadi,
romliTac
Sevsebulia
mikrosicarieleebi.
afuebisadmi
midrekileba
izrdeba SenadnobSi magniumis Semcvelobasa da
SeduRebis dros gaxurebis xangrZlivobis gazrdiT.
Termulad ganmtkicebadi Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros, nakeris mimdebare zonebSi mimdinareobs
marcvlebis sazRvrebis Semolxoba da marcvlebs
Soris Txevadi SuaSreebis warmoqmna. cxel mdgomareobaSi aRniSnuli rTuli Sedgenilobis fazebi
ganapirobebs Termuli gavlenis zonaSi liTonis
meqanikuri Tvisebebis daqveiTebas, rac bzarebis
warmoqmnis
mizezi
xdeba.
SeduRebis
Semdeg
Semolxobis zonebi myifed irRveva da maTi simtkice
ecema. evteqtikebis ganawileba Semolxobis zonebSi
124
damokidebulia Senadnobis sawyis mdgomareobaze.
nawrTobi Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros, evteqtika
ganlagdeba myaris xsnaris marcvlebis garSemo uwyvetad SuaSreebis saxiT, maSin rodesac momwvari
liTonebisaTvis evteqtikebi wyvetilia.
sufTa
aluminis
SenaduRi
nakeri
simtkicis
maCveneblebiT axlosaa momwvari ZiriTadi liTonis
maxasiaTeblebTan ( δ B ≤60...80 n/mm2), xolo Senadnobis
SenaduRi nakeris meqanikuri Tvisebebi uaxlovdeba
ZiriTad liTonisas ( δ B ≤120...140 n/mm2). garTulebulia
aluminmagniumis Senadnobebis SenaduR SeerTebebSi
TanaSris simtkicis uzrunvelyofa, radganac adgili
aqvs nakeris myari xsnaris magniumiT gaRaribebas.
ufro rTulia miRebul iqnes Tanabari simtkicis
SenaduRi
SeerTebebi
Termulad
ganmtkicebad
SenadnobebSi, radganac interliTonebis gamoyofis
gamo
xdeba
nakermimdebare
zonis
simtkicis
daqveiTeba.
atmosferul pirobebSi koroziuli medegobiT
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SenaduRi SeerTebebi
umniSvnelod gansxvavdebian ZiriTadi liTonisagan.
agresiul areebSi nakeris koroziuli medegoba
gansxvavebulia ZiriTadi liTonisagan, radganac
rkinisa
da
siliciumis
minarevebi
uaryofiT
zemoqmedebas axdenen masze.
125
5.3. aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis teqnologiuri
Taviseburebani
aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros oqsidis
furCis mocileba denis, flusis an eleqtrodis
dafarvis Semdgenebis zemoqmedebiT xorcieldeba.
aluminis furCis daSla denis moqmedebiT
Semdegi
meqanizmiT
mimdinareobs:
Tu
detali
kaTodad gvevlineba, misken didi siCqariT moZravi
dadebiTi ionebi, xvdeba ra liTonis zedapirs,
axdens furCis rRvevas da e.w. kaToduri gafrqveviT
acilebs mas. Seqceuli polarulobis mudmivi deniT
SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi denis gamwmend moqmedebas
adgili aqvs mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi, xolo
cvlad
denze
SeduRebis
dros
_
im
naxevarperiodebSi, roca nakeToba kaTodia. amgvarad,
aluminis SesaduReblad iyeneben cvlad dens an
Seqceuli polarulobis mudmiv dens.
marto denis moqmedebiT SeiZleba dairRves
SedarebiT mcire sisqis furCi. furCis dasaSlelad
da mosacileblad gacilebiT ufro efeqturia
eleqtrodebis dafarvis an flusebis Semdgenebis
denTan erToblivi moqmedeba.
ganvixiloT aluminis oqsidze flusebis an
eleqtrodis dafarvebis zemoqmedebis meqanizmi.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduRebeli
flusebi da saeleqtrodo dafarvebi (cxr. 5.2) erTnairi tipis arian. maT fuZes tute da tutemiwa elementebis
qloriduli
marilebis
advildnobadi
narevebi warmoadgens, romlebsac damatebuli aqvT
fToriduli naerTebis garkveuli raodenoba. radganac
furCis
Tburi
gafarTovebis
koeficienti
sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba liTonis Tburi gafar-
126
Toebis koeficientisagan, amitom gaxurebis procesSi
furCSi wvrili bzarebi warmoiqmneba.
bzarebSi Sesuli gamdnari flusi moqmedebs
aluminTan da warmoqmnis aluminis qlorids (AlCl3),
romelic 1800C temperaturaze qroldeba. Txevad
liTonTan kontaqtis adgilze warmoqmnili aluminis
qloridis orTqli, romelic maRali drekadobiT
xasiaTdeba,
mowyvets
furCis
nawilakebs,
ris
Semdegac moZravi flusi axdens SeduRebis zonidan
aluminis furCis gamotanas.
forianobis
Tavidan
acilebis
mizniT,
SesaduRebeli
detalebisa
da
saeleqtrodo
(misarTi)
masalebis
zedapirebs
(SeduRebamde)
furCisa da cximovani gabinZurebebis mocilebis
mizniT winaswar amuSaveben. amisaTvis iyeneben
meqanikur an qimiur saSualebebs, xolo cximebs
cxeli wyliT an organuli xsnarebiT Camorecxaven.
didi sisqis detalebis xeliT eleqtrorkaluri
SeduRebis
dros,
Txevadi
abazanidan
airuli
buStulebis mosacileblad, mimarTaven winaswar da
Tanmxleb
SeTbobas
200...4000C
temperaturamde.
aluminmagniumis
SenadnobebisaTvis,
meqanikuri
Tvisebebis mosalodneli daqveiTebis gamoricxvis
mizniT, SeTbobis temperatura 100...1500C-s ar unda
aRematebodes.
kristalizaciuri
bzarebis
warmoqmnisadmi
medegobis
gasazrdelad,
aluminisa
da
masSi
Senadnobebis nakerebSi siliciumis Semcveloba 0,1%ze naklebi unda iyos, xolo rkinis (aseve magniumis
aluminmagniumis SenadnobebSi) 0,1%-ze meti.
legirebul aluminis SenadnobebSi civ bzarebTan brZolis efeqturi saSualebaa SenaduRi SeerTbebis 200...2200C temperaturamde gaxureba (gadaZveleba), rac xels uwyobs rogorc myari xsnaridan
interliTonuri fazebis droul gamoyofas da ko-
127
agulacias, aseve saSemduReblo struqturuli Zabvebis Semcirebas.
narCeni Zabvebisa da deformaciebis Sesamcireblad, aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
dros
mimarTaven
specialur
zomebs,
kerZod,
konduqtorebSi SeduRebas, koncentrirebuli siTbos
wyaroebis gamoyenebas da sxv.
Termulad ganmtkicebadi aluminis SenadnobebisaTvis Tanabari simtkicis SenaduRi SeerTebebis
misaRebad, saWiroa Termuli damuSavebis sruli
ciklis Catareba _ wrToba da daZveleba.
minarevebiT
gabinZurebuli
nakerebis
koroziuli medegobis gaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia cxel
mdgomareobaSi mopirsalebiT, risTvisac mimarTaven
SenaduRi SeerTebebis mowvas.
maRali Txeldenadobisa da dabali simtkicis
gamo, 5500C temperaturis zemoT, aluminisa da misi
Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros saWiroa gamoyenebul
iqnas qvesadebebi.
airuli SeduReba. es aris aluminisa da misi
Senadnobebis SeduRebis yvelaze Zveli xerxi,
romlis ganviTarebasac safuZveli Caeyara XIX
saukunis 90-iani wlebidan. Tumca Tavidan airuli
SeduRebis
warmatebiT
praqtikul
gamoyenebas
abrkolebda is garemoeba, rom ver xerxdeboda
Jangis (Al2O3) furCis moSoreba, rac xels uSlida
SeduRebis
procesis
mimdinareobas.
aRniSnuli
problema moixsna 1906-1907 wlebSi, rodesac Soopma
aluminis Jangis furCis gasaxsnelad gamoiyena
Semdegi
Sedgenilobis
flus-pasta:
qlorovani
kaliumi (60 nawili), qlorovani natriumi (12
nawili), gogirdmJava kaliumi (4 nawili) da wyali
(24 nawili).
128
aluminis nakeTobebis airuli SeduRebisTvis
momzadeba iTvaliswinebs Semdegi operaciebis Catarebas:
misarTi
masalis
flusiT
dafarva;
SesaduRebeli zedapirebis gasufTaveba; nawiburebis
gamoyvana da SenaduRi SeerTebis awyoba.
SeduRebis abazanaSi flusis Seyvana xdeba misarTi masalidan, romlis zedapirsac winaswar
faraven flusis feniT. misarTi masalis flusiT
dafarvas
anxorcieleben
ori
xerxiT;
1.
saSemduReblo mavTuls an wnels axureben airuli
sanTuriT da Semdeg amoavleben flusian qilaSi; 2.
mavTuls an wnels 200-250 mm sigrZeze Semogozaven
wylis an spirtis (sufTa aluminisTvis) flusiani
xsnariT.
SesaduRebeli zedapirebis gasufTaveba iTvaliswinebs 30-35 mm siganeze orive mxridan meqanikuri
gziT _ mbrunavi liTonis jagrisebiT gawmendas,
Semdeg qimiurad damuSavebas mowamvliT.
aluminisa da misi SenadnobebisaTvis yvelaze
gavrcelebulia pirapira SeerTebebi. 4 mm-mde sisqis
aluminis furclebis awyoba xdeba nawiburebis
gamoyvanis gareSe 0,5-2 mm teqnologiuri RreCos
datovebiT.
1-1,5
mm
sisqis
furclebisTvis
rekomendebulia
nawiburebis
moqimva,
romlis
simaRlec 2-3-jer meti unda iyos furclis sisqeze.
4-12 mm sisqis furclebisaTvis rekomendebulia
nawiburebis V-ri gamoyvana 30-450 gadaxsnis kuTxiT,
xolo
12
mm-ze
meti
sisqis
furclebisTvis
nawiburebis X-ri gamoyvana 350 gadaxsnis kuTxiT
TiToeuli
mxridan
da
dablagvebiT,
romlis
sididec unda iyos furclis sisqis meoTxedi da ar
undaaluminisa
aRematebodes
da misi
4 mm-s.
Senadnobebis airuli SeduRebis
warmoeba
rekomendebulia
ganxorcieldes
acetilen-Jangbadis alisa da specialuri flusebis
129
gamoyenebiT.
Semcvelobis
ali
unda
iyos
mkacrad
normaluri
O2
≈ 1,1 , radganac Jangbadis meti
C2 H 2
Semcveloba ganapirobebs Al2O3-is warmoebas, xolo
Warbi acetileni (C2H2) ki forianobis mizezi xdeba.
aluminis
Senadnobebis
airuli
SeduRebisTvis
acetilenis Semcvleli sawvavi airebis gamoyenebis
sfero Zalian SezRudulia. SeduRebis abazanaSi
flusis Seyvana ZiriTadad xdeba misarTi masalidan
da zogierT SemTxvevaSi damatebiT SesaduRebeli
nawiburebidan, romlebsac winaswar faraven jagrisis gamoyenebiT. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis
airuli SeduReba dasaSvebia nebismier sivrciT
mdgomareobaSi, garda didi ganfenilobis horizontaluri nakerebisa. mcire sisqis (4 mm-mde) furclebis SeduRebisTvis aucilebelia qvesadebebis
gamoyeneba. moqimviT awyobili furclebis SeduReba
xdeba misarTi liTonis gareSe. saSualo sisqis
furclebis (V-ri gamoyvaniT) SeduReba xdeba cali
mxridan, xolo sqeli furclebis (X-ri gamoyvaniT)
orive mxridan horizontalidan nakeTobis 300-ani
kuTxiT daxriT `aRmarTze~ (qvemodan zemoT).
aluminisa
da
misi
Senadnobebis
tavruli
SeerTebebis SeduReba rekomendebulia ganxorcieldes `navur~ mdgomareobaSi, rom iqnes Tavidan
acilebuli
vertikalur
kedelze
CanaWrebis
warmoqmna.
naxSiris an grafitis eleqtrodebiT xeliT SeduReba. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduReba
naxSiris an grafitis eleqtrodebiT gamoiyeneba
mxolod nakleb sapasuxismgeblo konstruqciebisaTvis. SeduRebas axdenen pirdapiri polarulobis
mudmivi denis gamoyenebiT, mxolod qveda mdgomareobaSi. furCis mocilebis mizniT, gamoiyeneba
130
АФ-4Ф tipis flusi, romelic ixsneba wyalSi da
funjiT esmeva nakeTobis an misarTi Reros zedapirs. 2 mm-mde sisqis nakeTobebis SeduReba xdeba
misarTi liTonis gareSe nawiburebis gamouyvanlad.
2
mm-ze
meti
sisqis
nakeTobebis
SeduRebis
SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba nawiburebis gamoyvana an
RreCo, romelic Seadgens SesaduRebeli furclebis
sisqis 0,5-0,7 nawils. misarT masalebad ixmareba
saeleqtrodo mavTulebi A0, A1 (gost 7871-75) an AK
Senadnobi Reroebi, romelic 5% siliciums Seicavs.
SeduRebas axorcieleben vertikalidan 10-200
kuTxiT gadaxrili eleqtrodebiT, 15-25 mm sigrZis
rkaliT, ganivi rxevebis gareSe. SeduRebis Semdeg
narCen widas meqanikuri xerxebiT an CamorecxviT
acileben. naxSiris an grafitis eleqtrodebiT
SeduRebis naklad SeiZleba CaiTvalos rkalis
mZlavri
gamosxiveba,
nakeTobis
sagrZnobi
deformacia da sxv.
cxrili 5.2.
aluminis SeduRebisaTvis gankuTvnili flusebisa da
eleqtrodis dafarvebis Sedgeniloba
masala
qlorovani
natriumi
(NaCl)
qlorovani
kaliumi
(KCl)
qlorovani
liTiumi
(LiCl)
Semcveloba, %
LiCl-is ar Semcveli
LiCl-is Semcveli
flusebi dafarvebi flusebi dafarvebi
16
41
12,5
30
30
28
35,5
30,5
79
51
50,0
40
45
50
50
-
-
-
-
-
15
14
10
18,2
131
fTorovani
natriumi
(NaF)
fTorovani
kaliumi
(KF)
mJave
gogirdmJava
kaliumi
(KHSO4)
krioliti
(Na3AlF6)
-
8
-
-
-
8
1,5
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
3
-
5
-
2,5
-
3
-
-
5,8
-
-
35,5
30
-
-
-
45,5
pirapira SeerTebebisTvis nawiburebi ar gamoiyvaneba
6mm-mde
sisqis
liTonis
calmxrivi
SeduRebisas. agreTve 10...12 mm da meti sisqis
liTonebis
ormxrivi
SeduRebisas
mimarTaven
0
nawiburebis gamoyvanas 60...70 kuTxiT da 1...2 mm
dablagvebiT. 6 mm-mde sisqis liTonebi duRdeba
SeTbobis gareSe, xolo 6 mm-ze meti sisqisaTvis
winaswari SeTbobis temperatura SeirCeva nakeTobis
intervalSi).
sisqis
Sesabamisad
(100...4000C
magaliTad, 6...8 mm sisqisaTvis gamoiyeneba 1000C
temperaturamde, 8...10 mm sisqisaTvis 160-2000C-mde
SeTboba; ufro met sisqisaTvis saWiroa SedarebiT
maRali winaswari SeTbobis temperatura.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis SesaduReblad
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba ori tipis dafarva: dafarva I
Sedgeba 35% kriolitiTa (Na3AlF6) da 65% flusiT
АФ-4А (50%KCl; 15% LiCl; 8% NaF da 28% NaCl); dafarva I
Sedgeba: 50% KCl; 30% NaCl da 20% Na3AlF6).
sufTa aluminisa da AMr SenadnobebisaTvis
eleqtrodebis Reroebad gamoiyeneba daaxloebiT
ZiriTadi liTonis Sedgenilobis liTonebi. koro-
132
ziamedegi SeerTebebis misaRebad iyeneben cirkoniumiT, qromiT an titaniT legirebul mavTulebs.
aluminmagniumis
Senadnobebis
SesaduRebel
saeleqtrodo ReroebSi mizanSewonilia magniumis
ufro maRali Semcveloba. magaliTad, AMr3 da AMr5
SenadnobebisaTvis gamoiyeneba mavTulebi Св-АМг3 da
Св-АМг6.
SeduReba xorcieldeba 6...8 mm diametris eleqtrodebiT Seqceuli polarulobis mudmiv denze,
rkalis swrafi gadaadgilebiT ganivi rxevebis
gareSe. SeduRebis reJimebia ISed=55...60a; Urk=28...34v.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduRebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nakeris Sinagani forianoba da dabali
mwarmoebluroba. amitom es meTodi SezRudulad
gamoiyeneba.
flusis qveS avtomaturi SeduReba. aluminisa
da misi Senadnobebis SesaduReblad gamoiyeneba
naxevrad Ria rkaliT SeduReba, romlis drosac
flusis dozirebuli Txeli fena iyreba rkalis win,
rac uzrunvelyofs abazanis saimedo dacvasa da
furCis fenis mocilebas. aRniSnuli teqnologiis
gamoyenebis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT,
rom
Txevad
mdgomareobaSi
maRali
eleqtrogamtarobis mqone flusis Txeli fena ar
moaxdens denis Suntirebas, rac gamoiwvevs rkalis
mdgradobis rRvevas.
flusiT avtomaturi SeduReba gamoiyeneba 10...35
mm detalebisaTvis; SesaZlebelia erTi, ori an
xSirad dawyvilebuli saeleqtrodo mavTulebis gamoyenebac. calmxriv nakerebs aduReben foladis
droebiT qvesadebze. SeduReba xorcieldeba Seqceuli polarulobis mudmiv denze, romlis sididec
3-jer ufro naklebia, vidre foladebisTvis igive
133
siRrmeze CaduRebis SemTxvevaSi. 5.3 cxrilSi moyvanilia aluminis Senadnobebis SesaduReblad gamoyenebuli
saeleqtrodo mavTulebis, xolo
5.4
cxrilSi flusebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba.
sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT naxevrad Ria rkaliT aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis upiratesobas
ganapirobebs
maRali
mwarmoebluroba
da
konstruqciis umniSvnelo deformacia. flusis qveS
SeduRebis
naklovanebad
SeiZleba
CaiTvalos
SeduRebis
Semdeg
widis
qerqis
mocilebis
aucilebloba. amis gamo, am meTodiT ZiriTadad
aduReben pirapira nakerebs, romlisaTvisac ufro
iolia widis qerqis mocileba.
eleqtrowiduri SeduReba. process asruleben
specialurad SemuSavebuli flusebis (AH-A301 da
AH-A302) saSualebiT firfitovani eleqtrodiT.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis eleqtrowiduri
SeduRebis teqnologia principulad ar gansxvavdeba
sxva liTonebis eleqtrowiduri SeduRebis cnobili
xerxebisagan.
eleqtrowiduri SeduRebiT miRebuli SenaduRi
SeerTebebi mkvrivi struqturiT da maRali meqanikuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba.
inertul
airebSi
aradnobadi
eleqtrodiT
SeduReba. aluminsa da mis Senadnobebs umravles
SemTxvevaSi damcav airebSi aduReben dnobadi an
aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT. damcav airad gamoiyeneba
A da Б markis argoni, argon-heliumis narevi an
gazrdili
sisufTavis
heliumi.
aradnobadi
eleqtrodis
masalad
volframi
gamoiyeneba,
romelsac damatebuli aqvs Toriumi, lanTani,
itriumi da sxva elementebi. sufTa volframis
gamoyeneba saeleqtrodo masalad rekomendebuli ar
aris.
134
argonSi aradnobadi eleqtrodiT SeduReba saukeTeso xerxia Txelfurclovani aluminis nakeTobebisaTvis. specialuri flusebis gamoyenebis
gareSe
igi
uzrunvelyofs
SesaduRebeli
konstruqciis minimalur deformaciasa da nakeris
maRal xarisxs. SeduReba cvlad denze warmoebs da
SesaZlebelia
rogorc
xeliT,
aseve
naxevrad
avtomaturad da avtomaturad. aluminis detalebis
zedapirze volframis eleqtrodis uSualo SexebiT
rkalis anTeba garTulebulia, amitom rkals jer
anTeben damxmare grafitis firfitaze da Semdeg
gadaaqvT
aradnobadi
nakeTobaze.
eleqtrodiT
xeliT
SeduReba
SesaZlebelia
sivrcis
nebismier
mdgomareobaSi
eleqtrodis ganivi rxevebis gareSe rogorc misarTi
liToniT,
aseve
mis
gareSe.
misarT
masalad
gamoiyeneba saSemduReblo mavTuli, romlis qimiuri
Sdgenilobac
uaxlovdeba
ZiriTad
liTonisas.
rkalis sigrZe 1,5...2,5 mm-s ar unda aRematebodes.
aradnobadi leqtrodiT xeliT SeduRebis reJimebi
moyvanilia 5.5. cxrilSi.
aradnobadi eleqtrodiT naxevrad avtomaturi
da avtomaturi SeduReba mimdinareobs sanTuris
vertikalur
mdgomareobaSi.
misarTi
mavTuli
rkalis zonaSi miewodeba specialuri meqanizmiT.
SeduReba xorcieldeba cvladi deniT, romlis
reJimebic moyvanilia 5.6 cxrilSi. aluminisa da misi
Senadnobebis aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT inertul
airebSi SeduRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba specializebuli
danadgarebi
УДАР-300
da УДАР-500; naxevrad
avtomaturi ПШВ-1 da ПШВ-3, avtomati АДНГ-300.
didi sisqis detalebis SesaduReblad gamoyenebas poulobs damcav airebSi samfaza rkaliT SeduRebis meTodi. am SemTxvevaSi Tburi nakadis
135
regulirebis saSualebas iZleva nakeris RerZis mimarT volframis eleqtrodis ganlagebis, maTi diametrebisa da maT Soris kuTxis cvlileba. nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe samfaza rkaliT erTi gavliT
SeiZleba SeduRdes 30 mm-mde sisqis aluminis Senadnobebi. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac,
rom miRebuli SenaduRi SeerTeba maRali xarisxiTa
da meqanikuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba. SeduReba
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes rogorc xeliT, ise
avtomaturad. aluminis Senadnobebis pirapira SeerTebebis samfaza rkaliT SeduRebis rekomendebuli
reJimebi moyvanilia 5.7 cxrilSi.
Txelfurclovani aluminis nakeTobebis SeerTebis saukeTeso meTodia mikroplazmuri SeduReba.
am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba 0,8...1,2 mm diametris ВЛ-10
markis volframis eleqtrodebi. plazmis warmomqmnel airad ixmareba araumcires 99,6% sisufTavis
argoni, xolo damcavi airia _ heliumi. denis Zalis
cvlileba 10...100a intervalSi uzrunvelyofs 0,2...2 mm
sisqis aluminis Senadnobebis xarisxian SeduRebas.
136
cxrili 5.3.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis saeleqtrodo
mavTulebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %
СвАВ-00
СвВА-1
СвАМг
СвАМг5
СвАМг6
СвАМг7
СвАН5
СвАН10
СвАН12
Al
Mg
Mn
≤99,97
≤99,5
≤0,05
4,8÷5,8
5,8÷6,8
6,5÷7,5
≤0,10
-
1,0÷1,5
0,5÷0,8
0,5÷0,8
0,5÷0,8
-
danarCeni
mavTulis
marka
СвАВ-00
СвВА-1
СвАМг
СвАМг5
СвАМг6
СвАМг7
СвАН5
СвАН10
СвАН12
mavTulis
marka
Ti
0,1÷0,2
0,1÷0,2
-
Be
0,002÷
÷0,005
0,002÷
÷0,005
0,002÷
÷0,005
-
Fe
Si
≤0,015
0,20÷0,35
0,3÷0,5
≤0,4
≤0,4
≤0,4
≤0,6
≤0,6
≤0,3
minarevebi ara
≤0,015
0,10÷0,35
0,2÷0,4
≤0,4
≤0,5
≤0,4
4,5÷6,0
7,0÷10,0
11,5÷13,5
umetes
minarevebi
s jami
Zr
-
Zn
0,1
Cu
0,005
0,015
0,2
sxvadasxva
minarevebi
0,01
0,05
0,1
-
0,2
0,05
0,1
1,4
-
0,2
0,1
0,1
1,2
0,2÷0,4
-
-
-
-
-
0,2
0,1
0,2
0,1
0,1
0,1
1,0
1,1
0,6
-
137
0,08
0,5
0,35
cxrili 5.4.
aluminisa da misi SenadnobebisaTvis saSemduReblo
flusebis Sedgeniloba, %
flusis
marka
МАТИ-1
МАТИ-10
АН-А1
SesaduRebeli
liToni
АМг
АМг6
АД1, АМг
NaF
KCl
Na3AlF6
BaCl2
LiCl
NaCl
42
-
47
30
50
3
2
30
68
-
8
-
20
cxrili 5.5.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis aradobadi
eleqtrodiT xeliT pirapira SeduRebis reJimebi
liTonis
sisqe,
mm
volframis
eleqtrodis
diametri, mm
0,8÷0,9
1,0÷2,0
3,0÷4,0
5,0÷6,0
8,0÷10,0
1,5÷2,0
1,5÷2,0
3,0÷4,0
4,0÷5,0
5,0
misarTi
mavTulis
diametri,
mm
1,0÷2,5
2,5÷3,0
3,0÷4,0
4,0÷5,0
denis
Zala, a
airis
xarji,
l/wT
40÷55
55÷75
100÷150
200÷280
270÷300
4÷5
5÷6
7÷8
7÷8
9÷12
inertul airebSi dnobadi eleqtrodiT SeduReba. aluminis Senadnobis damcav airebSi dnobadi eleqtrodiT meqanizebuli SeduReba mizanSewonilia, Tu SesaerTebeli liTonis sisqe 4 mm-ze
metia. am meTodisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SeduRebis
maRali mwarmoebluroba, rasac ganapirobebs Seqceuli polarobis mudmivi denis gamoyeneba. am
ukanasknels didi upiratesoba gaaCnia cvlad denTan
138
SedarebiT. rkalis kvebas axorcieleben xisti gare
maxasiaTeblis
mqone
kvebis
wyarodan,
rkalis
aRgzneba xdeba nakeTobasTan mavTulis SexebiT.
rkalis wvis mdgradobas ganapirobebs denis Zala,
romelic 130a-s aRemateba. saeleqtrodo mavTulis
diametri unda iyos 1,4 mm-ze meti, raTa SesaZlebeli
gaxdes rkalis zonaSi misi Seuferxebeli miwodeba.
dnobadi eleqtrodiT argonSi avtomatur SeduRebas
awarmoeben maformirebeli Rarebis mqone liTonis
qvesadebebze. miRebuli SenaduRi nakeri maRali
xarisxiTa da TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba.
cxrili 5.6.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis aradnobadi
eleqtrodiT avtomaturi pirapira erTi gavliT
Sesrulebuli SeduRebis reJimebi
liTon
is
sisqe,
mm
volfr
amis
eleqtrodis
diamet
ri, mm
misarTi
mavTuli
s
diametri,
mm
denis
Zala, a
SeduRebi
s siCqare,
m/sT
mavTulis
miwodebi
s siCqare,
m/sT
airis
xarji,
l/wT
1,5
4
2
80÷110
15÷20
40÷45
7÷8
15÷20
40÷45
7÷8
2,0
4
2
100÷120
2,5
4
2
120÷130
15÷20
36÷42
7÷8
3,0
4
2
150÷170
10÷16
36÷40
8÷9
5,0
6
2
240÷260
10
2-3
480÷490
30÷35
-
12÷16
8,0
10÷14
12
12÷16
10
10
2-3
490÷520
9
-
28÷30
14
10
2-3
550÷600
6
-
29÷30
16
10
2-3
640÷660
6
-
28÷30
139
cxrili 5.7.
samfaza rkaliT aluminis Senadnobebis
SeduRebis reJimebi
liTonis
sisqe,
mm
SeduRebis
xerxi
eleqtrodis
diametri, mm
misarTi
mavTulis
diametri,
mm
SeduRebis
siCqare,
m/sT
SeduRebis
denis
Zala, a
2
xeliT
1,5÷2
3
2÷3
3
10÷12
60
8
2
8÷12
28-30
150
avtomaturi
10
2
13-15
500÷540
20
10
2,5
7-8
520÷550
30
10
2,5
4-6
620÷650
6
10
14
390÷430
kontaqturi pirapira SeduReba. aluminisa da
magniumis
Senadnobebis
SemolRvobiT
pirapira
kontaqturi SeduReba warmoebs gacilebiT iolad,
vidre spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis. procesi
mimdinareobs
uwyveti
SemolRvobiT
da
mniSvnelovani
CajdomiT
maRal
siCqareebze.
saukeTeso Sedegebi miiReba SeduRebis dros damcav
airul areSi, Tumca savsebiT damakmayofilebel
Sedegebs Rebuloben dacvis gareSe SeduRebis
drosac.
SeduRebis
reJimebis
SerCeva
xdeba
SesaduRebeli masalis qimiuri Sedgenilobisa da
zomebis
mixedviT.
gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba
eniWeba Cajdomis maqsimaluri siCqaris sworad
SerCevas, rom Cajdoma ganxorcieldes udides
temperaturaze da Sesabamisad minimaluri Zalvis
miyenebiT. aluminis rbili sortebisTvis Sveris
dasayenebeli sigrZe detalis d diametris mixedviT,
iangariSeba formuliT:lS=(1,5÷2,0)d mm
140
am SemTxvevaSi Cajdomis xvedriTi wnevis
sididea 1,0-1,5 kg/mm2.
aluminisa da magniumis mtkice da Termulad
ganmtkicebadi Senadnobebis SemolRvobiT pirapira
SeduRebis reJimebi moyvanilia 5.8 cxrilSi.
cxrili 5.8.
aluminisa da magniumis Senadnobebis zogierTi
namzadis SemolRvobiT pirapira SeduRebis
saorientacio reJimebi
SeduRebis
reJimis
parametrebi
Sveris dasayenebeli sigrZe,
mm
nameti
SemolRvobaze,
mm
SemolRvobis
xangrZlivoba,
wm
SemolRvobis
saSualo
siCqare, mm/wm
nameti
Cajdomaze, mm
Cajdomis
siCqare, mm/wm
Cajdomis
xvedriTi wneva,
kg/mm
aluminis wnelis
diametri, mm
Senadnobebi
АК6 da АМг6Т
80 mm siganis
zoluras
sisqe, mm
4
6
4-7
12
14
1318
20
38
25
43
30
50
38
65
17
20
22
28
08
10
14
1,7
1,9
2,8
5,0
1,2
1,51,8
5,0
11,3
10,5
7,9
5,6
5,8
1,57
2,8
13,0
13,0
14,0
15,0
7,0
8,5
12,0
150
150
150
150
12,7
19,0
1220
100150
2022
200
16,4
100150
1820
141
13,0
Cajdomis denis
qveS, mm
xvedriTi
simZlavre,
kva/mm
SeduRebis deni,
a
6,0
6,0
7,0
7,0
3,0
3,0
6-8
-
-
-
-
0,4
0,4
-
58
63
63
63
-
-
-
kontaqturi wertilovani SeduReba. aluminis
Senadnobebis wertilovani SeduReba gansakuTrebiT
ganviTarebulia
TviTmfrinavmSeneblobaSi,
xelsawyoTmSeneblobaSi
da
manqanaTmSeneblobis
zogierT sferoebSi.
wertilovani (da gorgolaWovani) SeduRebis
Sesruleba saWiroa `xist~ reJimebze. bzarebis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT rekomendebulia АМг, АМг3, АМг5, АМг5В, АМг6Т, Д20, Д16Т da Д20 Senadnobebis
momwvar mdgomareobaSi SeduReba. aluminisa da
magniumis sxvadasxva Senadnobebis wertilovani
SeduRebis reJimebi moyvanilia 5.9 cxrilSi.
cxrili 5.9.
sxvadasxva msubuqi Senadnobebis wertilovani
SeduRebis reJimebi
masali
s marka
АМцАМ
АМг6Т
furcli
s sisqe,
mm
Zalva
eleqtrodze,
kg
2+2
3+3
2+3
2+4
2+2
3+3
625
910
500
670
690
700
furclis
gadnobis
xarisxi, %
zed
qved
a
a
45
43,4
45
30
55
63,4
142
55
46,7
66,5
55
60
63,4
SeduRebis
deni,
ka
SeduRebis
xangrZlivoba, wm
42,5
53,0
48,0
48,0
33,4
41,5
0,23
0,18
0,23
0,24
0,23
0,22
1,5+1,5
2+4
2+2
2,5+2,5
2,0+0,4
2+2
3+3
2+3
2+4
2+2
2,5+2,5
1+1
2+2
3+3
4+4
Д16АМ
Д16АТ
АМг5В
Д16
800
750
950
450
500
500
750
1000
910
750
600
450
700
850
1100
40
45
40
52
50
50
60
50
50
50
50
-
58
62,5
50
60
72,5
50
66,5
53,5
48,5
50
50
-
46,0
39,4
48,5
44,5
46,7
53,5
45,0
55,4
52,0
31,7
42,2
49,0
55,4
0,21
0,22
0,18
0,21
0,23
0,22
0,22
0,23
0,18
0,21
0,24
0,13
0,20
0,20
0,25
gorgolaWovani kontaqturi SeduReba. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis gogolaWovani SeduReba
farTod
gamoiyeneba
sxvadasxva
nakeTobebis
dasamzadeblad,
romlebisTvisac
ucilebelia
germentiulobis dacva. SeduReba xdeba bijuri
xerxiT, rac iTvaliswinebs detalis gadaadgilebas
gamorTul denze da mudmiv wnevaze. АМц Senadnobis
SeduRebis
reJimi
МШШИ-400-2 tipis
manqanaze
moyvanilia 5.10 cxrilSi.
cxrili 5.10
МШШИ-400-2 tipis manqanaze gorgolaWovani
SeduRebis reJimebi
furclis
sisqe, mm
Zalva
gorgola
Webze, kg
SeduRebis
dro, wm
SeduRebis
deni, ka
denis
milevis
dro, wm
biji, mm
2+2
0,8+0,8
500
250
0,08
0,04
50
32
0,05
0,05
2,8
1,5
143
Tavi 6
magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
6.1. magniumis Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
magniumi
gansakuTrebiT
msubuqi
liTonia,
3
romlis simkvrive (1,75 g/sm ) TiTqmis 15-jer naklebia
aluminisa da 4,5-jer rkinisaze. teqnikurad sufTa
magniums dabali simtkice ( δ B =80...100 n/mm2) gaaCnia. amitom sakonstruqcio masalebad gamoiyeneba magniumis
Senadnobebi, romlebic inarCuneben ra mcire kuTr
wonas, gacilebiT ufro maRal simtkices avlenen.
yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul malegirebul
elementebs, romlebic amtkiceben magniumis myar
xsnars, warmoadgenen alumini da TuTia, Tumca maTi
ganmtkicebis
unari
SenarCunebulia
mxolod
0
0
150 ..200 C temperaturamde, niodiumiT da naklebad
ToriumiT
legirebiT,
aRniSnul
temperaturul
intervalSi
gansakuTrebiT
mkveTrad
izrdeba
mxurvalmtkicobis Tvisebebi. niodiumiT ganmtkicebis
unari 2500...3000C temperaturaze ufro vlindeba.
magniums Jangbadisadmi gaaCnia gansakuTrebiT
maRali qimiuri swrafva, ris Sedegadac misi
zedapiri ifareba MgO oqsidis metad fxvieri
furCiT,
romelic
cudi
damcavi
TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeba. amitom sxva liTonebisagan gansxvavebiT,
magniumsa da misi Senadnobebis damaxasiaTebelia
sxvadasxva areebSi koroziisadmi metad maRali
midrekileba.
magniumis
Senadnobebisagan
damzadebuli
detalebis
koroziisagan
dacvis
mizniT rekomendebulia zedapiris laqsaRebavebiT
dafarva. furCebis gasamkvriveblad xSirad magniumis
SenadnobebSi umateben beriliums.
144
cxrili 6.1.
magniumis Senadnobebi
legirebis
sistema
marka
Mg
Al
qimiuri Sedgeniloba
Mn
Zn
Zr Nd La
МЛ-5
Mg-NdZn
МЛ-10
Mg-ZnLa
МЛ-15
fuZe
МЛ-3
-
-
2,5÷3,5
2. samsxmelo Senadnobebi
2,5÷3,5 0,15÷0,5
0,5÷1,5
fuZe
Mg-AlZn
MA-15
fuZe
Mg-ZnZr-Cd
fuZe
fuZe
fu
Z
fuZe
1. deformirebadi Senadnobebi (gosti 14957-76)
Termulad araganmtkicebadi
Mg-Mn
MA-1
0,3
1,3÷2,5
0,3
MA-3
0,3
1,5÷2,5
0,3
0,3
1,3÷2,2
0,3
MA-8
Mg-AlMA-2
3÷4 0,15÷0,5 0,2÷0,8
Zn
3,8÷5 0,3÷0,7
0,8÷1,5
MA-2-1
Termulad ganmtkicebadi
Mg-Zn-Zr MA-14
5÷6
0,3÷ ÷0,9
-
-
-
-
0,45÷
÷0,9
-
-
1,2÷
÷2,0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,6÷
1,5
-
7,5÷9
0,15÷0,5
0,5÷0,8
-
-
0,1÷0,7
-
-
4,0÷5,0 0,7÷1,1 -
145
Cd
0,4÷1 2,5÷
,0 4,0
magniumis Senadnobebi aluminis msgavsad, dayofilia or ZiriTad jgufad _ samsxmelo da
deformirebad Senadnobebad (cxr. 6.1). Termuli
damuSavebisadmi
mgrZnobiarobis
mixedviT,
deformirebad SenadnobebSi gamoyofen Termulad
araganmtkicebad
da
Termulad
ganmtkicebad
magniumis Senadnobebs. Termulad araganmtkicebad
Senadnobebi warmoadgens myar xsnars, romelSic
malegirebeli elementebis koncentracia oTaxis
temperaturaze xsnadobis zRvarze dabalia, xolo
Termulad
ganmtkicebad
deformirebadi
SenadnobebisaTvis
malegirebeli
elementebis
koncentracia aRemateba xsnadobis zRvars oTaxis
temperaturis
SenaduRipirobebisTvis.
konstruqciebis
dasamzadeblad
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba deformirebadi Termulad
araganmtkicebadi magniumis Senadnobebi, romlebic
kargi SeduRebadobiT xasiaTdebian.
6.2. magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros erTerT problemas warmoadgens zedapirze arsebuli
oqsidebis furCis daSla, romelsac dnobis maRali
temperatura (2000C) gaaCnia da arTulebs SeduRebis
erTiani abazanis warmoqmnas.
SenaduRi nakeris xarisxsa da Tvisebebze
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens garemomcveli atmosfero, saidanac SesaZlebelia SeduRebis abazanaSi
iseTi airebis gadasvla, rogorebicaa: naxSiror-
146
Jangi, Jangbadi, wylis orTqli, azoti da wyalbadi.
magniumi reagirebs aRniSnul airebTan da warmoqmnis
karbidebs, nitridebs da Jangeulebs, romlebic
auareseben magniumis Senadnobebis meqanikur Tvisebebs. garda amisa, nitridebi SenaduRi nakerisaTvis
gvevlineba koroziis kerad da aqveiTebs Senadnobis
koroziamedegobas. rac Seexeba wyalbads, sxva airebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi ixsneba Txevad magniumSi.
magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis abazanaSi
kristalizacia garkveuli TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba.
myarTxevadi
mdgomareobis
intervalSi
liTons
sakmaod dabali plastikuroba gaaCnia. kristalizaciis Semdeg miiReba uxeSi, msxvilmarcvlovani
struqturis mqone SenaduRi nakeri. sxvadasxva
elementebi, magniumSi SezRuduli xsnadobis gamo,
warmoqmnis
evteqtikebs,
romlebic
SuaSreebad
ganlagdebian
marcvlebs
Soris
sazRvrebze.
Termuli gavlenis zonaSi SeiniSneba marcvlebis
gamsxvileba.
Termulad
ganmtkicebadi
SenadnobebisaTvis xSiria marcvlebis sazRvrebis
Semolxoba, rac ganapirobebs nakeris mimdebare
zonaSi liTonis simtkicis daqveiTebas.
magniumis Senadnobebis SenaduR SeerTebebSi
xSiria iseTi defeqtebis warmoqmna, rogoricaa
kristalizaciuri bzarebi da forebi. kristalizaciuri bzarebis Casaxva da ganviTareba SesaZlebelia rogorc SenaduR nakerSi, aseve nakermimdebare
zonaSi. bzarebisadmi medegobaze mavne gavlenas
axdens iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa: daqveiTebuli
plastikurobis mqone msxvilmarcvlovani struqturis warmoqmna, marcvlebis sazRvrebze evteqtike-
147
bis ganlageba, nakermimdebare zonis sazRvrebze
struqturis gamsxvileba da marcvlebis sazRvrebis
Semolxoba, SeduRebis procesSi konstruqciis xisti
Camagreba da sxva. bzarebisadmi midrekilebaze gavlenas axdens agreTve simyifis temperaturuli intervali.
magniumis SenadnobebSi forianobis gamomwvevi
mizezia wyalbadi, romelic SeduRebis abazanaSi
xvdeba
garemomcveli
aridan
an
warmoiqmneba
magniumis furCis nawilakebSi arsebuli nestis
daSlis Sedegad. garemodan SeRweuli wyalbadi
ixsneba
SeduRebis
abazanis
liTonSi.
kristalizaciis dros temperaturis daqveiTebis
gamo, wyalbadis xsnadoba mkveTrad ecema, xdeba misi
swrafi
gamoyofa
SeduRebis
abazanidan
da
mimdinareobs warmoqmnili buStulebis Seviwroveba
didi siCqariT zrdadi dentritebis mier. amitom
SeiZleba adgili qondes Taviseburi, naZvisebri
moyvanilobis
forianobis
warmoqmnas.
Tumca,
rogorc
kvlevebma
daadastura,
magniumis
SenadnobebSi forebis gaCenis ZiriTadi mizezia
wyalbadi, romelic warmoiqmneba Jangis furCSi
arsebuli nestis daSlis Sedegad. am SemTxvevaSi
wyalbadi
ver
aswrebs
liTonSi
gaxsnas
da
molekulis
magniumis
saxiT
Senadnobebis
gamoiyofa. SeduRebis dros Tburi
gafarToebis
koeficientis
didi
mniSvneloba
SeerTebebSi
warmoqmnis
mniSvnelovan
Zabvebs.
aRniSnuli faqtori iwvevs konstruqciis dabrecas,
rac damatebiT arTulebs magniumis Senadnobebis
teqnologias.
148
6.3. magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis teqnologiuri
Taviseburebani
acetilen-Jangbadis
aliT
air-flusuri
SeduReba,
magniumis
Senadnobebis
dauSleli
SeerTebis miRebis erT-erTi pirveli meTodi iyo.
aseve gamoiyeneboda rkaluri SeduRebis iseTi
xerxebi, rogoricaa naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba
abazanaSi
flusis
miwodebiT
da
dafaruli
eleqtrodebiT
SeduReba.
ganxiluli
SemTxvevebisaTvis gamdnar liTonSi flusis Seyvana
SesaZlebeli iyo misarTi Reros dafarvidan an
flusis pastiT dafaruli zedapiridan. aRniSnuli
miznisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli
flusebi
da
dafarvebi
(mzaddebodnen
qloriduli
da
fToriduli marilebis fuZeze) aqveiTeben SenaduRi
SeerTebebis
koroziamedegobas.
am
faqtoridan
gamomdinare
ganxiluli
meTodebis
gamoyeneba
magniumisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebisTvis
rekomendebuli
magniumis araa. Senadnobebisagan
SenaduRi
konstruqciebis dasamzadeblad farTo gamoyenebas
naxulobs volframis eleqtrodiT argon-rkaluri
SeduReba, romelsac awarmoeben xeliT minimaluri
sigrZis (1......2mm) mokle rkaliT, an avtomaturad
cvlad denze, rac ganapirobebs erTis mxriv
zedapiruli oqsidis TiTqmis mTlianad mocilebas,
xolo meores mxriv SeduRebis zonis saimedo dacvas
haeris zemoqmedebisagan. zog SemTxvevaSi oqsidisa
da damcavi furCebis mocilebis mizniT SeduRebamde
mimarTaven
nawiburebis
meqanikur
an
qimiur
damuSavebas.
volfarmis eleqtrodiT SeduReba (xeliT, an
avtomaturad) xorcieldeba foladis qvesadebebis
gamoyenebiT, romlebsac Rari ukeTdebaT nakeris
149
ukuformirebisaTvis. 2.....6mm sisqis furclebs aduReben nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe Semdeg reJimebze:
denis Zala 160....290 a; SeduRebis siCqare 1.....20m/sT.
6....10mm sisqis furclebisaTvis iyeneben X-sebr gamoyvanas. bzarebis da konstruqciis dabrecis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT, xSir SemTxvevaSi axdenen nakeTobis winaswar SeTbobas da Semdgom Termul damuSavebas.
argon-rkaluri SeduRebiT damzadebuli SenaduRi
SeerTebebis
simtkice
Seadgens
60-90%-s
ZiriTadi liTonisas. am meTodiT agreTve xorcieldeba magniumis sxmulebis defeqtebis gamosworebac.
150
Tavi 7
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
7.1. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
axal
sakonstruqcio
masalebidan
pirvel
adgilzea titani da Senadnobebi mis fuZeze,
romelTa
upiratesobasac
sxva
masalebTan
mimarTebaSi ganapirobebs Semdegi ori faqtori:
normaluri da maRali temperaturis pirobebSi
maRali kuTri simtkice da mravali agresiuli aris
mimarT maRali koroziuli medegoba. mudmivad
izrdeba
titanis
gamoyenebis
sfero
qimiur
manqanTmSeneblobaSi, saaviacio mrewvelobaSi da
mraval
titani
sxva dargSi.
aramagnituri
liTonia,
romelsac
gaaCnia dabali kuTri wona (4,5 g/sm3), dnobis maRali
temperatura (16600C), dabali Tbogamtaroba da
maRali eleqtrogamtaroba.
gansakuTrebiT
sufTa
titani
(romelsac
iodidurs
uwodeben)
SezRudulad
gamoiyeneba.
teqnikuri titani Seicavs minarevebs, maT Soris,
airebs _ Jangbads, azots, wyalbads, romlebic
garkveulwilad zrdian simtkices, magram aqveiTeben
plastikurobas da siblantes. aRniSnuli airebi da
naxSirbadi
uaryofiTad
moqmedeben
titanis
SeduRebadobaze, amitom ZiriTad liTonSi
da
misarT masalebSi maTi maqsimaluri Semcveloba
unda iyos: Jangbadi ≤0,15%, azoti ≤0,04%, wyalbadi
miRebuli
Senadnobebi,
≤0,01,titanis
naxSirbadilegirebiT
≤0,1%.
gazrdili simtkiciT, sakmarisi plastikurobiTa da
siblantiT xasiaTdeba.
teqnikuri titanisa da misi zogierTi Senadnobis qimiuri Sedgeniloba moyvanilia 7.1. cxrilSi.
151
aqve SevniSnoT, rom yvela Senadnobi Seicavs alumins, romelic zrdis simtkices plastikurobis SenarCunebiT, aumjobesebs koroziul medegobas da damuSavebas.
cxrili 7.1.
titani da misi Senadnobebi (gosti 19807-74)
Senadnobis
marka
BT1-00
BT1-0
BT1-1
BT5
OT4-1
OT4
BT6
BT8
BT14
BT15
BT22
qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %
Al
Mn
V
Mo
erTfaza α-struqturiT
Cr
teqnikuri titani
4,3÷6,2
orfaza (α+β) struqturiT
1,0÷2,5 0,7÷2,0
3,5÷5,0 0,8÷2,0
5,3÷6,8
3,5÷5,3
5,8÷7,0
2,8÷3,8
3,5÷6,3
0,9÷1,9
2,5÷3,8
erTfaza β struqturiT
2,3÷3,6
6,8÷8,0
4,4÷5,7
4,0÷5,5
4,0÷5,5
9,5÷11,5
0,5÷1,5
titans ori alotropiuli forma gaaCnia.
normalur temperaturaze mas aqvs heqsagonaluri
meseri (α-faza). 8820C temperaturaze igi ganicdis
alotropiul gardaqmnas da ufro maRal temperaturaze mas gaaCnia sivrciT dacentrebuli meseri (βfaza).
α-fazas
axasiaTebs
wvrilmarcvlovani
struqtura da gaxurebis Semdeg ar aris mgrZnobiare gacivebis siCqaris mimarT, xolo β-fazas _
msxvilmarcvlovani struqtura da maRali mgrZnobiaroba gacivebis siCqarisadmi. fazuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, titanis Senadnobebi SeiZleba
daiyos sam jgufad: α, α+β da β Senadnobebad.
152
malegirebeli elementebi gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens titanis Senadnobebis fazur mdgomareobaze. alumini, kala, cirkoniumi da sxv. ar
cvlian teqnikuri titanis kristalur aRnagobas,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia normalur temperaturaze α-fazis arseboba, amitom maT α-stabilizatorebs uwodeben. magniumi, molibdeni, vanadiumi,
qromi da sxv. saSualebas iZlevian dabal temperaturaze SenarCunebuli iqnas maRaltemperaturuli βfaza. amitom maT β-stabilizatorebs uwodeben.
teqnikuri titani da erTfaza α-Senadnobebi
Termuli damuSavebiT ar mtkicdebian, isini kargad
duRdebian da sakmaod plastikur nakrebs iZlevian.
calkeul SemTxvevebSi mimarTaven mowvas Zabvebis
moxsnis mizniT.
erTfaza β da orfaza α+β _ Senadnobebi ganmtkicebisaTvis ganicdian Termul damuSavebas _
wrTobas Semdgomi moSvebiT (daZveleba). amis Semdeg
am Senadnobebis simtkice izrdeba 1400 n/mm2-mde da
isini damakmayofilebel plastikurobas inarCuneben.
7.2. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
titani maRal temperaturebze (gansakuTrebiT
gamdnar mdgomareobaSi) qimiur aqtivobas amJRavnebs
sxvadasxva airebis mimarT. amitom rogorc teqnikuri
titani, ise misi Senadnobebi Seicaven Jangbads,
azotsa
da
wyalbads.
ganvixiloT
titanis
zemoqmedeba zogierT airebze.
oTaxis teperaturaze titani metad medegia
Jangvisadmi, magram maRal temperaturebze Jangbadi
153
iolad ixsneba rogorc α-, aseve
β-titanSi, warmoqmnis myar xsnarebs, rac ganapirobebs α β gardaqmnis temperaturis gazrdas, simtkicis amaRlebas da
plastikurobis daqveiTebas. haerze gaxurebis dros,
4500C temperaturaze warmoiqmneba titanis oqsidi
(TiO2), romelic xenjis saxiT efineba liTonis zedapirs. aRniSnul fenas alfirebuls uwodeben.
azoti
titanis
mimarT
gacilebiT
ufro
energiuli
elementia,
vidre
Jangbadi.
8000C
temperaturis zemoT warmoiqmneba titanis nitridi
(TiN), romlis dnobis temperatura 29500C-ia. azoti
titanSi Sedis myari xsnarisa da nitridebis saxiT.
titanSi azotis mcire minarevebsac ki SeuZlia
gamoiwvios nemsisebri moyvanilobis martensituli
α′-fazis
warmoqmna.
wyalbadis
xsnadoba titanSi gansakuTrebiT
maRalia. es imiT aixsneba, rom masSi wyalbadis
0,18%-ze meti Semcvelobis SemTxvevaSi wyalbadis
Canacvlebis myari xsnaris warmoqmnasTan erTad
aRiniSneba dabaltemperaturuli γ fazis (titanis
warmoqmna.
titanis
hidridebi
hidriti
TiN2)
ganlagdeba marcvlebis SigniT da maT sazRvrebze.
airebTan urTierTqmedeba arTulebs titanisa
da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebas, amasTan arsebiT
gavlenas axdens SenaduRi SeerTebebis xarisxsa da
Tvisebebze.
SenaduRi
SeerTebebis
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli defeqtebia forebi da civi bzarebi.
ganvixiloT maTi warmoqmnis meqanizmi.
titanisa da misi SenadnobebisaTvis forebis
warmoqmnis ZiriTad wyaros wyalbadi warmoadgens.
TxevadTan SedarebiT, myar xsnarSi wyalbadis
xsnadobis naxtomisebri mkveTri Semcireba iwvevs
kristalizaciis dros am airis intensiur gamoyofas
SeduRebis abazanidan. xelSemSleli pirobebis arse-
154
bobisas adgili aqvs airuli Rruebis _ forebis
warmoqmnas.
SenaduR SeerTebebSi civi bzarebis warmoqmnas
xels
uwyobs
zogierT
ubnebSi
liTonis
plastikurobis daqveiTeba. titanis Senadnobebis
simyifes
ganapirobeben
airuli
minarevebi
da
naxSirbadi. bzarebisadmi medegobaze gansakuTrebiT
mavne gavlenas axdens wyalbadi, radganac titanis
hidridebis
warmoqmna
iwvevs
liTonis
Zlier
gamyifebas da, amasTan erTad, igi aZlierebs
Jangbadisa da azotis gamyifebad zemoqmedebas. civi
bzarebis warmoqmnis mizezi SeiZleba agreTve gaxdes
SesaduRebel zedapirze arsebuli alfirebuli fena.
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SenaduR SeerTebebSi
civi bzarebis Casaxva-ganviTareba SesaZlebelia
drois Semdeg (Senelebuli rRveva). am ukanasknelis
gamomwvevi mizezia SenaduR SeerTebaSi wyalbadis
Semdgomi gadanawileba.
titanis
dabali
siTbogamtarobis
gamo,
SenaduRi
konstruqciis
maRali
temperaturis
pirobebSi dayovnebis dro sakmaod didia, amitom
nakermimdebare
zonaSi
aRiniSneba
marcvlebis
mniSvnelovani zrda. garda amisa, temperaturuli da
ZabvaTa
velebis
uTanabrobis
gamo,
Termuli
gavlenis zonaSi mimdinareobs wyalbadis difuzia
da am airiT mdidari myife ubnebis formireba. zemo
aRniSnuli faqtorebi bzarebis warmoqmnis mizezia
da damatebiT garTulebebs qmnis titanisa da misi
Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros.
155
7.3. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani
titanis maRali qimiuri aqtiuroba, specifikuri
Tbofizikuri
Tvisebebi,
nakermimdebare
zonis
midrekileba marcvlebis gamsxvilebisake da sxva
faqtorebi, titanis da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiis SemuSavebis safuZvels warmoadgens.
xarisxiani
SenaduRi
SeerTebis
miRebis
aucilebeli piroba ara marto SeduRebis abazanis
saimedo dacvaa haeris zemoqmedebisagan, aramed
sruli ormxrivi dacva yvela im ubnis, romelic
5000C temperaturis zemoT xurdeba. amisaTvis saWiroa
vakuum-kamerebi
da
sxva
specialuri
mowyobilobebi.
SenaduRi
nakeris
ukuformirebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba
spilenZis
qvesadebebi wylis mimwodebeli sistemiT, rac
SenaduRi
SeerTebebis
gacivebis
siCqaris
regulirebis
titanis saSualebas
da
misi iZleva.
Senadnobebis
SeduReba
xorcieldeba aradnobadi eleqtrodebiT, dnobadi
eleqtrodebiT damcav airebSi an flusis qveS da
eleqtrowiduri SeduRebiT.
aradnobadi eleqtrodiT rkaluri SeduReba.
SeduRebas awarmoeben inertul airebSi volframis
eleqtrodiT
xeliT
an
avtomaturad.
misarT
liTonad gamoiyeneba BT-1 tipis Senadnobebisagan
damzadebuli
mavTuli,
romelsac
winaswar
ukeTdebva vakuumuri mowva. SenaduRi SeerTebis
damakmayofilebeli xarisxis misaRwevad, gamoiyeneba
A markis sufTa argoni (gosti 10157-75) an heliumi.
rkalis kvebis wyaroebi da saSemduReblo aparatura
TiTqmis
ar
gansxvavdebian
sxva
liTonebis
SesaduReblad gamosayenebeli mowyobilobebisagan.
156
0,5...1,5 mm detalebi pirapirad duRdeba RreCosa
da misarTi liTonis gareSe. 1,5...3 mm sisqis
furclebs aduReben misarTi liToniT an mis gareSe
nawiburebis gamouyeneblad. 3 mm-ze meti sisqis
detalebisaTvis saWiroa nawiburebis gamoyvana da
misarTi liTonis gamoyeneba. titanisa da misi
Senadnobebis aradnobadi eleqtrodiT inertul
airebSi
SeduReba
xorcieldeba
pirdapiri
polarulobis
mudmiv
denze
zedapiruli
an
CayvinTuli (CaZiruli) rkaliT. airis miwodeba win
unda uswrebdes rkalis naTebas. CayvinTuli rkaliT
aduReben didi sisqis (3 mm-ze meti) detalebs, xolo
zedapiruli rkaliT (rkalis sigrZea 1,5-2,5 mm) mcire
sisqis
titanis
nakeTobebs.
da misi Senadnobebis volframis
eleqtrodiT
argonSi
avtomaturi
SeduRebis
reJimebi moyvanilia 7.2. cxrilSi.
cxrili 7.2.
titanis da misi Senadnobebis volframis
eleqtrodiT argonSi
avtomaturi SeduRebis reJimebi
detalis
sisqe, mm
eleqt
rodis
diamet
ri, mm
rkalis
sigrZe,
mm
1,0
1,5
2,0 ÷2,5
2,5÷3,0
1,5÷2,0
1,5÷2,0
2,0÷2,5
2,5÷3,0
1,5÷2,0
1,5÷2,0
2,0÷2,5
2,0÷2,5
ISed,
a
Urk,
v
60÷80
8÷10
80÷100 10÷12
120÷200 12÷14
200÷220 12÷14
157
VSed,
m/sT
argonis
xarji, l/wT
nakerkaris
lis
meozonis
re
aTvis
mxaresTvis
25÷30
25÷30
20÷25
20÷25
14÷17
15÷18
18÷20
22÷26
3÷4
3÷4
4÷5
4÷5
aradnobadi
eleqtrodiT
argon-rkaluri
SeduRebis xarisxis asamaRleblad xSirad iyeneben
pasta-flusebs, romlebsac adeben SesaduRebeli
nawiburebis torsul zedapirze. titanisa da misi
SenadnobebisaTvis SemuSavebulia АН-ТА (agebulia
CaF2-is fuZeze) da МАТИ (agebulia AlF3-isa da AlCl
fuZeze).
seriuli
pasta-flusebi,
romlebic
uzrunvelyofen nakeris siganis Semcirebasa da
CaduRebis
siRrmis
gazrdas,
axdenen
nakeris
liTonis nawilobriv rafinirebas da modifikacias,
amaRleben SenaduRi nakeris forebis warmoqmnisadmi
medegobas.
mcire sisqis (0,5...2 mm) titanis furclebisaTvis
rekomendebulia aradnobadi eleqtrodiT impulsurrkaluri SeduRebis gamoyeneba, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia liTonis umniSvnelo gadaxureba da,
aqedan gamomdinare, saSemduReblo deformaciebis
sagrZnobi Semcireba. ase magaliTad, impulsurrkaluri SeduRebiT, Cveulebriv, argon-rkalur
SeduRebasTan SedarebiT, deformaciebi 15...20-iT
mcirdeba.
inertul airebSi dnobadi eleqtrodiT rkaluri SeduReba. am SemTxvevaSi iyeneben 2...5 mm
diametris
saeleqtrodo
mavTulebs,
romelTa
qimiuri Sedgeniloba TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba
ZiriTadi liTonis Sedgenilobisagan. SeduRebas
awarmoeben Seqceuli polarulobis mudmiv denze,
reJimebiT,
romlebic
uzrunvelyofen
liTonis
wvrilwveTovan gadatanas. optimaluri reJimebidan
gadaxra
ganapirobebs
saeleqtrodo
liTonis
intensiur gaSxefas, airuli dacvis darRvevasa da
nakeris formirebis gauaresebas.
158
dnobadi eleqtrodiT SeduRebis dros damcavi
atmosferos Sedgeniloba gavlenas axdens nakeris
formaze. magaliTad, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, Tu
argonSi SeduRebuli nakeris siganea 7...8 mm,
heliumSi SeduRebis dros, igi 12 mm-mde izrdeba.
titanisa da misi SenadnobebisaTvis rekomendebulia
gamoyenebul iqnas aurebis narevi _ 80% heliumi da
20% argoni an sufTa heliumi. 3...6 mm sisqis
furcles pirapira aduReben RreCoTi an nawiburebis
V-sebri gamoyvaniT 600-iani kuTxiT. ufro meti
sisqis detalebisaTvis mimarTaven nawiburebis Vsebr sxvadasxva
an X-sebr gamoyvanas.
sivrciT mdgomareobaSi ganlagebul
titanisa
da
misi
Senadnobebis
nakeTobebis
samontaJo pirobebSi xSirad aduReben impulsuri
naxevrad avtomaturi SeduRebiT. am SemTxvevaSi
iyeneben 1,2...2 mm diametris mavTuls, xolo damcav
airad _ argons. aRniSnuli xerxi gamoricxavs gaSxefas, uzrunvelyofs ZiriTadi liTonis gadnobis
stabilizacias, mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs nakeris
formirebas da amartivebs vertikaluri da Weruli
nakerebis naxevrad avtomaturi SeduRebis teqnikas.
flusis qveS SeduReba. titanisa da misi Senadnobebisagan damzadebuli detalebisaTvis, romelTa
sisqe 2,5 mm-s aRemateba, gamoiyeneba flusis qveS SeduRebis xerxi. SeduRebas awarmoeben Seqceuli polarulobis mudmiv denze imave Sedgenilobis
eleqtrodiT, rogoric ZiriTadi liTonia. titanis
maRali qimiuri aqtiurobis gamo, mis SesaduReblad
gankuTvnilma flusebma unda uzrunvelyos abazanis
saimedo dacva haeris zemoqmedebisagan da ar unda
moaxdinos nakeris liTonze damJangavi zemoqmedeba.
amis garda, aRniSnuli flusebi unda iyos Zneldnadi, vidre foladebis SesaduRebeli flusebi. aR-
159
niSnul moTxovnebs akmayofilebs mSrali granulaciis uJangbado fToridul-qloriduli АН-Т
seriis flusebi. 2...8 mm sisqis detalebisaTvis iyeneben АН-Т1 da АН-Т3, xolo ufro sqeli detalebisaTvis АН-Т7 markis flusebs. SeduRebis win
aucilebelia am flusebis gamoSroba 200...2500C temperaturaze erTi saaTis ganmavlobaSi. widis qerqis
mocileba
rekomendebulia
4000C temperaturamde
nakeTobis
gacivebis
Semdeg.
titanis
maRali
eleqtrowinaRobis gamo eleqtrodis didi Sveris
SemTxvevaSi saSemduReblo mavTuli gadaxurebas
ganicdis,
riTac
irRveva
SeduRebis
procesis
mdgradoba da uaresdeba nakeris formireba. amitom
SeduRebas awarmoeben eleqtrodis mcire SveriT.
qvemoT moyvanilia eleqtrodis Sveris optimaluri
mniSvnelobebi sxvadasxva diametris mavTulebisaTvis:
eleqtrodis diametri, mm _ 2...2,5 3...4
5
eleqtrodis Sveri, mm
_ 14...16 17...19 20...22
flusis qveS aduReben rogorc pirapira, aseve
kuTxur da Tavgadadebul SeerTebebs. furclovani
titanis pirapira nakerebis flusis qveS avtomatur
SeduRebas,
romlis
reJimebic
moyvanilia
7.3.
cxrilSi, asruleben flusis baliSze an daRarul
spilenZisa da gamyol Tamasebze.
flusis qveS SeduRebiT miRebuli nakeris
struqtura, damcav airebSi SeduRebiT miRebuli nakeris struqturasTan SedarebiT, ufro wvrilmarcvlovania, rac aixsneba flusis modificirebuli
moqmedebiT.
cxrili 7.3.
160
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis flusis qveS
avtomaturi pirapira SeduRebis reJimebi
liTo
nis
sisqe,
mm
SeduReba
2,5
gamyol
qvesadebze
gamyol
qvesadebze
gamyol
qvesadebze
gamyol
qvesadebze
spilenZis
qvesadebze
gamyol
qvesadebze
spilenZis
qvesadebze
gamyol
qvesadebze
spilenZis
qvesadebze
ormxrivi
ormxrivi
spilenZis
qvesadebze
ormxrivi
ormxrivi
ormxrivi
ormxrivi
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
8
8
10
12
16
18...20
mavTu
lis
diame
tri,
mm
2,0
ISed,v a
Urk,
v
Vmiw,
m/sT
VSed,
m/sT
180÷200
30÷32
150÷170
45÷55
2,0
190÷210
28÷30
150÷170
45÷55
2,5
240÷260
30÷32
150÷170
45÷55
2,5
170÷290
30÷32
170÷190
45÷55
3,0
340÷360
32÷34
145÷155
45÷55
3,0
350÷380
32÷34
150÷160
45÷55
3,0
370÷390
32÷34
160÷170
45÷55
3,0
420÷450
32÷34
200÷210
45÷55
3,0
390÷420
30÷32
170÷180
45÷55
2,5
3,0
4,0
240÷260
350÷380
590÷600
30÷32
32÷34
30÷32
160÷170
160÷170
90÷100
45÷55
40÷55
45÷55
3,0
3,0
4,0
4,0
440÷460
450÷500
590÷600
600÷610
32÷34
32÷34
30÷32
30÷32
180÷190
90÷100
90÷100
90÷100
40÷55
40÷55
40÷55
40÷55
eleqtrowiduri SeduReba. titanisa da misi
Senadnobebis 30 mm-ze meti sisqis detalebis SeduRebisaTvis mizanSewonilia eleqtrowiduri xer-
161
xis gamoyeneba. am SemTxvevaSi iyeneben АН-Т7 markis
Zneldnobad (dnobis temperatura 14000C) uJangbado
fluss, romelic gamodnobilia sufTa fToriduli
kalciumisagan.
titanis
BT5-1 markis Senadnobi, romelic
legirebulia 5% aluminiT da 3% kaliT, flobs
damakmayofilebel
SeduRebadobas
da
maRal
simtkices xangrZlivi datvirTvebis dros 5000C
temperaturamde. maTgan damzadebuli didi kveTis
detalebis SeduReba sakmaod garTulebulia, Tumca
efeqturad xorcieldeba eleqtrowiduri SeduRebiT
АН-Т2 markis da I xarisxis argonis gamoyenebiT.
60X60 mm kveTis naWedi detalebis SeduRebis
reJimebia: denis Zala _ 1600-1800 a; Zabva _ 14-16 v;
nawiburebs Soris RreCos sidide _ 26 mm; Cayrili
flusis masa _ 130 gr; argonis xarji _ 8 l/wT-Si.
es reJimi firfitovani eleqtrodis (zomiT 12X60 mm)
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofs procesis
stabilurobas, SenaduRi SeerTebis xarisxsa da
tolsimtkices.
igive
reJimi
gamoiyeneba BT1-1
Senadnobis, 8 mm sisqis firfitovani eleqtrodiT
didi kveTis nawnexi profilebis eleqtrowiduri
SeduRebis dros.
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis eleqtrowiduri
SeduReba warmoebs gare xisti maxasiaTeblebis mqone
transformatorebidan miwodebuli cvladi deniT.
amisaTvis
gamoiyeneba
rogorc
mavTuli,
aseve
firfitovani eleqtrodi da dnobadi satuCe. rom
gamoiricxos struqturis gadaxureba da marcvlebis
intensiuri
zrda,
mimarTaven
SeduRebis
rac
SeiZleba mcire RreCoTi (22...26 mm) da minimaluri
grZivi energiiT ganxorcielebas.
162
kondensatoruli SeduReba. es xerxi naxulobs
gamoyenebas BT1-1 markis titanisagan damzadebuli 1023 mm da 1,0-1,5 mm kedlis sisqis mqone milebis
airuli dacvis gareSe SeduRebisTvis. SeduRebis
dawyebamde xdeba zedapirebis mowavliT damuSaveba.
procesi
gansakuTrebuli
stabilurobiT
mimdinareobs Zabvis Semcirebis da kondensatorebis
tevadobis zrdis SemTxvevaSi. SeduRebis reJimebi
moyvanilia 7.7 cxrilSi.
cxrili 7.6.
titanis gorgolaWovani (nakeruli) SeduRebis
reJimebi
furcle nakeris Zalva
SeduRebis
sigane, gorgo xangrZlivoba, wm
bis
lamm
sisqe, mm
impulsi pauza
Webze,
kg
0,8+0,8
3,5-4,0
300
0,1-0,12
0,18-0,20
1,0+1,0
4,5-5,5
400
0,14-0,16 0,24-0,28
1,5+1,5
5,5-6,5
500
0,20-0,24
0,3-0,4
2,0+2,0
6,5-7,5
650
0,24-0,28
0,4-0,5
2,5+2,5
7,0-8,0
800
0,28-0,32
0,6-0,8
SeduRebis
siCqare,
m/wT
0,8-1,0
0,6-0,8
0,5-0,6
0,4-0,5
0,3-0,4
saSemduReb
lo
deni, a
6000
7500
10000
12000
15000
cxrili 7.7.
titanis milebis kondensatoruli pirapira
SeduRebis reJimebi
marka
BT-2-1
milis
diametri, mm
10X1
23X1,5
tevadoba,
mkf
5000
7000
SeduRebis reJimi
dasamuZalva
milis
xti
Cajdoma
Sveri,
Zabva, v
ze, kv
mm
850-900
20002100
163
900-1000
2300-2450
1-1,5
1,2-1,8
transformaciis
koefi
cienti
84
84
Sveris optimaluri sidide 10 mm diametris
milebisTvis Seadgens 1,0-1,5 mm-s, 23 mm diametris
milebisTvis _ 1,2-1,8 mm-s. rodesac Sveris sidide
naklebia 0,8 mm-ze adgili aqvs liTonis amoSxefas,
xolo rodesac metia 2,2 mm-ze xdeba torsebis gadaxra, rac ganapirobebs CauduReblobas. rodesac
Cajdomis Zalva naklebia 2100 kg-ze _ CauduRebloba,
rodesac damuxtvis Zabva aris 1900 v adgili aqvs
CauduReblobas, xolo 2200 v-ze amoSxefas. milebis
SemolRvobis simaRlea 1,5 mm, sisqe 0,3 mm.
kontaqturi pirapira SeduReba. SeduRebis win
rekomendebulia torsi gasufTavdes freziT an
zumfaris qaRaldiT. kvleviT dadgenilia, rom didi
nakeTobebisaTvis 2 mm/wm-Si lRvobis siCqare aris
optimaluri, xolo misi Semdgom zrda ganapirobebs
SeerTebis simtkicis daqveiTebas, im SemTxvevaSic Tu
damcav airad argoni iqneba gamoyenebuli. titanis
pirapira SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi, rodesac
lRvobis sawyisi siCqarea 0,5 mm/wm-Si moyvanilia 7.4
cxrilSi.
cxrili 7.4.
titanis pirapira kontaqturi SeduRebis reJimebi
saSemdu Cajdom nakeTo
bis
Reblo
is
Sveri,
kveTis
wneva,
mm
farTi,
kg/mm2
mm2
150
250
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0,3
0,5-0,8
1,0-1,5
2,0-2,5
3-6
4-10
5-15
10-20
25-mde
25-40
45
50
60
65
70
100
SemolR- Semol
nameti, mm
Rvobis
vobis
SemolCajdosaboloo deni, a
Rvoba
ma
siCqare,
mm/wm
8
10
10
12
15
18
20
22
164
3
6
6
10
10
12
12
14
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4
1,5-2,0
2,5-3,0
5,0-7,0
5
7,5
10
12,5
15,0
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
15-30
20-40
35-50
30-50
35-60
45-90
50-100
110
130
140
150
165
180
180-200
24
26
28
30
35
40
40
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
4
3,5
3,5
3,0
3,0
2,5
2,5
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
40,0
45,0
50,0
wertilovani da gorgolaWovani SeduReba. 4 mmmde sisqis titani duRdeba МТП da МШП tipis
seriul
manqanebze.
titanis
wertilovani
da
gorgolaWovani
(nakeruli)
SeduRebis
reJimebi
moyvanilia 7.5. da 7.6. cxrilebSi.
cxrili 7.5.
titanis wertilovani SeduRebis reJimebi
Zalva
furcle sakontaq
bis
to zeda- eleqtro
debze, kg
sisqe, mm
piris
diametri,
mm
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,5
2,0
2,5
4,0-4,5
4,5-5,0
5,0-5,5
5,5-6,0
6,0-7,0
7,0-8,0
200-250
250-300
320-350
400-500
500-600
600-700
SeduRebis
xangrZlivoba,
wm
detalebis
kumSvis
dro, wm
saSemduReblo
deni, a
0,10-1,15
0,15-0,20
0,20-0,25
0,25-0,30
0,25-0,30
0,30-0,40
0,1
0,3
0,3
0,4
0,4
0,4
7000
8000
8500
9000
10000
12000
165
Tavi 8
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
8.1. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
nikeli movercxlisfro-TeTri feris liTonia,
romlis simkvrive 8,9 g/sm3-ia, dnobis temperatura _
14530C. mas gaaCnia maRali plastikuroba da simtkice.
garkveuli agresiuli areebis mimarT maRali
koroziamedegoba, mxurvalmtkicoba da zogierTi
sxva specialuri Tvisebebi, ganapirobeben nikelisa
da misi Senadnobebis gamoyenebas qimiur manqanaTmSeneblobaSi,
xelsawyoTmSeneblobaSi,
eleqtroteqnikur mrewvelobasa da meurneobis sxva
dargebSi.
gansxvavebuli sisufTavis nikelis naxevarfabrikatebi (furclebi, zolebi, lentebi, mavTulebi da
sxva). xSirad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva detalebisa da
konstruqciebis
dasamzadeblad.
mrewveloba
awarmoebs nikelis naxevarfabrikatebis xuT markas:
НП-0 – 99,98%Ni; НП-1 – 99,9% Ni; НП-2 - 99,5%Ni; НП-3 –
99,3%Ni; НП-5 – 99,0%Ni. isini minarevebis saxiT
Seicaven naxSirbads, siliciums, spilenZs, gogirds
da fosfors.
sakonstruqcio masalebad farTod gamoiyeneba
Senadnobebi nikelis fuZeze, nikelis Senadnobebi
iyofa sam jgufad: koroziamedegi, mxurvalmtkice,
mxurvalmedegi.
koroziamedegi Senadnobebisagan mzaddeba nakeTobebi, romlebic muSaoben agresiul areebSi. am
jgufis Senadnobebs miekuTvneba monel-liToni,
inkoneli da xasteloi.
166
monel-liToni Seicavs spilenZs, rkinas da manganums. igi medegia ftorwyalbadmJavis, gogirdmJavas
xsnarebis, zRvis wylis da koncentrirebuli tuteebis mimarT.
inkoneli legirebulia qromiT da rkiniT,
xasiaTdeba rogorc maRali koroziamedegobiT, aseve
maRali simtkiciT.
xasteloi legirebulia molibdeniT, xolo
zogierT modifikacias damatebuli aqvs qromi. misi
modifikaciebi medegia gogirdmJavas, marilmJavasa
da damJangavi areebis mimarT.
mxurvalmtkice
nikelis
Senadnobebi
legirebulia qromiT, xolo minarevebis saxiT Seicavs
titans, alumins, molibdens, volframs, niobiums da
sxva. isini ZiriTadad gamoiyenebian airturbinul
Zravebis detalebis dasamzadeblad, romlebic maRal
temperaturul
pirobebSi
muSaoben.
mxurvalmtkice
Senadnobebis
modifikaciaa
nimonikebi, romlebsac damatebuli aqvT kobalti.
mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebi (niqromebi) legirebulia
qromiT. maTgan mzaddeba Rumelebis gamaxurebeli
elementebi, romlebic 700...11000C temperaturebze
muSaoben.
nikelis Senadnobebisagan, romlebisganac mzaddeba SenaduRi konstruqciebi, SeiZleba gamovyoT
monel-liToni (65....70% nikeli, 27....29% spilenZi,
2...3% rkina, 1,2...1,8% manganumi), niqromi (55...60%
nikeli, 15...18% qromi, danarCeni rkina) da nimonikebi,
romlebic legirebulia qromiT, titaniT, molibdeniT,
volframiT,
niobiumiTa
da
kobaltiT.
magaliTad, Senadnobi ЭИ-475Б (XH77ТЮР) romelic
farTod gamoiyeneba saaviacio airturbomSeneblobaSi.
167
8.2. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros
mosalodnelia iseTi defeqtebis warmoqmna, rogorebicaa forebi da kristalizaciuri bzarebi.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SenaduR nakerebSi forebis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi mizezi azotia,
Tumca SeiZleba forebi, agreTve warmoqmnan wyalbadma da Jangbadmac.
JangbadTan kontaqtSi nikelis zedapirze warmoiqmneba nikelis oqsidis (NiO) furCi. myar
liTonSi nikelis oqsidis xsnadoba Zalian mcirea,
maSin rodesac Txevad liTonSi misi xsnadoba mniSvnelovania.
SeduRebis
abazanaSi
naxSirbadis
arsebobisas
mimdinareobs
oqsididan
nikelis
aRdgenis reaqcia NiO+C Ni+CO, rac SeiZleba
forebis gamomwvevi mizezi gaxdes.
nikelSi wyalbadis xsnadoba damokidebulia
temperaturaze. myaridan Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadasvlisas nikelSi wyalbadis xsnadoba naxtomiseburad izrdeba da temperaturis gadidebasTan
erTad ganagrZobs matebas.
myar nikelSi azoti praqtikulad uxsnadia,
Tumca TxevadSi misma xsnadobam SeiZleba maRal
mniSvnelobas miaRwios. kristalizaciis dros xsnadobis
Semcirebis
gamo,
SeduRebis
abazanidan
azotis intensiuri gamoyofa ganapirobebs SenaduR
nakerSi forebis warmoqmnas.
kristalizaciuri bzarebisadmi midrekileba,
nikelis umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebaa. nikelisa
da mis SenadnobebSi bzarebis warmoqmnis ZiriTadi
mizezi gogirdia, romelic warmoqmnis advildnobad
168
evteqtikas (dnobis temperaturaa 6450C) da aqveiTebs
liTonis plastikurobas. cxeli bzarebi agreTve
SeiZleba warmoqmnas kristalizaciis dros ganviTarebulma likvaciurma procesebma.
8.3. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis dros,
forebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, saWiroa damcav
atmosferoSi,
0,05%-mde
SeizRudos
azotis
Semcveloba; gamoyenebul iqnas flusebi, romlebsac
aqvT unari miierTon nikelis oqsidebi; SeduRebis
abazanaSi Seyvanil iqnen Zlieri ganmJangvelebi
(alumini, titani da sxv.) da a.S.
kristalizaciuri bzarebisagan dacvis mizniT
gogirdis Semcveloba SeduRebis abazanaSi unda
SeizRudos 0,001%-mde (riTac Sesustdeba misi mavne
gavlena), gamoyenebul iqnes misarTi masalebi,
romlebic Tavisufali iqnebian likvaciis unaris
mqone elementebisagan.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SerTebisaTvis
gamoiyeneba SeduRebis iseTi meTodebi da xerxebi,
rogoricaa: airuli; naxSiris eleqtrodiT; dafaruli eleqtrodebiT; flusis qveS; damcav airebSi;
kontaqturi da sxv.
airuli SeduReba. es meTodi gamoiyeneba mcire
sisqis (3-4 mm-mde) furclebis da zolurebis an
mcire gabaritis namzadebis SeerTebisTvis, nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe. 1,5 mm-ze naklebi sisqisTvis
rekomendebulia nawiburebis moqimva da misarTi masalis gareSe SeduReba. ufro sqeli namzadebis
169
awyoba xdeba teqnologiuri RreCos datovebiT
(romlis sididec furclis sisqezea damokidebuli)
da momWidebis dasmiT nakeris sigrZis yovel 200 mm
manZilze.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis airuli SeduReba
xorcieldeba
normaluri
Sedgenilobis
⎞
⎛ O2
⎜⎜
= 1,1 ÷ 1,15 ⎟⎟
⎠
⎝ H2
aliT
specialuri
daniSnulebis
flusebisa da misarTi masalebis gamoyenebiT.
praqtikulad nikelisTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul
iqnes
spilenZis
SenadnobebisTvis
gankuTvnili
flusebi, (cxrili....). wyalSi an spirtSi gaxsnili
flusiT faraven misarTi masalis zedapirs da zog
SemTxvevaSi SesaduRebel nawiburebsac. nikelis
maRali
Tbogamtarobis
gamo
rekomendebulia
gacilebiT ufro mZlavri sanTurebis gamoyeneba,
vidre
igive
sisqis
foladebisTvis.
sanTuris
simZlavris SerCeva S furclis sisqis mixedviT
xdeba formuliT.
W=(140-200)S l/sT
misarTi masala SeirCeva daaxloebiT igive
Sedgenilobis, rac ZiriTadi liTonia. sasurvelia
gamoyenebul iqnes siliciumiT, manganumiT da aseve
rkiniT
(Tu
dasaSvebia
koroziuli
medegobis
TvalsazrisiT) legirebuli nikelis mavTulebi.
nikelis SeduReba xdeba `marjvena xerxiT,~
sanTuris daWeriT 900-iani kuTxiT misarTi masalis
mimarT da 450-iani kuTxiT nakeTobis mimarT.
bzarebis warmoqmnis TvalsazrisiT, awyobili namzadis
xisti
Camagreba
dauSvebelia.
grZeli
nakerebis
SeduReba
xdeba
`uku-safexurebrivi~
xerxiT, romlis dawyebac rekomendebulia napiridan
250-300 mm-iT daSorebuli adgilebidan.
170
ufro dabali Tbogamtarobis gamo nixrobis
SeduRebisTvis sanTuris simZlavre SeirCeva 2-jer
ufro mcire, vidre igive sisqis nikelisTvis.
nixromis SeduRebisTvis irCeven ZiriTadi liTonis
daaxloebiT
analogiuri
Sedgenilobis
misarT
masalas, oRond qrobis odnav meti SemcvelobiT.
SenaduRi konstruqciebis Sromisunarianobis gasaumjobeseblad, nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis airuli
SeduRebis
Semdeg
mizanSewonilia
Termuli
damuSaveba _ normalizacia 825-9000C temperaturaze.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba. am xerxiT
SeduRebis Sesruleba SesaZlebelia yovelgvari
garTulebis gareSe. Tumca aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom sufTa nikelis SeduRebis SemTxvevaSi
adgili aqv nakeris naxSirbadiT `gabinZurebas~, rac
dauSvebelia
nikelisaTvis.
amis
gamo
nikelis
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba Zalian iSviaTia da
gamoiyeneba mxolod mcire sisqis nakeTobebisaTvis
misarTi masalis gareSe. nikelis SeduReba xdeba
pirdapiri
polarobis
mudmiv
denze
airuli
SeduRebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli flusebis gamoyenebiT, romliTac winaswar ifareba SesaduRebeli
nawiburebi.
SeduRebis
reJimebia:
eleqtrodis
diametri _ 6-8 mm; denis Zala _ 120-140 a; rkalis
Zabva _ 22-26 3. nikelis sqeli furclebis naxSiris
eleqtrodiT
SeduReba
praqtikulad
ar
xorcieldeba.
nixromis mavTulebis, zolurebisa da sxva gamaxurebeli elementebis naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba saukeTeso SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. SeduReba
xdeba gadagrexili mavTulebiT, borakis (flusad)
gamoyenebiT vertikalur sibrtyeSi (zemodan qvemoT).
procesis Tanmimdevroba Semdegia: jer xdeba torsebis gaxureba, Semdeg flusis dayra da gadnoba.
171
procesi mimdinareobs maqsimalurad Cqara, gamdnari
liTonis burTulas warmoqmnisTanave momentalurad
xdeba rkalis alis mocileba. SeduReba xdeba
cvladi deniT Semdeg reJimebze: naxSiris eleqtrodis diametri _ 8-10mm, denis Zala _ 60-90 a, rkalis
_ 24-26 v.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba agreTve rekomendebulia radioteqnikaSi gamoyenebuli nikelaluminis Semdegi SenadnobisaTvis: 25% Ni, 15% Al,
60% Fe. misarT masalad iyeneben monel liTonis an
Св08Г markis mavTulebs, xolo flusad mdnar
boraks. SeduReba xdeba pirdapiri polarobis
mudmivi
deniT
Semdeg
reJimebze:
eleqtrodis
diametri _ 6-8 mm, SeduRebis deni _ 160-180 a, rkalis
Zabvadafaruli
_ 28-32 v. eleqtrodebis SeduReba. sapasuxismgeblo qimiuri aparaturisTvis 5 mm-ze sqeli
nikelis furclebis SeduRebisTvis (xeliT an meqanizebulad) sakmaod gavrcelebulia mdnari liTonis
eleqtrodiT rkaluri SeduReba. xeliT SeduReba
xorcieldeba dafaruli eleqtrodebiT, xolo meqanizebuli flusis qveS.
nikelisa da misi SenadnobebisTvis gankuTvnili
dafaruli eleqtrodebis markebia: H-10, H-37, НМц-23.
am eleqtrodebSi Rerod gamoyenebulia H1, НП-1 da
НП-2 markis daWrili saSemduReblo mavTulebi,
romlebzec Semogozilia fTorkalciumis (fuZe)
dafarvebi. nikelis maRali eleqtruli winaRobis
gamo, 3-5 mm diametris eleqtrodebis sigrZe Seadgens
300 mm-s, xolo dafarvis sisqe 1-1,5 mm-s. 5 mm-ze meti
diametris eleqtrodebi praqtikaSi ar gamoiyeneba.
maqsimaluri Cadnobis siRrmis misaRebad nikelis dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduReba saWiroebs
nawiburebis gamoyvanas, romelic SeiZleba iyos V-ri
172
350-iani gadaxsniT (TiToeuli mxridan) da umniSvnelo dablagvebiTi (1-2 mm) an X-ri /15 mm-ze meti
sisqeebisTvis.
eleqtrodis
diametris
SerCeva
xdeba
SesaduRebeli detalebis S sisqis mixedviT Semdegi
formuliT.
d=
S
+ 1 mm
2
xolo SeduRebis dens SeirCeven eleqtrodis
diametris Sesabamisad.
I S = (35 − 45)d a
SeduRebis procesSi, romelic mimdinareobs
Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv denze, eleqtrods
iWeren perpendikularulad, an xrian 150-ani kuTxiT
nawiburebis mxares da misi boloTi asruleben
umniSvnelo grZiv rxevebs, rac ganapirobebs ufro
Warbi raodenobiT airebis gamodevnas Txevadi
abazanidan da ufro mkvrivi nakerebis miRebas
(ganivi rxevebis SesrulebasTan SedarebiT).
8 mm-ze naklebi sisqis furclebis SeduReba
xdeba cali mxridan. 8-15mm sisqis furclebis (V-ri
gamoyvaniT)
calmxrivi
orSrianis
sanacvlod,
rekomendebulia erTSriani ormxrivi SeduReba.
15
mm-ze
meti
sisqis
(X-ri
gamoyvaniT)
nakeTobebisTvis aucilebelia winaswari SeTboba
temperaturamde
da
Semdeg
ormxrivi
200-2500C.
SeduReba.
flusis qveS avtomaturi SeduReba. am meTodiT
mdnari flusis qveS SeduReba uaryofiT Sedegebs
iZleva, radganac mimdinareobs nakeris gabinZureba
mavne minarevebiT, rac ganapirobebs bzarebisa da
forebis warmoqmnas. amitom nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis meqanizebuli SeduRebisTvis rekomendebulia
keramikuli flusebis gamoyeneba, romelTa widis
173
warmomqmnel fuZed SerCeulia sistema CaO-5CaO; 3Al2CaF2. saSemduReblo mavTuls iyeneben daaxloebiT
iseTive Sedgenilobisas, rac ZiriTadi liTonia (Н1. НП da sxva). mavTulis diametris SerCeva xdeba
SesaduRebeli nawiburebis saxeobidan gamomdinare.
Txeli mavTulis (diametri 1,6-2mm) gamoyeneba Zalian
SezRudulia,
radganac
aRiniSneba
misi
mniSvnelovani gadaxureba `Sveris~ (denmimyvanidan
rkinamde) adgilas. amis gamo mcire diametriani mavTulebisTvis Sveris sidide ar unda aRematebodes
25 mm-s, xolo didi diametrebisTvis flusis sisqes,
rac Seadgens 35 mm-s, SeduRebis reJimebis SerCeva
xdeba SesaduRebeli nakeTobis sisqis mixedviT. 8.1.
cxrilSi moyvanilia nikelis ЖН-1 keramikuli flusis qveS Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv denze avtomaturi SeduRebis reJimebi.
cxrili 8.1.
nikelis ЖН-1 markis keramikuli flusis qveS
avtomaturi SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi
liTonis
sisqe,
mm
5
6
7
8
mavTulis diametri,
mm
nawiburebis
gamoyvana
dablagvebis
sidide,
mm
RreCo,
mm
deni,
a
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
ara
V
kuTxe 350
ara
V
kuTxe 350
V
kuTxe 350
kuTxe 350
V
kuTxe 350
ara
ara
ara
ara
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
ara
0,5
1,5
350
375
400
360
390
420
370
415
450
380
435
174
0,7
1,5
1,0
1,5
1,2
SeduRe gavl
bis
aTa
siCqare ricx
vi
24
27
30
23
26
29
22
25
28
21
24
1
1
1
1-2
9
10
11
12
5
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
5
3
4
5
kuTxe
V
kuTxe
kuTxe
V
kuTxe
V
kuTxe
kuTxe
V
kuTxe
kuTxe
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
350
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1-2
1,5
1,2
1,7
1,5
1,7
2,0
2,5
2,0
2,5
480
390
450
510
400
475
540
410
495
570
420
515
600
27
20
23
26
19
22
25
18
21
24
17
20
23
1-2
1-2
1-2
2-3
damcav airebSi SeduReba. feradi liTonebis
SeerTebis
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli
xerxi
_
volframis eleqtrodiT argonSi SeduReba nikelis
SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi SedegebiT xasiaTdeba, rac
gamoixateba Warbi raodenobiT forebis warmoqmnaSi.
praqtikulad
dadgenilia,
rom
argonisTvis
garkveuli
raodenobiT
gazisebri
wyalbadis
damateba, uzrunvelyofs nikelis SeduRebis dros
forebisgan Tavisufali SenaduRi nakeris miRebas.
eqsperimentebiT dadasturda, rom aseTive Sedegi
aRiniSneba
argonisTvis
garkveuli
raodenobiT
azotis damatebis SemTxvevaSic, amitom argonis
sortis SerCevis dros yuradReba unda gamaxvildes
mis SemadgenlobaSi ara azotis, aramed Jangbadis
Semcvelobis
damcavi airebis
SezRudvaze.
areSi nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduReba volframis eleqtrodiT da argonwyalbadis
narevis
gamoyenebiT.
praqtikulad
dadgenilia, rom Н-1 da :ПН-1
markis nikelis SeduRebis
dros efeqturia
argonisTvis
3,2-3,5%
wyalbadis damateba. airebis Sereva xdeba sanaTurSi,
175
romelsac argoni da wyalbadi miewodeba garkveul
xarjze daregulirebuli rotametrebidan.
argon-wyalbadis narevSi nikelis SeduReba
xdeba
pirdapiri
polarobis
mudmiv
denze.
rekomendebulia misarT masalad titaniT, niobiumiT
da sxva aqtiuri liTonebiT legirebuli Н-1 da ПН-1
markis mavTulebis gamoyeneba. deficitis SemTxvevaSi
dasaSvebia am masalebis HMц 3 markis mavTulis
Secvla.
1,5-2,0 sisqis furclovani nikelis pirapira
SeduReba (maRali drekadobis gamo nawiburebis
moqimva gamoricxulia) xdeba misarTi masalis
gareSe. 3 mm-de sisqis furclovani nikelisTvis
misarT masalad iyeneben 2-3 mm diametris mavTuls.
rogorc xeliT, aseve avtomaturi SeduReba xdeba
2mm diametris BТ-15 markis volframis eleqtrodiT.
3mm-ze naklebi sisqis furclebisTvis SeduReba
xdeba Semdeg reJimebze: denis Zala _ 50-60 a
nikelisTvis da 60-80 a SenadnobebisTvis; argonis
xarji _ 540 l/sT-Si, wyalbadis xarji – 18-20 l/sTSi. kontaqturi SeduReba. kontaqturi SeduRebis
yvela saxeoba ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba nixromis tipis
nikelis
Senadnobebis
SeerTebisTvis.
teqnikuri
nikelis
kontaqturi
SeduReba
iSviaTia
da
gamoiyeneba mcire sisqis furclebis SeerTebisTvis
xelsawyoTmSeneblobis mxolod zogierT sferoSi.
nixromis
nakeTobebi
floben
ra
maRal
eleqtrul winaRobas, saukeTesod duRdebian dabal
denebze Cajdomis mniSvnelovani wnevis miyenebiT.
nikelisa da misi SenadnobebisTvis wertilovani
SeduRebis safuZvlad miCneulia nixromis SeduRebis
reJimebi, romlebic moyvanilia 8.2. cxrilSi.
176
cxrili 8.2.
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis wertilovani
SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi
TiToeuli eleqtro
detalis
dis muSa
diametri, diametri
mm
mm
0,5
4
1,0
5
1,5
6
2,0
7
Zalva
eleqtrodze,
kg.
200-300
350-450
600-650
700-900
SeduRebis
SeduRebi
denis CarTvis
s
xangrZlivoba,
deni, a
wm.
0,04-0,88
3500-4500
0,55-0,10
6000-7000
0,10-0,16
8000-10000
0,15-0,20
10000-12000
nikelis Txeli mavTulebi kargad eqvemdebarebian kondensatorul SeduRebas pirapira SeerTebiT
CK tipis manqanebze da pirgadadebuli SeerTebebiT
TK tipis manqanebze. 0,5 mm nixromis mavTulis
pirapira SeerTebisTvis kondensatoruli SeduRebis
reJimebia: kondensatorebis tevadoba _ 920-960 mkf;
kondensatorebis muxtis Zabva _ 530-560 v; pirapiras
kumSvis Zala – 16 kg.
nixromis
mniSvnelovani kveTis nakeTobebis
SeduReba
SesaZlebelia
maRali
simZlavris
manqanebze. 1000 kva simZlavris manqanebze awarmoeben
855 mm2, kveTis ЭH-435 markis (76,5% NNi, 21,18% Cr)
nixromisgan damzadebuli profiluri rgolebis
pirapira SeduRebas. manqanaze SeTbobis operacia
sruldeba xeliT, xolo SemolRvoba da Cajdoma
avtomatizirebulia.
profiluri
rgolebis
kontaqturi pirapira SeduRebis reJimebia:
Sveris Casayenebeli jamuri sigrZe......................................70
nameti, mm:
SeTbobaze.......................................................................................................10-15
177
SemolRvobaze............................................................................................16-18
denis qveS qveS Cajdomaze .........................................................6
udenod Cajdomaze................................................................................2
Cajdomis Zalva, kg............................................................................ 30000
mokle CarTvis deni,a ......................................................................47200
galRvobis siCqare, mm/wm................................................................3,5
Cajdomis siCqare, mm/wm....................................................................15,0
SeduRebis ciklis xangrZlivoba, wm.................................40
178
Tavi 9
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
9.1. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
spilenZis simkvrive 8.9 g/sm3–ia, dnobis temperatura - 1083 oc, droebiTi winaRoba momwvar
mdgoreobaSi – 200 n/mm2, fardobiTi wagrZeleba –
50%. misi specifikuri fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi
(maRali
eleqtrogamtaroba,
Tbogamtaroba,
koroziuli medegoba da gamyarebisadmi mdgradoba
Zalian
dabali
temperaturis
pirobebSi)
ganapirobeben spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis
farTo gamoyenebas eleqtroteqnikuri mrewvelobis,
xelsawyoTa
teqnikisa
da
qimiuri
manqanaTmSeneblobis
sxvadasxva
aparaturis
dasamzadeblad. bolo wlebSi spilenZs iyeneben
speceleqtrometalurgiaSi,
vakuumur-rkaluri
Rumelebis, eleqtrowiduri da plazmuri gadadnobis
kristalizatorebis
Seucvlel
masalad.
cnobilia spilenZis
Semdegi
markebi: M0 (99,95%
Cu, minarevebi 0,05%); M1 (99,90% Cu, minarevebi <0,1 %);
M2 (99.70% Cu, minarevebi <0.3%) MЭC (99.5% Cu
minarevebi <0.5%) da sxva. sufTa spilenZi wneviT
kargad
muSavdeba
rogorc
civ,
aseve
cxel
mdgomareobaSi. temperaturis gazrdiT spilenZis
meqanikuri Tvisebebi sakmaod farTo zRvrebSi
icvleba.
manqanaTmSeneblobaSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia
Senadnobebi spilenZis fuZeze - TiTberi da brinjao,
romlebsac ukeTesi simtkicis maCveneblebi da
teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebi gaaCniaT spilenZTan
mimarTebaSi.
TiTberi warmoadgens spilenZis Senadnobs Tu-
179
TiasTan. maT yofen or jgufad - ubralo (erTfaza)
da specialuri (mravalkomponentiani).
brinjao
warmoadgens
spilenZis
Senadnobs
kalasTan, aluminTan, manganumTan, rkinasTan da sxv.
Tu brinjaos ZiriTadi malegirebeli elementia
kala, mas uwodeben kalians. arsebobs agreTve
aluminiani, beeriliumiani, kadmiumiani da sxva
brinjaoebi.
spilenZisa
da
misi
zogierTi
Senadnobis
qimiuri Sedgenilobebi moyvanilia 9.1. cxrilSi.
cxrili 9.1.
spilenZi da misi Senadnobebi
brinjao
TiTberi
spilenZi
Senadnobebi
jgufi
marka
elementebis Semcveloba, %
Cu
Mn
Zn
Si
Al
Fe
minarevebi
M0
99,95
-
-
-
-
-
0,05
M1
99,90
-
-
-
-
-
0,1
M2
99,70
-
-
-
-
-
0,3
МЭС
99,5
-
-
-
-
-
0,5
Л90
88÷91
-
danarC
eni
-
-
-
0,2
Л62
60,5÷
÷63,5
-
danarC
eni
-
-
-
0,5
ЛМц-58-2
57÷60
1,0÷
÷2,0
danarC
eni
-
-
-
1,2
ЛК-80-3
79÷81
-
-
-
1,5
БрКМц3
fuZe
1,0÷
÷1,5
-
2,75
÷3,5
-
-
1,1
БрЛМц9-2
fuZe
1,5÷
÷2,5
-
-
8÷10
-
1,7
БрЛЭКМц
10-3-1б5
fuZe
1,0÷
÷2,0
-
-
9÷11
2÷4
1,75
danarC 2,5÷
eni
4,0
180
9.2 spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis
SeduRebadobis Taviseburebani
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
SefasebisTvis
saWiroa
gaTvaliswinebul
iqnas
sxvadasxva
Taviseburebani,
romlebic
arsebiT
gavlenas axdenen SeduRebis teqnologiaze.
maRali
Tbogamtaroba,
romelic
arTulebs
spilenZisa
da
misi
Senadnobebis
lokalur
gaxurebas,
saWiroebs
misi
SeduRebisTvis
koncentrirebuli siTbos wyaroebisa da maRali
reJinebis
gamdnar
gamoyenebas.
mdgomareobaSi
spilenZis
swafva
Jangbadisaken warmoqmnis spilenZis oqsids, romelic
xsnadia
Txevad
mdgomareobaSi
da
Zalian
SezRudulad myarSi. igi warmoqmnis spilenZTan
romelic
advildnobad
evteqtikas
(Cu-CuO2),
ganlagdeba ra marcvlebs Soris, aqveiTebs liTonis
koroziamedegobasa da plastikurobas. Jangbadis
0,1%-ze
Warbi
Semcvelobisas
mniSvnelovnad
rTuldeba
spilenZis
nakeTobebis
cxlad
deformacia,
SeduReba,
rCilva
da
cxlad
damuSavebis
sxva
saxeebi.
aqedan
gamomdinare,
saWiroa
SeduRebis
abazanaSi
aqtiuri
ganmJangvelebis (fosfori, manganumi, siliciumi da
sxv.) Seyvana. fosforis ganmJangavad gamoyeneba unda
SeizRudos, radganac man SeiZleba warmoqmnas
advildnobadi evteqtikebi, daaqveiTos koroziuli
medegoba
gamdnar
da eleqtrogamtaroba.
mdgomareobaSi spilenZis mier wyalbadis STanTqmis unaris gazrdis da maRali TbogamtarobiT ganpirobebuli abazanis liTonis swrafi
gacivebiT gamowveuli wyalbadis xsnadobis mkveTri
Semcirebis gamo, wyalbadi ver aswrebs gamoyofas da
SenaduR nakerSi forebis saxiT rCeba. garda amisa,
181
wyalbadi reaqciaSi Sedis spilenZis oqsidTan da
warmoqmnili wylis orTqli grovdeba ra mikrodefeqtebSi, qmnis wnevasa da warmoqmnis mikrobzarebs.
amitom saWiroa SeizRudos SeduRebis abazanaSi
wyalbadis moxvedra.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis Tburi gafarToebis koeficientis maRali mniSvelobiT gamowveulma narCenma Zavebma da deformaciebma SeiZleba
ganapirobos SeduRebis dros nakerSi bzarebis warmoqmna. deformaciebis Sesamcireblad SeduRebas
awarmoeben konstruqciis xisti CamagrebiT. bzarebis
mizezi agreTve SeiZleba iyos kristalitebis sazRvrebze ganlagebuli advildnobadi evteqtikebi.
amitom saWiroa spilenZSi SeizRudos mavne minarevebis koncentracia.
TiTberis SeduRebis dros SesaZloa TuTiis
aorTqleba, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios nakeris
forianoba. garda amisa, warmoqmnili TuTiis oqsidi
momwamvlelia da aucilebelia SeduRebis procesSi
kargi ventilacia. aRniSnuli garTulebis Tavidan
acileba SesaZlebelia winaswari SeTbobiT da SeduRebis siCqaris gazrdiT.
gamdnari spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis
maRali Txeldenadoba (gansakuTrebiT brinjaosi)
arTulebs SeduRebas vertikalur da Werul mdgomareobebSi. amitom SeduRebas awarmoeben qveda
mdgomareobaSi da qvesadebebis gamoyenebiT.
spilenZisa da misi SenadnobebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia nakeris liTonis midrekileba macvlebis
gamsxvilebisken (gansakuTrebiT mravalSriani SeduRebisTvis). amitom rekomendebulia liTonis daTelva TiToeuli Sris gavlis win.
182
9.3. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani
spilenZisgan damzadebuli nakeTobebis dauSleli SeerTebebisTvis gamoiyeneba airuli, naxSiris
eleqtrodiT, dafaruli eleqtrodebiT, flusis
qveS, damcav airebSi, kontaqturi da sxv. SeduRebis
meTodebi da xerxebi.
airuli SeduReba. am procesisTvis gankuTvnili
saSemduReblo masalebia. sawvavi airebi, misarTi
liToni da flusebi. SesaduRebeli detalebis
nawiburebisa da misarTi masalis gasadnobad ZiriTadad iyeneben acetilen (C2H2) Jangbadis narevs.
danarCeni sawvavi airebi acetilenis Semcvlelebia
da gamoiyeneba mxolod mcire sisqis nakeTobebis
SeduRebis
SemTxvevebSi.
airuli
SeduRebisTvis
flusebis gamoyenebis daniSnulebaa zedapirze arsebuli Jangeuli furCebis daSla da araliTonur CanarTebTan erTad, widaSi gadayvana. feradi liTonebis
airuli
SeduRebis
SemTxvevaSi,
didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba misarTi liTonis Sedgenilobisa da zomis SerCevas. xarisxiani SenaduRi SeerTebis misaRebad arsebobs ori saSualeba, pirveli –
gamoyenebul iqnes mavTuli romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedis elementi ganmJangveli, da meore –
Cveulebrivi mavTuli da ganmJangvelis Semcveli
flusi. mcire sisqis nakeTobebisTvis misarTi masalis diametri gamoiTvleba formuliT d=S/2+1 didi
sisqis detalebisTvis (S>4 mm-ze) d1=S/2+2 mm.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebisgan damzadebul
SenaduR nakeTobebSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba pirapira
SeerTebebi, radganac pirgadadebulisTvis garTulebulia sakmarisi Cadnobis uzrunvelyofa, xolo
183
kuTxur da tavrul SeerTebebSi adgili aqvs CanaWrebis warmoqmnas. SeduRebis procesis winmswrebi
mosamzadebeli samuSaoebia: zedapiris gasufTaveba,
nawiburebis gamoyvana, konstruqciis awyoba teqnologiuri RreCos datovebiT (RreCos sidide damokidebulia detalebis sisqeze) da momWidebis dasma.
spilenZis awyoba-SeduRebis teqnologia damokidebulia SesaduRebeli detalebis sisqeze. mcire
sisqis (S<3 mm 3 mm-ze) furclovani spilenZisTvis
nawiburebis gamoyvanas ar mimarTaven. 1,5-2,0 mm sisqis
furclebisTvis iyeneben nawiburebis moqimvas, romlis simaRlec detalebis sisqis toli unda iyos. 23 mm sisqis furclebis awyoba xdeba 1,5-2,0 mm
teqnologiuri RreCos datovebiT. Rrma Cadnobis
misaRebaT xmaroben qvesadebebs. saSualo sisqis
(3<S<10 mm-ze) furclovani spilenZisaTvis mimarTaven
nawiburebis gadaxsnas 45o–ani kuTxiT, 1,5-2,0 mm aucilebeli dablagvebiTa da 2-3 mm teqnologiuri
RreCos dacvas.
Txeli da saSualo sisqis furclovani spilenZis SeduReba xdeba nawiburebis uwyveti gadnobiT
erTi sanTuris ganoyenebiT. 5 mm-ze naklebi sisqeebisTvis iyeneben marcxena xerxs, Semdgom ki marjvenas. moqimviT miRebuli nawiburebis SeduReba xdeba
flusisa da misarTi liTonis gareSe, Tumca misarTi masala xelSi unda eWiros SemduRebels, warmoqmnis SemTxvevaSi Rrmulebis Sesavsebad. mcire
sisqis detalebis SeduRebis dros gamoiyeneba borakis an borakisa da bormJavas Semcveli flusebi.
saSualo da ufro meti sisqis detalebisTvis rekomendebulia ufro rTuli Sedgenilobis flusebis
gamoyeneba. saSualo sisqis furclovani spilenZisTvis gamoyvanili nawiburebis Sevsebis mizniT, mimar-
184
Taven SeduRebas nakeTobis horizontalidan 7-10o-iT
daxril sibrtyeze. zogierT SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebas
naxulobs saSualo sisqis detalebis ormxrivi SeduReba nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe 3 mm-de
teqnologiuri RreCos dacviT. didi sisqis (10 mm-ze
meti) furclovani spilenZisTvis rekomendebulia:
nawiburebis V-ri gamoyvana 90o–ani kuTxiT da dablagveba ara umetes 5 mm-sa, SeduReba xdeba vertikalur sibrtyeSi ori sanTuriT, orive mxridan.
furclovani spilenZis grZeli nakerebis Sesruleba
mizanSewonilia Catardes 9.1. nax.-ze warmodgenili
sqemiT.
nax. 9.1. spilenZis grZeli pirapira nakerebis
airuli SeduRebis sqema.
TiTberis pirapira SeduRebisTvis nawiburebis
momzadeba xdeba furclebis sisqis Sesabamisad. 0,51,5 mm sisqis furclovani TiTberisTvis gamoiyeneba
nawiburebis moqimva, romlis simaRlec Seesabameba
gaormagebul furclis sisqes. 1-6 mm furclovani
TiTberisTvis nawiburebis gamoyvana araa saWiro,
magram awyobis dros saWiroa 1-2 mm teqnologiuri
RreCos
dacva,
xolo
qvesadebebis
gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi RreCos sidide Seadgens 3-4 mm-s. 6-25 mm
sisqis furclebisTvis iyeneben nawiburebis V-bur
gamoyvanas an X-bur gamoyvanas 30-45o gadaxsnis
kuTxiT TiToeuli mxridan 4 mm sididis dablagve-
185
biT. TiTberis sxmulebSi arsebuli bzarebisa da
niJarebis SeduRebamde xdeba defeqtiani adgilebis
amoWra, nawiburebis gadaxsna 90o-iani kuTxiT, bzarebis boloebSi 6-15 mm diametris naxvretebis gakeTeba
da Semdgom SeduReba. bzarebis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT, TiTberis Sedurebas anxorcieleben maqsimalurad Cqari reJimebiT. didi sisqis furclovani
TiTberis SeduRebas asruleben „aRmarTze“ (qvemodan-zemoT) horizontalidan nakeTobis 10-15o-iani
daxriT. Tanmxlebi SeTbobisTvis zogjer iyeneben
meore sanTurasac. TiTberis SeduRebisTvis rekomendebulia qveda sivrciTi mdgomareoba, Tumca
dasaSvebia vertikaluric. grZeli nakerebis Sesruleba xdeba „uku-safexurebrivi“ xerxiT. sxmulis
wunis gamosworebis mizniT, winaswar xdeba SeduRebis zonis dayalibeba romelime cecxlgamZle masaliT da Semdeg SeduReba daxril sibrtyeze.
brinjaos airuli SeduReba ZiriTadad xdeba
sxmulSi arsebuli wunis (bzarebi, niJarebi da sxv.)
gamosworebis mizniT. aRniSnuli defeqtebi SeiZleba
iyos zedapiruli an gamWoli. SeduRebis winmswrebi
zedapiris momzadeba iTvaliswinebs defeqtebiani
adgilebis amoWras, nawiburebis gamoyvanasa da SeduRebis adgilis dayalibebas. brinjaos airuli
SeduRebisTvis gamoiyeneba spilenZisTvis gankuTvnili flusebi. kaliani da siliciumiani brinjaosTvis gamoiyeneba gadamdnari boraki (Na2B407); xolo
aluminiani
brinjaosTvis
flusi,
romlis
SemadgenlobaSic Sedis: 45% KCl 20% BaCl 20% NaCl, 15%
NaF. nikeliani deformirebuli brinjaosTvis gamoi-
186
yeneba
flusi,
romelic
warmoadgens
borakis,
bormJavas da sufris marilis narevs maTi Tanabari
Semcvelobisas. brinjaos SeduReba xdeba „marcxena
xerxiT“ da spilenZisa da TiTberisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli meTodebiT. brinjaos sxmulis ramodenime
defeqtis
gamosworeba
Semdegi
TanmimdevrobiT
xdeba: jer duRdeba msxvili defeqtebi, xolo Semdeg mcire. am SemxvevaSi xurdeba nakeToba da
ioldeba mcire defeqtebis SeduReba. grZeli Rrma
bzarebis SeduRebas anxorcieleben „amarTze“ 15o–iT
daxrili nakeTobisTvis.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba. eleqtrodad
iyeneben 4...20 mm dimetris naxSiris an ufro xSirad
grafitis Reroebs. SeduReba xorcieldeba xeliT
pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze dacvis gareSe an
flusis gamoyenebiT. flusiT winaswar faraven
Txevadi miniT dasvelebul misarTi Reroebis zedapirebs an pudris saxiT SesaduRebel nawiburebs da
haerze aSroben. pirapira SeerTebebis awyoba xdeba
azbestis an grafitis qvesadebebze.
spilenZis SeduRebis dros misarT liTonad
iyeneben 3...5 mm diametris M0 an M1 markis spilenZis
Reroebs da Semdegi Sedgenilobis fluss: 94...96%
gamomwvari boraki da 4...6% liTonuri magniumi.
nawiburebis gamoyvanas (70...90o kuTxiT) mimarTaven 5
mm-ze meti sisqis pirapira SeerTebebSi. SeduRebis
dawyebamde aucilebelia sawyisi ubnebis gaxureba
250oC temperaturamde. SeduRebas awarmoeben qveda
mdgomareobaSi eleqtrodis win daxriT vertikalidan 10...20o–iani kuTxiT, reJimebze ISed=(45...55)d da
187
Urk= 40...50 v.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis naxSiris
eleqtrodebiT SeduRebis rekomendebuli reJimebi
mocemulia 9.2. cxrilSi.
cxrili 9.2.
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebs naxSiris
eleqtrodiT SeduRebis rekomendebuli reJimebi
liTonis
sisqe, mm
eleqtrodis
diametri,
mm
rkalis
sigrZe, mm
SeduRebis
deni, a
2
6÷7
5÷8
125÷200
5
8
10÷15
200÷350
8
10÷12
15÷20
300÷450
13
15
25÷30
500÷700
SeduRebis
Semdeg
rekomendebulia
nakeris
civad Telva (5 mm-de sisqis SeerTebebisaTvis) an
cxlad 800oC temperaturamde gaxurebiT (didi sisqis
SeerTebebisaTvis) da Semdgomi swrafi gacivebiT.
TiTberis SeduRebis dros misarT masalad gamoiyeneba 6...8 mm diametris ЛК 80-3 markis TiTberis
Reroebi da flusi (35% krioliti, 50% qloriduli
kaliumi, 12,5% qloriduli natriumi da 2,5% xis
naxSiri). mcire sisqis detalebs aduReben misarTi
liTonis da nawiburebis gamoyvanis gareSe, xolo
3...16 mm sisqis pirapira SeerTebebisaTvis saWiroa
nawiburebis gadaxsna 70o–iani kuTxiT, xolo ufro
sqeli detalebisTvis mimarTaven finjnisebur gamoy-
188
vanas. 10 mm-ze meti sisqis SeerTebebis SesaduReblad aucilebelia winaswari SeTboba 300-350oC temperaturamde gaxurebiT.
brinjaos SeduRebis teqnologiis SerCevas masalis Sedgeniloba ganapirobebs. winaswar SeTbobas
mimarTaven samsxmelo da 4 mm-ze meti sisqis deformirebadi SenadnobebisaTvis. misarTi liTonis Sedgeniloba ZiriTadi liTonis Sedgenilobis msgavsia.
kaliani brinjaosaTvis gamoiyeneba flusebi boris
fuZeze. kalis araSemcveli brinjaosaTvis gankuTvnili flusebi Seicavs tute da tutemiwa liTonebis
qloridul da fToridul marilebs da kriolits.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduReba. xorcieldeba 4...6 mm diametris sqlad dafaruli eleqtrodebiT.
spilenZis SeduRebisaTvis gamoiyeneba eleqtrodebi
`komkavSireli-100~
da
3T.
eleqtrodebis
`komkavSireli-100~ Reroebi mzaddeba M1 da M2 markis
spilenZisagan, xolo 3T eleqtrodebis Reros masalaa БрКМц3-1 markis brinjao. maTi dafarvebi Semdegi Sedgenilobisaa: 15% mdnobi Spati, 12,5% mindvris Spati, 25% siliciumini spilenZi, 47,5% feromanganumi da 20% (mSrali komponentebis masis)
Txevadi mina. 0,4 mm sisqis dafarvas Reroze adeben
amovlebis meTodiT. nawiburebis gamoyvana saWiroa
4mm-ze meti sisqis detalebisTvis. 5-20 mm an ufro
meti sisqisTvis iyeneneben SeTbobas 750oC temperaturamde gaxurebiT. SeduRebas awarmoeben Seqceuli
polarulobis udmiv denze (ISed=50del) mokle rka-
189
liT eleqtrodis rxevis gareSe.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT TiTberis SeduRebas
ZiriTadad mimarTaven Camosxmis wunis gamosasworeblad risTvisac iyeneben 3T markis eleqtrodebs. TuTiis amowvis gamoricxvis mizniT, SeduRebas awarmoeben mokle rkaliT.
brinjaos SesaduRebeli eleqtrodebis Reroebi
ZiriTadi liTonis analogiuri Sedgenilobisaa.
maTi dafarvebis fuZes boris oxsidebi warmoadgenen.
flusis qveS SeduReba. dafaruli eleqtrodebiT SeduRebasTan SedarebiT, spilenZisa da misi
Senadnobebis flusis qveS meqanizebuli SeduRebis
upiratesobas mravali faqtori ganapirobebs, romelTagan ZiriTadia SeduRebis SesaZlebloba winaswari SeTbobis gareSe.
spilenZis SeduReba flusis qveS warmoebs Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv denze M1 da M2 markis
spilenZis mavTulebiT. iyeneben AH-20, AH-26, AH-348
da ОСЦ-45 markis mdnar da aseve ЖM-1 markis
keramikul flusebs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki _
БрКМц3-1 markis brinjaos mavTuls. 15 mm-mde sisqis
pirapira SeerTebebs aduReben nawiburebis gamoyvanis
gareSe, erTi gavliT, grafitis qvesadebze an flusis baliSze. ufro didi sisqis SeerTebebisaTvis
iyeneben gaorebul eleqtrods. SeduRebis reJimebi
moyvanilia 9.3. cxrilSi.
190
cxrili 9.3.
spilenZis flusis qveS avtomaturi SeduRebis
reJimebi
liTo
nis
sisqe,
mm
eleqtrodis eleqtdiametri,
rodebs
mm
Soris
manZili,
mm
SeduReb
is deni,
a
rkalis SeduZabva,
Rebis
v
siCqare,
m/sT
6
4
_
520÷540
40÷42
40
8
4
_
600÷620
40÷42
40
10
5
_
700÷720
42÷44
23
12
5
_
800÷820
42÷44
16
18
4
12
1050÷1100
44÷46
10,8
22
4
18
1200÷1250
46÷48
9,3
30
4
24
1650÷1700
46÷48
6,3
TiTberis avtomaturi SeduRebisTvis gamoiyeneba AH-20 da AH-5 markis flusebi da БрOЦ4-3
markis brinjaos mavTuli.
9.4. cxrilSi mocemulia sxvadasxva markis (С591, ЛС62-1, ЛС62, ЛМц 58-2) TiTberis flusis qveS avtomaturi SeduRebis rekomendebuli reJimebi.
191
cxrili 9.4.
liTonis
sisqe, mm
TiTberis flusis (AH-20) qveS avtomaturi SeduRebis reJimebi (saeleqtrodo mavTuli БрOЦ4-3)
3
saeleq- Sedutrodo Rebis
deni,
mavTua
lis
diametri,
mm
1,5
160÷180
Zabva,
v
SeduRebis
siCqare,
m/sT
SeniSvna
24÷26
20
calmxrivi
SeduReba
calmxrivi
SeduReba
ormxrivi
SeduReba
calmxrivi
SeduReba
qveda
SeduReba
meore
gavla
calmxrivi
SeduReba
fuZe nakeri
meore
gavla
fuZe nakeri
meore
gavla
1,5
180÷200
24÷26
20
1,5
140÷160
24÷26
25
1,5
300÷380
26÷28
20
1,5
260÷300
28÷30
22
1,5
320÷340
28÷30
24
2
450÷470
30÷32
25
2
2
360÷375
400÷425
30÷32
30÷32
25
28
3
3
650÷700
700÷750
32÷34
32÷34
30
30
4
8
12
18
damcav airebSi SeduReba. es xerxi saSualebas
iZleva miRebul iqnas gansakuTrebiT maRali Tvisebebis mqone SenaduRi SeerTebebi. radganac nakeris
liToni Seicavs minarevebis minimalur raodenobas,
192
amitom damcav airad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas argoni, heliumi an maTi narevi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi
xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT, iyeneben flusebs
boris oqsidis fuZeze. SeduReba SesaZlebelia rogorc udnobi (volframis), aseve dnobadi eleqtrodebiT.
spilenZis damcav airebSi SeduRebis dros misarT liTons warmoadgens M0, M1 da M2 spilenZis,
БрX07 qromis Semcveli brinjaos an БрКМц 3-1 manganumiani brinjaos saSemduReblo mavTulebi. SeduRebisTvis nawiburebis momzadeba damokidebulia
detalebis sisqeze. roca detalis sisqe naklebia 5
mm-ze – nawiburebis gamoyvana ar xdeba, roca sisqea
6...12 mm – mimarTaven V–sebr, xolo roca aRemateba
12 mm-s _X-sebr gamoyvanas. detalebis awyoba xdeba
specialur xist samarjvebSi (romlebic uzrunvelyofen nakleb deformaciebs) an momWidebiT. nakeris
fuZis formirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba grafitis an
spilenZis (wyliT gacivebadi) qvesadebebi.
aradnobadi eleqtrodiT SeduRebas awarmoeben
cvladi an pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze.
volframis eleqtrodisa da misarTi misarTi mavTulis diametris SerCeva xdeba SesaduRebeli liTonis sisqis mixedviT:
liTonis sisqe, mm _ 1...1,15 2...3 4...6 7...10 11...16
volframis eleqtrodis _ 1,6...2 3...4 4...5 4...5 5...6
diametri, mm
misarTi mavTulis _ 2 3 4 5 5...6
diametri, mm
SeduRebis denis Zalis SerCeva damokidebulia
volframis eleqtrodis diametrze, denisa da damcavi airis saxeobaze.
dnobadi eleqtrodiT SeduReba xdeba damcav
193
airebSi
Cveulebrivi
SesaduRebeli
naxevaravtomatebiT, Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv denze.
denis Zalis sidide 1 mm-iani mavTulisTvis Seadgens
150...200 a-s, 2 mm-ianisTvis 300...450 a-s. rkalis Zabva
icvleba 22...26 v-is farglebSi. SeduRebis siCqare
damokidebulia nakeris kveTze. 10 mm-mde sisqis liTons aduReben mxolod nakeris dasawyisis SeTbobiT. didi sisqis detalebisTvis mimarTaven winaswar
da Tanmxleb SeTbobas 250...350oc, temperaturamde
gaxurebiT.
TiTberis damcav airebSi SeduReba SesaZlebelia rogorc volframis aseve dnobadi eleqtrodiT.
misarT liTonad gamoiyeneba БрOЦ4-3 da БрКМц 3-1
markis brinjaos Reroebi da aseve ЛК 62-05 markis
TiTberis mavTuli. winaswar SeTbobas 100...150oC temperaturamde gaxurebiT mimarTaven 12 mm-ze meti
sisqis liTonebis SeduRebas.
kontaqturi pirapira SeduReba. sufTa spilenZis SemolRvobiT SeduReba Zalian garTulebulia,
radganac Zneldeba Txevadi liTonis Sekaveba da
saWiro siRrmeze detalis gaxureba Semdgomi Cajdomis misaRebad. Cajdomis ganxorcielebisaTvis
saWiroa mniSvneloani wnevis (40 kg/mm2) zemoqmedeba.
amitom praqtikul gamoyenebas naxulobs spilenZis
nakeTobebis mxolod zogierTi saxeobis SeduReba.
saukeTeso SedegebiT xasiaTdeba pirapira Cajdomis
ganxorcieleba denis gatarebis dros, rac uzrunvelyofs nakerisa da ZiriTadi liTonis tolsimtkices. warmatebiT gamoiyeneba spilenZis mavTulebis SeduReba maRalvoltiani kondensatorebis
ganmuxtviT. spilenZis zogierTi detalis pirapira
SeduRebis reJimebi moyvanilia 9.5. da 9.6. cxrilebSi.
spilenZis detalis dasayenebeli sigrZe Seadgens
2,0...2,5 mm-s, wnelis gadnobis siCqare aris 10-12 mm/wmSi, xolo SeduRebis mTliani ciklis xangrZlivobaa
1-2 wm.
194
cxrili 9.5.
spilenZis SemolRvobiT kontaqturi pirapira
SeduRebis reJimebi
reJimis parametrebi
Sveris dasayenebeli
sigrZe, mm
nameti Semolxobaze, mm
nameti Cajdomaze, mm
Semolxobis siCqare mm/wm
Cajdomis siCqare, mm/wm
Cajdomis xvedriTi
datvirTva, kg/mm
SeduRebis deni, ka
meoradi Zabva, 3
wneli
mili mm
diametriT 9,5X1,5
10 mm
20
20
lenta
44,5X10 mm
_
12
08
08
200
38
_
_
_
_
29
_
_
_
_
22
33
06
20
05
60
10
cxrili 9.6.
kondensatoruli ganmuxtviT spilenZis
mavTulis pirapira SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi
mavTulis
diametri,
mm
kondensatoreb
is tevadoba,
mkf
muxtis
Zabva,
v
1,6
2,0
2,8
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,2
256
380
380
440
1200
1200
550
540
540
550
900
1000
1400
1500
1000
800
1400
1300
1500
1500
195
pirapiraSi
sawyisi
daSoreba,
mm
14
15
16
16
09
05
05
08
12
14
Cajdomis
Zalva, kg
140
140
150
160
120
120
150
160
160
180
TiTberis pirapira kontaqturi SeduReba ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba adidvis warmoebaSi wnelebisa da
mavTulebis
SeerTebisTvis.
procesi
mimdinareobs
maqsimalurad Cqari SemolRvobiT SeTbobis gareSe,
raTa
Tavidan
Tumca,
unda
SesaZlebloba
SemTxvevaSi
iqnas
acilebuli
aRiniSnos,
TiTberis
gacilebiT
rom
TuTiis
TuTiis
SemolRvobiT
naklebia,
amowva.
amowvis
SeduRebis
vidre
rkaluri
SeduRebis dros, radganac Cajdomis dros liTonis
gamdnari nawili ganicdis pirapiraSi SemWidroebas.
TiTberis pirapira SeduRebis dros gadnobis saSualo siCqarea 6-8 mm/wm, Cajdomis 25-60 mm/wm, xolo
Cajdomis
wneva
25/kg/sm2.
SemolRvobiT
SeduRebis
dros aRiniSneba nakeris liTonis wrToba da gamyifeba, rac mavTulis gawyvetis mizezi xdeba adidvis
procesSi. aqedan gamomdinare Л59 da ЛС59-1 markis
mavTulebis
zaciis
adidvis
Catareba
win
o
600-650 C
rekomendebulia
norli-
temperaturaze,
romlis
Semdegac garantirebulia maTi filerebSi gatareba
gawyvetis gareSe. TiTberis wnelebis pirapira SeduRebis reJimebi mocemulia 9.7. cxrilSi.
196
cxrili 9.7.
zogierTi markis TiTberis wnelebis SemolRvobiT
pirapira kontaqturi SeduRebis saorientacio
reJimebi
reJimis
parametrebi
jamuri
dasayenebeli
xazi, mm
nameti
gadnobaze, mm
Cajdomis dros
SeduRebis deni,
ka
meoradi Zabva, 3
xvedriTi
simZlavre kva/mm2
xvedriTi zalva,
kg/mm2
Cajdomis
sidide, mm
SemolRobis
siCqare, mm/wm
Cajdomis
siCqare, mm/wm
SeduRebis
jamuri dro, wm
denis qveS
Cajdomis dro,
wm
TiTberi Л62
6,5
15
TiTberi
TiTberi Л59
ЛС59-1
wnevis diametri, mm
10,0
6,5
12,0
6,5
10,0
22
18
25
18
25
06
08
07
10
07
10
12,5
24,3
13,5
41,0
13,5
41,0
2,17
0,9
4,41
1,14
2,4
1,1
7,5
2,7
2,4
0,95
7,5
2,7
45
23
54
27
55
27
09
13
10
12
10
12
09
2,3-0,6
10
08
3,5
4,5
2,4-05
25
50
65
50
65
2,5
3,5
2,0
2,2
2,0
2,2
0,24
0,36
0,16
0,18
0,24
0,36
197
brinjaosTvis gamoyenebas naxulobs mxolod
SemolRvobiT pirapira kontaqturi SeduReba. es
xerxi farTod gamoiyeneba deformirebuli brinjaosgan damzadebuli zolurebis, salteebisa milebis SeerTebisTvis. SeduRebas kargad eqvemdebarebian (cxrili 9.8.) deformirebuli brinjaos Semdegi
markebi: Б.р.X.0,5; Б.р.A.M.ц. 9-2; Б.р.o.Ф. 6,5-0,15. da sxv.
romelTagan yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia Б.р.o.Ф
6,5-0,15 kala-fosforovani defomirebuli brinjaos
SeduReba.
cxrili 9.8.
brinjaos zolurebisa da salteebis SemolRvobiT pirapira SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi
reJimis parametrebi
jamuri dasayenebeli
sigrZe, mm
nameti Semolxobaze,
mm
Cajdomis dros
SeduRebis deni, ka
xvedriTi simZlavre,
kva/mm2
Cajdomis sidide, mm
Cajdomis siCqare,
mm/wm
Semolxobis siCqare,
mm/wm
SeduRebis jamuri
dro, wm
brinjao Бр ОФ 0
6,5-0,15
zolura sisqiT, mm
1-4
25
4-8
40
brinjao Бр
ХО5
salte
kveTiT, mm
06X60
43
15
25
20
-
-
47
0,5
0,25
0,25
125
-
10
200
05
2,5
14,4
03
10
07
198
wertilovani
kontaqturi
SeduReba.
TiTberis
wertilovani SeduRebisTvis gamoiyeneba МTП tipis
seriuli
da
МTИП
tipis
impulsuri
manqanebi.
maRali eleqtrogamtarobis gamo, erTi da igive manqanaze
TiTberis
furclebis
sisqe
aiReba
2-jer
ufro naklebi vidre foladebisTvis (cxrili 9.9. da
.9.10) МTП–200 tipis manqanaze SesaZlebelia 2+2 mm,
xolo gadatvirTviT 3+3 mm sisqis TiTberis furclebis SeduReba.
cxrili 9.9.
SekumSvis
Zalva, kg
SeduRebis xangrZli
voba, wm
SeduRebis deni, ka
moxmarebuli
simZlavre, kva
50
0,7
130
0,10
1,6
68
МТП-75-66
1,0+1,0
50
1,0
180
0,20
1,8
95
МТП-75-6
1,5+1,5
70
0,8
260
0,20
27
167
МТП-200
3,0+3,0
150
1,2
400
0,35
38
290
МТП-200
3,0+1,5
150/75
0,9
300
0,25
27
167
МТП-200
199
manqanis
tipi
wneva eleqtrodze,
atm.
0,5+0,5
furclebis sisqe
eleqtrodebis
muSa zeda piris ra
diusi, mm
МTП tipis manqanebze Л62 markis TiTberis
wertilovani SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi
cxrili 9.10.
МTИП tipis manqanebze Л62 markis TiTberis
wertilovani SeduRebis saorientacio reJimebi
SeduRebis
CarTvis
xangrZli
voba, wm
SekumSvis
Zalva, kg
birTvis
zoma, mm
simaRle
SeduRebis
deni, ka
maqsi- faqti
ma
uri
luri
diametri
furclebis
zomebi, mm
2+2
45
35
0,16
700
8,0
2,0
3+3
51
42
0,24
850
11,0
3,5
4+4
60
50
0,38
1000
13,5
5,0
5+5
62
56
0,44
1350
15,0
6,5
2+5
45
37
0,20
700
9,0
4,0
3+5
51
42
0,26
850
11,2
5,1
spilenZisa da brinjaosTvis SeduRebis es xerxi praqtikul gamoyenebas ar naxulobs.
gorgolaWovani (nakeruli) SeduReba. spilenZis
Senadnobebidan es xerxi SezRudulad gamoiyeneba,
mxolod TiTberis Txeli furclebis SeerTebebisTvis, rasac anxorcieleben (cxrili 9.11.) МШП
tipis seriul gogolaWovan manqanebze.
200
cxrili 9.11.
furclebis sisqe, mm
SeduRebis deni, ka
moxmarebuli simZlavre,
kva
muSaobis safexuri
impulsi
pauza
1
0,5+0,5
3-3
250
23
110
4
1
5
17
2
0,5+0,5
3-4
250
26
140
6
1
5
17
3
1,0+1,0
4-5
380
27
160
7
3
5
17
4
1,0+1,0
4-5
380
30
195
7
3
5
17
wneva gorgolaWebze, kg
reJimis #
gorgolaWebis sigane, mm
МШП-150 tipis manqanaze Л62 markis TiTberis
gorgolaWovani (nakeruli) SeduRebis saorientacio
reJimebi
201
mwyvetaras
momarTva
periode gaxu
bis
reba
raoden
Ska
oba
lis
dayo
fa
Tavi 10
gansxvavebuli liTonebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
liTonkonstruqciebis
kvanZebis
calkeuli
detalebi
zogjer
damzadebulia
gansxvavebuli
liTonebisgan. maTi SeerTebisTvis xSirad mimarTaven feradi da Savi sxvadasxva feradi liTonebis
erTmaneTTan SeduRebas. garda amisa, deficituri
feradi
liTonis
ekonomiis
mizniT,
sakmaod
gavrcelebulia feradi liTonebis Sav liTonebze
daduRebiT bimetaluri nakeTobebis damzadeba. sxvadasxva liTonebis gansxvavebuli fiziko-meqanikuri
Tvisebebis
gamo,
maTi
erTmaneTTan
SeduReba
garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli da moiTxovs gansakuTrebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebas.
10.1. feradi liTonebis Sav liTonebze daduReba
spilenZis foladze an Tujze daduReba SesaZlebelia dnobiT SeduRebis yvela gavrcelebuli
xerxis gamoyenebiT.
airuli daduReba xorcieldeba fxvnilisebri
flusebis БМ-1 airuli flusis an gadamdnari
borakis gamoyenebiT, romlebiTac winaswar ifareba
misarTi masalis zedapiri. daduRebis teqnika imiT
gansxvavdeba SeduRebisgan, rom Savi liTonisken
mimarTulma alma uzrunvelyos misi minimaluri
fenis Semodnoba, romelSic adgili eqneba gamdnari
feradi liTonis Camodinebas.
spilenZis an brinjaos foladze daduRebis
dros
warmoiqmneba
Sualeduri
Sre,
romelic
202
Seicavs spilenZs, rkinas, siliciumsa da TuTias.
warmoqmnili Sualeduri liToni Zalian myifea da
amitom
namzadis
Runvaze
muSaobis
dros
SesaZlebelia adgili qondes daduRebuli fenis
foladisgan aSrevebas. cveTis pirobebSi muSaobis
dros daduRebuli liToni sakmaod mtkicedaa
dakavSirebuli foladTan. daduRebis dawyebamde
aucilebelia
foladis
detalisa
da
misarTi
masalis
zedapirebis
saguldagulod
gawmenda,
umravles SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven namzadis winaswar
gaxurebas an Tanmxleb gaxurebas (meore sanTuriT)
temperaturamde.
spilenZisa
da
misi
900-9500C
Senadnobebis airuli daduRebis reJimebia:
daduRebis fenis sisqe, mm ..................... 3-4
5-6
6-7
misarTi mavTulis diametri, mm ...... 4-6
8-10
10-12
sanTuris simZlavre, l/sT-Si ........... 750
900
1200
TiTberis airuli SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili
flusebisa da misarTi masalebis gamoyenebiT xSirad
mimarTaven TiTberis foladze airul daduRebas.
gansakuTrebiT kargi Sedegebi miiReba ЛКН-56-03-6
markis TiTberis daduRebis SemTxvevaSi.
naxSiris
eleqtrodiT
rkaluri
daduReba
SedarebiT iSviaTia da xorcieldeba pirdapiri
polarobis mudmiv denze. am meTodisTvis efeqturia
misarT masalad spilenZis an brinjaos burbuSelis
gamoyeneba. winaswar xdeba burbuSelis mowamvla,
gacris gamoyenebiT zomebad sortireba da gamdnar
borakTan areva 1/10 moculoibiT. miRebuli nareviT
ifareba dasaduRebeli foladis detalis zedapiri,
romelzec Txevadi liTonis Sesakaveblad rekomendebulia dasaduRebeli adgilis dayalibeba. rkalis
aRgznebis Semdeg mimarTaven eleqtrodis miwodebiT
moZraobasa da ganivi rxevebiT manipulacias, rac
203
uzrunvelyofs ZiriTadi liTonisa da burbuSelas
gadnobas.
forianobis
Sesamcireblad
rekomendebulia daduRebuli zedapiris xelaxali
gaxureba
da
gadnoba.
burbuSeliT
zedapiris
dafarvis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba,
rom daduRebuli liTonis simaRle orjer naklebi
xdeba burbuSelas fenis sisqeze.
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT rkaluri daduReba
xorcieldeba xeliT Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv
denze, Semdegi reJimebis gamoyenebiT: eleqtrodis
diametri Seadgens 6-7 mm-s, denis Zalis sidide 220240 a-s, rkalis Zabva 25-35 v-s, erT gavlaze
daduRebuli fenis sisqe 6-8 mm-s.
foladze
da
Tujze
spilenZisa
da
misi
Senadnobebis dafaruli eleqtrodebiT daduReba
rekomendebulia
ganxorcieldes
mravalfenovnad,
rac uzrunvelyofs daduRebuli liTonis simkvrivis
amaRlebas. mizanSewonilia jer napirebis daduReba
da Semdeg lilvakebs Soris Suagulis amovseba.
didi zedapirebis xeliT daduRebisTvis zogjer
iyeneben flusebsac.
flusis qveS avtomaturi rkaluri daduReba
xorcieldeba sxvadasxva diametris M1, M2 da M3
markis spilenZis mavTulebiTa da 0,8-1,0X60-65 mm
zomebis
lentebiT.
gamoiyeneba
spilenZis
SeduRebisTvis gankuTvnili flusebi. saukeTesi
Sedegebs
Rebuloben
AH-20
da
AH-60
markis
flusebis qveS daduRebis Semdeg. meore flusi
pemziseburia
da
uzrunvelyofs
minimalur
forianobas lenturi eleqtrodiT daduRebis dros.
spilenZis lentiT daduRebis SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi
liTonis Cadnoba da daduRebul fenaSi rkinis
Semcveloba aris minimaluri.
204
spilenZis fenis misaRebi zomebis Sesabamisad
xdeba daduRebis Sesrulebis xerxis SerCeva. Tu
arsebobs moTxovna mniSvnelovani sididis spilenZis
fenis daduRebaze, upiratesoba eniWeba `aRmarTze~
daduRebis xerxs. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi `daRmarTze~
daduRebasTan
mimarTebaSi,
gacilebiT
maRalia
spilenZSi rkinis Semcveloba (4-6%) da aRiniSneba
foladis ufro Rrmad CaduReba. CaduRebis siRrmesa
da daduRebuli fenis simaRlis regulireba xdeba
dasaduRebeli sibrtyis daxris kuTxiT, romlis
xolo
optimaluri
sidide
unda
iyos
10-120,
0
maqsimaluri 30 .
spilenZis foladze flusis qveS avtomaturi
daduReba xdeba Seqceuli polarobis mudmiv denze
Semdegi reJimebis gamoyenebiT: denis simkvrive
mavTuliT daduRebis dros Seadgens 65-70 a/mm2-ze,
xolo 08X65 mm zomebis lentiT daduRebisTvis
denis Zalis sididea 500-550°a; rkalis Zabva aris
mavTulisTvis _ 38-40 v, xolo lentisTvis _ 45 v;
daduRebis siCqare _ 20-25 m/sT-Si. daduRebis win
rekomendebulia
winaswari
SeTboba
200-4000C
temperaturebze.
10.2. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan
SeduReba
manqanaTmSeneblobisa da xelsawyoTmSeneblobis
sxvadasxva sferoebSi xSirad Cndeba spilenZisa da
foladis erTmaneTTan SeduRebis aucilebloba, rac
umravles
SemTxvevebSi
xorcieldeba
pirapira
SeerTebebSi. konstruqciis saxeobidan gamomdinare
nakerebi SeiZleba iyos Sinagani an garegani.
205
TiTberis
foladTan
SedurebisTvis
mizanewonilia airuli SeduReba, xolo wiTeli spilenZis
foladTan SeerTebisTvis rekomendebulia eleqtrokaluri SeduReba liTonis eleqtrodiT. kargi
SedegebiT xasiaTdeba flusis fenis qveS naxSiris
eleqtrodiT SeduReba da airuli SeduReba БМ-1
flusis gamoyenebiT.
erTnairi sisqis spilenZisa da foladis elemenebisTvis nawiburebis gamoyvana iseTivea, rogorc
Savi liTonebisTvis, nawiburebis gadaxsnas mimaraven
3 mm-sa da meti sisqeebis SemTxvevebSi. nawiburebis
kargi Cadnobis miReba gamoricxulia nawiburebis
arasakmarisi
gadaxsnis
SemTxvevebSi.
amitom
liTonebis didi sisqeebisTvis, romlebisTvisac
rekomendebulia
nawiburebis
X-ri
gamoyvana,
dablagvebis gakeTeba mizanSewonili araa.
spilenZis foladTan SeduReba sakmaod rTuli,
magram savsebiT Sesrulebadi amocanaa. igi waratebiTaa gadawyvetili qimiuri aparaturis detaebis,
spilenZis sadenebisa da foladis xundebis SeerTeebisTvis, romelTa simtkicis maCveneblebi savsebiT
akmayofileben praqtikul moTxovnebs.
kvleviT dadgenilia, rom spilenZis simtkice
izrdeba 2%-mde rkinis SeyvaniT, Semdgom ki adgili
aqvs simtkicis maCveneblebis daqveiTebas.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduReba xdeba pirdapiri
polarobis mudmiv denze Semdegi reJimebiT: denis
Zala _ 300-550 a (damokidebulia eleqtrodis
diametrze); rkalis Zabva _ 40-55 v; rkalis sigrZe _
14-20
mm.
gamoiyeneba
spilenZis
SeduRebisTvis
gankuTvnili flusebi, romliTac xdeba gamoyvanili
nawiburebis winaswari Sevseba. SeduRebas awarmoeben
`marcxena~ xerxiT.
206
spilenZis
salteebis
foladis
ReroebTan
SeerTebis saukeTeso Sedegebs Rebuloben `navur~
mdgomareobaSi SeduRebis dros, rac warmodgenilia
10.1. nax-ze. dasawyisSi xdeba spilenZis SeTboba,
xolo Semdgom, SeduReba naxSiris eleqtrodisa da
misarTi
masalis
gansazRvruli
ganlagebiT.
SeduRebis siCqare Seadgens 0,25 m/sT-s. spilenZisa da
Tujis SeduReba igive xerxebiT xdeba.
nax. 10.1. 1 – spilenZis salteebis foladis
ReroebTan SeduReba; spilenZis salte an lentebis
paketi; 2 _ naxSiris eleqtrodi; 3 _ misarTi masala;
4 _ foladis Rero; 5 _ grafitis sayalibe firfita.
saukeTeso SedegebiT xasiaTdeba mcire sisqis
(1,35 mm) daballegirebuli brinjaos 2,5 mm sisqis
foladTan pirgadadebuli SeerTebis avtomaturi
SeduReba, volframis eleqtrodiT argonis areSi.
207
SeduReba xdeba pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze
Semdegi reJimebiT: misarTi masalis diametri _ 1,8
mm; misarTi masalis mowodebis siCqare _ 70 m/sT;
denis Za,la _ 190 a; rkalis Zabva _ 11,5 v; SeduRebis
siCqare _ 28,5 m/sT. SeduRebis xarisxze gavlenas
axdens spilenZis mxridan pirgadadebulze rkalis
sworad
mimarTva,
rac
unda
ganxorcieldes
spilenZis
furclis
napiridan
garkveuli
dacilebiT.
spilenZi da TiTberi sakmaod kargad duRdeba
foladTan
SemolRvobiT
kontaqturi
pirapira
SeduRebis saSualebiT. am SemTxvevaSi foladis
namzadi ganicdis mniSvnelovan, xoo feradi liToni
umniSvnelo galRvobas (xvedriTi eleqtrowinaRobebis gansxvavebis gamo). am garemoebebis gamo
Casayenebel Sveris sidides Rebuloben foladisTvis 3,5d-s, TiTberisTvis 1,5d-s da spilenZisTvis
1,0d-s, sadac d _ SesaduRebeli Reroebis diametria.
Cajdomis xvedriTi wneva Seadgens 1,0-1,5 kg/mm2-ze.
spilenZis foladTan SeerTeba SesaZlebelia
dafaruli eleqtrodebiT rkaluri SeduRebiT. karg
Sedegebs
iZleva
K-100
markis
eleqtrodebis
gamoyeneba.
10.3. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan
SeduReba
fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebis gansxvavebis gamo
aluminisa da foladis SeduReba Zalian garTulebulia. aRniSnuli masalebis dauSleli SeerTeba
SesaZlebelia: dnobiT mxolod argonis areSi,
kirapira
kontaqturi
da
difuziur-vakuumuri
SeduRebis meTodebiT.
208
dnobiT
SeduRebis
procesSi
warmoiqmneba:
aluminis rkinasTan Senadnobebi; aluminisa da FeAl3is myari xsnarebi; sakmaod mtkice da myife
kristalSorisi SeerTebebi. am garemoebidan gamomdinare winaRobiT kontaqturi SeduReba ukeTes Sedegebs iZleva. SemolRvobiT SeduRebis dros SeirCeva iseTi reJimebi, romlebic ar axureben SesaerTebel detalebs, radganac warmoqmnili Zneldnadi
minarevebi praqtikulad ar ganicdian SemWidroebas
pirapiras Cajdomis procesSi. dnobiT SeduRebisas
rogori Txeli Sualeduri furCic ar unda iqnes
miRebuli,
SenaduRi nakeri mainc amaRlebuli
simtkiciT xasiaTdeba.
SenaduRi SeerTebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis
mizniT gamoiyeneba. xerxebi, romlebic ganapirobeben
spilenZisa da misarTi liTonis dnobas, xolo
foladis gadnobas gamoricxaven. aRniSnul xerxebs
miekuTvneba foladis namzadis nawiburebis sxvadasxva liTonebiT cxlad dafarvisa da galvanizaciis,
plazmuri dafrqvevisa da metalizaciis procesebi.
Sualeduri liToniT nawiburebis dafarvis
yvelaze martivi xerxia cxlad alitireba _
filadis nawiburebis gamdnar aluminSi amovleba,
dayovneba (40 wT-mde) da neli gaciveba. nawiburebis
dafarvis xerxis SerCeva xdeba konstruqciisTvis
simtkiceze wayenebuli moTxovnebidan, teqnikuri
SesaZleblobebidan da ekonomikuri mosazrebebidan
gamomdinare. 10.1 cxrilSi moyvanilia sxvadasxva
xerxebiT dafaruli nawiburebis argon-rkaluri
SeduRebiT miRebuli SeerTebebis simtkicis maCveneblebi. dafarvis saSualebiT nawiburebis momzadeba
mniSvnelovani
garTulebebis
sawindaria
sawarmoebebisTvis. amitom am xerxebs iyeneben konst-
209
ruqciebis mxolod wvrilmani kvanZebisTvis. gacilebiT ufro efeqturia sxvadasxva konstruqciebis
kvanZebSi elementebis bimetaluri CadgmebiT SeduReba, rac warmoqmnilia 10.2 nax-ze.
aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan SeduRebisTvis zogierT SemTxvevaSi SuaSred iyeneben
TuTiiTa da spilenZiT Sedgenil kombinirebul
dafarvebs (nax. 10.3). rkalis anTeba xdeba aluminis
nakeTobaze pirapiridan 1-2 mm-is daSorebiT. SeduReba warmoebs pirdapiri polarobis mudmiv denze
Semdegi reJimebiT: volfarmis eleqtrodis diametri
2-3 mm, denis Zala _ 80-130 a, SeduRebis siCqare _ 6-12
m/sT, misarT Reros diametri _ 2-3 mm.
cxrili 10.1.
argon-rkaluri SeduRebiT miRebuli aluminisa da
foladis SeerTebebis simtkice
misaduRebe
li
Senadnobis
marka
АД1
nawiburebis
dasafari
liToni
alumini
dafarvis
dadebis
xerxi
kala
cxlad
amovleba
galvanuri
cxlad
amovleba
АМц
alumini
TuTia
galvanuri
cxlad
amovleba
АМг
kala
cxlad
amovleba
liTonis
plakirebu
aluminis
plakirebuli
210
pirapira misarTi
SeerTebis liToni
simtkice,
kg/mm2
6,2-7,8
АК
7,4-7,6
7,4-7,8
9,1-9,5
9,8-10,1
6,2-9,8
10,8-15,0
2,6-3,5
АК
АМг5В
fena
АМг3
АМг
vercxli
TuTia
АМг6
ori fena
1. spilenZi
2. TuTia
TiTberi
TuTia
li
liTonis
Cadgma
igive
“ – “
galvanuri
galvanuri
cxlad
amovleba
galvanuri
6,7-9,6
8,2-9,8
5,7-18,4
11,1-15,0
10,2-15,6
АД1
11,6-20,7
9,0-18,7
galvanuri
5,0-8,0
АД
nax. 10.2. bimetaluri CadgmebiT folad-aluminis
SenaduRi kvanZebis sqema: 1 _foladi, 2 _ bimetali,
3 _ alumini.
211
nax. 10.3. aluminis Senadnobebis foladTan argonrkaluri SeduRebis sqema: 1 _ aluminis Senadnobi;
2 _ kombinirebuli dafarva; 3 _ foladi;
4 _ misarTi Rero.
10.4. spilenZis SeduReba aluminTa
spilenZisa da aluminis dnobiT SeduRebis ZiriTadi garTulebaa umravles SemTxvevaSi ganusazRvreli Sedgenilobis Znelad regulirebadi Senadnobebis warmoqmna. SenaduRi nakeris meqanikur Tvisebebze gavlenas axdens aluminSi spilenZis Semcveloba. SenadnobSi 12%-mde spilenZis Secvelobis
zrdiT gaWimvaze simtkice ar izrdeba, magram xdeba
siblantisa da koroziuli medegobis daqveiTeba.
alumin-spilenZis Senadnobebs 12%-ze meti spilenZis
SemcvelobiT gaaCnia midrekileba bzarebis warmoqmnisadmi, rac ganpirobebulia sakmaod maRali
simyifis maCveneblebiT.
aluminSi spilenZis xsnadoba 5480C temperaturaze SezRudulia 5,7%-mde, xolo evteqtika igive
temperaturaze Seicavs 33% spilenZs. qimiuri naerTi
212
CuCl2 warmoqmnis aluminSi spilenZis myari xsnaris
evteqtikas 54,1%-mde spilenZis SemcvelobiT.
naxSiris eleqtrodiT SeduRebuli aluminisa
da spilenZis pirapira SeerTeba dadebiT Sedegebs
ar iZleva. amitom eleqtrometalurgiaSi eleqtruli
kontaqtebis konstruqciebSi gamoyenebas naxulobs
sxvadasxva
feradi
liTonebis
e.w.
`klituri~
SeerTebebi, rac warmodgenilia 10.4 nax-ze.
nax. 10.4 spilenZis saltis aluminis saltesTan
`klituri~ SeerTeba: 1 _ aluminis salte, 2 _
spilenZis saltre, 3 _ daduRebuli liToni
`klituri~ SeerTebebi Semdegi teqnologiiT
mzaddeba: jer xdeba aluminis salteze dadgmuli
spilenZis saltis SeduReba mTel perimetrze misi
sisqis toli simaRlis nakeriT. Semdgom warmoebs
nakerebis
SemaerTebeli
daduReba.
amgvarad
warmoiqmneba aluminis Senadnobis Taviseburi saketi.
SeduReba
xorcieldeba
pirdapiri
polarobis
mudmivi deniT Semdeg reJimebze: aluminis sxmuli
misarTi Reros diametri _ 12-20 mm; grafitis
eleqtrodis diametri _ 15-20 mm; SeduRebis deni _
500-550 a; rkalis Zabva _ 50-60 v; rkalis sigrZe _ 2025 mm. gamdnari liTonis Sesakaveblad gamoiyeneba
grafitis firfitebiT Sedgenili yalibebi. SenaduR
SeerTebebSi aluminis salteebis sisqea 30 mm, xolo
spilenZis salteebis 10 mm. abazanis dacvisTvis
213
rekomendebulia aluminisTvis gankuTvnili flusebis gamoyeneba.
aluminis salteebisa da spilenZis bunikebis,
aluminis sadenebisa da spilenZis bunikebis SeerTebisTvis rekomendebulia kontaqturi pirapira
SeduReba. sakabelo warmoebaSi gamoyenebas naxulobs aluminisa da spilenZis sadenebis kondensatoruli pirapira SeduReba, romlis reJimebic
moyvanilia 10.2. cxrilSi.
cxrili 10.2.
spilenZisa da aluminis sadenebis kondensatoruli
pirapira SeduRebis reJimebi
SesaduRe- kondensat
beli
orebis
mavTulis tevadoba,
diametri,
mkf
mm
2,5
256
2,8
256
2,8
260
2,8
380
2,8
550
3,5
550
5,0
1000
kondensa SesaduRebel
torebis
detalebs
Zabva, v Soris sawyisi
daSoreba
1100
1400
1400
1350
1200
1500
1500
14
10
15
15
15
12
14
Cajdomis
Zalva, kg
150
150
150
160
175
160
175
samacivre warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba calkeuli
milakebis pirapira kontaqturi SeduReba. ufro Warbi raodenobiT dnobis gamo, aluminis dasayenebeli
sigrZe aiReba ufro meti, vidre spilenZis.
214
sarCevi
Sesavali
nawili I
saerTo sakiTxebi
Tavi I
liTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi
1.1. saerTo cnobebi liTonebsa da Senadnobebze
1.2 SenaduRi SeerTebebis ZiriTadi liToni
1.3. Savi da feradi liTonebis markireba
1.4. SenaduRi SeerTebebis Termuli damuSaveba
Tavi II
SeduRebis Teoriuli safuZvlebi
2.1. SeduRebis fizikuri arsi
2.2. SeduRebis dros gamoyenebuli energiis wyaroebi
2.3. SeduRebis xerxebis klasifikacia, SenaduRi
SeerTebebis tipebi, SenaduRi SeerTebebis
defeqtebi
Tavi III
SeduRebis ZiriTadi saxeebis mokle
daxasiaTeba
3.1. eleqtrorkaluri SeduReba
3.2. eleqtrowiduri SeduReba
3.3. airuli SeduReba
3.4. kontaqturi da wnexuri SeduReba
3.5. civad SeduReba
Tavi IV
saSemduReblo masalebi
4.1. saSemduReblo mavTuli
4.2. fxvnilgula mavTuli
215
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
4.7.
dafaruli eleqtrodebi
saSemduReblo flusebi
damcavi airebi
sawvavi airebi. acetileni
acetilenis Semcvleli sawvavi airebi
nawili II
SeduRebis teqnologia
Tavi 5
aluminis Senadnobebis teqnologia
5.1. aluminis Senadnobebis mokle daxasiaTeba
5.2. aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
5.3. aluminis Senadnobebis SeduRebis teqnologiuri
Taviseburebani
Tavi 6
magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
6.1. magniumis Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
6.2. magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
6.3. magniumis Senadnobebis SeduRebis teqnologiuri
Taviseburebani
Tavi 7
titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
7.1. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
7.2. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
7.3. titanisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani
216
Tavi 8
nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
8.1. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
8.2. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
8.3. nikelisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani
Tavi 9
spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologia
9.1. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis daxasiaTeba
9.2 spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebadobis
Taviseburebani
9.3 spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis SeduRebis
teqnologiuri Taviseburebani
Tavi 10
gansxvavebuli liTonebis SeduRebis teqnologia
10.1. feradi liTonebis Sav liTonebze daduReba
10.2. spilenZisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan
SeduReba
10.3. aluminisa da misi Senadnobebis foladTan
SeduReba
10.4. spilenZis SeduReba aluminTan
217
gamoyenebuli literatura
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
iakobaSvili s., babuciZe m. liTonebis dnobiT
eleqtrorkaluri SeduRebis teqnologia. Tb.,
2003 w.
Акулов А.И., Бельчук Г.А., Демянцевич В.П. Технология
и
оборудование
сварки
плавлением.
М.,
«Машиностроение», 1977.
Думов С.Н. Технология электрической сварки
плавлением. Л., «Машиностроение», 1978.
Китаев А.М., Китаев Я.А. Справочная книга сварщика.
М., «Машиностроение», 1985.
Никофоров Г.Д., Бобров Т.В., Никитин В.М., Дъяченко
В.В. Технология и оборудование сварки плавлением. М.,
«Машиностроение», 1986.
Подгаецкий В.В., Люборец И.И. Сварочные флюсы. К.,
Техника, 1984.
Походня И.К., Суптель А.М., Шлепаков В.П. Сварка
порошковой проволокой. К. Наукова думка, 1972.
Рыбаков В.М. Дуговая и газовая сварка. М., Высшая
школа, 1986.
Технология электрической сварки метталов и сплавов
плавлением. Под ред. акад. Патона Б.Е., М.
«Машиностроение», 1974.
Клячкин Я.Л. Сварка цветных металлов и их сплавов.
М., «Машиностроение», 1964.
Серенко А., Роянов В. Сварка. Введение в
специальность. Мариуполь. 1998.
218
SeduRebis terminebis mokle ganmartebebi da
leqsikoni
1. liTonis Sxefebi _ defeqti romelic warmoiqmneba SenaduRi
SeerTebis zedapirze gamdnari liTonis
wveTebis gamyarebiT
2. lilvaki _ SenaduRi nakeris liToni, romelic miiReba erTi gavliT daduRebiT an gadadnobiT
saSemduReblo abazana _ SesaduRebeli nakeris
liTonis nawili, romelic dnobiT SeduRebis dros
aris Txevad mdgomareobaSi
arapirdapiri moqmedebis _ romelic anTia or
eleqtrods Soris rkali
5. pirdapiri moqmedebis _ anTia eleqtrodsa da
SesaduRebel rkali nakeTobas Soris
6. daduReba _ dnobiT SeduRebis saSualebiT
liTonis
fenis dadeba nakeTobis zedapirze
7. misarTi liToni _ gamdnari ZiriTadi liTonis Sesavsebad
SeduRebis abazanaSi Seyvanili liToni
8. Seqceuli polaroba _ eleqtrodi mierTebulia kvebis wyaros dadebiT polusTan, xolo detali uaryofiTTan
9. pirdapiri polaroba _ eleqtrodi mierTebulia uaryofiT xolo nakeToba dadebiT polusTan
10. SenaduRi SeerTeba _ detalebis SeduRebiT
miRebuli dauSleli SeerTeba
11. bzarebi SenaduR _ nakerSi an mis mimdebare
zonaSi
SeerTebaSi naserebis an CanaWrebis saxis
219
aramTlianobebi
12. forebi nakerSi _ gamyarebul nakerSi airebiT Sevsebuli
sxvadasxva formis Rruebi
13. SenaduRi nakeri _ saSemduReblo abazanis
gamyarebuli
liToni
14. momWidi _ mokle nakeri asawyobi detalebis
fiqsaciisTvis
15. misarTi mavTuli _ gamoiyeneba mxolod misarT masalad
_ da ara eleqtrodad
16. saSemduReblo mavTuli _ aris rogorc
saeleqtrodo, aseve misarTi masalac
17. saeleqtrodo mavTuli _ saSemduReblo mavTuli, romelic gamoiyeneba dnobad eleqtrodad.
220
ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT
gadaeca
warmoebas
01.05.2009.
xelmowerilia
dasabeWdad
14.05.2009. qaRaldis zoma 60X84 1/16. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 13,5.
tiraJi 100 egz.
sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi,
kostavas 77