Hyperlinks

Hyperlinks
TEXT
2
UNCOVERING THE TEXT
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EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
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Shutterstock/Paul Paladin
Link 1
The Milky Way
Link 2
The Crystal Cave of Giants
TEXT
6
UNCOVERING THE TEXT
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EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
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COMMUNICATION BYTES
10
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LINK
1
TEXT
UNCOVERING THE TEXT
NAVIGATION
LOG IN
1 Look at the picture.
What is the text about?
2 Share your knowledge.
What do you know about
the Milky Way?
Shutterstock /Giovanni Benintende
THE MILKY WAY
GRAMMAR ITEMS
Verb to be:
present / past – p. 186
WORD BANK
band: faixa
believe: crer, acreditar
come: vir
dwarf: anão
encompass: rodear
Pluto: Plutão
speed: velocidade
star: estrela
within: dentro de
NOTES
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EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
LINK
COMMUNICATION BYTES
T
1
T02
he Milky W
ay is the co
mmon nam
encompas
e for the g
ses our sola
alaxy that
r system. T
the band o
h
e name co
f white ligh
me
t
that is see
sphere. Th
n across th s from
e first pers
philosophe
e celestial
on to men
r Democrit
tion it was
us.
t
h
e
Greek
The Milky W
ay is just o
ne
within the
Universe. It of billions of galaxie
s containe
is believed
years old a
d
to be more
nd contain
than 13 billi
s between
on
200 and 40
Scientists e
0 billion st
stimate th
a
rs.
at in 3 billio
Galaxy will
n years, th
collide wit
e
M
h
il
the Androm
ky Way
is making it
eda Galaxy
s way tow
ards us at
,
w
kilometers
hich
a speed of
per minute
a
b
o
ut 1,800
.
NINE PLANETS
Q: Is Pluto really a planet?
A: No. According to the IAU*, Pluto should be classified as a "dwarf
planet" a category distinct from regular planets.
Q: Are there any other dwarf planets in our solar system?
A: Yes. The newly discovered Eris is now classified as a dwarf planet.
Ceres, discovered in 1801, is another dwarf planet. The regular
planets in our solar system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
*IAU – International Astronomical Union
S U R P R IS IN
G SECOND
BLACK HO
WAY'S C E
NTER
LE FOUND
IN
M IL
KY
Astronome
rs think th
ey have fo
very near th
und a rare
e center of
if not uniq
the Milky W
them in th
ue black ho
at part of th
ay. That w
le
ould make
e galaxy. T
to the idea
two of
he discove
that black
ry
also adds w
holes com
medium an
e in three s
eight
d large.
izes, essen
ti
a
lly small,
The newly
detected o
bject appe
black hole
ars to be a
, packing a
n intermed
bout 1,300
roughly eq
iate mass
solar mass
ual to the m
e
s. One sola
ass of the
r mass is
sun.
Sources: www.space.com/milkyway/
www.nineplanets.org/intro.html
www.space.com/scienceastronomy/mystery_monday_041115.html
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UNCOVERING THE TEXT
1 Reading Strategy: Read the first three paragraphs and find words similar to
Portuguese.
TOPIC
Via Láctea
TEXT TYPE
Check the correct answer.
article
common
name
galaxy
solar
band
celestial
sphere
Greek
billion
Universe
contain
scientists
collide
kilometers
per minute
interview
philosopher
estimate
2 Check the best meaning for the underlined words.
1. The Milky Way is just one of billions of galaxies contained within the
Just = falso
Universe.
a.
exactly
b.

only
biography

system
cognato; nesse
contexto, significa
‘apenas’
2. Scientists estimate that in 3 billion years, the Milky Way Galaxy will
collide. . .
a.
letter
like
b.

calculate
3 The sentence “The Andromeda Galaxy is making its way towards us” means
Por razões de pronúncia e
significado, optamos por usar
o termo "text type" em vez de
"genre". Ver Manual pág. 15.
READING
STRATEGIES
Identifying cognates:
Cognatos são palavras
com a mesma origem
e o mesmo significado.
Exemplos: solar, space.
Quando elas têm
diferentes significados são
chamadas falsos cognatos.
that:
Para habituar o aluno a trabalhar com as palavras essenciais em vez de tentar
entender palavra por palavra.
a. 
The Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Earth.
b.
The Andromeda Galaxy is traveling away from the Earth.
4 Underline the words that are essential to the meaning.
Scientists estimate that in 3 billion years, the Milky Way Galaxy will collide
with the Andromeda Galaxy.
5 Answer the questions.
1. How old is the Milky Way?
13 billion years old
2. Are Eris and Pluto regular planets?
No. They are dwarf planets.
RELATED ITEMS
Multi Wavelength
Images of the Milky Way
The Structure of the
Milky Way
4
3. Who was Democritus?
A Greek philosopher
FORUM
Are we alone in the Universe?
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EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
RESOURCES
1 Find opposites in the text for the highlighted words.
first
1. He is always the last person to arrive.
2. My little brother loves the story of Finn McCool,
the Good Giant.
dwarf
common
3. Democritus is an uncommon name, isn’t it?
Suffixes
Letra ou grupo de letras
colocadas no final de uma
palavra. Podem criar novas
palavras ou mudar seu
significado e sua categoria.
Exemplos: danger,
dangerous, dangerously.
2 Add -y to form adjectives. Then complete the sentences with the
appropriate words.
milk
y
rain
y
sun
fun
y
cloud
y
sleep
y
noise
y
cream
y
wind
y
dream
y
fog
gy
flower
y
1. It’s a
sunny
2. I get sad on
cloudy/rainy
sleepy
Spelling
Quando se adiciona o
sufixo -y nas palavras
terminadas em vogal/
consoante, dobra-se a
consoante.
Exemplo: fog – foggy.
day! Let’s go to the beach!
days.
3. You should read this book. It’s very
4. I am
ny
funny
.
today because I danced all night long.
3 The words below are related to Astronomy. Check the ones you know. Are
they cognates? Answers will vary.
atmosphere
asteroid
astronaut
nebula
astronomy
constellation
eclipse
orbit
falling star
galaxy
meteor
Sun
meteorite
meteor shower
moon
star
planet
satellite
Zodiac
Os cognatos são mais comuns na área científica porque a maioria das palavras vem do Latim.
For other words related to
Astronomy, go to:
www.enchantedlearning.
com/dictionarysubjects/
astronomy.shtml
For further information
about suffixes, go to:
www.sk.com.br/sk-morfo.
html
PERSONAL PRODUCTION
Write some sentences about three of your friends.
Answers will vary.
(he / person / mention)
He was the first person to mention my name. . .
1. she / girl / read
2. we / people / think about
3. they / guys / plan
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LINK
2
TEXT
UNCOVERING THE TEXT
NAVIGATION
LOG IN
1 Look at the picture.
Is the text about outer
space? What is the text
about?
2 Share your knowledge.
What do you know about
the Sistine Chapel? What
do you know about giant
crystals?
THE CRYSTAL CAVE
OF GIANTS
T03
[1]
mine. It was first discovered in 1794.
[2]
In April 2000, two brothers were drilling a new tunnel
when they discovered a crystal cave. Inside it there are
some of the largest natural crystals on Earth: weighing
up to 55 tons.
[3]
It is “the Sistine Chapel of crystals,” says the geologist
García-Ruiz.
[4]
When entering the mine you get helmets, lanterns, rubber
boots, and gloves. A truck drives you approximately
1,000* feet down and almost half a mile along. The
temperature and humidity get extremely uncomfortable.
[5]
At the end of a tunnel there is the aperture of the cavern
itself. The cavern has an impressive cathedral-like
appearance. The heat is so intense, one can only remain
inside for a short period of time.
[6]
Geologists report that there is a magma chamber two to
three miles below the mountain. The heat from this lava
travels up into the mine and super-heated fluids form the
crystals. In the cave, you feel the heat from the magma
deep below.
[7]
“There is no other place on the planet,” García-Ruiz said,
“where the mineral world reveals itself in such beauty.”
GRAMMAR ITEMS
There is / There are –
There was / There were – p. 188
WORD BANK
appearance: aparência
cave: caverna
deep: fundo, profundo
drill: perfurar
feel: sentir
heat: calor
largest: a maior
remain: permanecer
uncomfortable: desconfortável
NOTES
The Naica Mine of Chihuahua, Mexico, is a working
* 1 foot = 0.3048 meters
Sources: www.crystalinks.com/mexicocrystals.html
http://garciaruiz.com/JuanMa.html
http://thehouseofcrystals.com
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COMMUNICATION BYTES
LINK
2
Javier Trueba/MSF/Science Photo Libary
/SPL DC Latinstock
EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
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UNCOVERING THE TEXT
1 Answer the questions.
1. Is the temperature in the mine comfortable?
TOPIC
Cristais / Cavernas
No, it is very hot and humid
2. What is there below the crystal cave?
A magma chamber.
3. Are there many similar places on Earth?
TEXT TYPE
No, there are not.
Check the correct answer.
biography
2 Find the paragraphs that contain the following information:
1. the mine location
blog
report

interview
1st paragraph
2. what is inside the cave
2nd
3. the appearance of the cave
5th
4. how the crystals are formed
6th
5. the geologist’s opinions
Fazer com que o aluno
localize a ideia principal
de um parágrafo ou
texto. Levar o aluno
a perceber que não
é preciso entender
todas as palavras para
entender o texto.
3rd and 7th
3 Underline the words that are essential to the meaning.
READING
STRATEGIES
Talking about the theme:
Trocar ideias sobre o
assunto de um texto vai
ampliar seu conhecimento
sobre o tema e prepará-lo
melhor para a leitura.
RELATED ITEMS
Volcano
Volcano Vocabulary
Parts of a Volcano
8
In April 2000, two brothers were drilling a new tunnel when they discovered
a crystal cave. Inside it there are some of the largest natural crystals on
Earth.
4 Read the paragraph below and find eight cognates.
At the end of a tunnel there is the aperture of the cavern itself. The cavern
has an impressive cathedral-like appearance. The heat is so intense one can
only remain inside for a short period of time.
tunnel
cavern
cathedral
intense
aperture
impressive
appearance
period
Nesse exercício, o aluno deve perceber a presença dos cognatos e as semelhanças entre as duas
línguas. Esse tipo de observação o auxiliará a desvendar o texto.
FORUM
Why does the geologist compare
the cave to the Sistine Chapel?
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EXPANDING THE VOCABULARY
RESOURCES
1 Find words with similar meaning in the text.
1. A truck drives you almost 1,000 feet down.
approximately
2. The temperature in the mine is not comfortable.
uncomfortable
cavern/chamber
3. There are crystals in the room.
2 Add -ly to form adverbs. Then complete the sentences with the
appropriate words.
entire
entirely
extreme
approximate
approximately
angry
dangerously
dangerous
extremely
1. She was
extremely
angrily
frequently
frequent
sad after the funeral.
angrily
2. He shouted at me
.
approximately
3. The bank is not far–
inside
on up to
1. They discovered the largest crystals
2. The temperature
3. A bus can drive you
4.
Inside
in
down
down
below
on
Earth.
New York was 10˚C
below
zero.
the road.
the cave the temperature can go
up to
1.
2.
Preposition
Indica a relação entre
elementos mencionados
na sentença. Exemplo:
She walks around the
lagoon.
50˚C.
4 Match the words from the box to their definitions.
Geology
Spelling
Ao receber o sufixo -ly:
• palavras terminadas em -e
perdem o -e: comfortable
– comfortably
• palavras terminadas em
consoante + y, troca o
-y por -i: angry – angrily.
two blocks down the street.
3 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions from the box.
in
Suffixes
O sufixo -ly transforma
adjetivos em advérbios.
Exemplos: gentle – gently,
kind – kindly.
Geography
Geography
is the study of the earth and its lands, features,
inhabitants, and phenomena.
For further information
about prepositions, go to:
www.englishpage.
com/prepositions/
prepositions.html
Geology
is the study of the earth, the materials of which it is
made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them.
PERSONAL PRODUCTION
Describe three places in your neighborhood. Answers will vary.
At the end of the road
At the end of the road there is a park. . . .
1. At the end of the street . . .
2. Near my house . . .
3. In front of my school . . .
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NET COOKIES
Shutterstock/D
avid5962
Role Play: Practice this situation with a partner. Then exchange
roles. Use the conversation above as a model. You’re new in town and need to buy
a present for your mother. Ask your neighbor for help.
ck/Factoria
A: Excuse me. Where is the painting The Last
Judgment by Michelangelo?
B: Oh, it’s a fresco inside the Sistine Chapel. Walk
along this alley. At the end of the alley turn left
and then left again.
A: Left and left?
B: Yes. The painting is on the wall behind the altar.
A: Thanks a lot.
B: You’re welcome.
Singular Fo
tografia
T04
Shuttersto
CHATTING — Asking for directions
Read the text below.
Vatican Museum and Sistine Chapel Hours
From April 1 to October 31: 8.45–16.45
From November 1 to March 31: 8.45–13.45
Closed all Sundays and holidays, except for the
last Sunday of the month when the museum is
open with free admission.
Source: http://www.christusrex.org
Now visit the link and talk to your partner.
What is this site about? What languages is it written in?
Would you like to visit the Vatican Museum and the
Sistine Chapel? Why?/Why not?
This site is about matters concerning God and other religious sites. It is written in English and Latin.
Answers will vary.
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Review • links 1 and 2
1 Check the correct answers to fill in the blanks.
1. The Sun heats the
a.
volcano
Earth
2. The Naica Mine in Mexico is
a.
a type of museum
a glacial mine
hot-like
discovers
6. Your uncle
a.
to have
b. 
has
7. There
last night.
a.  were
b.
was
8. How many planets
solar system?
a.  are
b.
9. There
a.
b. 
10. There
a.
b.
is
are
is
are
have

appearance.
cathedral-like
house-like
d.
to discover
c.
.
large
d.

intense
a beautiful house.
c.
haves
d.
have
many people at the concert
c.
are
d.
is
rmakin
rubber
a working mine
the caves in 2000.
c.
discover
5. Inside the mine the heat is
a.
low
b.
c.

d.
4. The miners
a.  discovered
b.
c.
.
a chapel
d.
3. The cavern has an impressive
a.
volcano-like
b.
mine
k/Andrey Bu
b.
d.
Shutterstoc
b. 
by sending its rays across the space.
c.
crystal
there in the
c.
were
d.
was
nothing better than fresh water.
c.
aren’t
d.
isn’t
a huge truck and two motorcycles in front of my gate.
c.  is
d.
has
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Review • links 1 and 2
2 Complete the paragraph with the correct words from the box below.
1. a. is
b. was
c. were
2. a. special
b. specially
c. actual
3. a. in
b. on
c. at
4. a. dangerous
b. dangerously
c. danger
5. a. below
b. outside
c. up to
Global warming
is
perhaps the most complicated
(1)
issue that world leaders have to face nowadays. The scientific
community has been warning society about the buildup of humanrelated greenhouse gases for a long time. These gases are produced
specially
by the burning of fossil fuels and forests.
(2)
As a result, the average temperature
on
Earth
(3)
has been increasing and several variations in natural phenomena
have been observed. Global warming will cause sea levels to
rise and will expand subtropical deserts, which can be very
dangerous
.
(4)
Some reports say that temperatures may rise
up to
(5)
6.4°C during the 21
st
century.
3 How many words related to Astronomy can you remember? Answers will vary.
Planets
Milky Way
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