“mesxi movida mkvidri ayarao”.

udis itoria
2006 weli
udis istoria
Cveni winaprebi Zveli welTaRricxviT 122-125 wlebSi Rvinis xarks uxdidnen
asirielebs. asiriis mefe sargoni ase aRwers Tavis barbarosobas: “me davwvi
mSvenieri sadgomebi, me avCexe maTi xexilis baRebi da uricxvi venaxebi. me bolo
movuRe mTel maT sasmels da udabnod vaqcie es qveyana.”
vin moTvlis ramdeni Tavganwirva dasWirdaT qarTvel tomebs, raTa axali,
bednieri cxovrebis gzaze daeyenebinaT TavianTi dabeCavebuli qveyana.
asirielebis mier musxebis – mosxebis (mesxebis) Cagvras bolo mouRo
kimerelTa tomis Sesevam asiriaSi. amis Semdeg qarTvelTa tomebi iZulebulni
gamxdaran
daetovebinaT
CrdiloeTiT
Zveli
wamosuliyvnen
da
sacxovreblebi
dRevandeli
da
samxreTidan
saqarTvelos
dasaxlebulan (Tumca dRevandeli mesxeTis teritoriaze
ufro
teritoriaze
mesxebis nawili mainc
cxovrobda). am droidan moyolebuli qarTvelTa tomebis arseboba mcire aziaSi
qreba.
“muSkebi” anu mesxebi dasaxlebulan dRevandeli samcxis teritoriaze,
mcire nawili dasaxlebula dRevandeli adigenis raionis erT-erT uZveles
adgilas “udis velze” (dRevandel udivlebze), sadac manamdec cxovrobdnen
mesxTa tomebi.
dRevandel
sof.
udis
samxreT
aRmosavleTiT
“mamulaT
wyarosa”
da
“askilovanebis” Tavze mdebareobs nasoflari “udis veli”. arqeologebi am
nasoflars meoTxe aTaswleulis nasoflarad Tvlian, aq aris gorasamarxebi
(yorRanebi).
ai ras wers “ganaxlebuli mesxeTi” 1976 wlis pirveli maisis nomerSi
arqeologTa eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli oTar RambaSiZe: “aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua
brinjaos xana msxvil tomTa gaerTianebis xanaa. swored Cvens mier xsenebul
mxareSi Cvens mier mikvleuli yorRanebi msgavsad TrialeTisa, tomis beladebs
an dawinaurebul did ojaxebs Tu gvaris wevrebs ekuTvniT. am TvalsazrisiT
sof. udeSi (udivlebi – udis velebi) mikvleuli gorasamarxebi (yorRani),
1
romelic
garegnuli
niSnebiT
did
msgavsebas
hpovebs
mtkvris
zemo
welSi
cnobil kamerian gorasamarxebTan.
aqedan gamomdinare dRevandeli sofel udis winamorbedad unda CaiTvalos
uZvelesi nasoflari “udis veli”, saidanac mosaxleoba IV-III aTas wleulSi
Camosaxlda da daiwyo cxovreba dRevandeli udis teritoriaze. Camosaxlebul
mosaxleobas
“udis
velis”
nacvlad
unda
daerqmiaT
ude,
radgan
axali
dasaxleba xev-ReleebiT, gorak-borcvebiT, gauvali tyiT yofila dafaruli da
ar hqonia vel-mindori, ris gamoc sityva “veli” TavisTavad CamoSorda da
rogorc Cans sofels saxeli “ude” darqmevia.
winaparTa gadmocemiT, dRevandeli udis Semogareni dafaruli yofila
xSiri, gauvali Sereuli tyiT. aRniSnuls adasturebs is, rom maqandaraSvilebis
saxls
Zelad
gamoyenebuli
hqonia
askilis
xe,
romlis
gulSi
katebi
Tavisuflad Zvrebodnen.
udis saxelis warmoSobis Sesaxeb zogierT mkvlevars Tavisi Sexeduleba
aqvs. mkvlevari vano merabiSvilis azriT ude uZveles periodSi unda yofiliyo
“SuSan qalaqis” saxelwodebiT.
vano merabiSvili (soflis mkvidri) 1897 wlis Jurnal “kvalSi” werda: es
naqalaqevi – samgzis aris aoxrebuli Tavisi dasabamidan”, rogorc saqarTvelos,
ise udis amaoxreblad asaxelebs murvan yrus, Temur lengsa da ukanasknelad
TurqTa Semosevebs da bolos ase amTavrebs: naqalaqevs Sno da Sexeduleba
dahkargvia Temur lengis aoxrebis Semdego.
vano merabiSvilis es mosazreba ar unda iyos swori, radgan udis mTlian
dasaxlebas ki ar rqmevia “SuSan – qalaqi”, aramed mis erT-erT ubans, sadac
cxovrobdnen am soflis batoni stefane da misi meuRle SuSana SaxburaZeebi. (es
adgili
dResac
SuSanqalas
saxels
atarebs).
rogorc
TviTon
mkvlevari
gadmogvcems am ubanSi arsebuli eklesia da batonis sasaxle murvan yrus
daungrevia da batoni stefane SaxburaZe wamebiT mouklavs. mis qvrivs SuSanas
dangreuli sasaxle da eklesia auSenebia Tavisi xarjiT, igi didi SeZlebuli
batonis – anton xurciZis Svili yofila.
2
unda vivaraudoT, rom ubani sadac cxovrobda stefanes qvrivi SuSana,
qmris sikvdilis Semdeg man ise moawyo, rom am ubnis mosaxleobam “SuSanas
qalaqi” Searqva, xolo udis mTlian dasaxlebas ki dasabamidan ude unda
rqmeoda da ara “SuSanqalaqi”.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom SaxburaZeebs memkvidre ar darCeniaT da
udesac mas Semdeg batoni – Tavadi aRar hyolia.
baton
ilia
maisuraZes
(docenti)
ramdenime
variantad
aqvs
mocemuli
sofel udis saxelis warmoSobis sakiTxi.
erT-erT
navsayudeblad
naleqebi
variantSi
miiCnevs,
adasturebs,
igi
udes
navebis
sinamdvileSi
rom
mTeli
udis
TavSesafrad,
teritoriaze
saqarTvelo
da
sadgomad
arsebul
dRevandeli
anu
zRviuri
mesxeTis
teritoria daaxloebiT sami milioni wlis winaT dafaruli yofila wyliT da
maRali mTebi ki kunZulebis saxiT yofila warmodgenili, romlebzedac xarobda
tropiruli mcenareuloba, amis erT-erTi
wyebaSi
arsianis
qedis
aRmosavleTiT
damadasturebeli faqtia goderZis
kalTaze
gaqvavebuli
tye,
xolo
“kisaTibis” teritoriaze (axalcixis raioni) diatomitis maRaroSi Tevzebis
anabeWdebi.
mesameulis bolos da meoTxeulis dasawyisSi vulkanebis amofrqvevebma,
dedamiwis xSirma ryevebma da zedapiris awev-dawevam gamoiwvia zRvis ukan daxeva,
ris gamoc unda vivaraudoT, rom ude navebis TavSesafari unda yofiliyo,
radgan zRvis arsebobis dros udis teritoria wyliT iqneboda dafaruli,
navebis TavSesafari sadgomi SesaZlebelia yofiliyo maRlobebze – arsianis,
euSeTisa da fersaTis mTebis kalTebze.
zogierTis
TvalsazrisiT
ude
ucxouri
warmoSobis
sityvaa,
arc
es
Sexedulebaa swori: ude Cveni azriT uZvelesi qarTuli sityvidan iRebs saTaves,
es
aris
“yude”,
rac
sadgoms,
TavSesafars
niSnavs
(ixileT
qarTuli
enis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni). sityva yude-s didi xania aRar xmaroben saqarTveloSi.
es sityva daiviwyes, mxolod “yuda” megrulSi, WanurSi da lazurSi gvaqvs yudes
saxiT, igi iqac sacxovrebel saxls-binas niSnavs, rogorc vxedavT mas aso “y”
daukargavs, misi naSTi erTgvari xmovnis saxiT mainc ismis.
3
dRevandel sofel udeSi yvela gvars Tavisi ubani hqonia da TiToeuli
gavri erT ojaxad cxovrobda (TiTo ojaxSi 15-30 sulamde), rasac jalabobas
eZaxdnen. mtris Semosevebis dros TiToeuli gvaris wevrebi erTiandebodnen da
erT binaSi (darbazSi – didi oda) afarebdnen Tavs. xolo mamakacebi iaraRiT
icavdnen Sesasvlel kars.
Zvelad udis mosaxleoba cxovrobda miwur binebSi, romlis kedlebi naSeni
iyo mxolod qviT, romlis sisqe metramde aRwevda, zemodan daxuruli iyo
dauxerxavi msxvili xe-tyiT, romelsac zemodan dayrili hqonda erT metramde
miwa. umetes binebs
fanjrebi hqonda zemodan, romelsac ewodeboda gvirgvini da
buxarSi datanebuli hqonda celi, rom buxridan mtris Camosvla SeuZlebeli
yofiliyo.
TiToeul
sajalabo
binas
hqonda
ori
gasasvleli
bakebiT
mezoblebTan an sxva gvarTan saWiro SemTxvevaSi dasakavSireblad. ai aseTi
binebi warmoadgenda mtrisgan Tavdacvis saSualebas
sabolood sityvebi “yuro”-c da “yude”-c myudro TavSesafar adgilad
unda miviCnioT, romlisaganac unda iyos soflis saxeli ude warmoSobili.
batoni
warmoSobas
d.
kokoriZe
Tavis
mconde
werilSi
(docenti)
arasworad
udisa
asabuTebs
da
da
misi
srul
mosaxleobis
ucodinarobas
amJRavnebs. man, rom udis istoriuli warsuli kargad icodes maSin ar dawerda
imas, rom ude da misi mosaxleoba SavSeTis – udinebis teritoriidan iyvnen
gadmosuli da enad sargeblobdnen albanel da azerbaijanel tomebs, man unda
icodes, rom ude uZvelesi sofelia mesxeTSi da misi mosaxleoba (mesxeTis) anu
Zveli (muSkebis) STamomavlebi arian da uxsovari droidan cxovroben udis
teritoriaze.
1956
wels
sofeli
udeSi
aRmoCenil
ganZs
maqandaraSvilis
binasTan
mecnierebi Zveli welTaRricxvis me-10-e - me-11-e sauukuneebs miakuTvneben.
Tu es asea sofeli ude uZvelesi warmoSobis mWidrod dasaxlebuli sofeli
unda iyos. gadmocemiT dRevandeli raionul centrs da raions Zvelad adigvens
eZaxdnen, rac TiTqos niSnavs mdinaris lamaz xeobas. CvenTvis gaurkvevelia, Tu
es
saxelwodeba
saidan
an
visgan
warmosdgeba,
Tumca
amJamadac
lamazi
Sesaxedavia, droTa ganmavlobaSi saxe icvala saxelwodebam da darCa adigeni.
4
sofeli ude raionuli centris – adigenis samxreT-aRmosavleT 10 km ze
mdebaroebs. mdinare qvablianis marjvena sanapirodan, eruSeTis mTis gorakborcvian kalTebzea Sefenili, romelsac dasavleTidan (kiaTxevis) xeoba Caudis
da cixis qarafovani sali klde akravs sartyeliviT, xolo samxreTidan ufro
maRali
gorak-borcviani
saqoriebi,
nanaseri
da
zegani,
romlsac
udivlebi,
maRlidan
xolo
dahyurebs
aRmosavleTidan
(zaqoriebi)
sofel
arals
uerTdeba, ude zRvis donidan 1200 metris simaRleze mdebareobs, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia
xangrZlivi
da
sakmaod
civi
zamTari.
ianvris
saSualo
temperatura aris 3-6 gradusi. xolo afsoluturi erTeulebi 25-28 gradusamdec
aris. zafxuli xanmokle da grilia. ivlisisa da agvistos temperatura +20-25
gradusamde meryeobs, naleqebis wliuri raodenoba meryeobs 550-dan 650 mm-mde.
naleqebis maqsimaluri raodenoba modis gazafxulze (100mm-mde) xolo ianvarSi –
30 dan 40-mde. wlis ganmavlobaSi naleqiani dReebi daaxloebiT 130-mde gvxvdeba,
magram zafxuli mainc ZiriTadad gvalviani icis. Tovli modis noembris III
dekadidan Tebervlis bolomde, romlis sisqe 50sm farglebSi meryeobs, Tovlis
arsebobis xangrZlivoba xSirad 110 dRemde meryeobs, qarbuqiani dReebi icis
zamTris periodSi, Tumca igi iSviaTi movlenaa, xSirad zafxulobiT maisis
TveSi icis wayinvebi. ris gamoc ziandeba xexilis baRebi da aRmocenebuli
sxvadasxva erTwliani kulturebi. aseve did zians ayenebs sas. sam. kulturebs
setyva, romelic arc ise iSviaTia.
Tu mesxeTis istorias Tvals gadavavlebT Cven davrwmundebiT, rom Zvelad
es adgili myudrod dasaxlebul mxared iTvleboda. magram JamTa siavem mospo
da
nacartutad
aqcia
bevri
sofeli,
qalaqi,
cixe-monasteri
da
eklesia.
mosaxleobis didi nawili mterTa brZolaSi ganadgurda, nawili mterma tyved
waiyvana, nawilma Tavi Seafara saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxares, amitom gaCnda
Tqmuleba saqarTveloSi “mesxi movida mkvidri ayarao”.
umetesoba gamahmadianda, xolo nawilma ki didi tanjva wamebiT da vaivaglaxiT
SeinarCuna
Tavisi
erTeulma
sofelma
TavianTi
qarTuli
erovnuli
saxe,
ena
mtkice
da
sarwmunoeba.
nebisyofiTa
da
samcxis
gmiruli
brZolebiT daicves TavianTi erovnuli Rirebuleba, romelTa ricxvebSia mraval
5
Wirgadanaxadi sofel udis mosaxleoba, romelsac Tavisi mravalsaukunovani
brZolebiT,
SeudrekelobiT,
ukuugdiaT
Semoseuli
mteri
da
mxurvale
furclebiT
SeuvsiaT mesxeTis istoria. amitom SemTxveviT rodis eZaxian udes
“legendebisa, miTebisa da gmirTa budes”.
qarTvel xalxs aRmoaCnda didi Sinagani Zala, rom gaeZlo am udidesi
qarSxlisaTvis,
romelic
saukuneebis
manZilze
saqarTvelo
aziis
qveynebis
sabrZolo asparezad iyo qceuli. adamians, rom saswaulisa sjerodes, maSin
albaT saswaulad unda miiCnios is ambavi, rom qarTvelma xalxma da maT
ricxvSi udis mosaxleobam mesx xalxTan erTad dRemde moaRwia.
mZime saSinao politikuri viTarebis Sedegad samcxe-javaxeTidan 300-ze
meti sofeli ganadgurda arabTa batonobis periodSi. 735-738 wlebSi murvan yrus
rom daungrevia da gadauwvia saqarTvelos soflebi da qalaqebi, maT Soris
igive bedi swvevia udesac, rasac adasturebs udis teritoriaze gaTxrebis
monacemebi.
xangrZlivi Sesvenebis Semdeg 1235 wels monRolebi ipyroben saqarTvelos.
manmade ki Cvens tanjul qveyanas 5-jer Semoesia xvarazmis Sahis Svili jal-aleddinis razmi, ris Sedegadac dasustebul saqarTvelos advilad imorCileben
monRoli noinebi – CormaRani, CaRata, giCo da sxva. monRolTa batonobis
periodSi
saqarTveloSi
700
sofeli
aRigava
pirisagan
miwisa.
monRolTa
batonobis Semdeg iranisa da TurqeTis 50 wlianma gauTavebelma brZolebma
saqarTvelos mimart, TurqeTi – saqarTvelos 100 wlianma omma qarTveli xalxi
gandgurebis gzamde miiyvana da maT Soris yvelaze metad samxreT saqarTvelom
Tavis mxrebze gadaitana muslimanTa samsaukunovani batonoba. am xnis manZilze
maT ara marto gaZarcves da daarbies mosaxleoba, aramed mis did nawils
muqariT, cecxliTa da maxviliT mahmadianoba miaRebines.
iraneli
istorikosis
iskander
mumSis
cnobiT
Sah
abasma
1616
wlis
laSqrobis dros kaxeTidan iranSi 130 aTasze meti qarTveli gadaasaxla. dRes
maTi
STamomavlebi
iranis
sxvadasxva
provinciebSi
cxovroben,
aseTi
bedi
sweviaT mesxeT-javaxeTidan wayvanil tyveebsac, romlebic ardabilis olqSi
dausaxlebiaT, maT Soris sofeli udidanac bevri yoliaT wayvanili da udelebs
6
ardabilis olqSi sacxovrebel adgilisaTvis TavianTi sofelis saxeli “ude”
daurqmeviaT. 1590-1595 wlebSi, roca Turq-osmalebma sabolood daipyres samxreT
saqarTvelo, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT mosaxleobis nawilma miatova saxl kari
da gaqceviT uSvela Tavs, xolo zogma mama-papis kera ver miatova. mesxeTis
mosaxleobis didi nawilma, ise rogorc udis 60 sxvadasxva gvaris 135 ojaxma,
romlebic darCnen TurqTa tyveobaSi. im dros TurqTa dampyroblebma mesxeTis
mosaxleobis uZrav-moZravi qoneba aRweres da Semdeg “ vilaieTebad”, olqebad
da raionebad dayves.
im periodisaTvis udis mosaxleobisaTvis dabegrili komlTa raodenoba
Seadgenda
135
ojaxs
raodenobiT,
rogorc
(daaxloebiT
3/5
kg)
da
sofeli
naturiT
ixdida
ise
Sefasebuli
gadasaxads
fuladadac,
yofila
12
(isfenjs)
maSin
aRCad.
erTi
30000
qila
gadasaxadi
axCis
xorbali
dawesebuli
yofila soflis meurneobis produqtebzec, miqazec, wisqvilzec, yofila agreTve
saqorwilo
gadasaxadic,
romliTac
ibegrebodnen
gasaTxovari
da
dasaqorwinebeli axalgazrdebi da qvrivi qalebi.
TurqTa batonobis periodSi 1959 wlidan 1828 wlamde ude did raionul
centrad
ivleboda,
Sedioda
axalcixis
“vilaieTSi”,
udis
raionSi
am
periodisaTvis 58 sofeli Sedioda. ude, mediani, zemo da qveme orWoSani, irqa,
bolajuri, wyise, qvemo da zemo mareli, zemo zanavi eklesiiTurT, Sua zanavi
anu wina zanavi, gomaro, lelovani, qvemo farexa, arali, RorZe meore, yoraSeni,
kaxareTi, CorCani, yaraTubani, samyre, valisoni, xona, dunesi, derceli, sairmia,
CorCisi, somexTubani, xuro, xura, WobaSeni, CofaSeni, avxeri, zemo moxe, qvemo
moxe, kexovani, amxa, CanCafuri, didi mlaSe, zazalo (saZalo), ZinZe adgiliT,
utyisubani, natenaanT ubani, warbasubani, kortuxeTi, zarTa, osieTi anu osiZe,
zakuleTi,
avazana,
evabijvari,
xerTvisi,
saTleli,
ialaRi
Tlili,
erema,
gorgamlaSe, Cairi udis rabaTTan, patra mlaSe, arzne, qvemo zanavi, gorguli,
sofel zarzmis eklesia, taZaro, flatesTan sofeli, smarza sofel zarzmasTan.
Turqul
wyaroebSi
daxmarebiT
moipova
vkiTxulobT:
gamarjveba
“aTabagma
aTabagobis
yvaryvare
pretendent
III–m
yizilbaSebis
manuCarze,
romelmac
yizilbaSebs osmalebi daupirispira yizil ahmed begis meTaurobiT. manuCari
7
qarTveli
yizil
ahmed
oRlisTan
erTad,
romelic
sulTan
seimis
erTi
amiraTagani iyo rumiidan saqarTveloSi Camovida, raTa yvaryvaresaTvis qveyana
waerTmia
da
misTvis
mieca
(manuCarisaTvis).
“yvaryvare
maT
Seeba
yaraja-
ardahanSi da gaimarjva”.
cnobilia. rom yvaryvare III-is periodSi did Turqobis drosac ude did
raionuli centri yofila, romelsac ganagebda vinme aznauri “andromani”.
jer kidev osmaleTi XV saukunis meore naxevridan, samxreT saqarTveloSi
iWreba da aqedan iwyeba saqarTvelos dapyroba, ori agresiuli saxelmwifos –
TurqeTisa da iranis gauTavebeli brZolebi, xolo XVI saukunis 90-ian wlebSi
Turqebi samudamod epatronebian samxreT saqarTvelos.
8
udis istoriuli Zeglebi
Cvens winaprebs jer kidev antikur periodSi soflis dasavleTiT augiaT
cixe,
romlis
mimdebare
teritorias
dResac
xandakis
saxeliT
moixsenebs
mosaxleoba (xandakebs dResac eZaxis xalxi cixis mimdebare teritoriebs, sadac
aris
amoTxrili
garemosTan,
didi
mtris
ormoebi,
Semosevebis
romlebic
dros
daxuruli
mters
gzas
da
Sexamebuli
ormoebisken
iyo
aZlevdnen,
ormoebSi Cacvenilebs zemodan qvebiT xocavdnen). aRniSnuli cixe miwisqveSa
gvirabebiT
dakavSirebuli
Semosevebisagan
yofila
mosaxleobas
daecva
soflis
Tavi,
calkeul
sofeli
ude
ubnebTan,
uZveles
raTa
periodSi
mdidari yofila istoriuli ZeglebiT, am mxaris Zeglebi, rogorc akademikosi
vaxtang beriZe wers XIII saukunis miwurulsa da XIV saukuneebis Zeglebia. misi
azriT
XII-XIV
saukuneebSi
saqarTvelos
samxreTiT
nawili
damoukidebel
samTavros warmoadgenda adre pirvel bagrationTa dros (VIII-X saukuneebSi)
mTavari politikuri
xolo
Semdeg
da kulturuli centrebi ufro samxreTiT taoSi iyo,
XIII-XIV
saukuneebSi
centrma
CrdiloeTiT
-
samcxeSi
gadmoinacvla, samTavros dedaqalaqad axalcixe iqca, xolo sasulierod awyuri”.
udeSi eklesiebis umravlesoba XIII-XIV saukuneebs miekuTvneba, rogorc
akademikosi vaxtang beriZe varaudobs, magram eklesiebis nawili ki VII-VIII da
zogi ufro adrindeli saukuneebisa unda iyos, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT
visaubrebT.
Zvelad udes Svidi eklesia da erTi antikuri periodis cixe amSvenebda,
romelsac dasavleTidan sartyeliviT akravs maRali klde, xolo mis gaswvriv
“kiaTxevis” xevi Caudis, romelic saZalos cixisa da irmis Walis midamoebidan
ikrebs wyals.
soflis mkvidris, mkvlevar ivane merabiSvilis azriT cixe agebuli unda
iyos kerpTayvanismcemlobis periodSi, radgan cixis karis anayolSi
qvaze
gamokveTili yofila cxoveli, cxovelis win kaci, romelsac Tavi daxrili
hqonia da xelebi gaSlili, mis ukan ori kaci mdgara gulxeldakrefili.
9
mkvlevari iv. merabiSvili cxovelis winaSe Tavis moxras kerpTayvanismcemlobis
periodad miiCnevs da varaudobs, rom Tavdaxrili kaci am cixis mSenebeli,
xolo mis ukan mdgomni misi mxleblebi unda yofiliyvnen da es Tu asea, maSin
ivane
merabiSvilis
azrs
unda
daveyrdnoT
da
vivaraudoT,
rom
cixe
kerpTayanismcemlobis periodSi unda iyos agebuli.
mravalsaukunovanma seismurma da gareSe bunebrivma moqmedebebma cixis
dasavleTis cicabo kldovani mxare daangria, xolo CrdiloeTidan da CrdiloaRmosavleTis mxare daucurebia da igi cicabo ferdobad gadauqcevia, romlis
terasebzec dRes mosaxleobaa dasaxlebuli, xolo galavani da galavnis SigniT
mdebare nagebobani – sasaxle da eklesia JamTa siaves aRugvia pirisagan miwisa
da
dRes
cixis
midamoebi
ise
gamoiyureba,
TiTqos
warsulSi
iq
araferi
yofiliyos.
Crdilo dasavleTis kldis Sverilze arsebuli burji am ramdenime wlis
win daangria iqve mcxovrebma vano gigolaSvilma, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT cixe
saidumlo miwisqvesa gvirabebiT dakavSirebuli yofila soflis centralur
ubnebTan, cixis darbazebidan gamomavali gvirabebi pavle balaxaSvilisa da
sergo yuljaniSvilis saxlebis qveS gavliT miemarTeboda erTi aRmosavleTiT,
meore Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT da eklesiebs akavSirdebda.
yuljaniSvili
sergos
saxli
cixis
sardafSi
Sesasvlel
gzazea
moTavsebuli, gza kiris xsnaris sqeli feniT yofila dafaruli da riyis qviT
mopirkeTebuli,
warsulSi
miwisZvrebis
gamo
Cangreula
cixeSi
yvela
Sesasvleli gzebi. galavnis samxreT kideSi ori ormo iyo, romlebic saxlebis
mSeneblobis dros amouvsiaT. cixis
unda
yofiliyo
sursaTis
siRrmeSi arsebuli darbazebi gamoyenebuli
Sesanaxad
da
SiSianobis
dros
mosaxleobis
TavSesafarad.
cixe
saidumlo
gvirabiT
dakavSirebuli
unda
yofiliyo
dasavleTiT
xevTan, saidanac mosaxleoba maragdeboda rogorc sasmeli ise cxeli bunebrivi
wyliT, romelic dabla xevis piras mamulaSvilebis baRis Tavze didi lodis
Zirze gamodioda, magram am oTxi aTeuli wlis winaT cxelma wyarom sxvadasxva
gza hpova da daikarga.
10
rogorc ivane merabiSvili Tavis werilsi wers, udis cixis galavanis
sigrZe 200, xolo sigane 500 nabiji yofila, Cvenda saubedurod, didi xania rac
cixis
teritorias
daepatronnen
cixesTan
axlos
mcxovrebni
da
cixis
teritoriaze aaSenes sacxovrebeli binebi, ris gamoc saidumloebiT moculi
cixis midamoebi gadaTxares da rac TvaliT ixedeboda zogi daangries da zogic
miwaSi damarxes.
rogorc irkveva, cixis aRmosavleT galavnis kedels ekvroda savaWro
moedani, xolo galavnis SigniT ki yofila sasaxle da eklesia, romelic 1595
wlidan
Turqebma
cixis
galavanSi
arsebuli
sasaxle
gamoiyenes
jaris
nawilebisaTvis, xolo eklesia TavianT salocav meCeTad gadaakeTes.
“gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTaris” II wignis 57-e gverdze vkiTxulobT:
“vakufi didebuli yuranis, sakiTxavad udis cixis wminda meCeTSi: venaxi da baRi,
sayane miwiTurT, Cairi da wisqvili saxelad gurasfa aznaurisa da udis cixeSi
mdebare saxlebi axalcixis jaris marjvena flangis moxalisis devriS aRas
mflobelobaSi myofi Tanaxmad sasamarTlos ganaCenisa axal davTarSi Caiwera,
rom
mas
Semdeg,
rac
zemoxsenebuli
venaxis,
baRisa
da
yanis
yuruSi
da
gamosaRebi miecema miwis patrons (danarCeni) sargo daixarjos zemoxsenebul
wminda meCeTSi yuranis mkiTxvelebze.
zemod aRniSnuli faqtebi metyvelebs, rom udis cixe didi Turqobis dros
yofila moqmedi, sadac Turqebs Cayenebuli hyoliaT cixis sasaxleSi jari,
xolo cixeSi arsebuli eklesia – meCeTad (salocavad).
uZveles periodSi qvablianis xeobaSi ude didi savaWro centri yofila.
amas adasturebs udis cixis rabaTis saxelwodebac (rabaTi sparsuli sityvaa da
niSnavs gamargebul savaWro centrs). udeSi eklesiebisa da gvarTa simravle
miviTiTebs imaze, rom igi didi vaWar-xelosanTa punqti unda yofiliyo.
1590-1595 wlebSi, roca Turq osmalebma daarbies
da gaZarcves samxreT
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, im dros mesxeTis sxva soflebis mosaxleobasTan
erTad udis mosaxleobis didma nawilma miatova mSobliuri sofeli da gaqceviT
Tavs uSvela. xolo mama-papiseuli kera ver daTmo 64 sxvadasxva gvaris 135
ojaxma da darCnen TurqTa tyveobaSi.
11
vin
icis
Turq
moxeleTa
ramdeni
Cagvra,
tanjva-wameba
da
damcireba
gadautaniaT Cvens winaprebs TiTqmis sami aseuli wlis manZilze.
Tbilisidan samxreT saqarTvelosaken momavali gzebi gadioda mtkvris,
focxovis, qvablianis xeobiT, romelic akavSirebda bizantiis qveynebTan.
udidan SavSeTisken savaWro, saqaravno da safosto gzis arsebobis utyuar
faqtad isic unda miviCnioT, rom irmisWalis samxreT dasavleTiT myudro tyian
adgilas dRemde SemorCa qvebiT gakeTebuli ramdenime xalxami (xalxami niSnavs
pirutyvis dasamwyvdev adgils). gzad mimaval Tu momaval vaWrebs Rame aq unda
gaeTiaT, jorebs ki romelTac saqoneli mihqondaT, rorgoc Cans am xalxamebSi
amwyvdevdnen, ris gamoc am adgils aqedan unda aeRo jorebis xalxamis saxeli.
jorebis xalxamidan gza saCxereze gavliT Sedioda fornis karis ReleSi,
romelic viwro xeobis daboloebaSi mdebareobs.
Zvel qarTulSi forans fardian urems eZaxdnen, xolo kari ki viwro
xeobidan gadasasvleli an Semosasvleli adgilia. unda vivaraudoT, rom udis
cixis yelidan am gziT midioda savaWro gza.
udis ori eklesia da erTi samkvidro (romelsac nasaydriebs eZaxian)
arabTa Semosevebis dros murvan yrus daungrevia. mouklavT stefane SaxburaZe
(udis batoni), SuSanqalas eklesia auSenebia baton xurciZis asuls, stefanes
meuRles SuSanas.
ivane merabiSvili wers: amiT vamtkiceb, rom es eklesia aris aSenebuli
SaxburaZeebis colisagan qmris suli Sesandobarad murvan yrus aoxrebamde.
avtoris
cnobiT
warweriani
qva
dakargula
mis
maxloblad
saxlebis
mSeneblobis dros. Tue es asea, maSin SuSanqalas eklesia VI-VII saukuneebis
Zegli unda iyos.
SuSanqalas
nangrevi
eklesiis
aRmosavleTiT
daaxloebiT
200
metr
manZilze mdebareobs patara eklesia, romelic wminda “sertis” saxels atarebs
da
dRemde
aRniSnuli
daculia,
eklesia
Sig
IV-V
araviTari
saukubeebis
mxatvroba
unda
iyos.
ar
aris,
udis
I
varaudobT,
saSualo
rom
skolis
aRmosavleTis Zirs yanaSi 15 metrSi patara gorakze uZvelesi periodis eklesia
mdgara, Cveni winaprebi am adgils “nasaRdrevs” eZaxian dResac. 1983 wlis 11
12
maiss
nasaRdrevis
Crdilo
dasavleTis
ferdobze
gzis
gayvana-gafarToebis
dros buldozerma gamoaCina samarxi, romelic adamianTa ZvlebiT iyo mofenili.
samarxs
gverdebi
amoSenebuli
aqvs
riyis
qviT,
xolo
zemodan
daxurulia
fiqali qviT. gasuli saukunis bolos ivane merabiSvils am eklesiis nangrevebSi
unaxavs qva, romelic damtvreuli iyo, am qvaze gamoxatuli yofila jvari,
romlis qveS warwera yofila – “Saxbur”, radgan qva damtvreuli yofila.
“Saxbur”-is garda sxva veRar amoukiTxavs. mkvlevaris azriT udis batonis
dinastiis ojaxis wevrebi unda damarxuliyvnen am eklesiaSi, xolo eklesiis
garedan ferdobis irgvlis udis Zveli mosaxleobis samarxebi unda iyos. Cveni
azriT “nasaRdrevis” irgvliv aramarto amJamad aRmoCenili samarxia, aramed
amgvari samarxebi kidev bevri sxva unda iyos
es
SesaniSnavi
eklesiebi:
“SuSanqala”,
“nasaRdrevi”,
bogirze
mamukaSvilebis baRSi, mis aRmosavleTiT aToSivlebis baRis terasSi, cixeSi,
verdoebSi, da amJamad arsebuli didi eklesiis adgilas mtrebis Semosevebma
aRgava pirisagam miwisa.
amJamad arsebuli kaTolikuri eklesiis adgilas yofila SedarebiT pata
marTlmadideblebis eklesia. 1900 wels udis mosaxleobas eklesia daungrevia da
mis adgilas 1901-1912 wlebSi augiaT es didebuli eklesia, romelic albaT
saqarTveloSi sididiT me-5-e Senoba iqneba da mariamis miZinebis saxels atarebs.
jemal jayelis wignSi “sfinqsi sibrZnisa” (gv. 107) vkiTxulobT Semdegs: “daiwyo
mesxeTze sabediswero Semoteva, qveynis sazRvarma aWara-mesxeTis alpur zonas
gadauara,
goderZis
mamis
(JamTaber
gujariZeis)
TanxlenibiT
udes
Cavida
gurul-aWarelTa darCeuli razmiT – mesxeTisaken mTavari dartymis xazze udis
dasaxmareblad.
13
mamulaSvilisa da xmalaZis mier mefe giorgis
gamoxsna tyveobidan axalcixis cixidan.
mixeil kekeliZis romanidan “brwyinavle varskvlavis maZiebelni” gv. 392-394
laparakia axalcixis cixidan mefe giorgis gamoxsnaze: “ im Rames qarTvel
mecixovneebs Tvalze ruli ar mihkarebiaT. Tavi erT ganapira sakanSi moeyaraT
da Cumad TaTbirobdnen:
-
rodis gadawyvita mefem stambols gamgzavreba? - ikiTxa erTma, romelic
ufrosi Canda.
-
dRes ulaparakiaT faSasTan.
-
mere
saSiSi
ra
aris?
mesxi
didebulebic
xom
urCevdnen
xonqTars
damegobreboda da misi wyalobiT imereTic da qarTlic daekavebina!
-
xonqTarTan ver CaaRwevs, gzaSi moklaven, TviTon movismine, Cemi yuriT,
rac salimfaSam enver beis uTxra.
-
ra vqnaT?
-
mefe unda gavaparoT.
-
kargi, SuaRamisas samxreTis kedelTan iyavi. cxenebi qalaq gareT gyavdes.
mefes samSvidobos gaiyvan.
mosaubres araferi upasuxnia. maSinve gamoemSvidoba warmosadeg Savgvreman
vaJkacs.
cixes eZina. eZina mefesac. giorgi sulac ar hqonia gamzraxuli stambols
gamgzavreba an TaTris rjulis miReba, mxolod salamis SeSineba undoda.
sabednierod mizans swrafad miaRwia. amis Semdeg faSas ufro Cqara meoSorebina
saSiSi tyve. SuaRame axlovdeboda. viRacam giorgi mefe frTxilad gaaRviZa
-
vin xar? – wamoiwia giorgim da maSinve tansacmels miwvda.
-
mesxi var batono! – qarTulad gasca pasuxi.
-
ianiCari?
-
rogor
giTxraT,
adamianebi
yvelgan
arian.
Tqvens
bedze
me
qarTveli ianiCari melaparaka. mendeT da rac giTxraT SeasruleT.
14
swored
-
ra ginda? rogor vendo kacs, romlis saxelic ar vici? – kvlav ikiTxa
mefem
-
getyviT, batono, magram axla Tu RmerTi gwamT gamomyeviT. salim faSam da
enver beim xumroba ar ician, roca saqme maT sicocxlesa da simdidres
exeba.
giorgi Seyoymanda
-
miTxari vin xar? – hkiTxa mosuls
-
dros nu kargavT, batono, mec damRupavT da Tavsac daiRupavT.
am sityvebiT stumari karisaken mitrialda. “moxdes. rac mosaxdenia, erTxel
dabadebuli erTxel mokvdeba”. – gaifiqra mefem da ucnobs fexdafex mihyva.
cixis qongurze Sedgnen. iq giorgim sagangebod danagrebul sables CasWida
xeli.
-
daeSvit batono! – CurCuliT uTxra mxsnelma.
-
miTxari vin xar, rom odesme madli gadagixado!
-
qarTveli var!
-
saxeli ar gaqvs?
-
mere, batono, axla magis dro ar gaxlavT. gza damilocnia!
giorgim ufrskulSi Caixeda da frTxilad dahyva Toks. is iyo miwas fexi
daakara,
rom
CurCuli
moesma:
Cqara
momyevi
batonoSvilo.
giorgi
ukve
darwmunda, rom Ralati aRar iyo mosalodneli. da megzurs swrafi nabijiT
gayva.
erTi saaTis Semdeg qalaqs sakmaod gascildnen. megzuri ReleSi Cavida da
iqidan
cxenebi
amoiyvana.
erTxans
cxenebiT
iares
da
miadgnen
romeliRaca
sofels. megzeruma mxolod aq amoiRo xma da mefes uTxra:
-
ai
batono,
am
sofelSi
maxare
gulbataSvili
ikiTxeT,
Cemis
saxeli
uTxariT da maspinZlobasac is gagiwevs. selim faSas sabrZanebels ukve
gamovcdiT!
-
agre vizamdi, magram Seni saxeli rom ar giTqvams?
-
me zaqaria var, sofel udidan, mamulaSvili. is viRa iyo sabolood
cixidan rom gamomiSva?
15
-
isa, Seni Wirime dolenji xmalaZea, Zalian kai gulis kaci.
giorgim
jibeebi
moiqeqa,
undoda
rame
samaxsovro
saCuqari
mieca
gamyolisaTvis, magram araferi aRmoaCnda. ganSorebis win zaqaria mamulaSvils
qudi sTxova rom daeTmo. zaqariam maSinve moixada quid da mefes miarTva.
giorgim Tavis qudi mamulaSvils daaxura, TviTon ki imisi aiRo da sTqva:
-
Cemda samaxsovrod gqondeT Senc da dolenji xmalaZesac. ulvaSTan erTad
qudic patiosnebis niSania, Tu Cemi avkacobisa da qveynis Ralatisa gaigoT
raime,
qudi
fexqveS
gaTeleT
da
Tqvi:
RmerTo
ase
gaTele
giorgis
vaJkacoba. da sicocxleo.
-
vecdebi Tqveni Tavdadeba davafaso.
imave Rames gamTeniisas mefe giorgi sofel slesas mivida. (axalcixis raioni,
sadac
daxvdnen
zikiliidan
mosuli
dedofali
xoreSan,
rZali
TinaTini,
Zmiswulebi: qaxosro, vaxtangi, domeniki, ise da svimoni, sulxan orbeliani, givi
amilaxvari da misi Tanamecxedre Tamar batoniSvili, mraval didebuli da
aTasamde mxedari, romelic salaSqrod iyvnen aRWurvilni.
ase
ixsna
mefe
giorgi
sikvdilisagan
axalcixelma dolenja xmalaZem
16
udelma
zaqaria
mamulaSvilma
da
arsena marabdeli udeSi
“arsenam meorejer gaaxila Tvalebi da gaocda: mas isev gaaxsenda yvelaferi,
magram Tavisi axali samyofeli ver icno. bneli sardafis magier axla sufTa
oTaxSi iyo da TavT momRimare magdana edga.
-
sada var Zalo? – dabali xmiT hkiTxa marabdelma
-
axalcixis
naqvrivalma,
maxloblad,
sofel
udeSi,
barikaSvilis
saxlSi,
miugo
- axalcixes faTeraki mogveloda, gigolam raRac gaigo,
magram TamaraSvilma droze agvacdina xifaTi da aq gadmogiyvana”
mixeil javaxiSvili “arsena marabdeli” tavi XII, gv. 465 1955 weli
17
moulodneli Sexvedra
iraneli istorikosis
- iskander munSis cnobiT, Sahabasma 1616 wlis
laSqrobis dros kaxeTidan iranSi 130 aTasze meti qarTveli gadaasaxla. dRes
maTi STamomavlebi iranis sxva da sxva provinciebSi cxovroben. saukuneebma
bevrs
daukarga
mSobliuri
ena
qarTvelis
da
saxe
da
zne-Cveuleba.
ieri,
magram
fereidanSi
zogma
aris
dRemde
soflebi
–
SeinarCuna
martyofi,
CuRureTi, ninowminda, Telavi da sxva.
sparseTSi sofeli udec yofila. dRevandeli adigenis raionis sofel
udidan mosaxleni auyriaT da gadausaxlebiaT. maTi STamomavlebi unaxavs mefis
(ruseTis) armies yofil jariskacs adigenis raionis sofel arils mkvidrs
petre vardiZes.
1914 wels igi sparseTSi moxvedrila, masTan erTad iyvnen Tanasoflelebi:
iordane
baTmanaSvili, simon baTmanaSvili da levan afriamaSvili. ai ras
gviambobs petre vardiZe.
Cven qalaq ardebilSi videqiT, iranis erT-erT savaWro-samrewvelo qalaqSi,
cxenebs sakvebi SemoakldaT da mis SesaZenad soflebSi wavediT narimanovis
meTaurobiT, romelic warmoSobiT Tbilseli iyo. man kargad icoda qarTuli,
rusuli,
azerbaijanuli
da
somxuri
enebi.
qalaq
ardebilidan
samxreT-
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT wavediT. gaviareT ori sofeli, magram veraferi
viSoveT, da gza ganvagrZeT, mesame soflis SesasvlelSi, gzis piras wyaro iyo
da iqiT gadavuxvieT. wyarosTan qalebs moeyaraT Tavi. qarTuli laparaki rom
gavigone yurebs ar davujere, saxtad davrCi: maSinve es ambavi narimanovs
qarTulad vuTxari, Cveni laparakis gagonebaze qalebi centrisaken gaiqcnen,
aTiode
wuTSi
mouZRoda
TiTqmis
maRal-maRali
mTeli
soflis
Suaxnis
kaci
mosaxleoba
albaT
Cvensken
soflis
morboda,
Tavkaci.
win
mosulebi
TavdaxriT mogvesalmnen, Cvens mier Tavkacad miCneulma Tqva:
-
cudi
ganzraxviT
rodi
movsulvarT,
warmomadgenlebs.
18
Tavs
vuxriT
didi
saqarTvelos
-
Cveni
winaprebi
CauricxavT,
mesxeTidan
nawili
–
arian
monebad
tyveTa
gauyidiaT
nawili
iranis
Sahis
laSqarSi
bazarze,
nawili
ki
dausaxlebiaT sxvadasxva mxares, maT Soris ardebilis olqSic. ardebilis
olqSi
axlac
dRevandeli
aris
bevri
qarTuli
mcxovrebelebis
sofeli,
winaprebi
sofel
xolo
Cveni
udidan
soflis
yofilan.
am
sofelsac ude davarqviT da enac SevinarCuneT.
roca
maspinZelma
gaigo,
rom
me
udis
mezobeli
soflidan
viyavi,
mRelvarebisagan Tavi ver Siekava da acremlebuli gadamexvia.
-
mamakacs aseTi saqcieli ar Seferis, magram Cems mdgomareobaSi kacs bevri
ram epatieba - miTxra man. mere TiTqos ucnauri, magram mis pirobebSi
gasagebi winadadeba SemomTavaza.
-
ori qaliSvili myavs, damerwmuneT, rom lamazebi arian, airCie erT-erTi da
colad SeirTe. ucolo kaci xar, ar minda samareSi ise Cavide, rom Cemi
ojaxis
erTi
wevri
mainc
samSobloSi
ar
megulebodeso,
-
marTlac
mSvenieri qaliSvilebi hyavda, magram jariskacs aba sad wameyvana coli?!
soflis Tavkacma mosawoni maspinZloba gagviwia, im Rames ar gagviSva, radgan
30
km-ze
saxifaTo
gza
gvqonda
gasavleli.
meore
dRes
dagvitvirTes qeriT ufasod da gagvistumres:
Seni vaeba wina midges
sofelo ganawamebo,
saukuneebi itanje
wuTebs rad iTvli wamebo.
udis eSxiT var anamRerebi.
ra damaviwyebs pirvelad naxuls
udis midamos TiTqmis nasaxlars
da dRevandel dRes, gulebis zeims,
saxlebis mwkrivebs, Cems Tvalwin nazards
me amamRera udis mSvenebam,
19
jor-aqlemebi
trfobiT davdnebi rogorc sanTeli,
kulturis kera amaRlebulia
viT damelios masze saTqmeli.
albaT marTla var Seyvarebuli
am xalxis lxena aba rad maTrobs?
vdgevar, gicqeriT, ase mgonia:
xeTa Srialic Tqvenze kargs ambobs.
ver aSinebda winaparT TqvenTa
gadamTielis boroti rwmena,
amitom iyo, rom am sofelSi
mterma ver mospo qarTuli ena.
dgas oqros cixe, amayad mxedi.
gahyurebs zarzmis taZris galavans
da cocxldebian mogonebebi,
Tu ram daixsna moyvris amala.
rogorc varskvlavi uRrublo caze
ise anaTebs kulturis saxli
SexedeT, datkbiT, guilT ixareT,
daloceT Weri Senobis axlis.
momilocnia sofelo Cemo,
Senze vimRereb aw da maradis,
Senma saxelma ididos yvelgan
megzuri iyos tatos meranis SeiTniSvili
warmoTqmulia udis kulturis saxlis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT
1968 wels.
20
1904 wels z. WiWinaZe wers samagaliTo adamiani stefane konstantine
zubalaSvilis Sesaxeb:
“mesxeTSi,
anu
axalcixis
bazarSi
qarTvelT
ricxvi
erTob
gasaWir
mdgomareobaSi Cavarda, xalxi gamravlda, maT ara aqvT sakmarisi miwa – mamuli,
amis gamo mraval qarTvelma glexma artaanisa da gumbrisaken iwyes gadasaxleba.
am garemoebas pativcemulma patrma don Gabriel aslaniSvilma yuradReba miaqcia
da mesxeTis sofel udidan ramdenime komli qarTveli kaTolike glexebisa
gorSi
gadmoasaxla
da
daasaxla
sabatono
da
eklesiis
miwebze.
axlad
gadmosul glexebs saqme Zlier gauWirdaT, magram ras izamdnen, garemoebas unda
Sehguebodnen, am axlad moSeneebs stefane konstantines Zem 1000 maneTi gaugzavna
da daavala, rom amiT maTTvis oTxfexi saqoneli eyidaT. saqoneli uyides, maTs
locvas da madlobis gadaxdas saZRvari ar aqvnda, yovelTvis stefanesa da mis
ymebs locavdnen”.
1904 wlis dasawyisSi
komisia,
romlsac
unda
udis eklesiis mSeneblobis komitetma gamoyo
SeeZina
eklesiis
saxuravi.
komisiis
Semadgenlobas
borjomSi SemTxveviT Sexvda stefane zubalaSvili, romlmac gaigo rom udelebi
eklesiis saxuravis SesaZenad midiodnen.
s. k. zubaSvils saubarSi uTqvams udelebisaTvis: “ me Tqven eklesiisaTvis
cinkis saxuravs gamogigzavniT usasyidlod, mxolod Tqven eklesiis zomebi
momeciT
da
bolos
s.
zubalaSvilma
daarwmuna
udelebi,
rom
isini
male
miiRebdnen eklesiis saxuravs borjomis sadgurSi.
1904 wlis 13 aprils s. zubaSvils z. WiWinaZesTan saubarSi uTqvams: “udis
eklesiis
amSenebleTa
komitets
vacnobe,
rom
Tunuqi
da
zari
borjomis
sadgurSia da gatana SegiZliaT”. ase miiRo sofel udis mosaxleobam eklesiis
saxuravi (cinka) da didi zari saCuqrad Zmebi zubalaSvilebisagan.
aRniSnuli didi zari 1942 wels udis mkvidrma iakob saraSvilma Camoxsna
da Caabara saxelmwifos gasadnobad.
21
mesxi komunari biWis ambavi
udis mkvidri kote mRebriSvilis revoluciuri cxovreba, misis babua abel
mRebriSvili saswavleblad wasuli iyo peterburgSi, sadac daamTavra samxedro
saswalebeli da iqve darCa samxedro samsaxurSi. abelma generlobamdec ki
miaRwia. igi iyo demokrati, revolucionerebis momxre. biWi kote iyo abelis
SviliSvili, romlis mamasac aleqsanre erqva, kotes mama iyo cnobili msaxiobi
da reJisori, mas colad hyavda rusi momRerali qali viqtoria Cevani. sabWoTa
mTavrobam isini Tavis samsaxurSi gamoiyena – aleqsandre mRebriSvils daavala
Seeqmna
heroikuli
revoluciisaTvis,
Teatri
marTlac
da
man
samsaxuri
Seqmna
gaewia
Teatri,
muSaTa
sadac
klasisaTvis,
mTavari
moqmedi
agitatorebi iyvnen col-qmari da Svili – kote. kote uniWieresi bavSvi iyo da
zepirad icoda revoluciuri leqsebi, gamodioda dedasTan erTad TeatrSi da
xalxSi
eweoda
TeTrgvardielebma
revoluciisaTvis
kote
tramvais
sasargeblo
qveS
Caagdes
agitacia-propagandas.…
da
igi
gardaicvala.
petrogorodis revoluciuri sabWos dadgenilebiT misi neSti wiTel droSaSi
gaaxvies
da
moaTavses
kuboSi
da
damarxes
marqsis
sasaflaoze
warweriT:
“patara artist-agitators kote mRebrov-Cekans 1913-1922”.
mamia vaSakiZis poemas (mesxi komunari biWis ambavi) wamZRvarebuli aqvs
zemoT moyvanili mTliani teqsti. ix. gazeT “ganaxlebuli mesxeTis” 1963 wlis 19
maisis nomeri
22
berobana Tu yeenoba
Zveli mesxebi, yeenobis saxeliT icnobdnen TaTar-monRolTa periodis
sanaxaobas,
romelsac
axla
“berobanas”
veZaxiT,
XX
saukunis
dasawyisidan
TandaTan daiviwyes yeinoba da monRolTa jarebis meTauri noini – “berad”
monaTla
mayurebelma
Tavisi
garegnuli
Cacmulobisa
da
yelze
Sebmuli
samkaulebis gamo. “berobanas” Sesaxeb bevri daiwera, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
profesor dimitri janeliZis gamokvlevebi. “ganaxlebul mesxeTSi” gamoqveynda
S. rusTavelis saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutis
xelovnebaTmcodneobis kandidatis givi jaoSvilis narkvevi “udis berobanas
istoriisaTvis”.
amasTan dakavSirebiT gvinda Cveni azric gavuziaroT mkiTxvels. pirvel
yovlisa,
ibadeba kiTxva, ratom sZaravs
xalxs,
ratom
scems
xarkis “urC”
gadamxdelebs beri? an ratom itaceben bavSvebs, qalebs da beris brZanebiT
jariskacebis
produqtebi
ratom
gamoaqvT
Zalad
saxlidan?
vfiqrobT,
“berobanas” arcerTi monawile aseT sisaZagles ar unda Cadiodes, igi raRa
beria Tu saxlis mZarcveli da amawiokebeli iqneba? Cven udaod migvaCnia, rom
xalxi faqtiurad yeinobas ansaxierebs da Cven mas “berobanas” veZaxiT.
yovelwliurad,
Tebervlis
TveSi
“yvelieris”
bolokviria
adigenis,
axalcixisa da aspinZis zogierT sofelSi, kerZod udeSi, aralSi, valeSi,
xizabavraSi, vartavSi da sxvagan tardeba mterze gamarjvebis tradiciuli
dResaswauli
yeinoba
(berobanas
saxelwodebiT),
romelic
asaxavs
mesxeTSi
TaTar-monRolTa batonobis ukanasknel periods.
udeSi da aralSi mTeli ori kviris manZilze imarTeba Widaoba, sadac
sxvadasxva mxridan mosuli falavanebi erkinebian erTmaneTs. am dros saWidaos
ukravs meduduke, medole da salamurze damkvreli.
Tavisufali Widaobis moyvarulebi qvablianis soflebidan da Zvelad ki
focxovidanac modiodnen udeSi. Widaobis ukanaskneli dRe didmarxvis dadgomis
wina SabaTs, Widaobis Semdeg udeSi SuSanqalas nangrevi eklesiis win da
aralSi
tatalaSvilebis
kaloebze,
ferxuls
23
gaabamdnen
da
mklav-mklav
gadaWdobili iwyebdnen wriul saferxulo cekvas da Tan mRerodnen “mumli
muxasao”.
ferxulis
TamaSiT
rom
guls
ijerebdnen,
Semdeg
iwyebdnen
sarTulebian cekvas “samyrelos” da Tan mRerodnen.
“samyrelo, samyrelo
Zirs Camodi samyrelo,
nugeS-nugeSinia
qveS bumbuli gigia.
rogor ar gveSinia
caSi bewviT vkidivarT
Zirs CamovalT samyrelo
monRolebi ar Canan
saqarTvelo didia.
am
or
sarTuliani
saferxulo
sacekvaos
maSin
erTgvari
dazverviTi
mniSvneloba hqonda. Cveni winaprebi Tan cekvavdnen da Tan mters iaraRasxmuli
xvdebodnen.
Widaoba da saferxulo TamaSobebebi uxsovari droidan modis rogorc
udeSi, ise mesxeTis sxva soflebSi da amiT mTavrdeboda es gazafxulis lamazi
da SesaniSnavi tradiciuli dResaswauli, xolo laloini da orsarTuliani
cekva “samyrelo” ki monRolTa Semosevis periodidan iwyeba. amas migvaniSnebs
leqsis bolo taepi: “Zirs Camodi samyrelo, monRolebi ar sCanan”.
monRolebi mTeli sami saukunis manZilze awarmoebdnen brZolas aziisa da
dasavleT
sastikad
evropis
qveynebis
uswordebodnen
da
winaaRmdeg.
didZal
dapyrobili
gadasaxadebs
qveynebis
mosaxleobas
axdevinebdnen:
angrevdnen
cixeebs, eklesiebs, qalaqebs, soflebs da uwyalod xocavdnen udanaSaulo
adamianebs. dapyrobili qveynebis gaZarcvis Semdeg, gadadiodnen meore qveyanaSi
da ase moZraobdnen aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken.
24
“monRolTa laSqars sarlobda oTxi noini – CormaRani, CaRata, oisuri da
biCoi”. qarTveli istorikosis sityviT es noinebi “ormoci aTasiTa kaciTa da
dedawuliTa movides qveyanasa aRmosavleTisasa”. Semdeg movdinen qveynad erayisa
da moaoxres” (iv. javaxiSvilis qarTveli eris istoria t. III gv. 74, 1966).
TaTar-monRolTa
batonobis
periodSi,
isini
dapyrobil
qveynebidan
axalgazrdobas, TavianT regularul armiis rigebSi Rebulobdnen, amitomaa, rom
berobanaSi munj-bermeTauris damcvelebi arian, rogorc misi mebrZolebi, ise
lazebi, romlebic maT armiaSi Caricxuli, xolo “boSebi” mosaxleobis ZarcvaSi
daxmarebas uweven, amitomaa, rom yvela eseni monRolTa interesebis damcvelni
aria, garda aWarlebisa.
“xalxis
gamoerkvia,
aRweris
ramdeni
Semdeg
meomari
monRolTa
unda
xelisuflebas
gaoeyvana
saSualeba
hqonda
brZolis
velze.
saqarTvelos
TiToeul cxra sruluflebian komls monRoleTisaTvis erTi molaSqre unda
mieca da am aRricxvis kvalobaze maT gamouangariSebiaT, rom yovelwliurad
saqarTvelos
unda
9
dumani
kaci
mxedari
mieca,
e.i.
90
aTasi
meomari.
amitomaa, rom lazebi maT armiaSi yofilan Caricxuli. maSindel saqarTvelos
samefoSi
sul
5
milioni
mcxovrebi
unda
yofiliyo,
cnobebidan
Cans,
Tu
ramdenad mWidro mosaxleoba iyo maSindel saqarTveloSi. imisda miuxedavad,
rom mas ukve jalaleddinis xuTi da Cingiz xanis ori Semosevis saSineleba
hqonda gamovlili da xalxic am or Semosevas sakmaod Seewira msxverplad (iv.
javaxiSvilis qarTuli eris istoria, gv. 343, t. III 1966).
rogoc zemoT avRniSneT aWareli monRolTa jarSi blu noinis gamrTobia,
magram
sinamdvileSi
igi
cnobebs
awvdis
qarTvelebs
monRolTa
siZlieris
Sesaxeb da klavs noinis xelqveiTs, romelsac noinis amalaSi erT-erTi sakmaod
didi Tananmdeboba ukavia.
samwuxarod “berobana”-Si aWarelis rolma sul sxva cvlileba ganicada,
Semsruleblebi mas abuCad igdebdnen, TiTqos aWareli xSirad wvers ivarcxnides
da kbenarebs klavdes. es am rolis ara swori gansaxierebaa istoriuli azris
uxeSi damaxinjebaa da dRevandel scenebSi araswor warmodgenas uqmnis aWarel
qarTvels monRolebis Sesaxeb, cnobebs awvdis Tavis moZme qarTvelebs, moments
25
eZebs, rom ramdenadme Seasustos mtris Zalebi da amitomaa, rom noinis jaris
meTaurs klavs, romelsac dResac oficers eZaxian rac arasworia. aWarelma
mokla noinis xelqveiTi meTauri, rogorc maT jaris wyobaSi iyo: aseuli,
aTeulis da aTi aTaseulis meTaurebi, unda vifiqroT, rom aWarelma mokla
monRolTa
aseulis
meTauri,
romelic
dabali
Tananmdebobis
noini
unda
yofiliyo.
udeSi
Zvelad
aWarelis
rols
kargad
axorcielebdnen:
stefane
WaRiaSvili, stefane parunaSvili da pavle martiaSvili.
Temur lengis sikvdilis Semdeg monRolTa jarebis narCenebi kidev idgnen
saqarTvelos
sxvadasxva
kuTxeebSi,
rogorc
Cans
munj
bermeTaurma
Seavso
Tavisi jaris nawilebi axalgazrdebiT da Savi zRvis sanapirodan wamovida
mdinare aWaris wylis xeobiT, igi gadmodis goderZis uReltexilze, iqidan
moyveba md. ZinZesa da Semdeg qvablianis xeobis mosaxleobas gzadagza Zarcvaven,
xolo winaaRmdegobis gamwevi ki munj ber-noinTan mihyavT, ris gamoc bermeTauri
maT cemiTa da sikvilis muqariT arTmevs gadasaxads.
bermeTauris munjoba iqidanac sCans, rom igi yvela moqmedebas munjurad
asrulebs, ai Tundac masTan raRac “urCi” gadamxdeli miyavT jariskacebs. noini
ver laparakobs da gamoscems gaugebar bgerebs – “buu”, “buu” da TavSi kets
urtyams. advili SesaZlebelia, rom bermeTaurma brZolebSi dakarga ena da
amitom daarqves lal noini anu munji noini.
“lal-noini” ori sityviT Sedgeba – “lal” TaTrulad niSnavs munjs,
xolo “noini” ki monRolTa
amalis, jarebis aTaseulis da aTi aTaseulis
meTaurs.
“lal-noinis” nacvlad vxmarobT “laloins”, es ki munjur cekvas niSnavs,
vfiqrobT munji bermeTauris davalebiT sruldeboda aseTi cekvebi da amitom
advili safiqrelia, TavianT munj bermeTaurs aseTi cekvebiT arTobdnen, es
iqidanac Cans, rom TamaSis yvela moqmedebas xelmZRvaneli usityvod asrulebs,
aseve usityvod unda Seasrulos yvela monawilem, amiT hbaZaven TavianT munj
noins, vinc ver mibaZavs xelmZRvanels, is munj noinis risxvas imsaxurebs.
26
pativcemul dimitri janeliZis azriT lal-oini saaqlemos niSnavs, radgan
sabas
leqsikonSi
“loini”
ganmartebulia,
rogorc
mamali
aqlemi
da
berobanaSic, raxan kacebi aqlemebad arian gamoyvanilni “laloins” saaqlemo
TamaSad miiCnevs (sabWoTa xelovneba gv. 12, 1977weli).
cnobilia, rom monRolTa urdoebi aqlemebiTa da cxenebiT moZraobdnen
TavianTi
ojaxis
anadgurebdnen,
wevrebiT,
rogorc
isini
viciT
romel
qveyanasac
yeinobaSi
anu
Seeseodnen
uwindel
yvelafers
berobanaSi
kacebi
aqlemebad arian gamoyvanili, im periodisaTvis aqlemebi da cxenebi monRolTa
erT-erTi satransporto saSualeba iyo da mas yeinobaSi swored es mniSvneloba
unda hqondes.
rogorc
zemoT
avRniSneT
am
munjur
cekvaSi
gansakuTrebiT
ganviTarebulia noinis mtacebluri politika sadac xdeba bavSvebis, qalebis,
Zvirfasi nivTebisa da sursaTis motaceba. motacebul bavSvebSi da qalebSi
monRolTa ber meTaur noinisaTvis gansazRvruli gadasaxadi unda miecaT, rom
motacebuli bavSvi an qali daebrunebinaT ukan.
XV saukunis dasawyisidan TaTar-monRolTa Zliereba ukve Seryeuliyo,
amas daerTo isic rom 1405 wlis 18 Tebervals cxelebiT gardaicvala Temurlengi, xolo am dros saqarTveloSi jer kidev darCenili iyvnen monRolTa
jaris nawilebi, romelTa gandevnac warmoebda Cvens sazRvrebTan.
rogorc irkveva, albaT monRolTa noinma winaswar gaiTvaliswina, rom 1405
wels,
Tebervlis
qarTvelebi
nasvamni
bolo
ricxvebsi
iqnebodnen
da
religiuri
amitom
mcire
dResaswaulis
amaliT
“aRebRames”
ganizraxes
kidev
erTxel ukanasknelad daerbiaT mesxi mosaxleoba, magram Tavdasxmis dros
damarcxdnen, ai swored am dabneulobiT isargebla mosaxleobam da gaqceul
monRolTa ber noinsa da mis amalas, samarcxvinod, saxlis binidan WuWyian
wyals tanze asxamdenen da monRolTa meomrebis motacebasac axerxebdnen, ris
gamoc
monRolebi
iZulebulni
iyvnen
miecaT
gamosasyidi
gatacebulTa
sanacvlod.
Cveni winaprebi xalxur sanaxaobas - yeinobas roca asrulebdnen, maSin
srulebiTac ar iyo moqmedi pirebi “eSmaki” da “mefe-patarZali”, aRniSnuli
27
moqmedi
pirebi
“berobinaSi”
Caamata 1947 wels,
Tbilisidan
movlinebulma
reJisorma,
alaviZem
es imis gamo gaakeTa, rom am xalxur sanaxaobis inscenirebas
erTgavri silamaze micemoda, magram man amiT istoriul sinamdviles Crdili
miayena.
safiqrelia isic, rom SesaZlebelia monRolTa noini, romelmac mesxeTi
daarbia, xanSiSesuli iyo, amitom xalxma moxuci noini “ber” noinad monaTla am
xuTi aTeuli wlis manZilze, amis gamo yeinoba gandevna “berobanam” da dRes
berobinis
saxeliT
icnobs
mosaxleoba
am
warmodgenas.
misi
Sida
wreebi,
saTaveebi ki rogorc vTqviT yeenobaSia.
cnobilia, rom monRolebi pirvelad 1220 wels gamoCndnen saqarTveloSi,
xolo meored 1235 wels. manmade saqarTvelos xuTjer Semoesia xvarazm Sahis
Svili
jalal
ed
dinni,
ris
gamoc
dasustebul
saqarTvelos
advilad
imorCilebs Temur lengi.
1386
wlidan
1403
wlebis
periodSi
Temur
lengma
Tavisi
laSqari
saqarTvelos rvajer Semousia. am laSqrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi gauqmebuli
soflebis ricxvi 700-s aRwevda.
“monRoluri
wesiT”
yvela
ymadnafici
saxelmwifoebi
da
samTavroebi
valdebulni iyvnen maTTan erTad salaSqrod gasuliyvnen, amitomac dapyrobili
qveynis qoneba da simdidre aseT laSqrobaSi monawile sxvadasxva erovnebis
jariskacebsac uvardebodaT xelSi. aseT qonebas nasisxli ewodeboda, radgan
misi SeZena mxolod sisxlis daRvriT SeiZleboda. zemoT aRniSnuli gziT
qonebis
dagroveba,
monRolebTan
warmomadgenlebisaTvisac
imdenad
erTad
mebrZol
mimzidveli
Seiqmna,
sxvadasxva
rom
xalxebis
isini
amgvari
saxsrebiT cxovrobas mieCvnien. monRolTa maSindel sabrZaneblebSi Semaval
sxvadasxva samefo – samTavroebis SeTxelebuli qonebis Sesavsebad es erTaderTi wyaro iyo, magram aseTi gziT gamdidrebas umTavresad
pirebis
xvedri
iyo.
Cveulebriv
molaSqres,
rasakvirvelia,
maRali samxedro
im
nadavlidan
mxolod mcire nawili Tu Cauvardeboda, samagierod yoveli aseTi laSqroba
xalxis sicocxlis ganwirvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
28
es
istoriuli
faqti
migvaniSnebs
imaze,
rom
yeinobaSi
romelsac
“berobanas” veZaxiT, lazebi beris damcvelebi arian, romlebic sami saukunis
manZilze
aseT
qarTvelebis
avbedobaSi
tyve
imyofebodnen,
jariskacTa
nawili
monRolTa
sabolood
armiaSi
indoeTSi
Caricxuli
dausaxlebiaT
monRolebs, romlebsac indoeli mosaxleoba gujarebs anu gurjebs eZaxian
dResac.
“udis berobanas
istoriisaTvis”, narkvevebSi givi jaoSvils miaCnia, rom
yvela xalxuri Tqmuleba da leqsi, romelic sofel udeSia gamoTqmuli, misi
azriT berobasTan kavSirSi unda iyos – “daTvisa da biWis” gabaaseba, “kameCi da
meurme” da saSairo sxva kupletebi.
magaliTisaTvis momaqvs is xalxuri Tqmulebebis nawili, romelic sofel
udis mosaxleobas gamouTqvams odesRac.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom qvemoT moyvanil leqs araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs arc
“berobanasTan” da arc “yeenobasTan”.
daRamda da dasca binda
coleulTan midis biWi,
daTvi win Seomeyara
yel-qedana, metad didi.
biWi:
- daje daTvo vWamoT,
Rvino maqvs da kaTxa didi.
daTvi:
- me Seni Rvino rad minda
exla vWame Walas Sindi,
wreulobiT gamiSvixar,
samermisod damiSindi.
da sxva….
givi
jaoSvils
miaCnia,
rom
“udis
berobanaSi’
cxovelTa
gadmonaSTis Sesaxeb migvaniSnebs kameCisa da meurmis gabaaseba:
29
kultis
meurme – hoi, Tvu kameCo naibao
ra dagemarTa, ra iyo?
kameCi
_ sicxeman guli wamTuTqa,,
sigrile Cemi Zma iyo.
udis berobinaSi ar aris cxovelTa kulti mocemuli, rasac mkvlevari
SeniSnavs.
advili
safiqrelia
“berikaobasTan”
hqondes
kavSiri,
radgan
berikaobaSi: daTvis, Rorisa da sxva cxovelebis niRbebiT gamodian adamianebi
inscenirebis dros. udis e.w. berobana ki rogorc vTqviT arsebiTad igive
yeenobis gansaxierebaa.
monRolebis gandevnis, albaT wlis Tavze mesxeTis soflebSi, ferxulis,
samyrelos, laloinis
“aRebRames”
–
diliT
am sanaxaobis meore dRes e.i. religiur dResaswaul
moirTobodnen
yeinobis
gansaxierebis
monawileni
da
SuadRidan iwyebdnen inscenirebis Sesrulebas.
am ukanasknel wlebSi TavianT rolebs ise ver anxorcieleben berobanas
monawileni, rogorc es sinamdvileSi iyo.
Tumca Cven imiTac madlierni varT, rasac asruleben, radgan es xalxuri
Semoqmedebis Senaxvis tradiciaa. miuxedavad amisa saWiroa meti sizustis dacva,
yovel detalSi istoria ikveTeba, istoriis sunTqva igrZnoba.
kargi
iqneba
gamoyavdaT
iseTi
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT
pirovneba,
romelic
imasac,
rom
fizikurad
Zvelad
Zlieri,
beris
rolSi
maRali
da
xanSiSesuli iyo.
beri CacmulobiTac gansxvavdeboda sxva monawileebisagan, romelsac Tavze
exura batis frTebiT morTuli kasri da yelze hqonda simindis fuCeCisagan
damzadebuli mZivi. faqtiurad bevr noins eqneboda Zvirfasi qarvis mZivebi.
bers moedanze, sadac am TamaSis gansaxiereba xdeboda edga taxti. jariskacebs
berTan mihyavdaT mxolod xarkis “urCi” gadamxdelebi.
beri iSviaTad Tu wamodgeboda
“taxtidan”, misi wamodgomisas mosaxleoba
garboda.
Zvelad
aRniSnul
TamaSobaTa
gansaxierebas
kargad
da
didxans
xelmZRvanelobdnen udeSi konstantine (kosto) kopaZe da ioseb balaxaSvili.
30
maTi sikvdilis Semdeg es tradiciuli TamaSobani yovelwliurad tardeboda
stefane
balaxaSvilis
balaxaSvilisa.
didad
(lehkaos)
xelmZRvanelobiT,
sasixaruloa,
rom
udis
am
xolo
Semdeg
saxalxo
ki
simon
dResaswauls
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia cnobilma mecnierma d. janeliZem.
sanaxaoba safuZveli gaxda Seqmniliyo saxalxo universiteti, romelsac
saqarTveloSi S. rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri instituti meTaurobs.
yovelwliurad imarTeba sxvadasxva RonisZiebani, samecniero sesia da sxva.
mesxeTis ZvelTa Zvel
da
misi
zusti
aRdgena
soflebSi SemorCenili xalxuri sanaxaobis movla
saSviliSvilo
saqmea.
iqneb
Cvenma
mosazrebamac xeli Seuwyos am saSvliSvilo saqmis SenarCunebas.
31
zogierTma
udis gvarebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
Zvelad adamianTa gvarebi ar arsebobda. es imitom, rom Cveni planetis
zedapirze Zalze mcire mosaxleoba yofila dasaxlebuli da isini cxovrobdnen
calkeul tomebad, tomebs yavdaT TavianTi beladebi.
tomis
mcxovreblebs
yvelas
Tavisi
saxeli
erqva
da
isini
advilad
arCevdnen erTmaneTs. droTa msvlelobaSi, roca tomebi mravldeboda, maSin
saWiro daxda erTnairi saxeliani pirovnebis garCeva, ris gamoc ukve saxelis
gverdiT gaCnda kidev meore damatebiTi saxeli, romelic azustebda pirovnebis
vinaobas, ai swored am damatebiT saxelisagan droTa ganmavlobaSi warmoiSva
gvari.
maresizmis klasikosebi gvaswavlian, rom gvarebi warmoiSva ganviTarebul
klasobriv sazogadoebaSi da amitom mas socialuri gansxvavebis gamoxatvac
daekisra,
ris
gamoc
Zvelad
gvarebis
mixedviT
gansxvavdebodnen
maRali,
saSualo da dabali wodebis xalxs.
gvarebi umetesad warmoebulia saxelebisagan. cxadia aseT SemTxvevebSi
aRebulia winapris saxelebi da metsaxelebi, garda amisa gvarebi warmoebulia
ojaxuri mdgomareobisa, adamianis fizikuri naklis aRmniSvneli sityvebisa,
cxovelebisa, frinvelebisa, adgilmdebareobisa da sxva.
winaprebis saxelebisagan an metsaxelebisagan udeSi warmoebuli gvarebia:
afriasagan
–
afriamaSvilebi,
baRdosagan
–
baRdoSvilebi,
gabosagan
–
gaboSvilebi, gigolasagan
- gigolaSvilebi, dido – diqosagan – giqoSvilebi,
zazasagan
TaTeozisagan
–
zazaSvilebi,
–
TaTenaSvilebi
da
TaToSvilebi,
kakosagan – kakoSvilebi, mamukasagan – mamukaSvilebi, petasagan – petaSvilebi,
sarasagan – saraSvilebi.
ojaxuri
mdgomareobis
gamomxatveli
gvarebia:
obolaSvili
da
yuljaniSvili.
fizikuri naklis aRmniSvneli sityvebidan miRebuli gavrebia: kiknaZe da
CilaSvili.
32
sityva “kikna” berZnuli sityvaa da mcires niSnavs, xolo nayvavileb –
Cilisagan warmoiSva CilaSvilebis gvari.
udeSi xelobisa da Tananmdebobis aRmniSvneli gvarebia: mRebavisagan –
mRebriSvili,
gzirosagan
–
gziriSvili,
merabisagan
–
merabiSvili,
mamasaxlisisagan – mamasaxlisaSvili da xucesisagan - xuciSvili.
wodebrivi warmoSobis gvaria – aRoSaSvili
mcenareebis
da
cxovelebisagan
warmoSobili
gvarebis:
balaxaSvili,
gelaZe – gelaSvili.
zogi
gvari
warmoebulia
drois
aRmniSvneli
sityvebidan:
martisagan
–
martiaSvili, maisisagan – maisuraZe.
XVI
saukunis
bolos,
Turqma
dampyroblebma,
samxreT
saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis aRwerisas gvarebi aRar Seitanes da siebi Seadgines saxelisa da
mamis saxelis mixedviT.
1595 wels “gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTarSi”: Cawerilia, rom sofel
udis 135 ojaxis uforsi, Turq mosaxleebs yovelwliurad uxdida 30,000 “axCas”.
amJamad CvenTvis gaurkvevelia, Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdeli 135 ojaxis ufrosebi
ra gvariT iyvnen, romelTa nawilis saxelebic mogvyavs qvemoT:
1. zurab Zma misi
10. paruna Zma misi
2. batata Ze misi
11. mRvdeli Zma misi
3. paruna Ze misi
12. masura gelabaris Ze
4. iona Zma misi
13. biZina Ze misi
5. elia Zma misi
14. gelazaris Svilis Svili
6. daviT Zma misi
15. giorgi Zma misi
7. mamuka Ze misi
16. iakob Zma misi
8. amiran aridanis Ze
17. Rariba Zma misi
9. masur Ze misi
da ase Semdeg sul 135 kacia dabegrili.
33
samxreT
gadasaxadebs
saqarTvelos
veRar
gauZlo
didma
da
umravlesobam,
iZulebuli
gaxda
dampyrobelTa
mieRo
mahmadianoba,
did
ris
Semdegadac maTma umravlesobam dakarga qarTveloba, sarwmunoeba, ena, gvari da
saxeli.
vaxuSti batoniSvili samcxis Sesaxeb wers: “jayeli, ese ars aw aTabagi da
faSa axalcixisa, SalikaSvili, TavdgiraZe, diasamiZe, qobulis Ze, gogebaSvili,
amilaxvari, avaliSvili, sumbatiSvili, gogoriSvili, Tuxareli, RaRaniZe da
sxvani, aRar iwodebian gvariTa, aramed faSad, begad da sanjaxad da aznaurica
egreTve.”
qarTvel mahmadianTa Soris bevrma dakarga Tavisi namdvili gvari da
gadavida Zvel gvarze, ase rom Taobidan Taobaze erTi da igive gvari ki ar
gadadioda, aramed icvleboda mamis saxelis mixedviT, eseTi wesi gansakuTrebiT
mahmadianuri warmoSobis xalxSi dResacaa daculi.
marTlac gvaris aseTi cvla iwvevs did siZneleebs, amitom msoflios
umravlesobam irCia, rom erTxelve SemuSavebuli gvari damkvidrdes da gadaeces
Taobidan Taobas.
1944 wlis 14 noembramde udeSi sul 64 gvaris xalxi cxovrobda, xolo
amave wlis 14 noembris Semdeg gvarTa raodebnoba Semcirda imis gamo, rom
udidan qarTveli mahmadianebi Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles. amJamad udeSi sul 59
sxvadasxva gvari cxovrobs. aqedan yvelaze gavrcelebuli gvarebia: merabiSvili,
balaxaSvili,
abulaZe,
giqoSvili
(kiknaZe),
TaToSvili,
gigolaSvili,
yuljaniSvili, petaSvili, gelaZe da sxva.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg udes Seemata eqvsi sxvadasxva gvaris ojaxi –
akofiani, SaSikiani, karakaSiani, adeiSvili da suxmani (axalcixis, axalqalaqis,
aspinZis raionebidan da aseve belorusiidan).
udeSi Zvel mosulebad iTvlebian – TaToSvilebis nawili (zavzakianTebis
Sto) da mamukaSvilebi (aspinZis raioni sofeli xizabavra).
1830 wlidan udeSi cxovrobdnen davidovebi da stanCikovebi, rogorc
irkveva
isini
mefis
ruseTis
jariskacebi
34
iyvnen
(1828-1830)
da
samxreT
saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis ibrZodnen da sabolood udeSi darCnen
sacxovreblad.
jer kidev XVI saukunis bolos da XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde udidan
SiSianobis
gamo
balaxaSvilebis,
gadaixvewa
saqarTvelos
merabiSvilebis,
kiknaZeebis,
sxvadasxva
kuTxeSi
babunaSvilebis,
abulaZeebis,
barikaSvilebis,
xuciSvilebis, xojvanaSvilebis, TamaraSvilebis da sxva gvarebi…
udeSi amJamad 59 gvaria 1190 ojaxi 3380 suli (1980 wlis monacemebiT),
udidan Zvelad sxvadasxva dros gadasaxlebulan saqarTvelos Sida raionebSi
SiSianobis
gamo,
xolo
sabWoTa
xelisuflebis
wlebSi
samsaxurebrivi
movaleobis Sesrulebis gamo darCnen sacxovreblad Cveni samSoblos qalaqebsa
q. axalcixe
2
sof. ivlita (axalcixis r-ni)
3
250
1910
3
21
sof. axalSeni (wulukiZis r-ni)
1910
15
58
4
q. gori
1900
8
20
5
q. Tbilisi da rusTavi
200
350
6
sof. sanavardo (yvarelis r-ni)
1910
20
70
7
Sua aziis qveynebSi udeli mahmadianebi
1944
133
300
8
adigenis raionul centrSi cxovroben
20
30
9
kur. abasTumani (adigenis r-ni)
12
25
10
sof. varxani (adigenis r-ni)
2
4
11
sof. abasTumani (adigenis r-ni)
3
6
12
sof. umwa (adigenis r-ni)
7
12
13
sof. fxero (adigenis r-ni)
3
6
35
raodenoba
komlTa
amJamad
komli
150
1945 wlidan 1992 wlamde
1
ramdeni
gadavidnen sacxovreblad
gadasaxldnen
#
rodis
da soflebSi, romelTa Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT cnobebs vaTavsebT qvemoT.
SeniSvna
sxvadasxva dros
sxvadasxva dros
14
sof. kaxareTi (adigenis r-ni)
6
7
15
sof. wre (adigenis r-ni)
1
1
16
sof. gorguli (adigenis r-ni)
5
7
17
sof. waxani (adigenis r-ni)
1
3
18
sof. bolajuri (adigenis r-ni)
2
2
aqedan gamomdinare sul wasuli aris 491 ojaxi da amJamad maTi STamomavlebi
Seadgenen sul 952 ojaxs (1992 wlis monacemebiT).
36
Sina mrewveloba
Zvelad
udeSi,
Sina
mrewvelobis
bevri
sxvadasxva
dagri
yofila
ganviTarebuli, jer 1925-1930 wlebSi daaxloebiT TxuTmetamde samWedlo iyo,
romelic
jer
kerZo
gansakuTrebiT
pirebis
cnobili
sakuTrebad
iyo
iTvleboda,
martiaSvilebis,
samWedloebs
Soris
balaxaSvilebisa
da
narimaniSvilebis mier damzadebuli iaraRebi. mWedlebi amzadebdnen sasoflo
sameurneo
iaraRebs:
Toxebs,
barebs,
weraqvebs,
uroebs,
culebs,
waldebs,
xeleCoebs, fexeCoebs da sxva.
udeSi Zvelad muSaobda “yvinCad” (oqromWedeli) rabaTeli anton girgiZe,
romelic
Rramd
moxucebuli
iyo
da
mainc
Cveuli
energiiT
igi
oqros,
vercxlisa da TiTberisagan amzadebda beWdebs, qamrebs, JiR-JiRebs (yelsabami),
samajurebs, jvrebs da sxva.
xeze
momuSave
xelosnebi
amzadebdnen
xis
guTnebs,
jilRebs,
kavebs,
kevrebs, uRelebs, urmis Tvlebs, karadebs, magidebs; aSenebdnen saxlebs da sxva…
sofel xuroSi dasaxlebulni unda yofiliyvnen xuroebi.
udeSi 1930 wlamde SemorCa sxvadasxva saxis qsovilebis damzadebis wesi.
Zvelad am dargis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda adgilobrivi nedleulis arseboba.
kerZod
mecxvareoba,
ris
gamoc
mosaxleobis
nawili
sakuTari
nawarmiT
ikmayofilebda moTxovnilebas.
sofelSi nawil mosaxleobisas Salis saqsovi dazgebi hqondaT, romlebic
mosaxleobasac
uqsovdnen
Salis
qsovilebs,
aseve
qalebi
qsovdnen
Salis
Tavsaxuravebs, beWebze mosasxmel did Salebs, windebs, paiWebs, winsafrebs,
xelTaTmnebs.
Txis
balnisagan
qsovdnen
tomrebs,
grexdnen
urmis
dasakoW
Tokebs,
apevrebs (mamasaxlisaSvili ako da misi Svili).
narTis damzadebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo matylis garecxva. garecxili
matyli, rom sufTa yofiliyo gobidan dambal matyls amoiRebdnen brtyel qvaze,
dadebdnen da satyepeliT gatyepavdnen, amas imeorebdnen manam, sanam matyli
mTlianad
ar
gairecxeboda.
Semdeg
matyls
37
gaaSrobdnen,
gamSral
matyls
gawewavdnen,
gapetavdnen
da
Semdeg
saCeCelze
gaCeCavdnen,
gaCeCil
matyls
xeltarze daarTavdnen, Semdeg orwver narTs grexdnen Waxrakze, romelsac
qselad iyenebdnen.
sxvadasxva
qsovilebis
damzadebisaTvis
aucilebeli
iyo
sxvadasxva
xarisxis narTis darTva, radgan Sals wminda narTi esaWiroeboda, rom qsovili
uxeSi ar gamosuliyo, windebisaTvis rogorc msxvili, ise wminda narTi iyo
saWiro, xolo Salis qsovilisaTvis qselis garda saWiro iyo ufro xarisxovani
wminda sadedao narTi.
Salis
qsovilis
xarisxi
damokidebuli
iyo
narTis
xarisxze,
romlisaganac keravdnen: Coxebs, axaluxebs, Sarvlebs, yabalaxebs.
SemodgomiT mosaxleobas mohqonda mTidan Waobis mcenare – Wili, xolo
simindis
taros
gamoeleodaT,
TeTr
fuCeCs
gansakuTrebiT
inaxavdnen.
did
marxvaSi
zamTarSi,
rogorc
roca
qalebs
Wilisagan,
ise
saqme
Calis
fuCeCisagan grexdnen imdens, ramdenis qsovisTvis iyo saWiro. Semdeg specialur
dazgaze daqselavdnen, daqselvis Semdeg qalebi iwyebdnen Wilobis qsovas,
rogorc Wilisgan, ise simindis fuCeCisagan.
1897 wels Jurnal “kvalSi” iv. merabiSvili werda: “aq bevri xelobaa
gavrcelebuli, arian xazarebi, kalatozebi, mWedlebi, nalbandebi, xarebisa da
cxenebis
mWedlebi,
romelTa
xeloba
qebulia,
ara
marto
qvablianSi
da
focxovSi, aramed TviT q. axalcixis aRmosavleT mxaresac”.
es
ki
migvaniSnebs
imaze,
rom
qvablianis
xeobaSi
ude
iTvleboda
xelosanTa da vaWarTa centrad, sadac maxlobeli soflebidan da focxovidan
modiodnen
da
yidulobdnen
sas.
sam.
iaraRebs,
aqve
TerZebTan
ikeravdnen
tansacmels, “barbar xanaSi” iparsavdnen wvers da “adolaT hasanas yavanaSi”
atarebdnen dros.
focxovisa da qvablianis soflebidan mohyavdaT pirutyvi mohqondaT erboyveli, karaqi, qaTami, kvercxi da sxva.
zamTrobiT
RorZidan,
wyisidan,
zazalodan
da
maxlobel
marxilebiT Semodioda udeSi SeSa, Tiva da sxva gasayidad.
38
soflebidan
udeSi aRmoCenili ganZeulis Sesaxeb
1959 wlis Jurnal “sabWoTa xelovnebis” 4 Si xelovnebaT mcodneobis
kandidati aleqsandre javaxiSvili da tariel CubinaSvili udis ganZis Sesaxeb
werdnen Semdegs: “erT-erTi aseTi uaxloesi aRmoCena moxda sofel udeSi, sadac
napovni iqna brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebis didi ganZi, romelis 100-ze meti
erTeulisagan Sedgeboda da Seicavda brinjaos culebs, xelSubebs, brinjaos
rgolebs,
pincetebs,
farTo
furclian
sartyelebs
da
bolos
sartyelebis
Sesakrav abzindebs, CamoTvlili nivTebis didi nawili Semkulia sxvadasxva
mxatvruli xerxebiTa da TviTac warmoadgens mxatvrul samkauls, amitom udis
ganZi did interess iwvevs ara marto istoriul – arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
aramed
xelovnebis
TvalsazrisiTac,
ude
istoriuli
da
arqeologiuri
TvalsazrisiT metad sainterso adgilia, igi mdebareobda uZveles savaWro
gzaze, romelic akavSirebda saqarTvelos aRmosavleT da dasavleT mxareebs”.
udis
ganZi
aRmoCenili
maqandaraSvilis
saxlTan
mravalricxovani
nivTebi
iqna
SemTxveviT
1-2
metris
gaxveuli
iyo
1956
wlis
siRrmeze.
brinjaos
gazafxulze
brinjaosa
furclovan
da
levan
rkinis
sartyelebSi.
mkvlevarebi udeSi napovn nivTebs sam jgufad yofen:
1. sabrZolo iaraRebi brinjaos 4 kolxuri culi, 12 brinjaos Subisa da
xelSubis piri, amdenive brinjaos yunwiani isris piri, brinjaos 4 laxtis
Tavi: rkinis satevris piri, laxtis Tavi da 2 Subis piri.
2. samkaulebi da maTi msgavsi nivTebi: brinjaos erTi rgolaki, 2 pinceti, 12
msxvili rgoli da brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebis calkeuli naxatebi.
3. tansacmelTan
sxvadasxva
dakavSirebuli
sagnis
furclovani
nivTebi:
4
brinjaos
sartyelis
3
sakinZi,
fragmenti
da
brinjaos
brinjaos
sartyelis Sesakravi e.w. yubanuri tipis 8 abzinda.
a. javaxiSvili
da
t.
CubiniSvili
udis
ganZs
miakuTvneben
Zveli
welTaRricxvis XI-X saukuneebs.
udis ganZis brinjaos nivTebis erTi nawili uxvad aris Semkuli sxvadasxva
ornamentebiT.
39
udis cixesTan 1939 wels saxlebis mSeneblobis drosac miwis siRrmeSi
napovnia Wurebi, monetebi, krinisa da oqros zodebi. yvela es aRmocenili
nivTebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imaze, rom ude erT-erTi vaWar-xelosanTa
uZvelesi da udidesi dasaxlebuli punqti unda yofiliyo.
dRes ude samcxis erT-erTi yvelaze didi da mWidrod dasaxlebuli,
Ronieri sofelia, misi Zeglebi, arqeologiuri nivTebi, SemorCenili uZvelesi
xalxuri sanaxaobani da Tqmulebebis, ara marto am soflis aramed saerTod
Cveni xalxis gmiruli brZolisa da Sromis naTeli furcelia.
40
mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba da kaTolikeobis miReba
samcxeSi
1628
wels
gajavrebuli
samlocveloze
“sulTanTan
beqa
mipatiJebuli
stambulSi
muxlebze
muslimanad
idga,
da
saaTabagos
inaTleboda
locvilobda,
xolo
da
sanaTesaoze
aia
roca
sofias
mesxeTSi
dabrundeboda manuCars moswamlavda da aTabagobas Tu ar eRirsa, gaerTianebul
vilaieTis
faSad
dajdeboda.
afsus,
odesRac
berZnul
taZarSi,
romlis
saxelwodebac iyo wminda sofia, amJamad Turqebis mier warmoTqmul muslimanur
“aia
sofiad”
gadakeTebul
samlocveloSi
aTabagobas
danatrulma
faSobis
wodebaze gahyida erovneba da sarwmunoeba, suli da namusi aRuTqva sulTans,
rom dReidan ibrZolebda aWara-mesxeTis gamahmadianebisaTvis, ase gaSavebuli
piriT gamoemgzavra iqidan
manuCaris
winaaRmdeg
da arTvinTan axlos sofel svetSi dasaxlda
axali
politikuri
manevrebisaTvis”
(jemal
jayelis
“finqsi sibrZnisa” gv. 107, baTumi 1971 w.).
beqa estumra biZas – manuCars, mowamla da manuCaris sikvdilis Semdeg
sulTanma
samxreT
daniSna
axalcixis
saqarTvelosa
da
maT
faSad
da
Soris
monaTles
udis
safar
faSad.
romelmac
mosaxleobis
nawils
iZulebiT
miaRebines mahmadianuri sarwmunoeba – abulaZeebis, kiknaZeebis, CilaSvilebisa da
petaSvilebis
nawils,
xolo
baqraZeebis,
baraTaSvilebis,
beriZeebisa
da
kanWaZeebis gvaris yvela wevri gamahmadianda. ufro gvian mahmadianoba miiRe
petaSvilebis erTma Stom, romlebsac “iSiR oRlebi” Searqves.
rogorc
Zveli
gadmocemebi
adasturebs,
ojaxis
ufross
Semohkvdomia
Turqi moxele, amis gamo daiWires mkvleli da TurqTa sasamarTlos ganaCeniT
mkvlel – petaSvils miusajes gaxurerbuli rkinis Tasis Tavze daxureba da ase
tanjviT sikvdili.
Turq moxeleTa brZanebiT sofelSi centralur moedanze Tavi mouyares
sxvadasxva soflebidan mosul xalxs imis gamo, rom ayurebinon qarTveli kacis
wamebiT sikvdili, meodnis TvalsaCino adgilas jami xurdeboda, danTebul
koconze da iqve axlos boZze mikruli huoliaT TavianTi msxverpli, Turqi
41
moxeleebi gaxurebul jams, roca TavTan miitandnen, maSin damnaSave petaSvils
eubnebodnen: Tu miiReb mahmadianobas yvela danaSauli gepatieba, Tu ara aseT
tanjvaSi
amogxdeba
sulio..
aseT
tanjvas
rasakvirvelia
arCia
mieRo
mahmadianuri sarwmunoeba, roca Tanxmoba ganucxada Turq moxeleebs, maSin
monaTlul iqna mahmadianurad, ris gamoc saxeli da gvari gamoucvales Turqma
xojebma – “dasvinaTebis” e.i. Turqul wesze monaTvlis dros uwodes “maxmudi”
da uTqvamT – “exla Sen “iSiRSi” Sexvalo, rac sinaTles niSnavs.
XVII saukuneSi Turq dampyroblebma jer samcxeSi da Semdeg aWaraSi,
mosaxleobis masiurad gamuslimanebis saqmeSi farTod gamoiyenes cecxli da
maxvili.
mcxeTaSi SemorCenil
qarTvelobas
am
mdros
mfarvelobas
safrangeTi
uwevda.
jer kidev 1535 wels safrangeTsa da osmaleTs Soris daido pirveli
xelSekruleba,
mfarvelobis
romlis
gaweva,
ZaliTac
jer
gaTvaliswinebuli
sakuTar
qveSermdomebze.
iyo
safrangeTis
romlebic
osmaleTSi
imyofebodnen da Semdeg ki safrangeTma calmxrivad ganaxorciela mfarvelobis
gaweva osmaleTSi yvela sxva kaTolikur qristianobis maRiareblebze.
jer
kidev
saxelmwifosTan,
XV
raTa
saukuneSi
maT
aTabagebi
kaTolikobis
kavSirs
amyarebdnen
gavrcelebiT
safrangeTis
daecvaT
islamis
moZalebisagan Tavi.
romis papTan da safrangeTTan aTabagebis damokidebulebaze dawvrilebiT
cnobebs gvawvdis mixeil TumaniSvili. igi 1902 wlis 3 oqtombers romidan
gamogzavnil
werilSi
safrangeTSi
burboo
wers:
dukas
“yvaryvare
weren,
meore
rom
da
giorgi
dasavleTSi
mefe
1459
wels
aRmosavleTelebs
daxmarebodnen, raTa osmaleTi daamarcxon. amis gamo elCebs ugzavnian, elCebi
jer papTan misulan, TavianTi mTavrebis erTguleba da morCileba gamoucxades,
Semdgom safrangeTSi wavidnen:.
1546 wels romis papi Tavis werilSi wers, rom sxva mTavrebTan erTad
yvaryvare (meoTxe) romis eklesiis erTguli yofila da papTan SesaerTeblad
momzadebuli. es utyuari faqtebi metyvelebs imaze, rom samcxeSi erTeulma
42
soflebma
da q. axalcixis mosaxleobam kaTolikeoba miiRo da amiT TuqTa
ganadgulebisagan Tavi daicves.
samcxis
adgilobrivi
qarTveli
mosaxleoba
rom
ganesxvavebinaT
mahmadianebisagan, axalcixis faSas ubrZanebia, rom “qarTvel mamakacebs Tavze
cisferi
mosaxvevi
da
welze
amave
feris
mahmadianebs – TeTri Tavsaxvevi (Calma) da TeTri
sartyeli
etarebinaT,
xolo
sartyeli”.
aseTi gansxvavebuli Cacmuloba SemorCa mesxeTSi 1930 wlamde, romlsac
Rrmad moxucebuli qarTveli mamakacebi atarebdnen.
230 wlis tyveobis Semdeg 1828 wlis 15 agvistos mefis nacval general
paskeviCis xelmZRvanelobiT rusma da qarTvel jarma samxreT saqarTvelodan
gandevna Turqi dampyroblebi. mravalgziT aoxrebuli da ganawamebi mesxeTjavaxeTis mosaxleoba aRar dabrunebia Tavis gapartaxebul mSobliur keras,
ris gamoc mefis nacvalma paskeviCma arTvinidan somexi mosaxleoba Camoasaxla
mesxeT javaxeTis dacarielebul soflebsa da qalaqebSi.
carizmis
batonobis
periodSi
qarTuli
ena
qvablianis
xeobaSi
da
mTlianad mesxeT javaxeTSi dakninda. qarTuli enis daqveiTebas xeli Seuwyo
rusuli da Turquli enebis gabatonebam am mxareSi. rusi moxeleebi cdilobdnen
qarTveli mosaxleobis garusebas, amitom skolebSi rusuli enaze iswavleboda
yvela
sagani.
gadakeTebuli
im
dros
iqna
–
dabadebis
abulaZeebs
mowmobaSi
abulovebad,
qarTuli
gvarebi
merabiSvilebs
–
somxurad
merabovebad,
balaxaSvilebis – balaxovebad da sxva, rac gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mesxeTis
umravels
eklesiaSi
somexi
mRvdlebi
gvarebs atarebdnen wignSi.
43
batonobdnen
da
naTlobisas
somxur
ude menSevikebis batonobis periodSi da gaqceva
mesxeTis
batonobis
ganTavisuflebis
periodSi
erTxel
90
wlis
kidev
Semdeg
swveviaT
saqarTveloSi
didi
ubedureba
menSevikebis
am
tanjul
mosaxleobas. qarTveloba kidev mtris garemocvaSi moeqca. qarTveli mosaxleoba
ganicdida TurqTa velur urdoebisa da adgilobrivi bandebis ganuwyvetel
Tavdasxmebs, xolo meore mxriv siRatake, SimSili da sicive stanjavdaT.
TurqeTis mTavrobis davalebiT axalcixis gavlenian pirebma sarvel begma
(jayelTa gvaris ukanasknelma warmomadgenelma), samcxis adgilobrivi mahmadiani
mosaxleobisagan, TiToeul sofelSi Seqmna moxaliseTa bandebi, romlTa mizani
iyo mesxeTSi qarTvelobis mospoba, amis gamo 1918 wlis ianvridan mesxeTis
nawili samcxe xelaxla moswyvites saqarTvelos, ris gamoc samxreT dasavleTiT
saqarTvelo
aRmoCnda
mtris
garemocvaSi.
regularul
armias
SeuerTa
begis
am
mier
periodSi
samcxis
qemal-faSam
soflebSi
Tavis
Seqmnili
adgilobrivi bandebi, ramac didad gazarda mtris Zalebi.
samcxis qarTveloba kargad iyo darwmunebuli, rom mas ganadgureba da
gadagvareba moeloda, amitom raime unda eRona. im dros soflebs udesa da
arals bevri Wkviani da mefis armiaSi kargad gawvrTnili axalgazrdoba hyavda:
udeSi – petre merabiSvilis, aralSi – Salva vardiZisa da sxvaTa saxiT.
soflis Tavkacebis xelmZRvanelobiT sofel udeSi da aralSi Seiqmna 800
kacisagan
Semdgari
armia,
raTa
daecva
mosaxleoba
moZalade
bandebis
Tavdasxmisagan.
imJamad, dRevandel adigenis raionis teritoriaze sul 72 sofeli iyo,
aqedan mxolod ori qarTuli sofeli iyo – ude da arali.
udisa da arils mosaxleoba medgar winaaRmdegobs uwevda Tavdamsxmelebs,
magram
Zalze
uTanasworo
iyo
da
mosaxleobis
nawili
iZulebuli
iyo
gaxiznuliyo q. axalcixeSi.
moTareSe bandebis sawinaaRmdegod sofelSi Sesasvleli yvela gza da xevRele
Caketili
iyo.
soflis
samxreTiT
44
da
dasavleTiT
mowyobili
iyo
saTvalTvalo punqtebi, rac xel-fexs uborkavda mters, soflebSi udesa da
aralSi SeRwevas.
im dros TurqeTSi xmebi dadioda, TiTqos udisa da arils soflebis
sazRvrebi
ise
iyo
gamagrebuli,
rom
soflis
samxreTiT
da
dasavleTiT
aRmarTuli kldeebsa da gorebze qvemexebi da tyviamfrqvevebi idga. sinamdvileSi
udis cixesTan erTi qvemexi iyo, xolo samxreT gorebze qvemexis msgavsad
mowyobili iyo Rumelis milebi, romlebic Soridan marTlac qvemexebs waagavda.
amda sxva gonivrulma RonisZiebebma mters droebiT aaRebina xeli veragul
zraxvebis
ganxorcielebaze,
magram
rogorRa
icavdnen
udeli
da
arleli
meomrebi am saidumloebas? es ki ase xdeboda: rodesac mezobel soflebidan an
TurqeTidan
Tvalebs
delegatebi
auxvevdnen,
sayaraulo
rom
ar
punqtebs
SeeniSnaT
miuaxlovdebodnen,
moxerxebulad
razmelebi
SeniRbuli
Rumelis
milebi, an razmis siZliere ar gaegoT, roca delegatebs StabSi Seiyvandnen
auxsnidnen Tvalebs, xolo molaparakebis Semdeg isev auxvevdnen Tvalebs da
imave wesiT gaacilebdnen sayaraulo punqtamde da gauSvebdnen.
mamakacebi mindorSi samuSaoze iaraRasxmuli midiodnen, sayaraulo da
saTvalTvalo punqtebze morigeobdnen dRe da Rame. ai aseT wvalebaSi erTi
weliwadi gaatares.
qarTuli
siZliere
andazaa:
gacemul
cxovrobdnen,
kerZod
“cixe
iqna
Signidan
qarTveli
aRniSnuli
gatydebao”,
mahmadianebis
saidumloeba
marTlac
mier,
gasces
Cveni
soflis
romlebic
amirxan
da
udeSi
maxsun
baraTaSvilebma (ukanaskneli RatifSa baraTaSvilis mamaa).
1919
wlis
ianvarSi
samxreTidan
Savi
RrubeliviT
wamovida
TurqTa
bandebis uricxvi jari – zogi irmis Walidan saZalos cixes Camohyva, zogi
xonasa
da
marelze
gadmovida,
zogic
mdinare
focxovis
xeobiT
Semovida,
romlebic udisa da arils soflebis samxreTis sazRvrebs moefinnen da jgufjgufebad ganaxorcieles Semoteva.
udisa da arils qarTveli mosaxleoba TavganwirviT icavda soflebis
samxreTisa da dasavleTis sazRvrebs, magram ras gaawyobdnen uricxv qemal
45
faSas jaris winaaRmdeg, roca maT mxardamxar mohyvebodnen sarval begis mier
Seqmnili adgilobrivi bandebi.
udelma da arlelma meomrebma mters gza gadauRobes
da moZalebul
mters lomebiviT ekveTnen. am uTanasworo brZolaSi bevri axalgazrda daiRupa,
magram mters soflebSi Sesvlas ar aZlevdnen.
1919 wlis ianvarSi sofel arils mosaxleobam Tavi Seafara sofel valesa
da axalcixes. xolo ude darCa qemal faSas armisaa da sarvel begis bandebis
pirispir, ude kunZuliviT rkalSi aRmoCnda. rogorc grigol abaSiZe wers:
arc galavani hqonia zRuded,
arc iyo ude wyliT mozRuduli,
TaTris soflebis tyves gavda ude,
gza miwyvetili rogorc kunZuli.
marTlac gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda sofel udis mosaxleoba, amis
gamo udis Tavkacobam saswrafod mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis q. axalcixis qalqis
Tavs general maRlakeliZes da genereal makaevs – mayaSvils raTa iaraRiT da
cocxali
ZaliT
daxmareba
gaewiaT,
maTi
gankargulebiT
udis
sazRvrebze
general gelovanisa da polkovnik kereseliZis meTaurobiT, axalcixis samxedro
nawilidan gamogzavne jari.
samxedro
jariskacebTan
nawilis
erTad
mosvlam
gaamxneva
ganaxorcieles
mterze
udeli
axali
momrebi,
Seteva
da
romlebmac
mters
piri
adrekines. brZolis xazze moxucebi da bavSvebi Rebulobdnen monawileobas,
mihqondaT saWmeli da brZolis xazidan daWrilebi gamohyavdaT.
Turqma askiarebma soflebs wyiseebsa da marelis midamoebSi moaxerxes
sabrZolo xazis gamagreba, aseT viTarebaSi dRiTi dRe maSveli ZalebiT ivsebda
TurqTa bandebi.
am
brZolebSi
midamoebSi
19
wlis
bevri
udeli
jariskaci
vaJkacis
poeti
gverdiT
grigol
daiRupa
megreliSvili
sofel
wyisis
(mTis
niavi),
romelic Tavis amxanagebTan erTad dasaflavebulia udis patare eklesiis ezoSi
(wamebulTa sasaflaoze).
46
general
gelovanma
da
polkovnik
kereseliZem
gadawyvites,
rom
aseT
uTanasworo brZolaSi udisa da maTi jaris mcire nawilebi TurqTa jaris
nawilebTan
TavianTi
verafers
jaris
gaxdebodnen,
nawilebi
amitom
maT
abasTumanze
miatoves
gavliT
brZolis
zekaris
veli
da
gadasasvleliT
quTaisisaken gaemarTnen. brZolaSi bedis anabarad darCenili udeli meomrebi
ieriSze gadmosul moZalade mters win wasvlis saSualebas ar aZlevdnen.
miuxedavad udelTa vaJkacobisa, saswori TurqTa mxareze gadaixara. TurqTa
uricxv
armiasTan
brZolis
gagrZeleba
uazroba
iyo.
am
momentSi
soflis
Tavkacebis yvelaze didi sazrunavi iyo soflis mosaxleobis gadarCena.
udes
yovel
mxridan
mteri
uaxlovdeboda.
umweo
mdgomareobaSi
Cavardnili mosaxleoba gasaqcev gzebs eZebda. udis Tavkacobam gadawyvita imave
Rames
sofeli
daetovebina
da
gaxiznuliyvnen
axalcixeSi.
gadawyvetileba
swrafad iqna sisruleSi moyvanili. sanam sofeli daicleboda, manam meomrebs
brZoliT mozRvavebuli mteri unda SeeCerebina. daRamda da sibneleSi brZolis
xazze Tofis srolis xma aRar ismoda.
RamiT sofeli dacarielda, xolo brZolis veli sabolood datoves
udelma meomrebma da axalcixisken mimaval soflis mosaxleobas sofel farexis
midamoebSi wamoewivnen.
sofelSi samasamde adamiani darCa, romlebsac susxian zamTarSi fexiT
axalcixemde Casvla ar SeeZloT, ris gamoc sofelSi bedis anabara darCnen
moxucebi,
avadmyofebi,
usinaTloebi
da
nawili
axalgazrdoba,
romlebmac
TavianTi qoneba ver miatoves.
gaqceuli mosaxleoba gzaSi vin vis aswrebda ar icodnen, am arevdarevaSi
zogi Svils daeZebda gzaSi, zogi cols da zogi ki dedas. gaTenebisas daRlildaqanculebma Zlivs CaaRwies axalcixeSi.
soflidan gaxiznuli mosaxleoba jer kidev soflis mijnas ar iyvnen
gacilebulni, rom sofels cecxli waukides da sofelSi darCenil qonebas
daepatronnen adgilobrivi qarTveli mahmadianebi, aseTive bedi ewvia kurort
abasTumans da erTi TviT adre sofel arals.
47
sofelSi
darCenil
300-mde
sicocxles
mowyurebuli
adamiani
SiSiT
saxlidan gareT wylis asaRebadac ver gamodiodnen.
raki umweo mosaxleoba naxes sofelSi RatifSa baraTaSvilis deidas
qmarma, romelic focxovidan iyo gadmosuli Tavisi bandisa da Zmebi amirxana da
maxsuda
baraTaSvilebis
daxmarebiT
daiwyes
upatrono
saxlebis
Zarcva,
pirutyvis garekva, binebis dawva da umweod darCenili mosaxleobis wameba da
xocva.
axalcixis samcxe javaxeTis isotiuli muzeumis xelnawerTa fondis #
3428 gv. 65-73 eqim ivane gabrielis Ze asaTians naCenebi aqvs, rom 1918-19 wlebSi
TurqeTis Semosevebis dro sofel udeSi adgilobrivma mahamdianebma udeSi
awames da mokles 240 adamiani, xolo aralSi – 30, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT
mkvlelobaSi mTavar moqmed pirebad iTvlebodnen Zmebi amirxana da maxsuda
baraTaSvilebi da maxsudas qvisli laCina – TurqeTdan gadmosuli.
zogierT daxocilTa sia:
1. merabiSvili giorgi
2. merabiSvili ana (col-qmari awames)
3. petriaSvili pavle
4. petriaSvili sabedo (col-qmari)
5. petriaSvili qristine (Svili)
6. petriaSvili ana (Svili)
7. giqoSvili ivane
8. giqoSvili besarion
9. giqoSvili petre
10. yuljaniSvili pavle
11. yuljaniSvili Terezina (col-qmari, cecxlSi dawves)
12. balaxaSvili SuSana
13. balaxaSvili aleqsi
14. obolasvili stefane
15. aToSvili iosebi
16. martiaSvili stefane
48
17. petaSvili pavle
18. petaSvili mixeil (Zmebi)
da sxvebi.
gaxiznuli
mosaxleoba
1919
wlis
2
Tebervlidan
25
aprilamde
Tavs
afarebda axalcixes, axalcixeSi orTve naxevars udisa da samTveze met xans
arils mosaxleoba ganicdida SimSils, ramac gamoiwvia mosaxleobis maisuri
daavadeba, aseT viTarebaSi myof mosaxleobas lukmapuris Sovnis saSualeba ar
hqonda, SimSilis niadagze gavrcelebulma epidemiam (tifi) bevri adamianis
sicocxle Siewira.
1919 wlis aprilis pirvel naxevarSi qarTveli jaris nawilebi Semovidnen
axalcixeSi , romelTa meSeveobiT gaTavisuflebul iqna qvablianis teritoria
da Cvens mosaxleobas saSualeba mieca 15-dan 25 aprilamde dabruneboda TavianT
gaparataxebul keras.
daaxloebiT
aprilis
dasawyisSi
qarTveli
jaris
Semosvlis
dros
qvablianis qarTveli mahmadianebi ojaxebiT garbodnen, zogi aWaraSi da zogic
TurqeTSi, sarval begis mama feizula begi (aTabag qoblianski) Tavis sofel
benaraSi
qarTvel
jars
purmariliT
Seegeba
da
gaqceuli mahmadiani mosaxleoba gzida daabrunes.
49
amiT
sisxlisRvra
Sewyda.
sasoflo sabWo da maTi xelmZRvaneloba
jer kidev 1828 wels, roca iqna TurqTa batonobisagan gaTavisuflda
samcxe, maSin dRevandel
adigenis teritoria axalcixis mazraSi Sevida. am
teritoriaze sami samamasaxliso yofila – adigenis, varxnisa da udis. ude maSin
axalcixis
mazraSi
yvelaze
didi
samamasaxliso
yofila,
xolo
sabWoTa
xelisuflebis wlebSi ki jer revkomebi iyo, xolo Semdeg TemsabWo, romlebSic
Sedioda arali, orWoSani, warbasTumani, mareli, xona, qvemo da zemo wyise,
zazalo, xuro, RorZe, amxeri, samyre, kaxareTi da lelovani. aRniSnul soflebs
ganagebda kargazans udis revkomi, xolo Semdeg TemsabWo.
udis sasoflo kooperativi aRniSnul soflebs uwevda momsaxurebas.
droTa msvlelobaSi revkomebi gadakeTda TemsabWoebad da bolos TemsabWoebi
Seicvala sasoflo sabWoebad.
1929-1930 wlebSi axalcixis mazras adigeni gamoeyo calke raionad da
sasoflo
sabWoebis
ricxvi
gaizarda
raionSi.
Tu
udis
TemsabWos
SemadgenlobaSi Zvelad Sedioda 14 sofeli, sasoflo sabWoebis gardaqmnis
dros, udis sasoflo sabWos SemadgenlobaSi darCa – ude, arali da xuro,
xolo 1945 wlidan ki
udis
- ude, arali da warbastumani.
TemsabWoSi
Semavali
14
sofeli,
Semdeg
4
sasoflo
sabWod
ganawilda: udis, marelis, zazalosa da lelovanis sasoflo sabWoebad, raTa
xelmZRvaneloba da marTva advili yofiliyo. aseTive bedi ewviaT adigenisa da
varxanis TemsabWoebs.
sabWoTa xelisuflebis dapyrobis dRidan udeSi revkomis Tavjdomared
muSaobda merabiSvili petre grigolis Ze, Semdeg niSnaven mamulaSvili giorgi
petres Zes, xolo TemsabWos Tavjdomared Toma grigolis Ze merabiSvils,
romelsac
Semdeg
cvlis
zazaSvili
simon
stefanes
Ze,
saraSvili
eduard
iosebis Ze, CilaSvili mixa antonis Ze, maisuraZe gigla iordanes Ze, zazaSvili
simon
stefanes
Ze,
gigolaSvili
petre
avetisis
Ze,
yuljaniSvili
levan
aruTenis Ze, saraSvili eduard iosebis Ze, saaniSvili giorgi (Jora) pavles Ze,
maisuraZe simon iosebis Ze, gigolaSvili amiran stefanes Ze, TaTenaSvili osiko
aleqsandres Ze, abulaZe giorgi ivanes Ze, TumaniSvili levan stefanes Ze,
50
merabiSvili avTandil giglas Ze, balaxaSvili SoTa moses Ze da 1991 wlis 31
marts Catarda sof udis sakrebulos arCevnebi. 17 aprils airCies sakrebulos
mdivani pavle mixeilis Ze mRebriSvili.
1991 wlis 24 aprils airCies sofel udis sakrebulos gamgebeli anton
pavles Ze parunaSvili xolo Semdeg guram stefanes Ze boCikaSvili.
udis sasoflo sabWo raionSi yvelaze did sasoflo sabWod iTvleboda, romlis
SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda arali da warbasTumani.
mimdinare 1983 wlis 19 ianvars mTavrobis dadgenilebiT soflebi arali da
warbasTumani udes gamoeyvnen da aralSi sabWo Seiqmna.
udeSi aris sami saSualo skolaa – udis #1, #2 da udis axalgazrdobis
saSualo skola.
udeSi 5 biblioTekaa, xolo sSualo skolebs aqvT TavianTi biblioTekebi.
aris musikaluri skola, romelsac aqvs Tavisi biblioTeka.
soflis axalgazrdobas momsaxurebas uwevs kulturis saxli, romelsac
aqvs farTo ekraniani kino danadgari.
udeSi aris ori baga baRi, fosta, telegrafi, ateesi, Semnaxveli salaro,
sasursaTo
da
samrewvelo,
tansacmlis,
fexsacmlis,
trikotaJisa
da
sxva
seqciebi.
sofelSi garda univermaRisa aris sami Sereuli, avejis, wignebis maRazia,
sasadilo da sayofacxovrebo momsaxureobis obieqtebi.
Tu winaT soflis mosaxleoba moklebuli iyo samedicino momsaxurebas,
dRes udis sasoflo sabWos momsaxurebas uwevs ambolatoria, saavadmyofo 35
sawolze, samSobiaro saxli, afTiaqi da vet samkurnalo dawesebuleba.
1977 wels daiwyo soflis centraluri gzis gafarToeba – moasfalteba.
1958 wlidan udis yvela mosaxlem gaiSena orsarTuliani oda saxli,
romelic naTurebiT aris gaCiraRdnebuli.
51
kulakoba da kolmeurneobis Camoyalibeba
rogorc saqarTvelos sxvasaxva kuTxeebSi, ise adigenis raionis sofel
udeSic
daiwyo
kulakobis
–
am
samarcxvino
moqmedebis
ganxorcieleba,
gaakulakes – CamoarTves pirutyvi, marcvleuli, saxnavi da baRis farTobebi
iseT ojaxebs, romlebic SedarebiT sxvebze maZRarni iyvnen da SeZlebulad
cxovrobdnen,
aRniSnulis
kolmeurneobaSi
SimSilobdnen
da
safuZvelze
pirvelad
mcire
Sevidnen
daiwyo
is
saxnav-saTesi
kolmeurneebis
ojaxebi,
miwebi
Camoyalibeba.
romlebic
gaaCndaT,
maT
ZiriTadad
daiwyes
sxva
glexebis maRal mosavliani saxnavi miwebis dapatroneba da kolmeurneobaSi
gaerTianeba, xolo gakulakebulebs ki ukrZalavdnen kolmeurneobaSi Sesvlas,
ZiriTadad aRniSnuli sakiTxebi TviTneburad wyvetdnen komkavSirelebi da maTi
mimdevrebi.
zemo aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, sofelSi Seiqmna urTierT dapirispireba,
Suri da mtroba.
1930 wlis gazafxulze kolmeurneobam iwyo daSla, glexobam daiwyo ukan
gamosvla,
xolo
kolmeurneobaSi
darCnen
komkavSirelebi
da
umiwawyalo
glexoba.
1931 wlidan mTavrobis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis (daSineba)
Sedegad daiwyo mosaxleobis masiuri Sesvla kolmeurneobaSi.
kolmeurneobis Camoyalibebis pirvel dReebSi Tavjdomared irCeven vano
serafimis
Ze
merabiSvils,
xolo
ori
wlis
Semdeg
sarqis
simonies
Ze
martiaSvils.
1939 wels kolmeurneobis Tavjdomared irCeven maisuraZe gigla iordanis
Zes da am periodisaTvis sofelSi koleqtivizacia damTavrda. 1942 wlidan
kolmeurneobas saTaveSi simon iakobis Ze petaSvili.
1939-45 wlebSi udidan 505-ze meti axalgazrda iqna gawveuli samxedro
saswavlebelSi, swored am periodSi kolmeurneobis mTliani saqmianoba daawvaT
moxucebs, qalebsa da bavSvebs, romlebic SimSilisa da sicivis miuxedavad
Sromas ar gaurbodnen, maSin roca
kolmeurneobaSi
sameurneo samuSao xeliT sruldeboda.
52
yvela
saxis
sasoflo
1944
wlis
14-15
noembers
mTavrobis
dadgenilebiT
sazRvris
zonaSi
mcxovrebi mahmadianebi, qurTebi da Turqebi gaasaxles Sua aziis respublikaSi,
maT Soris sofel udidan 133 ojaxi.
maTi
gasaxlebis
ZiriTadi
mizezi
Cveni
saxelmwifosTan (dazvervis) saidumlo kavSiri,
azriT
iyo
TurqeTis
mesxeTis qarTvel mosaxleobaze
omis periodSi TiTis qneva, rom male dadgeba Cveni dro da mogivliTo, rom
borjomis zemodan qarTulad “gamarjveba” aRar unda iyoso.
1942 wels adigenis raionis sofel xonaSi 22 axalwveulma (mahmadianma)
miiRo gasawvevi furclebi da amave ricxvmi SuadRisas SearCa SemTxveva da
mavTulxlarTebze miadges ficrebi da gadavidnen TurqeTSi.
1942 wlis SemodgomiT adigenis raionis sof. moxis tyeSi 300-ze metma
mahmadianma TurqeTis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT SeiaraRebulni dabanakdnen tyeSi
im mizniT, rom gaexsna viTomda meore fronti da im tyidan imuqrebodnen sofel
udisa da arils mosaxleobaze, rom male TurqeTic Caebmeboda omSi da am or
soflis mosaxleobas amowyvitavdnen.
1945 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis raionSi darCa 884 ojaxi 3888 suliT da kerZo
mesakuTre 10 ojaxi 42 suliT. sul 894 ojaxi 3930 suliT (1945 wlis aRweraSi
Sedis
udis,
mosaxleoba).
arils,
am
kikibos,
dros
iwyeba
kurort
abastumanis.
saqarvelos
bolajurisa
sxvadasxva
da
raionebidan
benaris
qarTveli
mosaxleobis Camosaxleba.
1948 wels udis S. rusTavelis sax. kolmeurneoba zemdgomi organoebis
dadgenilebiT gaiyo orad – rusTavelisa da CxubianaSvilebis saxelobis.
CxubianaSvilebis
sax.
kolmeurneobis
gamgeobis
Tavjdomared
airCies
(daniSnes) pavle parunaSvili, xolo rusTavelis sax. kolmeurneobaSi gaagrZela
muSaoba simon petaSvilma. kolmeurneobis gayofa maSin da dResac ar migvaCnia
gamarTlebulad, magram ras izam, xalxs vin ekiTxeboda. xolo 1950 wels ki isev
gaerTianda kolmeurneoba.
1951 wlidan kolmeurneobas saTaveSi udgeba merab petres Ze merabiSvili,
Semdgom
periodSi
kolmeurneobas
xelmZRvanelobdnen:
gigolaSvili
petre
avetisis Ze, merabiSvili vaxtang serafimes Ze, petaSvili petre iosebis Ze,
53
merabiSvili pavle antonis Ze, obolaSvili anton grigolis Ze, abulaZe giorgi
ivanes Ze, inasariZe aleqsandre konstantines Ze, merabiSvili pavle antonis Ze
(meored),
xolo
1987
wlidan
kolmeurneobis
gauqmebamde
1990
wlamde
Tavjdomared SoTa moses Ze balaxaSvilia.
1973-79
wlebSi
udis
kolmeurneobasTan
SeerTebulni
iyvnen
lelovnis,
kaxareTis, samyurisa da RorZis soflebi, romelTa bankis saxelmwifo valebi
dafara udis kolmeurneobam da Semdeg isev gayves da Camoayalibes lelovnis
kolmeurneobad.
1980 wlisaTvis udis kolmeurneobas ericxeboda 5280 heqtari savarguli,
maT Soris saxnavi 510, xexilis baRi 80, saTibi 390, saZovari 2800, sxva danarCeni
1506 heqtari, xolo kolmeurneTa sakarmidamo gansazRvruli iyo 0.15 heqtaridan
0.30 heqtaramde, rac Seadgenda 192 heqtars.
imis gamo, rom sof. udisa da arils savargulebis didi nawili ZiriTadi
nawili iyo urwyavi, mosavlianobis gadidebis mizniT gayvanil iqna gorgul
aralis sarwyavi arxi, romelic 14 km manZilze mets moicavs.
xolo 1977-78 wlebSi mowyobil iqna udis Tavze xelovnuri wyalsacavi,
romlis adgilas patara moculobis tba iyo. misi zedapiris sarke 14 heqtaramdea
da 2,5 milioni kuburi metris tevadobisaa, Sig gaSvebulia samrewvelo xasiaTis
Tevzi, aRniSnuli tbidan irwyveba sezonze udisa da arils ZiriTadi sasoflo
sameurneo savargulebi.
1937 weli rogorc mTliani saqarTvelosaTvis, ise Cveni soflisTvisac did
tragediad iTvleba, am droisaTvis sofelSi Seiqmna e.w. sameuli (troika),
romelnic TavianT survilisamebr qmnidnen yalb masalebs ama Tu im pirovnebebze
da apatirebdnen. ZiriTadad siaSi iyvnen im ojaxebis ufrosebi, romlebic kargad
cxovrobdnen.
am didi tragediss msxverplni arian:
1. obolaSvili ivane
2. afriamaSvili mirza
3. kiknaze simon
4. maisuraZe iordane
54
5. balaxaSvili stefane
6. merabiSvili petre
7. merabiSvili Toma
8. merabiSvili aleqsandre
9. petaSvili iosebi
10. aziraSvili Tedore
11. gelaZe stefane
12. boCikaSvili mose
13. giqosvili iordane
14. boCikaSvili franci
da sxva
am periodisaTvis udeSi dapatimrebulni iyvnen 30 pirze meti, romelTa
umravlesoba
mSobliur
keras
veRar
daubrunda.
am
adamianTa
wamebasa
da
sikvdilSi xeli aqvT gasvrili zemoT naxseneb sameulis wevrebs, romelTa
gvarebs Segnebulad ar vasaxelebT, radgan ar gvinda wyena mivayenoT maT
STamomavlobas.
55
kolmeurneobis warmoebis ZiriTadi dargebis
ganviTareba
memindvreoba
1968 wlidan ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebiT kolmeurneobas Seumcirda
marcvleuli
bostneulis,
kulturebis
sakvebi
warmoeba
Warxalis,
da
mis
Svriis
xarjze
gaizarda
(erTwliani
kartofilis,
balaxis)
naTesebi,
mesaqonleobis sakvebi bazis ganmtkicebis mizniT.
Zvelad sofel udeSi marcvlovan kulturebs Soris wamyvani adgili ekava:
TeTr da wiTeli dolis purs, javaxeTis dikas (sagazafxulo). Savfexas, Wvavs,
maxobela xorbals, Semodgomisa da gazafxulis qers, fetvs, siminds da sxva.
rac Seexeba parkosani mcenareebidan ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo lobios
mindvris da saris saxeobebi da selis kultura.
bostneul-baRCeul
kulturebidan
ZiriTadad
iTeseboda
da
irgveboda:
kitri – lanta da gilanis jiSis, sazamTro, nesvi, xaxvi, niori, kombosto,
pomidori, boloki da sxva.
mexileoba
mexileoba rogorc mesxeTisaTvis, ise udis mosaxleobisTvisac uZvelesi
erT-erTi sisxlorceuli
da saamayo dargia, romelzedac miuTiTebs Tundac is
faqti, rom dRes udeSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT yvelaze
meti
xilis
aborigenuli
(adgilbrivi)
jisebia
gavrcelebuli.
saxeldobr,
vaSli: abilauri, mefis vaSli, bostnis vaSli, msuqana, qona, rZe vaSli, mixakis,
maxara, mamulo, rkina vaSili da sxva. msxali: nazaziri, gogra, kacis tava,
kviristava, mixriki, Tavrejuli, sesela, nene msxali, boqSua, grZeli msxali da
sxva. aRniSnuli jiSebi gamoirCevian sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT, yinvisa da
daavadebebis meti amtanobiT, maRalimsxmoiarobiT, nayofis didi aromatulobiTa
da
gamZleobiT,
aseve
sakmaodaa
gavrcelebuli
56
WanWuris,
qliavis,
tyemlis,
kaklis, Sindis, komSis sxvadasxva jiSebi, am ukanasknel periodSi mosaxleobam
farTod daiwyo venaxis sxvadasxva jiSis gaSeneba da Rvinis dayeneba sakuTari
moxmarebisTvis.
mesaqonleoba
udis kolmeurneobas hqonda msxvilfexarqiani pirutyvis mZlavri ferma,
1585 suliT, aqedan mewvelia 520 suli, Rori 450 suli, qaTami 7400 frTa, aqvs
inkubatori, yovelive zemoT dasaxelebuli did Semosavals aZlevs udis
kolmeurneobas.
kolmeurneobas aqvs saxerxi qarxana, eleqtro wisqvili, abano, sakvebis
Semamzadebeli saamqro da sxva nagebobani.
57
udeli axalgazrdoba did samamulo omSi
samaradiso dideba Cvens Tanasoflelebs, romlebic
gmirulad Seewirnen did samamulo oms
1941-1945 wlebSi
43 wlis win, 1941 wlis 22 ivniss dilis 4 saaTze Cvens qveyanas veragulad
Tavs daesxa faSisturi germania.
samSoblos dasacavad aRsdga mTeli sabWoTa xalxi veragi mtris
winaaRmdeg. Cveni respublikidan 700 aTasamde kacma miiRo aqtiuri monawileoba
samkvdro –sasicocxlo brZolebSi, maT Soris 16 aTasze meti qali, 23 aTasi
oficeri, 48 aTasi generali da admirali Rebulobda monawileobas. maTgan
mTavrobis maRali jildo daimsaxura 244760 kacma, sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris
wodeba mieniWa 155 kacs, romlebmac gviCvenes gmirobisa da mamacobis arnaxuli
magaliTebi.
bevrma axalgazrdam Tavisi lamazi sicocxle Seswira Cvens Zvirfas
samSoblos. isini Sin ver dabrundnen, romlebsac Sinmousvlelebs veZaxiT, diax,
marTlac isini ver dabrundnen magram maTma vaJkacurma gmirobam gvamcno
germaniaze gamarjveba, maT TavianTi mkerdiT daicves Cveni samSoblos Rirseba
da damoukidebloba.
saqarTvelos arcerT kuTxeSi araa ojaxi, rom ar ganecados omis mware
xvedri.
samamulo omis qarcecxlian dReebSi mesxeTidan frontze wavida 12 aTasi
kaci, aqedan daiRupa TiTqmis naxevari, 12 aTasian mebrZolTa rigebSi Sedioda
sofel udidan 505 axalgazrda, maT ricxvebSi 40 oficeri. 243 rigiTma da 20
oficerma veRar miaRwia Tavis mSobliur soflamde, isini gmirulad daecnen
mterTan brZolaSi samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis.
sabWoTa armies meomrebTan erTad sofel udis axalgazrdobis naxevarze
metma samamulo omis qariSxlian dReebSi samudamod hpova civi samare, rogorc
sabWoTa miwaze, ise evropisa da aRmosavleT aziis vrcel, Tvaluwvdenel
sxvadasxva qveynis teritoriaze, xolo zogs ki SavdReebSi samarec ki ar
Rirsebia.
Sin mousvleli axalgazrda poeti g. nafetvariZe mSoblebisadmi miweril
werilSi wers:
Tu moadgeba mteri tramalebs,
gmirebis gverdiT unda meZeboT
visac frontebze ergos samara
imisi iyos es sadRegrZelo!
g. nafetvariZem rogorc poetma da samSoblos erTgulma jariskacma,
Tavisi sityva saqmed aqcia, iseve rogorc 263 udelma Sinomusvlelma, maTac
gmirebis gverdiT hpoves samudamo samara, romelTa saxelebs arasodes
daiviwyebs momavali Taoba.
58
udidan omSi monawileTa Soris 40 oficeri iyo, aqedan samwyobro dargSi maiori
1, kapitani 2, uforsi leitenanti 3, leitenanti 18, umcrosi leintenanti 6,
medicines samsaxuris maiori 4, kapitani 2, xolo veterinari 4.
omSi darupul meomarTa ukvdavsayofelad kulturis saxlSi, gakeTebulia
stendi, isini stendidan cocxlad iyurebian, ris gamoc maT Sinmousvlelebs
veZaxiT, maTgan umetesobas ar hyavda Svili da coli da arc STamomavloba
dauteovebiaT, amitom isini Cvens mexsierebaSi darCnen rogorc axalgazrdebi,
xolo daRupulTa nawils darCaT Svilebi, romlebic tkbilad igoneben mamebs.
59
meTaurTa Semadgenloba romlebic Sin dabrundenen
#
gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
giqoSvili ioseb giorgis Ze
balaxaSvili anton iosebis Ze
merabiSvili SoTa petres Ze
maisuraZe simon iosebis Ze
gigolaSvili petre avetis Ze
gigolaSvili aleqsandre avetis Ze
CilaSvili stefane ivanes Ze
petaSvili artem ivanes Ze
petaSvili ioseb ivanes Ze
petaSvili simon iosebis Ze
zazaSvili simon stefanes Ze
merabiSvili mixeil aleqsanres Ze
merabiSvili mirian petres Ze
TumaniSvili stefane simonies Ze
mamasaxlisaSvili ivane stefanes Ze
suxmani lazare simonies Ze
parunaSvili SoTa francis Ze
TaTenaSvili ioseb aruTenis Ze
aRlemaSvili efrem mixeilis Ze
yuljaniSvili petre iokimis Ze
dabadebis
weli
1912
1915
1922
1921
1907
1909
1913
1917
1915
1902
1902
1920
1914
1910
1914
1919
1916
1914
1922
1922
60
samxedro wodeba
ufr. leitenanti
ufr. leitenanti
kapitani
amJamad maiori
leitenanti
leitenant veterinari
medicinis kapitani
leitenanti
medicinis maiori
medicinis samsaxuri
leitenanti
medicinis samsaxuri
medicinis maiori
leitenant veterinari
leitenant veterinari
umcr. leitenanti
umcr. leitenanti
umcr. leitenanti
amJamad maiori
kapitani
SeniSvna
gardaicvala 1979
gardaicvala 1984
gardaicvala
gardaicvala 1993
gardaicvala 1980
gardaicvala 1979
gardaicvala 1993
gardaicvala 1991
gardaicvala 1992
omSi daRupul meTaurTa Semadgenloba
#
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli
mamulaSvili artem petres Ze
merabiSvili pavle petres Ze
merabiSvili anton petres Ze
narimanaSvili anton stefanes Ze
aRoSaSvili vaniko artemis Ze
abulaZe giorgi stefanes Ze
boCikaSvili petre moses Ze
boCikaSvili anton stefanes Ze
gigolaSvili giorgi stefanes Ze
gigolaSvili simon melqonis Ze
giqoSvili lazare petres Ze
giqoSvili iordane mixas Ze
TaToSvili simon ambrosis Ze
merabiSvili vaso ivanes Ze
merabiSvili alioz antonis Ze
merabiSvili ivane aruTenis Ze
WaRiaSvili pavle antonis Ze
azirasvili sandre stefanes Ze
barbliSvili ivane pavles Ze
giqoSvili iordane petres Ze
dabadebis
weli
1914
1920
1918
1916
1919
1907
1904
1915
1914
1915
1916
1920
1910
1919
1914
1917
1908
1910
1910
1920
61
samxedro wodeba
maiori
medicinis kapitani
leitenanti
kapitani
leitenanti
leitenanti
leitenant veterinari
leitenanti
ufr. leitenanti
leitenanti
leitenanti
leitenanti
leitenanti
leitenanti
leitenanti
leitenanti
leitenanti
umcr. leitenanti
umcr. leitenanti
umcr. leitenanti
SeniSvna
omSi daRupul jariskacTa sia
#
gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
abulaZe ioseb Tomas Ze
abulaZe pavle Tomas Ze
abulaZe simon Tomas Ze
abulaZe anton fanCos Ze
abulaZe vasil ivanes Ze
abulaZe ioseb petres Ze
abulaZe petre Tomas Ze
abulaZe anton levanis Ze
abulaZe petre stefanes Ze
abulaZe ivane stefanes Ze
abulaZe aleqsi fanCos Ze
abulaZe stefane pavles Ze
abulaZe anton Tomas Ze
abulaZe giorig stefanes Ze
aziraSvili simon Tedores Ze
aziraSvili anton iosebis Ze
aziraSvili simon stefanes Ze
aziraSvili anton stefanes Ze
aziraSvili petre stefanes Ze
aziraSvili sandre stefanes Ze
aziraSvili simon iakobis Ze
afriamaSvili pavle ivanes Ze
afriamaSvili levan iordanes Ze
afriamaSvili petre iordanes Ze
dabadebis
weli
1908
1913
1921
1918
1923
1924
1914
1903
1914
1906
1923
1906
1923
1908
1922
1918
1914
1922
1907
1910
1912
1919
1907
1910
P.S. danarCeni aklia
62
daRupvis weli
1942
1942
1942
1944
1942
1942
1944
1941
1942
1943
1941
1942
1945
1942
1943
1942
1943
1942
1942
1942
1944
1943
1941
1944
SeniSvna