BRAIN HINDI.p65

gesa efLr"d ds ckjs esa dSls irk pyk\
vkbld ,flekso
fgUnh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk
1 [kksiM+h ds uhps
efLr"d ds uhps ,d eqyk;e flysVh jax dk inkFkZ gksrk gS ftldk Hkkj
Ms<+ fdyks gksrk gSA oks FkksM+k fldqM+k gksrk gS vkSj ns[kus esa ,d cM+s v[kjksV
tSls fn[krk gSA ;gh efLr"d gSA
,slk yxrk gS tSls efLr"d dqN djrk gh ughaA oks cl ogka cSBk jgrk
gSA ij D;ksafd gM~Mh dh cuh [kksiM+h mldh fgiQktr djrh gS blfy,
efLr"d cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksxkA 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxksa esa efLr"d lcls vf/d
lqjf{kr gSA
ân; Hkh 'kjhj dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gSA mlds vkxs gfM~M;ksa dk ,d
fiatM+k gksrk gSA ijUrq ilfy;ksa ds fiatM+s ds chp ls ân; esa pkdw ?kqlk;k tk
ldrk gS ftlls balku rqjUr ej ldrk gSA ij [kksiM+h esa ,slk dksbZ Nsn ugha
gksrk gSA
'kjhj dks gok esa ikbZ tkus okyh xSl & vkDlhtu dh yxkrkj
vko';drk gksrh gSA ge ges'kk lkal ysrs gSa ftlls fd gekjs 'kjhj esa
vkDlhtu izos'k dj ldsA vkDlhtu] Hkkstu ds lkFk feydj gesa mQtkZ nsrh
gSA
ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks vkDlhtu dh cgqr t:jr gksrh gS D;ksafd oks cgqr mQtkZ
dk mi;ksx djrh gSaA nkSM+rs ;k otu mBkrs le; ;k ydM+h dkVrs le; ge
gk¡iQus yxrs gSa vkSj ek¡lisf'k;ksa dk cgqr bLrseky djrs gSaA rc ge cgqr rsth
ls lk¡l ysrs gSa ftlls fd 'kjhj dks vf/dre vkDlhtu dh ek=kk fey ldsA
lk¡l yh gqbZ vkDlhtu dk ,d&pkSFkkbZ Hkkx dsoy fuBYyk cSBk efLr"d
mi;ksx djrk gSA 'kjhj ds ckdh vax vkDlhtu ds fcuk dqN le; rd dk;Z
dj ldrs gSa ijUrq efLr"d dh vkDlhtu lIykbZ can gksus ds ckn balku
dsoy dqN feuVksa rd gh thfor jgsxkA dqN feuVksa ckn efLr"d viuk dke
djuk can dj nsxk vkSj O;fDr ej tk,xkA
izkphu dky esa yksxksa dks ;g irk ugha Fkk fd vkDlhtu] efLr"d ds
fy, csgn egRoiw.kZ gSA mUgsa bruk irk Fkk fd vxj flj ij rst pksV yxs rks
dqN le; ds fy, O;fDr LrfEHkr gks tkrk Fkk vkSj mlds ckn ls mldk
crkZo vyx gks tkrk FkkA mldk lksp vkSj crkZo xM+cM+k tkrk FkkA
blh dkj.ko'k izkphu dky esa dqN
fo}ku yksx bl fu.kZ; ij igqaps fd efLr"d
gh lksp vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk dsanz gksxkA IysVks
(427&347 bZ iwZ) dk Hkh ,slk gh er FkkA
vjLrw (384&322 bZ iwZ) IysVks dk
lcls izHkko'kkyh Nk=k FkkA vjLrw ds vuqlkj
ân; lksp vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk dsanz FkkA
D;ksafd tc vki mRrsftr gksrs gSa rks fny
rsth ls /M+drk gS vkSj vkjke djrs le;
ân; Hkh /hes /M+drk gSA ij vxj ân;]
lkspus vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk dke djrk gS rks
fiQj efLr"d dk D;k jksy gS\
vjLrw ds vuqlkj ân; esa jDr
xeZ gksrk Fkk vkSj efLr"d jDr dks
BaMk djus dk LFkku FkkA
ij vxj efLr"d dk dke
fliQZ [kwu dks BaMk djuk Fkk rks
fiQj oks gM~Mh dh [kksiM+h dh
lqj{kk dh D;k t:jr Fkh\ flj ij
yxh pksV] lhus ij yxh pksV ls
T;knk ?kkrd D;ksa gksrh gS\ euq";ksa
dk efLr"d vU; tkuojksa dh
vis{kk bruk vf/d cM+k D;ksa gksrk
gS\ ?kksM+s vkSj mQ¡V] balku dh
vis{kk dgha cM+s gksrs gSa ij muds
efLr"d balku ls NksVs gksrs gSaA
dsoy gkfFk;ksa vkSj Ogsyksa ds
efLr"d balku ls cM+s gksrs gSaA
bu dkj.kksa ls efLr"d dks ysdj dbZ fo}kukas dk vjLrww ls erHksn FkkA
oSls ,d pksVh ds nk'kZfud ds :i esa vjLrww dh cgqr [;kfr FkhA
bZ iw 290 esa ,d ;wukuh MkDVj ghjksfiQyl us igyh ckj Nk=kksa ds lkeus
e`r 'kjhjksa dks dkV dj mudk vè;;u fd;kA bldks vax&foPNsnu
(fMlsD'ku) dgrs gSaA
bl izdkj Nk=k 'kjhj ds fofo/ vaxksa dk vè;;u dj ldrs FksA 'kjhj
jpuk laca/h vè;;u ds bl foKku dks ^,WukVkWeh* uke fn;k x;kA
ghjksfiQyl us efLr"d dk è;kuiwoZd vè;;u fd;k vkSj IysVks dh Hkkafr
oks Hkh blh fu.kZ; ij igqapk fd efLr"d gh lkspus vkSj Hkkoukvksa dk dsanz
FkkA mlus ik;k fd vusdksa yEcs /kxs efLr"d dks tksM+rs FksA ge bUgsa ^uoZl*
dgrs gSaA
ghjksfiQyl us ik;k fd dqN uoZl] ek¡lisf'k;ksa] vak[kksa vkSj dkuksa ls
tkdj tqM+rh FkhaA mlls mlus fu.kZ; fudkyk fd dqN uoZl ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks
lapkfyr djrh gksaxh vkSj dqN ds dkj.k ge ns[k vkSj lqu ikrs gksaxsA
ghjksfiQyl ds ckn ,d vkSj ;wukuh MkDVj bjQgflV:Vl
(304&250 bZ iwZ) us Hkh efLr"d dk vè;;u fd;kA mUgksaus igyh ckj
efLr"d dh lrg ij ikbZ f>fjZ;ksa vkSj flyoVksa dk o.kZu fd;kA vkt ge
mUgsa ^dkUoY;w'kal* dgrs gSaA mUgksaus ;g Hkh fy[kk fd euq"; ds efLr"d esa
vU; tkuojksa dh vis{kk dgha vf/d flyoVsa gksrh gSaA mUgsa yxk fd 'kk;n
blh dkj.ko'k euq";] tkuojksa dh vis{kk T;knk cqf¼eku gksrs gSaA
mlus ns[kk fd efLr"d ds nks Hkkx FksA lkeus okyk Hkkx cM+k gksrk gS
vkSj mls ^lsjhczze* dgrs gSaA ihNs dh vksj NksVk Hkkx gksrk gS ftls ^lsfjcsye*
dgrs gSaA mlus efLr"d ij p<+h f>Yyh vkSj chp ds fjDr LFkkuksa dk Hkh
vè;;u fd;kA
ghjksfiQyl vkSj bjQgflV:Vl us viuk dke ,fyxtSafMª;k] feL=k esa fd;k
tks ml le; foKku dk dsanz FkkA ijUrq feL=kokfl;ksa us ^fMlsD'ku*
(dkV&NkaV) ij vkifRr trkbZA oks muds /eZ ds f[kykiQ FkkA bl dkj.k ls
bu nksuksa MkDVjksa }kjk 'kq: djk lqanj 'kks/ ogha ij BIi iM+ x;kA
ml le; jkse lkezkT; viuh pje f'k[kj ij FkkA ;wuku esa ,d vkSj
ukeh&fxjkeh MkDVj Fks ftudk uke Fkk xssysu (130&200)A D;ksafd euq";ksa ds
'koksa ds dkVus&NkaVus ij eukgh Fkh blfy, mUgksaus ejs tkuojksa dk ^fMlsD'ku*
'kq: fd;kA blesa dHkh&dHkh oks eqf'dyksa esa Hkh iQal x, D;ksafd dqRrksa vksj
lqvjksa ds vax vDlj euq";ksa tSls ugha gksrsA
xsysu us efLr"d ds vU; Hkkxksa dk Hkh vè;;u fd;kA lsfjcsye ds ihNs
efLr"d ldjk gksdj ^esMqyk vkscykaxkVk* cukrk gSA ;g Hkkx jh<+ dh gM~Mh
ls lqjf{kr jgrk gSA bl iwaN dks ^Likbuy dkMZ* ;k es:naM dgrs gSa vkSj
mlds lkFk reke uoZl tqM+h gksrh gSa tks varr% efLr"d ls tkdj tqM+rh gSaA
vxj fdlh tkuoj dk es:naM dkV fn;k tk, rks D;k gksxk\ xssysu us
bl iz'u dk vè;;u fd;kA vxj oks efLr"d ds ikl mQij dh vksj dkVrk
rks tkuoj rqjUr ej tkrkA ij vxj es:naM dks uhps vkSj uhps dkVrk rks
vyx&vyx ek¡lisf'k;ka dke djuk can dj nsrha vkSj tkuoj dks ydok ekj
tkrkA blls bruk rks iDdk gqvk fd es:naM ls tqM+h uoZl fofHkUu ek¡lisf'k;ksa
dks fu;af=kr djrh FkhaA
nqHkkZX;o'k] jkse esa foKku fiNM+us yxkA jkse lkezkT; ds fxjus ds ckn
foKku dk Lrj vkSj fxjkA xsysu ds 1000 o"kZ ckn gh oSKkfudksa us nqckjk
'kjhj&jpuk dks le>us ds fy, tkuojksa vkSj balkuksa ds e`r 'kjhjksa dk
fMlsD'ku 'kq: fd;kA
1316 esa ,d brkyoh MkDVj ekSufMuks Ms ywVlh (1275&1326) us
'kjhj&foKku ij ,d laiw.kZ fdrkc fy[khA oks bfrgkl esa ,ukWVeh fo"k; ij
fy[kh igyh iqLrd FkhA mleas cgqr lkjh xfYr;ka Hkh Fkha ftudk dkj.k Fkk
fd mlus [kqn dkV&NkaV dk dke de fd;k vkSj xsysu ds ys[kksa ij vf/d
fo'okl fd;kA ij fiQj Hkh ;g ,d vPNh 'kqjQvkr FkhA
viuh dykÑfr;ksa dks okLrfod cukus ds fy, brkyoh fp=kdkj
fy;ksukMksZ n foUlh (1452&1519) us de&ls&de 30 e`r 'kjhjksa dh
dkV&NkaV dh vkSj 'kjhj ds vaxksa dk ckjhdh ls vè;;u fd;kA mlds
voyksduksa ls xsysu dh dbZ xfYr;ka mtkxj gqb±A
fy;ksukMksZ us viuh [kkstksa dks ntZ rks fd;k ij bl :i esa ugha ftlls
fd vU; yksx mlls lh[k ldsaA mlus vius voyksdu vkSj uksV~l [kqn vius
gh fy, j[ks vkSj oks cgqr ckn esa gh feysA
vly esa uohu ,WukVseh ('kjhj&foKku) dh uhao j[kus dk Js; ,d
csfYt;u oSKkfud ,ufMª;kl oslsyl (1514&1564) dks tkrk gSA fy;ksukMksZ
dh rjg gh oslsyl us vusd e`r nsgksa dk fMlsD'ku fd;kA vkSj mlus vU;
yksxksa ds i<+us ds fy, muds lVhd o.kZu fy[ksA 1543 esa mlus foKku dh
,d csgn egRoiw.kZ iqLrd izdkf'kr dhA vaxzsth esa mldk 'kh"kZd gS ^vkWu n
LVªDpj vkWiQ n g;weu ckWMh*A vius tekus ds loZJs"B fp=kdkj ls oslsyl us
iqLrd ds fp=k cuok,A rc rd Nkik[kkuksa dk vkfo"dkj gks pqdk FkkA ;g
Nih iqLrd laiw.kZ ;wjksi ds i<+s&fy[ks yksxksa rd igqaphA iqLrd ds o.kZu cgqr
lVhd Fks vkSj mlesa xsysu dh yxHkx lHkh =kqfV;ka lq/kj nh xb± FkhaA
oslsyl us efLr"d dk cgqr ltho vkSj lgh o.kZu fy[kk FkkA mlus
xsysu }kjk fd, jh<+ dh gM~Mh okys iz;ksxksa dks nksgjk;kA mlls oks bl fu.kZ;
ij igqapk fd efLr"d] es:naM] jh<+ dh gM~Mh vkSj uoZl lc feytqy dj
^uoZl flLVe* cukrs gSaA
oslsyl ds ckn yksxksa us Hk;eqDr gksdj e`r 'kjhjksa dh dkV&NkaV 'kq: dh
vkSj lkFk&lkFk gjsd vax dk foLrkj vkSj Li"Vrk ls o.kZu Hkh fy[kkA dbZ
'kks/drkZvksa us uoZl dks è;ku ls ns[kk fd oks dgka ls dgka tkrh gSaA
,d fLol tho&oSKkfud
,Yczs[r iQkWu gSyj
(1708&1777) us ik;k fd
ek¡lisf'k;ka Nwus ls fldqM+ tkrh
gSaA tc gSyj fdlh ek¡lis'kh ls
tqM+h uoZ dks Nwrk rks oks fldqM+
tkrhA njvly uoZ] ek¡lis'kh dh
vis{kk vf/d mRrstu'khy FkhA
uoZ dks gYds ls Nwus ls rqjUr
ek¡lis'kh fldqM+ tkrh FkhA gSyj
ds dke ls ,d ckr lkiQ Li"V
gks xbZ fd uoZl efLr"d ls
tqM+h gksrh gSa vkSj muls 'kjhj
dh fØ;k,a lapkfyr gksrh gSaA
blds vykok gSyj us ;g Hkh fn[kk;k fd 'kjhj dh lHkh uoZl efLr"d
;k es:naM ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA vkSj D;ksafd efLr"d vkSj es:naM vkil esa tqM+h
gksrh gSa blls Li"V gksrk gS fd 'kjhj esa dsoy ,d gh uoZl flLVe gSA
2 efLr"d ds lkFk leL;k
efLr"d vkSj es:naM gh 'kjhj dh fØ;k,a vkSj bafnz;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrh
gSaA ;g lkiQ gksus ij yksx vVdys yxkus yxs fd vxj efLr"d lqpk: :i
ls dke u djs rks fiQj D;k gksxk\ efLr"d dk lapkyu fcxM+us] ;k dksbZ
chekjh gksus ij D;k gksxk\
efLr"d ds dkiQh gn rd dke can djus ij O;fDr vpkud csgks'k Hkh
gks ldrk gSA bls i{k?kkr ;k ^LVªksd* dgrs gSaA ^LVªksd* 'kCn xzhd ds
,ikSiysDlh ls vk;k gS & ftldk eryc gksrk gS ^ekjuk*A
^LVªksd* ls balku dh e`R;q Hkh gks ldrh gSA vkSj ftank cpus ij 'kjhj ds
fdlh Hkkx dks ydok ekj ldrk gS] ftlls oks vax vc fgyus&Mqyus esa
vleFkZ gks tk,xkA vc ge tkurs gaS fd efLr"d esa jDr dh fdlh f'kjk esa
vojks/ ;k iQVuk ^LVªksd* dk ,d vke dkj.k gSA bl dkj.ko'k efLr"d ds
ml Hkkx dks vkWDlhtu feyuk can gks tkrh gS vkSj oks ej tkrk gSA
vDlj efLr"d ds fodkj brus xEHkhj ugha gksrsA dqN yksxksa ds vax fcuk
mudh bPNk ds fgyus&Mqyus] dkaius yxrs gSaA fiQj vpkud yksx fxj tkrs gSa]
vkSj mudk 'kjhj rsth ls dkaius yxrk gS vkSj eqag esa >kx vkSj rjg&rjg dh
vkoktsa fudyus yxrh gSaA mUgsa vthcksxjhc phtsa fn[kkbZ vkSj lqukbZ iM+rh gSa
ftuls lkekU; yksx vifjfpr gksrs gSaA bls vktdy ge ^gsY;wflus'ku* ;k Hkez
dgrs gSaA
iqjkus tekus esa yksx dk ekuuk Fkk fd ^gsY;wflus'kUl* okyk O;fDr dksbZ
vn`'; lalkj dks ns[k&lqu jgk gksxkA 'kk;n oks Hkxoku ds lans'k lqu jgk gksA
'kk;n Hkxoku mlds 'kjhj ij dCtk dj mls rsth ls fgyk&Mqyk jgk gksA
;g rc vkSj Hkh lp yxrk Fkk tc yksx fxjdj vthcks&xjhc gjdrsa
djus yxrs Fks vkSj fiQj Bhd gksus ds ckn nqckjk iw.kr% lkekU; yxus yxrs
FksA bls vDlj ^fxjus okyh chekjh* Hkh dgrs gSaA fpfdRlk txr esa bls
,fiysIlh (xzhd 'kCn) ;k fexhZ dk nkSjk dgrs gSaA chekjh ds nkSjku yxrk Fkk
tSls Hkxoku us ml O;fDr ds 'kjhj ij dCtk dj fy;k gksA
izkphu dky esa ;wukuh fexhZ ds nkSjs dks ,d /kfeZd jksx ekurs FksA vkSj
ftu yksxksa dks fexhZ dk nkSjk vkrk mUgsa yksx cgqr vknj dh n`f"V ls ns[krs
FksA yksx ekurs Fks fd ,sls yksxksa esa Hkfo"; esa ns[kus dh {kerk gksxh vkSj
blfy, mUgsa larksa dk ntkZ fn;k tkrk FkkA
bl izdkj ftl balku dk O;ogkj vlekU; gksrk & ftldh Hkk"kk ;k
crkZo dks yksx le> ugha ikrs ml O;fDr dks cgqr vknj dh n`f"V ls ns[kk
tkrk FkkA ckn esa bUgha yksxksa dks ^ikxy* ;k ^fljfiQjk* crk;k x;kA ,slk ekuk
x;k tSls mudk 'kjhj fdlh nSoh; 'kfDr ls xzLr gksA
tc rd fexhZ ds nkSjs vkSj ikxyiu dks nSoh; 'kfDr dk izdksi ekuk
x;k] rc rd ,sls ejhtksa ds lkFk yksxksas us izse dk O;ogkj fd;kA ij le;
xqtjus ds lkFk yksx ekuus yxs fd Hkxoku ugha oju fdlh Hkwr&izsr us fexhZ
ds jksfx;ksa ds 'kjhj ij fu;a=k.k fd;k gSSA blfy, mipkj ds fy, ml Hkwr&izsr
dks jksxh ds 'kjhj ls fudkyuk t:jh gksxkA
vDlj Hkwr&izsr dks Hkxkus ds rjhds cgqr Øwj vkSj tkfye gksrs FksA ikxy
le>s tkus okys yksxksa dks tedj ihVk tkrk] mUgsa tathjksa ls cka/k tkrk vkSj
vU; cnrj rjhdksa ls lrk;k tkrk FkkA fiQj mUgsa ikxy[kkuksa dh dksBfj;ksa esa
can j[kk tkrk tgka mudh gkyr vkSj Hkh [kjkc gksrhA lkekU; yksx vDlj
bu ikxy[kkuksa esa ikxyksa dks ns[kus ds fy, tkrsA blls lkekU; yksxksa dk
vPNk [kklk euksjatu gksrkA
D;k ekufld jksx dk dkj.k
nsoh&nsork vFkok Hkwr&izsr ls
gksrk gS\ dqN yksx bl ckr ij
fo'okl ugha djrs FksA gj 'krkCnh
esa dqN ,sls MkDVj gksrs gSa tks
ikxyiu dks ,d chekjh le>rs
gSaA ikxyksa dks ekjus&ihVus dh
ctk, oks muds lkFk izse dk
crkZo djus dh lykg nsrs gSaA
;wukuh MkDVj fgiksØSfVl
(460&370 bZ iw) vkSj muds
vuq;kf;;ksa us fexhZ ds nkSjs dks
vU; chekfj;ksa dh rjg gh ,d
jksx crk;kA muds vuqlkj fexhZ
dk nkSjk izkÑfrd dkj.kksa ls gksrk Fkk vkSj mldk mipkj izkFkZukvksa vkSj
izrkM+ukvksa ls ugha] cfYd nokbZ;ksa ls gh lEHko FkkA
,d vU; ;wukuh MkDVj lksgjul dk Hkh bl er esa fo'okl FkkA oks jkse
esa jgrs Fks vkSj mUgksaus vusd izdkj ds ekufld jksxksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k FkkA
ij yksxksa us rdZ ij vk/kfjr er dks utjankt fd;k vkSj ^Hkwr&izsrksa* ij
mudk fo'okl fVdk jgkA
1789 esa Úsap yksxksa us Úkal dh csbZeku vkSj ypj ljdkj ds f[kykiQ
cxkor dk fcxqy ctk;k tks Úsap&Økafr ds uke ls tkuk x;kA mlds dqN
lky ckn Økafrdkjh usrk dbZ ubZ phtsa vktekus dks rS;kj gq, ftlesa
eki&rkSy dh ubZ iz.kkyh vkSj ,d u;k dSysaMj 'kkfey FkkA
lkFk esa os ikxyksa dk u, rjhds ls bykt djus ds fy, Hkh rS;kj gq,A
,d Úsap MkDVj fiQfyi ihusy (1745&1826) us Hkh fgiksØSfVl vkSj lksgjul
ds leku gh ekufld fodkjksa dk vè;;u fd;k FkkA okss Hkh bl izdkj ds
jksfx;ksa ds nok }kjk mipkj ds i{k esa FksA
1793 esa ihusy us ,d cM+s esUVy (ekufld) vLirky dk dk;ZHkkj
lEHkkykA ogka vf/dka'k jksxh dbZ lkyksa ls tathjksa ls ca/s FksA ihusy us mudh
tathjs [kksyha] muds 'kjhj dh liQkbZ dh ftlls mUgsa vkjke igaqpsA mlus gjsd
jksxh dk vxj fjdkMZ j[kk ftlesa oks mudh izxfr dks ntZ djrkA ,slk djus ls
ekufld jksfx;ksa dh gkyr esa cgqr lq/kj gqvkA
ihusy us ekufld jksfx;ksa ds bykt dk ,d u;k lw=kikr fd;k] ijUrq
gkykr /hjs&/hjs gh cnysA ihusy dh ns[kk&ns[kh baXySUM] teZuh vkSj vejhdk
esa ekufld jksfx;ksa ds bykt esa Hkh cnyko vk;k 1800 ds var rd lH;
txr esa bykt ds iqjkus Øwj rjhds yqIr gks x,A
ij ekufld jksfx;ksa dk mipkj dSls fd;k tk,\ vxj efLr"d vPNh
rjg ls dk;Z u djs rks D;k fdlh rjhds ls mls Bhd fd;k tk ldrk Fkk\
gekjs vklikl dk txr n`';ksa] èofu;ksa] xa/ksa] Loknksa] Li'kZ vkfn ls Hkjk
gksrk gSA buesa ls dbZ phtsa efLr"d rd igqapdj mls pSu igqapk ldrh gS
vFkok mls cny ldrh gaSA vxj ejht dk fdlh fof'k"V bykt esa fo'okl
gS rks oks bykt mls vo'; vkjke igqapk,xkA
eku ysa ,d O;fDr dh dksbZ leL;k gSA ,d fe=k mls mipkj ds ckjs
,d fo'ks"k xaMk (/kxk) nsrk gS ;k dgrk gS fd mlls Hkxoku vFkok
Hkwr&izsr mls cpk,axsA fiQj fe=k chekj O;fDr ds lkeus dqN mQy&tywy 'kCn
cdrk gS] viuk gkFk fgykrk gS ;k mls Nwrk gSA vxj jksxh dk ml ra=k esa
fo'okl gkssxk rks mldks mlls vo'; ykHk gksxk & vkSj dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk
Hkh gSA bls fo'okl&mipkj ;k ^iQsFk&ghfyax* dgrs gSaA
tSls&tSls le; chrrk x;k vkSj yksx 'kjhj ds dk;Z dks csgrj le>us
yxs] oSls&oSls ^iQsFk&ghfyax* dk tknw de gksrk x;kA vc yksx oSKkfud
i¼fr ls mipkj pkgrs FksA
1700 esa oSKkfud pqEcdksa vkSj fo|qr dh dk;Zfof/ dks le> jgs FksA
pqEcd vkSj fo|qr nksuksa gh phtksa dks vkdf"kZr dj ldrs FksA yksxksa dks yxk
fd pqEcdksa vkSj fo|qr dh enn ls jksx dks chekj O;fDr ds 'kjhj ds ckgj
[khap ikuk lEHko gksxkA
1774 ds djhc] vWkfLVª;k esa cls ,d teZu MkDVj ÚSat ,UVksu esLej
(1734&1815) us ;gh djus dk iz;kl fd;kA mlus jksxh ds 'kjhj ds mQij
pqEcd yxk dj chekjh dks ckgj [khapus dh dksf'k'k dhA ij pqEcd ls dksbZ
iQdZ ugha iM+kA ;g mipkj ^iQsFk&ghfyax* dk ,d mnkgj.k FkkA
esLej us ik;k fd pqEcd dks vyx j[kdj oks ejht ds 'kjhj ds mQij
fliQZ vius gkFk dks fiQjk ldrk FkkA ijUrq mlls jksfx;ksa dks dksbZ jkgr ugha
feyh vkSj mUgksasus iqfyl ls tkdj esLej dh f'kdk;r dhA mlds dkj.k esLej
dks vkWfLVª;k NksM+uk iM+kA 1778 esa oks isfjl x;kA
dqN le; rd esLej isfjl esa dkiQh liQy jgk] ij fiQj ogka Hkh ogh
gqvk vkSj 1785 esa mls isfjl NksM+us ds fy, ckè; gksuk iM+kA
esLej iwjh rjg ls /ks[ksckt ugha FkkA oks cl cgqr mRlkgh Fkk vkSj mls
yxrk Fkk fd vius rjhds ls lHkh etks± dk bykt dj ik,xkA mlds ckn ls
cgqr yksxksa us esLej dh i¼fr ;kfu ^esLefjTe* dks tkjh j[kkA
1841 esa ,d LdkfV'k MkDVj tsEl ck;MZ (1795&1860) us ,d izn'kZuh
esa igyh ckj ^esLefjTe* dks ns[kkA D;k blesa dqN lPpkbZ gS\ oks lkspus yxsA
ftu jksfx;ksa dks mlls vkjke feyk Fkk 'kk;n muds efLr"d ij mlus dqN
vlj t:j fd;k gksxkA
mlus dbZ iz;ksx fd, vkSj ik;k fd
vxj ejht vjQfpiw.kZ vkSj ckj&ckj gksus
okyh mRrstuk ij viuk è;ku dsafnzr
djrk gS rks mlls ejht dk fnekx Fkd
tkrk gS vkSj oks è;ku nsuk can dj nsrk
gSA bl izdkj ejht ,d rjg dh uhan ls
xzflr gksrk gS vkSj mls vius vklikl dh
dbZ ?kVukvksa dk dqN irk ugha pyrk gSA
ck;MZ us mls ^fgIuksfVTe* dk uke fn;kA
xzhd esa ^fgIuksfVTe* dk eryc ^uhan*
gksrk gSA
njvly ^fgIuksfVTe* uhan ugha Fkh D;ksa fgIuksVkbTM O;fDr dgh gqbZ ckr
dks vPNh rjg lqu ldrk FkkA psru eu ds lksus ds ckn Hkh vpsru eu u,
fopkjksa dks xzg.k djus ds fy, rS;kj jgrk FkkA vpsru eu] psru eu dh
vis{kk fopkjksa esa xgjk fo'okl djrk FkkA
blfy, vxj fdlh jksx dk fnekxh lq>koksa }kjk mipkj lEHko gks rks
fgIuksVkbTM O;fDr ij mldk xgjk izHkko gksxkA vc MkDVj ^fgIuksfVTe* }kjk
ekufld jksxksa dk mipkj djus yxs FksA
muesa ,d vkWfLVª;u MkDVj Fks tkstsiQ czks;j (1842&1925)A 1880 esa
mUgksaus ik;k fd fgIuksVkbTM O;fDr dks oks reke ?kVuk,a ;kn jgrh gSa ftUgsa
lkekU; fLFkfr esa oks Hkwy tkrk gSA
vpsru fopkjksa vkSj ;knksa ds dkj.k ejht vthcks&xjhc rjg ds crkZo
djus yxrk gSA czks;j dk fo'okl Fkk fd vxj fgIuksVkbTM fLFkfr esa ejht
dks ;g lc fopkj vkSj ckrsa crkbZ tk,a rks 'kk;n lkekU; fLFkfr esa Hkh mls
os ckras ;kn jgsaxh vkSj mlls mlds vthcksxjhc O;ogkj esa ifjorZu vk,xkA
czks;j us bls bldh ppkZ ,d vU; vkWfLVª;u MkDVj flxeaM Úk;M
(1856&1939) ds lkFk dhA 1887 esa Úk;M us vius ejhtksa ij ^fgIuksfVTe*
dk ijh{k.k fd;k vkSj mUgsa liQyrk Hkh feyhA 1890 esa mUgsa ^fgIuksfVTe* ds
mi;ksx dh t:jr eglwl ugha gqbZA mUgksaus vius ejhtksa dks eqDr :i ls
cksyus dks dgk & ftlls ,d ckr ls mls nwljh ckr ;kn vkbZ vkSj ;g
flyflyk c<+rk x;kA bls ^Úh&,lksfl,'ku* ;k eqDr&la;kstu dgrs gSa vkSj
blls nch vkSj lqIr ;knsa varr% ckgj vk tkrh gSaA
Úk;M dks ;g Hkh yxk fd tc lksrs le; psru fnekx dk fu;a=k.k ugha
gksrk gS rc nch] fNih ;knsa liuksa eas Hkh izLiQqfVr gksrh gSaA liuksa dks ;kn
j[kuk mUgsa egRoiw.kZ yxk ftlls fd mudk fo'ys{k.k fd;k tk ldsA Úk;M
ds rjhds dks ^lkbZdks&,ukfyfyl* dgrs gSaA xzhd esa bldk eryc gksrk gS
^fnekx dks foHkDr djuk*A Úk;M ds dk;Z dk ekufld jksfx;ksa dh fpfdRlk
ij xgjk vlj gqvkA /hjs&/hjs djds fHkUu yksxksa us ^lkbZdks&,ukfyfyl* dh
vyx&vyx /kjk,a 'kq: dhaA
ean vkSj de mipkj ls Hkh ekufld jksxh vDlj cgqr mRrsftr vkSj
[krjukd gks tkrs gSaA fiQj muds gkFk&iSj cka/dj mUgsa lqykus ds fy,
rkdroj nok,a nh tkrh gSaA
1952 esa ,d u, izdkj dh nokbZ dk btkn gqvk ftUgsa ^VªSaD;wykbtj*
dgrs gSaA blls O;fDr lks, fcuk Hkh ,dne 'kkar gks tkrk gSA bu nokvksa ls
mRrsftr ekufld jksfx;ksa dk mipkj vklku gqvkA
3 efLr"d dh dksf'kdk,a (lsYl)
1700 rd efLr"d dh lajpuk dk irk py pqdk FkkA ijUrq mu reke
ckjhfd;ka dk D;k ftUgsa vka[kksa ls ugha ns[kk tk ldrk Fkk\ mlds fy,
ekbØksLdksi ;k lw{en'khZ dh t:jr iM+hA
1665 esa ,d vaxzst oSKkfud jkcZV gqd (1635&1703) us vius lw{en'khZ
dks dkdZ dh ,d iryh ijr ij dsafnzr (iQksdl) fd;kA dkdZ isM+ dh Nky
vkSj ,d e`r inkFkZ gksrh gSA oSls vka[k ls ns[kus ij dkdZ Bksl utj vkrh gS
ijUrq lw{en'khZ ds uhps mlesa vk;rkdkj Nsnksa ds uewuk utj vkrs gaSA gqd us
bu Nsnksa dks ^lsYl* ;k dks"B vFkok dksBfj;ksa dk uke fn;kA
vU; oSKkfudksa us lw{en'khZ ls thfor inkFkks± dk Hkh vè;;u fd;kA teZu
tho&'kkL=kh eSFkk;l tsdc 'ksyMsu (1804&1881) us ik;k fd ikS/ksa ds
mQrd (fV';w) Hkh NksVs&NksVs dks"Bksa ds cus Fks vkSj ,d&nwljs ls pkjnhokfj;ksa
ls vyx FksA os gqd ds ^lsYl* tSls gh Fks] iQdZ cl bruk Fkk fd os xk<+s
rjy ls Hkjs FksA oSls ^lsy* 'kCn dk mi;ksx fjDr phtksa ds fy, djuk pkfg,
ijUrq 'ksyMsu us ikS/ksa esa ik, <kapksa dks ^lsYl* dk gh uke fn;kA ikS/s dh
fV';w ejus ds ckn isM+ dh ckgjh Nky curh gSA mlds ^lsYl* vc fjDr gks
tkrs gSa vkSj muesa cl fNnz fn[krs gSa tSlk fd gqd us ns[kk FkkA
1938 esa 'ksyMsu bu fu.kZ; ij igqapk & ikS/s NksVs ^lsYl* ds cus gksrs gSa
ftUgsa dsoy lw{en'khZ ls gh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
,d vU; teZu tho&'kkL=kh fFk;ksMksj 'oku (1810&1882) us tkuojksa
dh iryh fV';wt dk vè;;u fd;kA ;gka Hkh mls NksVs vyx&vyx <kaps
fn[ks tks ,d&nwljs ls nhokjksa }kjk vyx FksA 1839 esa 'oku Hkh blh fu.kZ; ij
igqaps fd tkuoj Hkh lw{e ^lsYl* ds cus gksrs gSa ftUgsa dsoy lw{en'khZ ls gh
ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
bl izdkj 'ksyMsu vkSj 'oku us ^lsy F;ksjh* dk lw=kikr fd;kA blds
vuqlkj lHkh tho ^lsYl* ds cus gksrs gSaA dqN lw{ethoh vkSj ikS/s ek=k
,d&lsy ds cus gksrs gSaA nwljh vksj euq";ksa esa vjcksa&[kjcksa lsYl gksrs gSaA
vxj ^lsy F;ksjh* lp Fkh (oks okdbZ esa lp fudyh) rks fiQj efLr"d
Hkh ^lsYl* dk gh cuk gksxk\
tc ^lsy F;ksjh* LFkkfir gks jgh Fkh rHkh 1938 esa] ,d iksfy'k MkDVj
jkcVZ jsekd (1815&1865) us lw{en'khZ ds uhps uoZl dk egRoiw.kZ vè;;u
fd;kA mUgksaus igyh ckj ns[kk fd uoZl vanj ls iksyh ugha gksrh gSaA oSls
izkphu ;wukuh mudks ges'kk ls [kks[kyk gh le>rs vk jgs FksA
mlus fn[kk;k fd dqN iryh uoZl & ftUgsa lw{en'khZ ds fcuk ns[kuk
vlEHko Fkk ds pkjksa vksj ,d olk (iQSV) inkFkZ gksrk gSA dqN esa ,slk ugha
gksrk gSA bl rsy;qDr inkFkZ dks ^ek;;wfyu 'khFk* dgrs gSaA
^ek;;wfyu 'khFk* ls <adh uoZl ns[kus esa liQsn gksrh gSaA ftuesa ^ek;;wfyu
'khFk* ugha gksrh os uoZl flysVh jax dh gksrh gSaA blfy, ge efLr"d esa
^xzs&eSVj* (flysVh&inkFkZ) vkSj ^OgkbV&eSVj* (liQsn&inkFkZ) gksus dh ckr
djrs gSaA efLr"d dh ckgjh lrg ij ^xzs&eSVj* vkSj vanj ^OgkbV&eSVj* gksrk
gSA tcfd jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa bldk mYVk gksrk gS & ckgj liQsn vkSj vanj
flysVh inkFkZ gksrk gSA
mlh le; psdksLyksokfd;k dk ,d tho&'kkL=kh tku bokaxfyLVk
iwjfdu;s (1787&1869) Hkh blh izdkj dh [kkstsa dj jgk FkkA 1837 esa mlus
uoZ lsYl dk o.kZu fy[kkA ^izksVksIykTe* 'kCn dk mi;ksx djus okys oks igys
O;fDr FksA ^izksVksIykTe* ,d xzhd 'kCn gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ^igyk
vkdkj* vkSj oks lsy ds vanj ds inkFkZ dk o.kZu djrk gSA
uoZl lsYl cM+s vkdkj ds gksrs gSa vkSj oks ,d fo'ks"k inkFkZ ls f?kjs gksrs
gSa tks mUgsa lgkjk nsrk gS vkSj mUgsa cka/s j[krk gSA bl inkFkZ dks ^U;wjks&fXy;k*
;k uoZl dk xksan dgrs gSaA 1854 esa teZu MkDVj jQMkSYiQ dkyZ fiQjpkso
(1821&1902) us fn[kk;k fd ^U;wjks&fXy;k* esa ^Xyk;y&lsYl* Hkh gksrs gSa tks
uoZ lsYl ls NksVs gksrs gSaA balku ds efLr"d esa 1000 djksM+ uoZ lsYl vkSj
9000 djksM+ ^Xyk;y&lsYl* gksrs gSaA
iqjfduts us ;g Hkh fn[kk;k fd uoZ lsYl vfu;fer vkdkj ds gksrs gSaA
muls NksVs&NksVs js'ks fpids gkssrs gSa tks ckn esa tkdj fdlh isM+ dh Vgfu;ksa
dh Hkkafr vkSj NksVs&NksVs js'kksa esa caV tkrs gSaA bu js'kksa ;k ^iQkbclZ* dks
^MsaMªkbV* dgrs gSaA xzhd esa ^MsaMªkbV* dk vFkZ isM+ gksrk gSA
dqN cgqr yEcs js'ks gksrs gSa ftUgsa vc ^,Dlku* dgrs gSaA ^,Dlku* xzhd
'kCn ^,fDly* ls vkrk gS ftldk vFkZ yEch vkSj iryh /qjh gksrk gSA ;g
^,Dlku* gh ek;;wfyu 'khFk ls f?kjs gksrs gSaA bldk vFkZ gqvk fd xzs&eSVj
yxHkx iwjh rjg uoZ&lsYl vkSj Xyk;y&lsYl dk cuk gksrk gS tcfd
OgkbV&eSVj iwjh rjg ,Dlku dk cuk gksrk gSA
1849 esa ,d fLol tho&'kkL=kh jQMkSYiQ ,YcVZ iQWku dksfydj
(1817&1905) us fn[kk;k fd dqN ,Dlku fuf'pr :i ls uoZ&lsYl ls tqM+s
gksrs gSaA
1891 esa teZu tho&'kkL=kh gsufjp xkSfVfÚM iQkWu foYgsYe
oSyfMbjgkfjV~t (1836&1921) us fn[kk;k fd lHkh ,Dlku] uoZ&lsYl ls tqM+s
gksrs gSaA mlus uoZ&lsYl] MsaMªkbV vkSj ,Dlku ds tksM+ dks ^U;wjku* uke fn;k
ftldk mnxe xzhd 'kCn ^uoZ* esa gSA
oSyfMbjgkfjV~t dk ekuuk Fkk fd U;wjku dk yEck ,Dlku fdlh :i esa
vU; U;wjkWUl dh MsaMªkbVl ls tqM+k gksrk gSA bl izdkj uoZl flLVe njvly
U;wjkWUl dk ,d cgqr cM+k tky gSA bls ^U;wjkWu F;ksjh* dgrs gSaA
1873 esa ,d brkyoh tho'kkL=kh dsfefy;ks xksyth (1843&1926) us
,d rjdhc }kjk uoZ&lsYl ij dqN jklk;uksa ls jax yxk;k (LVsfuax)A blls
lsy ds vanj dqN NksVs <kaps jaxhu gq, ckdh ughaA bl rduhd ls xksyth
lsYl ds vanj dh dqN egRoiw.kZ ckjhfd;ksa dk vè;;u dj ik;k] ftUgsa vU;
'kks/drkZ ugha [kkst ik, FksA oks var esa fn[kk ik;k fd fdlh ,d U;wjkWu ds
,Dlku nwljs U;wjkWUl dh MsaMªkbVl ls ugha tqM+rs gSaA muds chp esa ,d NksVk
lh f>jh gksrh gSA bl f>jh dks ^lk;uSIl* dgrs gSa (xzhd esa bldk vFkZ
^tqM+uk* gksrk gS)A
,d LiSfu'k tho&'kkL=kh lSafr;kxks jSeu dkgky (1852&1934) us xksyth
dh ^LVsfuax&fof/* dks vkSj csgrj cuk;kA mlus varr% U;wjku F;ksjh dh lR;rk
dks LFkkfir fd;kA
4 uoZ baiYl (/Ddk)
1826 esa teZu tho'kkL=kh tksgkusl ihVj E;wyj (1801&1858) us ;g
fn[kk;k fd gjsd fo'ks"k uoZ ,d [kkl dke gh djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
vkSifVd&uoZ vka[k ls gksdj efLr"d rd tkrh gSA tc dksbZ izdk'k fdj.k
vkSifVd&uoZ dks mRrsftr djrh gS rks oks ml laosnuk dks efLr"d rd ysdj
tkrh gS vkSj gesa izdk'k fdj.k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA
vc pkgsa tks Hkh pht & ^nkc* Hkh vxj vkSifVd&uoZ dks mRrsftr djs
rks mlls geas izdk'k fdj.k dh vuqHkwfr gksxhA blhfy, vka[k ij gYdk lk
^okj* gksus ij vkidks fnu esa Hkh ^rkjs* fn[kkbZ nsrs nsaxsA
mRrstuk,a uoZ ij fdl izdkj ;k=kk djrh gSa\
1800 rd yksx rkjksa esa fo|qr dSls ;k=kk djrh gS ;g le> x, FksA D;k
blh izdkj dk fo|qr&djaV uoZ esa Hkh cg ldrk gS\
vDlj baftfu;j fctyh cgus okys rkjksa dks js'ke ;k jcj ls yisVrs FksA
blls rkj dqpkyd gks tkrk FkkA blls fo|qr ^yhd* ugha gksrh Fkh vkSj
midj.k 'kkVZ&lfdZV ls lqjf{kr jgrk FkkA ,Dlku Hkh fctyh ds rkjksa tSls gSa
ftu ij ek;;wfyu 'khFk dk dop ,d dqpkyd dk dke djrk gSA blls
fo|qr djaV dh vo/kj.kk dk tUe gksrk gSA
E;wyj] uoZl esa fo|qr&djaV rks ugha [kkst ik;k] ij ,slk gh dqN gksxk
mldh ;g ekU;rk lgh FkhA dqN uoZ&baiYl & iwjh uoZ dks mRrsftr djrh gSaA
E;wyj] uoZ&baiYl dh xfr dks ekius dh ps"Vk djrk jgk ijUrq 1830 esa mlus
;g iz;kl NksM+ fn;kA mls yxk fd uoZ&baiYl bruh rst xfr ls bruh NksVh
nwjh r; djrh gS blfy, mldh jÝrkj dks ekiuk 'kk;n vlEHko gksxkA
;g E;wyj dh xyriQgeh FkhA 1852 esa E;wyj tc thfor Fkk rHkh mlds
,d Nk=k teZu tho&'kkL=kh gjeu yqMfox iQkWu gsYegqYVt (1821&1894) us
bl xfr dks ekikA
blds fy, gsYegqYVt us esa<+d dh
ek¡lis'kh dh ,d uoZ dks mRrsftr fd;kA
mRrsftr djus ls uoZ FkksM+k iQM+dhA tc
gsYegqYVt us ek¡lis'kh ds cgqr djhc
fLFkr uoZ dks mRrsftr fd;k rks ek¡lis'kh
>V ls iQM+dhA fiQj mlus ek¡lis'kh ls
lcls nwj fLFkr uoZ dks mRrsftr fd;kA
bl ckj ek¡lis'kh iQM+dh ij mls ,d
{k.k dk le; yxkA
gsYegqYVt us bl le; dks ekik vkSj mlls uoZ&baiYl dh LihM dks
Kkr fd;kA esa<+d dh uoZ&baiYl 66 iQhV izfr lsdaM ;k 45 ehy izfr ?kaVs
dh jÝrkj ls ;k=kk djrh gSA euq";ksa esa uoZ&baiYl dh xfr 70 ehy izfr ?kaVk
gksrh gSA
blh chp ,d vU; teZu tho&'kkL=kh ,fey jseksus (1818&1896) us
lw{e fo|qr djaV dks ekius ds dbZ midj.kkas dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA 1845 esa
mlus fn[kk;k fd uoZl esa Hkh fo|qr&djaV gksrk gSA
uoZl dh fo|qr] fctyh ds rkjksa ls dqN fHkUu gksrh gSA fctyh ds rkjksa
esa fo|qr uoZl dh vis{kk 2500&xquk rsth ls cgrh gSA rkjksa esa cgus okyh
fo|qr fdlh cSVjh ;k tsusjsVj ls iSnk gksdj rkjksa esa cgrh gSA ijUrq uoZl dks
[kqn fo|qr vkos'k fuek.kZ djuk iM+rk gS & igys ,d Hkkx esa] fiQj nwljs esa
vkfnA bl fo|qr&vkos'k ds cuus esa le; yxrk gSA blfy, uoZl esa /kjk
fctyh ds rkjksa dh vis{kk cgqr /heh xfr ls cgrh gSA
1902 esa fczfV'k tho&oSKkfud Úkafll xkSp (1879&1910) us [kkstk fd
vxj fdlh fo'ks"k uoZ dks cgqr /hes ls mRrsftr fd;k tkrk gS rks vDlj
dqN ugha gksrk gSA ek¡lisf'k;ksa ds ftu js'kksa ds lkFk uoZ tqM+h Fkh oks fcYdqy
fgyh&Mqyh ughaA uoZ dks tksj ls mRrsftr djus ij ,d fcUnq ij uoZ&bEiYl
pkyw gksrh vkSj ek¡lis'kh cgqr tksj ls fldqM+rhA ;gka ij] dqN&ugha vFkok
lc&dqN okyh ifjfLFkrh ns[kus dks feyhA
vki pkgsa rks vius gkFk dks gYds cy ls FkksM+k lk] vFkok tksj yxkdj
iwjh rjg eksM+ ldrs gSaA ;g blfy, gksrk gS D;ksafd gekjh ek¡lis'kh esa cgqr
lkjs js'ks gksrs gSaA gjsd js'kk ;k iwjh rjg fldqM+rk gS vFkok fcYdqy ughaA vkSj
ftrus vf/d js'ks fldqM+rs gSa ek¡lis'kh mruh gh T;knk vkSj cyiwoZd fldqM+rh
gSA
oSKkfud uoZ&bEiYl dh rkdr vkSj mlds crkZo dk vkSj vf/d ckjhdh
ls vè;;u djrs jgsA var esa nks fczfV'k tho&oSKkfud ,Syu yk;M gkStfdu
(tUe 1914) vkSj ,aM: iQhyfMax (tUe 1917) tytho fLdfoM ds eksVs
,Dlku ij 'kks/ djus yxsA gkStfdu vkSj iQhyfMax ,Dlku esa dqN uktqd
midj.k ?kqlkus esa liQy gq,A 1952 rd mUgksaus ,d i¼fr fodflr dh
ftlesa ,Dlku ds vanj fo|qr vkos'k ds v.kq (vk;Ul) vanj&ckgj tkdj
,d fo|qr vkos'k iSnk dj ldrs FksA
1924 esa ,d teZu MkDVj gSal ctZj (1873&1941) us ,d i¼fr [kksth
ftlls fd efLr"d ds lsYl (dksf'kdkvksa) esa fo|qr dks ekik tk ldsA blesa
[kksiM+h ij reke rkj yxk, x,A fiQj efLr"d esa cgrh fo|qr /kjk dks ,d
lqbZ ds tfj, ,d dkxt ij ,d Vs<+h&es<+h js[kk ds :i esa Vªsl djuk lEHko
gqvkA
rjaxs cnyrh jgrha FkhaA rjaxksa dk cnyuk ejht dh vka[ks [kqyh@can gSa] oks
tkxk@lks;k gS bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk FkkA NksVs cnykoksa dks bu rjaxksa }kjk
le>uk eqf'dy FkkA ij vxj czsu&V~;wej tSls xEHkhj jksx gks] ;k fexhZ ds nkSjs
dh chekjh dks idM+ ikuk vklku FkkA
efLr"d ds vanj fo|qr /kjkvksa dks ekius dh fof/ bysDVªksbulsiQsyksxzkiQh
;k laf{kIr esa bZ&bZ&lh ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA bldk mn~xe ,d xzhd 'kCn
gS ftldk vFkZ gS ^efLr"d dh fo|qr fy[kkbZ*A
uoZ bEiYl U;wjku ds ,d&fljs ls nwljs rd ;k=kk dj ldrh gSA oks
MasMªkbVl ls] uoZ ls xqtjrh gqbZ ,Dlku ds vafre Nksj rd tkrh gSA tc
lk;uSIl & ,Dlku vkSj nwljs U;wjku dh MasMªkbV ds chp dh NksVh f>jh vkrh
gS] rc uoZ bEiYl lk;usIl dks dSls yka?krh gS\
dqN oSKkfudksa us lkspk fd uoZ bEiYl dksbZ jklk;u iSnk djrh gksxhA bl
jklk;u ds dkj.k gh uoZ bEiYl nwljs U;wjku rd igqaprh gksxhA ij bldk
izek.k D;k Fkk\
,d teZu&vejhdh tho&oSKkfud] vkWVks ykS;oh (1873&1961) blh
leL;k ij 'kks/ dj jgs FksA 1921 esa ,d jkr oks 3 cts mBs D;ksafd muds
fnekx esa ,d iz;ksx dk fopkj vk;kA mUgksaus mBdj mls viuh dkWih esa ntZ
fd;kA lqcg mBdj jkr dks vk;k fopkj mUgsa fcYdqy ;kn ugha jgk vkSj tks
dqN mUgksaus uhan esa fy[kk Fkk mls Hkh oks i<+ ugha ik,A
vxyh jkr oks fiQj 3 cts mBs vkSj mUgksaus iz;ksx dks ;kn djus dh
dksf'k'k dhA bl ckj mUgksaus ekSdk ugha xaok;k vkSj iz;ksx djus lh/s
iz;ksx'kkyk igqapsA
mUgksaus ,d esa<d ds ân; dks dqN jklk;uksa ls Hkjk vkSj ml ij yxkrkj
/heh ekj djrs jgsA bl ân; ls ,d uoZ tqM+h Fkh tks mRrsftr gksus ij ân;
dh xfr dks /hek djrh FkhA ykS;oh us bl uoZ dks mRrsftr fd;k vkSj mlls
ân; ds Lianu dh xfr /heh gqbZA
ykS;oh us fiQj ân; ls jklk;u feJ.k dks fudkydj nwljs esa<d ds ân;
esa MkykA blls nwljs esa<+d ds ân; dh xfr ,dne /heh gks xbZ tcfd ogka
fdlh Hkh uoZ dks mRrsftr ugha fd;k x;k FkkA blls fl¼ gksrk Fkk fd uoZ
bEiYl us igys ân; ds feJ.k esa ,d fo'ks"k jklk;u dk fuekZ.k fd;k gksxk]
ftlus nwljs ân; esa viuk deky fn[kk;kA lqcg 5 cts rd ykS;oh us viuh
ckr fl¼ dj nh FkhA
,d vaxzst tho&oSKkfud gsujh gSysV Msy (1875&1968) us iQiQwan ls
,d jklk;u fudkyk Fkk ftldk uke ^bjxkV* FkkA blls ek¡lisf'k;ka fcYdqy
uoZ bEiYl tSls gh fldqM+rh FkhaA 1914 esa oSKkfudksa us bl jklk;u dks
,slhVhydksgyhu dk uke fn;kA tc Msy us ykS;oh ds iz;ksx ds ckjs esa i<+k
rc mls yxk dgha uoZ bEiYl us lk;uSIl esa ,slhVhydksgyhu rks iSnk ugha dh
Fkh\ 1929 esa oks blds Li"V izek.k ns ik;kA
uoZ dqN vU; jklk;u Hkh iSnk djrs gSa tks lk;uSIl dks yka?k ldrs gSaA
ckn esa bu jklk;uksa dh izÑfr ij dkiQh 'kks/ gqvkA
D;k efLr"d ds fHkUu Hkkxksa dh vyx&vyx fo'ks"krk,a Fkha\ dqN yksxksa
dks ,slk yxkA ,d teZu MkDVj Úkat tkstsiQ xSy (1758&1828) dks ,slk
yxkA mlds vuqlkj efLr"d dk dksbZ [kkl Hkkx gkL;&fouksn] vkSj nwljk dksbZ
Hkkx vkijkf/d Hkkoukvksa dks fu;af=kr djrk
gksxkA mls yxk fd [kksiM+h ij mHkjs gq, Hkkx
(xweM+s)] efLr"d ds uhps vfrfjDr o`f¼ dh
vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA ftu LFkkuksa ij xweM+ gSa
muls O;fDr dh cqf¼ekuh vkSj mldk LoHkko
tkuk tk ldrk FkkA
fdlh O;fDr ds LoHkko dks tkuus dh
dyk dks ^ÚsukYth* (xzhd 'kCn fnekx dks
i<+uk) dgk tkrk gSA dqN le; rd
^ÚsukYth* dkiQh yksdfiz; gqbZ ij vly esa
oks fcYdqy cdokl Fkh & tUedqaMyh ns[kus
tSlh FkhA
xSy ds fopkjksa us vU; oSKkfudksa dks bl leL;k ij dke djus ds fy,
izsfjr fd;kA oks efLr"d ds dqN fgLlksa dks fudky nsrs] {kfr igqapkrs ;k mUgsa
mRrsftr djrs vkSj fiQj 'kjhj ij mlds vlj dks ns[krsA 1870 eas nks teZu
MkDVlZ twfy;l ,MqvkMZ fgVftx (1838&1907) vkSj xqLrko fÚV~t
(1838&1927) us dqRrksa ds mQij 'kks/ fd;kA mUgksaus muds efLr"d ds dqN
Hkkxksa dks mRrsftr fd;k vkSj ns[kk fd muls dkSu lh ek¡lisf'k;ka fldqM+ha ;k
detksj gqb±A
bl dk;Z dks ,d LdkfV'k MkDVj MsfoM iQsfj;j (1843&1928) us tkjh
j[kkA 1876 esa mlus efLr"d dk ,d eksVk&eksVk uD'kk cuk;kA mlesa efLr"d
dk dkSu lk Hkkx 'kjhj ds fdl vax dks fu;af=kr djrk gS bldk mYys[k FkkA
chp esa ,d iV~Vh Fkh tks fofHkUu ek¡lisf'k;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrh Fkh vkSj
efLr"d ds ihNs dh vksj tgka vka[k ls mRrstuk,a vkrh FkhaA efLr"d ds vU;
Hkkxksa esa 'kjhj ds vU; fgLlksa ls mRrstuk,a vkrh FkhaA
efLr"d ds bl uD'ks dks ,d vaxzst MkDVj pkYlZ 'ksfjaxVu
(1857&1952) us la'kksf/r fd;kA
efLr"d dh lrg dk dsoy NksVk lk Hkkx gh ek¡lisf'k;ksa vkSj vU;
bafnz;ksa dk fu;a=k.k djrk FkkA blls yksxksa dks yxk tSls efLr"d dk cgqr cgqr
cM+k Hkkx mi;ksx gh ugha gksrk gSA ij ;g /kj.kk xyr FkhA lEiw.kZ efLr"d
dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA efLr"d ds tks Hkkx ek¡lisf'k;ksa vkSj vU; bafnz;ksa dk
fu;a=k.k ugha djrs os ;knnk'r] fu.kZ;] fopkjksa vkSj lksp dh {kerk ds dke
vkrs gSaA
efLr"d dk eq[; Hkkx & lsfjfcje iwjs 'kjhj ds fu;a=k.k dk dke ugha
djrk gSA lsfjfcje dh t:jr fu.kZ; ysrs le; iM+rh gSA ij dHkh&dHkh vki
fu.kZ; dk bartkj ugha dj ldrs gSaA vxj vki xyrh ls fdlh xeZ ros dks
Nq,a rc vki gkFk gVkus ds fu.kZ; dk bartkj ugha dj ldrs gSaA bruh nsj esa
vkidk gkFk cqjh rjg ty tk,xkA ij okLrfodrk esa fcuk lksps vkSj fu.kZ;
fy, gh vkidk gkFk xeZ ros ls >V ls vyx gks tkrk gSA
bl izdkj dk 'kks/ lcls igys fczfV'k MkDVj ek'kZy gkWy
(1790&1857) us fd;kA 1832 esa mUgksaus tYnh gksus okyh bejtsalh
izfrfØ;kvksa dk vè;;u fd;kA mUgksaus bUgsa ^jhiQysDl ,WD'ku* (mn~xe xzhd
'kCn & vFkZ ^ihNs dh vksj eqM+uk*)A vuqHkwfr ,d uoZ ls ;k=kk djrh gS vkSj
nwljh uoZ rRdky t:jh ek¡lis'kh dks pykrh gSA gkWy ds vuqlkj ;g
^jhiQysDl ,WD'ku* Lor% uoZl }kjk fu;af=kr gksrs gSa vkSj os jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa
yxkrkj vkrs&tkrs gSaA
'ksfjaxVu ftldk mYys[k igys gqvk mlus vU; izdkj ds ^jhiQysDl
,WD'ku* dk vè;;u fd;kA mlus fn[kk;k fd oSls uoZl] efLr"d ls
ek¡lisf'k;ksa rd tkdj mUgsa mRrsftr djds fldksM+rh gSaA ij muds vykok Hkh
vU; uoZl gksrh gSa tks lh/s ek¡lisf'k;ksa ls efLr"d rd tkrh gSaA bu nwljh
uoZl ds dkj.k efLr"d dks izR;sd ek¡lis'kh dh fLFkfr vkSj mlds fldqM+us
dk Kku gksrk gSA
vxj vki [kM+s gksdj ,d vksj >qd jgs gksa rc vkids efLr"d dks ;g
ckr rqjUr ekywe iM+ tk,xh vkSj oks fdlh fof'k"V ek¡lis'kh dks fldksM+ dj
vkidks lh/k j[kus dk iz;kl djsxkA [kM+k jgrs le; vki vutkus bl
larqyu dk yxkrkj lek;kstu djrs jgrs gSaA blhfy, cgqr nsj rd [kM+s jgus
ds ckn vki Fkd tkrs gSa tcfd vkius bl chp dksbZ esgur dk dke ugha
fd;kA
dqN vU; ^jhiQysDl ,WD'ku* gSa tks vkidh lkal dks fu;af=kr djrs gSaA
tc vki fdlh oLrq dks mBkrs gSa rks vkids gkFk dh ek¡lisf'k;ksa ds yxkrkj
lek;kstu ds dkj.k vkidk gkFk cgqr nwj ugha tkrk gSA ;g lc ^jhiQysDl
,WD'ku* lsfjcsye }kjk fu;af=kr gksrs gSaA
5 fn'kk vkSj uhan
euq"; ds 'kjhj eas lefefr (flesVªh) gksrh gSA bldk eryc mlds ck,a
vkSj nk,a Hkkx ,d&nwljs ds ni.kZ izfrfcEc gksrs gSaA gekjs nks dku] nks vka[ksa]
nks uFkqus] nks gkFk vkSj nks iSj gksrs gSaA 'kjhj ds vanj gekjs nks iQsaiQM+s vkSj nks
xqjns (fdMuh) gksrh gSaA
ijUrq efLr"d dk D;k gky gS\ gekjk ,d gh efLr"d gS vkSj mlds
uhps ,d gh es:naM (Lik;uy dkMZ) gSA vkSj ;g es:naM 'kjhj dh jh<+ dh
gM~Mh esa gksrk gSA
vxj vki efLr"d dk voyksdu djsa rks vki mlesa nks fgLls & ck,a
vkSj nk,a Hkkx ik,axs tks reke uoZl ds xqPNksa ls tqM+s gksaxsA bl tksM+ dks
dkSjil dyksle dgrs gSaA vxj vki fdlh v[kjksV dks rksM+saxs rks vkidks
mleas Hkh oSlk gh <akpk fn[ksxkA
gekjs efLr"d ds nks fcYdqy ,d&tSls Hkkx ugha gSaA blds izek.k 1861
esa feysA ,d Úsap MkDVj fi;js ikWy czksdk (1824&1880) dk ,d ejht
fcYdqy cksy ugha ikrk FkkA crk, x, 'kCnksa dks oks le>rk Fkk ij mu 'kCnksa
dks oks cksy ugha ikrk FkkA oks vius psgjs ds gkoHkko vkSj gkFkksa ds b'kkjksa ls
cqf¼ekuh ds mRrj nsrk FkkA ij oks cksy ugha ikrk FkkA bl fLFkfr dks
viQsft;k ('kCnfoghu) dgrs gSaA
ejht dh e`R;q ds ckn czksdk us mlds efLr"d dk eqvk;uk fd;k vkSj
mlds efLr"d esa ck,a vksj pksV ikbZA vkt Hkh efLr"d ds bl Hkkx dks
czksdk dk dkuoY;q'ku dgrs gSaA
czksdk ds vuqlkj ;g efLr"d dk oks Hkkx Fkk tks O;fDr dh cksyus dh
{kerk dks fu;af=kr djrk FkkA oks gksaB] xky] thHk] xys dh rsth ls cnyrh
fLFkfr;ksa dks fu;af=kr djrk Fkk ftls ge cksyuk dgrs gSaA ;g Hkkx efLr"d
ds fliQZ ck,a Hkkx esa fLFkr FkkA vxj ,slk gh dasnz nkbZ± vksj Hkh gksrk rks ck,a
okys fgLls dks pksV yxus ds ckn ;g dke nk;ka fgLls djus yxrkA
bleas ,d varj gSA efLr"d dk cka;k Hkkx cksyus dh {kerk dks fu;af=kr
djrk gS tcfd nk;ka Hkkx ,slk fcYdqy ugha djrkA igys bldks ysdj dbZ
fookn gq, ij var esa czksdk dk dFku lgh ik;k x;kA
(cuekuq"k vkSj xksfjYyksa ds efLr"d Hkh euq"; tSls gh gksrs gSa] ij oks
cgqr NksVs gksrs gSaA muesa czksdk dk dsanz ugha gksrk blfy, bu tkuojksa dks
cksyuk ugha fl[kk;k tk ldrk gSA oSls mUgsa fpUg&Hkk"kk (lkbu ySUxq,t) }kjk
laizs"k.k fl[kk;k tk ldrk gSA)
uhan dh t:jr vkt Hkh ,d igsyh gSA uhan fliQZ vkjke djus ds fy,
ugha gksrh gSA vki ysVdj vka[ksa [kksys Hkh vkjke dj ldrs gSaA vly esa vki
lksrs le; vf/d lfØ; gksrs gSa] vkjke djrs le; de lfØ; gksrs gSaA lksrs
le; vki vDlj djoVsa ysrs gSa vkSj dHkh gkFk&iSj Hkh fgykrs jgrs gSaA
fiQj Hkh vkjke djuk lksus dk i;kZ; ugha gSA vka[ks [kksy dj vkjke
djrs gq, Hkh vkidks uhan dh xgjh t:jr gksxhA vkSj cgqr nsj rd tkxs jgus
ds ckn vki gSY;wflVsu djus yxsaxs & ;kfu vkidks Hkze gksus yxsxkA uhan dh
deh ls vki tYnh ejsaxs] ikuh ds vHkko esa vki vf/d nsj rd ft,axsA
vkSj uhan esa jhe&uhan lcls vko';d gksrh gSA vxj fdlh O;fDr dks
jhe&uhan ls igys tkucw> dj ckj&ckj mBk;k tk, rks vxyh jkr oks vkSj
xgjk lks,xk tSls fd oks fiNyh jkr ds vHkko dks iwjk dj jgk gksA
blls yxsxk fd lius ns[kuk] lksus dh vis{kk T;knk t:jh gSA ij D;ksa\
bldk mRrj fdlh dks ugha irkA esjk viuk [kqn dk ekuuk gS fd euq";
dk efLr"d bruk tfVy gS fd mls fnu Hkj ds fopkjksa dks R;kxus ds fy,
dqN vkjke dh t:jr gksrh gSA 'kjhj
bl dk;Z dks lius ns[kdj lEiUu
ldrk gS vkSj bl izdkj ekufld
^dpjs* dks R;kx ldrk gSA ;g ,d
rjg dh ekufld liQkbZ gS ftlls
fd vxy fnu efLr"d u, fopkjksa
vkSj fØ;kvksa ds fy, [kqn dks
rjksrktk dj ldsA
eSa fiQj bl ckr dks nksgjk jgk
gwa fd fdlh dks bldk lgh mRrj
ugha irk gSA
vly esa dbZ 'krkfCn;ksa ds vè;;u ds ckn Hkh ge efLr"d ds ckjs esa
cgqr de gh tkurs gSaA euq"; ds 'kjhj dk lcls tfVy vax efLr"d gSA ;g
dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha gSA vly esa c`gekaM esa ikbZ gjsd thfor ;k e`r
oLrq esa gekjk efLr"d lcls tfVy gSA
euq"; dk efLr"d balkfu;r ds fy, ,d cgqr cM+h mEehn gSA D;ksafd
efLr"d ds tfj, gh ge ekSfyd fopkj lksp ldrs gSa] izse vkSj ekuoh;
Hkkouk,a fodflr dj ldrs gSaA efLr"d ds tfj, gh ge iqLrdsa fy[krs gSa
,oa laxhr vkSj dyk dh jpuk djrs gSa vkSj balkfu;r ds lkeus eqag ck,
[kM+h cM+h fo'kky leL;kvksa dk gy [kkstrs gSaA
euq"; dk efLr"d 'kk;n cgqr [krjukd oLrq Hkh gSA efLr"d ls gh ge
os va/fo'okl jprs gSa tks gesa xyr fn'kk esa ys tkrs gSaA efLr"d ds tfj, gh
ge Hk; vkSj vU; yksxksa ls uiQjr djuk lh[krs gSa tks Øwjrk] vijk/ vkSj
;q¼ dks tUe nsrk gSA
ge fliQZ ;g vk'kk dj ldrs gSa fd efLr"d ds mQij 'kks/ vkSj
vè;;u ls ge yksxksa dks vPNs fopkjksa dh vksj mUeq[k dj ik,axs vkSj ;q¼]
?k`.kk vkfn gkfudkjd i{kksa ls mUgsa cpk ik,axsA rc 'kk;n gekjh nqfu;k vkt
ds eqdkcys T;knk csgrj] lqjf{kr] laosnu'khy vkSj n;kyw cu ik,A
var 04 ebZ 2014