garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb 1999

saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministro
erovnuli moxseneba
garemos
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
1999-2000 ww.
moxseneba Sedgenilia saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 25 ivnisis #389
brZanebulebis “garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb erovnuli moxsenebis Sedgenis
wesis” safuZvelze.
dokumenti momzadda garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros
garemos dacvis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis mier.
gamoqveynebuli masalebiT sargeblobisaTvis specialuri nebarTva saWiro ar
aris.
1
winasityvaoba
winamdebare
erovnuli
moxseneba
garemos
mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb
SemuSavebulia “garemos dacvis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis me-14 muxlis me-3
punqtis
Sesabamisad
da
gamomdinareobs
saqarTvelos
konstituciis,
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebidan, aseve saqarTvelos
prezidentis 1999 wlis 25 ivnisis #389 brZanebulebidan.
naSromi qveynis mravali uwyebisa da aTeulobiT specialistis sruliad
unikalur naSroms warmoadgens, sadac miukerZoeblad ikveTeba garemosa da
bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros garemos dacvis institutis
xelmZRvanelobisa da specialistebis didi Rvawli, misi SemuSavebis procesSi
dRevandel rTulsa da duxWir saarsebo garemoSi.
erovnuli moxseneba warmoadgens saqarTvelos garemos mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis Semajamebel dokuments, romelic kompleqsur
Sefasebas aZlevs saqarTvelos garemos dRevandel mdgomareobas damdegi mesame
aTaswleulis mijnaze. masSi ganzogadoebulia bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebisa
da dacvis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, amasTan erovnuli moxseneba Seicavs
zogierT mosazrebasa da prognozs, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs gadavwvdeT
movlenaTa ganviTarebas XXI saukuneSi.
rogorc qveynis erovnuli moxseneba cxadyofs, sanam Cven vcdilobT
CavwvdeT mimdinare garemosdacviT problemebs da vzrunavT maT gadawyvetaze,
isini swrafad ivseba axal-axali problemebiT.
Cven jer kidev ver movaxerxeT safuZvlianad gagverkvia viTareba sasmeli
wylisa da atmosferos dabinZurebis problemebSi, biomravalferovnebis
Semcirebisa da urbanizaciis sakiTxebSi, rom Cvens winaSe ukve wamoimarTa
saTburi gazebiT atmosferos dabinZurebis problema, romelic planetis
atmosferos klimatis mniSvnelovani cvlilebiT gvemuqreba.
tye – garemos klimatis ZiriTadi Semqmneli da regulatoria, romelzedac
damokidebulia ZiriTadad saTburi gazebis wrebrunvaSi Cabma, miuxedavad
kiotos oqmis debulebebisa, planetaruli masStabiT yovelwliurad iCexeba 60
milioni heqtari tye.
saqarTvelos mTis tyeebi, kolxeTis dablobis tyeebTan erTad, klimatis
maregulirebel unikaluri mravalferovani florisa da faunis Sesaswavl
cocxal laboratorias warmoadgens evraziis SemaerTebel yelze.
samwuxarod, mdidari da unikaluri bunebrivi landSaftebis xelyofa, maTi
mouwesrigebeli
eqspluatacia
saqarTvelos
dRevandelobaa,
romelic
gaZlierebul yuradRebasa da dacvas iTxovs, dRevandeli da momavali Taobebis
interesebisaTvis.
saqarTveloSi garemos dacvis politikis globaluri kursis gansazRvris
procesSi sasurvelia, gacnobierdes is mizezebi, romelmac warmoSva
dRevandeli problemebi, rac umeteswilad ukavSirdeba energetikul kriziss,
rasac ufro metad Zabavs aramdgradi, feTqebasaSiSi viTareba – qveynis
calkeul nawilebSi, gansakuTrebiT regionaluri konfliqtebi. am da sxva
sakiTxebSi zusti wvdoma jer kidev Znelad dasaZlev problemas warmoadgens,
romelic uTuod gamoswordeba Semdgom gamocemebSi qveyanaSi viTarebis
sasikeTod Secvlis kvalobaze.
2
cxadia, warmodgenili erovnuli moxseneba, ise rogorc yvela axali da
pirveli ver iqneba dazRveuli sxvadasxva xarisxis xarvezebisa Tu
uzustobebisagan. saministro, avtorTa jgufi, didi madlierebis grZnobiT
miiRebs yvela SeniSvnasa da winadadebas, romelic xels Seuwyobs da waadgeba
SemdgomSi gamocemebis srulyofil momzadebas.
avtorTa jgufi
3
sarCevi
Tavi
Tavi
Tavi
Tavi
Tavi
Tavi
Tavi
Tavi
Tavi
1. atmosferuli haeri .........................................................................................................5
2. wyali da wylis resursebi .......................................................................................22
3. miwa da miwis resursebi..............................................................................................35
4. wiaRi da wiaRiseuli.....................................................................................................45
5. mcenareuli safari...........................................................................................................51
6. cxovelTa samyaro............................................................................................................64
7. radiaciuli mdgomareoba .............................................................................................93
8. garemoze fizikuri zemoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli saxeebi ....................97
9. wlis meteorologiuri pirobebis Taviseburebebi. bunebrivi
katastrofebi da stiqiuri ubedurebebi.......................................................101
Tavi 10. garemos ekologiuri faqtorebis SesaZlo gavlena
mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze.................................................................................109
Tavi 11. ekologiuri faqtorebis gavlena kulturuli memkvidreobis
SenarCunebaze ...................................................................................................................119
Tavi 12. daculi teritoriebi ..................................................................................................122
Tavi 13. erovnuli meurneobis garemoze gavlenis Taviseburebebi.....................125
Tavi 14. qimiuri saSualebebi .....................................................................................................136
Tavi 15. narCenebi................................................................................................................................143
Tavi 16. teqnogenuri avariebi da katastrofebi...........................................................149
Tavi 17. saqarTvelos garemosdacviTi kanonmdebloba................................................152
Tavi 18. kontroli garemos dacvis sferoSi ..................................................................158
Tavi 19. garemosdacviTi politika da saxelmwifo programebi..........................162
Tavi 20. ekologiuri usafrTxoeba........................................................................................169
Tavi 21. bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis ekonomikuri meqanizmebi.............170
Tavi 22. garemosdacviTi saqmianobis dafinanseba..........................................................175
Tavi 23. garemos monitoringis sistema..............................................................................188
Tavi 24. garemosdacviTi nebarTva...........................................................................................191
Tavi 25. saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da saxelmwifoTaSorisi
ekologiuri problemebi ..........................................................................................194
Tavi 26. samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi garemosdacviTi problemebis
gadaWrisa da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
saqmeSi..................................................................................................................................199
Tavi 27. garemosdacviTi ganaTleba da informaciul-saganmanaTleblo
saqmianoba ...........................................................................................................................206
Tavi 28. garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi ............................................211
daskvnebi, prognozebi da rekomendaciebi............................................................................216
danarTi 1 .................................................................................................................................................224
danarTi 2 ................................................................................................................................................280
moxsenebis SedgenaSi monawile subieqtebi da informaciis wyaroebi .............282
4
Tavi I
atmosferuli haeri
Sesavali
atmosferuli haeris dabinZureba mavne ingredientebiT iwvevs aramarto
misi Semadgenlobis cvliT misi xarisxis gauaresebas, aramed biosferos sxva
ZiriTadi komponentebis _ wylis, niadagis da mcenareuli safaris dabinZurebasa
da maT degradacias, vinaidan garemo mravali globaluri movlenis da
dabalansebuli qvesistemebis erTian sistemas warmoadgens, xolo am sistemis
gamorCeulad moZravi nawilia atmosfero, romelic, Tavis mxriv, garemos sxva
elementTa meoradi dabinZurebis wyarodaa miCneuli. dReisaTvis bunebaze
anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad sagrZnobladaa Secvlili garemos qimiuri
Sedgenilobis Tvisobrivi da raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi.
garemos dabinZureba iwvevs am globalur urTierTkavSirSi arsebul
bunebriv wonasworobaTa darRvevas.
janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizaciis monacemebiT, anTropogenuli
saqmianobisas gamoyenebuli nivTierebaTagan 40 aTasi xasiaTdeba adamianze mavne
zemoqmedebiT, xolo 12 aTasi toqsikuri Tvisebebisaa.
momavalSi mosalodnelia garemoSi mavne nivTierebaTa raodenobrivi
Semcvelobis zrda, vinaidan sistematurad matulobs garemoze ekologiuri
datvirTva mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis da industriuli meurneobis
ganviTarebis gamo, amasTan dRiTidRe izrdeba msoflio saavtomobilo parkis
raodenobrivi maCveneblebi.
atmosferos
ZiriTadi
damabinZurebeli
wyaroebia
transporti
da
sxvadasxva wiaRiseulis mompovebeli da gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi. dedamiwis
atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis ZiriTadi nawili avtotransportze modis.
atmosferuli haeris xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis dacva saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis problemaa. misi gauareseba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens adamianTa
socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobasa da garemoSi mimdinare bunebriv procesTa
kavSir-urTierTobis erTian sistemaze.
1. saqarTveloSi atmosferuli haeris saerTo mdgomareobis
zogadi daxasiaTeba
1.1. saqarTvelo, rogorc msoflios Semadgeneli nawili, Tavisi bunebrivi
monacemebiTa da ekologiuri pirobebiT, met-naklebad gansxvavdeba sxva
danarCeni qveynebis mdgomareobisagan.
ekonomikis mkveTrma gauaresebam araerTgvarovani zegavlena moaxdina
garemos mdgomareobaze: Seicvala garemoze meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebis
zemoqmedeba, gadanawilda maTi gavlena da xvedriTi wili.
saqarTveloSi atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis ZiriTad wyaros
warmoadgens
avtotransporti
(msgavsad
msoflios
qveyanaTa
didi
umravlesobisa).
avtosatransporto
saSualebebidan
gafrqveuli
mavne
nivTierebebiT gansakuTrebiT binZurdeba msxvili qalaqebi, sadac intensiuria
5
avtotransportis moZraoba. Tu saqarTveloSi 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
yoveldRiur eqspluataciaSi imyofeboda 410918 avtosatransporto erTeuli
da atmosferoSi maTgan gamoifrqveoda 3,3 milioni tona mavne nivTiereba, 2000
wels eqspluataciaSi imyofeba 313700 avtosatransporto erTeuli da misgan
gamonafrqvevi Seadgens 1,846 mln. tonas.
atmosferuli haeris saerTo dabinZurebaSi avtotransportis wili 90-ian
wlebamde Seadgenda ∼70%-s, 2000 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli gazrdilia 88 %mde, risi erT-erTi umTavresi mizezia qveyanaSi samrewvelo seqtoris
funqcionirebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba.
atmosferuli
haeris
dacvisaTvis
udidesi
mniSvneloba
eniWeba
monitoringis erTiani sistemis Seqmnas. arsebuli mdgomareobis dadgena, misi
analizi da praqtikuli RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba (Tanamedrove standartebisa da
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT) gadaudebel garemosdacviT RonisZiebaTa rigs
ganekuTvneba.
90-iani wlebis dasawyisamde hidrometeorologiis samsaxuris mier
atmosferuli haeris xarisxze dakvirvebebi regularulad warmoebda; magram
Semdgom, qveyanaSi rTuli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo, garemos dabinZurebis
monitoringis sistemis funqcionireba sagrZnoblad Sesustda: dRes SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es sistema Tavidan saWiroebs Camoyalibebas.
saqarTveloSi 1999-2000 wlebSi atmosferuli haeris damabinZurebel
samrewvelo
sawarmoTa
saerTo
raodenobis
cvlilebis
maxasiaTeblebi
warmodgenilia cxr. 1.1.-Si. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom cxrilSi warmoCenili
raodenobebidan mniSvnelovani nawili ar funqcionirebs, didi nawili muSaobs
SesaZlo datvirTvis daaxloebiT meoTxedis gamoyenebiT. amdenad es monacemebi
uSualod ver axasiaTeben samrewvelo sawarmoTagan warmoebuli gafrqvevebiT
atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebaze maTi zegavlenis xasiaTs imdenad, ramdenadac
samrewvelo sawarmoTa saerTo raodenobis cvlilebis xasiaTs proporciulad
ar Seesabameba realurad funqcionirebadi sawarmoTa raodenobebi, romelTa
dadgena
garkveul
siZneleebTanaa
dakavSirebuli
arsebuli
saTanado
statistikuri informaciis arasrulyofilebis gamo.
saqarTveloSi 1999_2000 wlebSi atmosferuli haeris damabinZurebel
samrewvelo sawarmoTa saerTo raodenoba
cxrili 1.1
wlebi
1999 2000
samrewvelo sawarmoTa 2978 2840
saerTo raodenoba
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTveloSi 1999_2000
wlebis monacemebiT atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis mdgomareoba mocemulia
cxrilebSi 1.2-1.8. 1999 da 2000 wlebSi atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis
mdgomareobis maxasiaTebeli aq warmodgenili monacemebi, gansxvavebiT wina
wlebis monacemebisagan (romlebic efuZneba stataRricxvianobis forma `2-gd6
haers~, anu calkeul sawarmoTagan gafrqvevaTa aRricxvianobis Zvel, sabWoTa
kavSirSi gamoyenebul meTodologias), gaangariSebul iqna CORINAIR-is da
IPCC-is meTodologiiT (qveyanaSi wliurad mTlianad warmoebuli produqciis
da moxmarebul sawvavTa raodenobebis bazaze saTanado xvedriTi gafrqvevaTa
koeficientebis safuZvelze).
amasTan erTad damatebiT aRnusxuli iqna aaon-ebi, CH4 da N2O. garda amisa,
wina wlebisgan gansxvavebiT, gafrqvevebi damatebiT aRnusxuli iqna gafrqvevaTa
iseTi wyarodan, rogoricaa: arasamrewvelo obieqtebze saTbobTa wva, rac
mimdinare procesTa ufro srul suraTs iZleva.
saqarTveloSi 1999 wels atmosferuli haeris damabinZurebel
mavne nivTierebaTa jamuri gafrqveva
cxrili 1.2a
#
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
gafrqvevis saxeobebis
dasaxeleba
gafrqveul mavne nivTierebaTa raodenoba,
aTasi tona
mtveri
SO2
2
3
4
m o Z r a v i
w y a r o e b i
1,340
2,152
sagzao avtotransporti
(benzinze da dizelis
sawvavze momuSave)
0,0125
0,0164
sarkinigzo transporti
0,023
0,032
sahaero transporti
monacemebi
sazRvao transporti
0,112
0,158
gafrqvevis sxva moZravi
wyaroebi
1,488
2,358
sul moZravi
wyaroebidan
s t a c i o n a l u r i
w y a r o
0,061
1,397
Tboeleqtrosadgurebi
0,256
0,954
samrewvelo obieqtebze
saTbobis wva
2,862
1,752
samrewvelo procesebi
0,289
0,061
arasamrewvelo
obieqtebze saTbobTa wva
3,468
4,164
sul stacionaluri
wyaroebidan
CO
NOx,
N2O
CH4
aaonebi
CO2
5
6
7
8
9
10
154,3
20,2
0,031
0,307
15,7
1663
0,029
1,111
ar aris
4,340
0,1081
0,306
_
_
0,001
_
0,0127
0,720
100,7
1,435
_
_
9,044
159,78
22,049
0,031
0,308
25,477
1,170
0,313
0,808
2,206
0,001
0,003
0,008
0,020
0,021
0,082
2,246
0,334
23,194
0,407
0,766
0,157
0,302
0,088
2,463
0,690
4,063
26,615
0,927
0,418
3,256
1763,7
e b i
1472,5
SeniSvna: 1) aaon-ebi aRniSnavs arameTanur aqrolad organul naerTebs;
2) cxrilSi warmodgenili gafrqvevaTa raodenobebi dadgenilia IPCC-is da CORINAIR-is
meTodologiiT rekomendirebuli gaangariSebiTi meTodikis gamoyenebiT (qveyanaSi wliurad
mTlianad warmoebuli produqciis da moxmarebul sawvavTa raodenobebis bazaze saTanado
xvedriTi gafrqvevaTa koeficientebis safuZvelze).
7
saqarTveloSi 2000 wels atmosferuli haeris damabinZurebel
mavne nivTierebaTa jamuri gafrqveva
cxrili 1.2b
#
1
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
gafrqveul mavne nivTierebaTa raodenoba,
aTasi tona
aaonebi
SO2
N2O
CH4
CO
NOx,
4
5
6
7
8
9
gafrqvevis saxeobebis
dasaxeleba
mtveri
2
3
m o Z r a v i
w y a r o e b i
sagzao avtotransporti
1,331
2,138
153,23
(benzinze da dizelis
sawvavze momuSave)
sarkinigzo transporti
0,013
0,017
0,030
sahaero transporti
0,024
0,033
1,113
sazRvao transporti
monacemebi ar aris
gafrqvevis sxva moZravi
0,102
0,138
4,120
wyaroebi
sul moZravi wyaroebidan
1,470
2,326
158,5
s t a c i o n a l u r i
w y a r o e b i
Tboeleqtrosadgurebi
0,057
1,309
1,079
samrewvelo obieqtebze
0,234
0,858
0,282
saTbobis wva
samrewvelo procesebi
2,563
1,590
2,102
arasamrewvelo obieqtebze
0,261
0,055
0,301
saTbobTa wva
sul stacionaluri
3,468
4,164
4,063
wyaroebidan
CO2
10
20,07
0,031
0,305
15,61
1653
0,111
0,312
_
_
0,001
_
0,013
0,742
103,72
1,305
_
_
8,440
21,798
0,031
0,306
24,805
0,752
1,985
0,001
0,003
0,007
0,020
0,020
0,074
17,353
0,366
0,660
0,141
0,203
0,079
2,208
0,630
26,615
0,927
0,418
3,256
1756,7
1371,9
SeniSvna: 1) aaon-ebi aRniSnavs arameTanur aqrolad organul naerTebs;
2) cxrilSi warmodgenili gafrqvevaTa raodenobebi dadgenilia IPCC-is da CORINAIR-is
meTodologiiT rekomendirebuli gaangariSebiTi meTodikis gamoyenebiT (qveyanaSi wliurad
mTlianad warmoebuli produqciis da moxmarebul sawvavTa raodenobebis bazaze saTanado
xvedriTi gafrqvevaTa koeficientebis safuZvelze).
1.2. atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis maCveneblebi calkeuli dargebis
mixedviT
atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis maCveneblebi mrewvelobis calkeuli
dargebis mixedviT mocemulia cxr. 1.3-Si.
1999 wels atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis maCveneblebi mrewvelobis
dargebis mixedviT gafrqvevaTa umTavresi stacionaruli wyaroebidan
(samrewvelo procesebidan)
cxrili 1.3a
#
1
1
a)
b)
g)
dargis da warmoebis
dasaxeleba
2
eleqtroenergetika da
saTbobis mrewveloba sul,
maT Soris:
eleqtroenergia Tboeleqtrosadgurebis mier,
navTobis mopoveba da
pirveladi gadamuSaveba,
qvanaxSiris mrewveloba
mtveri
3
gafrqveul mavne nivTierebaTa raodenoba,
meTani
SO2
N2O
CO
NOx
4
5
6
7
8
tona
aaonebi
9
CO2
10
61,646
1453,0
1175,3
811,23
1,276
158,342
56,460
863535
61,222
0,424
1396,5
56,5
1169,6
5,65
807,7
3,53
1,276
_
7,653
9,989
21,430
35,030
863535
_
_
_
_
_
_
140,7
_
8
_
1
2
A
2
Savi metalurgia sul,
maT Soris:
a) foladis warmoeba
foladis milebis CaTvliT,
b) Savi liTonebis naglini,
g) saSualo naxSirbadiani
feromanganumi 80%-iani,
d) naxSirbadiani eleqtroferomanganumi 76%-iani,
e) eleqtromanganumi 90%-iani,
v) silikomanganumi 82%-iani
3
1353,3
4
73,5
5
299,0
6
21643,3
7
463,7
8
143,9
9
785,02
10
193936
74,23
0,326
_
_
_
0,007
_
0,289
_
_
_
_
_
0,217
11257,6
_
54,5
12,5
51,3
3714,0
79,6
24,7
134,7
7769,6
4,1
_
1220,1
9,8
_
51,2
38,7
_
209,0
2799,2
_
15129,8
60,0
_
324,1
18,6
_
100,6
101,5
583,3
_
548,6
_
174325,1
107,6
11,03
590,45
42,8
301,2
_
302,5
128815
_
2,325
534,75
_
_
279,0
116250
95,1
_
12,5
_
_
8,7
_
_
55,7
_
30,1
12,7
_
203,4
97,8
_
_
_
_
_
23,5
_
_
12565
360,6
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
360,6
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
958,1
214,6
180,8
696,6
_
_
11,1
286217
584,9
204,8
136,5
682,8
_
_
_
257757
195,7
9,8
44,3
13,8
_
_
11,1
28460
68,0
109,5
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
kvebis mrewveloba sul,
maT Soris:
a) arayi da liqior-aryis
nawarmi,
b) yurZnis Rvinis warmoeba,
g) Sampanuris warmoeba,
d) koniakis (brendis) warmoeba,
e) ludis warmoeba,
v) karaqis warmoeba,
z) sakonditro nawarmi,
T) puri da pur-funTuSeulis
nawarmi
20,448
_
_
_
_
_
1307,82
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
354,75
18,8
0,227
10,64
4,391
14,077
0,131
aRricxva warmoebs
moxmarebuli
sawvavis raodenobis
mixedviT
20,448
_
_
_
_
_
904,8
sul
2861,7
1752,1
2245,6
23193,9
766,2
302,2
2462,9
qimiuri da navTobqimiuri
mrewveloba sul,
maT Soris:
a) amiakis warmoeba,
b) mineraluri sasuqebis
warmoeba,
g) azotmJavas warmoeba,
d) sxva qimikatebis warmoeba
4 xe-tyis, xis dammuSavebeli
da celuloza-qaRaldis
mrewveloba sul,
maT Soris:
a) daxerxili xe-tye
3
saSen masalaTa warmoeba
sul,
maT Soris:
a) cementis warmoeba,
b) samSeneblo aguris
warmoeba,
g) anakrebi rkina-betonis konstruqciebi da nakeTobebi,
d) samSeneblo qviSa
_
5
6
9
1472503
2000 wels atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis maCveneblebi mrewvelobis
dargebis mixedviT gafrqvevaTa umTavresi stacionaruli wyaroebidan
(samrewvelo procesebidan)
cxrili 1.3b
#
1
1
a)
b)
g)
dargis da warmoebis
dasaxeleba
2
eleqtroenergetika da
saTbobis mrewveloba sul,
maT Soris:
eleqtroenergia Tboeleqtrosadgurebis mier,
navTobis mopoveba da
pirveladi gadamuSaveba,
qvanaxSiris mrewveloba
2
A
a)
Savi metalurgia sul,
maT Soris:
foladis warmoeba foladis
milebis CaTvliT,
b) Savi liTonebis naglini,
g) saSualo naxSirbadiani
feromanganumi 80%-iani,
d) naxSirbadiani eleqtroferomanganumi 76%-iani,
e) eleqtromanganumi 90%-iani,
v) silikomanganumi 82%-iani
3 qimiuri da navTobqimiuri
mrewveloba sul,
maT Soris:
a) amiakis warmoeba,
b) mineraluri sasuqebis
warmoeba,
g) azotmJavas warmoeba,
d) sxva qimikatebis warmoeba
4
a)
xe-tyis, xis dammuSavebeli
da celuloza-qaRaldis
mrewveloba sul,
maT Soris:
daxerxili xe-tye
saSen masalaTa warmoeba
sul,
maT Soris:
a) cementis warmoeba,
b) samSeneblo aguris
warmoeba,
g) anakrebi rkina-betonis konstruqciebi da nakeTobebi,
d) samSeneblo qviSa
mtveri
3
gafrqveul mavne nivTierebaTa raodenoba, tona
meTani aaonebi
SO2
N2O
CO
NOx
4
5
6
7
8
9
CO2
10
56,501
1308,9
1078,8
751,99
1,174
97,701
34,46
794453
56,324
0,177
1285,2
1076,4
23,73
2,39
750,5
1,49
1,174
_
7,041
4,16
19,72
14,74
794453
_
_
_
_
_
_
86,5
_
_
1028,2
54,28
219,8
15852,6
340,3
105,6
575,8
147472
24,23
0,087
_
_
_
0,002
_
0,061
_
_
_
_
_
0,043
3658,7
_
51,8
12,5
51,3
3714,0
79,6
24,7
134,7
7769,6
0,5
_
951,6
1,18
_
40,6
4,68
_
163,8
336,7
_
11801,8
7,2
_
253,5
2,29
_
78,6
12,2
70,1
_
428,9
_
135974
118,3
11,81
636,3
44,7
318,2
_
327,4
138994
_
2,51
576,7
_
_
302,2
125550
104,9
_
13,4
_
_
9,3
_
_
59,6
_
31,1
13,6
_
213,3
104,9
_
_
_
_
_
25,2
_
_
13444
417,6
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
417,6
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
922,2
214,8
166,6
704,1
_
_
11,1
290985
595,8
208,8
139,5
695,7
_
_
_
262525
119,7
6,0
27,1
8,4
_
_
11,1
28460
92,4
114,3
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
5
10
1
6
2
kvebis mrewveloba sul,
maT Soris:
a) arayi da liqior-aryis
nawarmi,
b) yurZnis Rvinis warmoeba,
g) Sampanuris warmoeba,
d) koniakis (brendis) warmoeba,
e) ludis warmoeba,
v) karaqis warmoeba,
z) sakonditro nawarmi,
T) puri da pur-funTuSeulis
nawarmi
sul
3
19,7
4
_
5
_
6
_
7
_
8
_
9
1258,94
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
329,2
17,7
0,298
24,2
8,18
7,74
0,122
19,7
_
_
_
_
_
871,5
2562,5
1589,8
2101,5
17353,4
659,7
203,3
2207,7
10
aRricxva warmoebs
moxmarebuli
sawvavis
raodenobis
mixedviT
1371904
stacionaruli wyaroebidan (samrewvelo procesebidan) mavne nivTierebaTa
gafrqvevebis cvlilebaTa daxasiaTeba
cxrili 1.4
1999
2000
33,585
26,679
wlebi
mavne nivTierebaTa gafrqvevebi stacionaruli wyaroebidan (samrewvelo procesebidan), aTasi tona
1.3a da 1.3b cxrilebis saTanado jamuri
SeniSvna: 1. am cxrilSi warmoCenilia
sidideebi CO2-is gareSe;
2. cxrilSi araa warmoCenili CO2-is gafrqveva, vinaidan is ar aris mavne
nivTiereba nivTierebis mavneobis klasikuri gagebiT (is miiCneva klimatis gauaresebis
mizezad e.w. saTburis efeqtis SeqmniT); stacionaruli wyaroebidan (samrewvelo
procesebidan) misi gafrqveva 1999 wels iyo 1472503 tona, xolo 2000
wels_1371904 tona.
moZravi da stacionaruli wyaroebidan (samrewvelo procesebidan)
atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis maCveneblebis
cvlilebis daxasiaTeba
cxrili 1.5
gafrqvevis sawlebi
xeobebi da raodenobebi, aTasi t
stacionaruli wyaroebi
(samrewvelo procesebi)
aTasi tona, (%)
sagzao avtotransporti, aTasi tona, (%)
jami, aTasi tona
1999
2000
33,585
(14,8)
26,679
(12,2)
194,03
(85,2)
192,715
(87,8)
219,394
(100)
227,615
(100)
SeniSvna: aq araa warmoCenili CO2 -is gafrqvevebi, vinaidan is ar aris mavne nivTiereba nivTierebis
mavneobis klasikuri gagebiT (is miiCneva klimatis gauaresebis mizezad e.w. saTburis efeqtis SeqmniT)
da misi gafrqvevebis aRricxva ar xdeboda Zveli, sabWoTa kavSirSi gamoyenebul meTodologiT.
11
cxr. 1.5-idan Cans, rom atmosferoSi mavne nivTierebaTa gafrqvevis didi
wili
(88%-mde)
aRniSnul
wlebSi
modis
avtotransportze,
xolo
stacionaruli wyaroebisTvis imave wlebSi es maxasiaTebeli saTanadod mcirea
(∼12%).
1999-2000 wlebSi stacionaruli wyaroebidan (samrewvelo procesebidan)
gafrqveuli ingredientebis raodenobaTa cvlilebebi umniSvneloa; 1999 wels
misma saerTo raodenobam Seadgina 33,585 aTas tona, xolo 2000 wels_26,679
aTasi tona (naxSirorJangis gareSe). gafrqvevaTa am maxasiaTeblebTan
dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom Seicvala samrewvelo sawarmoTa saerTo
simZlavre, axali_CORINAIR-is da IPCC-is meTodologiiT dazustda mavne
nivTierebaTa
gafrqvevebis
raodenobebi
(qveyanaSi
wliurad
mTlianad
warmoebuli produqciis da moxmarebul sawvavTa raodenobebis bazaze saTanado
xvedriTi gafrqvevaTa koeficientebis safuZvelze). amasTan erTad, damatebiT
aRnusxuli iqna aaon-ebi, CH4 da N2O. garda amisa, wina wlebisgan gansxvavebiT,
gafrqvevebi damatebiT aRnusxuli iqna gafrqvevaTa iseTi wyarodan, rogoricaa:
arasamrewvelo obieqtebze saTbobTa wva, xolo, meore mxriv, arsebuli
gamwmendi nagebobebis muSaobis efeqturoba TiTqmis igive doneze darCa.
gafrqvevis stacionaruli wyaroebidan (samrewvelo procesebidan)
1999_2000 wlebSi mavne nivTierebaTa gafrqvevebis daxasiaTeba
calkeuli nivTierebis wvlilis warmoCeniT
cxrili 1.6
gafrqvevis raowlebi
denobebi,
aTasi tona, (%)
gafrqveuli mavne nivTierebebi sul,
m a T
1999
33,585
(100,0)
2000
26,679
(100,0)
S o r i s:
myari
airadi da Txevadi
m a T
S o r i s:
mtveri
gogirdovani anhidridi
naxSirJangi_CO
azotis dioqsidi_ NO2
azotis oqsidi_N2O
meTani_CH4
arameTanuri aqroladi
organuli naerTebi-aaon
(naxSirwyalbadebi)
naxSirorJangi_CO2
2,862
30,723
(8,52)
(91,48)
2,563
24,116
(9,61)
(90,39)
2,862
1,752
2,246
23,194
0,766
0,302
2,463
(8,52)
(5,22)
(6,69)
(69,06)
(2,28)
(0,90)
(7,33)
2,563
1,590
2,102
17,353
0,660
0,203
2,208
(9,61)
(5,96)
(7,88)
(65,04)
(2,47)
(076)
(8,28)
1472,503
1371,904
SeniSvna: gaangariSebaSi araa CarTuli CO2 -is gafrqvevebi, vinaidan is ar aris mavne nivTiereba
nivTierebis mavneobis klasikuri gagebiT (is miiCneva klimatis gauaresebis mizezad e.w. saTburis
efeqtis SeqmniT) da misi gafrqvevebis aRricxva ar xdeboda Zveli, sabWoTa kavSirSi gamoyenebul
meTodologiT.
12
gafrqvevis stacionaruli wyaroebidan (samrewvelo procesebidan) 1999 da
2000 wlebSi mavne nivTierebaTa gafrqvevebSi umTavresi wvlili (65-69%)
airovan nivTierebaTagan azotis oqsidebs_NO da NO2-s Seaqvs (warmoCenils
saboloo naerTis_NO2-is saxiT), meore adgilzea aaon-ebi (7-8%), mesame
adgilze aris naxSirJangi_CO (6,7-7,9%); mtvris gafrqveva 8,5-9,6 %-s
Seadgens (cxr. 1.6.). aq warmodgenili gafrqvevaTa raodenobrivi maxiaTeblebis
cvlilebebi gamowveulia industriul seqtorSi 1999-2000 wlebSi momxdari
cvlilebebiT.
saqarTveloSi importirebuli benzinis da dizelis
sawvavTa raodenobebi
cxrili 1.7*
importirebuli sawvavTa saxeobebi
1999 weli
2000 weli
benzini, tona
302358,7*;
304596,7**
183031,6*;
dizelis sawvavi, tona
75363,4;*
77144,8**
47803,9*;
SeniSvna: *informacia mowodebulia saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo
departamentis mier;
**informacia mowodebulia saqarTvelos sabaJo departamentis mier.
1999_2000 wlebSi avtotransportidan atmosferoSi gafrqveul mavne
nivTierebaTa raodenobebis cvlilebis daxasiaTeba
cxrili 1.7
maxasiaTebeli parametrebi
wlebi
sagzao avtotransportis saerTo (jamuri) raodenoba, cali
jamuri gafrqveva vtotransportidan, milioni tona, maT Soris:
naxSirorJangi, milioni tona
naxSirJangi, aTasi tona
azotis oqsidebi (NO2, NO),
aTasi tona
aaon-ebi, aTasi tona
meTani, aTasi tona
azotis qveJangi_N2O, aTasi tona
gogirdis dioqsidi, aTasi tona
Wvartli, aTasi tona
1999*
2000*
311206**
320378***
1,857
313700***
1,846
1,663
154,3
20,2
1,653
153,23
20,07
15,7
0,307
0,031
2,152
1,340
15,61
0,305
0,031
2,138
1,331
SeniSvna:
*gaangariSeba efuZneba saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mier
mowodebul, avtotransportis mier moxmarebuli sawvavis raodenobaTa amsaxvel, oficialur monacemebs,
romelTa Tanaxmadac 1999 da 2000 wlebSi am dargSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirebuladaa warmoCenili
sawvavTa saerTo, jamuri (gansakuTrebiT ki dizelis sawvavis) moxmareba wina welTan/wlebTan
SedarebiT (rac aixsneba am mimarTebiT moqmedi faruli ekonomikis daaxloebiT 60%-iani monawileobiT
saTanado sferoSi), ris Sedegadac am wlebis saTanado gafrqvevaTa sidideebi Sesabamisad
Semcirebuladaa cxrilSi warmoCenili.
**informacia mowodebulia saqarTvelos transportis saministros mier.
***informacia mowodebulia saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamentis mier.
13
atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis am ori umTavresi seqtoridan_industriuli seqtoridan da avtotransportidan maTi erTdrouli funqcionirebis
Sedegad atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis mdgomareobas axasiaTebs cxrili 1.8Si warmodgenili monacemebi.
avtotransportidan da samrewvelo procesebidan atmosferuli
haeris damabinZurebel nivTierebaTa gafrqvevebi
cxrili 1.8
#
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
mavne nivTierebaTa
dasaxeleba
2
Wvartli
naxSirorJangi, CO2
naxSirJangi, CO
azotis oqsidebi, NO2, NO
azotis qveJangi, N2O
gogirdis dioqsidi, SO2
meTani, CH4
aaonebi (naxSirwyalbadebi)
sul
gafrqveul mavne nivTierebaTa raodenobebi wlebis mixedviT, aTasi tona/weliwadSi
1999 weli
2000 weli
3
4
4,202
3,894
3135,5
3024,9
156,546
155,332
43,394
37,423
0,797
0,691
3,904
3,728
0,609
0,508
18,163
17,818
3363,115
3244,294
cxr. 1.8 warmoaCens, rom mavne nivTierebaTa saerTo gafrqvevebSi (Tu ar
CavTvliT CO2-s, romelic ar aris mavne nivTiereba_is miiCneva klimatis
gauaresebis mizezad e.w. saTburis efeqtis SeqmniT) raodenobrivad yvelaze
mniSvnelovania iseTi mavne nivTierebebi, rogoricaa: naxSirJangi_CO, azotis
oqsidebi_NO2, NO (romelsac aRniSnaven NOx-iT), aaon-ebi (naxSirwyalbadebi),
mtveri da gogirdis dioqsidi_SO2. am (da, agreTve, sxva mavne nivTierebaTa)
gafrqvevebis Sesamcireblad dagegmilia, xorcieldeba da SemdegSic gatardeba
maTi Semcirebis kompleqsuri (kanonmdeblobis srulyofa, saTanado ZiriTad
teqnologiaTa
adgilebze
srulyofili
teqnologiebiT
Canacvlebis
stimulireba, mtverdamWer da airgamwmend danadgarTa muSaobis efeqturobis
gazrda da a. S.) RonisZiebebi.
1.3. atmosferuliHhaeris xarisxis daxasiaTeba
saqarTvelos hidrometeorologiis saxelmwifo departamentis monacemebiT
7 qalaqSi: TbilisSi, rusTavSi, kaspSi, axalcixeSi, quTaisSi, zestafonsa da
baTumSi aRiniSneba atmosferuli haeris SedarebiT intensiuri dabinZureba. nax.
1.1-1.7-ze mocemulia zemoT aRniSnuli qalaqebis atmosferuli haeris
dabinZureba sxvadasxva mavne ingredientebiT 1995-99 wlebis mixedviT.
(samwuxarod 2000 wels dakvirvebebi praqtikulad ar Catarebula) abscisTa
RerZebze mocemulia wlebi, xolo ordinatze_atmosferul haerSi arsebuli
mavne nivTierebis koncentracia missave zRvrulad dasaSvebi koncentraciasTan
SefardebiT.
14
rogorc naxazebidan Cans, adgili aqvs atmosferos gadaWarbebul
dabinZurebas dasaSveb zRvrul koncentraciebTan SedarebiT:
− q. zestafonSi: mtvris _ 2,0-jer, gogirdis dioqsidis _ 2,2-jer, manganumis
dioqsidis _ 2,0-jer;
− q. baTumSi: mtvris _ 1,3-jer, gogirdis dioqsidis _ 3-jer, naxSirJangisa da
azotis dioqsidis _ 1,25-jer;
− q. quTaisSi: mtvris _ 4-jer, gogirdis dioqsidis _ 1,2-jer;
− q. kaspSi: mtvris _ 1,2-jer;
− q. axalcixeSi: mtvris 8,6-jer;
− q. TbilisSi: mtvris _ 2,0-jer, gogirdis dioqsidis _ 3,6-jer, azotis
dioqsidis _ 1,6-jer, formaldehidis _ 4,0-jer;
− q. rusTavSi: mtvris _ 2,0-jer, gogirdis dioqsidis _ 8,6-jer, azotis
dioqsidis _ 1,75-jer, fenolis _ 2,0-jer da amiakis _ 4,5-jer.
5
Tbilisi
4.5
4
3.5
3
mtveri
gogirdis dioqsidi
naxSirJangi
azotis dioqsidi
fenoli
formaldehidi
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
nax. 1.1
15
1999
4
4
4
4
4
4
quTaisi
3.5
3
2.5
2
mtveri
gogirdis dioqsidi
naxSirJangi
azotis dioqsidi
gogirdiswyalbadi
1.75
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.25
1.2
1
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
0
0
0 0
0
1995
0
0 0
1996
0
0
1997
1998
1999
nax. 1.2
3 .5
baTumi
3 .2
3
3
2 .8
2 .5
2
2
mt ver i
1 .7 5
go gir d is d io qsid i
1 .5
1 .5
1 .5
1 .3 3
nax S ir J ang i
1 .5
1 .3 3
az o t is d io qsid i
1 .3 3
1 .3 3
g o g ir d w yal bad i
1 .2 5
1
0 .6
0
0 .5
0 .5
0 .5
0 .5
0 .4
0
0
1995
0
0
1996
0
0
1997
1998
nax. 1.3
16
0
1999
9
rusTavi
8
7
6
mtveri
gogirdis dioqsidi
naxSirJangi
azotis dioqsidi
fenoli
amiaki
gogirdwyalbadi
5
4
3
2
1
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
nax. 1.4
2.5
zestafoni
2
1.5
mtveri
gogirdis dioqsidi
azotis dioqsidi
manganumis dioqsidi
1
0.5
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
nax. 1.5
17
1999
9
axalcixe
8
7
6
5
mtveri
4
nxSrn
3
2
1
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
nax. 1.6
kaspi
3.5
3
2.5
2
mtveri
naxSirJangi
azotisdioqsidi
1.5
1
0.5
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
nax. 1.7
18
1999
2. atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis ZiriTadi mizezebi, mdgomareobis
gasaumjobeseblad gatarebuli RonisZiebebi
qveynis didi qalaqebi: Tbilisi, quTaisi, rusTavi, foTi, baTumi ZiriTadad
binZurdeba avtotransportis gamonabolqvebiT. aq SedarebiT mcirea samrewvelo
dabinZurebis wvlili.
avtotransportis uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba atmosferul haerze ganpirobebulia mravali faqtoriT, esenia:
− saavtomobilo gzebis cudi mdgomareoba da maTi dabali xarisxi;
− moZvelebuli avtosatransporto saSualebaTa parki;
− 10-15 wels gadacilebuli avtomobilebis importi;
− sawvavis dabali xarisxi;
xarisxis
ganmsazRvreli,
analizuri
teqnikuri
xelsawyo− sawvavis
danadgarebiT uzrunvelyofili, Tanamedrove laboratoriebis ararseboba;
− qalaqebis mTagoriani, bunebrivi ganiavebadobisTvis araxelsayreli reliefi.
atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebaze 1999-2000 wlebSi avtotransportis
wilad daaxloebiT modis 88 %-mde, xolo stacionaruli wyaroebis wilad
saTanadod_12 %-mde. avtosatransporto saSualebebidan haeris damabinZurebel
nivTierebaTa gafrqvevebis mravali seriozuli, ZneladaRmosafxvreli mizezi
arsebobs, romelTa mavne zemoqmedebis Semcireba calke problemas warmoadgens.
samrewvelo seqtoridan atmosferuli haeris damabinZurebel gafrqvevaTa
Sesamcireblad SemuSavebulia da saTanado Sedegebs iZleva am seqtoridan
gafrqvevaTa Semcirebis kompleqsuri sistema. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda
aRiniSnos, rom 1999-2000 wlebSi qveyanaSi aRricxuli sawarmoTa saerTo
raodenobis mxolod 22-25%-ia uzrunvelyofili airgamwmendi da mtverdamWeri
sistemebiT. amasTan sawarmoebSi arsebuli airgamwmendi da mtverdamWeri
sistemebis umravlesoba (50-60%) jerjerobiT gamosulia mwyobridan, xolo
moqmedi sistemebis efeqturoba
Zalze dabalia da igi ukeTes SemTxvevaSi
aRwevs 60-70%-s.
2.1. atmosferuli haeris dacvis sferoSi kanonmdeblobis srulyofa
evrogaerTianebis kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizirebulad.
atmosferuli haeris dacvis sferoSi arsebul problemaTa mogvarebisaTvis
xdeba sakanonmdeblo, organizaciuli da teqnikuri RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba.
saqarTveloSi atmosferuli haeris dacvis sakiTxebs aregulirebs kanoni
“atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb”, romelic miRebuli iqna 1999 wlis 22
ivniss. am kanonidan gamomdinare 2005 wlamde
misaRebia mravali
kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqti, romelTa safuZvelzec moxdeba atmosferuli
haeris dacvis sferoSi konkretuli sakiTxebis daregulireba evrogaerTianebis
sabWos moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, kerZod iseTi sakiTxebisa, rogoricaa:
− atmosferul haerSi mavne nivTierebaTa koncentraciebis zRvrulad dasaSvebi
normebi;
− atmosferuli haeris mavne nivTierebebiT dabinZurebis doneze dakvirvebis
punqtebi;
− atmosferuli haeris mavne nivTierebebiT damabinZurebuli sxvadasxva
saxeobis
satransporto
da
sxva
moZrav-meqanikuri
saSualebebidan
gafrqvevis zRvrulad dasaSvebi normebi;
19
− atmosferuli haeris mavne nivTierebebiT dabinZurebis done;
− benzinisa da dizelis sawvavis xarisxis normebis gansazRvra.
zemoaRniSnuli kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebis SemuSavebisaTvis
“atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb” kanonis Tanaxmad 2003 wlis 1 ivlisamde
gamocemul unda iqnas saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba “atmosferuli
haeris
dacvis
sferoSi
saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobis
evrokavSiris
kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis RonisZiebaTa dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis
etapebis Sesaxeb”.
atmosferuli haeris dacvis sferoSi dReisaTvis 13 saxelmwifo
standarti (yofili sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli standartebi) moqmedebs,
romlebic
adgenen
moTxovnebs
atmosferuli
haeris
xarisxis,
misi
damabinZurebeli wyaroebidan gamonafrqvevis sinjebis aRebis, maTi gansazRvrisa
da am standartTa moqmedebaSi Seyvanis Sesaxeb.
dawyebulia da grZeldeba “atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb” kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli normatiuli aqtebis SemuSaveba; sul SemuSavebulia 17, maT
Soris ZalaSi Sesulia 5, Svid maTganze miRebulia dadebiTi daskvna iusticiis
saministrodan, muSaoba am mimarTulebiT MgrZeldeba. uaRresad aqtualuria
sakuTari standartebis da meToduri debulebebis (atmosferuli haeris dacvis
sferoSi sakuTari sakanonmdeblo bazis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawilis),
Seqmna
evrogaerTianebis
sabWos
standartebsa
da
debulebebTan
harmonizirebulad.
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros mier
mniSvnelovani samuSaoebi sruldeba saerTaSoriso konvenciebis formatiT
gaTvaliswinebuli TanamSromlobiT.
a) saqarTvelo 1994 wlis dasasruls SeuerTda gaeros klimatis
cvlilebis CarCo konvencias, romlis umTavresi mizania e.w. saTburis gazebis
(CO2, CH4, N2O, CO, NOx, aaon-ebi) qveynidan gafrqvevis SezRudva. am mimarTebiT
mniSvnelovani samuSaoebi ganxorcielda saqarTveloSi, raSic didi wvlili
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros miuZRvis:
1997-99 wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevaTa Sedegad Seiqmna am sferoSi dagrovil
da ganzogadoebul monaci erovnuli Setyobineba, romelic 1999 wels Cabarda
mxareTa mexuTe konferencias da mowonebuliqna mis mier, mimdinareobs am
mimarTebiT energomomWirneobis da saTburis gazebis gafrqvevaTa SezRudvis
SesaZleblobaTa kvleva qveynis masStabiT, rac avtomaturad emsaxureba
atmosferuli haeris xarisxis gaumjobesebas; mimdinareobs mosamzadebeli
samuSaoebi meore erovnuli Setyobinebis mosamzadeblad.
b) saqarTvelo SeuerTda “ozonis Sris dacvis Sesaxeb" 1985 wlis venis
konvencias da “ozonis Sris damSleli nivTierebebis Sesaxeb” 1987 wlis
monrealis oqms, saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis 1995 wlis 8
noembris #711 dadgenilebiT da Sesabamisad es dokumentebi saqarTvelosaTvis
ZalaSi Sevida 1996 wlis 19 ivniss.
monrealis
oqmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
ozondamSlel
nivTierebaTa
regulirebis valdebulebani saqarTveloSi ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 1
ivlisidan. kerZod, saqarTvelo valdebulia uzrunvelyos, rom 1999 wlidan
monrealis oqmis A da B danarTis
jgufSi CamoTvlil ozondamSlel
nivTierebaTa wliuri moxmareba ar aRematebodes 1995-97 wlebis saSualo
20
wliur moxmarebas. saqarTvelom Seasrula masze dakisrebuli valdebuleba da
metic, dadgenil normasTan SedarebiT Seamcira 4,4%-iT ozondamSleli
nivTierebebis moxmareba. amis miRweva SesaZlebeli gaxda atmosferuli haeris
dacvis mTavari sammarTveloSi arsebuli “ozonis erTeulis” da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis (UNEP, UNDP) erToblivi TanamSromlobiT ganxorcielebuli
praqtikuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad.
g) saqarTvelo “Sor manZilebze haeris transsasazRvro dabinZurebis
Sesaxeb” gaeros evropis ekonomikuri komisiis 1979 wlis 13 noembris
konvencias SeuerTda saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 13 ianvris # 8
brZanebulebiT, xolo konvencia saqarTvelosTvis ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 12
maiss; saqarTvelo, jerjerobiT, ar aris SeerTebuli arc erT oqmTan.
Sesabamisad,
mas
ara
aqvs
aRebuli
valdebulebebi
konkretuli
damabinZureblebis SezRudvaze da, amdenad, ar evaleba konkretuli qmedebebis
ganxorcieleba aRniSnuli konvenciis farglebSi.
am oqmis mxareTa Soris xdeba informaciis gacvla haeris garkveuli
damabinZureblebis
gafrqvevis
(emisiis)
Sesaxeb,
romlebic
gaifrqveva
SeTanxmebuli zomis ujreduli danayofis teritoriidan. aRniSnul oqmTan
SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos saSualeba eqneba mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrulos konvenciis ganxorcielebaSi, gansakuTrebiT_monacemTa Segrovebasa
da samecniero TanamSromlobaSi.
amJamad
ganixileba
saqarTvelos
zemoaRniSnul
oqmTan
SeerTebis
SesaZleblobebi.
2000 wlis 12-13 oqtombers kievSi Catarda regionuli seminari
"evrokavSiris garemosdacviT kanonmdeblobasTan miaxloeba dasavleT dsT-Si",
romlis organizatoric iyo "ei-i-ei Teqnolojisa" da ukrainis mecnierebaTa
akademia. es Sexvedra miznad isaxavda evrokavSiris garemosdacviT (kerZod
atmosferuli haeris dacvis) kanonmdeblobasTan gacnobas da am sakiTxSi dsT-s
qveynebs Soris gamocdilebis gaziarebas.
2.2. atmosferuli haeris dacvis sferoSi Catarebuli praqtikuli
saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
atmosferuli haeris xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis
praqtikulad ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:
dabinZurebis
stacionaruli
wyaroebidan
atmosferul
haerSi
damabinZurebel
nivTierebaTa
gafrqvevis
raodenobebis
Sefasebis,
maTi
daregulirebis da saTanado limitebis dadgenis sakiTxTa srulyofa
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros saTanado
organoebis mier qveyanaSi am dargSi saqmianobis gasaumjobeseblad, risTvisac
1999 da 2000 wlebSi Seswavlil iqna sakiTxi: `samrewvelo sawarmoTa mier
atmosferul haerSi damabinZurebel nivTierebaTa gafrqvevebze limitebis
SeTanxmebisa da damtkicebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~; 1999 wels damtkicebuli
iyo 542 limiti, xolo 2000 wels ki_598. aseve grZeldeba gafrqvevebis
aRricxvis srulyofis samuSaoebi.
21
Tavi 2
wyali
da wylis resursebi
1. zedapiruli wylebis saerTo mdgomareoba
zedapiruli wylis resursebi Cveni qveynis erT-erT ZiriTad bunebriv
simdidres warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos wylis resursebSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs mdinareebs,
gruntis wylebsa da myinvarebs (nax. 2.1), romlebic gansazRvraven wylis
resursebTan dakavSirebul yvela movlenasa da process. isini gansakuTrebul
gavlenas axdenen garemoze.
wylis resursebis saSualo wliuri sidideebi
1.9%
2.6%
30.1%
31.1%
3.2%
8.7%
0.7%
21.7%
myinvarebi
wyalsacavebi
miwisqveSa wylebi
tbebi
tranzituli Camonadeni
zedapiruli Camonadeni
Waobebi
sxva
nax. 2.1
saqarTveloSi 26060 mdinarea, romelTa saerTo sigrZe daaxloebiT 60
aTas km-s Seadgens. aqedan Savi zRvis auzs miekuTvneba 18109 mdinare, xolo
kaspiis zRvis auzs - 7951. mdinareebis hidrografiuli qseli araTanabradaa
ganawilebuli _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdinareTa sixSiris saSualo sidide
1,07 km/km2-ia, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi - 0,68 km/km2.
Savi zRvis auzis mdinareebi xasiaTdebian didi vardniT, Cqari dinebiT da
potenciuri energiis didi maragiT. isini gamoirCevian uxvwylianobiT,
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mdinareebi _ bzifi, kodori, enguri, cxeniswyali,
rioni da misi Senakadebi.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi uxvwylianobiT gamoirCeva md. mtkvari da misi
pirveli rigis Senakadebi: didi liaxvi, aragvi, alazani, iori, faravani, qciaxrami da sxva.
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi, Camonadenis Sigawliur ganawilebaze sul ufro
met gavlenas axdens adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba, romelic arRvevs wylis
obieqtebis bunebriv mdgomareobas.
mdinareTa sazrdoobis wyaroebisa da Camonadenis droSi ganawilebis,
22
Camonadenis sididisa da masze bunebrivi faqtorebis gavlenis mixedviT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze SeiZleba pirobiTad oTxi ZiriTadi raioni gamoiyos:
I. kodor-enguris raioni - gazafxulis Camonadeni 25%-s aRwevs.
II. SavizRvispira raioni - gazafxulis Camonadeni wliuri Camonadenis 2550%-s Seadgens.
III. mtkvari-ioris raioni - gazafxulis Camonadeni wliuri Camonadenis 5175%-s Seadgens.
IV. tbian-wyaroiani raioni - gazafxulis Camonadeni wliuri Camonadenis
26-50%-s Seadgens.
dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT,
klimatis kontinenturobis zrdasTan erTad, matulobs mdinareTa Tovlis
wylebiT sazrdoobis wvlili. amasTan, mcirdeba wvimis wylebis wvlili
sazrdoobaSi da izrdeba gazafxulis Camonadeni. aRniSnuli vrceldeba im
auzebze, romlebic ufro dabal simaRlebriv sartyelSi arian.
mdinareTa Camonadenis cvlilebis dinamika da ZiriTadi tendenciebi
klimatis
cvlilebasTan
dakavSirebiT,
aisaxeba
Camonadenis
saSualo
mravalwliur sidideebSi (nax. 2.2).
wyalsameurneo anTropogenuli zegavlenis mTavari niSnebia: wylis
raodenobrivi kleba, wylis xarisxobrivi gauareseba, biefebis gadaformireba da
sxva.
wylis Camonadenis raodenobrivi Semcireba gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia
morwyviTi melioraciis, samrewvelo, komunalur-sayofacxovrebo da sasoflosameurneo wyalmomaragebisaTvis. anTropogenuli zemoqmedeba gansakuTrebiT
SesamCnevia arasakmarisi tenianobis raionebSi (cxrili 2.1).
cxrili 2.1
mdinareTa Camonadenis Semcirebis monacemebi
mdinaris auzi
bunebrivi
Camonadeni
km3/wel.
mtkvris
alaznis
ioris
xramis
7,75
2,35
0,56
1,79
Camonadenis Semcireba anTropogenuli
mizeziT
maT Soris
saerTo
3
km /wel.
irigaciaze
(%)
(%)
1,94
25
15,8
0,97
41,3
36,9
0,52
92,9
90,1
0,69
38,5
26,6
momavalSi klimatis mosalodneli
mdinareebis Camonadenis gazrdas.
23
cvlileba
gamoiwvevs
saqarTvelos
ruka
nax. 2.2
24
wylis resursebi did rols asruleben qveynis ekonomikaSi – kerZod,
energetikaSi, mrewvelobaSi, komunalur meurneobaSi, melioraciaSi. wylis
resursebis kompleqsurma gamoyenebam 1999 wlisaTvis Seadgina 2,5 km3, rac
wylis mTeli resursebis 4%-s Seadgens. aqedan daaxloebiT 46,5%
gamoyenebulia soflis meurneobaSi naTesebis morwyvis mizniT, soflis
mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo, komunaluri da sxva saWiroebisaTvis; 54% _
mrewvelobasa da qalaqis komunalur meurneobaSi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
adgili aqvs TiTqmis 5-jer met wyalmoxmarebas, vidre dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
perspeqtivaSi gaTvaliswinebulia wylis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba gaizardos 6-7
km3-mde.
moxmarebuli wylis resursebidan mdinareebs ubrundeba mxolod 20-25%
wyali, danarCeni ixarjeba mcenareebis vegetaciaze, nawili niadagSi CaiJoneba
da a.S. amasTan sayuradReboa is faqti, rom wylis resursebis sarwyav teritoriaze misayvanad gayvanilia 10 aTasi km sigrZis arxebi (dasaSrobi arxebis
CaTvliT), rac cxadia, zrdis wylis danakargebs aorTqlebiT (cxr. 2.1).
wylis daubruneblobis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi morwyviTi melioraciaa,
romelic aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 18-jer ufro metia, vidre dasavleTSi.
saqarTveloSi saerTo wyalsameurneo moxmarebam mdinareuli Camonadenis
3% Seadgina, maT Soris 46% modis irigaciaze (danarTi 1, cxr. 1-14).
gansakuTrebuli
saxelmwifo
da
saxelmwifo
mniSvnelobis
wylis
obieqtebis mniSvnelovani nawili ukanasknel periodSi intensiur anTropogenul
datvirTvas ganicdis. (danarTSi 2 mocemulia gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifo da
saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis wylis obieqtebis nusxa) 1986 wels mdinareuli
Camonadenis dabinZurebis done 1,7-jer aRemateboda fonur saSualo maCvenebels.
1999-2000 wlebis monacemebiT, SeimCneva wylis obieqtebis dabinZureba
sameurneo sayofacxovrebo Camdinare wylebiT.
wylis obieqtebis dabinZurebis ZiriTadi wertilovani wyaroebia:
komunaluri kanalizacia, sawarmoTa da samedicino dawesebulebebis Camdinare
wylebi. dabinZurebis difuziuri wyaroebia: - sasoflo-sameurneo farTobebidan,
sayofacxovrebo da samrewvelo narCenebis poligonebidan Camonadeni wylebi.
komunaluri kanalizacia warmoadgens zedapiruli wylebis dabinZurebis
wyaros organuli naerTebiT da fosfatebiT. yvelaze metad dabinZurebulia
mdinareebi:
mtkvris auzSi:
- md. mtkvari q. goris, borjomis, Tbilisis, rusTavis qvemoT;
- md. vere q. Tbilisis farglebSi;
- md. alazani q. Telavis qvemoT;
- md. algeTi q. marneulis qvemoT;
- md. suramula q. xaSuris qvemoT.
Savi zRvis auzSi:
- md. rioni q. quTaisis qvemoT da q. foTis farglebSi;
25
- Savi zRvis wylebi aWaraSi, afxazeTSi.
zedapiruli wylebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani damabinZurebelia qalaqebis da
dasaxlebuli punqtebis komunaluri sakanalizacio wylebi _ 1993 wlamde
komunaluri sakanalizacio wylebi dabinZurebuli Camdinare wylis saerTo
moculobis 60%,-s Seadgenda, 1993 wlis Semdeg - 90%.
kanalizaciis centralizebuli sistemebi aSenebulia saqarTvelos 45
qalaqSi; koleqtorebisa da qselis saerTo sigrZe Seadgens 4140,4km-s da
moicavs dasaxlebuli teritoriis 47,6%, aRniSnuli nagebobebi teqnikurad
aradamakmayofilebel
mdgomareobaSia.
sameurneo-sayofacxovrebo
Camdinare
wylebis gamwmendi nagebobebi aSenebulia 33 qalaqSi, saerTo saproeqto
simZlavriT 1640,2 aTasi m3/dR.; biologiuri tipis gamwmendi nagebobebi
aSenebulia 26 qalaqSi, saerTo saproeqto simZlavriT 1476,6 aTasi m3/dR.;
meqanikuri tipis - 7 qalaqSi, saerTo saproeqto simZlavriT 163,6 aTasi m3/dR.;
ZiriTadad gamwmendi nagebobebi aSenebuli iyo 1973-1986 wlebSi da dReisaTvis
vercerTi ver uzrunvelyofs biologiur gawmendas. meqanikuri safexurebi
muSaoben Tbilisi-rusTavis, quTaisis, tyibulis, goris da baTumis gamwmend
nagebobebze, zogierTi gamwmendi nagebobis mSenebloba daumTavrebelia.
aradamakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSi imyofeba Jinval-Tbilisis sakanalizacio koleqtori, romelic Tbilisis wyalmomaragebis aragvis xeobis saTave
nagebobaTa sanitaruli dacvis pirvel da meore zonebSi gadis. analogiur
mdgomareobaSia qobuleTi-ozurgeTi-urekis sakanalizacio sistemac, rac am
regionebSi wylismieri daavadebebis gavrcelebis saSiSroebas qmnis.
mZime industriis sawarmoebi warmoadgenen specifikuri nivTierebebiT
(navTobproduqti, fenoli, mZime liTonebi) wylis resursebis dabinZurebis
ZiriTad wyaroebs.
mtkvris auzSi:
- md. mtkvari msxvili industriuli centrebis _ Tbilisisa da rusTavis,
farglebSi binZurdeba navTobproduqtebiT, mZime liTonebis ionebiT, fenoliT
(manqanaTmSenebloba, qimiuri mrewveloba, Savi metalurgia, eleqtroteqnikuri
mrewveloba).
- md. maSavera binZurdeba TuTiisa da spilenZis ionebiT (feradi
metalurgia).
Savi zRvis auzSi:
- md. yvirila binZurdeba navTobproduqtebiT da manganumis ionebiT
(feradi metalurgia).
- md. rioni da misi Senakadi oRaskura q. quTaisis qvemoT binZurdeba
navTobproduqtebiT, TuTiisa da spilenZis ionebiT (qimiuri mrewveloba,
manqanaTmSenebloba, eleqtroteqnikuri mrewveloba).
- md. tyibula q. tyibulis qvemoT binZurdeba Sewonili nawilakebiT
(qvanaxSiris mrewveloba).
- md. gubiswyali da Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli q. baTumTan binZurdeba
26
navTobproduqtebiT.
saqarTvelosaTvis
mtkivneul
problemas
warmoadgens
samkurnalo
dawesebulebebis _ m.S. infeqciuri da tuberkuliozis saavadmyofoebis
Camdinare wylebis gamwmendi nagebobebis uqonloba.
am mxriv cxeli wertilebia:
- md. qvabliani da misi Senakadi ocxe abasTumnis qvemoT.
- md. mtkvari da misi Senakadebi borjomula da gujareTis wyali
borjomis raionSi.
- md. mtkvari da misi Senakadi qsani mcxeTis raionSi.
- md. vere q. Tbilisis farglebSi.
wyalsatevebis erT-erTi potenciuri damabinZurebelia mecxoveleobis
kompleqsebis da mefrinveleobis fabrikebis gauwmendavi Camdinare wylebi.
amJamad maTi umetesoba ar funqcionirebs, magram am dargis aRorZinebis Semdeg
uaxloes periodSi es problema realuri gaxdeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom
mecxoveleobis kompleqsebi da mefrinveleobis fabrikebi, romlebic aSenda
1990-92 wlebSi, ar arian aRWurvilni efeqturi gamwmendi nagebobebiT da
nakelis Sekrebisa da utilizaciis sistemebiT.
dabinZurebis kidev erTi wyaroa samelioracio sistemebi, romlebic ar
arian aRWurvilni sakoleqtoro-sadrenaJo qseliT. amis Sedegad xdeba wylis
resursebis dabinZureba mineraluri sasuqebiT da pesticidebiT, romlebic
Setanili iqna niadagebSi adrindel periodSi.
wylis resursebis dabinZurebis erT-erT difuziur wyaros warmoadgens
qalaqebis myari sawarmoo da sayofacxovrebo narCenebis poligonebi. rogorc
wesi, isini xSir SemTxvevaSi gvevlinebian gruntis wylebis dabinZurebis
wyaroebad. mravali maTgani ganlagebulia uSualod mdinareebis napirebze. aris
SemTxvevebi, rodesac ewyoba aralegaluri nagavsayrelebi. xSirad samrewvelo
narCenebi ganTavsebulia sayofacxovrebo nagavsayrelebze da poligonebze.
mdinareTa wylis dabinZurebis monacemebi 1999-2000 wlebisaTvis
moyvanilia cxrilebSi 2.2-2.3.
zedapiruli wylebis qimiuri Semadgenloba, erTis mxriv, ganisazRvreba im
fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis kompleqsiT, romelSic is formirdeba, xolo
meores mxriv, im damabinZurebel nivTierebaTa raodenobiT, romlebic sawarmoo,
sasoflo-sameurneo da sameurneo-sayofacxovrebo Camdinare wylebiT xvdebian
wylis obieqtebSi. magaliTad, mdinareebisaTvis - yvirila, mtkvari, sufsa da
sxv. aRiniSneba mikroelementebis koncentraciis gavlena maT Camonadenze. md.
yvirilasa da rionis wylebi xasiaTdebian marganecis maRali SemcvelobiT, md.
mtkvris wylebi - borisa da iodis.
mdinareebSi bunebrivi gziT moxvedrili elementebis garda, wylebis qimiur
Semadgenlobas, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, maTi anTropogenuri dabinZureba
gansazRvravs.
27
cxrili 2.2
mdinareTa wylis dabinZurebis monacemebi 1999 wlisaTvis
#
mdinare, punqti
1
1
2
md. rioni _ q.
quTaisi (2 kveTi)
md. rioni _ q.
samtredia (2 kveTi)
md. gumbriswyali _
SesarTavi (1 kveTi)
md. oRaskura _ q.
quTaisi (2 kveTi)
md. laRoba _ q.
samtredia (2 kveTi)
md. texuri _ q.
senaki (2 kveTi)
md. abaSa _ s.
sagvazao (1 kveTi)
md. mtkvari _
q. Tbilisi
(3 kveTi)
md. mtkvari _ q.
rusTavi (2 kveTi)
md. vere _ q.
Tbilisi (2 kveTi)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3
gaxsnili
Jangbadi mg/l
saS.
maqs.
4
5
J q m
mg/l
saS.
maqs.
6
7
J b m
mg/l
saS.
maqs.
8
9
amoniumis
azoti mg/l
saS.
maqs.
10
11
12
11
5
5
5
10.04
9.20
9.24
8.48
9.17
8.73
7.89
8.90
8.10
8.79
3.3
4.2
3.5
3.7
2.3
5.4
6.1
4.2
4.4
3.4
2.01
2.20
1.75
2.41
2.29
3.28
3.04
2.27
3.60
2.72
1.06
1.18
1.22
1.33
0.78
1.45
1.72
1.63
1.76
0.80
0.021
0.032
0.032
0.039
0.016
0.034
0.044
0.040
0.044
0.023
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
12
12
5
5
4
4
4
9.60
8.96
8.66
8.01
10.01
9.22
10.29
8.48
7.47
7.09
7.02
9.31
8.73
9.53
2.0
3.8
2.3
3.5
2.2
2.1
1.9
2.4
5.2
2.9
4.4
2.4
2.4
2.2
2.02
2.54
2.49
2.64
1.39
2.35
2.17
2.92
6.25
3.32
3.24
1.95
3.80
3.03
1.15
1.35
0.96
1.35
0.26
0.32
1.04
1.64
1.87
1.19
2.04
0.32
0.38
1.69
0.025
0.033
0.029
0.039
0.024
0.030
0.028
0.040
0.044
0.050
0.058
0.034
0.042
0.037
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
6
6
6
9.29
9.01
9.06
7.30
6.70
6.60
11.5
10.5
14.8
22.0
18.0
38.0
3.52
2.77
2.72
4.94
3.36
3.12
0.94
1.10
1.26
1.18
1.18
1.64
0.029
0.046
0.058
0.066
0.132
0.164
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.05
0.05
6
6
6
6
9.09
8.78
8.70
7.83
7.10
6.80
7.00
5.80
1.38
1.42
13.9
18.8
34.0
24.0
32.0
36.0
3.42
4.53
3.86
8.37
5.60
10.30
6.80
10.10
1.25
1.33
1.32
1.63
1.40
1.64
3.50
2.35
0.066
0.072
0.060
0.052
0.156
0.132
0.168
0.066
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
sinjebis
raodenoba
nitritis
azoti mg/l
saS.
maqs.
12
13
navTobproduqtebi mg/l
saS.
maqs.
14
15
cxrili 2.3
mdinareTa wylis dabinZurebis monacemebi 2000 wlisaTvis
#
mdinare, punqti
1
1
2
md. rioni _ q.
quTaisi (I kveTi)
md. rioni _ q.
quTaisi (II kveTi)
md. rioni _ q.
samtredia (I kveTi)
md. rioni_ q.
samtredia (II kveTi)
md. mtkvari _ q.
Tbilisi (II kveTi)
md. mtkvari _ q.
rusTavi (I kveTi)
md. mtkvari _ q.
rusTavi (II kveTi)
2
3
4
5
6
7
5
amoniumis
azoti
mg/l
(saSualo)
6
nitritis
azoti
mg/l
(saSualo)
7
nitratis
azoti
mg/l
(saSualo)
8
fosfatis
fosfori
mg/l
(saSualo)
9
_
2,48
1,47
0,220
0,79
0,041
0,55
9,52
_
2,77
1,55
0,420
1,06
0,052
0,54
8,67
_
2,86
1,32
0,390
1,20
0,062
0,57
9,47
_
2,50
1,22
0,187
1,06
0,056
0,49
9,9
8,7
2,9
2,42
0,108
1,66
0,015
0,94
9,5
10,5
3,5
2,70
0,108
2,21
0,075
0,54
8,9
25,5
8,5
4,94
0,432
3,32
0,100
0,15
gaxsnili
Jangbadi
mg/l
(saSualo)
3
J q m
mg/l
(saSualo)
J b m
mg/l
(saSualo)
4
10,15
29
rkina
mg/l
(saSualo)
10
sasuqebi da Sxamqimikatebi araswori gamoyenebis gamo, xvdebian mdinareebSi
da abinZureben maT. magaliTad, Cais plantaciebSi uzomo raodenobiT sasuqis
Setana iwvevs mdinare natanebis dabinZurebas.
Sxamqimikatebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia DDT da γ-heqsaqlorani.
marTalia es nivTierebebi amoRebulia xmarebidan, magram radgan isini
warmoadgenen mdgrad organul damabinZureblebs, amitom maTi Semcvelobebi
1997 wels aRiniSneboda Semdeg mdinareebSi:
mtkvari (TbilisTan) - 0,357 mkg/l.
maSavera (bolnisTan) - 250 mkg/l.
patara liaxvi - 0,230 mkg/l.
qcia-xrami (wiTel xidTan) - 220 mkg/l.
mtkvari (gorTan) - 0,187 mkg/l.
mtkvari (rusTavTan) - 0, 152 mkg/l.
Woroxi (ergesTan) - 0,112 mkg/l.
enguri (darCelTan) - 0,133 mkg/l.
γ- heqsaqloranis yvelaze maRali koncentraciebi mdinareebze:
mtkvari (rusTavTan) - 0,460 mkg/l.
Woroxi (ergesTan) - 0,400 mkg/l.
mtkvari (gorTan) - 0, 271 mkg/l.
suramula (suramTan) - 0,230 mkg/l.
enguri (darCelTan) - 0.300 mkg/l.
saqarTvelos zogierT wyalsacavSi qimiuri nivTierebebis Semcvelobebi
mocemulia cxrilSi 2.4.
cxrili 2.4
saqarTvelos zogierTi wyalsacavis
qimiuri Semadgenloba (1998 wlis monacemebi)
wyalsatevi
gali
enguri
walka
sioni
enguri
NH4
NO2
NO3
P
Fe
Cu
fenoli
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
navTobproduq
tebi
DDT
mg/l
heqsaqlorani
0,13_
0,002-
0,25-
0-
0,05-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
_3,02
-0,060
-2,00
-0,028
-0,37
-0,028
-0,028
-0,22
-0,35
-0,041
0,13-
0-
0-
0-
0,05-
0-
0,002-
0-
0-
0-
-1,50
-0,073
-1,50
-0,028
-0,36
-0,04
-0,017
-0,15
-0,429
-0,328
0,33-
0,004-
0,25-
0,010-
0,02-
0,001-
0-
0-
0-
0-
-7,11
-0,060
-5,15
-0,060
-0,82
-0,049
-0,028
-0,23
0,933
-0,257
0-
0,002-
0-
0-
0,07-
0-
0-
0-
0-
0-
-1,37
-0,090
-1,85
-0,068
-0,90
-0,010
-0,011
-0,21
-0,817
-0,034
0,13-
0-
0-
0-
0,06-
0-
0,002-
0,02-
0-
0-
-1,65
-0,068
-2,35
-0,068
-0,37
-0,025
-0,014
-0,20
-0,239
-0,041
saqarTveloSi administraciul-sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebi gansazRvraven
wyalsameurneo saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. qveynis teritoriaze
arsebuli wylebi saxelmwifo sakuTrebaa da gaicema mxolod sargeblobisaTvis,
risTvisac aucilebelia uflebamosili organos licenzia.
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros 1999 wels
gacemuli aqvs 30 licenzia zedapiruli wylis obieqtebidan wylis aRebaze, maT
Soris 3 _ hidroeleqtrosadgurebze _ orTaWalhesi, xramhesi-1 da xramhesi-2;
1 _ saaqcio sazogadoeba `aromatze”; 26 _ melioraciisa da wyalTa meurneobis
departamentis teritoriul sammarTveloebze. sakurorto da sportuli
daniSnulebisaTvis wylis amoRebis mizniT obieqtis wyalmomaragebaze gacemulia
2 licenzia (s/s `bazaleTis tba~ da Sps “lisis tba”). 2000 wels gacemulia
11 licenzia, maT Soris 2 _ sakurorto sportuli mizniT, 7 _ wylis
amoRebis mizniT _ saaqcio sazogadoeba borjomi-2; ozurgeTis melioraciisa da
wyalTameurneobis sammarTvelo; ninowmindis melioraciisa da wyalTameurneobis
sammarTvelo; bolnisis sarwyavi sistemis sammarTvelo; Sps “Tbilwyalkanalis”
ind. mewarme avTandil SoSitaiSvilze da Sps “aragvze”. amave wels wylis
CaSvebaze gacemulia 2 licenzia _ saaqcio sazogadoeba “borjomi-2”-ze da Sps
saqarTvelos rkinigzis baTumis teritoriul sammarTvelosaTvis.
qveyanaSi Tavidanaa Sesaqmneli wylis monitoringis sistema, romelic
garemos monitoringis erTiani saxelmwifo sistemis Semadgenel nawils unda
warmoadgendes. misi saSualebiT ganxorcieldeba bunebrivi da Camdinare wylebis
raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis mudmivi Seswavla da analizi.
2. miwisqveSa wylebis saerTo mdgomareoba
saqarTvelo mdidaria miwisqveSa wylebiT, rac mis teritoriaze mosuli
uxvi atmosferuli naleqebiT (93,3 km3/weliwadSi) aris ganpirobebuli.
1999-2000 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos miwisqveSa wylebis bunebrivi
resursebis maragi 21,7 km3-s aRwevs, rac mTeli teritoriis zedapiruli
Camonadenis 43%-s, xolo wliuri atmosferuli naleqebis 23%-s Seadgens.
umetesad es wylebi dabali mineralizaciisa da sasmelad gamosadegia.
ZiriTadad gvxvdeba ori tipis sasmeli miwisqveSa wyali. pirvel jgufs
miekuTvnebian hidrokarbonatuli miwisqveSa wylebi, romelTa mineralizaciis
xarisxi 0,2-0,3 g/l-ia. am wylebis maragi samxreT saqarTveloSi 0,63 km3-s
Seadgens. meore jgufs warmoadgens 0,3-1,0 g/l mineralizaciis mqone sasmeli
miwisqveSa wylebi, romelTa maragi saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze 2,52 km3-s
Seadgens.
miwisqveSa wylis resursebis ganaxlebis ZiriTad wyaros atmosferuli
naleqebi da zedapiruli wylebi warmoadgenen. amasTan, sistemaSi “zedapiruli
wylebi _ miwisqveSa wylebi” wyalcvla orive mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs.
31
saqarTvelos teritoriis geologiur-hidrogeologiuri da fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis Taviseburebani ganapirobeben miwisqveSa wylis resursebis
formirebis faqtorTa mravalferovnebas da am resursebis araTanabar ganawilebas teritoriaze. erTi da igive wyalSemcveli kompleqsis wyalSemcveloba
mcirdeba dasavleTidan-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, rac dakavSirebulia igive
mimarTulebiT atmosferuli naleqebis SemcirebasTan. amasTan erTad, aRiniSneba
qanebis wyalSemcvelobis zrda adgilis simaRlis zrdasTan erTad. es aixsneba
imiT, rom simaRlis mixedviT atmosferuli naleqebis zrdasTan erTad,
matulobs kondensaciis roli wyalSemcveli horizontis sazrdoobaSi. amis
Sedegad, maRalmTiani raionebis wyalSemcveli kompleqsebi ufro wyaluxviani
arian da ufro meti raodenobis wyaroebi gaaCniaT, vidre igive kompleqsebs,
romelTac ufro dabali mdebareoba aqvT. es gansakuTrebiT exeba dasavleT
saqarTvelos farglebSi, kavkasionis samxreT ferdobis naoWa zonaSi
ganviTarebul paleogenur-zeda carculi, qveda carculi da zeda iuriuli
periodebis karbonatuli danaleqebis wylian horizontebs. ase magaliTad,
baTumis raionSi igi udris 472-1100 mm-s, qedisa da Suaxevis raionSi - 3251100 mm-s, xulos raionSi 157-351 mm-s, axalcixisa da mcxeTis raionebSi - 63157 mm-s, mestiisa da onis raionebSi 472-1100 mm-s, javis raionSi - 350-472
mm-s, lagodexis raionSi - 157-350 mm-s.
am kanonzomierebas ar eqvemdebarebian meoTxeul da pliocenuri
danaleqebis kompleqsis forebis wneviani wylebi, romlebic ganviTarebulia
calkeul arteziul auzebSi (alaznis, iori-Siraqis, marneuli-gardabnis,
kolxeTis da sxva), radganac wyalSemcveli qanebis filtraciis unari,
piezometruli zedapiris qanobi da sazrdoobisa da wyalgacemis pirobebi
mkveTrad gansxvavdebian sxvadasxva auzebSi. magaliTad, kolxeTis dablobis
wliuri atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba 1200-2800 mm-is farglebSi
meryeobs, xolo wneviani wylebis miwisqveSa Camonadenis moduli 4l/wm-s
Seadgens 1km2-dan, maSin rodesac alaznis velze, sadac 500-600 mm naleqi
modis da wneviani wylebis miwisqveSa Camonadenis moduli Seadgens 10-13l/wm-s
1 km2-dan.
saqarTvelo gamoirCeva agreTve mineraluri wylebis resursebiT.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRricxulia 1400-mde samkurnalo mineraluri
wyaro, romelTa saerTo debiti 100 mln litrze metia dRe-RameSi.
saqarTvelos mineraluri wylebi ZiriTadad warmoqmnilia infiltraciuli
da sedimentaciuri reliqturi wylebisagan, maTze ama Tu im bunebrivi
faqtorebis moqmedebis Sedegad. zog SemTxvevaSi ar aris gamoricxuli iuvenuri
wylebis monawileobis SesaZleblobac.
kavkasionisa da aWara-TrialeTis naoWa sistemebSi naxSirorJangiani
mineraluri wylebis didi gavrceleba pirdapir kavSirSia axalgazrda vulkanur
warmonaqmnebTan. naxSirorJanga gazi, romelic aRniSnuli wylebis formirebis
ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens, did siRrmeSi warmoiSoba.
32
2000 wlis 1 ianvrisTvis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo balansze iricxeba
sufsisa da balneologiuri mkurnalobisaTvis saWiro wylis 37 sabado
A+B+C1+C2 kategoriis 76.55 aTasi m3/dRe-RameSi maragiT.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRricxulia 50-ze meti Termuli wyaroebisa da
WaburRilebis jgufi. isini Zalzed araTanabrad arian ganawilebulni, Tumca,
TiTqmis yvela hidrogeologiur raionSi gvxvdebian. gamonakliss warmoadgens
kavkasionis kristaluri substratis napralovani wylebis raioni, sadac
Termuli wylebis gamosasvlelebis Sesaxeb monacemebi ar arsebobs.
Termuli wylebis 11 sabado _ A+B+C1+C2 kategoriis 131831 aTasi
3
m /dReRameSi maragiT amJamad imyofeba saxelmwifo balansze.
20-100°C temperaturis mqone, bunebrivad gamosuli Termuli wylebis
jamuri debiti 1000 l/wm-ze metia.
saqarTvelos Termuli wylebi xasiaTdebian mravalferovani qimiuri
SemadgenlobiT - mtknari hidro-karbonatul-kalciumianidan maRalmineralizebul qloridul-natriumianamde.
gazuri SemadgenlobiT isini naxSirJangiani, azotiani an meTaniani arian.
miwisqveSa wylebi, iseve rogorc zedapiruli wylebi ganicdian
dabinZurebas. damabinZurebeli nivTierebebi advilad xvdebian miwisqveSa
wyalSemcvel SreebSi, ris Sedegad binZurdeba sasmeli wylis ZiriTadi
resursi.
qarxnebis naxmari wylebiTa da fermebidan Camonadeni wylebiT dabinZurebis
Sedegad kolxeTis dablobis miwisqveSa wylebSi nitratebis koncentracia
gaizarda 20-80-jer, amoniumisa - 3-11-jer. aseve arasaxarbieloa miwisqveSa
wylebis biologiuri dabinZurebis mdgomareoba. didi qalaqebis regionebis
miwisqveSa wylebis E.Coli-s indeqsi 5-10-jer, zogan ki 100-jerac aRemateba
dasaSveb dones.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom garemoeba. warmoSobis miuxedavad, miwisqveSa
wyali wyalSemcvel horizontSi didxans imyofeba, vidre isev zedapirze
moxvdeba. amasTan, wyalSemcvel horizontSi moxvedrili wyali zavdeba iq
myofi wylis masiT. es imas niSnavs, rom Tuki miwisqveSa wyalSi xvdeba
damabinZurebeli, igi mravali wlis manZilze wylis miwodebaze ar moqmedebs,
e.i. ar vlindeba. aman SeiZleba udidesi safrTxe Seuqmnas miwisqveSa wylebis
marags.
3. zRvis ekosistemebis saerTo mdgomareoba
30 wlis ganmavlobaSi Savi zRvis ekosistemebis saerTo mdgomareoba
katastrofulad gauaresda, rac gamowveulia misi bunebrivi resursebis
aramdgradi moxmarebiT.
Savi zRva amJamad msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze dabinZurebul zRvad
33
iTvleba. saqarTveloSi igi binZurdeba foTisa da baTumis navsadgurebSi Semavali gemebidan Camdinare da sabalasto wylebiT, agreTve baTumis navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis narCenebiT, sanapiroze ganlagebuli dasaxlebebidan Camdinare
wylebiT, zRvis da masSi Camdinare mdinareTa napirze dayrili myari narCenebiT.
dabinZurebis erT-erT mTavar wyaros warmoadgens mdinare rioni, romelsac
Tavisi mimdebare teritoriebidan zRvaSi Caaqvs sayofacxovrebo da samrewvelo
Camdinare wylebi.
saqarTvelos ori umTavresi porti, romelic mdebareobs Savi zRvis
sanapiro qalaqebSi - baTumsa da foTSi, gamoyenebulia navTobis Savi zRvis
gavliT transportirebisaTvis. portebSi, gansakuTrebiT – foTSi, tankerebis
misaRebi navsadgomi da nagebobebi ar Seesabameba Tanamedrove moTxovnebs.
navTobis tankerebSi CatvirTvisas xdeba misi gauTvaliswinebeli CaRvra zRvaSi.
navTobproduqtebi da navTobis gadamuSavebis narCenebi zRvaSi Caedineba baTumis
navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis teritoriidanac. navTobSemcveli sabalasto
wylebis gamwmendi nageboba, romelic mxolod baTumis portSi arsebobs,
saTanadod ver funqcionirebs. amis Sedegad Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli
mniSvnelovnad dabinZurebulia navTobproduqtebiT.
gasaumjobesebeli RonisZiebebidan unda aRiniSnos `navTobis avariul
daRvraze reagirebis gegmis” SemuSaveba.
34
Tavi 3
miwa da miwis resursebi
1. miwis fondis saerTo mdgomareoba
saqarTvelo mciremiwiani qveyanaa, romlis teritoriis farTobi 6949,4
aTas ha-s Seadgens. aqedan 54% mTagorian reliefs ukavia, 33% _ mTiswinebs da
13% _ dablobebs. aseTi mniSvnelovnad danawevrebuli reliefi did gavlenas
axdens qveynis klimatze da landSaftebis formirebaze. Tu imasac
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelo Savi da kaspiis zRvis zemoqmedebis areSia
ganlagebuli, gasagebi gaxdeba SedarebiT mcire teritoriaze sagrZnobi
geografiuli da klimaturi kontrastebis arseboba. qveyanaSi gamoyofilia sul
5 klimatur-niadaguri zona: 1) Tbili, teniani subtropikuli; 2) Tbili,
mSrali subtropikuli; 3) zomierad Tbili mTian-tyiani; 4) zomierad Tbili
mTian-stepuri; 5) zomierad civi mdelo-mTiani.
bunebrivia, rom klimatur-niadaguri zonebis farTobrivi ganawileba araTanabaria. aseve sxvadasxvagvaria maTSi savargulebisa da miwebis ganawilebac,
romelTa aTvisebac araerTgvarovnad mimdinareobs. intensiurad gamoyenebuli
niadagebis ZiriTadi nawili subtropikul niadag-klimatur zonaSi mdebareobs.
upiratesad gamoyenebulia vake da mTiswina adgilebi zRvis donidan 1000 m
simaRlemde, romlebic qveynis teritoriis 46%-s Seadgenen. aq aris
Tavmoyrili TiTqmis yvela didi da saSualo qalaqi, sadac cxovrobs
mosaxleobis 94%-ze meti, xolo amave zonebSi ganlagebulia ZiriTadi
samrewvelo sawarmoo obieqtebis 98%, rac ganapirobebs mTis regionebTan
SedarebiT, mocemul teritoriebze garemos maRal anTropogenul datvirTvas.
mTis zonis gamouyenebel an naklebad gamoyenebul farTobebs, romlebic
zRvis donidan 1000 metrze maRlaa, ukavia qveynis teritoriis 54%.
2000 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis
farTobi Seadgens 3018,5 aTas heqtars (mTeli teritoriis 43,4%). aqedan
saxnavia 790,4 aTasi heqtari (mTeli sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis 26,2%),
mravalwliani nargavebi _ 270,1 aTasi heqtari (9,0%), saTibi _ 142,5 aTasi
heqtari (4,7%), xolo saZovari _ 1796,1 aTasi heqtari (59,5%). aseve
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebSia aRricxuli sakarmidamo nakveTebze ganlagebuli sacxovrebeli da sameurneo SenobebiT dakavebuli 19,4 aTasi heqtari
(0,6%). sasoflo_sameurneo savargulebis struqtura %_Si 2000 wlis 1
ianvris mdgomareobiT mocemulia naxazze 3.1.
35
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis
struqtura
saxnavi
mravalwliani
nargavebi
saTibi
saZovari
nax. 3.1
unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom sasoflo-sameurneo savarguli erT sul
mosaxleze modis 0,64ha, aqedan saxnavi _ 0,14ha.
2997,2 aTasi ha (43,1%) dakavebulia tye-buCqnariT, 933,7 aTasi ha
(13,4%) soflis meurneobaSi gamouyenebeli miwebiT: gzebiT, Senoba-nagebobebiT,
xramebiT, qviSrobebiT, kldeebiT da myinvarebiT.
saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis ganawileba raionebis
mixedviT mocemulia danarTi 1, cxr. 15, xolo miwis fondis struqtura
soflis meurneobis specializaciis zonebis mixedviT mocemulia cxrilSi 3.1.
cxrili 3.1
miwis fondis struqtura
(soflis meurneobis specializaciis zonebis mixedviT %-Si 1999w.)
saxnavi
mravalwliani
nargavebi
saTibsaZovrebi
sul
sasoflosameurneo
savargulebi
tye da
buCqnari
danarCeni
#
bunebriv-ekonomikuri
zona
saerTo
farTobi
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
alaznis, vakisa da gare
kaxeTis mevenaxeobis
qvemo qarTlis
sagareubneo soflis
meurneobis
aRm. saqarTvelos mTis
mecxoveleobis
Sida qarTlis
mexileobis
samaCablos mexileobamecxoveleobis
javaxeTis mTianeTis
mecxoveleobisa da
mekartofileobis
100,0
15,2
6,3
29,7
51,2
33,4
15,4
100,0
21,0
4,4
20,9
46,3
34,9
18,8
100,0
3,4
0,6
40,8
44,8
30,9
24,3
100,0
15,8
11,5
17,7
45,0
37,4
17,6
100,0
4,8
1,3
33,9
40,0
48,4
11,6
100,0
17,6
0,1
42,9
60,6
7,6
31,8
2
3
4
5
6
36
1
7
2
samcxe-TrialeTis
mecxoveleobisa da
mexileobis
8 imereTis maRlobisa da
raWa-leCxumis
mevenaxeobamecxoveleobis
9 das. kavkasionis mTis
mecxoveleobis
10 afxazeTis
subtropikuli
kulturebis
11 kolxeTis
subtropikuli
kulturebis
12 quTaisis sagareubno
soflis meurneobis
13 aWaris subtropikuli
kulturebisa da
meTambaqoeobis
14 sul saqarTveloSi
aT. ha
%
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
100,0
5,6
1,0
34,4
41,0
43,5
15,5
100,0
6,0
3,5
17,1
26,6
56,0
17,4
100,0
0,6
0,1
31,4
32,1
48,2
19,7
100,0
7,8
3,7
14,2
25,7
59,0
15,3
100,0
9,3
9,1
13,8
32,2
39,1
28,7
100,0
20,0
5,5
14,5
40,0
36,2
23,8
100,0
3,0
5,8
14,7
23,5
65,1
11,4
6949,4
790,4
270,1
1938,6
3018,5
2997,2
933,7
100,0
11,4
3,9
27,9
43,4
43,1
13,4
2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis farTobi
mcired Seicvala da 2001 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT Seadgina 3019,7aT.ha.
aqedan saxnavia 792,9aT.ha (gaizarda mravawliani nargavebis amoZirkvis da
saTib-saZovrebis xarjze). mravawliani nargavebi Semcirda 800ha-Ti da Seadgina
269,3aT.ha. aseve mcired Semcirda saTibiT da saZovrebiT dakavebuli farTobebi
da Sesabamisad Seadgina 142,3 da 1795,8aT.ha.
1990-1995w.w. saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda soflis meurneobis
sawarmoo da teqnikuri potenciali. funqcionireba Sewyvita aTobiT
mecxoveleobis kompleqsma, mefrinveleobis fabrikam da sasaTbure meurneobam,
amoiZirkva mravali heqtari mravalwliani nargavi. magaliTad, am periodSi
xexilis farTobi 101,4 aT. ha-dan 60 aT. ha-mde Semcirda, xolo venaxi
Sesabamisad – 101,6 aTasi ha-dan 65 aTas ha-mde. Semcirda, agreTve, Cais (15
aTasi ha-Ti) da citrusebis (5,4 aTasi ha-Ti) nargavebi.
amave wlebSi daiwyo sazogadoebrivi meurneobebidan sakarmidamo miwis
nakveTebis Sesavsebad (agreTve qalaqis mosaxleobisaTvis sabaRe nakveTebisaTvis)
mniSvnelovani odenobiT miwis farTobis gacema, ramac arsebiTad Secvala
rogorc miwaTmosargebleTa, aseve sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis sakuTrebiTi
struqtura.
saqarTveloSi miwis privatizacia daiwyo 1992 wlis samoqalaqo omis
dros, saTanado meTodologiuri da materialuri bazis moumzadeblobis
procesSi. cxadia, miwis reforma arsebiTi darRvevebiT xasiaTdeboda. Aadgili
hqonda miwebis TviTnebur mitacebas, mravalwlian nargavebis gaCexvas da a.S.
37
miwis privatizaciis sakiTxebs aregulirebda:
_ saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis 1992 wlis 18 ianvris
#48 dadgenileba “saqarTvelos respublikaSi sasoflo_sameurneo daniSnulebis
miwis reformis Sesaxeb”;
_ saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis 1992 wlis 5 martis
#268
dadgenileba
“privatizebis
procesis
uzrunvelyofis
zogierTi
RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb”;
_ saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis 1992 wlis 10 martis
#290 dadgenileba “saqarTvelos respublikaSi miwis reformis pirveli etapis
ganxorcielebis RonisZiebaTa da saqarTvelos respublikis ministrTa kabinetis
1992 wlis 18 ianvris #48 da 6 Tebervlis #128 dadgenilebebSi nawilobrivi
cvlilebaTa da damatebaTa Setanis Sesaxeb”.
kerZo
sakuTrebaSi
usasyidlod
gadaeca
930,0
aTasi
heqtari
sasoflo_sameurneo daniSnulebis miwa. Ggarda amisa 1997 wlis 25 noembridan,
samoqalaqo kodeqsis Sesabamisad, aseve usasyidlo sargeblobaSi 9,41 aTasi
heqtari mravalbiniani individualuri saxlebiT da damxmare nagebobebiT
dakavebuli arasasoflo_sameurneo daniSnulebis miwa.
1996 wlis 22 martidan “sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis
sakuTrebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanoni aregulirebs sasoflo_sameurneo
daniSnulebis miwis nakveTebis SeZenisa da gasxvisebis wess. amave kanonis
Tanaxmad, glexur meurneobas, mebostneobisa da mebaReobis amxanagobebs,
agarakebis mflobelebs adre gamoyenebuli miwis farTobi kerZo sakuTrebaSi
ufasod gadaecaT. amrigad, saqarTveloSi miwis mesakuTreni gaxdnen ara marto
soflis, aramed qalaqis mcxovrebnic. miwis mesakuTrea saqarTvelos moqalaqe
da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, romelic miwas gascems ijariT sasoflosameurneo miwebis ijaris Sesaxeb miRebuli kanonis safuZvelze.
miwis reformis Sedegad saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi darCa 6009,9 aTasi ha.
aqedan 957,5 aTasi ha gacemulia ijariT, xolo gaucemeli sasoflo-sameurneo
savargulebis farTobi Seadgens 1048,4 aTasi ha-s (38,1%, garda afxazeTisa da
samaCablosi).
1998 wlis noemberSi moqmedebaSi Sevida “fizikuri pirebisa da kerZo
pirebis samarTlis iuridiuli pirebis sargeblobaSi arsebuli arasasoflosameurneo daniSnulebis miwis kerZo sakuTrebad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb” da
“saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis
marTvisa da gankargvis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonebi, romlebic aregulireben
saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebul arasasoflo_sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis
marTvasa da gankargvas.
miwis resursebis gamoyenebis donesa da niadagis nayofierebaze did
gavlenas axdens erozia, mewyerebi, Rvarcofebi, Zlieri tenianoba, mJavianoba,
damlaSeba, qvianoba da sxva. saqarTvelos teritoriis mTagoriani, Zlier
danawevrebuli reliefi, klimaturi pirobebi da xSirad adamianis araswori
sameurneo moqmedeba (tye-buCqnaris gaCexva, ferdobebze niadagis araswori
damuSaveba-aTviseba, gadametebuli Zoveba da sxva) ganapirobebs niadagis
eroziuli procesebis ganviTarebas, eroziis gamo xdeba niadagebis humusiT
mdidari zeda horizontebis, sakvebi elementebisa da sasargeblo mikrofloris
Camorecxva da gadatana, irRveva niadagis struqtura, uaresdeba misi fizikuri
Tvisebebi (aeracia, gamtaroba, tentevadoba). wylismieri da qarismieri eroziis
38
dros
niadagis
rRvevis
produqtebi
xvdeba
mdinareTa
kalapotebSi,
wyalsacavebSi, sarwyav qselebSi, hidrosadgurebSi da a.S.
saqarTvelo miekuTveneba im qveynebis ricxvs, sadac eroziul procesebs
metad farTo gavrceleba da saSiSi xasiaTi aqvs. mis mTagorian raionebSi
iSviaTad naxavT iseT ferdobs, romelic ar iyos erozirebuli da xevebiT
daserili, SeimCneva intensiuri mewyeruli da Rvarcofuli movlenebi.
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebs 798,7 aTasi heqtari, ganicdis wylismier
da qarismier erozias. aqedan wylismier erozias ganicdis 216,2 aTasi heqtari,
xolo qarismier erozias _ 582 aTasi heqtari. yovelwliurad qveyana kargavs
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis mosavlis 15-20%-s sustad Camorecxil
niadagebze, 30-40%-mde saSualod Camorecxilze, xolo 50-60%-mde Zlier
Camorecxil niadagebze, ris Sedegadac yovelwliuri zarali saSualod
Seadgens 1,0 miliard lars.
eroziis Sedegad miyenebuli zarali ar Semoifargleba mxolod sasoflosameurneo savargulebis SemcirebiT da degradirebiT. erozia udides zarals
ayenebs wylis resursebs, komunalursa da sagzao meurneobas, erovnuli
meurneobis saxvadasxva dargebs.
niadagdamuSavebis wesebis darRvevam, didqanobiani ferdobebis usistemo
damuSavebam da sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis arasworma SerCevam, niadagis
zedapiris damcavi mcenareuli safaris gameCxerebam, saZovrebis arasworma da
zedmetad intensiurma gamoyenebam, tyeebisa da buCqnarebis usistemo gakafvam da
a.S. gaaaqtiures eroziis Tanmdevi iseTi saSiSi procesebi, rogoricaa
Rvarcofebi, mewyerebi da xramwarmoqmna. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi aRricxulia
10 aTasamde mewyeri da 2000-mde Rvarcofuli auzi.
qveyanaSi Seqmnili energetikuli krizisidan gamomdinare, mimdinareobs
tyis nargavebis ukanono Wra, gansakuTrebiT ki qarsacavi zolebis.
ganadgurebulia qarsacavi zolebis 50%-ze meti. Tu 1990 wels qarsafari
zolebis farTobi 17 aTas heqtars Seadgenda, 1999 wels maTi farTobi 6,5
aTas heqtars ar aRemateba. Aarsebuli qarsacavi zolebi mouvlelobis gamo
gameCxerebulia (cxrili 3.2), rac iwvevs niadagis humusovani fenis dakargvagadaadgilebas. samwuxarod cxrilSi motanilia 1992 wlis monacemebi, radganac
mas Semdeg qarsacavi zolebis mdgomareoba ar Seswavlila da daufinanseblobis
gamo aRdgeniTi RonisZiebebi ar ganxorcielebula.
cxrili 3.2
qarsacavi zolebis mdgomareoba
(1992 wlis monacemebiT)
qarsacavi zolebis mdgomareoba
#
raionis dasaxeleba
1
1
2
3
2
adigeni
axalcixe
axalqalaqi
sul
farT. ha
3
52
149
65,7
39
GgameCxerebuli
ha, %
4
22,3ha 42,9%
98,1ha 65,8%
131,ha 20%
ganadgurebuli
ha, %
5
29,7ha 57,1%
10,3ha 6,9%
15ha 22,3%
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2
bolnisi
gurjaani
dedofliswyaro
dmanisi
zestafoni
zugdidi
TeTriwyaro
gardabani (Tb. saty.
meur.)
kaspi
marneuli
mcxeTa
sagarejo
siRnaRi
qareli
quTaisi
Cxorowyu
xaSuri
vani
kolxeTis saty. meurn.
martvili
ozurgeTi
xobi
sul
3
64,4
127,5
954,7
66,6
80
512
14
408,5
4
64,4ha 100%
15,7ha 12,3%
356,8ha 37,4%
23ha 34,5%
19,4 ha 24,3%
496ha 96,88
105,3
239,0
143
600
269
160
960
102
90
65
105,3ha 100%
239ha 100%
104,4ha 73,0
5
8,7ha 6,8%
282,9ha 29,6%
43,6ha 65,5%
1,7 2,1%
16ha 3,12%
14ha 100%
408,5ha 100%
600ha 100%
193,7ha72%
778,8ha 81,1%
22,4ha 22%
55ha 61,1%
Seswavlili ar
aris
_
_
_
_
837
224
155
48
6491,7
42,4ha 26,5%
181,2ha 18,9%
72,6ha 71,2%
35ha 38,9%
Seswavlili ar
aris
_
_
_
_
garemos
ekologiuri
stabilurobis
SenarCunebisaTvis,
eroziisagan
niadagis dacvis uzrunvelyofisa da nayofierebis SenarCunebis mizniT 1999
wels SemuSavebul iqna “saqarTvelos niadagebis eroziisagan dacvis 1999-2005
wlebis programa”, romelic damtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis
1999wlis 30 maisis #341 brZanebulebiT.
2000 wels niadagebis eroziisagan dacvis RonisZiebebi (gatyeveba) Catarda
50 heqtarze, maT Soris aWaraSi _ 11ha, zugdidSi _ 4ha, zestafonSi _ 4ha,
axalcixeSi _ 8ha, dmanisSi _ 10ha, sagarejoSi _ 13ha gatyianda.
damlaSebuli da bicobiani niadagebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos vakeebsa da mTiswinebze, mSrali subtropikebis zonaSi. aq
atmosferuli naleqebis simcirisa da mSrali haeris pirobebSi iqmneba
damlaSebis winamZRvrebi, xolo bevr raionSi morwyvis araracionaluri
gamoyeneba iwvevs gruntis wylebis donis awevas da marilebis gadaadgilebas
niadagis zeda fenebSi. damlaSebis process xels uwyobs niadagebis mZime
meqanikuri Semadgenlobac.
bicobiani da damlaSebuli niadagebi moicavs 193,5 ha farTobs. am
niadagebis gaumjobesebis gareSe masze sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoeba
wamgebiania.
40
dasavleT saqarTvelos tenian subtropikebSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia
mJave reaqciis niadagebi, romelTa saerTo farTobi 330 aTasi heqtaria.
kulturuli mcenareebi garda Caisa cudad viTardeba mJave niadagebze da iZleva
dabal mosavals.
danarTi 1, cxr. 16 mocemulia erozirebuli da degradirebuli farTobebi
administraciuli raionebis mixedviT, xolo nax. 3.2 mocemulia dabalnayofieri
niadagebis wili mTlian sasoflo-sameurneo miwebSi.
dabalnayofieri niadagebis gavrceleba
(procenti mTliani sasoflo-sameurneo miwebidan)
1.6
5.1
7.3
damlaSebuli
bicobi
daWaobebuli
mJave
33.1
11
erozirebuli
nax. 3.2
163 aTasi ha daSrobili miwebidan 131,5 aTas heqtarze mimdinareobs
farTobis xelmeored daWaobebis procesi.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis aridul raionebSi 6,0
aTasi kv.km miwis farTobi moqceulia gvalvian, naxevradgvalvian da subhumidur
raionebSi, aqedan 3 aTasi kv.km miwis farTobi ganicdis gaudabnoebas,
gaudabnoeba ZiriTadad gamowveulia adamianis moRvaweobis aramdgradi formiT _
miwebis zeeqspluataciiT (zeZovebiT), tyis farTobebis SemcirebiT da rwyvis
normebis darRveviT.
gvalva xSiri movlenaa saqarTvelos aridul raionebSi, sadac misi
ganmeoradoba aRemateba 40%-s.
gaudabnoebis procesi kargad aris gamoxatuli kaxeTis regionSi, kerZod:
dedofliswyaros raionSi gaudabnoebas ganicdis 11,904 aTasi ha miwis farTobi,
siRnaRis raionSi 46,070 aTasi ha da sagarejos raionSi 47,0 aTasi ha. qvemo
qarTlSi regionSi: gardabnis raionSi 32,0 aTasi ha, da marneulis raionSi
30,56 aTasi heqtari miwis farTobi.
amasTan erTad, arsebuli 470,0 aTasi haeqtari sarwyavi miwidan, sarwyavi
qselebis
gaumarTaobis,
satumbi
sadgurebis
umoqmedobis,
avariuli
mdgomareobis, wylis deficitisa da sxva mizezebis gamo 1999 wels mxolod
41
243,0 aTasi ha miwis morwyva iyo SesaZlebeli.
sarwyavi sistemis 300,0 aTasi ha-ze meti moiTxovs reabilitacias.
unda aRiniSnos, rom gansakuTrebiT ivrispireTi ZiriTadad udabnonaxevarudabnos tipis zamTris saZovrebiTaa warmodgenili. amJamad es saZovrebi
sagangaSo mdgomareobaSia da katastroful degradacias ganicdis, rogorc
fitocenotur-struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, ise saxeobrivi SemadgeblobiT. am
process Tan sdevs sarevela saxeobebis swrafi gamravleba. Tu ar gatarda
gaudabnoebis procesebis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebi axlo momavalSi zamTris
saZovrebi udabnos uxarisxo da uvargis “saZovrebad” gadaiqceva.
aRniSnul problemas mieZRvna 1997 wlis 21-24 aprilis (Telavi,
winandali) garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros mier
mowyobili seminari “gaeros konvencia gaudabnoebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb
da misi ganxorcieleba saqarTveloSi” (saqarTvelo 1999 wlis 21 oqtombers
miuerTda gaeros konvencias gaudabnoebis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb).
saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi, kolxeTis centralur nawilSi,
foTis midamoebSi da mis samxreTiT xelovnurad Seqmnili plaJi mTlianad
warecxilia, restavracias iTxovs qalaqis win ganlagebuli qvayrili,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mosalodnelia daitboros da zRvam warecxos qalaqis
dasaxlebuli ubnebi da malTayva-grigoleTis monakveTi. katastrofuli
mdgomareobaa sof. adlias da baTumis aeroportis midamoebSi, sadac bolo
wlebSi zRvam miitaca 100-150m siganis xmeleTi. baTumidan qobuleTamde metnaklebad stabiluri mdgomareobaa, sadac 80-ian wlebSi uxvad Setanili Warbi
masalis wyalobiTaa SenarCunebuli plaJebi. Nabada_xobis monakveTze sanapiros
akumulaciis zonaa da napiri win miiwevs. Mmd. enguris SesarTavTan da mis
samxreTiT sanapiro irecxeba sakmaod intensiurad, rac ganpirobebulia enguris
kaSxalis arsebobiT. (enguris myari natanis raodenoba Semcirebulia 90%-iT).
afxazeTis farglebSi (zepiri gadmocemiT) araerTgvarovani suraTia, oCamCiris
samxreTiT napiri intensiurad irecxeba. kodoridan oCamCiris portamde adgili
aqvs warecxvebs. soxumSi da gagraSi SedarebiT stabileri mdgomareobaa.
soxumSi Suquris midamoebSi 1999 wlis ianvar-TebervalSi moxda napiris ukan
daxeva 30-40 metriT. biWvinTaSi jer-jerobiT stabiluri mdgomareobaa, radgan
didi xania ar yofila samxreTis Stormebi.
uaxloes momavalSi Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi mosalodnelia intensiuri
warecxvebi, radganac amJamad ar xdeba inertuli masalis Setana. katastrofaa
mosalodneli Woroxis SesarTavTan baTumamde, radgan kaSxlebis mSeneblobis
gamo mTlianad Sewydeba am mdinaris myari natani. amJamad napirebis garecxvis
tempma miaRwia 2 metramde siganiT weliwadSi da uaxloes momavalSi es
procesi mniSvnelovnad gaZlierdeba..
natanis deficitis da anTropogenuri faqtorebis garda sanapiro zolze
uaRresad uaryofiT gavlenas axdens zRvis donis aweva. es movlena globaluri
xasiaTisaa da gamowveulia klimatis saerTo daTbobiT. dReisaTvis Savi zRvis
donis aweva sakmaod intensiurad mimdinareobs da weliwadSi 4,7 mm-s aRwevs.
42
sakmaod problematuria qveyanaSi niadagis dabinZurebis sakiTxi. niadagi
binZurdeba
iseTi
saSiSi
nivTierebebiT,
rogoricaa
navTobi
da
navTobproduqtebi, mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebi, mineraluri sasuqebi, mZime
liTonebi, samrewvelo da sxva saxis narCenebi, romlebic did safrTxes uqmnian
mosaxleobis janmrTelobasa da garemos.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba niadagis dabinZurebaSi eniWeba navTobproduqtebs, misi mopovebis, gadamuSavebisa da transportirebis dros. agreTve
niadagis navTobiTa da navToproduqtebiT dabinZurebis potenciur wyarod
SeiZleba CaiTvalos saqrTvelos mTel teritoriaze gamavali navTobis
milsadeni da rkinigzis xazi.
qveyanaSi gamoyenebuli eTilirebuli benzini warmoadgens niadagebis tyviiT
dabinZurebis umTavres wyaros. amitom tyviiT niadagis dabinZurebas adgili
aqvs gansakuTrebiT msxvil qalaqebSi da centraluri avtomagistralebis
mimdebare teritoriaze, sadac tyviis Semcveloba bevrad aRemateba mis zRvrul
dasaSveb koncentracias.
saSiS xasiaTs iZens niadagis dabinZureba samrewvelo da sayofacxovrebo
narCenebiT, romlebic Seicaven toqsikur nivTierebebsa da paTogenur
mikroorganizmebs.
niadagebis mZime liTonebiT dabinZurebis wyaros warmoadgenen msxvili
samrewvelo obieqtebi (metalurgiuli, samTo, saSen masalaTa, qimiuri,
manqanaTmSeneblobisa da mrewvelobis saxva dargebi).
mZime liTonebis koncentrireba ZiriTadad xdeba samrewvelo zonebisa da
sacxovrebeli masivebis niadagebis zeda fenebSi, romelTa Semcvelobebi arc Tu
iSviaT SemTxvevebSi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba zRvrulad dasaSveb koncentraciebs. maTi biologiuri akumulacia aWarbebs atmosferuli naleqebiT Carecxvis
procesebs.
Tbilisisa da rusTavis sawarmoebis mimdebare teritoriebis niadagebSi
mZime metalebis Semcveloba mocemulia cxrilSi 15.1 (Tavi 15).
mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebi, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba soflis
meurneobaSi mcenareTa mavneblebisa da daavadebis winaaRmdeg brZolis
saSualebad, garemos damabinZurebel saSiS nivTierebebs miekuTvneba. marTalia,
amJamad maTi gamoyeneba Semcirebulia vidre iyo 10-15 wlis win, magram
gamoyenebuli raodenobac safrTxes uqmnis niadags.
Sxamqimikatebisa da fosfororganuli preparatebis Semcveloba niadagSi
Catarebuli iyo ukanasknelad 1988-89 wlebSi. zogierTi raionebis niadagebSi
maTi Semcveloba bevrad aRemateba maT zRvrul dasaSveb koncentracias.
rogorc cnobilia, soflis meurneobaSi mineraluri sasuqebis gamoyenebam
1985-88 wlebSi maqsimums miaRwia da Seadgina 190 aTasi tona. ekonomikurma
krizisma, aseve rusTavis s.s “azotis” gaCerebam gamoiwvia mineraluri sasuqebis
gamoyenebis mkveTrad Semcireba. 1990 wels gamoyenebuli iyo mxolod 0,6 aTasi
tona amoniumis nitrati, xolo Semdeg periodSi gamoikveTa mineraluri
sasuqebis gamoyenebis zrdis tendencia da 1999-2000 wlebSi 14 aTas tonas
gadaaWarba.
10 welze metia, rac Sewyvetilia niadagis detaluri gamokvleva da
Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba. Aamave wlebSi
ganxorcielda miwis reforma, amas mohyva niadagis usustemo eqsploatacia,
Sxamqimikatebis qaosuri da dausabuTebeli gamoyeneba. amrigad dRevandeli
43
mdgomareobiT faqtiurad fermerebi moklebulni arian yovelgvar informacias
maT gamgeblobaSi arsebuli niadagebis xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis, misi
nayofierebis amaRlebis, mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebisa da mineraluri
sasuqebis efeqturi gamoyenebis, maRalxarisxiani da ekologiurad sufTa
produqciis miRebis agroekologiisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. yovelive aman gamoiwvia
niadagebis gaZlierebuli eqspluatacia da misdami mxolod momxmarebluri
damokidebuleba.
44
Tavi 4
wiaRi da wiaRiseuli
1. wiaRisa da wiaRiseulis saerTo mdgomareoba
saqarTvelos wiaRi da wiaRiseuli, sxva bunebriv resursebTan erTad,
warmoadgens ZiriTad materialur bazas sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
maTi racionaluri da kompleqsuri mopoveba da gadamuSaveba mravali
mimarTulebiT gansazRvravs iseTi sakiTxebis gadaWras, rogoricaa samTo dargis
ganviTarebis intensiur gzaze gadasvla da warmoebis efeqturobis amaRleba.
90-ian wlebamde qveyanaSi yovelwliurad moipoveboda 10 mln. tona
energetikuli da samToqimiuri da 45 mln tonamde aramadneuli nedleuli.
amasTan erTad yovelwliurad warmoiSoboda 40 mln tonamde gamouyenebeli
narCeni.
wiaRiseulis racionalur gamoyenebas aramarto teqnikuri da ekonomikuri,
aramed ekologiuri da socialur-politikuri mniSvnelobac gaaCnia. amitom
mineraluri resursebis racionalur mopovebas da gadamuSavebas, Tanamedrove
teqnikisa da teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT Tan unda sdevdes biosferos
mTlianobis SenarCuneba, misi aRwarmoeba, rogorc sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
aucilebeli piroba.
saqarTveloSi cnobilia mineraluri nedleulis yvela ZiriTadi jgufebi metaluri, arametaluri, sawvavi, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis sxvadasxva saxeebi.
sawvavi sasargeblo wiaRiseuli warmodgenilia navTobis, qvanaxSiris, torfisa
da airis saxiT. amJamad muSavdeba navTobisa da airis 11 sabado, ori ZiebaSia.
ZiriTadi maragebi modis samgoris sabadoze - 95%, Siraqis - 3,1% da samgoris
samxreTis TaRze - 1,9%. amJamad navTobis maragi 580mln. toniT ganisazRvreba.
tyibuli Saoris qvanaxSiris sabalanso maragi 300 mln tonas aRemateba.
torfis sabadoebis (ZiriTadad kolxeTSi) maragi sul 65 mln tonas Seadgens.
metaluri wiaRiseuli warmodgenilia manganumis sabadoTi, feradi da
iSviaTi liTonebiT - spilenZiT, tyviiT, TuTiiT da sxva, xolo keTilSobili
liTonebi - oqroTi da vercxliT. aRsaniSnavia WiaTuris manganumis sabado,
romlis sabalanso maragi yvela kategoriis mixedviT 202 mln tonas Seadgens.
arametaluri sasargeblo wiaRiseuli warmodgenilia samTo-qimiuri
(bariti, kalciti, bentonituri Tixa, diatomiti, talki, dariSxani, ceoliti
da andeziti), aramadneuli - metalurgiuli (kirqvebi, dolomitebi,
cecxlgamZle Tixebi da sxva), samSeneblo masalebisa (sxvadasxva saxis qvebi,
silebi, xreSi, sacemente masala, carci, kirqva, gajis Tixebi) da mineraluri
saRebavebis sabadoebiT. farTodaa gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva tipis mineraluri
da Termuli wylebis sabadoebic. mineraluri wylebis saerTo damtkicebuli
maragi dReRameSi 76.276 m3-s aRemateba.
saqarTveloSi wiaRiT sargeblobis saxelmwifo marTva xorcieldeba
45
`saqarTvelos kanoniT wiaRis Sesaxeb~ romelic miRebulia parlamentis mier
1996 wlis 17 maiss da misi qvemdebare normatiuli aqtebiT.
2. wiaRiT sargeblobis (saxeebisa da wiaRiseulis jgufebis
mixedviT) moculoba, dinamika (zrdis an klebis tendenciebi)
1993 wlidan, roca saqarTveloSi daiwyo sasargeblo wiaRiseulisa da
wiaRiT sargeblobis licenzireba, 2000 wlis bolomde gaica 416 licenzia.
wiaRiT sargeblobis dinamika 1994-2000 wlebSi gacemuli licenziebis
mixedviT moyvanilia cxrilSi 4.1 da naxazze 4.1.
gacemuli 313 licenziidan (305 moqmedia da 8 SeCerebuli) 281 licenziam
gaiara saxelmwifo registracia.
2000 wlidan navTobis licenzireba gadaeca saqarTvelos navTobisa da
gazis maregulirebel saxelmwifo saagentos.
sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT sargeblobis licenzirebis saerTo mdgomareoba
moyvanilia Semajamebel cxrilSi 4.2. cxrilSi ZiriTadi monacemebi dajgufebulia wiaRiseulis saxeebis mixedviT:
_ navTobisa da airis Zieba-mopovebaze gacemulia 14 licenzia (aqedan 1
SeCerebulia, 3 gauqmebuli). moqmedi 10 obieqtis samTo, an geologiuri
minakuTvni teritoriis saerTo farTobi Seadgens 26200,5kv.km-s, xolo
licenziiT gacemuli maragi - 247600aT. tonas, romlis umetesi nawili modis
samgoris sabadoze.
_ naxSirorJangis airis Zieba-mopovebaze gacemuli 9 licenziidan
moqmedebs 8, airis licenziiT gacemuli maragi 45 tonaa dReRameSi da
ZiriTadad naqalaqevis sabadoze modis.
_ aramineralizebul-mtknari wyliT sargeblobisaTvis gacemuli 35
licenziidan 23 moqmedebs. licenzirebul obieqtebze minakuTvni teritoriis
farTobi 96 heqtari, wylis saerTo debiti - 8450 aT.m3-ia, xolo licenziiT
gacemuli maragis raodenoba 8321 aT.m3/dRe-RameSi.
46
cxrili 4.1
wiaRiseulis sargeblobisaTvis 1994-1999 wlebSi
gacemuli licenziebis dinamika
wiaRiseulis
dasaxeleba
navTobi da airi
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
4
1
2
4
2
1
_
naxSirorJangaNairi
_
2
1
1
1
3
1
aramineraluri wylebi
8
2
5
1
13
3
3
Termuli wylebi
_
_
2
3
_
_
1
mineraluri wylebi
6
_
1
21
22
3
5
qvanaxSiri
_
_
1
_
_
1
4
metaluri madneulebi
5
2
1
2
6
3
14
31
20
25
52
38
28
31
54
27
38
84
80
41
59
aramadneuli da
samSeneblo masalebi
sul
licenziebis raodenoba
wiaRiseuliT sargeblobisaTvis gacemuli licenziebis
(1995-2000w.) dinamika
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 navTobi da gazi
2 myari wiaRiseuli
3 miwisqveSa wylebi
4 sul
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
wlebi
nax. 4.1
47
1999
2000
cxrili 4.2
wiaRiT sargeblobisa da misi licenzirebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi
jamuri monacemebi
wiaRiseulis
saxe
teritoriis
(samTo, an
geologiuri
minakuTvnis)
farTobi, km2
1
2
**navTobi
da airi
miwisqveSa wylebi
wylebi
geoTermiuli
wylebi
mineraluri
wylebi
myari wiaRiseuli
saTbobi_
qvanaxSiri
madneuli
sabadoebi
*
saerTo
maragi
8800
0,96
2,4
1,28
8450
aT.m3/dR.
licenziis mdgomareoba
licenziiT
gacemuli
maragebi
moqmedebs
gauqmebulia
an
SeCerebulia
4
5
6
247620 aT.t,
10
4
45 t/dR.
8
1
8321 aT.m3/dR.
23
12
7
1
540 aT.m3/dR.
44
19
3
26200,5
naxSirorJangi
mtknari
wiaRiseulis
raodenoba
124,3
aT.m3/dR.
76,276
aT.m3/dR.
4182,7
352,6 t.
482,6 t.
5
1
7953,34
6432 t.
6086 t.
36
6
184,5
35727356 m3
174010631 m3
174
63
aramadneuli
da
samSeneblo
masalebi
- geoTermuli wyliT sargeblobisaTvis gacemulia 8 licenzia (1
gauqmebulia), obieqtebze mikuTvnebuli teritoriis farTobi - 240 heqtaria,
xolo saerTo maragi - 124,3 aT.m3/dRe-RameSi.
- mniSvnelovani raodenobiT (44) aris gacemuli licenzia saqarTveloSi
arsebuli mineraluri wylebis (nabeRlavi, sairme, uwera, mitarbi da sxva)
sabadoebis sargeblobisaTvis (gauqmebulia 19). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
daniSnulebisa da maragis mixedviT borjomis mineraluri wylis sabado. am
wylis debiti 537 m3/dRe-RameSi. mis eqspluataciaSi monawileobs ramdenime
*
rig SemTxvevaSi maragis Sesaxeb cnobebi ar aris
saerTo maragSi nagulisxmevia yvela kategoriis maragi
** cnobebi Seesabameba monacemebs 2000 wlamde.
48
sawarmo, romlebzec gacemulia 21 licenzia, amaTgan 6 moqmedebaSia; 15
licenzia gauqmebulia moqmedebis vadis damTavrebis gamo. aRricxuli
licenziebiT gacemuli wylis saerTo raodenoba Seadgens 459 m3/dReRameSi,
aqedan gauqmebul licenziebze modis 350 m3/dRe-RameSi, es imas niSnavs, rom
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi an usargeblod iRvreba mineraluri wylis
nawili, an Tu xdeba misi Camosxma - ar aRiricxeba.
saqarTvelos
wiaRi
xasiaTdeba
myari
mineraluri
resursebis
mravalferovnebiT. am saxiT moipoveba saTbobi, metaluri, arametaluri da
samTo-qimiuri nedleuli, samSeneblo, mosapirkeTebeli masalebi da sxva.
myari saTbobis sabadoebi warmodgenilia qvanaxSiris, muranaxSirisa da
torfis saxiT. qvanaxSiris mrewveloba saqarTveloSi ar warmoadgens wamyvan
dargs, magram Cveni qveynis mZime energetikuli mdgomareobis pirobebSi mas
SeuZlia mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos qveynis saTbobiT momaragebaSi, Tumca
2000 wlamde gacemuli iyo mxolod ori licenzia, maT Soris erTi
gauqmebulia. 2000 wlis bolos ki gaica 4 licenzia.
metaluri madneuli sabadoebidan Cveni qveynisaTvis didi mniSvneloba
gaaCnia feradi, keTilSobili da iSviaTi liTonebis sabadoebs, romelTa
Seswavla-damuSavebaze gacemulia 9 licenzia (sxvadasxva mizezebiT gauqmebulia
- 4). momqmed 5 obieqtze mikuTvnebuli teritoriis saerTo farTobi Seadgens
2000 kv.km-s; am tipis sabadoebidan unda gamoiyos kazreTis (bolnisis r-ni)
oqro-spilenZi-bariti-polimetaluri sabado, romlis kompleqsur damuSavebas
awarmoebs ss `madneuli~. sabado arastabilurad muSavdeba; sakariero meurneoba
xSirad ar pasuxobs saproeqto moTxovnilebebs, mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi
mkveTrad CamorCeba mopovebiTs, sustad xorcieldeba damuSavebuli qanebis
rekultivacia.
qveynis ekonomikisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs WiaTuris
manganumis sabados, romlis damatebiT Seswavla-damuSavebaze gacemulia 10
licenzia (erTi gauqmebulia). obieqtebze mikuTvnebuli teritoriis saerTo
farTobi aris 3594,4 ha, xolo licenziiT gacemuli maragi Seadgens 177,6
aT.t-s.
manganumis mopoveba warmoebs uSualod sabadodan, narCenebidan da gabneuli
madnidan. am ukanasknelze modis licenziebis umetesi raodenoba (7).
aramadneuli, samTo-qimiuri nedleulisa da samSeneblo masalebis
Seswavla-mopovebaze dakavebulia mravalricxovani sawarmo. sul gacemulia 237
licenzia (gauqmebulia 63), gankuTvnili teritoriis saerTo farTobi 184,5
kv.km-ia, licenziiT gacemuli maragi - 174010631 m2. am jgufis sabadoebi
gabneulia saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. sawarmoTa umravlesoba mcire
simZlavrisaa, garkveul sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli maTze saxelmwifo
kvalificirebuli kontroli. amis gamo sabadoTa damuSavebisas wiaRisa da
garemos dacvis TvalsazrisiT adgili aqvs mraval darRvevas: samTogeologiur
pirobebTan Seusatyvis damuSavebis meTodebs, saproeqto moTxovnilebebidan
49
gadaxvevebs, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis did danakargebs, damuSavebuli miwebis
aradamakmayofilebel rekultivacias da sxva.
3. wiaRiT racionalurad sargeblobisa da misi dacvis
uzrunvelsayofad gatarebuli RonisZiebebi
wiaRisa da wiaRiseulis racionalurad gamoyeneba da dacva xorcieldeba
saqarTvelos kanoniT “wiaRis Sesaxeb~ da misi qvemdebare normatiuli aqtebiT.
wiaRiT sargeblobis regulirebisaTvis SemoRebulia licenzirebis sistema,
risTvisac funqcionirebs specialuri kompiuteruli centri, sadac moqmedebs
gacemuli, SeCerebuli da gauqmebuli licenziebis aRricxva.
wiaRiseulis damuSavebisas daiwyo Tanamedrove mowinave teqnikisa da
teqnologiis danergva. navTobis mrewvelobaSi xorcieldeba daxrili burRisa
da Rrma WaburRilebis aTviseba. madneulisa da sxvadasxva samTo nedleulis
Ria wesiT mopovebisas gamoiyeneba mZlavri sakariero teqnika da Tanamedrove
teqnologiebi, romlebic xasiaTdebian naklebi samrewvelo danakargebiT.
50
Tavi 5
mcenareuli safari
1. mcenareuli safaris (tyis fondis garda) saerTo mdgomareoba
miuxedavad
mcire
farTobisa,
saqarTvelos
mcenareuloba
didi
mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba, rac ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva faqtorebiT,
ZiriTadad saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareobiT da bunebriv-klimaturi
pirobebis mravalferovnebiT.
saqarTvelos floris SemadgenlobaSi WurWlovan mcenareTa 4100-mde
saxeobaa aRricxuli. saqarTvelos floris simdidris maCvenebelia endemizmis
maRali done. saqarTvelos floris daaxloebiT 21% _ 900-mde saxeoba endemia.
maT Soris 600-mde saxeoba kavkasiis endemia, xolo 300-mde – saqarTvelos
endemi.
saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi Setanilia mcenareTa iSviaTi da gadaSenebis
piras myofi 161 saxeoba, magram misi monacemebi arasrulyofilia da saWiroa
maTi dazusteba-Sevseba IUCN-is (bunebis dacvis saerTaSoriso kavSiri)
kategoriebis Sesabamisad.
qarTveli botanikosebi gadaSenebis safrTxis qveS myof mcenareebs Semdeg
kategoriebad yofen:
1. TiTqmis gamqrali saxeobebi. am kategorias ganekuTvneba saqarTvelos
floris 10 saxeoba, maT Soris muxudo (Cicer arietinum), qarTuli Tela
(Ulmus georgica) da turangi (Populus transcaucasica).
2. saxeobebi, romelTac emuqrebaT swrafi gadaSeneba. ganekuTneba
saqarTvelos floris 50 saxeoba, maT Soris samefo gvimra (Osmuda
regalis), megruli aryi (Betula megrelica), wylis mcenare Trapa colchica da
Dioscorea caucasica.
3. iSviaTi saxeobebi. saqarTvelos floraSi iSviaT saxeobaTa ricxvi
daaxloebiT 300-ia, maTgan aRsaniSnavia biWvinTis fiWvi (Pinus pityusa),
Anthemis saguramica, Pseudovesicaria digitata.
4. saxeobebi Zlier mcire populaciebiT. ganekuTneba 140-mde saxeoba, maT
Soris Ephedra distachya, Pachyphragma macrophyllum da Capparis spinosa.
saqarTvelos floraSi uxvadaa ekonomikuri Rirebulebis mqone saxeobebi.
ansxvaveben amgvari mcenareebis Semdeg jgufebs:
1. samasale merqnis momcemi xeebi.
am mcenareebis umetesoba tyis dominanti saxeobebia. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia wifeli (Fagus orientalis), muxebi (Quercus iberica, Quercus imeretina
da sxva), rcxila (Carpinus caucasica), wabli (Castanea sativa), naZvi (Picea
orientalis), soWi (Abies nordmanniana), fiWvi (Pinus kochiana); sayuradReboa,
agreTve, Zelqva (Zelkova carpinifolia) da lafani (Picrocaria pterocarpa).
maRalxarisxovan merqnian mcenareebs ganekuTvnebian wiTeli wignis saxeobebi:
kakali (Juglans regia), bza (Buxus colchica) da uTxovari (Taxus baccata).
2. veluri xili da sakvebi mcenareebi.
saqarTveloSi mravladaa veluri xil-kenkrovani, kaklovani da sxva
kategoriis mcenareebi, romelTac mosaxleoba iyenebs sakvebad, maT Sorisaa
Castanea sativa, Juglans regia, Fagus orientalis, Morus alba, Diospyros lotus, Pyrus
51
caucasica, Malus orientalis, Corylus avellana, Festuca pratensis, Phleum pratense, Dactylis
glomerata da sxva. unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc veluri xilis, ise sxva
ekonomikur mcenareTa resursebi saTanadod ar aris Seswavlili da Sefasebuli.
3. eTerzeTovani mcenareebidan aRsaniSnavia: Lallemantia iberica, Mentha
pulegium, Satureja spicigera, Thymus spp, Ziziphora spp. da sxva.
4. saqarTvelos flora mdidaria mTrimlavi mcenareebiT. maT Soris unda
aRiniSnos kevis xe anu saRsaji, Trimli, TuTubo, Sqeri, Savi muryani. samRebro
saqmeSi gamoiyeneba tirifi, xeWreli, endro, TeTrZira, ieli da sxva.
5. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia mravali samkurnalo mcenare, romlebic
gamoiyenebian farmakologiaSi: Aconitum confertiflorum, Alchillea hypericum, Atropa
caucasica, Chelidonium majus, Colchicum speciosum, Cyclamen vernum, Digitalis
ferruginea da sxva.
6. Taflovan mcenareTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Tilia caucasica, Robinia
pseudacacia, Malus orientalis, Pyrus caucasica da sxva.
7. dekoratiuli mcenareebi.
aranakleb mniSvnelovania biosferoSi sokoebi, romlebic struqturuli da
funqciuri TvalsazrisiT bunebrivi da xelovnuri ekosistemebis arsebiTi
komponentebia. mikologiuri, fitopaTologiuri da sxva wyaroebis mixedviT,
saqarTveloSi cnobilia sokoebis (mRierebis CaTvliT) 7500-ze meti saxeoba.
sokoebi baqteriebTan erTad mcanareuli da sxva organuli narCenebis
daSlasa da minarealizaciaSi arsebiT rols asruleben. isini warmoadgenen
merqnisa da sxva mcenareuli narCenebis (totebi, foTlebi, nayofebi) ZiriTad
damSlelebsa da mineralizatorebs. magaliTad, celulozis daSlisa da
utilizacis procesSi monawileoben mikro da makrosokoebis Semdegi gvarebis
warmomadgenlebi: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Coprinus, Fomes, Penicillium da sxva.
uaRresad mniSvnelovania sokoebis roli humusis warmoqmnasa da niadagis
nayofierebis ganmsazRvrel procesebSi. saqarTveloSi 500-mde saxeobis niadagis
binadari sokoa aRniSnuli. maTi umetesoba ganekuTvneba iseTi kosmopolituri
gvarebis warmomadgenlebs, rogorebicaa: Armillaria, Chaetoporus, Corpinus, Fomes,
Odontia, Polystictus, Stereum, Penicillium, Verticillium da sxva. safuari sokoebidan
niadagSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba Semdegi gvaris warmomadgenlebi: Candida,
Hansenula, Pullularia, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Torula, Torulopsis.
rigi niadagis sokoebisa mcenareTa daavadebebis gamomwvevebia. maT Soris
aRsaniSnavia:
Gaeumannomyces (Ophiobolus) graminis _ iwvevs mravali marcvlovani
mcenaris, gansakuTrebiT ki TavTaviani pureulis fesvis sidamples;
Fusarium oxysporum _ bostneuli da sxva kulturebis Wknobis
(fuzariozuli Wknoba) gamomwvevi;
Fusarium solani _ iwvevs kartofilis tuberebis (mSral) sidamples,
gogrovanTa Wknobas (vilts)da sxva;
Rhizoctonia solani _ iwvevs bostneuli, teqnikuri da sxva kulturebis
Reros nekrozs, tuberebisa da Zirxvenebis daavadebebs, naTesarebis Cawolas da
a.S.
Verticillium albo-atrum da V. dahliae _ iwveven asobiT orlebniani mcenaris
verticiliozur Wknobas.
52
sxvadasxva
kulturuli
mcenaris
(vazi,
sazamTro,
kitri
da
sxva)rozosferoSi xSirad gvxvdeba sokoebis Semdegi gvarebis warmomadgenlebi:
Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mortierella, Fusarium da sxva.
sokoebisaTvis mcenare warmoadgens im adgilsamyofels (habitats),
romelSic adgili aqvs rTul ekologiur urTierTobebs. isini xSirad
gvevlinebian mcenareTa daavadebis gamomwvevebad. kargad aris cnobili iseTi
sokovani daavadebebis gavrcelebis katastrofuli Sedegebi, rogorebicaa
Teslis holandiuri daavadeba (Ceratocystis ulmi) da citrusebis xmela anu
malseko (Phoma tracheiphila). kulturul da velur mcenareTa ekonomikurad
mniSvnelovan sokovan daavadebaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia vazis Wraqi (Plasmopara
viticola), nacari (Uncinula necator), eqskoriozi (Promopsis viticola), wablis
xmoba, endoTiozi (Cryphonectria parasitica = Endothia parasitica); wablis, muxisa da
kaklis fesvis sidample, fitofTorozi (Phytophthora cinnamomi) sanergeebsa da
plantaciebSi; kartofilisa da pamidvris fitofTorozi (Phytophthora infestans)
da sxva mravali.
sayuradReboa isic, rom rigi sokoebisa, romlebic sxvadasxva ekologiur
jgufs miekuTvnebian, gamoiyeneba mcenareTa sokovani daavadebebis, mavneblebisa
da sarevelebis winaaRmdeg. amgvari sokoebidan zogierTi paTogenuri sokoebis
parazits, anu hiperparazits warmoadgens. magaliTad: Ampelomyces quisqualis
gvxvdeba nacrovan sokoebze (Erysiphales); Darluca filum, Tuberculina persicina da
Fusarium uredinicolum Janga sokoebze (Uredinales). zogierT maTgans, saxeldobr
Ampelomyces quisqualis, aqvs praqtikuli mniSvneloba nacrovani daavadebebis
biokontrolisaTvis daculi gruntis pirobebSi.
Trichoderma-s saxeobebs
iyeneben niadagSi mcxovrebi fitopaTogenuri sokoebis sawinaaRmdegod
(moqmedeben rogorc antagonistebi da zeparazitebi).
mcenaris fesvebsa da sokoebs Soris simbiozi (mikoriza) erT-erTi
saocari da mniSvnelovani bunebrivi fenomenia, romelic umaRlesi mcenareebis
85%-s axasaiaTebs.
aRsaniSnavia sokoebis monawileoba iseT sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan
procesebSic, rogoricaa bioremediacia – garemos gamaWuWyianeblebis Semcireba
sokoebis gamoyenebiT, da bioindikacia – mravali eqtomikorizis partniori
soko da liqenebis saxeobebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes garemos gaWuWyianebis
indikatorad: merqanze mosaxle sokoebi gvevlinebian satyeo-sameurneo
praqtikisa da tyis mdgomareobis indikatorad da mizezad (sxva biotur da
anTropogenul faqtorebTan erTad). sokoebi samkurnalo saSualebebis
(enzimebis, antibiotikebisa da sxva biologiurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis), xolo
saWmeli sokoebi – cilebiTa da sxva sasargeblo nivTierebebiT mdidari sakvebi
produqtebi.
saqarTvelos flora mravalmxrivi anTropogenuli zemoqmedebis safrTxis
winaSe imyofeba, rac gamoixateba iseT uaryofiT zegavlenebSi, rogoricaa
wylisa da xmeleTis adgilsamyofeloebis degradacia da dakargva; garemos
dabinZureba; ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani mcenareebis gadametebuli gamoyeneba;
qveynis teritoriaze ucxo (adventuri) agresiuli mcenareebis gavrceleba.
saqarTvelos maRali mTis (svaneTi, raWa-leCxumi, Sida qarTli, mTiuleTi,
TuSeTi, fSavi, xevsureTi) mcenareulobas safrTxes uqmnis saTib-saZovrebis
gadaWarbebuli
eqspluatacia,
ris
gamoc
mniSvnelovnadaa
saxecvlili
subalpuri da alpuri mdeloebi. pirveladi mcenareuloba Secvlilia
53
cenozebiT, romlebSic sarevelebi (Cisium hirridum, Veratrum lobelianum)
dominireben. gadametebuli Zovebis Sedegad mcenareuli safaris Sekrulobis
darRveva xels uwyobs niadagis erozias. garda amisa, zamTris kurortebis
midamoebSi da saTxilamuro sportis adgilebSi mcenareulobaze didi
datvirTva modis, rac xels uwyobs eroziuli procesebis ganviTarebas. es
kargad Cans bakurianisa da gudauris saTxilamuro kompleqsebis magaliTze.
kolxeTis dablobSi warmoebulma sadrenaJo samuSaoebma da torfis
amoRebam gamoiwvia mravali reliqturi saxeobis (Hibiscus ponticus, Drosera spp.
da sxva) adgilsamyofelis degradacia da Semcireba.
araaborigenuli saxeobebis invazia seriozul saSiSroebas uqmnis floris
avtoqtonur elementebs da iwvevs cvlilebebs mcenareul safarSi. bevri
adventuri saxeoba (Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Oplismenus undulatifolius) swrafad
gavrcelda da sakmaod did farTobze gabatonebuli mdgomareoba daikava.
adventur saxeobaTa didi nawili Tavmoyrilia kolxeTis dablobze. dReisaTvis
saqarTvelos WurWlovani floris SemadgenlobaSi 500-ze meti adventuri
saxeobaa, isini warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela zonasa da mcenareul
TanasazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, Crdiloamerikuli wiwmatela (Lepidium texanum)
da meqsikuri ZaRlyurZena (Solanum sisymbriifolium) farTod gavrceldnen
SavizRvispira qviSian diunebze da aviwroveben iseT adgilobriv saxeobebs,
rogorebicaa Pancratium maritimum, Anthemis euxina da sxva. kolxeTis dablobis
tyeebSi balaxovani safari upiratesad adventuri saxeobebiTaa warmodgenili:
Polygonum thubergii, Oplismenus undulatifolius.
saqarTveloSi samkurnalo mcenareTa gamoyenebis uZvelesi tradiciebi
arsebobs. veluri samkurnalo mcenareebi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi bunebrivi
resursia, romlis dacvas, aRdgenasa da kultivirebas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs
erovnuli farmaciis ganviTarebisaTvis. Tanamedrove etapze gamokveTilia
veluri samkurnalo mcenareebis bunebrivi gavrcelebis arealebis Seviwroeba,
rac
ZiriTadad
ganpirobebulia
maTi
arealebis
aTvisebiT
sameurneo
miznebisaTvis. samkurnalo mcenareebze mniSvnelovan uaryofiT zegavlenas
axdens saZovrebis gadaWarbebuli da araswori eqspluatacia, rac xSirad xdeba
mizezi
balaxovani
safaris
SemadgenlobaSi
saxeobebis
arasasurveli
cvlilebebisa. samkurnalo mcenareebis maragebze zegavlenas axdens maTi
TviTneburi mopoveba.
mkveTrad Semcirda iseTi mniSvnelovani samkurnelo saxeobebi, rogoricaa:
Atropa caucasica, Dioscorea caucasica, senecio rhombifolius, Valeriana officinalis,
Colchicum speciosum, Nuphar luteum, Pancratium maritimum, Rhamnus imeretina.
gansakuTrebiT sagangaSoa Tbilisis SemogarenSi adre gazafxulis
saxeobebis intensiuri mopoveba. didi raodenobiT moipoveba qarTuli yoCivarda,
endro, satacuri, furisula, ia, qarTuli zambaxi.
aRniSnul cvlilebebze SeiZleba vimsjeloT mxolod zogadad, radgan
faqtiurad ar xdeba veluri samkurnalo mcenareebis gavrcelebis arealebis da
populaciebis mdgomareobis aRwera-Sefaseba, maTi maragebis gansazRvra. jer
kidev ar aris dazustebuli samkurnalo mcenareTa resursebis maragebi, ar
aris SemuSavebuli gadaSenebis safrTxis qveS myof mcenareTa konservaciisa da
aRwarmoebis RonisZiebebi.
54
2. tyis fondis saerTo mdgomareoba
tye dedamiwis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da farTod gavrcelebuli
landSaftia. satyeo miwebs, sadac tyeebTan erTad tyiT daufaravi da arasatyeo
farTobebic Sedis, xmeleTis daaxloebiT 1/3 ukavia. msoflio tyeebis saerTo
farTobi 3722 mln. heqtars, anu mTeli teritoriis 29% Seadgens. tyeebis
merqnis saerTo maragi ki 359,9 mlrd m3-iT ganisazRvreba. maT Soris wiwviani
saxeobebis koromebis maragi 124,6 mlrd m3-ia. msoflioSi erT sul mosaxleze
saSualod 1,2 heqtari tye da 69 m3 merqnis maragi modis. tye dedamiwis
ekologiur sistemaTa mTliani kompleqsisaTvis globaluri da sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis bunebrivi kompleqsia; amasTan, igi yvelaze produqtiuli
mcenareuli formaciaa da biologiuri brunvis yvelaze maRali intensivobiT
xasiaTdeba.
saqarTvelo tyiT mdidari qveyanaa, teritoriis daaxloebiT 40% tyiTaa
dafaruli. tyeebis saerTo farTobi 3006443 heqtaria. saxelmwifo tyeebis
81% farTofoTlovania, xolo 19% _ wiwvovani. saqarTvelos tyeebi
xasiaTdeba ekologiurad da genezisurad gansxvavebul fitocenozTa didi
mravalferovnebiT, romlebic gaerTianebulia 200-mde asociaciaSi. Cveni qveynis
barisa da mTis tyeebSi izrdeba 120-ze meti saxeobis xe, 250-ze meti saxeobis
buCqi, 2500-mde saxeobis balaxovani mcenare. tyis cenozebs ZiriTadad Semdegi
saxeobebis xemcenareebi qmnian (dominantebi, edifikatorebi): wifeli (Fagus
orientalis), romelic tyis safaris 48,5% Seadgens, muxa (Quercus) – 10,5%,
soWi (Abies nordmanniana) – 8,5%, rcxila (Carpinus caucasica) – 6,6%, naZvi
(Picea orientalis) – 5,8%, fiWvi (Pinus) – 4,7%, muryani (Alnus) – 3,2%, aryi
(Betula) – 3,1%, wabli (Castanea) – 2,5%. danarCen 6.6%-s Seadgens Sereuli
tyeebi, sxva xeebi da buCqebi.
asakobrivi dayofis mixedviT, saxelmwifo tyeebis 48% saSualo asakisaa,
15% _ mozardi, 30% _ mwife da gadaberebuli, xolo 7% axalgazrda tyeebia.
sayuradReboa, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze tyeebis ganlagebis saerTo
suraTi rTuli da kontrastulia. tyeebis 90%-ze meti ganlagebulia mTebis
(didi da mcire kavkasioni) kalTebze, maTi mniSvnelovani nawili (40%) ki
didi daqanebis (35°-ze meti) ferdobebze, ris gamoc am tyeebis sameurneo
gamoyeneba Zlier SezRudulia an praqtikulad gamoricxuli. saqarTvelos
tyeebis
ZiriTadi
daniSnulebaa
niadagdacviTi,
wyaldacviTi,
wyalmaregulirebeli, klimatmaregulirebeli, zvavsawinaaRmdego da sxva
funqciebis Sesruleba.
saxelmwifo tyis fondis teritoria, romlis mTliani farTobi 3006443
ha-s Seadgens, iyofa sxvadasxva kategoriebad, kerZod: saxelmwifo tyis fondis
dacul teritoriad, romlis mTliani farTobi 1999-2000 wlebis monacemebiT
224480 heqtaria da saxelmwifo sameurneo tyis fondis teritoriad 2781963
ha farTobiT. saxelmwifo tyis fondis miwebi iyofa Semdeg kategoriebad:
55
satyeo miwebi, sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebi, sxva arasatyeo anu
specialuri daniSnulebis miwebi da gamouyenebeli miwebi.
saxelmwifo tyis fondis farTobebis Sesaxeb monacemebi Setanilia
cxrilSi 5.1.
cxrili 5.1
saxelmwifo tyis fondis kategoriebad ganawileba
maT Soris miwis kategoriebis mixedviT
mTliani
#
1.
kategoriebis dasaxeleba
saxelmwifo tyis fondis daculi
teritoria
farTobi, ha
tyiT dafaruli
farTobi, ha
varjSeukvreli
kulturebi
farTobi, ha
tyiT daufaravi
farTobi, ha
1999w.
2000w.
1999w.
2000w.
1999w.
2000w.
1999w.
2000w.
224480
224480
185408
187179
708
767
9556
9706
150920
163868
125127
141378
281
325
5698
5878
61177
43229
54347
39867
418
433
1957
1827
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
12383
12383
5934
5934
9
9
2001
2001
a.
maT Soris:
saxelmwifo nakrZali
b.
erovnuli parki
g.
bunebis Zegli
d.
aRkveTili
e.
daculi landSafti
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
v.
mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis
teritoria
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2.
saxelmwifo sameurneo tyis fondi
2781963
2781963
2587954
2586183
6724
6824
57615
57200
maT Soris:
a.
sakurorto tyeebi
115067
119357
103750
108238
178
75
3511
3273
b.
mwvane zonis tyeebi
265712
276303
234749
246443
3575
2974
8159
9613
g.
niadagdacviTi da wyalmaregulirebeli tyeebi
2401184
2386303
2242455
2231502
2971
3775
45945
44314
3006443
3006443
2773362
2773362
7432
7591
67171
66906
sul saxelmwifo tyis fondis
teritoria
SeniSvna: 1. borjomis saxelmwifo nakrZalis teritoria (17948ha) mikuTvnebulia borjom-xaragaulis erovnul parks;
2. borjom-xaragaulis erovnul parkis SemadgenlobaSi ar aris CaTvlili masze gadacemuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis
miwebi (7172ha).
rac Seexeba saxelmwifo tyis fondis tyiT dafaruli miwebis ganawilebas
sixSireebis mixedviT, rogorc monacemebidan Cans, 1999-2000 wlebSi
saqarTvelos tyeebis saSualo sixSire Seadgens 0.54 (cxrili 5.2).
56
cxrili 5.2
saxelmwifo tyis fondis tyiT dafaruli miwebis ganawileba
sixSireebis mixedviT, %
sixSireebi
0.3-0.4
saSualo
sixSire
sul
1999w.
2000w.
1999w.
2000w.
1999w.
2000w.
1999w.
2000w.
1999w.
2000w.
1999w.
2000w.
0.9-1.0
2000w.
0.8
1999w.
0.7
2000w.
0.6
1999w.
merqniani
saxeobebi
0.5
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
wiwvovanebi
18.6
18.6
35.1
35.1
31.6
31.6
11.5
11.5
2.8
2.3
0.4
0.4
100
100
0.54
0.54
magarmerqniani
foTlovanebi
16.6
16.6
37.3
37.3
31.9
31.9
0.9
12.9
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.4
100
100
0.54
0.54
rbilmerqniani
foTlovanebi
21.5
21.6
36.5
36.5
26.8
26.8
12.0
12.0
2.7
2.7
0.4
0.4
100
100
0.54
0.54
danarCeni
saxeobebi
18.9
18.9
34.6
34.6
28.9
28.9
12.6
12.6
4.0
4.0
1.0
1.0
100
100
0.54
0.54
sul
17.5
17.5
36.7
36.7
31.2
31.2
11.2
11.2
3.0
3.0
0.4
0.4
100
100
0.54
0.54
saqarTvelos tyeebSi merqnis saerTo maragi Seadgens daaxloebiT 434mln.
(daculi teritoriebis CaTvliT), anu 5,5 mln. mosaxleobis SemTxvevaSi
3
79m -s erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebiT. es 3-jer aRemateba analogiur
saSualo evropul maCveneblebs. arsebuli monacemebiT, yovelwliuri namati
Seadgens 4 mln. m3-s (erT heqtar tyeze saSualod 1,5 m3), xolo statistikuri
monacemebiT yovelwliurad mimdinareobs 400 aTasi m3 xe-tyis damzadeba.
alternatiuli energoresursebis naklebobisa da saxelmwifo kontrolis
sisustis gamo yovelwliurad mimdinareobs tyeebis farTomasStabiani
arakanonieri Cexva (sawvav masalad gamoyenebis mizniT weliwadSi daaxloebiT 6
milioni m3 SeSa gamoiyeneba, rac mniSvnelovanwilad aRemateba saqarTvelos
tyeebis wliur namats). garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros
monacemebiT, yovelwliurad xdeba (arakanonierad Tu kanonierad) sul mcire
2,5 milioni m3 xe-tyis damzadeba, rac SeiZleba samomavlod tyeebis gadaSenebis
mniSvnelovani mizezi gaxdes. aseve seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens xe-tyis
damzadebis moZvelebuli teqnika da aRWurviloba, romelic zians ayenebs ara
marto xeebs, aramed garemosac, riTac baTildeba sanitaruli Wris Sedegebi.
1999 wels mTavari sargeblobis Wrebi nacvlad gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli
371 ha farTobisa, faqtiurad ganxorcielda 111 ha farTobze; Sesabamisad
gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli 33000 m3 likviduri merqnis nacvlad damdazebulia
9090 m3 likviduri merqani. rac Seexeba movliT Wrebs, gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 20818 ha farTobze 421000 m3 likviduri merqnis
damzadeba, xolo faqtiurad damzadebulia 18685 ha farTobze 353391 m3
likviduri merqani (ix. cxrili 5.3).
m3
57
2000 wlis monacemebiT ki mTavari sargeblobis Wrebi nacvlad gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli 2272 ha farTobisa, faqtiurad ganxorcielda 537 ha
farTobze; Sesabamisad, gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli 175700 m3 likviduri merqnis
nacvlad damdazebulia 33560 m3 likviduri merqani. rac Seexeba movliT Wrebs,
gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 15687 ha farTobze 305000 m3 likviduri merqnis
damzadeba, xolo faqtiurad damzadebulia 13768 ha farTobze 235765 m3
likviduri merqani. (ix. danarTi 1, cxr. 17, 18).
cxrili 5.3
satyeo meurneobis sistemaSi 1999 wels dagegmili da ganxorcielebuli
Wrebis moculoba
gegma
farTobi,
m3
ha
(likvidi)
371
33000
faqtiuri
farTobi,
m3
ha
(likvidi)
111
9090
#
RonisZiebebis dasaxeleba
1
mTavari sargeblobis Wrebi sul
a.
maT Soris (Txmela)
371
33000
111
9090
2.
movliTi Wrebi sul
20818
421000
18685
353391
maT Soris:
a.
ganaTeba
_
_
_
_
b.
gawmenda
170
1000
154
721
g.
gamoxSirva
550
7000
416
5234
d.
gavliTi
1940
72000
1639
57885
satyeo meurneobebSi dagegmili da kanonierad ganxorcielebuli Wrebis
moculobebSi aRmoCenilia mniSnelovani darRvevebi. ase magaliTad: cageris
satyeo meurneobaSi 1999 wlis gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 7000 m3
likviduri merqnis damzadeba, maT Soris samasale 2000 m3. "1999-2000 wlebis
zamTris periodisaTvis saTbob SeSaze mosaxleobis dasakmayofileblad
damatebiT RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 20
agvistos #782 gankargulebiT cageris satyeo meurneobas damatebiT gamoeyo
1500 m3 likviduri merqani.
prezidentis amave gankargulebis safuZvelze
satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamentma
1999 wlis 2 noembris
3
brZanebiT masve damatebiT gamouyo 4000 m likviduri merqani. amrigad, cageris
satyeo meurneobas 1999 wlisaTvis sul gamoyofili hqonda
12500 m3
likviduri xe-tye, maT Soris samasale 4090 m3, saidanac 3690 m3 foTlovania
da 400 m3 wiwviani.
Semowmebis periodSi gamovlinda, rom cageris satyeo meurneobaSi moiWra
da raionis farglebs gareT gatanil iqna 4080 m3 samasale xe-tye, xolo
damzadebulia adgilze 1651 m3 wiflis mori, saidanac samasalea 820 m3, xolo
saSeSe 831 m3. amrigad, Semowmebisas gamoirkva, rom cageris satyeo meurneobaSi
sul damzadebuli iyo 4900 m3 samasale mori, rac satyeo meurneobis
58
departamentis mier gacemul fondze 810 m3-iT metia. amasTan, tyekafebze
moiWra mxolod samasaled vargisi xe-tye.
lentexis satyeo meurneobaSic gamovlenilia tyis Wris wesebis uxeSi
darRvevebi 300 heqtar Wragavlil farTobze sixSire normaze dabalia, satyeo
meurneobis muSakebis mier daSvebulia uxeSi Secdomebi, rig kvartlebSi, sadac
tyeTmowyobiT daproeqtebuli iyo mTavri sargeblobis Wrebi, aqtebis
safuZvelze Catarebulia mdgomareobiTi Wrebi.
satyeo meurneobis 1999 wlis samoqmedo gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli
mdgomareobiTi WrebiT unda damzadebuliyo 8000 m3 likviduri xe-tye, saidanac
samasale xe-tye Seadgens 2500 m3-s, maT Soris 1000 m3 wiwviania da 1500 m3
foTlovani. faqtiurad moWrilia da raionis farglebs gareT gatanilia 5666
m3 samasale xe-tye, maT Soris 3067 m3 foTlovani da 2599 m3 wiwviani jiSis
xe-tye, ese igi 3166 m3 xe-tyiT meti, vidre gegmiT iyo gaTvaliswienebuli.
amasTan erTad, rig saxerx saamqroebSi aRmoCenilia ukanonod damzadebuli
sxvadasxva jiSis xe-tye, maT Soris 273 m3 wiwviani jiSis mrgvali mori, 105
m3 wiwviani jiSis daxerxili ficari, wablis jiSis dasaxerxi mori 32 m3 da
wablis daxerxili ficari 20 m3.
adigenis
satyeo
meurneobaSi
1999
wels,
mosaxleobis
SeSiT
uzrunvelyofis mizniT, satyeo meurneobas saxelmwifo departamentis mier
saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 20 agvistos #982 gankargulebis
safuZvelze daSvebuli iyo 5000 m3 likviduri merqnis damzadeba, faqtiurad ki
da damzadebulia 6362 m3. gakvirvebas iwvevs is garemoeba, rom aRniSnuli
tyekafebidan damzadebuli xe-tyis 41,5% samasalea, maSin rodesac movliTi
WrebiT damzadebuli xe-tyidan samasale saSualod 30% ar unda aRematebodes.
rac Seexeba bakurianis satyeo meurneobas, saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999
wlis 20 agvistos #982 gankargulebiT 1999-2000 wlebis zamTris
periodisaTvis saTbob SeSaze mosaxleobis dasakmayofileblad damatebiT
RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb gamoyofili iyo 5000
m3 xe-tye, faqtiurad
damzadebulia 7865 m3 likviduri xe-tye, saidanac samasale Seadgens 2514 m3
anu 32,0%-s.
sagangaSo mdgomareobaa saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi satyeo
meurneobebis sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli ukanono Wrebis moculobisa da
saxelmwifoze miyenebuli zaralis mxrivac (ix. danarTi 1, cxr. 19).
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom tyis unebarTvo Wrebis, saqonlis gadametebuli
Zovebisa da tyis kulturebis gaSenebis gamo saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovnad aris Secvlili vake dablobebisa da mTis Sua sartylis tyeebis
mdgomareoba. am mxriv seriozuli ziani miadga mdinarispira (Walis) tyis
kompleqsebs mtkvris xeobaSi. ukanaskneli 30-35 wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis
mTlianad ganadgurda Walis muxisa (Quercus pedunculiflora) da Telisgan (Ulmus
carpinifolia) Seqmnili tyeebi. tyis analogiuri zogierTi farTobi sasoflosameurneo kulturebisaTvis aris gamoyenebuli. pirveladi tyeebis adgilze
meoradi qserofiluri buCqnarebia ganviTarebuli.
calke ganxilvas saWiroebs is faqtic, rom adgili aqvs arakanonierad
moWrili xe-tyis qveynis farglebidan didi moculobebiT gatanas, rac did
zians ayenebs tyeebs da sagrZnob Semosavlebs aklebs qveynis biujets.
miuxedavad sakiTxis simwvavisa misi gadaWris gzebi ver gamoinaxa.
59
1999 wels saqarTvelos vaWrobisa da sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa
saministros sagareo vaWrobis regulirebis sammarTvelos mier gacemuli
licenziebis
safuZvelze
ganxorcielebuli
xe-tyis
eqsport-importze
monacemebi, saxeobebisa da sortimentebis (mori, daxerxili masala, detalebi
da sxva) mixedviT, Setanilia cxrilSi 5.4.
cxrili 5.4
6
573
kaklis samasale
merqani, m3
5
969
wablis samasale
merqani,
m3
440710100
4
9068
wiwviani jiSis SeSa,
m3
440310910
3
16540
wiwviani jiSis
daxerxili masala, m3
440710000
2
saqarTvelos vaWrobisa da sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobaTa
saministros sagareo
vaWrobis regulirebis sammarTvelo
wiflis SeSa,
m3
44039200
1
1.
licenziis gamcemi
organizacia
wiflis detalebi, m3
#
wiflis mori,
m3
4400392000
wiflis daxerxili
masala, m3
440792900
monacemebi xe-tyis eqsportze saxeobebisa da sortimentebis
(mori, daxerxili masala, detalebi da sxva) mixedviT
7
360
(mori)
8
100
9
30
10
393
1919
(daxerx.)
4100
(m2)
miuxedavad imisa, rom tyis resursebi ganaxlebad bunebriv resursebs
miekuTvneba, isini mainc ar SeiZleba amouwuravad CaiTvalos, amitom tyeebis
gaSeneba da aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba adamianis gonivruli Carevis
gareSe praqtikulad SeuZlebelia.
saqarTveloSi tyeebis gaSeneba XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde fragmentul
xasiaTs atarebda. am saqmes ZiriTadad calkeuli enTuziastebi awarmoebdnen.
tyeebis gaSenebis samuSaoebis moculoba mniSvnelovnad 50-iani wlebidan
gaizarda da 80-ian wlebSi piks miaRwia. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amavdroulad
gaizarda gaSenebul tyis kulturaTa mravalferovnebac, romelic 40-mde
sxvadasxva Zvirfas merqnian saxeobas moicavda. gaSenebul wiwvianebs Soris
yvelaze meti xvedriTi wili modioda fiWvze, xolo farTofoTlovanebidan _
Cveulebriv ifanze, akaciaze, nekerCxalze, wablsa da kakalze.
Soreul warsulSi qveyanaSi satyeo-sakulturo fondi mxolod Ria utyeo
farTobebiT isazRvreboda. yuradReba ar eqceoda dabali sixSiris koromebis
aRdgenas, rac gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom ar iyo SemuSavebuli aseTi koromebis
gaSenebis agrowesebi. amasTanave, tyis aRdgenis es meTodebi rTul da
Sromatevad
samuSaoebTan
aris
dakavSirebuli.
bolo
aTwleulebidan
moyolebuli ki satyeo-sakulturo fondi Ria utyeo farTobebTan erTad
moicavs gameCxerebul koromebsac. am periodidan mkveTrad gaizarda dabali
sixSiris koromebis saburvelqveS tyis kulturebis gaSeneba-rekonstruqciis
masStabebi.
60
amrigad, saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi tyeebis
araswori eqspluataciis miuxedavad XX saukunis Sua xanebidan warmatebiT
mimdinareobda tyis gaSeneba-aRdgenis sakmaod didi moculobis samuSaoebi.
Tumca, 1990 wlidan tyis kulturebisa da erozirebul farTobebze dacviTi
tyis nargaobebis gaSenebis dinamika mkveTrad klebulobs, rac ZiriTadad
gamowveuli iyo qveyanaSi mZime politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobiT.
sayuradReboa, rom Tu 1990 wels mTlianad saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo
daniSnulebis tyeebSi tyis aRdgena ganxorcielda 28771 heqtar farTobze,
1998 wlisaTvis es maCvenebeli 4728 ha-mde Semcirda. analogiurad, Tu 1990
wels saxelmwifo daniSnulebis tyeebSi tyis Tesva da dargva ganxorcielda
5071 ha-ze, 1998 wlisaTvis es maCvenebeli 409ha-mde Semcirda. warmatebiT arc
tyis bunebrivi ganaxlebisaTvis xelSemwyobi samuSaoebi mimdinareobda (ix.
danarTi 1, cxr. 20).
miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, saqarTvelos prezidentis 1996 wlis 16
dekembris #604 brZanebulebis Sesabamisad yovelwliurad tardeba gamwvanebagatyevebis erTTviurebi
2000 wels saqarTvelos satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamentis
saqveuwyebo dawesebulebebis ZalisxmeviT (gegmis gareSe) saxelmwifo tyis
fondis miwebze gaSenda 250 ha tyis kulturebi, xolo bunebrivi ganaxlebis
xelSewyobis RonisZiebebi ki Catarda 840 ha farTobze (ix. cxrili 5.5).
satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamentma, 1997 wels SemuSavebuli
satyeo meurneobis seqtoris marTvis erovnuli strategiis Sesabamisad,
moamzada erovnuli sainvesticio programa "1998-2005w.w. saxelmwifo programa
satyeo meurneobis seqtoris aRdgenisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb",
romelic ZiriTad miznad isaxavs rigi aucilebeli savele samuSaoebis
Catarebas, kerZod ki, tyeebis gaSenebasa da aRdgenas. programaSi dasmuli
praqtikulad yvela amocana metad ambiciuria. mag: niadagebis eroziisagan
dacvis mizniT gaTvaliswinebulia tyis gaSeneba yovelwliurad saSualod 2300
ha-ze. samwuxarod, aRniSnulis realizacia Zalze SezRudulad mimdinareobs
saxsrebis simwiris gamo. ukanaskneli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi niadagebis
eroziisagan dacvis mizniT ar ganxorcielebula satyeo-samelioracio
samuSaoebi.
cxrili 5.5
tyis aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis Sesrulebis intensivoba
2000 wlisaTvis
tyis kulturebi
#
1
1
2
3
4
administraciuli
erTeuli
2
aWaris a/r
kaxeTi
samcxe-javaxeTi
mcxeTa-mTianeTi
gegma,
ha
3
_
_
_
_
Sesruleba,
ha
4
11.0
27.5
12.0
18.0
61
tyis bunebrivi ganaxlebis xelis Sewyoba
niadagis aCiCqvna
SeRobva
gegma,
Sesruleba,
gegma,
Sesruleba,
ha
ha
ha
ha
5
6
7
8
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
20.0
_
_
_
130.0
_
_
_
50.0
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
Sida qarTli
qvemo qarTli
imereTi
samegrelo, zemo
svaneTi
guria
raWa-leCxumi
3
_
_
_
_
4
18.0
38.5
59.7
43.0
5
_
_
_
_
6
_
_
_
_
7
_
_
_
_
8
60.0
50.0
22.0
130.0
_
_
5.0
17.0
_
_
_
_
_
_
158.0
220.0
sul:
_
249.7
_
_
_
840
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad saqarTvelos satyeo meurneobis
saxelmwifo departamentisa da mis sistemaSi myofi organizaciebis erT-erT
mTavar
funqcias
warmoadgens
tyeebis
dacva
mavnebel-daavadebebisagan,
xanZrebisagan da anTropogenuli movlenebisagan (tyeebis fizikuri dacva).
Tumca ukanasknel wlebSi qveyanaSi Seqmnilma mdgomareobam tyis dacvis muSakTa
ZiriTad funqciad aqcia tyis fizikuri dacva anTropogenuli faqtorebisagan,
kerZod, xe-tyis ukanono mompoveblebisagan, unebarTvo Zovebisagan da sxva.
saxelmwifo biujetidan saTanado dafinansebis miuReblobis gamo, mavnebeldaavadebebisa da xanZrebisagan tyeebi dasacavad aranairi profilaqtikuri da
brZolis RonisZieba ar ganxorcielebula. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli
RonisZiebebis gatareba sagrZnoblad Seamcirebda mavnebel-daavadebebs, xanZrebs
da maT mier tyeze miyenebul zians, romelic sakmaod mniSvnelovania (1999wels
tyis xanZris xuT SemTxvevaSi zaralma Seadgina 14773 lari).
qveyanaSi ar aris SemuSavebuli xe-tyis nedleulis saTbobad gamoyenebis
sxva alternatiuli nedleuliT (qvanaxSiri, torfi, bunebrivi gazi da sxva)
Secvlis erovnuli programa. amas emateba energoresursebis krizisi,
mosaxleobis dabali msyidvelobiTi unari, amitom mTeli datvirTva,
gansakuTrebiT zamTris periodSi, tyeebze gadadis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1999-2000 wlebSi aRricxuli iqna ukanono Wrebi sul
75869 m3. samarTaldamcav organoebze gadacemulia 5627 oqmi, saidanac
ganxilulia 1024 oqmi (18%), ris gamoc gamovlenil damrRvevTa mier tyeze
miyenebuli zianidan (1670024 lari) anazRaurebulia mxolod 80418 lari
(5%), rac imas niSnavs, rom tyis ukanono mWrelebi dausjelni rCebian, xolo
tyeze miyenebuli ziani aunazRaurebelia.
dRemde ar ganxorcielebula saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba
“saqarTvelos respublikis sakolmeurneo da municipaluri tyeebis Sesaxeb”,
(7.03.95w. #671-II), romliss safuZvelzec yofili sakolmeurneo tyeebi,
romelTa mTliani farTobi 516,5 aTas ha Seadgens da qveynis tyis fondis
saerTo farTobis 17,3%-ia, unda gadacemoda satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo
departaments. aRniSnuli tyeebi, kolmeurneobebisa da sazogadoebrivi
meurneobebis likvidaciis gamo, sruliad daucvelni aRmoCndnen. xe-tyis
resursebze arsebuli deficitis da samomxmareblo bazarze masze mzardi
moTxovnilebis pirobebSi am tyeebSi ganukiTxavad mimdinareobs xe-tyis
62
intensiuri damzadeba-realizacia.
tyeebis dacvas ukanono xelyofisagan arTulebs merqnis gadasamuSavebeli
saamqroebis (saxerxebis) katastrofuli zrda, romelTa saqmianobis sfero
regulirdeba saqarTvelos kanoniT “samewarmeo saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb” da
maTi Seqmna da likvidacia ganekuTvneba mxolod sasamarTlos prerogativas.
arasruli monacemebiT, qveyanaSi 700-ze meti sxvadasxva tipis merqnis
gadasamuSavebeli saxerxia, saidanac umravlesoba kustaruli tipisaa da
arakanonierad moqmedebs. xe-tyis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis funqcionirebis
sakiTxSi wesrigis damyareba u zrunvelyofs saxelmwifo biujetSi soliduri
Semosavlebis mozidvasa da qveyanaSi ekologiuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
tyeebis dacvas ukanono xelyofisagan arTulebs isic, rom tyis dacvis
muSakTa ricxovnoba kadrebis saerTo Semcirebis RonisZiebebis Sedegad
ramdenjerme Semcirda. Tu adre tyis erT mcvelze mimagrebuli farTobi
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi 400-500 heqtars Seadgenda,
dReisaTvis saqarTvelos satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamentis sistemis
satyeo meurneobebSi erT tyis mcvels, romelic aranormirebuli samuSao dRis
pirobebSi ar aris uzrunvelyofili transportiT, formis tansacmliT,
iaraRiTa da kavSirgabmulobis saSualebebiT, dasacavad mimagrebuli aqvs 15002000 heqtari tye.
aqve unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom saqarTveloSi tyis resursebi 4
uwyebis mflobelobaSia. tyis fondis aRricxvis 1995 wlis monacemebiT,
satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamentis gamgeblobaSi imyofeboda tyis
fondis miwebis 74,8% (2235,5 aTasi ha), soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis
saministros gamgeblobaSi – 17,3% (516,5 aTasi ha), daculi teritoriebis,
nakrZalebisa
da
samonadireo
meurneobis
saxelmwifo
departamentis
gamgeblobaSi – 7.5% (224480 ha) da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis v.
gulisaSvilis sax. samTo metyeveobis institutis gamgeblobaSi – 1,8%, anu
54,7 aTasi ha tye.
aRniSnuli
tyeebis
erTmflobelobaSi
moqceva
mniSvnelovnad
gaaumjobesebda tyeebis dacvas.
63
Tavi 6
cxovelTa samyaro
1. qveynis teritoriaze mobinadre cxovelTa samyaros
saerTo mdgomareoba
erovnul moxsenebaSi warmodgenili masala saqarTvelos teritoriaze
mobinadre cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb moicavs maT saerTo mdgomareobas,
gavrcelebis areals, raodenobriv da Tvisobriv cvlilebebs, cvlilebaTa mizezebs, mdgomareobaTa gasaumjobesebel RonisZiebebs, XX saukunis bolosaTvis.
Seswavlili masalebidan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo fitoplanqtons, zooplanqtons, zoobenToss (kibosnairebidan Savi zRvisaTvis axal
saxeobas), obobebs, qerclfrTianebs, sifrifanafrTianebs, mtknari da Savi zRvis
Tevzebs, amfibiebs, reptiliebs, ZuZumwovrebs da frinvelebs.
teqstSi saxeobaTa dasaxelebebi ZiriTadad moyvanilia laTinurad.
fitoplanqtoni Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT raionSi gansxvavdeba
sezonuri SemadgenlobiT da gamoirCeva dominanturi jgufis simravliT.
ZiriTadad fitoplanqtoni Tavmoyrilia wylis 10m siRrmis horizontSi, ufro
Rrmad fitoplanqtonis biomasas qmnis peridineebisa da diatomebis didi zomis
formebi.
zooplanqtoni
wylis
ekosistemis
SedarebiT
mobilur
elements
warmoadgens. misi mdgomareoba uSualodaa damokidebuli sxvadasxva biotur da
abiotur faqtorebze. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda
zooplanqtonze anTropogenuri zemoqmedeba. zooplanqtonis formirebaSi
srulad aisaxeba zRvis biotopis Taviseburebani. amitom zooplanqtonis
monitoringi zRvis garemos kompleqsuri monitoringis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
elementia.
arsebuli monacemebi Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiro wylebis
zooplanqtonis Sesaxeb sakmaod mwiria. ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia Semdegi rva
saxeoba: Acartia clausi giesbr, Oitonana giesbr., Paracalanus parvus glans, Pseudocalanus
elong, Oitonana similis glans, Herpacticidae g.sp., Centropages kroeri giesbr., Nauplii
copepoda.
zoobenTosi qarTvel mecnierTa mier saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiros
ekosistemis yvelaze kargad Seswavlili komponentia. fskeridan mopovebul
nimuSebSi gamovlenilia zoobenTosis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali 128 saxeoba,
romlebic Semdeg jgufebSi erTiandeba: poliqetebi _ 60 saxeoba, moluskebi _
42 saxeoba, kibosnairebi _ 19 saxeoba da sxva 7 saxeoba. zoobenTosis
dominanturi, iSviaTi da ucxo saxeobebi mocemulia cxr. 6.1.
64
cxrili 6.1
zoobenTosis dominanturi, iSviaTi da ucxo saxeobebi
saxeobaTa
raodenoba
poliqetebi
60
kibosnairebi
19
moluskebi
42
sxva
7
dominanturi saxeobebi
1.Nephthys longicornis
2. Glycera capitata
3. Prionospio cirrifera
4. Mellinna palmata
5. Aricidea jeffreysii
6. Magelona rosea
7. Terebellides stroemi
8. Nereis succinea
9. Prionospio maimgreni
10.Ancistrosyllis tentaculata
1. Callianassa trumcata
2. C. pestai
3. Balanus improvisus
1. Chamelea gallina
2.Mytilus galloprovincialis
3. Mytilaster lineata
4. Rapana tomasiana
5. Modiolus phaseolinus
6. Donax semi-striatus
7. D. trunculus
8. Pitar rudis
Ophiudorea
Amphiura stepanovi
iSviaTi saxeobebi
SemTxveviTi
saxeobebi
ucxo saxeobebi
Eteone
siphonodonta
Nainereis laevigata
Phyillodoce nana
Ancistrosyllis
tentaculata
Magelona
papillicornis
Eteone
siphonodonta
Streblospio shr
bsolii
Glycera capitata
Apseudopsis
ostroumovi
Caprella
acantifera variabilis
Cyclope donovani
Bela nebula
1.Callianassa
truncata
2.C. pestai
Rapana
tomasiana
Cylichinina
strigella
Hypanis
anqusticostata
Pronoritula
westerlundi
bolo wlebis monacemebiT yuradsaRebia Sav zRvaSi gavrcelebuli axali
saxeoba _ amerikuli cisferi kiborCxala (Calinestes sapidus Ratkbum). igi
amerikaSi iTvleba Zvirfas sakveb produqtad. 9 wlis win foTsa da baTumSi
mecnierebis mier (SaverdaSvili, ninua 1992) daWerili iqna misi mwarmoeblebi
(ΕΓ), romelTac milionamde qviriTi aRmoaCndaT. 1998-1999 wlebSi q. foTSi
Casadgmel badeebze 1m2-ze gaxlarTuli aRmoCnda am saxeobis axalgazrda Taobis
800-1000 egzemplari. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom 5-10 weliwadSi amerikuli
cisferi kiborCxala saqarTvelos wylebSiac gaxdes sarewao obieqti.
obobebs (Aranei) uxerxemlo cxovelTa Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
adgili ukavia. cxovelTa es jgufi saqarTvelos faunis gansakuTrebuli
nawilia da sakmao nairgvarobiT gamoirCeva.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze registrirebulia obobebis 362 saxeoba,
romlebic erTiandebian 166 gvarsa da 27 ojaxSi. saqarTvelos faunisaTvis
pirvelad aRniSnulia obobebis 226 saxeoba, xolo 34 saxeoba da 3 qvesaxeoba
axalia mecnierebisaTvis.
obobebis rig saxeobebs garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs Caisa da
citrusovanTa mavne mwerebis masobrivi formebis SezRudvis saqmeSi. am mxriv
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos Agelena taurica, Agelena labyrithica, Araneus
diadematus, Argiope bruennichi da sxva.
65
bolo wlebSi obobebi aRmoCenilia wiwvovan mcenareTa qerqis qveS, iq
sadac Cveulebriv Tavs iyrian lafanWamiebis matlebi da xerxiebi. am
SemTxvevaSi obobebi maT bunebriv mtrebs warmoadgenen.
aRsaniSnavia saqarTveloSi Sxamiani obobebis yarayurtisa (Latrodectus
Tredecimguttatus) da
tarantulis
gavrceleba. yarayurtis
gavrceleba
saqarTveloSi pirvelad dadgenili iqna gorSi, kvernakis samxreT ferdobze,
aseve aspinZaSi 1200 metr simaRleze subalpur saZovrebze. rusuli tarantuli
“mgel-oboba” (Lycosa singoriensis) gvxvdeba Tbilisis zRvis midamoebSi, xolo
Lycosa vultuosa gvxvdeba kus tbis midamoebSi.
rigi peplebi, qerclfrTianebi (Lepidoptera) _ yuradRebas iqceven Tavisi
mravalricxovnobiT (100000-ze meti saxeoba), ris gamoc mniSvnelovan rols
asruleben zogadbiologiuri procesebis daregulirebis saqmeSi. dReisaTvis
msxvili peplebis (Macrolepidoptera) 31 ojaxidan saqarTveloSi aRricxulia
2000-mde saxeoba, maT Soris mravali endemi, reliqti da iSviaTi saxeobaa.
aRsaniSnavia, rom peplebs Soris aris rogorc sasargeblo (abreSumis Wia,
specialuri dammtverianeblebi), aseve mavne (uaryofiTi sameurneo mniSvnelobis)
Ramis saxeobebi, romelTa masobrivi gamravleba did zarals ayenebs qveynis
ekonomikas (mRrRneli xvatarebi, cqvlefia da mezamTre mzomela). amitom
peplebi moiTxoven Rrma Seswavlas da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi dacvas.
es problema gansakuTrebuli seriozulobiT dgas dRes, rodesac adamianma
Tavisi mravalmxrivi moqmedebiT aiTvisa qveynis didi teritoria, daarRvia
bunebrivi ekosistemebi, riTac didad Seamcira an gaqrobis gzaze daayena
qerclfrTianebis iSviaTi warmomadgenlebi. amasTan, peplebisadmi yovelTvis
didi iyo interesi koleqcionerebis, romlebic yvelanair meTodebs (Zlieri
ganaTeba da sxvadasxva wyaroebi) iyeneben maTi masobrivi WerisaTvis.
gansakuTrebiT es exeba iSviaT, naklebSeswavlil, endemur da reliqtur
saxeobebs.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli dRisa da Ramis peplebis zogierTi saxeobebis
gavrcelebis areali, biotopi da statusi ixileT danarTi 1, cxr. 21.
sifrifanafrTianebis rigi sayuradReboa saxeobaTa mravalricxovnebiT.
maTgan aRsaniSnavia zeojaxi futkrisnairebi (Apoidea). am zeojaxidan
saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba 298 saxeoba.
futkrisnairebi sasargeblo mwerTa jgufs miekuTvneba. isini jvaredini
dammtverianeblebia, rogorc velurad mozard, ise kulturul mcenareTa
yvavilebisa.
saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli
futkrisnairebi
ojaxebis
mixedviT
Semdegnairad aris warmodgenili. ojaxi Andrenidae _ 68 saxeoba, ojaxi
Halictidae _ 63 saxeoba, ojaxi Megachilidae _ 55 saxeoba, ojaxi Anthophoridae
_ 70 saxeoba, xolo ojaxi Apidae _ 42 saxeoba.
saqarTveloSi futkrisnairTa faunaSi aRiniSneba rogorc endemebi, aseve
evropuli, Sua aziuri, yazaxuri, iranuli warmoSobis saxeobebi. xmelTaSuazRviseuli _ saqarTveloSi 10 saxeobaa warmodgenili, aRmosavlur evropulyazaxuri 6 saxeobiT, amierkavkasiur-Suaaziuri 6 saxeobiT, iranul-Suaaziuri
ki 1 saxeoba.
reliqtebi saqarTveloSi Anthophoridae-s ojaxidan tropikuli jgufis 2
saxeobiTaa warmodgenili: Xylocopa valga Gerst, Xylocopa violacea L.
66
gavrcelebulia rogorc did, ise mcire kavkasionze da aseve saqarTvelos
ukidures aRmosavleT nawilSi, Xylocopa violacea L. _ xmelTaSuazRviseuli
saxeobaa, romelic sakmaod mcirericxovania da saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba did da
mcire kavkasionze.
saqarTvelos mtknar wylebSi gavrcelebulia Tevzebis 100-mde saxeoba.
amaTgan kaspiis zRvis auzSi binadrobs 29 saxeoba, romelTagan 17 gvxvdeba Savi
zRvis auzSic. 12 adgilobrivi saxeoba gvxvdeba mtkvris auzSi. garda
adgilobrivi formebisa saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia 9 introducirebuli
saxeoba, 2 maTgani tbebsa da wyalsatevebSi gvxvdeba saqarTvelos mTel
teritoriaze, xolo danarCeni _ 7 aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli.
regionis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani
saxeobebi: md. mtkvris xeobidan xramuli – Varicorhinus capoëta (Güldenstädt),
barbusebi _ Barbus tauricus escherichi Steindachner; B. lacerta cyri Filippi; B. capito
(Güldenstadt), B. mursa (Güldenstadt); kobri (goWa) _ Cyprinus carpio L.; md.
alaznidan Cveulebrivi loqo _ Silurus glanis L.; md. rionidan – Cveulebrivi
loqo Silurus glanis L., kefalebi _ Mugil aurtatus Risso, M. so-iuy Basilewsky; Savi
zRvis zuTxisnairTa xuTive saxeoba: Huso huso (L.), Acipenser sturio L., A.
güldenstadti colchicus V. Marti, A. nudiventris Lovetzky, A. stellatus Pallas; qaSayebi _
Alosa spp., kobri (goWa) _ Cyprinus carpio L., kaparWina _ Abramis brama L;
jandaris, kumisisa da samxreT-aRmosavleTis sxva tbebidan kobri (goWa) _
Cyprinus carpio Linne, Cveulebrivi sqelSubla _ Hypophtalmichthys molitrix
(Valensiennes), TeTri amuri _ Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valensiennes).
saqarTvelos wyalsatevebSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli introducirebuli
karasi (Carassius carassius), romelic uaryofiT zegavlenas axdens adgilobriv
saxeobebze.
mtknari
wylis
Tevzebis
mravalferovnebis
Semcireba
ZiriTadad
gamowveulia wylis dabinZurebisa da aralegaluri TevzWeriT.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli mtknari wylis Tevzebis sarewao mniSvneloba,
gavrcelebis areali, statusi da malimitirebeli faqtorebi ixileT danarTi 1
cxr. 22.
saqarTvelos Savi zRvis iqTiofauna metad Taviseburi da mravalferovania,
rac ganisazRvreba sanapiro zolis zoogeografiuli, wylis bioqimiuri da
zRvis fskeris biocenozis TaviseburebebiT. am nawilSi binadrobs da zamTrobs
Savi zRvis TiTqmis yvela saxeoba rogorc Tevzis, aseve uxerxemlo
cxovelebis.
Sav zRvaSi dReisaTvis binadrobs Tevzis 180-mde saxeoba, aqedan 112
saxeoba xmelTaSua zRvidanaa Semosuli, 37 ki mtknari wylis Tevzebia.
Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiro zolSi ganlagebulia 3 produqtiuli
TavTxeli: baTumis, foTi-anakliisa da gudauTa-oCamCiris. warsulSi samive
TavTxeli
ganTqmuli
iyo
Tevzis
raodenobrivi
da
Tvisobrivi
mravalferovnebiT.
baTumis TavTxelSi Warbobda zRvis lokaluri saxeobebi. dReisaTvis igi
saxeobrivad gaRaribda da sarewao Tevzebidan Semoifargla qafSiiT. wina
wlebTan SedarebiT Zalian mcire raodenobiT iWeren Sprots, xonTqaras,
kambala-kalkans, merlangs, katrans. arasarewao Tevzebidan gvxvdeba: zRvis
zRarbi, mela, kata, Zroxa, mwvanula (iSviaTad), Rorjoebi, mercxala da sxva.
67
foTi-anakliis TavTxeli SedarebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSia, rogorc
saxeobrivi, ise raodenobrivi da Tvisobrivi SemadgenlobiT. aq binadrobs,
nasuqobs da zamTrobs TiTqmis yvela sarewao da arasarewao Tevzi:
zuTxisnairni (5 saxeoba), oraguli, stavrida, kefali (2 saxeoba), skumbria,
qafSia, gorbila (2 saxeoba), kambala (2 saxeoba), qacviani zvigeni – katrani,
Sproti, xonTqara da sxva. es raioni aseve mdidaria mcenareebiTa da uxerxemlo
cxovelebiT (moluskebi, Rortavebi, balanusebi, qironomidebi, kibosnairebi da
sxva), rac bunebriv sakvebs warmoadgens aq gavrcelebuli iqTiofaunisaTvis.
aqac TiTqmis yvela saxeobam dakarga saxelmwifosaTvis sarewao mniSvneloba.
gamonaklisia qafSia, nawilobriv merlangi, kambala, xonTqara da kefali,
romelTa raodenobrivi maCveneblebi wina wlebTan SedarebiT Zlier Semcirda.
gudauTa-oCamCiris TavTxelze bolo wlebis monacemebi ar arsebobs. igi
iyo xamanwkebis, kibosnairebis da moluskebis biotopi.
Savi zRvis sarewao Tevzebis gavrcelebis areali, statusi da
malimitirebeli faqtorebi mocemulia danarTi 1, cxr. 23.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia amfibiebis (Amphibia) 13 saxeoba: 9 ukudo
(Anura) da 4 kudiani (Urodela).
ukudo amfibiebidan saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba: gombeSosnairebis (Bufonidae)
ojaxidan _ kolxuri gombeSo (Bufo verrucosissimus) da mwvane gombeSo (Bufo
viridis); vasakasebrTa (Hylidae) ojaxidan _ Cveulebrivi vasaka (H.arborea) da
mcireaziuri vasaka (H.savignyi); myvarisebrTa (Pelobatidae) ojaxidan _ siriuli
myvari (Pelobates syriacus); jvrianasebrTa (Pelodytidae) ojaxidan _ kavkasiuri
jvriana (Pelodytes caucasicus); bayayisebrTa (Ranidae) ojaxidan _ amirkavkasiuri
bayayi (R. camerani = cameranoi), mcireaziuri bayayi (R.. macroenemis) da tbis
bayayi (R. ridibunda).
kudiani amfibiebidan (Urodela) saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba: salamandrasebrTa
(Salamandridae) ojaxidan: kavkasiuri salamandra anu unaxvela (Mertensiella
caucasica) da tritonebis gvaris sami saxeoba: savarcxliani tritoni (T.
crustatus), mcireaziuri tritoni (T.vittatus) da Cveulebrivi tritoni
(T.vulgaris).
saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi Setanilia amfibiaTa Semdegi saxeobebi:
kavkasiuri salamandra (Mertensiella cavcasica), mcireaziuri tritoni (Triturus
vittatus ophriticus) da kavkasiuri jvriana (Pelodates caucasicus). dReisaTvis maT
populaciebs safrTxe ar emuqreba.
amfibiaTa saxeobrivi mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan
habitats warmoadgens mTlianad kolxeTis tyeebi. garda amisa, gansakuTrebiT
Tavisebur habitats warmoadgens gardabnis veli da ioris qvedaweli.
lagodexis nakrZali, borjomis xeoba da mesxeTis qedis dasavleTi nawili,
baTumis midamoebi.
reptiliebi (Reptilia) _ saqarTvelos reptiliebis umetesoba ekuTvnis,
aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis regions. saqarTvelos teritoriaze
gavrcelebulia sul cota 54 saxeoba. maT Sorisaa sami saxeobis ku (ori
ojaxis sami gvari); 28 saxeobis xvliki (6 ojaxis 10 gvari) da 23 saxeobis
gveli (4 ojaxis 10 gvari).
68
kuTa rigidan (Testudinata) aRsaniSnavia wylis kuTa ojaxi (Emydidae),
romelSic Sedis Waobis ku (Emys orbicularis) da kaspiuri (kiserzoliani) ku
(Mauremys caspica). xmeleTis kuTa ojaxSi (Testudinidae) Sedis xmeleTis
(Cveulebrivi) kus (Testudo graeca) ori qvesaxeoba: iberiuli (Cveulebrivi) ku
(T. g. ibera) da kolxeTis anu nikolskis ku (T. g. nikolskii).
xvlikebis rigidan (Lacertilia) aRsaniSnavia jojosebrni (Agamidae): kavkasiuri
jojo (Laudakia caucasia =Agama caucasica); boxmeWasebrni (Anguidae): boxmeWa anu
zloki (Anguis fragilis), gvelxokera (Ophisaurus apodus), qameleonisebrni
(Chamaeleonidae): Cveulebrivi qameleoni (Chamaeleo chamaeleon); gekonisebrTa
ojaxi (Gekkonidae): kaspiuri gekoni (Tenuidactylus caspius); sakuTriv xvlikebis
ojaxi (Lacertidae): Wreli fseeni (Eremias arguta), mardi fseeni (E. velox); mardi
xvliki (Lacerta agilis), didi mwvane anu samzoliani xvliki (L. trlineata media),
zolebiani xvliki (L. strigata), fsvliki (Darevskia =Lacerta (Archaeolacerta)):
somxuri fsvliki (Darevskia armeniaca), kavkasiuri fsvliki (D. caucasica),
Turquli fsvliki (D. clarcorum), dalis fsvliki (D.dahli), arTvinis anu
deriuginis fsvliki (D. derjugini), aWaruli anu mesxeTis fsvliki (D. mixta),
wiTelmucela fsvliki (D. parvula), porCinskis anu mtkvrispireTis fsvliki (D.
portschinskii), mdelos fsvliki (D. praticola), rades anu azerbaijanuli fsvliki (D.
raddei), qarTuli fsvliki (D. rudis), kldis fsvliki (D. saxioola), TeTrmucela
fsvliki (D. unisexualis), valentinis fsvliki (D. valentini), koxta gvelTava
(Ophisops elegans). misnasebrTa anu scinkisebrTa ojaxi (Scincidae): juja misna
(Ablepharus pannonicus), grZelfexa misna anu grZelfexa scinki (Eumeces
schneideri).
gvelebis rigidan (Ophidia) saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba: maxrCobelasebrTa ojaxi
(Boidae), kerZod, mgudavebis qveojaxi (Erycinae): dasavleTis mgudavi (Eryx
jaculus); ankarasebrni (Colubridae): wiTelmucela mcuravi (Coluber schmidti),
wengosferi mcuravi (C. najadum), Wreli mcuravi (C. ravergieri); spilenZa
(Coronella austriaca); sayeloiani eirenisi (Eirenis collaris), wynari eirenisi (E.
modestus); laqebiani anu saxeebiani mZromi (Elaphe dione), amierkavkasiuri mZromi
(E. hohenackeri), eskulapis gveli anu grZeli mZromi (E. longissima), palasis
mZromi anu xaliCovani mZromi (E. quatuorlineata sauromates); xvlikiWamia gveli
(Malpolon monspessulanus), Cveulebrivi ankara (Natrix natrix), wylis ankara (N.
tessellata), kolxuri anu Savi ankara (N. megalocephala); katisTvala gveli (T.
fallax); gvelbrucasebrTa ojaxi (Typhlopidae): gvelbruca (T. vermicularis);
gvelgeslasebrTa ojaxi (Viperidae): giurza (Vipera lebetina), dinikis gvelgesla
(V. dinniki), kavkasiuri gvelgesla anu kaznakovis gvelgesla (V. kaznakovi), velis
gvelgesla (V. ursini), cxvirrqosani gvelgesla (V. ammodytes).
reptiliebis mravalferovnebis Semcirebis procesi yvelaze metad samxreTaRmosavleT saqarTveloSi SeiniSneba. reptiliebis xmelTaSua-zRvispireTis
kompleqsma nel-nela samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken gadainacvla. ramdenime saxeobis
reptiliis areali, mag. Daboia lebetina, Eumeces schneideri da sxva – 10-15 wlis
win Tbiliss uaxlovdeboda, axla ki arealebi samxreTiskenaa gadanacvlebuli.
amis ZiriTadi mizezi habitatebis degradaciaa, Tumca mxedvelobaSi unda
miviRoT arealis periferiis fenomenic.
69
wvrili ZuZumwovrebi. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia wvrili ZuZumwovrebis
4 rigis 79 saxeoba: mweriWamiebi 10 saxeoba; xelfrTianebi 29 saxeoba,
mRrRnelebi 39 saxeoba, kurdRlisnairebis 1 saxeoba.
dReisaTvis yvelaze kargad Seswavlilia iseTi mRrRnelebi, rogorebic
arian velisa da saxlis Tagvi, tyis Tagvebi, amierkavkasiuri zazuna, aseve
sazogadoebrivi da Cveulebrivi memindvriebi. mweriWamiebidan Seswavlilia
kbilTeTrebi da bigebi.
mcire an izolirebuli subpopulaciebidan aRsaniSnavia wiTuri memindvria
(Clerthrionomys glareolus) mesxeTis qedis subpopulacia, romelic kavkasiaSi
cnobili erTaderTi subpopulaciaa; amierkavkasiuri zazuna (Meocricetus brandti)
Sida qarTlis subpopulacia. amJamad Semcirebulia raodenobrivad da
teritoriulad izolirebulia samxreT saqarTvelos ZiriTadi arealisagan.
promeTes memindvria (Prometheomys schaposchnikovi) mesxeTis qedis subpopulacia
izolirebulia didi kavkasionis ZiriTadi populaciisagan da SesaZloa jer
kidev 80-ian wlebSi gadaSenda. nutriis (Myocastor coypus) _ md. mtkvris
subpopulacia, romlebic intensiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis gamo
Zireulad
transformirdeba,
neringis
brucas
(Nannospalax nehringi)
saqarTvelos subpopulacias saxeobis msoflio arealis ukiduresi CrdiloeTi
nawili ukavia. igi javaxeTis zeganis kultivirebul teritoriebze binadrobs
da praqtikulad nadgurdeba fermerebis mier rogorc soflis meurneobis
mavnebeli, imier kavkasiuri zazunas (Mesocricetus raddei) gavrcelebis areali
saqarTvelos mxolod mcire nawils moicavs. igi gvxvdeba didi kavkasionis
CrdiloeT ferdobze, piriqiTa xevsureTis maRal mTianeTSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia msxvili ZuZumwovrebis 3 rigis 30 saxeoba
(mtaceblebi, wyvilCliqosnebi, veSapisnairebi).
ukanaskneli 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos faunis mtaceblebisa da
Cliqosnebis ricxovnoba saSualod 60%-iT daeca. faunis warmomadgenelTa da
maTi saarsebo garemos dRes arsebuli mdgomareoba SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc
ekologiuri katastrofis winaSe myofi. amas ganapirobebs ori ZiriTadi mizezi:
katastroful doneze miRweuli brakonieroba da adamianis mier cxovelTa
saarsebo garemos mospoba (tyis ukanono Cexva).
ricxovnobis klebis fonze ganviTarda kidev erTi, metad arasasurveli
procesi _ saxeobaTa arealis fragmentireba. aRniSnulis garda mTlianad
Sewyda migraciis procesi suramis qedze, romelic erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi
damakavSirebeli gzaa saqarTvelos faunis warmomadgenelTa CrdiloeTisa da
samxreTis subpopulaciebs Soris.
samwuxarod araviTari mniSvnelovani praqtikuli RonisZieba ar tardeba
brakonierobis aRsakveTad. movlenebis SemdgomSic aseTive ganviTarebis
SemTxvevaSi, 3-4 wlis ganmavlobaSi, saqarTvelo sabolood dakargavs veluri
msxvili ZuZumwovrebis 50-60%-s.
1999 wels mtacebel da Cliqosan ZuZumwovrebze kvlevebi da aRricxvebi
Catarda Semdeg obieqtebze: borjom-xaragaulis erovnul parkSi, lagodexis,
axmetis, vaSlovanis da sxva nakrZalebSi, agreTve 4 aRkveTilSi gardabnis,
yorulis, ioris da WaWunis.
70
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli mtacebeli da Cliqosani ZuZumwovrebis
gavrcelebis areali, ricxovnoba, biotopi, statusi da malimitirebeli
faqtorebi ixileT danarTi 1, cxr. 24.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia frinvelebis 300-mde saxeoba. aseTi mcire
teritoriis qveynisaTvis es sakmaod maRali maCvenebelia. frinvelTa saxeobebis
mravalferovneba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia
mravali tipis ekosistema, dawyebuli maRali mTebiT da damTavrebuli
subtropikebiTa da ariduli zonebiT. Aam 300 saxeobidan daaxloebiT naxevari
migrirebad saxeobebs warmoadgenen, romelTaTvisac mniSvnelovan dasasvenebel
da dasazamTrebel adgils warmoadgens kolxeTis dablobi (sanapiro zolisa da
paliastomis tbis CaTvliT) da javaxeTis zeganis tbebis sistema. savaraudoa,
rom migraciis dros am midamoebSi 100_ze meti saxeobis frinveli mofrinavs.
mravali migrirebadi saxeoba Setanilia migrirebadi saxeobebis dacvis
konvenciis (CMS – bonis konvencia) … da II danarTSi da afroevraziuli
migrirebadi wylis frinvelebis dacvis (AEWA) SeTanxmebaSi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia bunebis dacvis msoflio kavSiris wiTel
wignSi (IUCN Red List,1996) Setanili 12 saxeoba, 52 saxeoba safrTxis winaSe
imyofeba, romelTaganac 8 kritikuli safrTxis winaSea (kategoria CR) da 11
gadaSenebis piras imyofeba (kategoria EN). maTi dacvisa da aRdgenisaTvis
specialuri zomebis miRebaa saWiro,
maT Soris ex-situ konservaciisa da
reintroduqciis CaTvliT.
frinvelTa mravali saxeoba (Galiformes, Anseriformes da sxva) unebarTvo
nadirobis obieqts warmoadgens da am mxriv isini garkveuli safrTxis winaSe
imyofebian. maTi dacvisa da mdgradi gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelia daculi
teritoriebis da samonadireo meurneobebis Camoyalibeba.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul frinvelTa zogierTi saxeobebis gavrcelebis
areali, statusi, ixileT danarTi 1, cxr. 25.
2. endemuri, iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras myofi
faunis warmomadgenlebi
saqarTvelos obobebis saerTo raodenobidan gamoiyofa 5 kosmopolituri
da 63 endemuri saxeoba. maT Soris saqarTvelos endemebia – 47 saxeoba,
kavkasiis – 12, xolo 4 amierkavkasiis. endemizmis didi procentiT gamoirCeva
ojaxebi: Dipluridae _ 3 saxeoba, Disderidae _ 15 saxeoba, Lycosidae _ 9 saxeoba,
Nesticidae _ 4 saxeoba, Thomisidae _ 12 saxeoba. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul
obobaTa endemuri saxeobebi ixileT danarTi 1, cxr. 26.
saqarTvelos futkrisnairTa faunaSi aRniSnulia rogorc iSviaTi, aseve
endemuri da reliqturi saxeobebi. yvelaze meti endemuri saxeobebiT ojaxi
Anthophoridae gamoirCeva. saqarTveloSi endemuri saxeobebi gvxvdeba qveynis
teritoriis Sua nawilSi, didi kavkasionis umetesad samxreT kalTebze,
zogierTi Crd. kalTebze da mcire kavkasionze. erTeulad mcxovrebi
futkrisnairTa endemebi binadroben mdeloebze, naxevarudabnoebsa da udabnoebSi,
71
gansxvavebiT sazogadoebrivad mcxovreb futkrisnairebis endemebisa, romlebic
gavrcelebuli arian tyeebSi, subalpur da alpur mdeloebze. erTeulad
mcxovrebi futkrebi gavrcelebis sixSiris TvalsazrisiT Zalian mcirericxovanni arian.
saqarTvelos futkrisnairTa endemebi, maTi gavrcelebis landSaftebis
mixedviT Semdegnairad SeiZleba davajgufoT: subalpur mdeloebze _ Panurginus
altocola, Rhophites caucasicus; naxevarudabnoebSi, velebze, mTis qserofitul
adgilebSi _ Panurginus punctiventris, Halictus truncaticollis, Tetralonia vicina;
aridul naTel tyeebSi _ Anthophora astragali, Anthophora robusta. subalpur da
alpur mdeloebSi _ Bombus simulatilis, Bombus velox, Bombus albopauperatus,
tyis zonaSi _ Bombus rehbinderi. CamoTvlil endemebs sxvadasxva kategoria
SeiZleba mivaniWoT _ zogierTi iSviaTia, zogic SedarebiT mravalricxovani;
Tumca naTelia, rom TiTqmis yvela dacvas saWiroebs. (ix. cxr. 6.2).
cxrili 6.2
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli futkrinisnairTa iSviaTi,
endemuri da reliqturi saxeobebi
#
saxeoba
1
1
2
iranuli bazi
Bombus persicus Rad, 1881
2
berZnuli bazi
Bombus vorticosus Gerst, 1872
velis didi bazi
Bombus fragrans (Pallas), 1771
bazi lezusi
Bombus leasus F.Mor, 1875
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
xavsis bazi
Bombus muscorum (Fabricius),
1775
Tixnaris bazi
Bombus argillaceus (Scopoli),
1763
somxuri bazi
Bombus armeniacus Rad, 1877
bazi simulanti
Bombus simulatilis Rad, 1888
zolebiani bazi
Bombus zonatus Smth,1854
gurzisebrulvaSiani
meliturga Melitturga
clavicornis (Latr), 1806
lamazi megaxile Megachile
rotundata (Fabricius), 1787
areali
biotopi
3
didi kavkasionis samxreT
kalTebi (xevsureTi, raWa) da
mcire kavkasioni (qvemo qarTli)
mcire kavkasioni (qvemo
qarTli)
mcire kavkasioni (Sida qarTli)
4
gvxvdeba gavelianebuli
mTis mdeloze
mcire kavkasioni (qvemo
qarTli) da didi kavkasionis
aR.nawili (kaxeTi)
qvemo qarTli
gvxvdeba velebsa da
mdeloebze, mindvrebsa da
agrocenozebSi
gavrcelebulia mdeloebsa
da mdinareebis xeobebSi
afxazeTi, mesxeT-javaxeTi,
qvemo qarTli, kaxeTi
didi kavkasioni (sevi, samxreT
oseTi) mcire kavkasioni (Sida
qarTli, mesxeTi)
mcire kavkasioni (javaxeTi)
mesxeTi, Sida qarTli
Sida qarTli, kaxeTi
72
gvxvdeba gavelianebuli
mTis mdeloze
gvxvdeba velebze
gvxvdeba velebze,
mTiswinebsa da xeobebis
biocenozebSi, aseve
baRebis, plantaciebsa da
entomofiluri mcenareebiT
warmodgenili mindvris
kulturebis agrocenozebSi
gvxvdeba velebsa da
mindvrebSi
gvxvdeba mTis mdeloebxe
statusi
5
II
kategoria
“ _ ”
“ _ ”
“ _ ”
“ _ ”
“ _ ”
“ _ ”
“ _ ”
gvxvdeba dablobebis
biocenozebSi da
gansakuTrebiT velebis
mTiswinebze
gvxvdeba velebsa da tyevelebze
binadrobs velisa da
tyevelis zonebSi
“ _ ”
“ _ ”
“ _ ”
1
12
13
2
xis mRrneli fukari
Xylocopa valga Gerstaesker,
1872
iisferi futkari Xylocopa
violaceae Linne, 1758
3
fSavi, raWa, kaxeTi, imereTi,
Sida da qvemo qarTli
4
binadrobs tyeebSi,
mdeloebze da baRebSi
afxazeTSi, imereTSi, mesxeTi,
Sida da qvemo qarTli
gavrcelebulia mdeloebze,
parkebsa da baRebSi,
xeobebis gavelianebul
ferdobebze
5
“ _ ”
“ _ ”
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli peplebis (Lepidoptera) saxeobebis 30%
reliqtebi, endemebi, subendemebi, samecniero Tu esTetikuri mniSvnelobis
iSviaTi warmomadgenlebia. maTgan Papilionidae-s ojaxidan, saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli Svidive saxeoba Setanili iyo sabWoTa kavSiris wiTel wignSi,
maTgan 2 endemia Parnassius nordmanni da Allancastria caucasica. saqarTvelos mTebis
subalpur da alpur mdeloebidan aRwerilia Paplio machaon kavkasiuri forma
ssp. rustaveli, romelic nominanturi saxeobisagan vizualurad zomis SedarebiT
simciriT, mkveTri konturebiT da Savi nafifqis siWarbiT gamoirCeva. Prnassius
apollo, romelsac 1996 wels bunebis dacvis msoflio kavSiris wiTeli nusxis
mixedviT miniWebuli aqvs kategoria _ mowyvladi. aqedan saqarTveloSi 2 qvesaxeobaa warmodgenili ssp.svaneticus (didi kavkasioni) da ssp. caucasicus (mcire
kavkasioni).
Pieridaes-s ojaxidan sabWoTa kavSiris wiTel wignSi Setanili iyo 5
saxeoba. maTgan kavkasiis endemia Colias caucasica, xolo amierkavkasiis _
Anthocharis gruneri.
ojaxis Satyridae warmomadgenlebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs
Erebia hewistoni. saxeoba aWaris mTebidan aris aRwerili da dRemde saqarTvelos
endemad iTvleba. am ojaxidan sabWoTa kavSiris wiTel wignSi Setanili iyo
meore iSviaTi saxeoba _ iranis endemi (E. iranica), romelic saqarTveloSi ori
endemuri qvesaxeobiT gvevlineba, esenia: ssp. caucasica (didi kavkasioni) da
ssp.transcaucasica (mcire kavkasioni).
Lycaenidae-s ojaxidan sabWoTa kavSiris wiTel wignSi saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli 4 saxeoba iyo Sesuli. maTgan endemia Tomares romanovi; am
jgufidan iSviaTobas warmoadgens
da lokaluri gavrcelebiT xasiaTdeba
amierkavkasiis subendemi Pseudothecla ledereri.
Ramis peplebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs miocenidan (mesameuli
periodi) SemorCenili ”cocxali namarxi” _ reliqti Brahmaea ledereri (ojaxi
Brahmaeidae). sabWoTa kavSiris wiTel wignSi pirveli kategoriiT iyo
Setanili. savaraudoa, rom Cveni saukunis bolos saxeoba gaqra. amis
sawinaaRmdego suraTs iZleva aseve mesameuli periodidan SemorCenili reliqti,
kavkasiis endemuri saxeoba Phasus schamuli, romelmac Brahmaea-sgan gansaxvavebiT
ara Tu Seimcira areali, aramed gaifarTova kidec da dReisaTvis kavkasiis
yelis mTeli Savi zRvispireTi daikava.
Saturniidae-s uZvelesi ojaxi saqarTveloSi 5 saxeobiTaa warmodgenili.
sabWoTa kavSiris wiTel wignSi Sesuli iyo mxolod erTi _ Eudia pavonia. amave
ojaxidan gansakuTrebulad unda aRiniSnos amierkavkasiis endemuri da metad
iSviaTi warmomadgeneli Saturnia cephalaria.
73
mecnieruli da istoriuli TvalsazrisiT saintereso jgufs warmoadgens
ojaxi Sphingidae. saqarTveloSi aRricxul 26 saxeobidan sabWoTa kavSiris
wiTel wignSi Setanili iyo 4, amaTgan endemuria Rethera komarovi.
Arctiidae-s ojaxidan Axiopoena maura warmoadgens reliqts, romlis adgil
samyofeli Savi zRvispireTis kirqviani mRvimeebia, xolo mTian mdeloebze
farTod aris gavrcelebuli kavkasiuri qvesaxeoba Parasemia plantaginis caucasica.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli Tevzebi Seicaven iseT saxeobebs, romlebic
endemizmis gansxvavebuli kategoriebiT xasiaTdebian _ mkveTrad gamoxatuli
endemuri saxeobebidan iseTi saxeobebis CaTvliT, romlebic msoflios
sxvadasxva kuTxeebSiac aris gavrcelebuli.
kavkasiuri endemebis raodenoba aRwevs 23%, aSkarad endemuri saxeobebidan
unda gamoiyos Semdegi: Leuciscus borysthenicus (Kessler) _ kavkasiuri qaSapis
monaTesave forma juja qaSapi, Alosa caspia paleostomi (Sadowsky) _ paliastomis
qaSayi, Chondrostoma colchicum (Kessler) Derjugin _ kolxuri tobi, Varicorhinus
sieboldi (Steindachner) _ kolxuri xramuli, Barbus mursa (Guldenstadt) _ murwa
(cimori), Chalcalburnus chalcoides derjugini (Berg) – baTumis Trisa, Samaia,
Alburnus charusini hohenackeri (Kessler) _ amierkavkasiuri TaRliTa, Blicca
bjoerkna (Linne) _ blika, Nemachilus angorae Steindachner _ angoruli goWala.
sainteresoa wveras sxvadasxva saxeobebis sakontaqto zonebis arseboba
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebis wylebSi. magaliTad, wveras sxvadasxva
saxeobebis (Barbus lacerta cyri Fillipi, B. cäpito (Güldenstädt) SesaZlo sakontaqto
adgilebi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebze hesebis aSenebis Semdeg ukve
SemCneulia sxvadasxva gardamavali formis warmoqmna.
kalmaxisnairebidan (Salmonidae) dasavleT saqarTvelos mdinareebSi binadrobs ori populacia: maRali mTis da Sua mTis.
didi Sidasaxeobrivi cvalebadobiT xasiaTdeba aseve kavkasiuri qaSapi –
Leuciscus cephalus orientalis Nordmann. mdinareebis zemo Cqar dinebebSi, dabali
temperaturis pirobebSi gvxvdeba qaSapis tipiuri qvesaxeoba, xolo ufro
qveviT binadrobs misi meore qvesaxeoba (rionis monakveTi – samtrediis
raionSi, sufsis qvemo dineba). morfologiuri niSan-Tvisebebis Sedareba
miuTiTebs kidev ramdenime gardamavali variantis arsebobas, rac aqtiuri
saxeobaTwarmoqmnis ucilobeli pirobaa.
rionsa da mis SenakadebSi gavrcelebulia endemizmis sxvadasxva doneebze
mdgari saxeobebi. morevis nafota _ Rutilus Friss (Nordmann) (rionisa da
cxeniswylis SesarTavebi), kolxuri tobi _ Chondrostoma colchicus cäpoeta
(Güldenstädt), kolxuri xramuli _ Varicorhinus sieboldi (Steindachner), wveras
erT-erTi qvesaxeoba – Barbus tauricus lscherichi (Steindachner) da Rorjos erTerTi qvesaxeoba warmoadgenen kolxur endemebs. eqvsi saxeoba mdinare mtkvris
endemia: Chondrostoma cyri Kessler – mtkvris tobi, Gobio persa (Gunter)_ mtkvris
cimori (fetvia, RomRoma, CoCia), Varicorhinus cäpoeta (Güldenstädt) _ xramuli,
lurja, kapoeta. Barbus lacerta cyri filippi – mtkvris wvera, B. mursa (Güldenstädt)
_ murwa, Namachilus brandti kessler _ mtkvris goWala. kidev ori saxeoba Barbus
mursa (Güldenstädt) da Alburnus filippi kessler aris kavkasiuri endemi.
zRvis saxeobis endemizmis zogadi modelebi, rogorc wesi ar arsebobs.
maT umravlesobas gaaCnia Sida wylebis formebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT didi
gavrcelebis areali, rac damokidebulia sicocxlis ciklze. aseTia 9 saxeoba:
74
Alosa caspia paleostomi (Sadowsky) _ paliastomis qaSayi, Alosa kessler pontica var _
qaSayi, Engraulis engrasicholus ponticus Aleksandrov _ Savi zRvis qafSia,
Benthophilus stellatus (Sauvage) _ varskvlavTmricxveli Tavkombala, Pomatoschistus
microps leopardinus (Nordmann) – Rorjo, Pomatoschistus caucasicus (Kawrajsky) Berg
– kavkasiuri pomatoSisti, Knipowitschia londicaudata (Kessler) – knipoviCis
kaWkaWa, Rorjo, Arnoglossus Kessleri Schmidt _ Savi zRvis kalkani, Syngnathus
schmidti Popov – pelagiuri nemsTevza.
gadaSenebis safrTixis winaSe myofi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani saxeobebia
zuTxisnairni, Savi zRvis oraguli da mdinaris kalmaxi.
Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi gavrcelebulia zuTxisnairTa 5
saxeoba: atlanturi zuTxi, foronji _ Acipenser sturio Linne, rusuli zuTxis
kolxuri qvesaxeoba _ Acipenser guldenstadti colchicus V. Marti, jarRala, foreji
_ Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky, taraRana _ Acipenser stellatus Pallas da svia –
Huso huso (Linne).
gvxvdeba agreTve, sparsuli zuTxis qvesaxeoba _ Acipenser Güldenstädti
persicus. kolxuri zuTxisagan gansxvavdeba feriT da zogierTi morfometriuli
monacemebiT. vfiqrobT igi Semoyvanilia Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi
ganayofierebuli qviriTiT, romelic SemohqondaT ruseTidan rionis zuTxsaSen
qarxanaSi _ “geguTis centrSi” 1983-1990 wlebamde.
zuTxisnairTa Tevzebs Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva foronji _
Acipenser sturio Linne, igi gasuli saukunis pirvel naxevarSi binadrobda:
baltiis, CrdiloeTis, xmelTaSua zRvebSi, atlantikis okeanis CrdiloeT
nawilSi, safrangeTis md. Jirondasa da espaneTis mdinare gvadalkviviraSi,
atlantikis okeanis dasavleT seqtorSi md. wminda lavrentisa da md. hudZonis
auzebSi. dReisaTvis SemorCenilia mxolod Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT
nawilSi, saidanac gasamravleblad Sedis md. rionSi, iSviaTad md. engursa da
sufsaSi.
1999 wels md. rionis SesarTavTan daWerili iqna foronjis mamali,
zomiT 142sm. sqesobrivi simwifis me-4 stadiaze e.i. jer kidev arsebobs am
saxeobis xelovnuri aRwarmoebis imedi.
igi Setanili iyo sabWoTa kavSiris, saqarTvelos ssr wiTel wignSi,
agreTve yvela evropuli qveynebis wiTel wignebSi da vaSingtonis saxeobebis
pirvel konvenciis danarTSi.
mzaddeba saqarTvelos cxovelTa samyaros wiTeli nusxa, sadac Setanili
iqneba aseve kolxuri zuTxi da jarRala.
rusuli zuTxis kolxuri qvesaxeoba – Acipenser Güldenstädti colchicus V.
Marti. gasamravleblad Sedis umTavresad md. rionSi, gvxvdeba samtrediamde,
Sedis cxeniswyalSic, iSviaTad md. engurSi.
Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiro zolSi gavrcelebul zuTxisnairTa
xelovnuri aRwarmoebis gziT restokingis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebisa da
bunebrivi tofobis mdgomareobis Seswavlis mizniT. 1999 wels garemos dacvis
institutis iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras myofi Tevzis saxeobaTa aRwarmoebis
ganyofilebis mier Catarebul iqna eqsperimenti rusuli zuTxis kolxur
qvesaxeobaze, ris Sedegadac xelovnuri aRwarmoebis gziT Catarebul iqna
bioteqnologiuri samuSaoebis mTliani cikli, gamozrdili da md. rionSi
gaSvebuli iqna sicocxlisunariani 117000-ze meti kolxuri zuTxis lifsita,
zomiT 15-16sm, woniT 5-6gr.
75
1999 wels paralelurad Catarebuli iqna md. rionis zuTxisnairTa
bunebrivi aRwarmoebis aRricxva. lifsitebis Sedarebam aCvena, rom xelovnurad
gamoyvanili lifsitebi bevrad ufro sicocxlisunariania da maTi zrdis
tempic ufro maRali. ix. cxr. 6.3.
cxrili 6.3
md. rionis zuTxisnairTa bunebrivi (xuTive saxeoba) da xelovnuri
(kolxuri zuTxi) aRwarmoebis aRricxva
bunebrivi
Catarebuli Werebi
(Tve)
ivnisi
ivlisi
agvisto
xelovnuri
seqtemberi
aRwarmoeba
wona (gr)
zoma (sm)
1,9
2,5
3,8
4,9
5-6
1,0-2,0
1,0-3,0
2,0-3,9
3,9-4,9
15-16
saerTo
raodenoba
5
30
30
15
117000
jarRala _ Acipenser nudiventris Lovetzky _ cnobilia rogorc gamsvleli
forma, aseve mtknari wylis mkvidri forma.
1999 wels garemos dacvis institutis TanamSromlebis mier mdinare
rionSi (q. foTi) daWeril iqna ori jarRala: zomiT 28,5 sm da 52,7 sm.
aRniSnuli saxeoba jer kidev ar aris gadaSenebuli da misi aRdgena
gadaudebel RonisZiebebs saWiroebs.
taraRana _ Acipenser stellatus Pallas, sxva zuTxisnairebTan SedarebiT ufro
mravalricxovania, Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi warmodgenilia
sxvadasxva asakis da zomis individebiT.
svia _ Huso huso Linne. Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi gavrcelebuli
svia gansxvavdeba sxva wyalsatevebSi gavrcelebul amave saxeobis Tevzebisagan,
swrafi zrdis tempiT da nayofierebiT. Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi
gavrcelebuli taraRana da svia saWiroeben mkacri dacviTi RonisZiebebis
ganxorcielebas.
saqarTvelos wylebSi oragulisebrTa (Salmonidae) ojaxidan gavrcelebulia Savi zRvis oraguli _ Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, kalmaxi Salmo fario Linne,
(mdinareebsa da tbebSi), cisartyela kalmaxi _ Salmo irideus Gibbons (sakalmaxe
da zogierT satbore meurneobebSi) gansakuTrebiT Seswavlilia svaneTis
mdinareebis kalmaxi. saqarTvelos wylebSi oragulis da kalmaxebis maragi
ukiduresad aramdgradia.
Savi zRvis oraguli gavrcelebulia zRvis mTel sanapiro zolSi,
gamsvleli Tevzia da gasamravleblad Sedis saqarTvelos msxvil mdinareebSi
(bzifi, kodori, gumisTa, kelasuri, Savwyala, rioni, enguri, kintriSi,
Woroxi).
Savi zRvis oraguli da mdinaris kalmaxi, romlebic Savi zRvis sanapiro
mdinareebSi binadroben warmoadgenen erTi da imave saxeobis 2 formas.
arsebulma dakvirvebebma damajereblad gviCvena mudmivi urTierT gacvla
gamsvlel kumJasa da mdinaris kalmaxis erTi da imave jogebs Soris, romelTa
76
Tvisobrivi da raodenobrivi cvalebadoba damokidebulia xan erTis, xan meoris
sasargeblod, garemos cvalebad pirobebze dayrdnobiT.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi maTi raodenobrivi Semcirebis upirveles mizezad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos hidroteqnikur nagebobaTa mSenebloba, rac xels uSlis
zRvidan oragulis Semosvlas mdinareSi da oragulad qceuli kalmaxebis
dagorebas zRvaSi.
mopovebuli masalis damuSavebam gviCvena, rom svaneTis mdinareebSi (dolra,
gvaldiri, kedrula da wurundaSi) ukanasknel wlebSi kalmaxis populaciis
mdgomareoba zedmiwevniT sagangaSoa. aq kalmaxebi sxva mdinareebis kalmaxebTan
SedarebiT
dabali
zrdis
tempiT
xasiaTdebian.
masalebSi
Warbobda
movercxlisfro Savxaliani kalmaxebi, es is egzemplarebia, romlebic
genetikurad sicocxlis meore wels mzad iyvnen mdinaridan zRvaSi sanasuqod
dagorebisaTvis. (ix. cxr. 6.4).
cxrili 6.4
zemo svaneTis mdinareebis kalmaxis zrdis tempi
asaki
1
2
3
4
5
6
8,2
10,6
13,8
16,9
20,6
23,4
_
2,4
3,6
3,1
3,7
2,8
7,6
11,3
14,0
17,5
20,1
_
_
3,7
3,7
3,3
2,6
_
7,8
9,9
13,5
17,8
_
_
_
2,1
3,6
4,0
_
_
7,6
10,5
13,9
16,8
20,9
22,9
_
2,9
3,4
2,9
4,4
2,0
7,8
10,6
13,8
16,9
20,5
23,1
_
2,8
3,6
3,3
3,5
2,4
mdinare
dolra
gvaldiri
kedrula
wurundaSi
saerTo
saSualo
bolo wlebSi Seswavlili masalebidan SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom
qveynis ekosistemebidan gaqra iqTiofaunis bevri saxeoba, danarCenmac dakarga
saxeobaTa
genetikuri
mravalferovneba,
rac
gamoiwvevs
mTeli
rigi
populaciebis ganadgurebas.
aRsaniSnavia agreTve is faqti, rom foTSi 1999-2000 wlebSi (ivlissagvisto-seqtemberi) bazrebi savse iyo qviriTiani TevzebiT. wyalwmindaze
funqcionirebs
Tevzis
ukanono
sadReRamiso
bazroba
(karvebi),
maTi
mommaragebelia brakonierebi, sadac iyideba Savi zRvis yvela saxeobis Tevzi,
77
maT Soris sarewad akrZaluli saxeobebi _ akrZaluli zomebiT. garemos dacvis
institutis
TanamSromlebis
mier
dafiqsirebuli
iqna
zuTxisnairTa
moumwifebeli (70-80-100-125 sm-iani) da satofed gamzadebuli egzemplarebis
gayidva (140-145 sm). aseve qviriTiani scienas _ 62 sm, kefalebis (15-18-20-30sm), kambalebis (20-45-47 sm) gayidvis uamravi SemTxvevebi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli wvrili ZuZumwovrebis 79 saxeobidan (IUNCis wiTel nusxis kategoriebis 2.2. versiis mixedviT) 15 saxeobas SesaZlebelia
mieniWos kategoria Seufasebeli (NE), xolo daaxloebiT 30 saxeobis Sesaxeb
informacia ar arsebobs, ris gamoc isini SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rogorc
arasruli monacemebis mqone taqsonebi (DD). 22 saxeoba Sefasebulia, rogorc
dabali riskis (LR), 5 mowyvlad (VU) da 7 gadaSenebis piras myof (EN)
taqsonad.
safrTxis winaSe myofi wvrili ZuZumwovrebidan aRsaniSnavia:
1. kavkasiuri ciyvi (Sciurus anomalous) – VU. es ciyvi adre mTebis
foTlovan da Sereul tyeebSi binadrobda. Cveulebri ciyvis (Sciurus vulgaris)
introduqciis Sedegad igi praqtikulad gaidevna Sereuli tyeebidan, ris gamoc
misi ricxovnoba da areali daaxloebiT 29%-iT Semcirda;
2. Tagvana (Sicista):
kavkasiuri Tagvana (Sicista caucasica) _ EN
qluxoris Tagvana (Sicista kluchorica) _ EN
yazbegis Tagvana (Sicista Kazbegika) _ EN
Strandis Tagvana (Sicista strandi) _ EN
Tagvanas saxeobebis Sesaxeb monacemebi metad mwiria, amitom rTulia maTi
populaciebis mdgomareobis gansazRvra.
3. neringis bruca (Nannospalax nehringi) _ EN E
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis areali 5000km2-s ar aRemateba.
4. ruxi zazuna (Cricetulus migratorius) _ VU
es saxeoba bevr adgilas, sadac adre iyo gavrcelebuli aRar gvxvdeba.
misi areali savaraudod 20%-ze metiT Semcirda.
5. amierkavkasiuri zazuna (Mesocricetus brandti) _ EN E
Setanilia saqarTvelos wiTel wignSi. misi areali mkveTrad Semcirebulia,
ricxovnoba ki savaraudod 50%-ze metad Semcirda.
6. imierkavkasiuri zazuna (Mesocricetus raddei) _ VU
am saxeobis gavrcelebis areali saqarTveloSi ar aRemateba 500km2-s.
7. wiTuri memindvria (Clerthrionomys glareolus) _ EN E
pontos wiTuri memindvrias gavrcelebis areali ar aRemateba 5000km2-s.
gvxvdeba mTis, daburul wiwvovan, tenian tyeebSi, romlebic amJamad
intensiurad iCexeba.
1. promeTes memindvria (Prometheomys schaposchnikovi) _ VU
cnobilia sami subpopulacia afxazeTSi, centralur kavkasionze da
mesxeTis qedze, maT Soris individTa urTierTgacvla gamoricxulia. mTeli
arealis farTobi ar aRemateba 20000km2-s.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli msxvili ZuZumwovrebis endemuri, iSviaTi da
gadaSenebis piras myofi saxeobebi mocemulia danarTi 1, cxr. 24-Si.
78
TevzWera
Tevzis sarewaod gamoiyeneba saqarTvelos teritoriaze ganlagebuli iseTi
Siga Tevzsameurneo wyalsatevebi, romelTa Tevzis sarewi saxeobebis maragebi
iZleva amis saSualebas, miuxedavad imisa bunebrivi aRwarmoebis gziT aris
Seqmnili es maragebi Tu xelovnuri aRwarmoebis gziT.
aseT wyalsatevebs ganekuTvneba: md. mtkvari, md. alazani, Jinvalis
wyalsacavi, algeTis, tyibulis, Tbilisis, sionis, walkis, jandaris,
nadarbazevis, lipis, wyalsacavebi. saRamos, karwaxis, faravnis, tabawyuris
tbebi da energetikuli Tu samelioracio daniSnulebis zogierTi sxva
wyalsacavi.
am wyalsatevebze Tevzis rewva regulirdeba garemosa da bunebrivi
resursebis dacvis saministros uSualo monawileobiT.
tbebze da wyalsacavebze arsebuli Tevzis meurneobebis, agreTve sakalmaxe,
TevzsaSeni da satbore Tevzis meurneobebis funqcionalur xelmZRvanelobas
axorcielebs soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministrosTan arsebuli
departamenti "saqTevzi," amave departamentis kompetencias warmoadgens, agreTve
sasaqonlo Tevzis gadamuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
saqarTvelos Siga wyalsatevebSi sarewao mniSvneloba aqvs Tevzis Semdeg
saxeobebs: karCxana, kavkasiuri qaSapi, Cveulebrivi xramuli, mtkvris wvera,
Werexi, kobri, TeTri da Wreli sqelSubla, TeTri amuri, mcire vimba, Trisa
(Samaia), evropuli Wafala.
saxeobebis mixedviT sarewao Tevzis maragis garemodan amoRebis dasaSvebi
odenobis anu kvotebis damtkiceba warmoebs cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebiT
sargeblobis eqspertTa sauwyebaTaSoriso sabWos sxdomebze yoveli sezonis
dawyebamde.
Sida
wyalsatevebze
kvotebis
damtkiceba
warmoebs
saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis zoologiis institutis mier mowodebul masalebze
dayrdnobiT, xolo Sav zRvaze institut "saqzRvaeqsis" mier mowodebul
masalebze dayrdnobiT. institutis mier kvotebis dadgena warmoebs, rogorc
damoukideblad, ise saqarTvelo-ukrainis erToblivi samecniero-kvleviTi
eqspediciis procesSi.
amrigad, sarewao saxeobebis garemodan amosaRebi kvotebis miReba xdeba
arsebuli SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebiT, koleqtiuri ganxilvis
pirobebSi.
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros mier TevzWeris
licenzireba warmoebs "cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb" saqarTvelos kanonis
moTxovnebidan gamomdinare da am moTxovnaTa sruli dacviT.
qvemoT moyvanil cxrilebSi mocemulia informacia sxvadasxva wlebSi, Sav
zRvaze da Sida wyalsatevebSi sarewao TevzWeraze kvotebisa da gacemuli
licenziebis Sesaxeb:
79
cxrili 6.5
# rigze
Sav zRvaze 1999 wels saqrTvelos Tevzmompoveblebze gacemulia 138 licenzia 12765,8 tona Tevzis mopovebaze
maT Soris:
saxeoba
kvota (tona)
gacemulia
licenziebi
mopovebaze (tona)
kvota
gadaWarbebiT
gacemulia (tona)
moTxovnis gareSe
darCenilia kvota
(tona)
resursiT
sargeblobiT
gadasaxadis
odenoba
resursis 100% iT aTvisebis
pirobebSi (lari)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
qafSia
qarsala
merlangi
katrani
pelengasi
30000
3000
700
500
2500
20641
763
182,1
207,9
2140,1
56154
8948
4143,2
23368
53970
146583,2
9359
2237
517,9
292,1
359,8
sul:
cxrili 6.6
2000 - 2001 wlebis qafSiis rewvis sezonze gacemuli licenziebi:
kvota
(tona)
gacemulia
licenziebi
(tona)
40 000
22 790
moTxovnis
gareSe
darCenilia
kvota
(tona)
17 210
gacemuli licenziebis mixedviT
limitis 100% - iT
aTvisebis pirobebSi res.
sarg. gadasaxadi
(lari)
120 470
cxrili 6.7
2000 wlis sazafxulo TevzWera
gacemuli licenziebi
q. foTSi
(tona)
gacemuli licenziebi
q. baTumSi
(tona)
gacemuli licenziebi
sul:
(tona)
kvota
(tona)
qarsala - 846
merlangi - 223
katrani - 117
pelengasi - 133
rapana - 600
qarsala - 37,5
merlangi - 44
katrani - 4,65
pelengasi - 5,21
rapana - 260
_ 883,5
_ 267
_ 121,65
_ 138,21
_ 860
2270,36
_ 3000
_ 700
_ 500
_ 2500
_ 2500
9200
81
moTxovnis
gareSe
darCenili
kvota (tona)
_ 2116,5
_ 433
_ 378,35
_ 2361,79
_ 1640
6929,64
100%-iT aTvisebis pirobebSi
res. sarg. gadasaxadi
sul:
(lari)
38222,4 - lari q. foTSi
3515,6 - lari q. baTumSi
41738 lari
cxrili 6.8
# rigze
Sida wyalsatevebze 1999 wels gacemulia 11 licenzia 31,7 tona Tevzis opovebaze, maT Soris:
wyalsacavis dasaaxeleba
saxeoba
kvota (tona)
gacemulia
licenziebi
mopovebaze (tona)
1
2
3
4
5
tyibulis wyalsacavi
karCxana
xramuli
kobri
13
14
0,5
0,5/15
mtkvari
qaSapi
xramuli
wvera
I,II,III,IV
monakveTebi
38 - t.
V monakveTi
15 - t.
3
sionis wyalsacavi
Samaia
xramuli
qaSapi
4
jandaris tba
karCxana
sqelSubla
Jinvalis wyalsacavi
qaSapi
xramuli
wvera
Samaia
1
2
5
kvotis
gadaWarbebiT
gacemulia (tona)
moTxovnis
gareSe
darCenilia
kvota (tona)
6
7
resursis
sargeblobiT
gadasaxadis
odenoba resursis
100% - iT
aTvisebis
pirobebSi (lari)
8
SeniSvna
9
karCxana - 2 t.
-
113
kaarCxanis mopoveba
dasaSvebia
ganusazRvreli
raodenobiT
2,5
1
0,5/4
-
I, II, III, IV
monakveTebi
38 - t.
V monakveTi
11 - t.
137,5
-
9
0,6
0,6
0,8/2
-
7 - t.
88
-
10
6
2/8
-
2 - t.
49,8
-
4
1
0,3
0,1
0,1/1,5
-
2,5 - t.
44
-
82
# rigze
wyalsacavis dasaaxeleba
saxeoba
kvota (tona)
gacemulia
licenziebi
mopovebaze (tona)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
resursis
sargeblobiT
gadasaxadis
odenoba resursis
100% - iT
aTvisebis
pirobebSi (lari)
8
6
Tbilisis zRva
qaSapi
xramuli
Samaia
wvera
9
0,5
0,3
0,3
0,1/1,2
-
7,8 - t.
59,5
7
8
9
10
11
12
farvanis tba
tabawyuri
nadarbazevi
walkis wyalsacavi
algeTis wyalsacavi
md. alazani
35
30
8
5
18
15
-
-
35 - t.
30 - t.
8 - t.
5 - t.
18 - t.
15 - t.
kvotis
gadaWarbebiT
gacemulia (tona)
moTxovnis
gareSe
darCenilia
kvota (tona)
sul:
83
491,8 lari
SeniSvna
9
cxrili 6.9
Sida wyalsatevebze 2000-2001 wlebis sezonze gacemulia 18 licenzia 53 tona Tevzis mopovebaze,
maT, Soris:
moTxovnis
gareSe
darCenilia
kvota (tona)
6
7
# rigze
kvotis
gadaWarbebiT
gacemulia (tona)
resursis
sargeblobiT
gadasaxadis
odenoba resursis
100% - iT
aTvisebis
pirobebSi (lari)
8
wyalsacavis dasaaxeleba
saxeoba
kvota (tona)
gacemulia
licenziebi
mopovebaze
(tona)
1
2
3
4
5
Tbilisis zRva
xramuli
qaSapi
Samaia
9
1,7
2
0,9
4,6
4,4
194,5
9
0,1
0,2
0,1
1
1
2,4
6,6
43,8
35
466
1
2
sionis wyalsacavi
xramuli
qaSapi
Samaia
sqelSubla
amuri
3
md. mtkvari
qaSapi
xramuli
kaparWina
wvera
4
tabawyuri
Wafala
tyibulis wyalsacavi
sqelSubla
karCxana
kobri
5
43
30
20
3,2
2,7
2,1
8
17
84
9
ganacxadi ar
Semosula
30
0,5
2
0,5
3
SeniSvna
44,5
# rigze
wyalsacavis dasaaxeleba
saxeoba
kvota (tona)
gacemulia
licenziebi
mopovebaze
(tona)
1
2
3
4
5
6
lipis wyalsacavi
karCxana
xramuli
3
7
jandara
sqelSubla
karCxana
TeTri amuri
40
8
alazani
xramuli
qaSapi
Werexi
wvera
13
9
nadarbazevis wyalsacavi
sqelSubla
karCxana
kobri
8
10
Jinvalis wyalsacavi
11
algeTis
wyalsacavi
12
walkis wyalsacavi
13
faravnis tba
sul:
xramuli
qaSapi
mc. vimba
karCxana
xramuli
qaSapi
karCxana
xramuli
Wafala
xramuli
kvotis
gadaWarbebiT
gacemulia (tona)
moTxovnis
gareSe
darCenilia
kvota (tona)
6
7
resursis
sargeblobiT
gadasaxadis
odenoba resursis
100% - iT
aTvisebis
pirobebSi (lari)
8
8
169,8
ganacxadi ar
Semosula
13
0,5
2
0,5
3
5
9
ganacxadi ar
Semosula
3
2
30
32
SeniSvna
33
6
6
ganacxadi ar
Semosula
18
18
ganacxadi ar
Semosula
30
30
31
31
260
53
207
85
ganacxadi ar
Semosula
ganacxadi ar
Semosula
951,6
dReisaTvis praqtikaSi danergilia saqarTvelos teritoriul wylebSi
qafSiis rewvis kampaniaSi TurqeTis respublikis im seinerebis monawileoba,
romelTac saqarTvelos sazRvao administraciis mier miniWebuli aqvT
saqarTvelos almiT naosnobis ufleba.
saqarTvelos teritoriul wylebSi saqarTvelo-ukrainis mTavrobebs Soris
dadebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze rewvas awarmoebdnen agreTve ukraineli
Tevzmompovebeli organizaciebi.
orive SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs qafSiis Warbi resursis gatanas
saqarTvelos farglebs gareT, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom ukrainelebis mier
gatanili resursi ar CaiTvleba rogorc eqsporti, xolo Turqebis mier
gatanili resursi saeqsporto xasiaTs atarebs, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi
TevzWeris licenziis mflobelebi arian ara uSualod Turquli seinerebi,
aramed is qarTuli organizaciebi, romelTac ijariT hyavT ayvanili TurqeTis
respublikis mcuravi saSualebebi da Sesabamisad mopovebuli Tevzis
ganmkargvelebic saqarTvelos organizaciebi arian.
aRniSnuli varianti ufro momgebiania qarTuli organizaciebis dasaqmebisa
da biujetis Sevsebis TvalsazrisiT vidre ukrainis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan
ukrainelebi ixdian mxolod resursiT sargeblobis gadasaxads, romelic
konstituciis 94-e muxlis Tanaxmad, mxolod kanoniT gansazRvruli odenobiT
unda iqnes gadaxdili, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi licenziis mflobelebi arian
saqarTveloSi registrirebuli organizaciebi, romlebic ibegrebian, rogorc
resursiT
sargeblobis
gadasaxadebiT,
ise
sagadasaxado
kodeqsiT
gaTvaliswinebuli sxva gadasaxadebiTac (dRg, mogebis gadasaxadi da sxva), rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT sabaJo, saporto da saqarTvelos almiT naosnobis uflebis
gadasaxadebze.
saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT SeuZlebelia TevzWeris licenziebis
gacema uSualod Turqul firmebze Tu or qveyanas Soris ar aris dadebuli
konkretuli xelSekruleba TevzWeris sferoSi. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom
amJamad Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis (BSEC) organizaciis
farglebSi mimdinareobs Sav zRvaSi TevzWerisa da cocxali resursebis
SenarCunebis Sesaxeb konvenciis SemuSaveba.
gadawyvetileba TurqeTis respublikis TevzsaWeri seinerebis zemoT
aRwerili wesiT qafSiis rewvis kampaniaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb garemosa da
bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministroSi da saministrosTan arsebul
eqspertTa uwyebaTSorisi sabWos sxdomaze iqna miRebuli. aRniSnuli
gadawyvetileba mTlianad Tavsdeba saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
farglebSi da iTvaliswinebs, rogorc samarTlebriv, ise saerTaSoriso,
ekonomikur da garemosdacviT sakiTxebs.
garemosdacviTi TvalsazrisiT saministro ayenebs erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
pirobas, rom TurqeTis respublikisa da ukrainis seinerebma qafSiis rewva
awarmoon specialurad am miznisaTvis gankuTvnili qisa didbadeebis gamoyenebiT.
saministros araerTxel dauyenebia sakiTxi, rom saqarTvelos seinerebic iqnan
aRWurvili qafSiis rewvisaTvis gankuTvnili qisa didbadeebiT, raTa
gamonaklisis saxiT droebiT miniWebul, qafSiis rewvisas pelagiuri tralebis
gamoyenebis uflebas ar mieRo qronikuli xasiaTi. samwuxarod es moTxovna
dRemde ar aris Sesrulebuli.
1999 wlidan dRemde saministrom daakmayofila yvela ganacxadi, romelic
iTvaliswinebda qafSiis rewvis kampaniaSi TurqeTis respublikis TevzsaWeri
seinerebis monawileobas. unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi mxridan xSir SemTxvevaSi
adgili aqvs gamoyofili resursisa da licenziebis moqmedebis vadebis
arasrulad aTvisebis faqtebs, ase magaliTad 2000-2001 wlebis qafSiis rewvis
sezonisaTvis
eqspertTa
sabWos
gadawyvetilebiT
Turqul
seinerebs
licenziebiT SeeZloT esargeblaT 5 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, maT es ufleba
gamoiyenes, mxolod erTi Tvis vadiT.
ukmayofilebas Turquli seinerebis mimarT gamoxataven qarTveli
Tevzmompoveblebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom rewvis adgilebSi, mcuravi
saSualebebis
maRali
koncentraciis
dros
mniSvnelovnad
uaresdeba
manevrirebisa da TevzWeris pirobebi.
mniSvnelovani RonisZieba, rac adreul periodSi Catarebula am
mimarTulebiT iyo kambala-kalkanis Weris 10 dRiani akrZalva qviriTobis
periodSi. akrZalva dawesebuli iyo 10 wlis vadiT da damTavrda 1996 wels.
amis Semdeg TiTqos unda aRdgeniliyo misi ricxovneba da ganaxlebuliyo
samrewvelo mopoveba.
eqspertTa uwyebaTSorisi sabWos gadawyvetilebiT ara Tu ganaxlda
kambalis samrewvelo mopoveba, aramed kambalis Weris 10 dRiani akrZalva
Seicvala samrewvelo TevzWeris erT Tviani saerTo akrZalviT kambala-kalkanis
qviriTobis periodSi 01 maisidan 01 ivnisis CaTvliT. am periodSi, ukve mexuTe
welia arc erT TevzsaWer gems ar eZleva licenzia da Sesabamisad ar gadis
zRvaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli periodi emTxveva zogierTi sxva saxeobis
Tevzis qviriTobis vadebs da zuTxisnairTa Tevzebis mdinareebSi saqviriTod
masiuri Sesvlis wina periods, rodesac adgili aqvs mdinareTa SesarTavebTan
maTi koncentraciis zrdas.
cxadia, rom aRniSnulma RonisZiebam ar SeiZleba ar iTamaSos pozitiuri
roli iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras myofi Tevzis saxeobebis maragebis aRdgenis
saqmeSi.
sabWoTa periodSi, qafSiis rewvis kampaniis dros, foTi-oCamCires 5 milian
sanapiro zonaSi qafSiis jogebis koncentraciis SemTxvevaSi nebadarTuli iyo
qafSiis rewva am zonaSi, aseT SemTxvevebSi aq Tavs iyrida Savi zRvis mTeli
mcire TevzmWeri floti 150-200 gemis raodenobiT. aRniSnuli praqtika
mTlianad iqna aRmofxvrili da gamonaklisi arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar iqna
daSvebuli.
garda zemoT moyvanili RonisZiebebisa ukanasknel periodSi saministros
mier ganxorcielebul iqna mTeli rigi TevzdacviTi RonisZiebebi: ukraineli
TevzmompoveblebisaTvis da ijariT ayvanili gemebisaTvis aikrZala qafSiis
rewvisas pelagiuri tralebis gamoyeneba. aikrZala samrewvelo TevzWera md.
mtkvris q. Tbilisis mimdebare da md. alaznis vaSlovanis saxelmwifo
nakrZalis mimdebare monakveTebze, ar gaicema TevzWeris licenziebi iseTi
saxeobebis mopovebaze, rogoric aris kalmaxi, Wanari, faravnis kobri da sxva.
Sav zRvaze TevzWeris licenziebis gacema warmoebs mxolod xuT saxeobaze.
anTropogenuri zemoqmedebiT da sxva mravali zegavlenis Sedegad
ukanasknel wlebSi sagrZnoblad gauaresda qveynis wyalsatevebis ekologiuri
mdgomareoba, ramac mniSvnelovnad Seamcira Zvirfasi sarewao saxeobebis maragi,
87
gadaSenebis saSiSroebis winaSe daayena atlanturi zuTxis populacia, Savi
zRvis oraguli da sxva.
saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiros unikalur regions warmoadgens
xuTmiliani zona foTi-oCamCire. es zona erTad-erTia saqarTvelos Savi zRvis
sanapiros zolSi, sadac kidev SemorCenilia xelsayreli pirobebi mravali
saxeobis Tevzis gamozamTrebisa da gamozrdisaTvis, swored aq binadrobs
zuTxisnairTa xuTi saxeoba: kolxuri zuTxi, atlanturi zuTxi, taraRana,
jarRala da svia.
rac Seexeba sarewao daniSnulebis Tevzebs, maTi maragi wyalsatevebis
potenciur
SesaZleblobebTan
SedarebiT
umniSvneloa.
iseT
unikalur
wyalsatevebSi, rogoricaa jandaris, tabawyuris, nadarbazevis, faravnis,
walkisa da sxva wyalsatevebi sarewao Tevzis maragis mkveTri zrda intensiuri
xelovnuri aRwarmoebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
Tevzis maragebis aRwarmoebis da aklimatizaciis samuSaoebs wlebis
manZilze gaerTianeba "saqTevzmrewvTan" erTad axorcielebda yofili sakavSiro
Tevzis mrewvelobis saministros "saqSavzRvaTevzmSenis" sammarTvelo sakavSiro
biujetidan gamoyofili saxsrebiT. sakavSiro struqturis gauqmebis Semdeg
finansuri uzrunvelyofis mizniT, sammarTvelo daeqvemdebara Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros da ewoda mas jer "saqarTvelos Savi zRvis Tevzis maragis dacvis,
aRwarmoebis da TevzWeris regulirebis sammarTvelo", xolo Semdgom
"ekologiuri policiis sammarTvelo".
dReisaTvis brakonierobis saxeebidan gansakuTrebiT saSiS movlenad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos Sida wyalsatevebSi TevzWerisaTvis qimiuri saSualebebisa
da eleqtroSokis aparatebis gamoyeneba, ramac ukanasknel periodSi masiuri
xasiaTi miiRo, rogorc sarewao maragis Semcvel, ise aseTi maragis aramqone
Sida saTevzmeurneo wyalsatevebSi.
aranakleb saSiSi movlenaa zuTxisebrTa saxeobebis saqviriTe samigracio
gzebze brakonieruli TevzWerisaTvis e.w. Canglebis gamoyeneba, rac am gzebze
arsebul kaSxlebTan erTad gadaulaxav bariers qmnis saqviriTe adgilebisken
mimaval mwarmoeblebisaTvis.
brakonierobis Sedegad Tevzis maragebze miyenebuli zaralis Sefaseba
metad Sromatevadi saqmea da moiTxovs specializirebuli institutebisa da
maRalkvalificiuri
specialistebis
mier
mravalwliani
monitoringis
ganxorcielebasa da ZviradRirebuli savele da laboratoriuli samuSaoebis
Catarebas.
dReisaTvis yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi gamovlenil brakonierobis
faqtebis mokvlevisas samarTaldamcavi da garemosdacviTi organoebis mier
zaralis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba ekonomikis saministros mier damtkicebuli
sabazro fasebi qvemoT moyvanili cxrilis mixedviT.
88
cxrili 6.10
sabazro fasi Tevzisa da wylis
cxovelebisaTvis erT tonaze larebSi
Tevzis saxeoba
1
2
qafSia
qarsala
merlangi
xonTqara
qaSayi, palamisi, samarida, sardani
lufari
skumbria, sardini, stavrida
farga
280
200
450
1200
2000
1500
1000
2500
sabazro fasi Tevzisa da wylis
cxovelebisaTvis erT tonaze larebSi
Tevzis saxeoba
1
2
3500
3000
2000
1500
2000
2000
4000
1500
400
500
1000
2000
5000
15000
50000
220
300
5000
500
500
500
5000
1500
4000
kefali, wvera, cimori, murwa
Samaia
loqo
TeTri amuri, sqelSubla
tobi
kobri
Werexi
kaparWina
nafota
qariylapia
sigi, peliadi, Wafala
katrani
mdinaris kalmaxi, tbis kalmaxi
oragulisebrni
zuTxisebrni
rapani
midia
xramuli
qaSapi
karCxana (karasi)
Rorjo
Wanari
mcire vimba
qambala kalkani
Tevzis maragebis dacvisa da TevzWerasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
gadaWrisaTvis aucilebel pirobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:
1) Tevzis maragebis fizikuri dacvis sistemis institucionaluri
reforma;
2) ukontrolo TevzWeris moqceva regulirebad, kanonier farglebSi;
3) sainkubacio saamqroebis ageba da arsebulis rekonstruqcia;
4) bunebriv wyalsatevebSi Tevzis adgilobrivi saxeobebis aRdgena, m.S.
sarewao mizniT;
5) Tevzis moSenebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebis danergva;
yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan cxadia Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
regulirebisa da licenzirebis urTulesi procesis swor organizebas, am
saqmeSi maRalkvalificiuri specialistebis monawileobas.
89
samomavlod saWiroa miRweuli poziciebis ganmtkiceba, regulirebis saqmis
srulyofa
da
saxelmwifo
kontrolis
funqciis
gansaxorcieleblad
Tanamedrove efeqturi meTodebis danergva.
Savi zRvis qafSiis rewvis 2000-2001 wlebis sezonze moTxovnis gareSe
darCa 17210 tona qafSia, aRniSnuli gamowveuli iyo im garemoebiT, rom
ukrainidan nacvlad ukraina-saqarTvelos sakoordinacio jgufis V oqmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli 40 sarewao gemisa, sarewad Camovida 10 gemi, xolo
TurqeTis respublikaSi ijariT ayvanili, sabWos mier gansazRvruli 40 gemis
nacvlad 17 gemi, romlebmac sul erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi imuSavebs.
saministro garemodan faqtiurad amoRebuli resursis (faqtiuri
TevzWeris) Sesaxeb informacias flobs, mxolod Savi zRvis Tevzis rewvis
Stabis mier mowodebul monacemebidan gamomdinare. am monacemebis mixedviT
sezonis ganmavlobaSi sul mopovebul iqna 8000 - mde tona qafSia (kvota
40000 tona).
Sav zRvaze 2000 wlis sazafxulo TevzWeris sezonis ganmavlobaSi
qarsalas, merlangis, katranis, pelengasis da rapanis mimarT dadgenili
kvotebidan 9200 tonis saerTo raodenobiT licenziebi gacemulia, mxolod
2270,36 tonaze. moTxovnis gareSe darCenilia 6929,64 tona resursi.
2000wlis sazafxulo TevzWerisa da 2000-2001 wlebi qafSiis rewvaze
gacemuli licenziebis Sesaxeb (aWaris garda) informacia mocemulia qvemoT
moyvanil cxrilebSi:
cxrili 6.11
2000-2001 wlebis qafSiis rewvis sezonze departamentis mier sul gacemulia licenziebi:
kvota
(tona)
gacemuli
licenziebi
(tona)
moTxovnis gareSe darCenilia
kvota (tona)
gacemuli licenziebis mixedviT
limitis 100%-iT aTvisebis
pirobebSi res. sarg. gadasaxadi
(lari)
1
2
3
4
40000
22790
17210
155610
cxrili 6.12
2000 wlis sazafxulo TevzWera
kvota
(tona)
moTxovnis
gareSe
darCenili
kvota
(tona)
100%-iT aTvisebis pirobebSi
res. sarg. gadasaxadi sul:
(lari)
4
5
6
- 883.5
- 267
- 121.65
- 138.21
- 860
- 3000
- 700
- 500
- 2500
- 2500
- 2116.5
- 433
- 378.35
- 2361.79
- 1640
38222.4-lari q. foTSi
3515.6-lari q. baTumSi
2270.36
9200
6929.64
41738 lari
gacemuli
licenziebi
q. foTSi
(tona)
gacemuli
licenziebi
q. baTumSi
(tona)
gacemuli
licenziebi
sul:
(tona)
1
2
3
qarsala-846
merlangi-223
katrani-117
pelengasi-133
rapana-600
qarsala-37.5
merlangi-44
katrani-4.65
pelengasi-5.21
rapana-260
saangariSo periodis ganmavlobaSi TevzWeris licenziebis gacema warmoebda,
agreTve Siga saTevzmeurneo wyalsatevebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom Siga wyalsatevebzec
moTxovnis gareSe rCeba garkveuli raodenobis resursi, maT Soris aris wyalsatevebi,
romlebzedac saerTod ar Semodis ganacxadebi.
90
rac Seexeba faqtiurad mopovebuli Tevzis raodenobas am informacias
saministro flobs Savi zRvis Tevzis rewvis Stabis monacemebze dayrdnobiT,
romelic axorcielebs gemebidan raciis saSualebiT yoveldRiurad mowodebul
informaciebis aRricxvas faqtiurad mopovebuli Tevzis raodenobis Sesaxeb. am
informaciiT 2000-2001 wlebis sezonze mopovebul iqna 8000 tonamde qafSia.
am raodenobis qafSiaze resursiT sargeblobis gadasaxadi Seadgens daaxloebiT
56000 lars. amoRebulia Tu ara am raodenobis Tanxa biujetis sasargeblod
da licenziis romeli mflobeli ar ixdis Sesabamis gadasaxads CvenTvis
ucnobia
vinaidan
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis
saministros
ganmartebiT
sagadasaxado kodeqsis 268-e muxlis mixedviT akrZalulia sagadasaxado
organoebidan gadamxdelis Sesaxeb identificirebuli informaciis gacema.
CvenTvis cnobilia Tu ra raodenobis gadasaxadebi aqvT gadaxdili ukrainel
Tevzmompoveblebs (25 000 lari) vinaidan nebayoflobiT safuZvelze isini
gvawvdian informaciebs aRniSnulis Sesaxeb gadaxdili qviTrebis aslebis saxiT.
im mizniT, rom maqsimalurad iqnas amoRebuli Tevzis resursiT
sargeblobis gadasaxadebi da sagadasaxado organoebs gauadvildeT am
gadasaxadebis amoReba 1999-2000 wlebSi saministro sistematurad awvdida
sagadasaxado organoebs dawvrilebiT informacias TevzWeraze gacemuli
licenziebis Sesaxeb, sadac mocemulia, rogorc licenziis mflobeli fizikuri
da iuridiuli piris dasaxeleba, ise dislokaciis adgili, saidentifikacio
nomeri, garemodan amosaRebi Tevzis raodenoba saxeobebis mixedviT, licenziis
nomeri da moqmedebis vada.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi saministrosTan
arsebul eqspertTa sabWos mier arcerT ganmcxadebels, ar eTqva uari Tevzis
resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis, Tu is kanonis yvela moTxovnas pasuxobda.
rogorc cxrilebidan Cans yovelwliurad Sida wyalsatevebze moTxovnis
gareSe rCeba 200 tonamde Tevzis resursi, xolo Sav zRvaze 20000 tonamde
Tevzis resursi. es is resursia, romelsac ukanonod iyeneben sxvadasxva juris
brakonierebi. dauzustebeli monacemebiT, gansakuTrebiT Siga wyalsatevebze erT
licenzirebul TevzmWer brigadaze ori da sami ulicenzio brigada modis.
cxadia, rom am problemis gadaWris gzas cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebis
fizikuri dacvis da kontrolis ganxorcielebis sistemis mkveTri gaumjobeseba
warmoadgens, TviT am sistemis institucionalur cvlilebebamdec ki.
(kontrolis sistema erT xelSi unda moeqces).
gadamfreni frinvelebi
`cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonma qveyanaSi nadirobis
regulirebis mTeli tvirTi saministros daakisra. sabWoTa periodSi am
funqcias
`monkavSiri~
asrulebda,
romelsac
yvela
raionSi
Tavisi
mravalricxovani warmomadgenloba hyavda da am saqmis didi gamocdileba hqonda.
1999-2000 wlebSi am funqcias saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi
resursebis dacvis saministro axorcielebda da gascemda licenziebs mxolod
gadamfren frinvelebze nadirobisaTvis. qvemoT moyvanili cxrilidan Cans, rom
wlidan wlamde nadirobaze gacemuli licenzirebis raodenoba matulobs da
91
Sesabamisad klebulobs ukanono nadirobis faqtebi da matulobs biujetSi
resursiT sargeblobis gadasaxadebis Senatanebi.
cxrili 6.13
gadamfren frinvelebze 1999-2000 da 2000 - 2001 wlebis
sanadiro sezonebze gacemuli licenziebi
#
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
licenziis gamcemi
organo
2
imereTis reg.
sammarTvelo
kaxeTis reg.
sammarTvelo
Sida qarTlis reg.
sammarTvelo
xaSuris saqalaqo
sammarTvelo
samcxe-javaxeTis reg.
sammarTvelo
guriis reg.
sammarTvelo
foTis saqalaqo
sammarTvelo
mcxeTa-mTianeTis reg.
sammarTvelo
qvemo qarTlis reg.
sammarTvelo
samegrelo-zemo
svaneTis reg.
sammarTvelo
aWaris a.r. saministro
biomravalferovnebis
dacvis departamenti
sul:
2000-2001 wlebis
sezonze
gacemu fiqsirebuli
lia
gadasaxadis
licen
odenoba
zia
(lari)
(cali)
1999-2000 wlebis
sezonze
gacemulia fiqsireb
uli
licenzia
gadasaxa
(cali)
dis
odenoba
(lari)
sxvaoba sezonebs
Soris
licenzi
Tanxa
ebi
(lari)
(cali)
+ _
+ _
3
4
5
6
7
8
1272
6360
150
750
+1122
+5610
10
50
78
390
_68
_340
103
515
214
1070
_111
_555
86
430
26
130
+60
+300
30
-
-
+6
+30
180
900
-
-
+180
+900
153
765
14
70
+139
+695
37
185
-
-
+37
+185
101
505
50
250
+51
+255
7
35
29
145
- 22
- 110
292
1460
30
150
+262
+1310
679
3395
127
635
+552
+2760
2926
14630
718
3590
+2208
+11040
6
92
SeniSvna
9
Tavi 7
radiaciuli mdgomareoba
saqarTvelo atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos (“atensasa”)
srulyofili wevria.
unda aRiniSnos, rom 2000 wlis ianvridan moqmedebaSi Sevida axali
normatiuli dokumenti `radiaciuli usafrTxoebis normebi~ (`run-2000~),
romlis damuSavebaSi gamoyenebulia `atensasa~-s 1997 wels gamoSvebuli #115
seriis rekomendaciebi radiaciuli usafrTxoebis sferoSi.
1. atmosferos miwispira fenis radiaciuli dabinZurebis done
da gamomwvevi mizezebi
kompleqsuri radiaciuli mdgomareobis gansazRvra atmosferoSi, wyalsa
da niadagSi qveyanaSi jer-jerobiT ar xorcieldeba.
1999-2000 wlebSi radiometriul qselSi haerSi gama-gamosxivebis
intensiobis simZlavreze dakvirveba warmoebda 16 sadgurze. es sadgurebi
ganlagebulia uSualod dasaxlebul punqtebSi da miRebuli monacemebis
safuZvelze SegviZlia gavakeToT zogadi Sefaseba qveynis atmosferoSi
radiaciuli dabinZurebis donis Sesaxeb (nax. 7.1).
radioaqtiuri dabinZureba mkr/sT
saqarTvelos teritoriaze bunebrivi radiaqtiuri fonis
saSualo wliuri monacemebi 1999-2000 wlebisaTvis (γ
gamosxiveba)
25
fonuri mniSvneloba (20 mkr/sT)
20
18
16
15
13
12
11
15
18
14
12
13
12
13
12
13
11
12
10
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
11
12
13
1
15
16
1_baTumi; 2_zugdidi; 3_quTaisi; 4_wifa; 5_axalqalaqi; 6_axalcixe;
7_rodionovka; 8_gori; 9_duSeTi; 10_Tbilisi; 11_walka; 12_gurjaani;
13_Telavi; 14_lagodexi; 15_dedofliswyaro; 16_saCxere.
nax. 7.1
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze 1999-2000 wlebSi atmosferoSi
bunebrivi radiaciuli foni Seesabameba saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier
93
daSvebul fons (20 mkr/sT.) da meryeobs 10-19 mkr/sT-is farglebSi.
eqstremaluri da eqstremalurad maRali dabinZurebis done ar dafiqsirebula.
radiaciul fons gansazRvravs bunebrivi radioaqtiuri gamosxiveba da
teqnogenuri xasiaTis dabinZureba.
2000 wlis maisSi Catarda atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentos mier
dafinansebuli da safrangeTis specialistebis mier Sesrulebuli dasavleT da
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mcire nawilis gama-aerotestireba.
2. niadagebis radiaqtiuri dabinZurebis done da
damabinZurebel obieqtTa CamonaTvali
1999-2000 wlebSi mimdinareobda samuSaoebi sxvadasxva regionSi
moZiebuli radioaqtiuri wyaroebis amosaRebad. aRmoCenil iqna 21-mde
upatrono wyaro, maT Soris 4 zemaRali simZlavris (PИT-90 tipis) - svaneTSi
da 17 samxedro daniSnulebis saSualo simZlavris wyaro qveynis sxvadasxva
regionSi. amoRebuli wyaroebi Senaxulia droebiT mini-sacavSi. amasTan erTad,
Tavdacvis saministros daqvemdebarebul obieqtebze dafiqsirebulia 12 mZlavri
(ceziumi Cs137) da 114 dabali simZlavris wyaro (ceziumi Cs137, radiumi Ra226,
stronciumi Sr90), romlebic amJamad ganTavsebulia specialur damcav
konteinerebSi da inaxeba samxedro nawilebSi.
3. wyalsatevebis radiaqtiuri dabinZurebis done
mizezebis miTiTebiT
1999-2000 wlebSi ar
dabinZurebis donis gansazRvra.
xorcieldeboda
wyalsatevebis
radiaciuli
4. radiaciuli mdgomareoba qalaqebsa
da dasaxlebul punqtebSi
radiaciuli mdgomareoba saqarTvelos qalaqebSi moyvanilia 1 naxazze. amas
garda q. TbilisSi warmoebs yovelwliuri dakvirveba mtverSi jamuri β
radionuklidebis Semcvelobaze. misi saSualo wliuri monacemebi (1999w.)
Seadgenda 1,7 bk/m2 dRe-RameSi, rac naklebia dasaSveb normaze _ 100 bk/m2.
94
5. damabinZurebel obieqtTa CamonaTvali da maT mier
gamowveuli radiaciuli dabinZurebis xarisxi
radiaciuli gamosxivebis wyaroebi gaaCnia fizikis instituts, romelic
inaxeba specialur sacavSi. wyali, romelic gamoyenebul iqna atomuri
reaqtoris gasaciveblad (300m3), moTavsebulia miwisqveSa specialur uJangav
kasrebSi da inaxeba imave teritoriaze. garda amisa, reaqtoris avzSi inaxeba
50m3-mde aqtiobis dabali donis mqone wyali, romelic warmoadgenda
radiaciuli gamosxivebis damcav fenas. radiaciuli nivTierebebis koncentracia
masSi bevrad dabalia dasaSveb mniSvnelobebze, romelic dadgenilia Ria
wyalsacavebisaTvis.
radioaqtiur
nivTierebebs
flobs,
agreTve,
soflis
meurneobis
mecnierebaTa akademiis radiologiisa da ekologiis samecniero-kvleviTi
instituti da saqarTvelos standartizaciis, metrologiisa da sertifikaciis
saxelmwifo departamenti.
Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro amJamad flobs:
* 1400-mde radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis wyaros samedicino da
teqnikuri moxmarebisaTvis;
* 500-ze met damasxivebel aparats (gamaTerapiuli, rentgenis da
tomografiis aparatebi).
radioaqtiuri
wyaroebi
da
narCenebi
inaxeba
amave
samedicino
dawesebulebebSi.
saxsrebis naklebobis gamo, amJamad sawarmoebsa da organizaciebSi ar aris
Catarebuli radioaqtiuri narCenebisa da danadgarebis inventarizacia.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs potenciuri
wyaro, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios globaluri dabinZureba (atomuri
eleqtrosadguris an moqmedi samecniero birTvuli reaqtoris msgavsad).
mimdinareobs samuSaoebi radiaciuli usafrTxoebis sferoSi sakanonmdeblo
da normatiuli aqtebis sruli paketis SesamuSaveblad, romelic amJamad
ganxilvis stadiaSia, rac gaaadvilebs licenziebisa da nebarTvebis gacemis
proceduras, inventarizaciis, transportirebisa da Senaxvis problemebis
regulirebas da am sferoSi momuSave personalis momzadebis, atestaciis da
janmrTelobis Semowmebis kontrols.
6. mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gatarebuli
RonisZiebebi
radiaqtiuri wyaroebis aRmoCenis mizniT dasavleT saqarTvelos ramdenime
raionSi Catarda freniT dozimetruli Sefaseba.
miRebulia radionuklidebis ganawilebis saerTo suraTi. q. foTis
midamoebSi aRmoCenilia da amoRebulia erTi saSualo simZlavris wyaro (Cs137).
95
mowyobilia mcire (9m3) moculbis Tanamedrove teqnikiT aRWurvili
meqanizebuli mini_sacavi, romelSic moTavsebulia bolo periodSi amoRebuli
radiaqtiuri wyaroebi.
1999w. atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagentom daafinansa q. Tbilisis
onkologiuri centris aRWurva gama-Terapiis danadgarebiT. igive programebis
ganxorcieleba daiwyo 2000w. quTaisisa da baTumis onkologiur centrebSic.
96
Tavi 8
garemoze fizikuri zemoqmedebis
gansakuTrebuli saxeebi
1. garemoze fizikuri zemoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli saxeebi: xmauri,
vibracia, eleqtromagnituri velebi da sxva. maT mier gamowveuli
uaryofiTi Sedegebisa da mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad
ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi
xmauri bunebriv garemoze da adamianTa janmrTelobaze moqmed fizikur
faqtorebs Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia. cnobilia, rom xmauris mavne gavlenis, anu “akustikuri diskomfortis” pirobebSi cxovrobs Tanamedrove qalaqebis mosaxleobis 30-40%. aRiarebulia, rom dasaxlebul punqtebSi yvelaze
gavrcelebul xmauris wyaroebs warmoadgenen calkeuli satransporto
saSualebebi da zogadad, satransporto nakadebi, romelTa moZraobis intensiuroba dRiTidRe izrdeba msoflios yvela qveyanaSi.
TbilisSi, sadac saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebTan SedarebiT avtotransportis
moZraoba ufro intensiuria, ZiriTadi magistralebisa da quCebis zogierT
ubnebze xmauri aRwevs 78db*(A)-s (yvelaze maRali done 78÷80db(A) dafiqsirebulia varazisxevSi). gazomvebis saSualebiT dadgenilia, rom Tbilisis ZiriTad
quCebsa da magistralebze “pikis saaTebSi” xmauri aWarbebs dasaSveb doneebs
4÷15 db(A) sididiT. xmauris doneebis dRe-Ramuri cvalebadobis magaliTi
warmodgenilia nax. 8.1-ze.
1999-2000 wlebSi Catarebulia dawyebulia zogierTi qalaqis quCebisa da
saqalaqTaSoriso avtomagistralebis xmauris maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla. aseTi
samuSaos Sesruleba garTulebulia imiT, rom gzebze da gzebis piras Seqmnili
akustikuri situacia xSirad icvleba sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo. amJamad
SesaZlebelia mxolod winaswari monacemebis moyvana. foTis da Tbilisis
damakavSirebel gzaze “pikis saaTebSi” dafiqsirebulia xmauris ekvivalenturi
doneebi 67÷77 db (A) farglebSi. rusTavis, foTis, Telavisa da goris mTavari
quCebis piras xmauris ekvivalenturi doneebi “pikis saaTebSi” Seadgens 72÷75
db(A)-s (ix. cxrili 8.1).
amrigad saqarTvelos qalaqebis mTavar quCebze da am qalaqebis
damakavSirebel gzebze xmauris ekvivalenturi doneebi aRemateba dasaSveb
sidideebs 2÷12 db(A) sididiT. aseTi mdgomareoba iTxovs xmaurdamcavi RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom 1998 wlis Tebervlis Tvidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze moqmedebaSia normatiuli dokumenti “eqspluataciaSi myofi avtosatransporto saSualebebis gare xmauris dasaSvebi doneebis droebiTi mniSvnelobebi
(normebi) da gazomvis meTodika”. am dokumentis Sesabamisad avtomobilebis
diagnostikuri centrebis eko-diagnostikur punqtebSi yovelwliurad tardeba
avtomobilebis xmauris maxasiaTeblebis Semowmeba. qveynis teritoriaze
Seqmnilia da aRWurvilia sazomi saSualebebiT 85 eko-diagnostikuri punqti.
*
decibeli (db) _ xmauris (bgeris donis) gazomvis erTeuli.
97
zenormatiuli xmauris warmomqmneli avtosatransporto saSualebebiT moZraoba
ikrZaleba, rac uTuod dadebiT momentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos garemos
xmaurisagan dacvis TvalsazrisiT.
sxva saxis satransporto saSualebebis xmaurianobis Sefaseba saqarTvelos
teritoriaze ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis manZilze ar Catarebula.
mimdinare periodSi aRiniSneba mcire da saSualo simZlavris sawarmoebis
zrda, romlebic xSirad garemoSi warmoqmnian intensiur xmaurs, magaliTad,
xisa da qvis saWreli Carxebis, kompresorebis, generatorebis da sxva saxis
danadgarebis muSaobis dros. am sawarmoebis dagegmarebisa da eqspluataciaSi
Seyvanis dros xmaurisagan dacvis sakiTxebis gadaWra praqtikulad ar xerxdeba.
saWiroa Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo aqtebis ganaxleba da dakonkreteba.
rac Seexeba msxvil (I kategoriis) samrewvelo obieqtebs, arsebuli
kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs dagegmarebis procesSi garemoze zemoqmedebis
Sefasebas. Sesabamisi angariSis eqspertizis dros xorcieldeba xmaurisagan
garemos dacvis sakiTxebis ganxilva. magaliTad, saeqsperto moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT moqmedi navTobsadenis obieqtebze (sufsis terminalze,
navTobis satumb da wnevis damwev sadgurebze) xmauriani danadgarebis nawili
aRiWurva xmaurdamcavi mowyobilobebiT.
cxrili 8.1
xmauris maxasiaTeblebi
saqarTvelos zogierTi qalaqisaTvis (1999-2000 w.w.)
qalaqis
dasaxeleba
Tbilisi
rusTavi
foTi*
Telavi
gori
*
gazomvis adgili
rusTavelis gamz. #15
marcxena sanapiro
varazisxevi
meliqiSvilis q. #7
kostavas q.
megobrobis gamz. #43
gzatkec. rusTavi-Tbilisi
aRmaSeneblis q. #17
samegrelos q. #93
rekvavas q.
guriis q.
rusTavelis q.
WavWavaZis q.
bgeris
ekvivalenturi
done, db(A)
76
76
80
76
73
75
73
72
74
73
73
70
72
dasaSvebi
(normatiuli) donis
gadaWarbeba, db(A)
11
11
15
11
8
10
8
7
9
8
8
5
7
monacemebi aRebulia proeqtidan “q. foTis ganviTarebis generaluri gegma. garemoze
zemoqmedebis Sefaseba”.
98
bger is (xmaur is) ekvival ent ur i doneebis cval ebadoba
dRe-Ramis ganmavl obaSi J.Sar t avas quCaz e
75
A
71
72
71
70
70
70
68
66
65
63
61
59
60
55
53
52
0 50
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
2
dro, sT
dasaSvebi do neebi dRisa da Ramis saaTebisaTvis
nax. 8.1
vibraciuli mdgomareobis analizisaTvis saWiro informacia ar arsebobs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad mrewvelobisa da transportis dRevandeli
arasruli datvirTviT muSaobisa, vibraciis wyaroebis arseboba eWvs ar iwvevs.
eleqtromagnituri velebi. rogorc cnobilia, garemoSi eleqtromagnituri velebis ZiriTadi anTropogenuri wyaroebia:
− maRali da zemaRali Zabvis eleqtruli xazebi;
− Senoba-nagebobebis eleqtruli qselebi da sayofacxovrebo wyaroebi;
− eleqtrostatikuri muxtis mqone zedapirebi, eleqtrizebadi nivTierebebis
gadanacvlebis teqnologiuri procesebi /navTobis, gazis, fxvieri nivTierebebis gadanacvlebis dros da a.S./;
− mZlavri radio da tele gadamcemi mowyobilobebi da sadgurebi;
− radiolokaciuri sadgurebi;
− mikrotalRuri sayofacxovrebo teqnika /Rumelebi da a.S/;
− personaluri radiokavSiris saSualebani, (maT Soris fiWuri satelefono
da satelituri radiokavSiri);
− personaluri gamoTvliTi manqanebi;
− eleqtrotransportis kontaqturi xazebi da TviT eleqtrotransporti.
1997 wlidan 2000 wlamde saqarTveloSi intensiurad icvleboda
moralurad da fizikurad moZvelebuli radiogamomsxivebeli mowyobilobebi da
inergeboda axali radioeleqtronuli saSualebebi.
aSenda Tanamgzavrze mimarTuli 27 sadguri, maT Soris GPC navTobsadenis
yvela saqaC sadgurze da terminalze, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sabaJoebze,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen kavSirs saqarTvelodan msoflios sxvadasxva
qveynebSi.
intensiurad viTardeboda mobiluri kavSiris sadgurebis gamoyeneba
saqarTvelos teritoriaze. Tu Sps “magTikoms” 1997 wels hqonda 8 sabazo
sadguri, 1999 wels es raodenoba gaizarda 44-mde, xolo 2000w. _ 102
sadguramde, analogiurad 1997 wels daarsebuli Sps “jeoselis” sabazo
99
sadgurebis raodenobam 1999 wels miaRwia 23-s, 2000 wels ki _ 83-s. Sps
“megakomma” gaafarTova Tavisi moqmedebis zona Tbilissa da mis SemogarenSi.
periodulad xorcieldeba moqalaqeTa saCivrebis safuZvelze calkeuli
obieqtebis Seswavla, gaicema Sesabamisi daskvnebi, xorcieldeba garemoze
zemoqmedebis Sefaseba. aRniSnuli samuSaoebi tardeba garemos dacvis institutis ZalebiT.
fiWuri satelefono sistemebis radiosadgurebis antenebis eleqtromagnituri energiis simkvrive ZiriTadSi, ar aRemateba normatiul mniSvnelobas
(10mkvt/sm2) da icvleba diapizonSi ~ 0,5 ÷ 8,2 mkvt/sm2.
moklevadiani Seswavlis safuZvelze (sul iqna gamokvleuli 20 mimRebgadamcemi sadguri) zogierT obieqtze aRiniSna normatiuli mniSvnelobis
gadaWarbeba. magaliTad, q. quTaisSi, rusTavelis q. #44 _ 11,5mkvt/sm2 (Sps
“magTikomi”), TbilisSi_WavWavaZis gamz. #27/29_19mkvt/sm2 (Sps “jeoseli”),
oseTis q. #4a _ ~ 22mkvt/sm2 (Sps “megakomi”).
Seswavlilia agreTve 28 satelituri sadguris antenebis eleqtromagnituri energiis nakadis simkvrivis ganawileba, maT Soris GPC navTobsadenis
yvela saqaC sadgurze da terminalze, ris Sedegad gaica rekomendaciebi
momsaxure personalis samuSao adgilebSi yofnis xangrZlivobaze im adgilebSi,
sadac eleqtromagnituri nakadis simkvrivis mniSvneloba aRemateba normatiuls
da icvleba 10-dan 70mkvt/sm2 farglebSi.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom rigi radioteqnikuri obieqtebis eqspluatacia xorcieldeba saqarTvelos garemosdacviTi kanonebis moTxovnebis gareSe.
amasTanave, kanonSi “garemosdacviTi nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” ar aris moxsenebuli
garemoze zemoqmedebis I kategoriis obieqtebSi kavSirgabmulobis iseTi obieqtebi, rogoricaa - fiWuri satelefono sadgurebi, satelituri kavSiris sadgurebi, tele da radio sadgurebi, radiolokaciuri sadgurebi da sxva
obieqtebi. aqedan gamomdinare, aRniSnuli obieqtebis mflobeli firmebi Tavs
arideben ekologiuri eqspertizis Catarebas da garemosdacviTi nebarTvis
miRebas.
unda aRiniSnos is faqtic, rom ar xorcieldeba zemoTxsenebuli mavne
faqtorebis monitoringi, rac xels uwyobs rig SemTxvevebSi ekologiuri
usafrTxoebis moTxovnebis darRvevas.
100
Tavi 9
wlis meteorologiuri pirobebis Taviseburebebi.
bunebrivi katastrofebi da stiqiuri ubedurebebi
1. wlis ganmavlobaSi (Tveebis mixedviT) atmosferuli haeris
temperaturebis da atmosferuli naleqebis saSualo mniSvnelobebis
ganawileba qveynis teritoriaze
1999weli
mimdinare wlis ianvari naleqebis deficitiT gamoirCeoda. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos umetes raionebSi mxolod 1-2mm naleqi movida. mTlianobaSi
amindis anomalurobiT ianvars (maRali Termuli reJimi TandarTuli
dabalnaleqianobiT) meoce saukuneSi analogi ar moepoveba.
Tbili amindi, romelic TiTqmis mTeli zamTris ganmavlobaSi idga
saqarTvelos teritoriaze, martis pirvel naxevarSic SenarCunda, aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi ki unaleqo amindebi grZeldeboda. haeris temperatura dRis
saaTebSi 23-25-°s aRwevda, xolo saSualo temperatura saSualo mravalwliur
maCvenebelze 4-6°-iT maRali iyo (aseTive temperatura ukanasknelad 1962 da
1978 wlebSi aRiniSna). maRalma temperaturulma reJimma sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturaTa vegetacia ganapiroba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, magram tenis
simciris gamo niadagi gamomSrali iyo, rac adreul sazafxulo kulturaTa
Tesvas aferxebda.
aprili saqarTvelos teritoriaze anomaliebiT ar gamoirCeoda.
maisis dasawyisSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gawvimda. aWaraSi mdinare
Woroxisa da aWaris wylis adidebis Sedegad daitbora sasoflo-sameurneo
savargulebi. umravles raionebSi mosul naleqTa raodenobam 200-300mm
Seadgina, rac gacilebiT sWarbobs Tvis normas.
2 maiss daisetyva zestafonis raioni, 3 maiss _ saCxeris raioni.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 6-8 maiss wvimebma niadagi sakmaod daateniana,
SemdgomSi ki ZiriTadad mSrali amindi idga. Tvis bolos kvlav gawvimda.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi ivnisis 20 ricxvamde arsebiTi naleqi ar mosula.
21 ivnisidan gawvimda. 4-6 dRis ganmavlobaSi mosul naleqTa raodenobam mTebSi
80-120 mm, dablobSi 140-180 mm-ze meti (qobuleTSi 275 mm) Seadgina, niadagi
sakmaod datenianda, mTel rig raionebSi Zalzed Warbadac. uxvma wvimebma
sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi datbora. baR-venaxebSi mavnebel-avadmyofobaTa
gamoCenisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Tvis umetesi drois ganmavlobaSi wvimda. 1
ivniss bolnisSi, 7 ivniss dedofliswyarosa da aspinZaSi, 11 ivniss gardabnisa
da goris raionebSi setyva aRiniSna. 20-21 ivniss RamiT daisetyva borjomisa
da axalcixis raionebi.
ivlisi dasavleT saqarTveloSi anomaliebiT ar aRiniSneboda. aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi 11 ivliss daisetyva TeTriwyaro. 12 ivliss axalgoris raionis
sofeli korinTa. amave dRes kokispirulma wvimam avWalasa da mcxeTis
raionebSi sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebi daaziana.
agvistoSi rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloSi mSrali da
gvalviani amindi idga. drogamoSvebiT marTalia kokispiruladac wvimda, magram
101
niadagi sakmaod ar datenianebula, ris gamoc araxelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna
bostneul kulturebs, siminds, marcvleuls, yurZens. kerZo seqtorSi, sadac
vazis rigTaSorisebSi simindi iyo daTesili, yurZeni daculi iqna.
seqtemberSi
rogorc
dasavleT
saqarTveloSi,
aseve
aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSic monacvleobda Tbili da grili dReebi. naleqebis raodenoba
ZiriTadad normis farglebSi iyo. 7 seqtembers TorsaSi movida setyva.
oqtombris meore dekadidan amindi dasavleT saqarTveloSi araxelsayrel
pirobebs qmnida mindvris samuSaoebis Casatareblad. gauaresda citrusebis
damwifebis pirobebi, araxelsayreli pirobebi Seeqmna yurZnis damwifebas da
masSi Saqris dagrovebas. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi saSemodgomo marcvleuli
kulturebis aRmocenebisaTvis pirobebi damakmayofilebeli iyo.
noemberSi atmosferuli procesebis gamwvavebam dasavleT saqarTveloSi
Zlieri naleqebi gamoiwvia. mTaSi Tovda. 9 noembers goderZis gadasasvlelze
Tovlis safaris simaRlem 86 sm-s miaRwia. noembris mesame dekadaSi 5 dRis
ganmavlobaSi gadauReblad wvimda. am dReebSi xuloSi mosuli naleqebis
raodenobam 189 mm Seadgina, rac Tvis normis 135%-s Seadgens.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi noembris TveSi mosuli naleqebis raodenoba
mravalwliur normaze meti da zogan normis farglebSi iyo.
Zlieri wvimebis Sedegad dasavleT saqarTveloSi adidda mdinareebi. 19
noembers aWaris wylis donem qedasTan 420sm-s miaRwia da gadaaWarba saSiS
niSnuls. sofel maxunceTTan mdinarem waiRo saavtomobilo xidi. adidebulma
wabliswyalma Camoangria baRdaTi-abasTumnis saavtomobilo gzis sairmis
monakveTi. patara mdinareebis mier Camotanilma naSalma masalam gadaketa
cageri-lentexis gzatkecili. adidebulma gubazeulma didi ziani miayena
xeobaSi ganlagebul soflebs da daaziana Coxatauri-baxmaros saavtomobilo
gza. kalapotidan gadmosulma suramelam datbora sacxovrebeli saxlebi
xaSurSi da osiauris sasoflo-sameurneo mindvrebi. Sida aWaraSi, Coxatauris,
abaSis, samtrediis, vanis, baRdaTis raionebSi daitbora sasoflo-sameurneo
mindvrebi da waRebuli iqna soflis xidebi.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi normaze naklebi naleqi movida, xSirad
Zlierdeboda dasavleTis mimarTulebis qari. 12 noembers Tbilisis aeroportSi
qaris siCqarem 27 m/wm-s miaRwia.
dekemberSi Tbil amindTan erTad naleqebis deficiti aRiniSneboda, mosuli
naleqebis raodenoba normaze naklebi iyo da misi mniSvneloba normis 10-40%-s
Soris meryeobda.
Zlieri qari 15-20 m/wm da meti siCqariT ramdenime dRe qroda qveynis
calkeul raionebSi.
2000 weli
ianvari. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob
raionebSi meryeobda +4, +5º_is farglebSi, qarTlsa da kaxeTSi 1_2º, mTaSi
_3, +1º, maRalmTaSi _4, _7º, rac axlosaa saSualo mravalwliur
mniSvnelobasTan, zogan 1º-iT masze maRalia.
naleqebis raodenobam dasavleT saqarTveloSi 120mm-s gadaaWarba,
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi umetesad 25-50mm, eac teritoriis umetes nawilze
normasTan axlosaa, samxreT saqarTveloSi _ masze meti.
102
Tebervali. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos
dablob raionebSi meryeobda 5_6º-is farglebSi, rac normasTan axlosaa,
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi 2_3º, rac 1º-iT maRalia normaze.
naleqebic: dasavleT saqarTveloSi: 100-140mm, rac normasTan axlosaa,
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi: 10-20mm, rac normaze naklebia.
marti. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob
raionebSi meryeobda 8_9º-is farglebSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi 4_6º,
mTaSi 2_4º, maRalmTaSi 0, _2º, rac teritoriis umetes nawilze axlosaa
saSualo mravalwliur mniSvnelobasTan.
naleqebis raodenobam dasavleT saqarTvelos umetes raionebSi Seadgina
60-130mm, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 10-40mm, rac axlosaa saSualo
mravalwliur raodenobasTan da masze naklebi.
aprili. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dablobsa da barSi meryeobda
14-17º-is farglebSi, mTaSi 9-11º, maRalmTaSi 7_8º, rac 3º-iT maRalia
saSualo mravawliur mniSvnelobaze.
naleqebis
raodenobam
Seadgina
24-50mm,
rac
naklebia
saSualo
mravalwliur raodenobaze.
maisi. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob
raionebSi meryeobda 16-18º-is farglebSi, rac 1_2º-iT dabalia normaze,
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi 15_16º, mTaSi 14_15º, maRalmTaSi 9_10º, rac
axlosaa saSualo mravalwliur mniSvnelobasTan.
naleqebis raodenobam dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seadgina 80_120mm, rac
axlosaa saSualo mravalwliur raodenobasTan, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _
20_40mm, rac normaze naklebia.
ivnisi. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob
raionebSi meryeobda 19_20º-is farglebSi, mTaSi 16_18º, rac 1º-iT dabalia
normaze, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 20-22º, rac 1º-iT maRalia normaze.
naleqebis raodenobam dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seadgina 70_210mm, rac
normasTan axlosaa da masze metia, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 20-30mm, rac
normaze naklebia.
ivlisi. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob
raionebSi meryeobda 20-24°-is farglebSi, rac 1-2°-iT maRalia saSualo
mravalwliur mniSvnelobaze, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 25-27°, rac 3-4°-iT
maRalia normaze.
naleqebis raodenobam Seadgina 5-30mm, rac normaze naklebia.
agvisto. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos dablob
raionebSi meryeobda 19-20°-is farglebSi, rac normasTan axlosaa, aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi 22-24°, rac 2°-iT normaze maRalia.
naleqebis raodenobam Seadgina 20-30mm, rac normaze naklebia.
seqtemberi. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dablobsa da barSi
meryeobda 20-21°-is farglebSi, mTian raionebSi 14-15°, maRalmTaSi 12-14°, rac
dasavleT saqarTveloSi axlosaa normasTan, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 1°-iT
masze maRalia.
naleqebis raodenobam Seadgina 40-70mm, rac normaze naklebi da masTan
axlosaa.
103
oqtomberi. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos
dablob raionebSi meryeobda 16-17°-is farglebSi, rac 1°-iT maRalia normaze,
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 13-14°, rac masTan axlosaa.
naleqebis raodenobam Seadgina 90-160mm, rac dasavleT saqarTveloSi
normasTan axlosaa, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – masze metia.
noemberi. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos
dablob raionebSi meryeobda 11-12°-is farglebSi, rac 1°-iT maRalia normaze,
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi _ 7-8°, rac masTan axlosaa.
naleqebis raodenobam Seadgina 10-40mm, rac normaze naklebia.
dekemberi. haeris Tvis saSualo temperatura dasavleT saqarTvelos
dablob raionebSi iyo 8-9°, rac 1-2°-iT maRalia normaze, aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi 5-6°, rac 2-3°-iT maRalia normaze.
naleqebis raodenobam Seadgina 40-60mm, rac dasavleT saqarTveloSi
normaze naklebia, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – normaze metia.
anomalurad Tbili aRmoCnda 2000 wlis aprili. Tvis saSualo
temperatura qveynis mTel teritoriaze 3-5°-iT meti iyo mis saSualo
mravalwliur mniSvnelobaze. umetes dReebSi haeris maqsimaluri temperatura
dablobsa da barSi 25-30, Tvis bolos 32 gradusamde Tbeboda.
gvalva ivlisSi kidev ufro gamZafrda. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom TbilisSi
haeris maqsimaluri temperatura 29 dRis ganmavlobaSi 35 graduss qvemoT ar
daSvebula.
qveynis mTel teritoriaze (sanapiro raionebis gamoklebiT) naleqebis
raodenobas normis 15%-isTvis ar gadauWarbebia, zogan ki saerTod ar uwvimia.
sanapiro raionebSi mosuli naleqebis raodenoba normis 30%-is farglebSi
meryeobda. gansakuTrebiT Camocxa Tvis bolo ricxvebSi. 30 ivliss haeris
maqsimalurma temperaturam quTaisSi 43, zugdidSi 42, onSi 38, fasanaurSi 37
graduss miaRwia, rac am punqtebisTvis axali absoluturi maqsimaluri
temperaturaa. 31 ivliss Termometrma TbilisSi 41 gradusi sicxe uCvena, rac
Tbilisis absoluturi maqsimaluri temperaturis ganmeorebaa.
ivlisis haeris saSualo temperatura qveynis mTel teritoriaze normaze
3-4°-iT meti iyo.
ivlisis anomaluri gvalvis gamo saqarTvelos mdinareTa wylianoba
(engurisa da rionis garda, romelTac myinvaruli kvebadoba aqvT) mravalwliur
minimums miaxloebuli iqneboda.
maRalma temperaturulma reJimma niadagi imdenad gamoaSro, rom igi daskda
da bevrgan sakmaod didi naprali gaCnda. xangrZlivma gvalvam aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi TiTqmis mTlianad gaanadgura mzesumziris naTesebi. bevrgan
simindi axma da aiWra, Caxma lobio, bostneul-baRCeuli. gadaxma saZovrebi.
sarwyavi wylis simciris gamo bevrad ukeTes mdgomareobaSi arc sarwyav
miwebze ganlagebuli erTwliani da mravalwliani kulturebi iyvnen. aseTive
mdgomareoba iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi (sanapiro raionebis gamoklebiT). aqac
masiurad dazianda simindis, soios, lobios, baRCeul-bostneulis naTesebi.
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministros winaswari
monacemebiT gvalvisagan miyenebulma zaralma 350 milioni lari Seadgina.
104
2. saSualo mravalwliuri (klimaturi) mniSvnelobebisagan
maTi gadaxris analizi
1999 wels ianvarSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi temperatura saSualo
mravalwliur maCvenebels aRemateboda 2-3°-iT, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 4-5°iT. naleqebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seadgenda saSualo mravalwliuri
maCveneblis 10-25%-s, aRmosavleTSi _ 25-50%-s. aseTi Tbili ianvari mTel
saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRniSnulia mxolod 1915, 1948 da 1966 wlebSi.
Tebervali aRiniSna aseve maRali temperaturiT. dasavleT saqarTveloSi
saSualo mravalwliurTan SedarebiT temperatura 2-3°-iT maRali iyo, xolo
aRmosavleTSi _ 3-4°-iT. naleqebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze normis farglebSi
iyo.
martSi
mTeli
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
temperatura
saSualo
mravalwliurTan SedarebiT 4-5°-iT maRali iyo. naleqebi 100-200 mm-iT
aRemateboda saSualo mravalwliur maCvenebels.
aprili,
maisi
da
ivnisi
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze,
rogorc
temperaturuli,
aseve
naleqebis
reJimis
mixedviT
ar
gamoirCeoda
anomalurobiT saSualo mravalwliur maCveneblebTan SedarebiT.
ivlisi da agvisto saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gamoirCeoda maRali
temperaturiT, gadaxra mravalwliur saSualo maCvenebelTan SedarebiT
dasavleTSi 2-4°-iT, xolo aRmosavleTSi 0,5-4°-iT gamoixateboda. naleqebis
raodenoba ZiriTadad saSulo mravalwliur maCveneblis farglebSi iyo.
seqtemberSi temperatura dasavleT saqarTveloSi normaze 1°-iT maRali
iyo, aRmosavleTSi _ normis farglebSi. naleqebis anomaluroba dafiqsirda
aWaraSi _ 250-300 mm.
oqtomberSi da noemberSi temperaturuli da naleqebis reJimi mTeli
saqarTvelos teritoriaze gansakuTrebuli gadaxriT ar gamoirCeoda saSualo
mravalwliurTan SedarebiT.
dekemberi mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRiniSna SedarebiT maRali
temperaturiT, romelic saSualo mravalwliurTan SedarebiT temperatura 24°-iT maRali iyo. naleqebi ZiriTadad normis farglebSi aRiniSna.
danarTi 1 cxril 27-Si naCvenebia saSualo mravalwliuri klimaturi
mniSvnelobebisagan gadaxris maCveneblebi 1999 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
3. wlis ganmavlobaSi aRniSnuli stiqiuri hidrometeorologiuri
da amindis eqstremaluri movlenebi
1999 wlis ganmavlobaSi moxda 9 wyaldidoba, aqedan orjer quTaisSi,
sadac dazianda sacxovrebeli saxlebi, gzebi da komunikaciebi.
13-jer aRiniSna Zlieri wvima da qari. daba urekTan dazianda gauqmebuli
navTobsadeni da dabinZurda 8400 m2 farTobis teritoria. baTumis navsadgurSi
CaiZira gemi. Stormis Sedegad gamoiriya ori seineri.
dafiqsirebulia datborvis 14 SemTxveva. daitbora sasoflo-sameurneo
savargulebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebis teritoriebi, saavtomobilo gzebi.
105
Zlier wvimebs da wyaldidobebs Tan axlda Rvarcofis 13 SemTxveva, aqedan
4 aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. dazianda mosaxleobis karmidamoebi da sasoflosameurneo savargulebi, saavtomobilo gzebi, xidebi, sarwyavi arxebi da
komunikaciebi. Catarda aRdgeniTi samuSaoebi. saerTo zaralma Seadgina
daaxloebiT 17,0 milion laramde.
danarTi 1, cxril 28, 29-Si naCvenebia wlis ganmavlobaSi aRniSnuli
stiqiuri hodrometeorologiuri da amindis eqstremaluri movlenebi.
4. wlis ganmavlobaSi momxdari bunebrivi katastrofebi da stiqiuri
ubedurebebi, maT Sedegad miyenebuli ziani
1999 wels dafiqsirda 15 mewyeris SemTxveva, 3_kldis Camoqceva, aqedan 8
mewyeri _ dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
dafiqsirda 5 miwisZvra aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, aqedan erTi 3-baliani,
ori 5-baliani, ori 6-baliani. mniSvnelovani ngreva da msxverpli miwisZvrebs
ar mohyolia.
dafiqsirebulia xanZris 17 SemTxveva. daudevrobis gamo daiwva 5 Senobanageboba. 575 ha tyis masivi. 40 ha puris yana, 100 ha Cais plantacia. adamianTa
daSaveba da msxverpli ar yofila. zaralma Seadgina daaxloebiT 0,5 mln.
laramde. Catarda aRdgeniTi sareabilitacio samuSaoebi.
qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi 9.1 naCvenebia wlis ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi
katastrofebis da stiqiuri ubedurebebis, agreTve maT mier miyenebuli
zaralis monacemebi.
cxrili 9.1
wlis ganmavlobaSi momxdari bunebrivi katastrofebi
da stiqiuri ubedurebebi
miwisZvrebi
3
movlenis
TariRi
2
14-01
15-01
31-01
4
21-04
3
samcxe-javaxeTi
__”__
Tbilisidan 200 km Crd
dasavleTiT
sof. radionovka
5
4-06
aRm. saqarTvelo
#
1
1
2
dazianebuli raioni
dazianebis obieqti
4
_
_
_
el. xazebi da
qvesadguri
_
dazianebis
maxasiaTebeli
5
3 bali
6 bali
6 bali
5 bali
4-5 bali
xanZrebi
1
2
3
4
26-01
29-01
xobis raioni
cageris raioni
26-01
13-02
mestiis raioni
mcxeTis raionis
mimdebare teritoria
106
kulturis saxli
Sromisa da
ritualebis sasaxle
policiis Senoba
tyis masivi
_
_
_
5,0ha
1
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2
13-02
10-03
20-03
31-03
05-04
27-04
25-06
27-07
02-08
03-08
04-08
05-08
03-12
06-12
3
yvarelis raionis
mimdebare teritoria
dedofliswyaro
q. Tbilisi
zugdidis raioni
sof. onaria
mestiis r-ni
gardabnis raioni
Tbilisi
axmetis raioni
mcxeTa
Tbilisi
Tbilisi
yvarelis r-i. sofeli sabue
yvarelis r-i. sof. Silda
4
5
25ha
__”__
sacxovrebeli saxli
6000m2
200m2
100ha
sami bina
10ha
40,0ha
6000m2
20ha
0,12ha
_
_
5,0ha
10,0ha
__”__
Cais plantacia
sacxovrebeli saxli
tyis masivi
puri yana
tyis masivi
__”__
__”__
__”__
__”__
__”__
__”__
2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirda 6 miwisZvris SemTxveva, romelsac
msxverpli da ngrevebi ar mohyolia. moxda 2 wyaldidoba. aqedan q. quTaisSi
daiRupa 2 da daSavda 2 adamiani. onis raionSi dazianda 2 sacxovrebeli saxli
da sasoflo savargulebi. 2-jer aRiniSna Zlieri qari, romelmac daaziana 337
sacxovrebeli saxli da foTis portSi gamoriya TurqeTis seineri. aRniSnul
periodSi dafiqsirda mewyeris 3 da zvavis 1 SemTxveva, ris gamoc daiRupa 5 da
daSavda 41. mTis qanis Camoqcevam, Rvarcofma da orjer didTovlobam daaziana
1 sacxovrebeli saxli, saavtomobilo gzis monakveTebi da sasoflo
savargulebi. agvistos gvalvebma da xanZrebma kaxeTsa da Sida qarTlSi
daaziana sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebi. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi 9.2
naCvenebia wlis ganmavlobaSi bunebrivi katastrofebis da stiqiuri
ubedurebebis monacemebi.
cxrili 9.2
wlis ganmavlobaSi momxdari bunebrivi katastrofebi
da stiqiuri ubedurebebi
miwisZvrebi
#
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
movlenis
TariRi
2
10-04
02-05
18-10
06-12
06-12
14-12
dazianebuli raioni
3
q. Tbilisi
wnori-siRnaRis midamoebi
q. Tbilisi
dmanisi
q. Tbilisi
q. Tbilisi
107
dazianebis
obieqti
4
_
_
_
_
_
_
dazianebis
maxasiaTebeli
5
2-bali
“___”
4-bali
“___”
2-bali
4-bali
xanZrebi
1
1
2
3
4
5
2
30-05
06-07
23-07
26-07
30-07
6
30-07
7
8
9
10
06-08
14-08
18-08
26-11
3
gurjaani
mcxeTa
mcxeTa
axmetis r-ni
mcxeTis r-ni, zahesis
mimdebare teritoria
q. Tbilisi, bagebis mimdebare
teritoria
axalcixe nialos teritoria
samcxe-javaxeTi
axalcixe
jvris monastris mimdebare
teritoria
108
4
tyis masivi
“___”
“___”
“___”
5
2,0 ha
50,0 ha
40,0 ha
2,0 ha
3,0 ha
“___”
5,0 ha
saZovrebi
3,0 ha
45,0 ha
3,0 ha
2,0 ha
tyis masivi
tyis masivi
“___”
Tavi 10
garemos ekologiuri faqtorebis SesaZlo gavlena
mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze
1. qveynis saerTo demografiuli mdgomareoba, mosaxleobis raodenobis
dinamika; misi cvlilebis ZiriTadi gamomwvevi mizezebi. garemos
dabinZurebis (komponentebis mixedviT) Sedegad adamianTa janmrTelobis
gauaresebis tendencia; tipiuri daavadebebi da maTi gamomwvevi
ekologiuri faqtorebi
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ukanaskneli aRwera Catarda 1989 wels. mas
Semdeg arsebuli statistikuri informacia aradamakmayofilebelia. arsebuli
monacemebis safuZvelze SesaZloa Sefasdes mxolod tendenciebi. 1989 wels
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba sul Seadgenda 5,4 mln-s, aqedan soflis mosaxleoba
– 44%-s, xolo qalaqis – 56%. mTeli mosaxleobis 22,8% (1,24mln.)
cxovrobda q. TbilisSi.
1990 wlis monacemebiT saqarTveloSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba
Seadgenda 68,1 wels mamakacebSi da 75,7 wels qalebSi (dasavleT evropis
qveynebSi saSualod 71w. da 78w.).
ukanaskneli aTwleulis manZilze mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebis
gauaresebam, rac gamowveulia mniSvnelovani socialur-ekonomikuri krizisiT,
gazrdili umuSevrobiT da ltolvilTa nakadiT, uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdina
qveynis demografiul situaciaze. rogorc cxrili 10.1 monacemebi cxadyofs
saxezea depopulaciis procesis dawyeba.
cxrili 10.1
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba (aTasebSi)
wlebi
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
saSualo wliuri
5405,9
5417,6
5420,9
5412,4
5397,7
5383,0
5374,3
5377,2
5388,5
5387,9
5100,7
5023,1
wlis dasawyisi
5400,8
5413,5
5421,6
5420,3
5404,6
5390,9
5375,1
5373,4
5381,0
5394,9
5402,1
5100,5
1999 wels saxeze myofma mosaxleobam Seadgina 4604500, xolo 2000
wels 4452100 adamiani, saidanac daaxloebiT 3 mln. cxovrobs qalaqebSi.
saqarTvelos ZiriTad qalaqebSi mosaxleoba daaxloebiT Semdegnairad
109
nawildeba: Tbilisi – 1,5 mln., quTaisi – 300 aTasi, rusTavi – 200 aTasi,
baTumi – 150 aTasi, zugdidi – 100 aTasi, gori – 80 aTasi, foTi – 60 aTasi.
soxumis mosaxleoba 1991 wlisaTvis Seadgenda 122 aTass.
mosaxleobis dinamikaSi yvelaze SemaSfoTebelia Sobadobis ukiduresi
Semcireba. ukanaskneli 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi Sobadobis maCvenebli TiTqmis
orjer Semcirda, Tumca 1995 wlis Semdeg gamoikveTa Sobadobis klebis tempis
Senelebis tendencia. 1999-2000 wlebSi gagrZelda mosaxleobis bunebrivi
matebis Semcirebis tendencia da Sesabamisad qveynis maCvenebelic uaryofiTia
(ix. cxrili 10.2).
cxrili 10.2
ZiriTadi demografiuli maCveneblebis dinamika 1000 mosaxleze
demografiuli
maCveneblebi
qorwineba
1988w
1992w
1993w
1994w
1995w
1996w
1997w
1998w
1999w
2000w
7,0
5,1
4,9
4,5
4,4
4,0
3,5
3,0
3,0
2,8
1,3
0,7
0,7
0,6
0,6
0,5
0,5
0,3
0,4
0,4
Sobadoba
17,0
14,9
12,6
11,8
11,6
11,1
10,7
9,1
8,9
8,9
sikvdilianoba
8,8
9,6
10,0
8,6
7,8
7,7
7,5
7,6
8,8
9,1
bunebrivi mateba
8,2
5,3
2,6
3,2
3,8
4,0
3,2
1,4
0,1
-0,2
ganqorwineba
saqarTvelos demografiuli situaciis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani niSania
mosaxleobis dabereba – moxucebulTa xvedriTi wilis zrda mosaxleobis
saerTo raodenobaSi. 65 welze ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis wilma
saqarTveloSi 1999 wels Seadgina 13,4%, maSin roca 1990 wels 12,0% iyo,
xolo 1980 wels _ 11,0%.
cxrilSi 10.3 mocemulia 1999-2000 wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
sikvdilianobis struqtura daavadebaTa ZiriTadi klasebis mixedviT, xolo
cxrilSi 10.4 samkurnalo-profilaqtikur dawesebulebebSi daavadebianobisa da
avadobis maCveneblebi.
cxrili 10.3
mosaxleobis sikvdilianobis struqtura daavadebaTa ZiriTadi
klasebis mixedviT, saqarTvelo, 1999-2000w.w.
daavadebaTa ZiriTadi klasebi X dsk-s mixedviT
1
sul:
infeqciuri da parazituli daavadebebi
axalwarmonaqmnebi
endokrinuli sistemis, kvebis moSlilobis da nivTierebaTa cvlis darRvevis daavadebebi
sisxlisa da sisxlmbadi organoTa daavadebebi, imunuri
meqanizmis CaTreviT mimdinare calkeuli darRvevebi
110
1999w.
2
40378
397
4422
733
2000w.
3
41320
389
4516
851
sikvdilianobis
maCvenebeli
100000 mosaxleze
1999w.
2000w.
4
5
876.9
912.5
8.6
8.6
96.0
99.7
15.9
18.8
30
20
0.7
gardaicvala
sul
0.4
1
fsiqiuri da qceviTi aSlilobebi
nervuli sistemis daavadebebi
Tvalisa da misi danamatebis daavadebebi, yurisa da
dvrilisebri morCis daavadebebi
sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis daavadebebi
sunTqvis organoebis daavadebebi
saWmlis momnelebeli organoebis daavadebebi
Sard-sasqeso sistemis daavadebebi
orsuloba, mSobiaroba da loginobis xanis garTulebebi
kanisa da kanqveSa ujredisis daavadebebi
ZvalkunTovani sistemisa da SemaerTebel qsovilTa
daavadebebi
Tandayolili anomaliebi, deformaciebi da qromosomuli
darRvevebi
perinatalur periodSi warmoSobili calkeuli
mdgomareobebi
simptomebi, niSnebi da normidan gadaxrebi
travmebi da mowamvlebi
2
28
165
13
32
113
0
3
0.6
3.6
0.3
4
0.7
2.5
0
5
28727
828
1440
340
9
3
11
29715
1088
1357
151
4
4
11
623.9
18.0
31.3
7.4
0.2
0.1
0.2
656.2
24.0
30.0
3.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
33
16
0.7
0.3
477
419
10.4
9.5
1151
1571
1391
1243
25.0
34.1
30.7
27.4
cxrili 10.4
samkurnalo-profilaqtikur dawesebulebebSi daavadebianobisa
da avadobis maCveneblebi, saqarTvelo, 1999-2000w.w.
daavadebaTa ZiriTadi klasebi IX dsk-s mixedviT
infeqciuri da parazituli daavadebebi
simsivneebi
endokrinuli sistemis, kvebis moSlilobis, nivTierebaTa cvlis da imunitetis darRvevebi
sisxlisa da sisxlmbad organoTa daavadebebi
fsiqiuri aSlilobebi
nervuli sistemisa da grZnobaTa organoebis
daavadebebi
sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis daavadebebi
sunTqvis organoebis daavadebebi
saWmlis momnelebel organoTa daavadebebi
Sard-sasqeso sistemis daavadebebi
orsulobis, mSobiarobisa da mSobiarobis Semdgomi
periodis garTulebebi
kanisa da kanqveSa ujredisis daavadebebi
ZvalkunTovani sistemisa da SemaerTebel qsovilTa
daavadebebi
Tandayolili anomaliebi
perinatalur periodSi warmoqmnili mdgomareobebi
simptomebi da arazustad aRniSnuli mdgomareobebi
travmebi da mowamvlebi
daavadebianoba
1999w.
2000w.
1172.4
1176.1
646.0
684.0
2870.0
3147.8
avadoba
1999w.
2000w.
715.9
659.3
135.2
127.1
735.3
721.4
322.5
2193.0
2089.0
296.2
2192.6
1978.6
146.4
141.1
781.6
152.4
135.1
718.6
4524.7
4662.7
2302.0
1200.0
545.0
4257.4
4848.1
1823.8
1158.4
472.2
1029.2
3294.8
899.4
529.5
390.7
999.0
3382.8
628.9
476.9
374.1
529.2
501.4
662.5
422.3
327.2
170.8
465.6
155.7
123.3
629.0
67.4
644.7
113.2
4
70.9
570.2
31.6
326.0
27.8
415.8
26.8
230.2
33.5
445.0
dRes ukve aRar aris sadao, rom mosaxleobis janmrTeloba socialur,
fsiqologiur, da sxva faqtorebTan erTad adamianis saarsebo pirobebzecaa
damokidebuli.
111
wylis, atmosferuli haeris, niadagis dabinZureba garkveul zemoqmedebas
axdens mosaxleobis janmrTelobis formirebis procesze. damtkicebulia, rom
garemos dabinZureba mosaxleobis avadobi xarisxs zrdis saSualod 20-22%-iT.
dadgenilia, rom dabinZurebul regionebSi SedarebiT maRalia gulsisxlZarRvTa
sistemebisa da onkologiur daavadebaTa wili sikvdilianobis maCveneblebSi.
aseve maRalia dabinZurebul regionebSi sasunTqi da saWmlis momnelebeli
organoebis daavadebebi. aRiniSneba mWidro damokidebuleba kompleqsurad
dabinZurebul garemosa da sikvdilianobas Soris iseTi daavadebebis mizezebiT,
rogorebicaa sisxlisa da sisxlmbadi organoebis, saWmlis momnelebeli
organoebis daavadebebi, fsiqikuri moSlilobebi da Tandayolili anomaliebi.
sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemebis daavadebebs pirveli adgili ukavia
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis sikvdilianobis struqturaSi (70%). 1999-2000
wlebis monacemebiT sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemebiT daavadebaTa axladregistrirebulma SemTxvevebma moimata TiTqmis yvela regionSi.
respiratoruli da gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebebis SemTxvevebis gaxSirebis
erT-erT faqtorad saqarTvelos qalaqebSi haeris dabinZurebis maRali xarisxi
iqca. vinaidan Cvens qveyanaSi mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60% qalaqebSi
cxovrobs,
amitom
atmosferos
dabinZurebis
zegavleniT
gamowveuli
daavadebebis riski maT umravlesobaze vrceldeba.
ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi aRiniSneba sasunTq organoTa
daavadebaTa zrda. maCvenebeli 100 aTas mosaxleze 1999-2000 wlebSi
Sesabamisad aris 4662,7 da 4848,1. aseve wina wlebTan SedarebiT gazrdilia
pnevmoniiT, qronikuli da dauzustebeli bronqitebiT da bronqialuri asTmiT
daavadebis SemTxvevebic. daavadeba rom garkveul kavSirSia atmosferos
dabinZurebasTan cxadad Cans q. Tbilisis magaliTze, sadac magaliTad, 1999
wels sasunTq organoTa axladregistrirebuli SemTxvevebis raodenoba (avadoba
5737,1) ufro maRali iyo qveynis saSualo maCvenebelze (3291,8).
1999-2000 wlebSi saqarTveloSi axalwarmonaqmnebis (keTilTvisebiani da
avTvisebiani) diagnoziT registrirebul avadmyofTa ricxvma wina wlebTan
SedarebiT moimata. daavadebianobis maCvenebeli yovel 100000 mosaxleze 19992000 wlebSi Sesabamisad 646,0 da 684,0-ia.
ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom atmosferos dabinZureba aris ama Tu im
daavadebis
uSualo
gamomwvevi
(Tumca
arsebobs
pirdapiri
kavSiris
damadasturebeli faqtebic). atmosferos mdgomareoba mxolod sxva damatebiTi
faqtorebis arsebobasTan erTad zrdis daavadebis risks. rac Seexeba wylis
dabinZurebas, is xSir SemTxvevaSi xdeba ama Tu im daavadebis gamomwvevi
uSualo mizezi.
saWmlis momnelebeli organoebis, endokrinuli, nivTierebaTa cvlis,
Sardsasqeso sistemisa da infeqciuri daavadebebis gamomwvevi erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mizezi sasmeli wylis aradamakmayofilebeli sanitariul-qimiuri
parametrebia. maT Soris: momatebuli sixiste, mineralizacia, rkinis,
nitratebis, siliciumis maRali koncentracia.
daavadebis gamomwvevi SeiZleba iyos sasmel wyalSi ara marto ama Tu im
mavne naerTis siWarbe, aramed naklebobac. magaliTad, iodis nakleboba aris
endemuri Ciyvis gamomwvevi erT-erTi mizezi. amJamad es daavadeba saqarTveloSi
progresirebs. gansakuTrebiT daavadebulia qveynis mTis regionis mosaxleoba,
112
rogorc bavSvebi, ise mozrdilebi. sasmel wyalSi ftoris nakleboba iwvevs
kariess. qveyanaSi maRalia kbilis kariesiT daavadebulTa ricxvi.
sasmeli wylis biologiuri dabinZureba xSirad xdeba wylismieri
nawlavuri infeqciebisa da epidafeTqebebis mizezi.
1999 wlis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirebulia daavadebebis SemTxvevebi
uSualod wyalSi myofi mikroorganizmebiT: baqteriuli dizenteriis 854,
salmonelozis 152, muclis tifis 82 SemTxveva. 2000 wels baqteriuli
dizenteriis 389 SemTxveva da muclis tifis 7 SemTxveva dafiqsirda, xolo
salmonelozi igive doneze darCa (155 SemTxveva).
tuberkuliozisa da difteriis epidemiis SemTxvevebi, romlebic 1993
wlis Semdeg gaxSirda, aseve sufTa sasmeli wylis naklebobasTan da
sanitarul-higienuri pirobebis gauaresebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. savalaloa
am mxriv didi qalaqebis mdgomareoba. mag. TbilisSi infeqciuri daavadebebis
sixSire 2,5-3,0-jer aWarbebs saSualo erovnul maCveneblebs, hepatitisa ki 1,8jer.
1999-2000 wlebSi mTel saqarTveloSi infeqciuri da parazituli
daavadebebiT sikvdilianoba iyo mTlianad aRricxulis 1% (Sesabamisad 397 da
389 gardacvlili).
garemos dabinZurebuli nivTierebebidan gansakuTrebiT yuradRebis Rirsia
is naerTebi, romlebic organizmis imunitetis daqveiTebis Sedegad genofondis
dakninebas iwvevs. maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania e.w. mdgradi
organuli damabinZureblebi (d.d.t, aldrini, dioqsinebi da sxva), mZime metalTa
(tyvia, kadmiumi, manganumi, spilenZi, vercxliswyali da sxva) naerTebi. isini
garemoSi ar iSlebian an Zalian nela iSlebian da aqvT rogorc garemoSi, ise
cocxal organizmSi dagrovebis (akumulirebis) unari.
CamoTvlili naerTebi seriozul safrTxes warmoadgenen organizmisaTvis
iwveven ra sxvadasxva daavadebis ganviTarebis maRal SesaZleblobebs. mag:
onkologiur daavadebebs, gonebrivi ganviTarebis daqveiTebas, reproduqciuli
funqciebis moSlas da fertilobis problemebs, aqveiTeben organizmis
imunitets.
gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiareni aRniSnulis mimarT arian adamianis nayofi da
axalSobilebi, romelzedac isini zemoqmedebas axdenen placentis meSveobiT da
ZuZuTi kvebis periodSi.
bavSvis sicocxlis pirveli dReebi da Tveebi es aris organizmis axal
garemo pirobebTan adaptaciis periodi. maSin roca organizmis damcveli
sistemebi jer kidev ar aris formirebuli, mas ar ZaluZs garemos
arasasurvel faqtorebs adeqvaturi winaaRmdegoba gauwios, amitom mosaxleobis
janmrTelobis amsaxvel mniSvnelovan indikators 1 wlamde bavSvebis
sikvdilianoba warmoadgens.
1999 wels am maCvenebelma 17,5, xolo 2000 wels Semcirda da 14,9
Seadgina. 1 wlamde asakis bavSvTa sikvdilianobis struqturaSi wamyvani adgili
ukavia perinatalur periodSi warmoqmnil mdgomareobebs, romelic ukanasknel
wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda da 1999 wels Seadgina 55,7%, xolo 2000 wels
58,8%, sasunTq organoTa daavadebebs (1999w. _ 13,9%; 2000w. – 10,0%),
infeqciur da parazitul daavadebebs (1999w. _ 11,2%; 2000w. – 10,8%),
nervuli sistemis da grZnobaTa organoebis daavadebebs (1999w. _ 6,2%; 2000w.
– 7,5%), Tandayolil anomaliebs (1999w. _ 5,9%; 2000w. – 6,2%). xolo 1
113
wlamde bavSvTa daavadebebSi SeimCneva sasunTqi organoebis saWmlis momnebeli
organoebis, Sardsasqeso sistemebis daavadebebis da Tandayolili anomaliebis
zrda 1998 wlis monacemebTan SedarebiT.
amave dros maRali iyo bavSvTa invalidoba, romelTa Soris Warbobda
Tandayolili gonebrivi da fizikuri defeqtebi. sakiTxi problematuria im
mxrivac, rom aseTi bavSvebi naklebad eqvemdebarebian aRdgeniT mkurnalobas da
maTi umetesoba mudmiv invalidad rCeba.
bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 20%-iT aris gazrdili
paTologiuri mSobiarobebi, romlis mizezad jandacvis organizaciebi arasrulfasovan kvebasTan da stresul mdgomareobasTan erTad aradamakmayofilebel
garemo pirobebsac asaxeleben.
1986 wels Cernobilis avariis Sedegad saqarTvelom Zlieri radiaciuli
zemoqmedeba ganicada. 1986-90 wlebSi samegrelos regionSi radiaciis done
500-jer aRemateboda fonur koncentraciebs. radiaciulma dabinZurebam rom
mniSvnelovani ziani miayena qveynis mosaxleobis janmrTelobas Cans im
faqtidanac, rom avariidan 8-10 wlis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad moimata
onkologiur avadmyofTa ricxvma (1999 wels Seadgina 29746 adamiani), xolo
daavadebulTa kontigentidan umetesi wili modioda dasavleT saqarTvelos
macxovreblebze. 1999 wels samedicino dawesebulebebis mier aRricxul
gardacvlilTa saerTo raodenobidan (3885) 22,6% gardaicvala saWmlis
momnelebeli sistemis, 15,4% sasunTq organoTa, 16,3% sarZeve jirkvlis, 12,5%
qalis sasqeso organoTa, 5,0% limfuri da sisxlmbadi qsovilebis avTvisebiani
simsivniT.
seriozul problemas warmoadgens garemos dabinZureba adamianisTvis iseTi
mavne fizikuri faqtorebiTac, rogorebicaa vibracia, xmauri, sxvadasxva
diapazonis eleqtromagnituri velebi, maRali SeRwevadobis maionizirebeli
gamosxivebis sxvadasxva saxeoba da sxva. satransporto saSualebebis,
sayofacxovrebo eleqtroteqnikis, radio da telesadgurebis, radiolokaciuri
mowyobilobebis simZlavris zrda, mobiluri kavSiris telefonebis mZlavri
gamosxivebis mqone gadamcemebi da antenebi arian adamianze fizikuri
zemoqmedebis mizezi. mavne fizikuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli daavadebebis
gavrceleba mosaxleobaSi saTanado gamokvlevasa da Seswavlas saWiroebs.
2. qveynis sanitariul-epidemiologiuri viTareba
1999 wels qveynis dasaxlebuli adgilebis sanitarul-epidemiologiuri
mdgomareoba xasiaTdeboda garemo faqtorebis (atmosferuli haeri, wyali,
niadagi) dabinZurebis garkveuli doniT. aradamakmayofilebeli iyo msxvili
qalaqebisa da dasaxlebuli punqtebis komunaluri da sanitaruli mdgomareoba.
aRiniSneboda naklovanebebi mosaxleobis xarisxiani sasmeli wyliTa da sakvebi
produqtebiT uzrunvelyofaSi.
atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis Semcirebis tendenciis miuxedavad
maRali rCeba qalaqebis atmosferuli haeris dabinZureba. haeris dabinZurebis
mxriv gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaa q. TbilisSi, vinaidan igi mdebareobs
md. mtkvris xeobaSi da haeris efeqturi ganiaveba ar xdeba.
114
1999-2000 wlebSi adgili hqonda atmosferuli haeris damabinZurebeli
koncentraciebis saSualo wliuri maCveneblebis gadaWarbebas:
_ TbilisSi – mtvris 2-jer, SO2 _ 3,6-jer, NO2 _ 3,6-jer, NO2 da
fenolis _ 1,6-jer, formaldehidis – 4,0-jer.
_ rusTavSi – mtvris 2-jer, SO2 _ 8,6-jer, NO2 _ 1,8-jer, fenolis _
2-jer, amiakis – 4,5-jer.
_ quTaisSi
– mtvris 4-jer, SO2 _ 1,2-jer.
_ zestafonSi – mtvris 2-jer, SO2 _ 2,2-jer, NO2 _ 2-jer.
_ baTumSi
– mtvris 1,3-jer, SO2 _ 3-jer, CO da NO2 _ 1,3-jer.
_ kaspSi
– mtvris 1,3-jer, SO2 _ 3-jer, CO da NO2 _ 1,3-jer.
1999 wels mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT aradamakmayofilebeli iyo. qveynis mosaxleobas miewodeboda sasmeli wyali, romelic
xSir SemTxvevaSi ar Seesabameboda saxelmwifo standartis moTxovnebs, rogorc
sanitariul-qimiuri ise mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT. iqmneboda
wylismieri nawlavuri infeqciebisa da epidafeTqebebis saSiSroeba.
saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros
saxelmwifo sanitaruli zedamxedvelobis inspeqciebis laboratoriuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT centralizebuli wyalmomaragebis wylebidan aRebuli sinjebis saerTo raodenobis 17,3% sanitarul-qimiuri da 16,0% mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, xolo wyalsadenebis saTave nagebobebidan
aRebuli sinjebis 23,6% sanitarul-qimiuri da 24,0% mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT ar Seesabamebeboda qveyanaSi moqmed higienur moTxovnebs.
sanitarul-qimiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT, qalaqebisa da raionebis, maT
Soris WiaTuris, foTis, axalcixis, xaragaulis, lagodexis, TianeTis,
zestafonis, cageris centralizebul wyalmomaragebis sistemebSi aRebuli
sinjebis 41,6-95,1% ar Seesabameboda normatiuli dokumentis moTxovnebs.
mikrobiologiuri maCveneblebis mixedviT arastandartuli sinjebis
gansakuTrebiT maRali maCveneblebiT xasiaTdebian axalcixis, xaSuris,
xaragaulis, Telavis, zestafonis, cageris, baRdaTis, kaspis, TianeTis, qarelis,
axmetis, TeTriwyaros, saCxeris, WiaTuris, lanCxuTis, samtrediis, gardabnis,
lagodexis,
duSeTis raionebis centralizebuli wyalsadenebi, sadac
baqteriologiur dabinZurebis SemTxvevaTa raodenoba aRebuli sinjebis 49100%-Si meryeobda.
mosaxleobis mier sasmelad gamoyenebuli wyaros wylebSi aRebuli
sinjebis
44,6%
sanitariul-qimiuri,
xolo
31,3%
mikrobilogiuri
maCveneblebis mixedviT ar Seesabameboda qveyanaSi moqmed higienur normebs.
gansakuTrebiT maRali iyo wyaros wylebis dabinZurebis maCveneblebi mcxeTis,
Telavis, xaSuris, goris, qarelis, zestafonis, gardabnis, Terjolis, saCxeris,
axalcixis raionebSi, sadac baqteriologiuri dabinZureba dafiqsirebuli iyo
aRebuli sinjebis 45-100%-Si, xolo zugdidis, foTis, goris, vanis,
Terjolis, qarelis, mcxeTis, xaSuris, zestafonis, abaSis, baRdaTis, gardabnis,
lagodexis raionebis Wis wylebSi baqteriologiuri dabinZureba dafiqsirebuli
iyo aRebuli sinjebis 42-100%-Si.
am dasaxelebul punqtebSi maRali iyo wylismieri nawlavuri infeqciebis
aRmocenebisa da gavrcelebis saSiSroeba.
115
zedapiruli wylebis dabinZurebis ZiriTad wyaroebs warmoadgens
komunaluri sakanalizacio sistemebi, samedicino dawesebulebebi da samrewvelo
obieqtebi.
ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi nawilobriv moiSala sakanalizacio
sistemebi, gansakuTrebiT did qalaqebSi movlisa da saTadarigo nawilebis
naklebobis gamo. es pirvel rigSi saSiSroebas uqmnis ara imdenad kanalizaciis
sistemas, aramed sasmeli wylis miwodebas da arTulebs saerTo higienis donis
SenarCunebasac. ar funqcionireben Camdinare wylebis biologiuri gawmendis
arsebuli kompleqsebi. araefeqturia meqanikuri gamwmendi nagebobebi. Camdinare
wylebis arasakmarisi gawmenda zrdis paTogenuri organizmebiT mosaxleobis
daavadebis risks.
wyalsatevebisa da sasmeli wylis inficirebis saSiS wyaros samedicino
dawesebulebebi warmoadgenen. cnobilia, rom tubdispanserebis, infeqciuri
saavadmyofoebis dabinZurebuli wylebi gawmendis gareSe Caedineba mdinareebSi,
rac qmnis gadamdeb daavadebaTa gavrcelebis saSiSroebas (gruntis da
zedapiruli wylebis meSveobiT). magaliTad, kurort abasTumnis yvela
samkurnalo dawesebuleba aris mdinare ocxeSi koxis da nawlavis Cxirebis
maRali maCveneblebis mizezi.
yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom mdinaris wyali mosaxleobis mier sasoflosameurneo savargulebis mosarwyavad gamoiyeneba da xdeba niadagebis qimiuri da
baqteriologiuri da Sesabamisad am niadagebze moyvanili soflis meurneobis
produqciis dabinZureba. soflis meurneobis produqciis kontrols mis
vargisianobaze arasistematiuri xasiaTi aqvs.
qveynis sanitariul-epidemiologiur viTarebaze uaRresad mavne gavlenas
axdens sayofacxovrebo, samrewvelo, samSeneblo narCenebis ganlagebis
legaluri da aralegaluri adgilebi, nagavsayreli poligonebi.
nagvis sqeli fenebi saukeTeso substratia buzebisa da sxva parazitebis
gamravlebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. didia nagvis roli mRrRnelebis
gavrcelebaSi. nagavsayrelze SeCveuli ZaRlebis xrova da iq gamokvebili
pirutyvi daavadebebis gamomwvevi baqteriebis gadamtania. vinaidan upatrono
mawanwala cxovelebi ucvad moiZieben nagavsayrelebze sakvebs, es gaxda
ZaRlebis gamravlebis erT-erTi mizezi, xolo es ukanasknelni cofisa da
leiSmaniozis gavrcelebis keras warmoadgenen.
gasul wlebSi mniSvnelovani problema iyo qalaqebis sanitaruli
mdgomareoba. qalaqebis centraluri ubnebisa da gareubnebis sanitaruli
mdgomareoba Zlier gansxvavebulia. iq isev ferxdeba sayofacxovrebo narCenebis
gatana. quCebsa da sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi dRemde ver moxerxda
sakvebi produqtebiT gare vaWrobis aRkveTa. bazrebisa da bazrobebis mimdebare
teritoriebi iqca antisanitariis kerad.
2000 wlisTvis sanitaruli mdgomareoba nawilobriv gamosworda. DdRes
prioritetuli RonisZiebaa qalaqebis saTanado dasufTaveba da narCenebis
drouli gatana nagavsayrelebze, magram am ukanasknelebis aradamakmayofilebeli
mdgomareobac uaryofiT gavlenas axdens qveynis epidemiologiur viTarebaze.
116
3. gansakuTrebiT saSiSi infeqciuri daavadebebis kerebis gaCenis
saSiSroeba, calkeuli SemTxvevebis gamomwvevi mizezebis analizi,
mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad gatarebuli RonisZiebebi
infeqciur daavadebebs SeuZliaT drois mcire monakveTSi gavrceldnen da
moicvan mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili. maT udidesi negatiuri Sedegebi
moaqvT ara marto adamianis janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisaTvis, aramed qveynis
ekonomikasac mZime tvirTad awvebian. saqarTveloSi arsebuli sakmaod daZabuli
sanitariul-epidemiologiuri situacia ganpirobebulia mosaxleobis cxovrebis
pirobebis gauaresebiT.
2000 wels 1999 welTan SedarebiT adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis
usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelyofis mizniT gatarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad
iklo infeqciuri daavadebebis ricxvma. 1999 wels registrirebul iqna 32965
avadmyofi (avadobis maCvenebli 715,9). maT Soris 47,5% bavSvebi da mozardebi
iyvnen. letalobis maCvenebeli 2,04. 2000 wels mdgomareoba odnav
gaumjobesda. aRicxulia daavadebis 29353 SemTxveva (avadobis maCvenebli 659,3;
letaloba – 1,7).
regionebis mixedviT infeqciur daavadebaTa gavrceleba qveynis saSualo
maCvenebelze maRali iyo aWaraSi, guriaSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi, Sida qarTlSi,
Tbilissa da foTSi.
1999 wels wina welTan SedarebiT moimata muclis tifis, kvebiTi
toqsikoinfeqciebis, maT Soris botulizmis, jilexis, virusuli hepatitebis,
tifis, malariis SemTxvevebma. amave periodSi dafiqsirda salmonelozebis,
baqteriuli dizinteriis, eSerixiozebis, amebiazis, difteriis klebis
tendencia. 2000 wels aRiniSna zogierTi infeqciuri daavadebis (muclis tifi,
kvebiTi toqsikoinfeqciebi, jilexi, amebiazi) kleba.
nawlavTa
infeqciebis
gavrcelebaSi
wamyvani
adgili
uxarisxo,
mikroorganizmebiT dabinZurebul sasmel wyalsa da sakveb produqtebs uWiravs.
xarisxiani sasmeli wyliT mosaxleobis momarageba kvlav problematuria, risi
mkafio magaliTebia dizenteriis afeTqeba sagarejoSi (1999). diareuli
daavadebebisa – quTaisSi, xaSursa da TelavSi (1999). foTsa da borjomSi
(2000). amebiazis _ TbilisSi (1998). 1998 wlis zafxulSi sasmeli wylis
dabinZurebis mizeziT dawyebulma amebiazis daavadebis procesma moicva sakmaod
didi kontigenti da qonda RviZlis abscesiT garTulebis maRali maCvenebeli,
rac 1999 wlis ganmavlobaSic SenarCunebuli iqna. 1999 wels registrirebuli
iyo amebiazis 692, xolo 2000 wels 281 SemTxveva. 1998 wlis epidafeTqebis
Semdeg TbilisSi daavadebis SemTxvevaTa ricxvi progresulad klebulobs,
magram amebiazis epidemiis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare SemTxvevebis gamovlineba kvlav ramdenime weli gagrZeldeba.
kvebis produqtebis warmoebis, Senaxvis, transportirebisa da realizaciis
saqmeSi arsebuli mravalricxovani darRvevebi da mosaxleobis nawilis dabali
sanitariuli kulturis gamo, arakeTilsaimedo situaciaa Seqmnili sakvebiT
gadacemuli
infeqciebis
mxrivac.
ukanaskneli
3
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
ganusazRvrelad
matulobs
jilexis,
triqinelozisa
da
botulizmis
SemTxvevebi. 1999 wels iyo jilexis 51, xolo triqinelozis 125 SemTxveva.
117
2000 wels jilexis daavadebaTa ricxvma iklo. daavadebis ZiriTadi kera
samcxe-javaxeTSi aRiniSna.
1999 wels aRsaniSnavia botulizmis afeTqebebi Sebolili Tevzis sakvebad
miRebis Sedegad gorsa da TbilisSi. 2000 wels dafiqsirebulia daavadebis 39
SemTxveva (Tbilisi, qvemo qarTli, guria da imereTi).
1999 wels registrirebulia bruceliozis 64, xolo 2000 wels 70
SemTxveva.
ukanasknel wlebSi kvlav gamoCnda malariis SemTxvevebi, romliT avadoba
saqarTveloSi likvidirebuli iyo, magram arsebobda yvela piroba Semotanis
SemTxvevaSi misi gavrcelebis da xelaxla CanergvisaTvis. wlebis ganmavlobaSi
malariis likvidaciis RonisZiebebi sxvadasxva uwyebebis mier kompleqsurad
xorcieldeboda (daWaobebuli adgilebis amoSroba, mcire bonifikacia,
gadamtanebis masobrivi mospoba SxamqimikatebiT, malariasaSiS qveynebSi
wamsvlel da Camosul pirTa registracia da samedicino profilaqtikuri
meTvalyureoba, qimioprofilaqtika antimalariuli saSualebebiT). 1999 wels
daavadebaTa ricxvma 51-s miaRwia, maT Soris 16 iyo Semotanili da 35 –
adgilobrivi. 2000 wels daavadebaTa ricxvma moimata (170). SemTxvevaTa
umetesoba gamovlinda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sasazRvro raionebSi, rac dRis
wesrigSi ayenebs malariis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi mezobel
qveynebTan koordinirebuli muSaobis aucileblobas.
gansakuTrebiT
mZime
mdgomareobaa
raionebSi
cofis
gavrcelebis
TvalisazrisiT. am umZimes infeqcias 1999 wels 13, xolo 2000 wels 7
adamianis sicocxle Seewira. cofi cxovelebSi gamovlenilia saqarTvelos
TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze. upatrono, moxetiale cxovelebis, kerZod,
ZaRlebisa
da
katebis
katastrofuli
momravlebis
gamo
epizootia
mosalodnelia kidev ufro swrafad gavrceldes. xolo dakbenilTa raodenoba
(magaliTad, 1999 wels 10582, romelTagan 62%-s dasWirda vaqcinacia)
migvaniSnebs, rom saswrafodaa misaRebi gadamWreli zomebi moxetiale
cxovelebis raodenobis regulirebisa da patroniani cxovelebis masiurad
asacrelad.
kidev erTi maRali letalobis mqone infeqcia, romlis ZiriTadi gadamtani
Cvens pirobebSi moxetiale ZaRlebia, aris leiSmaniozi. ukanasknel wlebSi
SemTxvevebis ricxvi matulobs, maT Soris TbilisSi. 1999 wels aRricxulia
92, xolo 2000 wels 103 SemTxveva.
118
Tavi 11
ekologiuri faqtorebis gavlena kulturuli
memkvidreobis SenarCunebaze
1. qveynis istoriuli da kulturuli faseulobebi, romlebmac
ganicades ekologiuri faqtorebis uaryofiTi zegavlena
drois xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ekologiuri faqtorebis
uaryofiT zegavlenas met-naklebad TiTqmis yvela istoriuli da kulturuli
Zegli ganicdis.
bunebriv garemoze zemoqmedebis Sedegad ekologiuri faqtorebis
uaryofiTi zegavlena dafiqsirebulia cxinvalis raionSi. miwisZvris Sedegad
aRniSnuli raionis sof. ikorTaSi dazianebul iqna ikorTis eklesia, xolo
zemo gerSi _ geris jvris eklesia da sabawmindis eklesia _ sof. xeiTSi. aseve
dazianebis gamo aRsadgenia Sida qarTlis _ gorisa da cxinvalis raionebis _
kulturis Zeglebi: SalikaSvilebis eklesia sof. skraSi, veres cixe sof.
atenSi, wminda giorgis eklesia sof. RvarebSi, maCablebis cixesimagreebi sof.
aCabeTsa da TamaraSenSi, erisTavTa cixesimagreebi md. patara liaxvis xeobaSi,
kexvis cixesimagre sof. kexvSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ekologiurma faqtorebma gansakuTrebiT daaziana (es
procesi dResac grZeldeba) tyibulis zonis teritoriaze arsebuli Semdegi
Zeglebi: axalsoflis eneoliTis periodis adre samiwaTmoqmedo kulturis
xanis namosaxlari; sabelasuris Suaqvis xanis sadgom-saxelosno; gelaTSi
doxoras qedis CrdiloeT ferdobze, kezevaZeebis ubanSi, Zv. w. aR-mde V-IV
saukuneebis rkinis sawarmo _ saxelosno; laRoris goraze arsebuli
feodaluri xanis rkinis sadnob-saxelosno; axalsoflis tbis teritoriaze, e.
w. sajangiaze feodaluri xanis rkinis sabado; gadaRma wyalwiTelaSi antikuri
xanis gora _ namosaxlari.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1978 wlis saqarTvelos ministrTa sabWos
dadgenilebiT, gelaTis da mowameTis samonastro kompleqsidan 20km radiusSi
qvis mompovebel sawarmoTa mier wiaRiseuli sabadoebis damuSaveba burRvaafeTqebis meTodiT, akrZalulia aseve saministrosTan arsebuli wiaRiT
sargeblobis licenzirebis uwyebaTaSorisi eqspertTa sabWos mier gacemuli
saxelSekrulebo pirobebi aRniSnuli meTodiT wiaRiseulis damuSavebas ar
iTvaliswinebs, adgili aqvs kanonis darRvevis faqtebs.
am uaryofiTi faqtoris gamoricxvis mizniT, saWiroa dawesdes masze
kontroli.
119
2. ganadgurebis piras misuli an ganadgurebuli kulturis Zeglebis
(baRebi, parkebi da sxva) CamonaTvali, maTi mdgomareoba
da ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi
saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semonaxulia XIX_XXs.s. sabaRo-saparko
xelovnebis araerTi sayuradRebo Zegli, romelTac garkveuli adgili ukaviaT
mosaxleobis kulturul cxovrebaSi.
amasTan, droTa ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, Semcirda parkebis
farTobebi, arakvalificiurma movlam daaknina maTi esTetikuri Rirsebebi, bolo
xanebSi SeiniSneba maTi saerTo sargeblobis obieqtad gadaqcevis tendencia.
borjomis, wyaltubos, Sovisa da abasTumnis parkebma mniSvnelovnad
dakarges Tavdapirveli gegmarebiTi struqtura da samedicino miznobrivi
daniSnuleba.
sagrZnoblad Semcirda 1840 wels gaSenebuli dadianiseuli zugdidis
parkis teritoria. darRveulia parkis Tavdapirveli kompozicia. reabilitacias
saWiroebs winandlis WavWavaZiseuli parki.
mouvlelobiT ganadgurebis piramdea Tbilisis mTawmindis parki. amave
mizeziT gauaresda Tbilisis sxva, rogorc istoriuli, aseve qalaqis baRparkebis mdgomareoba. arasaxarbielod gamoiyureba vakis parkic, romlis
Tavdapirveli farTobi gansazRvruli iyo 124 heqtriT, dRes ki mxolod 12
heqtris sazRvrebSia moqceuli. TandaTan knindeba gordis, salxinos,
gorabereJoulis, kojrisa da sxva parkebi.
Seqmnili mdgomareoba mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia im garemoebiT,
rom sabaRo-saparko xelovnebis Zeglebi dRemde ar aris gamocxadebuli
istoriisa da kulturis Zeglebad. ar warmoebs maTi aRricxva, Seswavla,
aRdgena, dacva da gamoyeneba.
siZneleebs qmnis is garemoebac, rom qveyanaSi ar arsebobs kanonmdebloba,
romelic daaregulirebs baR-parkebis saqmianobas. uzrunvelyofs inventarizacia-pasportizacias, dacviTi zonebis dadgenas, aRdgena- restavracias da sxva.
3. arqeologiuri memkvidreobis saerTo mdgomareoba, arqeologiis
Zeglebze ekologiuri faqtorebis uaryofiTi gavlena, mdgomareobis
gasaumjobeseblad ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi
bunebis Zeglebs, romelTac mniSvnelovani samecniero, kulturulistoriuli da esTetikuri Rirebuleba aqvT, icavs saxelmwifo. saqarTvelos
ministrTa sabWos 1965w. #710, 1969w. #24 dadgenilebebis safuZvelze dacvas
daqvemdebarebul ZeglTa sia 232-s aRwevs. garda amisa, saqarTvelos regionebSi:
mcxeTa-mTianeTSi, qvemo qarTlSi, Sida qarTlSi, imereTSi, samegreloSi,
svaneTSi, kaxeTSi, raWa-leCxumSi, aWaraSi, afxazeTsa da oseTSi _ uxvadaa
saxelmwifos mier aRuricxavi Zeglebi, romlebic imsaxureben dacvas
(CanCqerebi, mRvimeebi, xatis tyeebi, qvabulebi, patriarqi xeebi da sxva).
regionaluri sammarTveloebidan mowodebuli informaciebiT, maTi mdgomareoba
damakmayofilebelia, mas icavs mosaxleoba da adgilobrivi organoebi.
120
dReisaTvis arqeologiuri Zeglebis raodenoba 6000-s aRwevs. aqedan
aRricxulia qvis xanis (paleoliTi, mezoliTi, neoliTi) periodis 300 Zegli,
eneoliTis (adrebrinjaos xana) xanis _ 6 Zegli, romlebic adresamiwaTmoqmedo
da mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Zeglebis saxeliTaa Sesuli literaturaSi,
brinjaos xanis _ 600 Zegli, rkinis xanis – 220 Zegli, antikuri xanis – 680
Zegli, Sua saukuneebis – 650 Zegli.
Zeglebi 2000-ze met punqtSia
dafiqsirebuli. maT umravlesobaze ori da meti periodis fenebia dadasturebuli. aRniSnul punqtebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis angariSebi gamoqveynebulia
sxvadasxva wyaroebSi.
Zeglebis did nawilze Catarebulia sadazvervo samuSaoebi. stacionaluri
samuSaoebi
mimdinareobda:
SulaverSi,
dmanisSi,
walkaSi,
bolnisSi,
ufliscixeSi, urbnisSi, mcxeTaSi, TelavSi, rusTavSi, borjomis xeobaSi,
axalqalaqSi, baTumSi, qobuleT-fiWvnarSi, RebSi, vanSi, eSeraSi, dabla-gomSi,
quTaisSi, svaneTisa da kaxeTis mraval punqtSi.
amJamad saTanado dafinansebis Sewyvetis gamo gaTxrebi mxolod ramdenime
punqtSi warmoebs da finansdeba germaniis arqeologiuri institutis mier.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs vanis naqalaqari, romelic
kolxeTis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia (Zv. w. VII-VIII saukuneebSi). igi erT-erTi
didi winasaxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis religiur-administraciul centrs
warmoadgenda. Semdgom etapze Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebSi winaurdeba. am xanas
ukavSirdeba mdidruli samarxebi. bolo etapi ki aleqsandre makedonelis
laSqrobis Semdgomi, e.w. elinisturi xaniT (Zv.w. III-… saukuneebSi) TariRdeba.
am dros gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas ganicdis saqalaqo cxovreba da vanis
naqalaqari ara marto kolxeTis, aramed saerTaSoriso masStabis centris
mniSvnelobas iZens. romauli xanis dasawyisSi (ax. w. I-II saukuneebSi) igi
arsebobas wyvets. ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi (ax. w. X-XII saukuneebSi) igi
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani samonastro centria.
baqo-jeihanis navTobsadenis trasis mimdebare teritoriaze gamovlenilia
yvela epoqis Zeglebi. aRniSnul trasaze arsebuli Zeglebis arqeologiuri
gaTxrebis Casatareblad dafinanseba gaTvaliswinebulia sakanonmdeblo normebis
mixedviT da xorcieldeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca trasa azianebs Zegls.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom XI saukunis nikorwmindis arqiteqturuli Zeglis
CuqurTmebis rRveva gamowveulia mJave wvimebiT, romlis wyarosac warmoadgens
uravis dariSxanis sulfiduri madnis wvis produqti – gogirdis dioqsidi.
nikorwmindis taZris kedlis zedapiridan aRebul sinjebSi SO411-is
koncentracia 3-4%-iT metia, vidre qvis qveda fenaSi, rac adasturebs im
faqts, rom nikorwmindis taZris unikaluri CuqurTmebis daSla gamowveulia
atmosferoSi gogirdis dioqsidis gavleniT.
121
Tavi 12
daculi teritoriebi
1. qveyanaSi arsebuli daculi teritoriebis saerTo mdgomareoba
dacul teritoriebs umniSvnelovanesi roli eniWebaT biomravalferovnebis
SenarCunebis saqmeSi. iseve rogorc sxva qveynebSi, saqarTveloSic habitatebis,
biomebisa da biomravalferovnebis degradacia ekosistemaSi gamowveulia
habitatebis fragmentaciiT, sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobiT, tyeebis gaCexviTa
da mTeli rigi sxva faqtorebiT. adrindeli cdebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
teritoriebis dacvisa, xSirad romelime erTi saxeobis produqtiulobasTan an
potenciur ekonomikur RirebulebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, foTTan
dagegmili nakrZalis funqcia iyo zuTxis, qafSiasa da sxva mniSvnelovani
saxeobebis dacva. Tumca biWvinTis
nakrZali Seiqmna uSualod reliqturi
biWvinTis fiWvis (Pinus pityusa) mcirericxovani koromebis (evraziis
teritoriaze mxolod afxazeTSi gvxvdeba) dacvis mizniT, romelic globaluri
biomravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone saxeobaa.
saerTod ki, nakrZalebis umetesoba Seqmnili iyo saerTo keTildReobisaTvis mniSvnelovani resursebis (magaliTad, tyisa da sxva saxis saxelmwifo
sakuTrebis) dasacavad.
saqarTveloSi bunebis dacvam saxelmwifoebrivi xasiaTi XX saukunis
dasawyisSi miiRo. dRemde saxelmwifoSi sxvadasxva dros aRiarebuli 15
saxelmwifo nakrZali da 5 aRkveTili SemorCa, romelTa saerTo farTobi 181,2
aTasi heqtaria, rac qveynis teritoriis 2,6% Seadgens.
am tipis dacul teritoriebs dRemde ar gaaCniaT menejmentis gegmebi.
amasTanave, bevri maTgani saWiroebs sazRvrebisa da statusis koreqtirebas.
1990-91 wlebidan saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis sistemam axali
formiT daiwyo ganviTareba. am mizniT saxelmwifo sabWos 1992w. 12 maisis #11
da ministrTa sabWos 1995w. 28 ivlisis #447 dadgenilebebiT miRebulia
gadawyvetilebebi erovnuli parkebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, xolo SemdgomSi
saqarTvelos kanoni “daculi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb” (1996w.) gaxda
safuZveli daculi teritoriebis kanonis Sesabamisi kategoriebis dafuZnebisa.
Cvens qveyanaSi (da mTlianad kavkasiaSi) saerTaSoriso kriteriumebis
Sesabamis pirvel dacul teritoriad borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki iqca,
romelic saqarTvelis ministrTa kabinetis dadgenilebiT oficialurad 1995
wels daarsda.
kompania “sicocxlis planeta WWF-2000”-Tan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos
prezidentis baton eduard SevardnaZis mier 1997 wels gakeTebuli
umniSvnelovanesi gancxadebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi
resursebis dacvis saministros ZalisxmeviTa da germaniis mTavrobis uangaro
mxardaWeriT, 1998 wels ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis
federalurma saministrom (BMZ) da germaniis rekonstruqciis sakredito
bankma (KFW) borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis dasaarseblad gamoyo
granti, ris Sesaxebac gaformda saTanado samTavrobo xelSekruleba.
ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT, daculi teritoriebis, maT Soris erovnuli
parkebis, ganviTarebis sistema icavs saqarTvelos tyeebis mniSvnelovan nawils,
122
riTac SenarCunebulia jansaRi garemo (sufTa haeri da wyali), mineraluri
wylebis rezervi, mimdebare dasaxlebuli punqtebi dazRveulia saxifaTo
zvavebis, mewyerebis, wyalmovardnebisagan da sxva.
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, garda imisa, rom erovnuli parkebi regionSi
turizmis ganviTareba-aRorZinebis realur SesaZleblobas qmnis, misi arseboba
saSualebas iZleva, sagrZnoblad gaumjobesdes mimdebare raionebis socialurkomunaluri infrastruqtura, Seiqmnas axali samuSao adgilebi (borjomxaragaulis erovnuli parkis damxmare zonaSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis nawili
ukve Cabmulia am zonis proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi), momzaddes niadagi mcire
biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis.
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis danergvis ori wlis manZilze
rekonstruirebul da ganaxlebul iqna parkis administraciis borjomisa da
xaragaulis centrebi, aSenda mcvelTa 6 saguSago da 4 TavSesafari, turistTa
2 TavSesafari, parkis personali aRiWurva uniformebiT, specialuri xelsawyoiaraRebiT, sakomunikacio saSualebebiT, 9 avtomanqaniT da sxva.
ekologiuri ganaTlebis sferoSi danergvis ori wlis manZilze qarTvel
da ucxoel specialistTa mier momzadebuli treningis kursebi adgilze gaiara
erovnuli parkis yvela mcvelma da administraciis yvela muSakma; parkis
menejerebisaTvis moewyo sawrTvneli kursebi germaniaSi, italiasa da TurqeTSi.
damxmare zonis yvela raionul centrSi garemontda da kompiuteruli teqnikiT
aRiWurva saklaso oTaxebi saskolo ekocentrebis mosawyobad.
erovnuli parkis farglebSi moqceuli damxmare zonis raionebSi igegmeba
komunaluri infrastruqturis aRdgenisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis proeqtebi:
_ xaragaulis 16 km. gzis SekeTeba;
_ raionuli centrebis wyliT momaragebis sistemebis gaumjobeseba;
_ samodelo saTemo satyeo meurneobis daarseba da sxva.
1998 wels miRebulia kanoni “kolxeTis daculi teritoriebis sistemis
Sesaxeb,” romlis safuZvelzec mimdinareobs samuSaoebi kolxeTis erovnuli
parkisa da qobuleTis nakrZalis daarsebisaTvis. proeqti finansirdeba
globaluri garemosdacviTi fondis (GEF) grantiT. igi erT-erTi komponentia
im garemosdacviTi globaluri programisa, romelic xorcieldeba sanapiro
zonis integrirebuli marTvis centris meSveobiT.
1999 wels saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebiT Seiqmna saqarTvelos
daculi teritoriebis centri, rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri.
centris mizania saqarTvelosa da rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis
saerTaSoriso banks Soris grantis Taobaze (proeqti GEF PPG 20446) 1998w.
xelSekrulebis ganxorcieleba, romlis erT-erTi komponentia aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis sistemis ganviTareba, kerZod: vaSlovanis
erovnuli parkis, lagodexis nakrZalisa da aRkveTilis, axmetisa da TuSeTis
nakrZalis, TuSeTis daculi landSaftisa da erovnuli parkis, bawarababaneuris nakrZalis da iltos aRkveTilis menejmentis gegmebis SemuSaveba.
amJamad saqarTvelos dacul teritoriebs uWiravs qveynis teritoriis
saerTo farTobis 4,2%.
123
2. daculi teritoriebis kategoriebze dacvis reJimis mdgomareoba
da ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi
saqarTveloSi
daculi
teritoriebis
dacvis
reJimis
darRvevis
tradiciuli formebia: saqonlis Zoveba, Wrebi, brakonieroba, Tibva, teqnikisa
da finansebis uqonloba, jarimis amouRebloba, Seqmnili siduxWire, rac
garkveulwilad xels uwyobs tyis mcvelebis mxridan yuradRebis modunebas.
saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa da samonadireo
meurneobebis saxelmwifo departamentis mier, mowodebuli informaciis
mixedviT, saxelmwifo nakrZalebSi gamovlenilia merqnian mcenareTa ukanono
Wris mravali faqti. miyenebulma zaralma 22367 lari Seadgina.
saqonlis ZovebiT reJimis darRvevis faqtma 1462 lari Seadgina, xolo
sul daculi teritoriebis kategoriebze reJimis darRveviT miyenebulma
zaralma 29934 lari Seadgina, aqedan samarTaldamcav organoebze gadacemulia
28472 laris saqme.
124
Tavi 13
erovnuli meurneobis garemoze gavlenis
Taviseburebani
1. garemosa da mis calkeul komponentebze sameurneo saqmianobis
gavlenis saerTo maCveneblebi
garemoze sameurneo saqmianobis gavlena xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva regionebis
mier gamoSvebuli produqciis wiliT saerTo moculobaSi, masSi dasaqmebuli
mosaxleobis raodenobiT, warmoebebis profiliT da maTSi garemosdacviTi
nagebobisa da danadgarebis arsebobiT.
regionebis mixedviT 1999-2000 wlebSi qveyanaSi dasaqmebulTa didi
nawili _ 42,9%, (151,9 aTasi kaci) _ moRvaweobda q. TbilisSi, 14,4% (50,9
aTasi kaci) _ imereTis mxareSi, 8,9% (31,7 aTasi kaci) _ qvemo qarTlSi, 7,4%
(26,2 aTasi kaci) _ samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi, 9,4% (33,4 aT. kaci) _ aWaraSi,
4,4% (15,7 aT. kaci) _ Sida qarTlSi, 4,2% (14,9 aT. kaci) _ kaxeTSi, 2,4%
(8,5 aT. kaci) _ samcxe-javaxeTSi, 2% (7,1 aT. kaci) _ mcxeTa-mTianeTSi, 1,9%
(6,8 aT. kaci) _ guriaSi, 0,7% (2,4 aT. kaci) _ raWa-leCxumSi da 0,1% (0,14
aT. kaci) _ afxazeTSi.
regionebis mixedviT dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba 2000 wels 1999 welTan
SedarebiT Semcirebulia qveynis yvela regionSi, garda Sida qarTlis mxarisa,
sadac igi gaizarda 1,2%-iT.
saqarTveloSi 1999 wels moqmedi 2978 msxvili, saSualo da mcire
samrewvelo sawarmoebidan miRebuli monacemebiT, qveynis mrewvelobaSi
warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moculoba moqmed fasebSi, ZiriTadi
saqmianobis mixedviT Seadgenda 944 mln lars, xolo warmoebuli produqciis
faruli nawilis gaTvaliswinebiT, eqspertuli SefasebiT Seadgenda 1810 mln
lars.
2000 wels moqmed 2840 sawarmoSi warmoebuli produqciis moculoba
Seadgenda 1051 mln. lars, xolo warmoebuli produqciis faruli nawili _
1918 mln-s. 1999-2000 wlebSi qveynis calkeuli regionebis wili produqciis
(saqonlisa da momsaxureobis) gamoSvebis mixedviT naCvenebia nax. 13.1-ze.
danarTi 1 cxrili 30-Si motanilia saqarTveloSi umniSvnelovanesi
saxeobebis mrewvelobis produqciis warmoebis monacemebi.
1995 wlis monacemebTan Sedareba saSualebas gvaZlevs SevafasoT
mrewvelobis mdgomareoba da garemos potenciuri damabinZureblebi sxvadasxva
dargebis mixedviT.
125
1999-2000 wlebSi Tbilisis da regionebis wili
produqciis gamoSvebis mixedviT
%
60
50
40
produqciis wili 1999w.
30
produqciis wili 2000w.
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12
1 – q. Tbilisi; 2 – imereTi; 3 – aWara; 4 – qvemo qarTli; 5 – samegrelo-zemo
svaneTi;
6 – Sida qarTli; 7 – kaxeTi; 8 – samcxe-javaxeTi; 9 – mcxeTa-
mTianeTi; 10 - guria; 11 – raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi; 12 – afxazeTi
nax. 13.1
2. erovnuli meurneobis gavlena garemoze ekonomikuri saqmianobis
saxeobaTa (sek (NACE) 001-97), regionebisa da ZiriTadi
damabinZurebeli obieqtebis mixedviT
erovnuli meurneobis ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobebis Sesaxeb 1999w.
SemuSavebuli da damtkicebuli iqna erovnuli klasifikatori, sek (GPA-00299), romelic SesabamisobaSia (sek (NACE) 001-97)-Tan. aRniSnuli dokumentebis
mixedviT SesaZlebelia zogadad calkeuli samrewvelo kompleqsebisa da
dargebis mixedviT gavaanalizoT garemoze erovnuli meurneobis sxvadasxva
komponentebis gavlenis SesaZleblobani. moxsenebaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli
produqciis faruli warmoebis Sedegad garemos dabinZurebis monacemebi.
2.1. saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsi
garemoze gavlenis done saTbob-energetikuli kompleqsSi
dargebis mixedviT 1999-2000 wlebSi xasiaTdeba Semdegi monacemebiT:
Semavali
navTobmompovebeli mrewveloba
navTobis mopoveba 1999 wels Seadgenda 91,3, xolo 2000 wels 109,5 aT.
tonas. atmosferoSi gafrqveuli Tanmxlebi airis (meTanis) saerTo raodenoba
1999 wels Seadgenda 9,99, 2000 wels ki _ 4,16 tonas, aqedan
utilizirebulia mxolod 20%-mde. sul atmosferoSi gafrqveuli mavne
nivTierebaTa raodenoba 1999 wels Seadgenda 111, xolo 2000 wels _ 47
126
tonas.* teqnologiuri procesis mixedviT wylis moxmareba mopovebisas
umniSvneloa. gamoyenebuli wyali grovdeba specialur ambrebSi, iwmindeba da
analizis Catarebis Semdeg Caedineba wylis obieqtebSi. CaSvebuli wylis da
narCenebis raodenobis Sesaxeb informacia ar arsebobs.
qvanaxSiris mrewveloba
qvanaxSiris mopoveba wina wlebTan SedarebiT sakmaod Semcirebulia da
1999 wels Seadgenda 12, xolo 2000 wels _ 7,3 aTas tonas. atmosferoSi
gafrqveuli airis (meTanis) raodenoba Seadgenda 1999 wels 141, 2000 wels ki
_ 87 tonas. sanayaroebze dagrovili myari narCenebi Seicavs qvanaxSiris
Semcvel qanebs da Seadgens 12 mln.t. wylis moxmarebis Sesaxeb informacia ar
gagvaCnia.
eleqtroenergetika
1999w. gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergiis raodenoba Seadgenda 8097,8,
xolo 2000 wels _ 7446,5 mln.kvt/saaTs.AatmosferoSi gafrqveuli mavne
nivTierebebis saerTo raodenoba 1999 wels Seadgenda 18,5, 2000 wels ki _
17,3 aT. tonas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tboeleqtrosadgurebi ZiriTad sawvavad iyeneben
gazs da maT mier atmosferoSi gamoyofili mavne nivTierebebi, sxva
stacionalur wyaroebTan SedarebiT Seadgenda 1999-2000 wlebSi 33%-s.
gamoyenebuli wylis raodenoba 1999 wels iyo 125,27, xolo 2000 wels
_ 108 mln.m3/wel. bunebrivi zedapiruli wylis obieqtebSi 1999 wels
CaSvebul iqna sul 125,270, xolo 2000 wels 108 mln.m3/wel. dabinZurebuli
wylis raodenoba 1999 wels Seadgenda 125-s, 2000 wels ki _ 108 mln.m3/wel.
(ZiriTadSi Tburi dabinZureba). wlebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovebuli myari
narCenebis raodenoba moicavs 600 aTas tonas.
Savi da feradi metalurgia
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda
Savi da feradi liTonebis warmoeba, 1999 wels gamomuSavebuli iqna: foladi
7036 t, Savi liTonis mza naglini 7233 t., foladis milebi 11,04 t.,
silikomanganumi “92%-iani” 26249 t., feromanganumi 4856 t. da naxSirbadiani
(76%-iani) eleqtroferomanganumi 4856 t. 2000 wels mkveTrad Semcirda
foladis (49,5 t.-mde), Savi liTonis mza naglinisa (1396 tonamde) da
naxSirbadiani eleqtromanganumis (582 t-mde) warmoeba, xolo orjer gaizarda
foladis milebis gamoSveba, romelmac miaRwia 2595 t-s. 1999 wels
atmosferoSi gafrqveuli mavne nivTierebebis saerTo raodenoba Seadgenda 20,7,
xolo 2000 wels 18aT.t-s. aRniSnuli nivTierebebiT binZurdeboda ZiriTadad
*
unda aRiniSnos, rom moxsenebaSi atmosferoSi gafrqveul mavne nivTierebaTa
raodenobaSi ar aris asaxuli CO2-is gafrqvevebi, vinaidan is ar aris mavne
nivTiereba nivTierebebis mavneobis klasikuri gagebiT. msoflioSi is miCneulia
mxolod klimatis gauaresebis mizezad, e.w. “saTburi efeqtis” SeqmniT da misi
aRricxva ar xdeba moqmedi meTodologiiT.
127
qalaqebi - rusTavi da zestafoni.
bunebrivi wylis obieqtebidan aRebuli mtknari wylis raodenoba 1999
wels Seadgenda 5,2, xolo 2000 wels 0,3 mln.m3/wel; maT Soris miwisqveSa
1999 wels 360, xolo 2000 wels _ 330 aT.m3/wel. sul gamoyenebuli wylis
raodenoba 1999 wels Seadgenda 8.4, xolo 2000 wels 2,8 mln.m3. mTlianad
bunebrivi wylis obieqtebSi 1999 wels CaSvebulia 5,7, xolo 2000 wels 2,4
mln.m3/weliwadSi. dabinZurebuli wylis raodenoba 1999 wels Seadgenda 2,7
aT.m3/wel. 2000 wlis monacemebi ar gagvaCnia.
Sav da ferad metalurgiis sawarmoebSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovilia
1159 aT.t. myari narCeni, romelic ganTavsebulia qarxnebis teritoriebze.
qimiuri da navTobqimiuri warmoeba
qimiuri da navTobgadamamuSavebeli warmoebidan mavne nivTierebebis jamuri
gafrqveva stacionaluri wyaroebidan 1999 wels Seadgenda saerTo gafrqvevebis
3%-s, 2000 wels ki 4%-s. amasTan mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba,
rom qimiuri da navTobqimiuri warmoebidan gafrqveuli nivTierebebi
maRaltoqsikuria. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Camdinare wylebSi mavne nivTierebebis
maxasiaTeblebze da narCenebze. magaliTad, 1999 wels qimiurma mrewvelobam
atmosferoSi gaafrqvia azotmJavas _ 233,4 t, sinTezuri amiakis 816 t., xolo
2000 wels Sesabamisad 244 da 881 tona.
navTobis mopovebisa da pirveladi gadamuSavebis procesSi atmosferoSi
gafrqveuli mavne airebis raodenoba Seadgenda 1999 wels 111 t-s, xolo 2000
wels ki Semcirda 46,5t-mde.
gamoyenebuli mtknari da zRvis wylebis odenobam 1999 wels miaRwia 5.94,
xolo 2000 wels _ 3,99 mln.m3/wel, xolo daubrunebeli wyalmomarageba
1999 wels 5,42, xolo 2000 wels 3,8 mln.m3/wel. bunebriv obieqtebSi
CaSvebuli wyali 1999 wels dafiqsirda 801, xolo 2000 wels
405aT.m3.
CaSvebuli wylis xarisxis Sesaxeb informacia ar gagvaCnia. brunviTi
wyalmomarageba ki 44 m3. wlebis manZilze qarxnebis teritoriaze dagrovebuli
myari narCenebis raodenoba 336 aT.t-ze metia.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos canis da uravis samTo qimiis qarxnebis
toqsikuri narCenebis mdgomareoba, romlebic ganlagebulia mdinaris piras sam
samarxSi
da
savalalo
mdgomareobaSia.
aseve
sayuradReboa
baTumis
navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis teritoriaze ganlagebuli didi raodenobiT
mJave gudronebi (40 aT.t.). sazogadod cnobilia am narCenis meoradi
damuSavebis teqnologia, ris Sedegadac miiReba biTumi da gogirdmJava.
baqo-sufsis milsadenze 1999w. dafiqsirda gaJonvis 3 SemTxveva (foTSi
tivtivaze, meore sadgurze da Zvel milsadenze). daRvrili navTobis raodenoba
umniSvneloa. 2000 wels sufsis terminalis teritoriaze aseve daiRvara 100,
xolo Zvel navTobsadenze 200 litramde navTobi.
128
2.2 saSenmasalaTa warmoeba
1999 wels atmosferul haerSi gafrqveuli nivTierebebis raodenoba
Seadgenda 2.06, 2000 wels ki 2,02 aT.t-s. ZiriTadi damabinZureblebia
cementis qarxnebi (saerTo gafrqvevis 90%-mde). gafrqveuli nivTierebebis
daWera am dargis sawarmoebSi praqtikulad ar xdeba (mtvris garda), vinaidan
ar funqcionirebs airdamWeri danadgarebi.
bunebrivi zedapiruli wylebis obieqtebidan sul moxmarebulia 1999
wels 99, xolo 2000 wels 360 aT.m3 wyali. zedapirul obieqtebSi 1999
wels CaSvebulia normatiulad gawmendili 54, xolo 2000 wels 150 aT.m3
odenobis wyali. myari narCenebis raodenoba, romlis meoradi gadamuSaveba ver
xerxdeba Seadgens 2291 aT.t.-s.
2.3 transporti da kavSirgabmuloba
1999 wels atmosferoSi satransporto saSualebebidan gafrqveulia sul
212, xolo 2000 wels ki 210 aT.t mavne nivTiereba. maT Soris sagzao
avtotransportidan 1999 wels 194, 2000 wels 193 aT.t. sahaero
transportidan 1999 wels _ 22, xolo 2000 wels 2,1 aT.t., sarkinigzo –
1999w. 179, 2000 wels ki 185t. sxva moZravi wyaroebidan 1999 wels
gafrqveul iqna 15,1, xolo 2000 wels ki 14 aT.t. (ix. nax. 13.2). am
monacemebSi
ar
aris
gaTvaliswinebuli
transportis
momsaxureobis
stacionaluri obieqtebi da is emisia, romelic gamoiyofa namuSevari zeTis
wvis procesSi, romelsac iyenebs mosaxleoba gaTbobis mizniT. zeTis es
raodenoba Seadgens minimum 600 aT.t.-s. rogorc monacemebidan Cans, ZiriTadi
damabinZurebelia - avtotransporti, romlis gamonabolqvis procentuli
raodenoba saerTo raodenobasTan SedarebiT Seadgenda 1999 wels 85,2%-s,
xolo 2000 wels 87,8%-s.
atmosferoSi gafrqveuli mavne
nivTierebebis raodenoba, aT. t.
atmosferuli haeris mavne nivTierebebiT
damabinZurebeli ZiriTadi wyaroebi
250
200
150
1999 w.
2000 w.
100
50
0
1
2
3
1 - transporti;
2 - samrewvelo procesebi;
3 - TboeleqtrosadgurebSi da samrewvelo obieqtebSi saTbobis wva
nax. 13.2
129
bunebrivi wylis moxmarebuli raodenoba 1999 wels Seadgenda 1962,
xolo 2000 wels 330 aT.m3/w. (kavSirgabmulobidan 14,9 aT.m3).
Camdinare wylebis CaSveba bunebrivi zedapiruli wylis obieqtebSi iyo
1999 wels 387, xolo 2000 wels 111 aT.m3/wel., maT Soris dabinZurebuli
(gauwmendavi) – 81 da 68 aT.m3, normatiulad gawmendili 307 da 43 aT.m3.
transportis eqspluataciis Sedegad narCenebis saxiT zemoT aRniSnuli
namuSevari zeTis garda rCeba antifrizi, rkinis jarTi, plastmasi,
gogirdmJava, tyvia, kaproni, rezini, romlebic ar aris aRricxuli da
gabneulia qveynis mTel teritoriaze.
garemoze gansakuTrebiT uaryofiT zegavlenas iwvevs eTilirebuli benzinis
gamoyeneba.
saaviacio sawarmoebi da kavSirgabmulobis fiWuri sistemebi, cifruli
qselebi da lokaciuri sistemebi qmnian mavne eleqtromagnitur velebs. sakmaod
maRal datvirTvas axdens garemoze eqspluataciis dros satransporto xmauri.
1999w. rkinigziT navTobis transportirebisas moxda 5 avaria. sul
mdinareebSi CaRvrilia 100t da niadagSi 150t navTobi. 2000 wels
xaragaulTan mdinare ZirulaSi CaiRvara 10t. navTobi.
2.4 manqanaTmSenebloba
bolo wlebSi manqanaTmSeneblobis produqciis warmoebis mkveTri
Semcirebis gamo am dargis warmoebebis gavlena garemoze Sesustda. dabinZurebis
ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgenen samsxmelo da saRebavebis gamomyenebeli
sawarmoebi, agreTve qarxnebTan arsebuli Tboeleqtrocentralebi da saqvabeebi.
samrewvelo da saTbobis wvis procesSi gamoyofili mavne nivTierebebis jamuri
gafrqveva 1999w. Seadgenda 8,29, xolo 2000w. _ 50,3aT.t. weliwadSi. am
moculobaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli iseTi mavne nivTierebebi, romlebic
gamoiyofa produqciis SeRebvis dros, kerZod toluoli, qsiloli, fenoli,
formaldehidi. maTi daWera praqtikulad ar xdeba.
bunebrivi zedapiruli da miwisqveSa obieqtebidan aRebuli wylis
raodenoba 1999 wels Seadgenda 11,23, xolo 2000 wels 6,5 mln.m3-s. wylis
obieqtebSi CaSvebuli wylis raodenoba 1999 wels Seadgenda 10,3, xolo 2000
wels 5mln.m3-s, maT Soris dabinZurebuli wylis – 4,96 da 1,57 mln.m3-s.
wlebis ganmavlobaSi am dargis qarxnebis teritoriaze dagrovda 2 mln.t.
narCeni. es monacemebi miRebulia sxvadasxva wyaroebidan da sakmaod gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan.
2.5 kvebis mrewveloba
kvebis mrewveloba meurneobis sxva dargebTan SedarebiT 1999-2000 wlebSi
muSaobda sakmaod datvirTul reJimSi.
sul kvebis mrewvelobis obieqtebidan atmosferoSi gafrqveul mavne
nivTierebaTa raodenoba Seadgenda 1999 wels 1328t-s, xolo 2000 wels _
130
1268 tonas. miuxedavad imisa, rom warmoebis moculobis mixedviT ZiriTadi
produqcias warmoadgens Saqris fxvnilis, xil-bostneulis konservebis, rZis
produqtebis da ualkoholo sasmelebis warmoeba, mTavari damabinZureblebi
arian aryis da liqioris (354t _ 1999w, 329t. _ 2000 w.), purisa da
purproduqtebis warmoebis (904 t. –1999w, 871t. – 2000w.) qarxnebi.
gamoyenebuli wylis raodenoba 1999 wels Seadgenda 500, xolo 2000
wels 331 aT.m3. maT Soris miwisqveSa 1999 wels – 428 da 2000 wels
210aT.m3. bunebrivi zedapiruli wylebis obieqtebSi 1999 wels CaSvebulia 227,
xolo 2000 wels 204 aT.m3 wyali. maT Soris dabinZurebuli 1999 wels 203,
xolo 2000 wels 167 aT.m3.
narCenebis saxiT kvebis mrewvelobis warmoebaSi grovdeba ZiriTadad taris
narCenebi (mina, plastmasi) didi raodenobiT.
2.6 soflis meurneoba
dazianebuli miwebis farTobebi 1999-2000 wlis monacemebiT Seadgenda
8362 heqtars, maT Soris saxnavi da mravalwliani nargavebi 2107 heqtars,
saTib-saZovrebi 3262 ha. rekultivirebulia 2026 ha, aqedan saxnavi da
mravalwliani nargavebi 958,85 ha, saTib-saZovari 546 ha, sxva daniSnulebis
miwebi 520 ha. darCenilia sarekultivacio farTobebi 6336,13 ha. maT Soris:
saxnavi da mravalwiani nargavebi 1148 ha, saTib-saZovrebi 2715 ha, danarCeni
miwebi 2471,32 ha. 1999-2000 wels cvlilebebi ar momxdara, dazianebulia
6336,13 ha. dazianebuli miwebis farTobebi administraciuli raionebis mixedviT
mocemulia 1 danarTSi, cxrili 16.
imis gamo, rom kerZo fermebze ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli nakelis Sesanaxi
nagebobebi, Camonadeni wylebi uqmnian did safrTxes niadagsa da zedapirul
wylebs. mdgomareobas amZimebs is faqtic, rom msxvili mecxoveleobisa da
mefrinveleobis fermebi did dasaxlebul punqtebTanaa ganlagebuli, rac zrdis
garemoze datvirTvas. saerTo mtknari wylis moxmareba 1999 wels Seadgenda
531, xolo 2000 wels 280 mln.m3/w. maT Soris, sasmel-sameurneo miznebisaTvis
227 da 168 aT.m3, sawarmoo saWiroebisaTvis 41 da 12 aT.m3, sarwyavad 317 da
208 mln.m3 da sxvadasxva saWiroebisaTvis moxmarebulia 1999 wels 213, xolo
2000 wels 208 mln.m3 weliwadSi. dabinZurebuli Camdinare wylebis CaSveba
wyalsatevebSi 1999 wels Seadgenda 92, 2000 wels ki 5 aT.m3-s.
did problemas warmoadgens SxamqimikatebiT niadagis dabinZureba, vinaidan
moSlilia mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebis da mineraluri sasuqebis marTvis
sistema. calkeul kerZo pirebs, organizaciebsa da firmebs SemoaqvT
Sxamqimikatebi
da
sasuqebi,
romlebic
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
ar
aris
registrirebuli, arasertificirebulia da xmarebisaTvis uvargisia. qveyanaSi
aradamakmayofilebelia Sxamqimikatebisa da sasuqebis sasawyobo meurneobis
mdgomareoba, romelTa umetesi nawili savalalo mdgomareobaSia da maTSi
inaxeba tonobiT vadagasuli Sxamqimikatebi. imis gamo, rom am sawyobebs ar
131
gaaCnia sakoleqtoro-sadrenaJo qselebi, xdeba mavne nivTierebebis Carecxva da
wyalsatevebis dabinZureba.
amortizirebulia sarwyavi sistemebi, rac iwvevs niadagis erozias.
2.7 komunaluri meurneoba
qveynis wyalmomaragebis sistemaSi 1999w. komunaluri meurneobis mier
moxmarebuli wylis raodenoba Seadgens 459,3, xolo 2000 wels 494 mln.m3.
sawarmoo
sasmel-sameurneo
miznebisaTvis
gamoyenebulia
355
mln.m3,
3
saWiroebisaTvis 32 mln.m da sasoflo-sameurneo wyalmomaragebaSi 7,5 mln.m3.
unda aRiniSnos, rom komunaluri meurneobis sistemaSi 80-mde msxvili
wyalmosargeblea. mZime mdgomareobaa wylis miwodebis mxriv aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTel rig raionebSi, sadac erT sul mosaxleze miwodebuli
wylis raodenoba 4-jer naklebia, vidre dasavleT saqarTveloSi. TviTon
wyalmomaragebis
sistemebi
mTel
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
mZime
mdgomareobaSia. amis gamo sasmeli wyliT momaragebis sistemaSi xSiria
dabinZureba sakanalizacio qselidan gaJonili wylebiT, rac mosaxleobaSi
iwvevs sxvadasxva daavadebebs. amJamad sakanalizacio sistemebi moqmedeben
saqarTvelos 45 qalaqSi da moicavs teritoriis mxolod 48%-s. maTi
mdgomareoba aradamakmayofilebelia da warmoadgenen zedapiruli wylebis
mTavar damabinZurebels. nax. 13.3-ze moyvanilia saministroebisa da uwyebebis
mier bunebrivi zedapiruli wylis obieqtebSi dabinZurebuli wylis CaSveba.
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
300
250
mln.kub.m.
dabinZurebuli wyali, aT.kub.m.
1999-2000 wlebSi wylis obieqtebis mavne nivTierebebiT
damabinZurebeli ZiriTadi saministroebi
200
1999 w.
150
2000 w.
100
50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 - soflis meurneobis; 2 - socuzrunvelyofisa da janmrTelobis; 3 - transportis;
4 - urbanizaciisa da mSeneblobis; 5 - cekavSiri; 6 - energetikis; 7 - mrewvelobis;
8 - komunaluri meurneoba
nax. 13.3
saqarTveloSi nagavsayrelebze amJamad ganlagebulia 15227 aT.t. sayofac132
xovrebo narCeni. nebadarTuli poligonebis saerTo farTobi Seadgens 300 ha-s.
narCenebis marTvis sistemis moSlis gamo aRmocenda mravali ukanono
(unebarTvo) nagavsayreli. rogorc wesi, isini mdinareebis pirasaa ganTavsebuli
da iwvevs maT damatebiT dabinZurebas gazafxulze wylis xarjis momatebis
dros. unda aRiniSnos, rom praqtikulad arcerTi nagavsayreli ar aris
SemoRobili, ar gaaCnia narCenebis dasanotivebeli brunviTi wyalmomaragebis
sistema, naleqebis Semkrebi wyalamridi Txrilebi, WaburRilebi wylis
analizis misaRebad, `beikeris ormo~, ar xdeba saizolacio miwis feniT
dafarva, adgili aqvs mis teritoriaze sawarmoo narCenebis Setanas da
pirutyvis Sesvlis SemTxvevebs. amasTanave nagavsayrelebis proeqtebi ar aris
SeTanxmebuli garemosdacviT organoebTan, isini ar pasuxoben Tanamedrove
moTxovnebs da warmoadgenen antisanitariis keras.
3. regionebisa da msxvili samrewvelo centrebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli garemoze anTropogenuli gavlenis
Tvisobrivi da xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi
1999 wels saqarTveloSi funqcionirebda 2978, xolo 2000 wels 2840
msxvili, saSualo da mcire samrewvelo sawarmo. arsebuli sawarmoebidan
ZiriTadad 52 gansazRvravs qveynis mrewvelobis ganviTarebis tempebs. maT Soris
TbilisSi 22 organizaciaa, aWaraSi _ 1, samegrelo zemo-svaneTSi _ 2, imereTSi
_ 12, mcxeTa-mTianeTSi _ 1, samcxe javaxeTSi _ 1, qvemo qarTlSi _ 9, Sida
qarTlSi _ 5.
cxrilSi 13.1 moyvanilia saqarTveloSi industriuli (samrewvelo)
seqtoris qvedargebis ZiriTadi damabinZurebeli sawarmoebis CamonaTvali.
cxrili 13.1
saqarTveloSi industriuli (samrewvelo) qvedargebi
da misi ZiriTadi sawarmoebi
#
dargi
1
2
1 Savi da feradi
metalurgia
2
qvedargi
3
1.1. Tujis da
foladis warmoeba
1.2 feroSenadnobTa
warmoeba
manqanaTmSenebloba
da liTondamuSaveba
ZiriTadi sawarmoebi
4
rusTavis metalurgiuli kombinati
zestafonis feroSenadnobTa qarxana
Tbilisis
Tbilisis
Tbilisis
Tbilisis
qarxana
Tbilisis
Tbilisis
133
CarxmSenebeli qarxana
saaviacio qarxana
elmavalmSenebli qarxana
eleqtrovagonSemkeTebeli
“eleqtroaparati”
“eleqtrogamSvebi”
1
3
4
2
eleqtroenergiis
warmoeba
qimiuri da
navTobqimiuri
mrewveloba
5
saSen masalaTa
mrewveloba
6
7
xe-tyis, xis
dammuSavebuli da
celulozaqaRaldis
mrewveloba
msubuqi mrewveloba
8
kvebis mrewveloba
9
mrewvelobis sxva
dargebi
3
4
quTaisis avtoqarxana
quTaisis satraqtoro qarxana
quTaisis liTofonis qarxana
foTis gemTsaSeni qarxana
gardabnis Tboeleqtrosadguri
3.1 qimuri mrewveloba
3.2 navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba
3.3. minis warmoeba
5.1 xe-tyis damzadeba
5.2 xis dammuSavebuli
da celulozaqaRaldis mrewveloba
rusTavis s.s. “azoti”
baTumis navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana
Tbilisis, quTaisis da sxva
navTobgadamamuSavebeli mini qarxnebi
xaSurisa da borjomis SuSis qarxnebi
rusTavis cementis qarxana
kaspis cementis qarxana
Tbilisis “keramkombinati”
metexisa da avWalis silikaturi
masalebis qarxnebi
Tbilisisa da rusTavis saxlTmSenebeli
kombinatebi
gardabnis ruberoidis qarxana
inertul masalaTa warmoebis qarxnebi
(marneulis raionSi da sxvaganac)
satyeo meurneobebi
enguris qaRaldis kombinati
Tbilisis, quTaisis, gorisa da sxva
maud-kamvolis fabrikebi,
Tbilisisa da quTaisis sarTav saqsovi
kombinatebi
senakis xaliCebisa da abreSumsaqsovi
fabrikebi
quTaisis, Tbilisisa da sxva qalaqebis
fexsacmlis fabrikebi
Tbilissa da xva qalaqebSi: ludis,
limonaTis, Rvinis qarxnebi,
Tbilisis rZis kombinati,
Tbilisis xorc kombinati,
Tbilisis Sampaniurisa da koniakis
qarxnebi,
agaris Saqris qarxana,
agaris sakonservo qarxnebi
Tbilisis televizoris qarxana
Tbilisis sigaretebis warmoebebi
zugdidis faifuris qarxana
rogorc cxr. 13.1-dan Cans garemos ZiriTadi damabinZureblebi arian
mrewvelobis iseTi dargebi, rogoricaa Savi da feradi metalurgia, qimiuri,
134
navTobmompovebeli da navTobgadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba, manqanaTmSenebloba,
eleqtroenergetika da kvebis mrewveloba, romlebic abinZureben niadags,
atmosferul haersa da wylis resursebs. xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi motanilia
1, 2, 3, 4 TavebSi.
135
Tavi
14
qimiuri saSualebebi
1. qveyanaSi qimiuri produqciis warmoebis, importis, eqsportis,
tranzitis, gamoyenebis saerTo mdgomareoba
qveynaSi
qimiuri
nivTierebebis
(pesticidebi,
samrewvelo
da
sayofacxovrebo qimikatebi, navTobproduqtebi da sxva) gamoyeneba mdgradi
ekonomiuri ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. amave dros cnobilia,
rom qimiur nivTierebaTa ukontrolo da arasworma gamoyenebam SeiZleba
gamousworebeli ziani miayenis adamianis janmrTelobasa da masTan dakavSirebul
ekosistemas.
qveyanaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba qimiuri nivTierebebis swori marTvis
infrastruqturisa da sistemebis Camoyalibebas misi gamoyenebis yvela etapze
(warmoeba,
importi,
eqsporti,
transportireba,
Senaxva,
moxmareba,
gauvnebelyofa).
saerTaSoriso
politika
miznad
isaxavs
xeli
Seuwyos
qveynebs
gaaumjobeson da gaaZlieron qimiuri nivTierebebis swori marTvis erovnuli
programebi. am sakiTxebs mieZRvna bevri saerTaSoriso RonisZieba.
1980 wlidan moyolebuli qimiuri nivTierebebis marTvis specifikuri
sakiTxebis gadasaWrelad iyo SemuSavebuli ramodenime saerTaSoriso meqanizmi:
londonis UNEP-is saxelmZRvanelo dokumenti(1980w), FAO-s saerTaSoriso
kodebi pesticidebis gavrcelebisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb (1989w), roterdamis
konvencia (PIC ) da sxva.
saqarTvelom aRiara londonis saxelmZRvanelo principebi saerTaSoriso
vaWrobaSi qimiur nivTierebebze informaciis gacvlis Sesaxeb da SeuerTda
potenciurad toqsikur qimiur nivTierebaTa saerTaSoriso registrs. Qqimiur
nivTierebaTa marTvis sauwyebaTaSoriso koordinaciis sakiTxi saqarTveloSi
ZiriTadad warmodgenilia pesticidebisa da agroqimikatebis registraciiT da
kontroliT. sxva qimiur nivTierebebze sauwyebaTaSoriso koordinacia ar
arsebobs.
qveyanaSi realurad brunvaSi myofi qimiuri nivTierebebis raodenobis, maTi
asortimentis, mwarmoeblis da importiorebis Sesaxeb mopovebuli informacia
arasrulyofilia, radgan privatizaciis Semdeg mxolod saxelmwifo seqtoris
mixedviT xdeba monacemebis Segroveba. mopovebuli monacemebis mixedviT
saqarTveloSi mrewveloba awarmoebs mineralur sasuqebs, qimiur boWkos,
sinTezur sarecx saSualebebs, laqsaRebavebs, navTobproduqtebsa da rezinis
nawarms, azotmJavas, amiaks, uSrob webos. garda amisa iwarmoeba mineraluri
zeTis preparatebi. qveyanaSi Semodis fenoli, kaustikuri soda, gogirdmJava,
monoeTanolamini, laqsaRebavebisaTvis katalizatori, sinTezuri kauCuki,
polieTileni, qimiuri boWko kaprolaqtami. qveynidan gadis cianmarilebi, amiaki,
mineraluri sasuqebi da sxva.
qveyanaSi ar arsebobs saTanado kontroli qimiuri nivTierebebis importze
da eqsportze. SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareobaa pesticidebis importTan da
eqsportTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, fizikuri an iuridiuli piri qimiuri
preparatis Semotanaze iRebs licenzias, romelsac gascems vaWrobisa da
136
sagareo urTierTobebis saministro, garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvisa
da soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministroebis Tanxmobis safuZvelze.
uflebamosili saministroebi pesticidebis Semotanaze Tanxmobas iZlevian im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu preparati Sesulia saxelmwifo katalogSi `saqarTveloSi
1999-2003w.w. gamosayeneblad nebadarTuli mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebisa da
zrdis regulatorebis sia~. gacemuli nebarTvebis safuZvelze saministro
SeZlebisdagvarad awarmoebs Semotanili qimiuri nivTierebebis aRricxvas,
awesebs kontrols maT ganTavsebaze, gamoyenebaze, realizaciaze da naSTebis
arsebobaze. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, 1999 wels saministros mier gacemulia
21 nebarTva 1126 t. pesticidebis Semotanaze.
didi safrTxe emuqreba garemos navTobisa da navTobproduqtebiT
dabinZurebiT. dabinZurebis potenciur safrTxes warmoadgens navTobisa da misi
produqtebis transportireba (rkinigzis xaziT, milsadenebiTa da sazRvao
portebiT). garemos da ZiriTadad ki centraluri magistralebis mimdebare
teritoriebis dabinZureba xdeba agreTve, mZime metalebiT, kerZod, vanadiumiT,
kobaltiT, manganumiT, spilenZiT, molibdeniT, nikeliT, tyviiT, qromiT,
TuTiiT, kaliT.
qveyanaSi ar arsebobs garemos obieqtebis qimiuri nivTierebebiT
dabinZurebis monitoringi. Catarebuli gamokvlevebi umetesad uwyebrivi
daniSnulebisaa, ar xdeba maTi koncentrireba da gaanalizeba, prioritetuli
damabinZureblebis gamovlena, regionebSi ekologiuri situaciis gansazRvra,
mosaxleobis regularuli informireba. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Sesabamis
uwyebebs ar gaaCnia zusti informacia qveyanaSi qimiuri produqciis importze
da eqsportze. aucilebelia qimiuri nivTierebebis marTvis mowesrigebis mizniT
moqmedi laboratoriebis gadaiaraReba, Zveli laboratoriebis reabilitacia,
qselis aRWurva Tanamedrove teqnikiT, rac uzrunvelyofs eqspres-meTodebis
farTod gamoyenebas.
aucilebelia adamianis janmrTelobaze da garemoze qimiuri zemoqmedebis
riskis Sefasebis da prognozis mizniT sxvadasxva uwyebidan miRebuli
informaciis regularuli analizi da sazogadoebis informireba.
2. soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli pesticidebisa da mineraluri
sasuqebis raodenoba, importi, maTi Senaxvis mdgomareoba, gatarebuli
RonisZiebebi
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba qimiur nivTierebebis gamoyenebas soflis
meurneobaSi, kerZod, mcenareTa mavnebel-daavadebebis winaaRmdeg pesticidebis
da niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebis mizniT mineraluri sasuqebisa da sxva
agroqimikatebis gamoyenebas.
dadgenilia, rom qimiuri naerTebis intensiuri, araorganizebuli gamoyeneba
soflis meurneobaSi iwvevs miRebuli produqciis xarisxis gauaresebas,
mcenareul da calkeuli cxoveluri organizmebis mospobas, niadagebis
dabinZurebas metalebis narCenebiT (spilenZi, nikeli, dariSxani, tyvia,
radionuklidebi da sxva). aseve organuli Tu araorganuli SenaerTebiT da
metalobolitebiT.
137
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministrodan miRebuli
informaciiT 1999 wels qveyanaSi Semotanilia 21 dasaxelebis pesticidi da
brunvaSia 50 dasaxelebis adre Semotanili sxvadasxva jgufis pesticidebi
(monacemebi mocemulia 14.1 cxrilSi.).
cxrili 14.1
qveyanaSi 1999 wels ganxorcielebuli Sxamqimikatebis
importi
#
1.
2.
3.
4.
preparatis dasaxeleba
Sabiamani
2,4Daminis marili
karate
akletiki
5.
impaqt-25
6.
fiuzilad superi
ridomili
bi-58
decisi
fastaki
nurel-d
rubigani
impaqti
spilenZis qlorJangi
brommeTili
preparati 30
antrakoli
bailetoni
eupareni
guldoki
raqsili
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
raodenoba
699t
7,160t
4900l
3500l
200l
6500l
1000kg
1500l
1000l
500l
500l
500l
2000l
340t.
3640kg.
74000l
2t
4t
1t
1000l
0,5l
ukanasknel aTwleulSi mavnebelTa winaaRmdeg brZolis RonisZiebaTa
gautareblobis gamo 1999w dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelda saSiSi
sakarantino mavnebeli `amerikuli TeTri pepela.~Mmavneblis biologiuri
Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare Catarda brZolis RonisZiebebi, mxolod meore
Taobis matlebis mimarT, ramac ganapiroba mavneblis rezervacia. mTlianad
dasavleT saqarTveloSi damuSavebul iqna 5000 ha farTobi. galis r-nis
mosaxleobas gaewia daxmareba, masobrivad gavrcelebuli amerikuli TeTri
pepelas da mdelos xvataris sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gasatareblad.
kerZod, maT gadaecaT 6500 laris pesticidebi (cxrili 14.2).
138
cxrili 14.2
mcenareTa saSiSi mavnebel-daavadebebis gavrcelebisa
da maT winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli
RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb
1999 weli
Mmavneblebisa da
#
daavadebebis
dasaxeleba
1
gavrcelebis areali
FfarTobi
Hha
gatarebuli
RonisZiebebi
SeniSvnebi
3
4
5
6
regionis mcenareTa
dacvis samsaxurebs
daurugdaT preparatebi karate, Serpa
beldoki, aseve 5000m
mili da 100c.
bridsputi saxelmwifo biujetidan
gatarda brZolis
RonisZiebebi 4189 ha
Seiwamla is farTobebi, sadac gavrcelebulia amerikuli
TeTri pepela
galis soflis
meurneobis
sammarTvelos gadaeca
330l karate
660 ha-ze Catarda
xvatarisa da mdelos
farvanis
sawinaaRmdego
RonisZiebebi
2
amerikuli
TeTri pepela
aWara
guria
samegrelo
qvemo
imereTi
4178
galis raioni
galis
mdelos xvatari raioni
simindis farvana
sul
822
5000
qveyanaSi mineraluri sasuqebis centralizebuli Semotana ar xorcieldeba.
am saqmianobiT dakavebulia bevri kerZo struqtura, TviT miwaTmosargebleebs
gaaqvT sasuqebi qarxnidan da iyeneben TavianT gamgeblobaSi arsebuli niadagebis
gasanoyiereblad. sasuqebis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda (3060 tona
statistikis departamentis monacemebiT) ramac uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia
niadagebis sakvebi elementebiT uzrunvelyofaze da Sesabamis sasoflosameurneo kulturaTa mosavlianobaze. MmcenareTa dacvis samsaxuris mier
Catarebuli analiziT raionebSi mosalodneli iyo ufro meti raodenobis
sasuqebis gamoyeneba, vidre es statistikis departamentis mier iyo aRricxuli.
mcenareTa dacvis samsaxuris monacemebiT es raodenoba 1999 wels 40-50 aTasi
tonis farglebSia, maSin rodesac 80-ian wlebSi qveyanaSi sasuqebis gamoyeneba
Seadgenda 250-300 aTasi tonas.
139
3. vadagasuli qimiuri saSualebebis mdgomareoba, gatarebuli
RonisZiebebi, mdgradi organuli damabinZurebelebi
dResReobiT gansakuTrebul problemas warmoadgens sabWoTa kavSiris
periodidan qveyanaSi dagrovili narCeni pesticidebi da mineraluri sasuqebi,
romlebic centralizebuli wesiT iyo ganawilebuli mis teritoriaze. am
miznebisaTvis gankuTvnili sawyobebis umetesi nawili avariul mdgomareobaSia
an mwyobridanaa gamosuli. iq ar aris daculi sanitaruli normebi, ar gaaCniaT
pasportebi da TiTqmis arcerTi maTgani ar pasuxobs garemosdacviT moTxovnebs.
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros teritoriuli
organoebis informaciiT, saqarTvelos aRmosavleT da dasavleT regionebSi 400
tonamde vadagasuli Sxamqimikati da 3500 tonamde mineraluri sasuqia
ganTavsebuli, rac qmnis garemos dabinZurebis saSiSroebas.
zog SemTxvevebSi sawyobebis didi nawili maTSi ganTavsebuli qimikatebiT
TiTqmis upatronodaa mitovebuli. arsebobs didi riski imisa, rom es
qimikatebi moxvdes garemoSi sxvadasxva qmedebebis Sedegad, kerZod maTi
gadayriT mimdebare teritoriaze an uSualod mdinareebSi, aseve wvimis wylebis
CarecxviT da maTi moxvedriT gruntis wylebSi, zedapirul wylebSi da
mdinareebSi.
xSir SemTxvevaSi amortizirebuli sawyobebis nawili gamoyenebulia
sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT, gayidulia an Setanilia saprivatizacio obieqtebis
siaSi.
mZime finansuri mdgomareobis gamo ver xerxdeba qimiuri narCenebis
utilizacia da gauvneblobis RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba. didi raodenobis
qimiuri narCeni nebarTvebis gareSe gaitaneba nagavsayrelebze. yovelive zemoT
aRniSnulis gamo seriozuli safrTxe eqmneba adamianis janmrTelobasa da
garemos.
mdgomareobas arTulebs is garemoebac, rom qveyanaSi ar arsebobs
toqsikuri narCenebis poligoni. iaRlujis mTaze arsebuli poligoni ukve 20
weliwadia ar funqcionirebs. axlis mSeneblobis sakiTxi ki dRemde
gadawyvetili ar aris.
sakiTxis gadaWris mizniT, mizanSewonilia qimiuri narCenebis da maTi
sasawyobo meurneobebis detaluri invetarizacia da Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis
proeqtebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministros mier SemuSavebulia programebi, magram usaxsrobis gamo es
programebi ganuxorcielebeli rCeba.
garemos did safrTxes uqmnis agreTve saqarTvelos teritoriaze yofili
sabWoTa armiis mier datovebuli toqsikuri nivTierebebi, feTqebadi masalebi,
mavne narCenebi, romelTagan nawili uvargisia da ar eqvemdebareba gadamuSavebas.
amis magaliTia dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi datovebuli 1000t-ze
140
meti raketuli Txevadi sawvavis komponentebi, egreTwodebuli `melanJi~ da
`samini~, romelic seriozul safrTxes uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas da
garemos.
saqarTvelos prezidentis #401 28.08.97w. gankargulebis safuZvelze
SemuSavda
saxelmwifo
miznobrivi
programa,
romelic
etapobrivad
iTvaliswinebda (1998-2000w.w.) gamoyofili 600 aTasi laris miRebis SemTxvevaSi programiT gaTvaliswinebuli gauvnebelyofis samuSaoebis gatarebas.
aRniSnuli
dafinansebiT,
pirvel
etapze,
mTlianad
gamotanili
da
ganeitralebuli iqna erT-erTi komponenti `samini~ sof. meriidan, Waladididan
da soRanluRidan, riTac Tavidan iqna acilebuli afeTqebis saSiSroeba. moxda
`melanJis~ ganeitraleba WaladidSi - 170t. da soRanluRSi - 80t,
dafinansebis miuReblobis gamo ver iqna gamotanili da ganeitralebuli sawvavi
komponenti `melanJi~ (sof. meriidan-480t.).
aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos prezidentis 1999 wlis 14 noembris
#1387 gankargulebiT “saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zalovani struqturebisaTvis
gadmocemuli da mitovebuli yofili sabWoTa kavSiris samxedro nawilebis
samxedro qalaqebis, samxedro poligonebisa da sxva sawarmoo nagavsayrelebis
teritoriebze qimiur-radiaciuli fonis mdgomareobis Semowmebis Sesaxeb”
Seiqmna samTavrobo komisia, romelsac evaleboda dafinansebis miRebis
SemTxvevaSi
(20.000
lari)
ganexorcielebina
saqarTveloSi
arsebuli
maRaltoqsikuri narCenebis aRwera da 2000 wlis aprilSi maTi likvidaciautilizaciis programis wardgena. dRemde es samuSaoebi ver Sesrulda,
Ddafinansebis miuReblobis gamo.
msoflioSi adamianis janmrTelobisa da garemosaTvis seriozul safrTxes
wamoadgenen qimiuri nivTierebebi, romlebic cnobilni arian mdgradi organuli
damabinZurebelebis _ POPs-is saxelwodebiT. es maRalmdgradi SenaerTebi
gamoiyeneba rogorc pesticidebis saxiT, aseve warmoebaSi. isini winaswari
ganzraxvis gareSe SeiZleba gamomuSavdnen rogorc wvis produqtebi,
samrewvelo procesebis mimdinareobisas. mod-ebi warmoSoben gansakuTrebuli
xasiaTis problemebs, radganac SenarCunebulni arian garemoSi xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi, srul daSlamde. maTi gadatana xdeba did manZilze.
16-dan 12 mdgradi organuli damabinZureblebi: aldrini, dieldrini, ddt,
endrini, qlordani, heqsaqlorbenzoli, mireqsi, toqsafeni, heqtaqlori,
poliqlorirebuli bifenilebi _ pesticidebia, romlebic xasiaTdebian garemoSi
Tavisi
mdgradobiT.
aRsaniSnavia
is,
rom
dReisaTvis
saqarTveloSi
gamosayeneblad nebadarTuli pesticidebis siidan aRniSnuli nivTierebebi
amoRebulia, magram saSiSroebas warmoadgenen swored vadagasuli da xmarebidan
amoRebuli pesticidebi, romlebic tonobiTaa ganTavsebuli saqarTvelos
teritoriaze arsebul sawyobebSi, sadac ar aris gamoricxuli maTi arseboba,
riTac saSiSroebas uqmnian adamianis janmrTelobasa da garemos, maTi zusti
inventarizaciis Catareba dRemde ver xerxdeba, iseve rogorc organul
141
damabinZureblebis: dioqsinebis da furanebis warmoqmnis wyaroebis, rac
finansur siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
samTavrobaTaSoriso komitetis I sesiaze, romelic exeboda mdgradi
organuli damabinZureblebis marTvis sakiTxebs, saqarTvelos mxarem gamoTqva
mzadyofna
(mod)-ebis
konvenciasTan
TanamSromlobisaTvis.
gaeros
garemosdacviTi programis aRmasrulebeli sabWos gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad
gadawyda, rom aucilebelia saerTaSoriso qmedebebis ganxorcieleba, raTa
Semcirdes is riski, romelic eqmneba adamianis janmrTelobasa da garemos,
mdgradi organuli damabinZureblebisagan. dResdReobiT mimdinareobs muSaoba
mod-is konvenciasTan mimarTebaSi.
bolo wlebSi msoflioSi qimiuri nivTierebebis warmoebisa da
gamoyenebis swrafma zrdam safrTxe Seuqmna garemos. amitomac aucilebeli
gaxda misi saerTaSoriso marTvis sistemis Camoyalibeba. 1998 wlis
seqtemberSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis UNEP-isa da FAO-s SeTanxmebiT
xeli moewera roterdamis PIC konvencias, romelic iTvaliswinebs saSiSi
qimiuri nivTierebebisa da pesticidebis marTvas saerTaSoriso bazarze.
saqarTvelo muSaobs am konvenciasTan mierTebaze.
1999 wlidan ZalaSi Sevida kanoni `saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis Sesaxeb~
da kanoni `pesticidebisa da agroqimikatebis Sesaxeb~. ZalaSi Sesuli
sakanonmdeblo aqtebis Sesabamisad warmoebs Sesabamisi saministroebisa da
uwyebebis mier kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebis SemuSaveba, rac momavalSi
Seqmnis srulyofil samarTlebriv bazas qimiuri usafrTxoebis sferoSi.
142
Tavi 15
narCenebi
1. qveyanaSi warmoebuli narCenebis saerTo raodenoba,
klasifikacia, teritoriuli ganawileba
qveyanaSi narCenebi seriozul problemas warmoadgens. arsebuli monacemebi
maTi warmoSobis, gamoyenebis, gauvneblobis, gadamuSavebisa da ganTavsebis
Taobaze ar aris srulyofili da damajerebeli, vinaidan narCenebis statistikuri aRricxvianoba ar arsebobs, xolo narCenebis marTvis sainformacio
sistema Seqmnis procesSia. mdgomareobas arTulebs “narCenebis marTvis Sesaxeb”
kanonis ararseboba, romelic aseve SemuSavebis procesSia.
1988 wlis monacemebis mixedviT qveyanaSi yvela tipis narCenebis
raodenobam 64,5 mln. tona Seadgina.
narCenebis raodenoba da ganTavsebis adgilebi narCenebis warmoSobis
wyaroebis mixedviT Semdegia:
sawarmoo narCenebi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze akumulirebuli narCenebis
mTeli masis daaxloebiT 30% metalurgiuli, saSen masalaTa, qimiuri,
manqanaTmSeneblobis
da mrewvelobis sxva dargebis narCenebia. qveyanaSi
sawarmoo narCenebis nagavsayrelebi ar arsebobs, amitom isini ZiriTadad
ganTavsebulia im sawarmoebis teritoriebze, sadac warmoiSvebian:
magaliTad, aWaraSi galvanuri warmoebis toqsikuri narCenebi inaxeba
manqanaTmSenebeli, eleqtromeqanikuri da gemTmSenebeli qarxnebis teritoriebze.
navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis 1,6ha miwis farTobi ukavia 40000 tona mJave
gudrons, 1500 tona aluminis silikatur adsorbents.
q. quTaisis samrewvelo sawarmoebis specialur sacavebSi dagrovilia 33
tona galvanuri narCenebi, liTofonis da saavtomobilo qarxnebis salame
moednebze dagrovilia 300 aTasi tona bariumis, TuTiis Semcveli da
Tboeleqtrocentralis Slami, rasac ukavia 24ha teritoria. zestafonis
feroSenadnobTa qarxnis teritoriis 11ha-ze, md. yvirilis sanapiroze
dagrovebulia 368 aTasi tona Termuli damuSavebis da eleqtrolizuri Slami,
xolo q. rusTavis metalurgiuli kombinatis teritoriaze _ 400 aTasi tona
wida da rkinis xenji.
erovnuli meurneobis dargebis mixedviT Semdegi suraTia:
qimiuri da navTobqimiuri sawarmoebis teritoriebze dagrovilia 336
aTasi tona narCeni, qvanaxSiris mrewvelobaSi sanayaroebze (terikonebze) _ 12
mln tona, manqanaTmSeneblobis sawarmoebis teritoriebze – 2mln tona, xolo
energetikis obieqtebze – 600 aTasi tona narCeni. Savi da feradi metalurgiis
sawarmoebis teritoriebze ganTavsebulia 1160 aTasi tona myari narCeni da
Slami.
sawarmoo narCenebSi toqsikuri naerTebis Semcveloba 2mln tonas
Seadgens. maT Soris hidridebi – 650 tona, galvanuri Sxamebi – 15800 tona,
kobaltSemcveli mtveri – 4,8 tona, dariSxanSemcveli narCenebi – 1829 tona,
nikelSemcveli – 22,1 tona, navTobSemcveli – 70 aTasi tona, fosforSemcveli
– 226 aTasi tona, qlorSemcveli – 72,6 tona, cianSemcveli – 410 tona,
gadamuSavebuli eleqtrolitebi – 2680 tona, saRebavebisa da emalis Semcveli
143
– 1404 tona, mJave gudroni – 50 aTasi tona da sxva. (masalebi aRebulia S.p.s.
“e.b.a.s.”-dan).
sawarmoo narCenebis umetesoba warmoSobilia mrewvelobis intensiuri
ganviTarebis periodSi. amJamad bevri sawarmo gaCerebulia, an muSaobs dabali
simZlavriT. privatizaciis Semdeg bevrma sawarmom Seicvala profili, rig
SemTxvevaSi axalma mesakuTrem moixsna pasuxismgebloba adre dagrovebul
narCenebze.
sawarmos teritoriebze dagrovebuli narCenebi warmoadgenen niadagisa da
Semdgom gruntis wylebis mZime metalebiT da sxva toqsikuri naerTebiT
dabinZurebis wyaros. 1992 wels Tbilisisa da rusTavis sawarmoebis mimdebare
teritoriebze Seswavlil iqna niadagSi mZime liTonebis Semcveloba (cxrili
15.1).
cxrili 15.1
niadagis dabinZureba mZime liTonebiT (mg/kg niadagSi)
1
vanadiumi
76,0-160,0
74,0-158,0
73,0
zRvrulad
dasaSvebi
koncentracia
150,0
2
manganumi
754,0-1100
502,0-1400,0
440,0
1500,0
3
spilenZi
157,0-270,0
88,0-160,0
8-25
3,0
4
molibdeni
kvali
kvali
_
5
nikeli
107,0-140,0
70,0-180,0
8-45
#
dasaxeleba
Tbilisi
rusTavi
fonuri
koncentracia*
(moZr. forma)
_
4,0
(moZr. forma)
6
tyvia
_
56,0-140,0
6-20
3,2
(moZr. forma)
7
qromi
132,0-280,0
123,0-200,0
53,0
90,0
8
TuTia
197,0-400,0
113,0-200,0
28,50
23,0
9
kala
24,0-60,0
7,0-18,0
2,5
4,5
samTo narCenebi. qveyanaSi dagrovili myari narCenebis daaxloebiT 70%
wiaRiseuli simdidris mopovebisa da gadamuSavebis Sedegadaa miRebuli. isini
ganlagebulia wiaRiseulis mompovebeli da gamamdidrebeli sawarmoebis
mimdebare teritoriebze. magaliTad, tyibuli-Saoris sabados teritoriaze 5
mln tona naxSiris Semcveli fuWi qania ganTavsebuli, madneulis kombinatTan
ki polimetaluri madnis mopovebisa da gamdidrebis Sedegad warmoqmnili
22,5mln tona fuWi qani da kudebi. raWis regionSi arsebobs uravis samTo
qimiuri qarxnis sawarmoo narCenebis yofili samarxi. samarxi mdebareobs
“nefisWalaSi” qarxnis teritoriidan 14 km-is daSorebiT da aris 6000 t
tevadobis. samarxis saxuravi dangreulia, masSi Caedineba naleqebi, rac iwvevs
mimdebare teritoriisa da miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZurebas.
*
SeniSvna: fonuri Semcvelobis sxvadasxva monacemebi damokidebulia niadagebis
saxeebze.
144
maTi Semadgenlobidan gamomdinare es narCenebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos
saxifaTod.
samSeneblo narCenebi. qveynis teritoriaze 2,3 mln tonaze meti samSeneblo narCenia dagrovebuli, romlis meoradi gadamuSaveba ar xdeba. samSeneblo
narCenebi ganlagebulia samSeneblo kompleqsebis teritoriebze da gabneulia
qveynis
mTel
teritoriaze,
maT
Soris
sayofacxovrebo
narCenebis
nagavsayrelebzec.
sasoflo-sameurneo narCenebi. seriozul problemas warmoadgens qveynis
mTel teritoriaze soflis meurneobis sawyobebSi yovelgvari sanitariuli
moTxovnebis dacvisa da kontrolis gareSe ganTavsebulia wlebis manZilze
dagrovili da vadagasuli 400 tona Sxamqimikati (pesticidi, herbicidi,
fungicidi) da 3700 tona mineraluri sasuqi. am saxis narCenebi iTvleba
saxifaTo narCenebad da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxoven. vadagasuli da
usargeblo Sxam-qimikatebis Segroveba da Cabareba ver xerxdeba qveyanaSi
specialuri samarxis ararsebobis gamo. samarxis mowyoba usaxsrobis gamo ver
xorciledeba. igive mizeziT ar mimdinareobs samuSaoebi am saxis narCenebis
utilizaciisa da gasauvnebelyofad.
samedicino narCenebi. samedicino narCenebs ganekuTvneba rogorc samedicino
qmedebebis
Sedegad
miRebuli
narCenebi,
romlebic
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
inficirebulia, aseve saavadmyofoebidan, sanatoriumebidan, laboratoriebidan,
kvleviTi institutebidan da farmacevtuli mrewvelobidan miRebuli narCenebi.
amJamad praqtikaSia am saxis narCenebis ganTavseba nagavsayrelebze an gaSveba
sakanalizacio sistemaSi (Txevadi narCeni). amJamad ar arsebobs samedicino
narCenebis usafrTxo Segrovebis, transportirebis an ganTavsebis sistemebi.
satransporto narCenebi. qveynis avtosatransporto parkis moZvelebam, ganviTarebuli qveynebidan naxmari avtomobilebis mniSvnelovanma importma qveyana
satransporto narCenebis didi raodenobiT dagrovebis saSiSroebis winaSe
daayena. dRes iSviaT sanaxaobas ar warmoadgens mdinaris xevebSi da
dasaxlebuli punqtebis gareubnebSi avtomobilebis gaZarculi Zarebi,
nagavSemkreb bunkerebTan mitovebuli akumulatorebi, romlebic sabolood
sayofacxovrebo narCenebis nagavsayrelebze xvdebian. amas yovelwliurad emateba
600 tonaze meti gamoyenebuli zeTi, romlis garkveuli raodenoba marTalia
avtosaremonto saxelosnoebSi grovdeba, magram vinaidan misi gadamuSavebis
teqnologia Cvens qveyanaSi danergili ar aris, mosaxlobis mier is sawvavad
gamoiyeneba TviTnakeT RumelebSi.
municipaluri (sayofacxovrebo) narCenebi. qveynis masStabiT myari
sayofacxovrebo narCenebis yovelwliuri moculoba Seadgens daaxloebiT
5,5mln m3.
aWaraSi yovelwliurad 30 aTasi tona sayofacxovrebo narCeni grovdeba,
imereTSi – 200 aTasi tona, qvemo qarTlSi, guriaSi, samegrelos regionSi
daaxloebiT 8000 tona.
q. TbilisSi yovelwliurad grovdeba 1,5mln m3 sayofacxovrebo narCeni.
myari sayofacxovrebo narCenebis Semadgenloba (q. Tbilisis magaliTze):
organuli masa _ 39%, qaRaldi da muyao – 34%, Cvari, liToni – 5-5%, mina,
xe da plastmasebi daaxloebiT – 3%, danarCeni saxis narCenebi – 8%. amasTan,
aRsaniSnavia, rom yovelwliurad izrdeba sxvadasxva saxis plastikuri masebis
wili.
145
radioaqtiuri narCenebi. imis gamo, rom radioaqtiuri narCenebis yofili
samarxi ar funqcionirebs, xolo axlisTvis jer miwis farTobic ar aris
gamoyofili, radioaqtiuri naerTebis Semcveli narCenebi ar aris Tavmoyrili
erT adgilze. isini umeteswilad inaxebian im samedicino dawesebulebebis,
kvleviTi institutebisa da Tavdacvis saministros daqvemdebarebuli obieqtebis
sacavebSi, romlebic mas moixmarebdnen. radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi da narCenebi
ganTavsebulia specialur damcav konteinerebSi.
saxsrebis naklebobis gamo, amJamad sawarmoebsa da organizaciebSi ar aris
Catarebuli radioaqtiuri narCenebisa da danadgarebis inventarizacia. amis gamo
saministro ver flobs srul monacemebs.
mniSvnelovani problema warmoSva ssrk samxedro bazebze arsebulma
radioaqtiurma wyaroebma, romlebic ruseTis jaris mier umeTvalyurod iqna
mitovebuli. aseTi wyaroebis moZiebasa da amoRebas awarmoebs saministros
birTvuli da radioaqtiuri usafrTxoebis samsaxuri. vinaidan specialuri
samarxi ar arsebobs, amoRebuli wyaroebi inaxeba droebiT sacavebSi.
2. qveyanaSi arsebuli nagavsayrelebisa da samarxebis mdgomareoba,
gatarebuli RonisZiebebi
qveyanaSi arsebuli nagavsayrelebi metad sagangaSo mdgomareobaSia. sul
aRricxulia 69 nagavsayreli, romelTa mier dakavebuli farTobi 0,5-42ha-s
Seadgens, xolo saerTo farTobi daaxloebiT 300 heqtars. 51 nagavsayrelis
teritoria gamoyofilia Sesabamisi samxareo administraciis an raionuli
gamgeobis dadgenilebis safuZvelze, magram arcerTs ar gaaCnia nagavsayrelis
mowyobis proeqti. 18 nagavsayreli, romelTa teritoriis farTobebi 0,4-5ha-s
Seadgens, ukanonoa. amas garda, yovel dasaxlebul punqtTan aris mravali
mcire zomis ukanono nagavsayreli, romlebic yovelgvari wesis da normis
dacvis ugulvelyofiT funqcionireben wlebis ganmavlobaSi.
didi raodenobiT sayofacxovrebo narCenebi grovdeba saqarTvelos msxvil
qalaqebSi (TbilisSi, quTaisSi, baTumSi, rusTavSi, foTsa da zugdidSi).
q. TbilisSi yovelwliurad grovdeba 1,5mln. m3 sayofacxovrebo da
monaxveti narCeni. aRniSnuli moculobis gatana xdeba qalaqis SemogarenSi
ganlagebul 3 nagavsayrelze. aqedan gldanis nagavsayrelze (farTobi 8ha;
eqspluataciaSi Sesvlis weli 1972) gaitaneba mTeli masis daaxloebiT 55%.
lilos nagavsayrelze (10ha; 1989w.) – 35%, xolo iaRlujis nagavsayrelze
(5ha; 1985w.) – 20%. garda amisa, gldanis nagavsayrelTan funqcionirebs
“bekeris” ormo, sadac xdeba Sinauri cxovelebis leSebis damarxva.
q. quTaisis nagavsayreli dakavebuli teritoriis mixedviT qveyanaSi
yvelaze didia (42ha). is funqcionirebs 1962 wlidan da emsaxureba quTaisis,
baRdaTisa da wyaltubos raionebs.
arcerTi nagavsayreli ar pasuxobs garemosdacviT da sanitariul
moTxovnebs. maTTvis ar aris gansazRvruli moqmedebis vada, darRveulia myari
narCenebis nagavsayrelebisadmi wayenebuli yvela Semdegi moTxovna:
_ nagavsayrelebis umravlesoba mdinareebis pirasaa ganlagebuli. zugdidis,
foTis, borjomis, xaSuris, zestafonis, adigenis nagavsayrelebi mdebareoben
146
uSualod mdinareebis kalapotis axlos. atmosferuli naleqebisa da
wyaldidobis dros adgili aqvs mdinareSi Carecxvis faqtebs.
adigenis, bolnisis, dedofliswyaros, zestafonis, lentexis, mcxeTis,
ozurgeTis, onis, saCxeris, xulos, xonis raionebis nagavsayrelebis
dasaxlebuli adgilebidan dacilebis manZili meryeobs 100-dan 700m-mde.
_ nagavsayrelebi ar aris SemoRobili da daculi, ris Sedegad adgili
aqvs nagavsayrelebis mTel teritoriaze pirutyvisa da adamianebis Tavisufal
gadaadgilebas. nagavsayrelze gamokvebili pirutyvi daavadebis gamomwvevi
baqteriebis potenciuri matarebelia.
_ zogierT nagavsayrelze warmoebs narCenebis datkepna, xolo saizolacio
miwis feniT dafarva xdeba iSviaTad.
_ TviTaalebisa da wvis (xanZris) SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad
nagavsayrelebs ar gaaCniaT narCenebis dasanotivebeli brunviTi wyalmomaragebis
sistema, ris Sedegadac zafxulis TveebSi xSirad adgili aqvs aalebiT
procesebs. es gansakuTrebiT awuxebs im dasaxlebuli punqtebis macxovreblebs,
sadac axlos aris ganlagebuli nagavsayrelebi.
_ ar gaaCnia nagavsayrelebis gaswvriv mwvane zona. miwisqveSa wylebis
kontrolisaTvis sinjis asaRebi Surfebi, Webi, an WaburRilebi.
dReisaTvis praqtikulad dadgenili ar aris, ra gavlenas axdens qveynis
teritoriaze ganlagebuli nagavsayrelebi adamianis janmrTelobasa da garemoze
(Camonadeni wylis Semadgenloba, niadagis, gruntis wylebis da a.S. dabinZureba
mavne nivTierebebiT).
_ narCenebis ganTavsebisa da gauvneblobis teqnologiuri procesebi
usistemod warimarTeba.
upirveles yovlisa, dauSvebelia, rom narCenebi nagavsayrelebze gadis
yovelgvari daxarisxebis gareSe. sayofacxovrebo narCenebTan erTad aq gvxvdeba
sxva saxis narCenebi (mag. samrewvelo, samSeneblo, samedicino narCenebi,
toqsikuri da sxva). nagavsayrelebis teritoriaze umeTvalyureod mitovebuli
saxifaTo da toqsikuri narCenebi garemos dabinZurebis seriozul keras
warmoadgenen. maTi umravlesoba Seicavs advilad xsnad toqsikur naerTebs,
romlebic atmosferuli naleqebis meSveobiT advilad xvdebian gruntis
wylebSi da abinZureben maT. magaliTad, galvanuri elementebi Seicaven
vercxliswylis, tyviis, kadmiumis marilebs. akumulatorebi – tyvias,
gogirdmJavas, tuteebs. sayofacxovrebo macivrebi da sayinule mowyobilobebi –
advilad aqrolad qlororganul naerTebs – freonebs. maTi korpusebi mokle
droSi ganicdian korozias, xolo am naerTebis mcire raodenobac ki sakmaod
didi ekologiuri zianis momtania.
toqsikuri
fraqciebi
nagavsayrelebze
maTi
moxvedris
Semdeg
kompostisTvis gamousadegars xdis biomasasac.
nagasayrelebze narCenebis dauxarisxeblad gatana iwvevs gadasamuSavebeli
masalis dakargvasac. nagavsayrelebze ganTavsebul narCenebSi didia metalis,
minis,
sxvadasxva
saxis
polimeruli
masalis
fraqciebi,
romlebic
eqvemdebarebian meorad gadamuSavebas.
147
3. samrewvelo sawarmoebis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi SedarebiT
mcirenarCeniani teqnologiebis dasanergad, samrewvelo narCenebis
gauvneblobebisa da utilizaciis mizniT
dRes, ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, rodesac samrewvelo sawarmoebis
umravlesoba gaCerebulia an muSaobs mcire simZlavriT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
qveyanaSi samrewvelo narCenebis gauvneblobas da utilizacias yuradReba ar
eqceva da miTumetes, sawarmoebisaTvis ar xdeba mastimulirebeli RonisZiebebis
gatareba SedarebiT mcirenarCeniani teqnologiebis dasanergad.
marTalia, samrewvelo sawarmoebis mier narCenebis warmoqmna Semcirebulia
mrewvelobis simZlavreTa Semcirebis xarjze, magram maT teritoriebze
yovelgavri kontrolisa da aRricxvis gareSe akumulirebuli sawarmoo
narCenebi saWiroeben utilizaciasa da gauvneblobas.
mrewvelobis adrindeli doniT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi samrewvelo
narCenebi mniSvnelovan problemas warmoqmnian, amitom dauyovnebliv saWiroa
garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba; pirvel rigSi, sawarmoo narCenebis
inventarizacia, gadamuSavebisa da gauvneblobas arsebuli teqnologiebis
daxvewa, axali teqnologiebis SemuSaveba.
mrewvelobis calkeuli dargebis amuSavebasTan erTad uari unda vTqvaT
narCenebian teqnologiaze da iseT teqnologiebze, romlebic toqsikuri
Tvisebebis mqone masalebs gamoiyeneben an aseTsave narCenebs warmoqmnian. unda
iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli finansuri berketebi aseTi narCenebis mwarmoebeli
sawarmoebis winaaRmdeg, xolo mcirenarCenebiani teqnologiebis reklamireba da
finansuri stimulireba aucilebel ganxorcielebas saWiroebs.
sabWoTa
kavSiris
periodSi
yvela
sxva
respublikis
msgavsad,
saqarTveloSic
arsebobda
narCenebis
gadamuSavebisa
da
utilizaciis
saxelmwifo sistema da misgan damoukideblad samrewvelo narCenebis meoreuli
gadamuSavebis da Semdgom maTi sameurneo gamoyenebis sistema.
amJamad
saqarTveloSi
ar
funqcionirebs
narCenebis
gadamuSavebis
industria, gaCerebulia qarxnebi, sadac adre safeiqro, qaRaldis, minis, feradi
liTonis, polieTilenis narCenebis gadamuSaveba xdeboda.
qveynis teritoriaze amJamadac xdeba garkveuli saxis meoradi resursebis
Segroveba. magaliTad, minis WurWeli grovdeba mravaljeradi gamoyenebisaTvis,
xolo minis namsxvrevis Segroveba da gadamuSaveba ar xdeba. Savi da feradi
liTonebis Semgrovebeli punqtebi jarTs agroveben saeqsportod, xolo
metalurgiuli qarxana nedleulis arqonis gamo gaCerebulia. ar xdeba
makulaturis Segroveba da Tbilisis qaRaldis kombinati, aseve nedleulis
ukmarisobis gamo, mcire datvirTviT funqcionirebs.
148
Tavi 16
teqnogenuri avariebi da katastrofebi
1. qveynis teritoriaze momxdari teqnogenuri avariebisa da
katastrofebis saerTo raodenoba, maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi da Sedegebi
1999 wels saqarTvelos teritoriaze dafiqsirda mZime Sedegis mqone 22
teqnogenuri avariisa da katastrofis SemTxveva, maT Soris avtokatastrofis
3, afeTqebis 2, ngrevis, xanZris da qimiuri dabinZurebis 1, xolo mowamvlis 3
SemTxveva. baqo-sufsis milsadenze dafiqsirda gaJonvis 3 SemTxveva, rkinigziT
transportirebisas moxda 5 avaria, mdinareSi CaiRvara 100 tona, xolo
niadagSi CaiJona 150t. navTobi. mewyeris Camowolis gamo yazbegis raionis
sofel karkuCTan dazianda gazsadeni.
yovel
aRniSnul
SemTxvevaSi
Catarebulia
salikvidacio
da
sareabilitacio samuSaoebi.
cxril 16.1-Si moyvanilia teqnogenuri avariebis da katastrofebis
gamomwvevi mizezebis, Sedegebis da maxasiaTeblebis nusxa.
cxrili 16.1
saqarTvelos teritoriaze momxdari
teqnogenuri avariebi da katastrofebi
#
katastro
fis
saxeoba
1
1
2
avtokatastrofa
2
afeTqeba
3
ngreva
4
avtokatastrofa
5
__”__
6
mowamvla
7
mowamvla
obieqtis
dasaxeleba
3
“pazis”
tipis
avtobusi
sacxovrebeli saxli
kulturis
saxli
“ikarusis”
tipis
avtobusi
__”__
skolis
mimdebare
teritoria
qimiuri
dabinZureba
raioni
4
yazbegis
r-ni
q. Tbilisi.
Ciqovanis
q.# 40
q. axalcixe
gurjaanis
r-ni sof.
bakurcixe
samtrediis
r-ni. sof.
sajavaxo
q. zugdidi
sof. kumisi
gavrecelebis
areali
katastrofis
dro
katastrofis
mizezi
5
6
08-01
7
teqnikuri
gaumarTaoba
daingra 2
sarTuli
12-01
bunebrivi
airis afeTqeba
09-01
26-01
sof.
sajavaxo
03-03
24-04
mimdebare
teritoria
149
25-05
katastrofis Sedegi
8
daiRupa 38
adamiani
gatarebuli
RonisZiebebi
9
_
_
savali
nawilis
dazianeba
matarebelTan
Sejaxeba
wyalmomaragemis sistemis
dazianeba
gaJonva
(melanJi)
daSavda 15
adamiani
daiRupa 3
adamiani,
daSavda 5
moiwamla
27 adamiani
wyalsadeni aRdgenilia
1
8
2
__”__
3
xonis r-ni
4
q. xoni
5
q. xoni
9
xanZari
q. dedofliswyaro
qimiuri
sawyobi
10
afeTqeba
q. Tbilisi
11
__”__
benzingasamarTi
sadguri
avtofarexi
q. Tbilisi
dodaSvilis
moedani
sionis q.
#13
6
27-05
7
mowamvla
10-06
gogirdmJava da
fosfatis
dawva
8
1 adamiani
gardaicvala 7
dazaralda
12-07
daSavda 3
adamiani
11-08
daiRupa 2
adamiani
9
2000 wels saqarTvelos teritoriaze dafiqsirda 30 teqnogenuri avariebis da
katastrofebis SemTxveva. maT Soris xanZris _ 10, avtokatastrofis _ 6, afeTqebis _
3, sarginigzo avariis _ 2, ngrevis _ 2, saqonlis daavadebis _ 2, aviakatastrofis
da sasmeli wylis dabinZurebis TiTo SemTxveva.
aRniSnuli katastrofebis Sedegad daiRupa 105, xolo daSavda 28 adamiani.
yvela SemTxvevaSi Catarda salikvidacio da sareabilitacio samuSaoebi.
cxril 16.2-Si moyvanilia teqnogenuri avariebis da katastrofebis mizezebis da
maxasiaTeblebis nusxa.
cxrili 16.2
saqarTvelos teritoriaze momxdari
teqnogenuri avariebi da katastrofebi
#
katastrofis saxeoba
1
1
2
xanZari
2
avtokatastrofa
3
gruntis
dajdoma
4
sasmeli
wylis
dabinZureba
xanZari
5
6
cimbiris
wyluli
7
8
jilexi
avaria
9
dangreva
10
avtokatastrofa
obieqtis
dasaxeleba
3
sacxovrebel
i saxli
avtomanqana
“niva”
saSualo
skolis
Senoba
wyalsadenis
qseli
sacxovrebeli saxli
raioni
4
abaSis r-ni
mestiis
r-ni
sof. xaiSi
gurjaanis
r-ni
q. gurjaani
q. mcxeTa
dedofliswyaro
sof. enji
sabagiro
xazi
sacxovrebeli 2 sarT.
saxli
mikroavtobusi
gavrecelebis
areali
5
daiwva
saxli
_
katastrofis
dro
6
06_01
17_01
xramSi
gadavarda
katastrofis
Sedegi
8
daiRupa
adamiani
daiRupa 4
adamiani
daingra
Senoba
17_01
_
_
moiwamla
wyali
daiwva
saxli
_
21_01
_
_
wyalsadeni
gawmendilia
26-03
_
_
19_04
_
_
salikvidacio
samuSaoebi
daavadebuli
saqoneli
ganadgurda
“___”
samaSvelo
samuSaoebi
“___”
senakis r-ni
q. WiaTura
q. foTi
29_04
19_05
daingra
saxli
zugdidis
raioni
21_05
28_05
150
katastrofis
mizezi
7
_
_
bagias
Caxveva
_
_
1 adamiani
daiRupa
2 adamiani
daiRupa
xididan
gadavarda
6 adamiani
daiRupa
4 daSavda
gatarebuli
RonisZiebebi
9
samaSvelo
samuSaoebi
“___”
“___”
“___”
1
11
2
afeTqeba
12
sarkinigzo
avaria
sarkinigzo
avaria
13
3
“fiatis”
markis
avtomanqana
q. Tbilisis
funikuliori
satvirTo
matarebeli
4
q. Tbilisi
21_06
xaragaulis
r-ni
26_06
cofi
sof.
guzauri
WiaTuris
r-ni
15
avtokatastrofa
vaz 21011
16
17
avtokatastrofa
xanZari
18
afeTqeba
javSantransportiori
saswavlo
centris
sawyobi
bazris
teritoria
mestiis
r-ni, sof.
laxamura
zugdidis
r-ni
s. saguramo
20
“___”
xanZari
21
“___”
22
“___”
23
“___”
24
afeTqeba
25
26
xanZari
“___”
27
aviakatastrofa
28
aviakatastrofa
29
xanZari
30
31
“___”
avtoavaria
6
01_06
q. Tbilisi
14
19
5
_
ZaRlis
naklebi
03_07
_
06_07
_
15_07
daiwva
sawyobi
q. quTaisi
26_07
27_07
7
teroristuli
aqti
vagonis
dagoreba
relsebidan
gadavarda
8 vagoni
cisterna
_
8
1 adamiani
daiRupa
2 daSavda
3 adamiani
daSavda
1
cisterna
mazuTi
daiwva
adamiani
daiRupa
9
“___”
“___”
salikvidacio
samuSaoebi
cxoveli
ganadgurebulia
samaSvelo
samuSaoebi
md.
engurSi
gadavarda
xididan
gadavarda
_
3 adamiani
daiRupa
1 adamiani
dauRupa
2 daSavda
1 adamiani
daiRupa
“___”
1 adamiani
daiRupa
“___”
2 adamiani
daiRupa
_
“___”
“___”
izotopebis
instituti
q. Tbilisi
institu
tis
Senoba
15_08
sacxovrebeli saxli
q. Tbilisi
20_08
gamgeobis
Senoba
samoqalaqo
Tavdacvis
sawyobi
barakis
tipis
4 saxli
sacxovrebeli saxli
lentexis
r-ni
ozurgeTis
r-ni,
s. ixauri
q. saSuri
daiwva
Senobis
20m2
farTi
daiwva
Senoba
“___”
xelyumbaris
afeTqeba
usafrTxoebis
normebis
darRveva
_
01_09
_
_
“___”
15_09
_
_
“___”
daiwva
Senobis
150 m2
24_09
_
_
“___”
4 adamiani
daSavda
“___”
“___”
sadrenaJo
qarxana
samxedro
TviTmfrinavi
il-18
“kaz”-is
tipis
avtobusi
sacxovrebeli saxli
meriis Senoba
“kaz”-is
tipis
avtomanqana
q. quTaisi
q. zugdidi
13_10
16_10
bunebrivi
airis
afeTqeba
_
_
_
_
_
“___”
q. baTumi
mtiralas
mTa
sof. patarZeulTan
26_10
_
“___”
06_11
_
75
adamiani
daiRupa
8 adamiani
daiRupa
q. zugdidi
16_11
_
_
“___”
q. xobi
gumaThesis
mimd.
teritoria
17_12
29_12
_
_
_
1 adamiani
daSavda
“___”
“___”
q. Tbilisi
151
“___”
“___”
Tavi 17
saqarTvelos garemosdacviTi kanonmdebloba
1. garemosdacviTi saqmianobis normatiul-samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa
1999-2000 wlebSi saqarTvelo SeuerTda Semdeg saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebs:
− “Sor manZilebze haeris transsasazRvro dabinZurebis Sesaxeb” (koncencia
miRebulia 1979 wlis 13 noembers, depozitori – gaero. ZalaSi Sevida
1999 wlis 12 maisidan);
− “saxifaTo narCenebis transsasazRvro gadazidvasa da ganTavsebis Sesaxeb”
(koncencia miRebulia 1998 wls. ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 18 agvistodan);
− “gaeros klimatis cvlilebebis CarCo konvenciis” 1997 wlis 11 dekembris
kiotos oqmi (ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 16 seqtemberidan);
− “gaudabnoebasTan brZolis Sesaxeb” gaeros 1994 wlis 17 ivnisis konvencia
(ZalaSi Sevida 1999 wlis 17 oqtomberidan).
− “garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da am
sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb" (konvencia
miRebulia orhusSi, dania 1998 w. ZalaSi Sevida 2000 w. 14 ivnisidan).
−
−
−
−
miRebul iqna Semdegi sakanonmdeblo normatiuli aqtebi:
“saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi” (1999 wlis 22 ivnisi, #2124-IIs);
saqarTvelos kanoni “atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb” (1999 wlis 22
ivnisi, #2116-IIs);
saqarTvelos kanoni “saSiSi nivTierebebiT gamowveuli zianis kompensaciis
Sesaxeb” (1999 wlis 23 ivlisi);
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. 1999w.
1999-2000 wlebis ganmavlobaSi ZalaSi Sevida Semdegi kanonqvemdebare
normatiuli aqtebi:
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebebi da gankargulebebi:
− “Sor manZilze haeris transsasazRvro dabinZurebis Sesaxeb gaeros evropis
ekonomikuri komisiis 1979 wlis 13 noembris konvenciasTan SeerTebis
Taobaze” (1999 wlis 13 ianvari, brZanebuleba #8);
− “sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTvis centris Seqmnis Sesaxeb” (1999
wlis 15 aprili, brZanebuleba #144);
− “q. bazelSi 1989 wels xelmowerili “saxifaTo narCenebis transsasazRvro
gadazidvasa da maT ganTavsebaze kontrolis Sesaxeb” konvenciasTan
saqarTvelos SeerTebis Taobaze” (1999 wlis 4 maisi, brZanebuleba #232);
− “saqarTvelos niadagebis eroziisagan dacvis 1999-2005 wlebis saxelmwifo
programis Sesaxeb” (1999 wlis 30 maisi, brZanebuleba #341);
− “garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb erovnuli moxsenebis Sedgenis wesis Taobaze”
(1999 wlis 25 ivnisi, brZanebuleba #389);
152
− “saqarTvelos tyeebSi mTavari sargeblobis Wris wesis Sesaxeb debulebis
damtkicebisa da tyeebis dacvis, aRdgena-ganaxlebis mTel rig RonisZiebaTa
Sesaxeb” (2000 wlis 10 ianvari, brZaneba #6).
− “saqarTveloSi raketuli sawvavis komponentebis sacavebis avariuli
mdgomareobis gamo mosalodneli ekologiuri katastrofis acilebisaTvis
saWiro RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb” (2000 w. 4 aprili, gankarg. #335)
− “saqarTvelos garemos dacvis moqmedebaTa erovnuli programis damtkicebis
Sesaxeb” (2000w. 5 maisi, brZaneba #191)
− tyiT sargeblobisaTvis licenziis gacemisa da xelSekrulebis dadebis
mizniT tenderisa da auqcionis mowyobis wesis Sesaxeb debulebis
damtkicebis Taobaze” (2000 w. 30 ivnisi, brZaneba #282)
− “saqarTvelos zogierTi regionis sagangebo ekologiuri mdgomareobis zonad
gamocxadebis Sesaxeb” (2000 w. 3 agvisto, brZaneba #341)
− “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sameurneo tyis fondis sazRvrebis dadgenis
Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze” (2000 w. 12 seqtemberi, brZaneba
#403)
− “yofili sakolmeurneo tyeebisa da sabWoTa meurneobebis gamgeblobaSi
arsebul
tyis
fondis
miwebis
satyeo
meurneobis
saxelmwifo
organoebisaTvis gadacemis wesis da vadebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis
Taobaze” (2000 w. 12 seqtemberi, brZaneba #404)
− “saqarTvelos satyeo seqtoris ganviTarebis centris sameTvalyureo sabWos
Semadgenlobis damtkicebis Sesaxeb” (2000 w. 29 oqtomberi, gankarguleba
#1172)
− “borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis sakoordinacio sabWos Seqmnis
Sesaxeb”, 1998 w. 21 maisis #211 gankargulebSi cvlilebebis Setanis
Taobaze” (2000 w. 8 dekemberi, gankarguleba #1299)
− “garemos dacvis globaluri fondis sagranto xelSekrulebis (daculi
teritoriebis ganviTarebis proeqti) Taobaze molaparakebis gamarTvis
Sesaxeb” (2000 w. 13 dekemberi, gankarguleba #1329)
− “gaeros gaudabnoebasTan brZolis konvenciis me-5 danarTis (centraluri da
aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebisaTvis) xelmoweris Sesaxeb” (2000 w. 15
dekemberi, gankarguleba #1333)
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis ministris
brZanebebi:
1. brZaneba #3, 15.01.1999 w. _ “debuleba ekomarkirebis Sesaxeb”.
registraciis #300.012.003.455;
2. brZaneba #30, 02.04.1999 w. _ “wiaRiT sargeblobis licenzirebis
uwyebaTaSoriso eqspertTa sabWos debulebis” damtkicebis Taobaze. reg.
#300.012.003.520;
3. brZaneba #31, 02.04.1999 w. _ “zogierTi adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis
sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT sargeblobis licenzirebis regionaluri saeqsporto
komisiebis Sesaxeb” debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze. reg. #300.012.003.521;
4. brZaneba #39, 26.04.1999 w. _ “samonadireo meurneobis Sesaqmnelad
samonadireo savargulebis gamoyofisaTvis saWiro winaswari ekologiuri,
biologiur-ekonomikuri
gamokvlevis,
cxovelTa
samyaros
obieqtTa
153
srulfasovani aRricxvisa da mdgomareobis dafiqsirebis, gareul cxovelTa
aRwarmoebisa da mopovebis normebis dadgenisa da samonadireo meurneobis
Seqmnaze daskvnis gacemis proceduris Sesaxeb” debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze.
reg. #300.012.003.537;
5. brZaneba #59, 31.05.1999 w. _ “garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis
Sesaxeb” debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze. reg. #300.012.003.611;
6. brZaneba #64, 03.06.1999 w. _ “zoologiuri koleqciebis (zooparkebis,
zoobaRebis, okeanarebebis, safrTxis winaSe myof saxeobaTa genofondis
rezervatebis) garemodan gareul cxovelTa amoRebis gziT Seqmnisa da Sevsebis
Sesaxeb” debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze. reg. #300.012.003.612;
7. brZaneba #65, 03.06.1999 w. _ “saqarTveloSi cxovelTa samyaros
obieqtebiT sargeblobis sauwyebaTaSoriso eqspertTa sabWos da regionaluri
saeqsperto komisiebis reglamentis Sesaxeb” debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze.
reg. #300.012.003.613;
8. brZaneba #66, 03.06.1999 w. _ “cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebiT
sargeblobis prioritetuli uflebis reJimis raionebisa da dasaxlebuli
punqtebis CamonaTvalis Sesaxeb” debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze. reg.
#300.012.003.614;
9. brZaneba #67,
03.06.1999 w. _ “cxovelTa samyaros specialuri
sargeblobis obieqtebis CamonaTvalis gansazRvris wesis Sesaxeb” debulebis
damtkicebis Taobaze. reg. #300.012.003.615;
10. brZaneba #68, 03.06.1999 w. _ “nadirobis obieqtebs mikuTvnebuli
cxovelTa samyaros oboeqtebis CamonaTvalis Sesaxeb” damtkicebis Taobaze. reg.
#300.012.003.616;
11. brZaneba #69, 03.06.1999 w. _ “saxelmwifo aRricxvas da saxelmwifo
kadastrSi Setanas daqvemdebarebul gareul cxovelTa saxeobebis jgufebis
nusxis Sesaxeb” damtkicebis Taobaze. reg. #300.012.003.617;
12. brZaneba#70, 03.06.1999 w. _ “cxovelTa samyaroTi specialuri
sargeblobis (maT Soris adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis) obieqtebis CamonaTvalis
Sesaxeb” damtkicebis Taobaze. reg. #300.012.003.618;
13. brZaneba #71, 03.06.1999 w. _ “samonadireo meurneobis Seqmnis,
gaZRolisa da mis farglebSi da sxva teritoriebze erTjeradi saxelobiTi
licenzirebis gacemis wesebis Sesaxeb” debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze. reg.
#300.012.003.619;
14. brZaneba #72, 03.06.1999 w. _ “nadirobis obieqtebs mikuTvnebuli
cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebis CamonaTvalis gansazRvris wesis Sesaxeb”
debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze. reg. #300.012.003.620;
15. brZaneba #78, 22.06.1999 w. _ “garemosdacviTi nebarTvis misaRebad
warsadgeni ganacxadisa da garemosdacviTi nebarTvis gaformebis wesis Sesaxeb”
debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze. reg. #300.012.003.639;
16. brZaneba #79, 22.06.1999 w. _ “saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertizis
Catarebis
wesis
Sesaxeb”
debulebis
damtkicebis
Taobaze.
reg.
#300.012.003.640;
17. brZaneba #82, 22.07.1999 w. _ “saqarTveloSi mcenareuli resursebiT
(maT Soris xe-tyiT) sargeblobis salicenzio sauwyebaTaSoriso saeqsperto
sabWos
muSaobis
reglamentis
Sesaxeb”
damtkicebis
Taobaze.
reg.
#300.012.003.672;
154
18. brZaneba #91, 19.07.1999 w. _ “zedapiruli wylis obieqtebiT
sargeblobis licenzirebis sauwyebaTaSoriso eqspertTa sabWos Semadgenlobis”
damtkicebis Sesaxeb Taobaze. reg. #300.012.003.691;
19. brZaneba #101, 10.08.1999 w. _ “sakurorto (wylis amoRebis gareSe)
da sportuli mizniT wylis obieqtebis an misi nawiliT specialuri
wyalsargeblobis licenziis Sesaxeb debulebis da masTan TandarTuli
licenziis formis damtkicebis Taobaze”. reg. #240.012.003.761;
20. brZaneba #104, 17.08.1999 w. _ “cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebiT
sargeblobis sauwyebaTaSoriso eqspertTa sabWos da regionaluri saeqsperto
komisiebis Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb” damtkicebis Taobaze saqarTvelos garemosa
da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros 03.09.1998 wlis #97 brZanebaSi
cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb”. reg. #290.012.003.772;
21. brZaneba #105, 17.08.1999 w. _ “cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebis, maTi
saxeobebis mixedviT mopovebis wesebis, vadebisa da mopovebisTvis daSvebuli
iaraRisa da mowyobilobebis CamonaTvalis Sesaxeb” damtkicebis Taobaze
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros 20.07.1998
wlis #95 brZanebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb”. reg. #290.012.003.773;
22. brZaneba #129, 16.11.1999 w. _ “cxovelTa samyaros obieqtebiT
sargeblobisTvis konkursisa da auqcionis Catarebis vadebis, wesisa da
pirobebis Sesaxeb” debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze. reg. #290.012.003.943;
23. saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministrosa da
saqarTvelos transportis saministros #137, 01.12.99w. da #100, 15.12.99w.
erToblivi brZaneba “saqarTvelos samoqalaqo aviaciisa da meteorologiuri
uzrunvelyofis saxelmZRvanelos damtkicebis Sesaxeb”. reg. #180.012.003.991;
24. brZaneba #70, 11.12.2000 w. _ “mavne nivTierebis wliuri gafrqvevis
zRvruli mniSvnelobisa da mavne nivTierebis wliuri gafrqvevis droebiTi
SeTanxmebuli mniSvnelobis gaangariSebis meTodisa da limitis Sevsebis wesis
Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze” reg. #360.160.000.11103004543.
2000 wlis bolos garemos dacvis sferoSi moqmedebaSi iyo 24 kanoni da
39 kanonqvemdebare aqti.
1999-2000
wlebSi
mimdinareobda
muSaoba
“hidrometeorologiuri
saqmianobis Sesaxeb” da “narCenebis Sesaxeb” kanonproeqtebis SesamuSaveblad;
daiwyo
samuSaoebi
kanonproeqtebze:
“radiaqtiuri
nivTierebebisa
da
radiaqtiuri narCenebis Sesaxeb”, “radiaqtiuri nivTierebebis gadazidvis
Sesaxeb” da “gadaSenebis piras myofi florisa da faunis saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb”.
155
2. garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis ganxorcielebuli
iuridiuli sanqciebi. sajarimo sanqciebisa da garemosaTvis miyenebuli
zianis anazRaurebis Sedegad saxelmwifo biujetSi Sesuli Tanxebis
raodenoba
1999-2000
wlebSi
garemosdacviTi
kanonmdeblobis
darRvevisaTvis
dadgenili iuridiuli sanqciebi ganxorcielda saqarTvelos administraciul
samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis Semdegi muxlebiT: wylis resursebis dacvis
sferoSi – 58-611 muxlebiT, atmosferuli haeris dacvis sferoSi – 77-78
muxlebiT, miwis resursebis dacvis sferoSi – 51-554 muxlebiT, cxovelTa
samyaros dacvis sferoSi – 85-854-e muxlebiT, daculi teritoriebisa da maTi
teritoriul-funqcionaluri zonebis dacvis wesebisa da reJimis darRveva –
89-e muxliT, mcenareTa sakarantino mavneblebTan, daavadebebsa da sarevelebTan
brZolis wesebis darRveva – 98-e muxliT, saqmianobis ganxorcieleba
garemosdacviTi
nebarTvebis
gareSe
an
damasabuTebeli
dokumentaciiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
saqmianobis
ganxorcieleba
garemosdacviT
nebarTvaSi
miTiTebuli, garemoze zemoqmedebis Semamcirebeli RonisZiebebis Sesrulebis
pirobebis darRveviT – 791 da 792 muxlebiT, garemosdacviTi moTxovnebis
darRveva sameurneo obieqtis eqspluataciaSi gadacemisas – 694 muxliT,
garemosdacviTi saqmianobis licenzirebis wesis darRveva da garemoze mavne
zemoqmedebisaTvis licenzirebis wesis darRveva _ 692, 693 muxlebiT.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad saqme aRiZra tyis
resursebis dacvis (sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 178-e da 179-e muxlebiT),
wiaRisa da wiaRiseuli resursebis dacvis (174-e muxliT) da cxovelTa
samyaros dacvis sferoSi (175-e muxliT).
1999 wels garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis administraciuli saxdelis (jarimis) gadaxda daekisra 6992 kacs, maT Soris tyis
resursebis dacvis sferoSi _ 3179 kacs (45,4%); wylis resursebis dacvis
sferoSi _ 378 kacs (5,4%); atmosferuli haeris dacvis sferoSi _ 119 kacs
(1,7%); miwis resursebis dacvis sferoSi _ 408 kacs (5,8%); wiaRisa da
wiaRiseulis dacvis sferoSi _ 313 kacs (4,5%); cxovelTa samyaros dacvis
sferoSi _ 2086 kacs (29,8%); daculi teritoriebze reJimis darRvevaze _95
kacs (1,4%); garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis sxva darRvevebisaTvis _ 414 kacs
(5,9%). gadasaxdeli Tanxis raodenobam Seadgina 32793 lari.
2000 wels administraciuli saxdelis gadaxda daekisra 8981 kacs, maT
Soris tyis resursebis dacvis sferoSi _ 3506 kacs (39,1%); wylis
resursebis dacvis sferoSi _ 484 kacs (5,3%); atmosferuli haeris dacvis
sferoSi _ 133 kacs (1,5%); miwis resursebis dacvis sferoSi _ 144 kacs
(1,6%); wiaRisa da wiaRiseulis dacvis sferoSi _ 375 kacs (4,2%); cxovelTa
samyaros dacvis sferoSi _ 2082 kacs (23,1%) da a.S. Tanxis raodenobam
802487 lari Seadgina.
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sul garemos dacvis sferoSi darRvevebis
Sedegad dadgenili jarimis saerTo Tanxam 1999 wels Seadgina 327093 lari,
xolo 2000 wels _ 802487 lari. garemos calkeuli komponentebis mixedviT
momxdari darRvevebisaTvis miwis resursebis sferoSi jarimebis Tanxam 1999
wels Seadgina 287615 lari, rac administraciuli saxdelis mTeli raodenobis
156
87,9%-s Seadgens; wylis resursebis dacvis sferoSi _ 5766 lari (1,8%);
atmosferuli haeris dacvis sferoSi _ 2942 lari (0,9%); wiaRisa da
wiaRiseulis dacvis sferoSi _ 100 (0,03%); tyis resursebis dacvis sferoSi
_ 2555 lari (0,8%); cxovelTa samyaros dacvis sferoSi _ 10751 lari
(3,3%); garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis sxva darRvevebisaTvis _ 17364 lari
(5,3%). 2000 wels garemos calkeuli komponentebis mixedviT momxdari
darRvevebisaTvis miwis resursebis dacvis sferoSi jarimebis Tanxam 1999
welTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad iklo da Seadgina 58140 lari (7,3%). wylis
resursebis dacvis sferoSi _ 44809 lari (5,6%); atmosferuli haeris dacvis
sferoSi _ 5230 lari (0,7%), cxovelTa samyaros dacvis sferoSi _ 202229
lari (25,2%). am wels yvelaze didi jarima tyis resursebis dacvis sferoSi
momxdar darRvevebze aRiniSna _ 351650 lari, anu mTeli saxdelis _ 43,8%.
saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod amoRebuli Tanxebis raodenoba Zalze
mcirea da man 1999 wels 26795 lari Seadina, rac jarimebis mTeli
raodenobis mxolod 8,2%-ia. 2000 wlisaTvis es maCvenebeli 2-jer da metad
Semcirda da 12779 lari, anu jarimebis mxolod 1,6% Seadgina.
1999 wels gamovlinda garemosaTvis miyenebuli zianis 3651 SemTxveva,
romlis saerTo Tanxam Seadgina 1448545 lari. garemos calkeuli
komponentebis mixedviT yvelaze meti SemTxveva modis tyis resursebis dacvis
sferoSi _ 3176 faqti (mTeli SemTxvevebis 86,9%), razedac sul dakisrebuli
iqna 989734 laris gadaxda. aqedan biujetis sasargeblod amoRebuli iqna
mxolod 32841 lari (3,3 %).
sul, garemos dacvis sferoSi saxelmwifosaTvis miyenebuli zianis
anazRaurebis Sedegad saxelmwifo biujetSi Sesuli Tanxebis raodenobam 1999
wels 61956 lari Seadgina, rac amoRebuli Tanxebis mxolod 4,2%-ia. am mxriv,
arcerTi lari ar aris Sesuli biujetSi dacul teritoriebze reJimis
darRvevaTa Sedegad dakisrebuli Tanxidan (107512 lari) da atmosferuli
haeris dacvis moTxovnaTa darRvevisaTvis dakisrebul Tanxidan (20956 lari).
2000 wels garemoze miyenebuli zianis 5112 SemTxveva dafiqsirda. Tanxis
raodenobam 30241201 lars miaRwia. yvelaze meti SemTxveva am wels isev tyis
resursebis dacvis sferoSi moxda _ 4734. 2000 wels biujetSi Sesuli
Tanxebis raodenobam 157650 lari Seadgina, rac amosaRebi Tanxebis mxolod
0,52%-ia.
157
Tavi 18
kontroli garemos dacvis sferoSi
1. Catarebuli Semowmebebis da gamovlenili darRvevebis raodenoba
(garemos komponentebis mixedviT), miRebuli zomebi
saxelmwifo kontrols garemos dacvis sferoSi axorcieleben Semdegi
uwyebebi: garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro, Sromis,
janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministro, Sinagan saqmeTa saministro,
soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministro, miwis marTvis saxelmwifo
departamenti, daculi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa da samonadireo meurneobis
saxelmwifo departamenti, satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamenti.
1999 wels aRniSnuli uwyebebis mier garemos dacvis sferoSi
Catarebulia 10694 Semowmeba (cxrili 18.1), maT Soris, soflis meurneobisa
da sursaTis saministros mier _ 3050 Semowmeba, daculi teritoriebis,
nakrZalebisa da samonadireo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamentis mier _ 163,
satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamentis mier _ 3400, miwis marTvis
saxelmwifo departamentis mier _ 2090, garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis
dacvis saministros mier _ 1911.
2000 wels Semowmebebis raodenoba Semcirda. igi Seadgenda 6389-s
(cxrili 18.2). calkeuli uwyebebis mixedviT Semowmebebis raodenoba ase
nawildeba: daculi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa da samonadireo meurneobis
saxelmwifo departamenti _ 100, miwis marTvis saxelmwifo departamenti _
225, satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamenti _ 4656, garemosa da
bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro _ 1273.
danarCen uwyebebs monacemebi garemos dacvis sferoSi Catarebul
SemowmebaTa Taobaze ar warmoudgeniaT.
garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis darRvevis faqtebze mokvlevisa da
reagirebisaTvis samarTaldamcav organoebs gadaeca 5809 oqmi, romelTaganac
ganxilul iqna 1276 anu gadacemuli oqmebis 22%. maT Soris, tyis resursebis
dacvis sferoSi gadacemuli 3354 oqmidan ganxilulia 1051, wylis resursebis
dacvis sferoSi gadacemuli 458 oqmidan _ 47, atmosferuli haeris dacvis
sferoSi gadacemuli 132 oqmidan _ 30, miwis resursebis dacvis sferoSi
gadacemuli 252 oqmidan _ 16, cxovelTa samyaros dacvis sferoSi gadacemuli
896 oqmidan _ 16, wiaRisa da wiaRiseuli resursebis dacvis sferoSi
gadacemuli 25 oqmidan _ 10, garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis sxva
darRvevebisaTvis gadacemuli 514 oqmidan _ 106. dacul teritoriebze reJimis
darRvevisaTvis gadacemuli 178 oqmidan arcerTi ar aris ganxiluli.
2000 wels gadacemuli iyo sul 12210 oqmi. ganixiles 1690, anu oqmebis
mxolod 13%, maT Soris tyis resursebis dacvis sferoSi gadacemuli 6791
oqmidan ganixiles 1482, wylis resursebis dacvis sferoSi 483 oqmidan _ 26,
atmosferuli haeris dacvis sferoSi 175 oqmidan _ 21, cxovelTa samyaros
sferoSi 2148 oqmidan _ 66, miwis resursebis dacvis sferoSi 71 oqmidan _ 5
da a.S. mcenareul mavneblebTan da sxva daavadebebTan brZolis wesis
darRvevisaTvis gadacemul 310 oqmidan arc erTi ar iqna ganxiluli.
158
159
cxrili 18.1
160
cxrili 18.2
161
1999 wels garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis aRZruli iqna
sisxlis samarTlis 409 saqme, maT Soris, tyis resursebis dacvis sferoSi _
267, cxovelTa samyaros dacvis sferoSi _ 134, wiaRisa da wiaRiseuli
resursebis dacvis sferoSi _ 8.
2000 wels aRiZra 470 saqme, maT Soris tyis resursebis dacvis sferoSi
_ 313, cxovelTa samyaros dacvis sferoSi _ 152, miwis resursebis dacvis
sferoSi _ 3.
2. kontrolis sferoSi dasaqmebul muSakTa raodenoba
1999-2000 wlebis mixedviT garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministroSi kontrolis sferoSi dakavebuli iyo 170 specialisti, miwis
marTvis saxelmwifo departamentSi _ 178, satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo
departamentSi _ 75, romlebic uSualod axorcieleben saxelmwifo kontrols,
xolo 2400 _ tyis dacvis muSakia, romelTa ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens
tyis fizikuri dacva da darRvevebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi SeuZliaT
Sesabamisi oqmis Sedgena.
unda aRiniSnos, rom kontrolis sferoSi dasaqmebul muSakTa ricxovnoba
arasrulia. monacemebi ar warmoadgines soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis
saministrom, Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom da Sromis, janmrTelobisa da
socialuri dacvis saministrom, agreTve daculi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa
da samonadireo meurneobebis dapartamentma.
162
Tavi 19
garemosdacviTi politika da saxelmwifo programebi
1. saqarTvelos garemosdacviTi politikis ZiriTadi da
prioritetuli mimarTulebebi
garemosdacviTi politikis gatarebisaTvis ZiriTad da aucilebel pirobas
prioritetuli
mimarTulebebis
gansazRvra
warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos
garemosdacviTi politikis prioritetuli mimarTulebebi gamoikveTa 90-iani
wlebis Sua periodidan da Semdeg mkafiod Camoyalibda garkveuli problemebis
saxiT.
yvela
prioritetuli
mimarTulebebis
mixedviT
gansazRvrulia
dRevandeli mdgomareoba, gadasawyveti amocanebi da dadgenilia mdgomareobis
gamosworebisaTvis sainvesticio proeqtebis, instituciuri mowyobis da
sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobis
ganxorcielebis
gzebi.
1999-2000
wlebSi
prioritetul problemebad miCneulia Semdegi mimarTulebebi:
dadgenilia saqarTvelos qalaqebis sasmeli wyliT momaragebasTan
dakavSirebuli
siZneleebi,
romlebic
ganpirobebulia
wyalmomaragebis
sistemebis moZvelebiT, misi calkeuli elementebis xSiri dazianebiT da
saremonto samuSaoebis CatarebisaTvis saWiro saxsrebis naklebobiT, rac iwvevs
wyalmomaragebis sistemaSi 20-25% danakargs. saTanadod ar aris daculi
sasmeli wylis saTave nagebobebis sanitariuli zonebi da qloris naklebobis
gamo ver xerxdeba sasmeli wylebis regularuli dezinfeqcia. savalalo
mdgomareobaSia sakanalizacio sistemebi, xSirad ferxdeba maTi eleqtroenergiiT uzrunvelyofa.
dadgenilia, rom zedapiruli wylebis dabinZurebas iwvevs komunaluri
sakanalizacio sistemebidan, samrewvelo obieqtebidan, infeqciuri klinikebidan
da soflis meurneobis mecxoveleobis dargis obieqtebidan Camdinare wylebi,
xolo miwisqveSa wylebis dabinZurebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens soflis
meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli Sxamqimikatebi.
mdgomareobis
gamosworebis
mizniT
sainvesticio
proeqtebiT
gansaxorcielebelia q. Tbilisis, quTaisis, Telavis, baTumis, foTis
wyalmomaragebis sistemebis gaumjobeseba. sakanalizacio sistemebisa da
gamwmendi nagebobebis reabilitacia. Ddasaxulia ”wylis Sesaxeb” kanonis
moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis mizniT makontrolebeli organoebis muSaobis
gaZliereba, xolo wlis xarisxis monitoringis sistemis SeqmnisaTvis saWiro
iqneba donori qveynebis investiciebis mozidva.
saqarTvelos qalaqebis atmosferuli haeris dabinZureba ZiriTadad
gamowveulia amortizebuli avtotransportiT da dabali xarisxis sawvavis
gamoyenebiT, romelTa uaryofiT gavlenas aZlierebs saavtomobilo gzebis
dabali xarisxi. am saqmeSi wvlili Seaqvs saqarTvelos satranzito qveynad
gaxdomas da komunaluri gaTbobis sitemis arsebobas gamonabolqvis gamwmendi
saSualebebis gareSe.
gansazRvrulia sainvesticio programebiT sazogadoebrivi eleqtrotransportis ganviTareba, avtotransportis gamonabolqvisa da sawvavis xarisxis
kontrolis gaZliereba, siTbosa da eleqtroenergiis kombinirebuli generaciis
sadgurebis mSenebloba.
163
unda dawesdes axali normebi sawvavis xarisxze da avtotransportis
gamonabolqvze. misaRwevia saavtomobilo moZraobis optimizacia.
saqarTveloSi wiaRiseuli resusebi umetess SemTxvevaSi Ria karieruli
wesiT moipoveba, rac iwvevs miwis erozias da zedapiruli wylebis
dabinZurebas. energetikuli resursebi sustadaa gamoyenebuli. hidroeleqtrosadgurebi saproeqto simZlavris mxolod naxevars iZleva. hidroresursebis
garda sxva ganaxlebadi wyaroebis gamoyeneba Zalian CamorCeba qveynis
procentials.
1999-2000 wlebSi gaizarda saqarTveloSi navTobis mopoveba da misi
satranzito gadazidvebi. navTobis mopovebisaTvis gamoiyeneba saqarTveloSi
aqamde ucnobi teqnologiebi.
am mimarTulebiT garemosdacviTi politika iTvaliswinebs savdasxva
xasiaTis sademonstracio proeqtebis ganxorcielebas ufro sufTa warmoebis,
energoefeqturi teqnologiebis da ganaxlebadi energoresursebis sferoSi;
agreTve iseTi axali kanonebisa da kanonqvemdebare aqtebis SemuSavebas,
romlebic uzrunvelyofs saukeTeso teqnologiebis gamoyenebas da evrokavSiris
qveynebSi aprobirebuli standartizebuli garemosdacviTi marTvis sistemis
SemoRebas. yovelive amis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiroa saTanado kadrebis
momzadeba, risTvisac aucilebelia arsebuli ekologiurad ufro sufTa
warmoebis centris gaZliereba.
saqarTveloSi adre arsebuli da amJamindeli sayofacxovrebo da sawarmoo
narCenebis marTvis praqtika mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs garemos, rac gamoixateba
zedapiruli da gruntis wylebis, atmosferuli haeris, niadagis dabinZurebasa
da epidemiur daavadebaTa gavrcelebis saSiSroebaSi.
am mimarTulebiT sainvesticio proeqtebiT gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi
iTvaliswinebs narCenebis Segrovebisa da transportirebis saSualebaTa SeZenas,
nagavsayrelTa mowyobas garemosdacviTi da sanitaruli normebis moTxovnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, agreTve radiaqtiuli, toqsikuri da sxva saxis saxifaTo
narCenebis gansaTavsebeli adgilebis mowyobas Sesabamisi normebis moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebiT. SesamuSavebulia kanoni da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen narCenebis klasifikacias, Camoayalibeben narCenebis Segrovebis,
daxarisxebis, transportirebis, gadamuSavebis, gauvneblobis, gamoyenebisa da
ganTavsebis wesebs, gansazRvraven organizaciaTa kompetenciebsa da funqciebs
narCenebis marTvis sferoSi. narCenebis marTvis sferoSi mniSvnelovani berketi
unda gaxdes ekonomikuri instrumentebis gamoyeneba.
saSiS qimiur nivTierebaTa marTvis sferoSi sainvesticio proeqtebiT
gaTvaliswinebulia narCenebis gauvnebloba da meorad resursad an nedleulad
gamoyenebis sademonstracio proeqtis ganxorcieleba. sakanonmdeblo da
instituciuri cvlilebebi iTvaliswinebs saSiS qimiur nivTierebebis marTvis
sakiTxebis mowesrigebas, maTi gamocdis, aRricxvisa da registraciis sistemis
srulyofas saerTaSoriso standartebis mixedviT da am nivTierebaTa narCenebis
gauvnebloba-utilizaciis sferoSi saxelmwifo politikis gatarebis mizniT
uwyebaTSorisi koordinaciis uzrunvelyofas.
ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT soflis meurneobis yvelaze didi problemaa
erozia. finansuri problemebis gamo bolo aTwleulSi eroziis sawinaaRmdego
agroteqnikuri samuSaoebi TiTqmis ar tardeba.
164
qalaqebisa da dabebis miwebisaTvis ZiriTad problemas araswori dagegmva
warmoadgens. sabWoTa kavSirSi qalaqebis dagegmvisas ar xdeboda iseTi
garemosdacviTi aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba, rogoricaa xmauri. satransporto
magistralebTan da samrewvelo obieqtebTan ar iqmneboda buferuli zonebi,
xolo iq sadac iseTi zonebi Tavidan iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, SemdgomSi mainc
Sendeboda sacxovrebeli saxlebi. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ki dagegmvasa
da mSeneblobaze kontroli kidev ufro Sesustda. xSirad komerciuli da
momsaxurebis obieqtebi ixsneba parkebSi an maT mimdebare teritoriebze, riTac
mcirdeba isedac mwiri mwvane nargavebis raodenoba.
miwis resursebiT racionaluri sargeblobis sferoSi garemosdacviTi
politika iTvaliswinebs sainvesticio proeqtebiT soflis meurneobaSi
saukeTeso ekologiuri praqtikis gamoyenebis sademonstracio proeqtebis
ganxorcielebas da niadagis eroziis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebaTa Catarebas
qarsacavi zolebisa da mTis ferdobebze mravalwliani nargavebis gaSenebis
saxiT.
aucilebladaa miCneuli niadagis dacvis saxelmwifo programis SemuSaveba,
romelic aRwers niadagis degradaciis amJamindel mdgomareobas da dasaxavs
realurad gansaxorcielebel sainvesticio RonisZiebebs.
gamovlinebulia
Savi
zRvis
ZiriTadi
damabinZurebeli
faqtorebi
saqarTveloSi. es aris navTobproduqtebis CatvirTva da gadmotvirTva
tankerebidan, navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnidan navTobproduqtebis Cadineba
zRvaSi. mdinareebs zRvaSi CaaqvT sayofacxovrebo da samrewvelo Camdinare
wylebi,
romlebic
dabinZurebulia
sxvadasxva
mavne
narCenebiTa
da
nivTierebebiT. zRvis dabinZureba xdeba gemebidan, portebidan da zRvispira
qalaqebis narCenebis gansaTavsebeli adgilebidan.
garemosdacviTi politikiT gansazRvrulia Savi zRvis ekologiuri
mdgomareobis
gasaumjobeseblad
gansaxorcielebeli
RonisZiebebi,
rac
iTvaliswinebs Savi zRvis auzSi ganlagebuli qalaqebis sakanalizacio wylebis
gauvnebelyofisaTvis saWiro teqnikuri sistemebis reabilitacias. portebis
Camdinare da sabalsto wylebis kontrols da zRvis dacvis konvenciuri
inspeqciis saTanado momzadebas.
Savi zRvis ekologiuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad udidesi
mniSvneloba eniWeba sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTvis programas, romlis
ganxorcieleba 1999 wels daiwyo. es programa xorcieldeba msoflio bankis,
globaluri garemosdacviTi fondis da holandiis mTavrobis finansuri
xelSewyobiT.
aucilebelia
sanapiro
zonis
integrirebuli
marTvis
Sesaxeb
sakanonmdeblo aqtebis SemuSaveba.
sainvesticio proeqtebiT gaTvaliswinebulia kolxeTis erovnuli parkis
Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba. zRvis napirisa da wylis xarisxis monitoringis
sistemebis Seqmna da navTobiT avariuli dabinZurebis SemTxvevaSi reagirebis
gegmis SemuSaveba.
tyes saqarTveloSi teritoriis daaxloebiT 40% ukavia. sabWoTa
periodSi xis masala saqarTvelos ruseTidan Semoqonda, rac tyis dacvisa da
xeluxleblad Senaxvis saSualebas iZleoda. saqarTvelos tyeebis udidesi
nawili dResac kalsificirdeba rogorc dacviTi mniSvnelobis, magram xdeba
misi ukanono Wra, romlis aRkveTa ver moxerxda. ukanono Wras xels uwyobs
165
tyis produqtebze msoflio bazarze maRali fasebi, saqarTveloSi ki
gaumarTlebeli siiafe.
tyis resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis da ekologiuri wonasworobis
SenarCunebis mizniT msoflio bankis mxardaWeriT SemuSavda “saqarTvelos
satyeo meurneobis ganviTarebis strategia”, romliTac gansazRvrulia satyeo
meurneobis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis gansaxorcielebeli instituciuri
cvlilebebi da sainvesticio proeqtebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. Dasaxulia
satyeo meurneobis sferoSi reformebis gatareba Semdegi prioritetuli
mimarTulebebiT:
• tyis ekosistemebis SenarCunebis uzrunvelyofa;
• tyis resursebis TviTaRdgeniTi procesebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa;
• sakanonmdeblo bazis srulyofa;
• satyeo meurneobis muSaTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba da maTi ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba;
• satyeo meurneobis sistemis reforma saxelmwifosaTvis samewarmeo
funqciebis TandaTan Camocilebis gziT;
• satyeo meurneobis dargSi kerZo investiciaTa mozidvis mizniT saTanado
pirobebis Seqmna;
garemos dacvis globaluri problemebidan unda aRiniSnos Semdegi
problemebi:
a)
klimatis cvlileba
1994 wlidan saqarTvelo mierTebuli gaerTianebuli erebis CarCo-konvencias
klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb (rio-de-Janeiro 1992 weli). saqarTvelos
prezidentis 1996 wlis #630 brZanebulebiT Seiqmna klimatis cvlilebaTa
saxelmwifo komisia. 1997 wlis ianvridan gaeros daxmarebiT da globaluri
garemosdacviTi fondis dafinansebiT xorcieldeba proeqti “daxmarebis gaweva
saqarTvelosaTvis klimatis cvlilebis CarCo-konvenciis farglebSi mis
valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad”. mimdinareobs saTburis efeqtis mqone airebis
jamuri gafrqvevis inventarizacia. 1999-2000 wlebSi wina wlebTan SedarebiT
am maCvenebelma imata. dasaxulia am konvenciis SesrulebisaTvis saWiro sainvesticio proeqtebis ganxorcieleba da SerCeulia prioritetuli mimarTulebebi.
b)
stratosferuli ozonis daSla
1995 wels saqarTvelo SeuerTda ozonis Sris dacvis Sesaxeb venis
konvencias (vena, 1985w) da mis monrealis oqms. saqarTveloSi dadgenilia
ozondamSlel nivTierebaTa sabazo done da miRebulia gadawyvetileba am
nivTierebaTa importis srul Sewyvetaze 2005 wlisaTvis. am oqmis
mravalmxrivi fondis sazedamxedvelo sabWom daamtkica 1998-2000 wlebSi
gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebis dafinanseba.
g) biomravalferovneba
saqarTvelo 1994 wels SeuerTda konvencias “biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb” (rio-de-Janeiro 1992 weli), xolo 1996 wels _
ramsarisa da vaSingtonis konvenciebs. amJamad saqarTveloSi 15 nakrZalia. 1999
wels amoqmedda borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki. dagegmilia TuSeTis
erovnuli parkis Seqmna. gamokveTilia am mimarTulebis garemosdacviTi
politikis prioritetuli problemebi.
166
garemos dacvis politikis warmarTvisaTvis gamovlenilia arsebuli
problemebi da dadgenilia gansaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebi Semdegi ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi:
a) sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebi;
b) ekonomikuri instrumentebi;
g) garemos dacvaze saxelmwifo kontroli;
d) garemos mdgomareobis da mavne emisiebis monitoringi;
e) sazogadoebis informireba da misi monawileoba garemoze zemoqmedebis
Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi.
2. saxelmwifo da saerTaSoriso miznobrivi
garemosdacviTi programebi
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros
sistemaSi 1999-2000 wlebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifosa da saerTaSoriso
organizaciebis mier dafinansebulia Semdegi proeqtebi:
• ~saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis ganviTarebis proeqti~. donori _
msoflio banki da garemos globaluri fondi. grantis saerTo odenoba 10
000 000 aSS dolari.
proeqti ganxorcieldeba eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
Semsr: saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis ganviTarebis centri.
• `Savi zRvis sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTvis (szim) proeqti~ proeqti finansdeba saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis asociaciis kreditis
saxsrebiT, globaluri garemosdacviTi fondis grantiT da agreTve
holandiis da saqarTvelos mTavrobebis TanadafinansebiT. kerZod, kreditis
sawyisi odenoba Seadgenda 4,4 mln. aSS dolars, grantis – 1,3 aSS dolars,
saqarTvelos dafinansebis wvlili – 0.9 mln. aSS dolari. rac Seexeba
holandiis mTavrobis wil Tanadafinansebas, misi administrireba xdeba
holandiis mTavrobis mier da amdenad saqarTvelos mxares finansur
aspeqtebTan kavSiri ar gaaCnia. proeqtis saerTo Rirebulebaa _ 7,6 mln.
aSS dolari.
proeqtis ganxorcieleba navaraudevia 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
Semsr: sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTvis centri
• borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis programa _Gproeqti finansdeba
germaniis rekonstruqciis sakredito bankis mxardaWeriT.
erovnuli parkis Camoyalibebis programa Semdeg komponentebs moicavs:
− erovnuli parkis daarseba (grantis odenoba – 5 milioni germanuli marka);
− treningisa da ekologiuri ganaTlebis programa (grantis odenoba – 1 700
000 germanuli marka).;
− damxmare zonis municipaluri infrastruqturis reabilitaciis da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programa
− (7,5 milioni marka granti, 4,5 milioni SeRavaTiani sakredito xazi)
− dasaqmebis RonisZiebebi borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis damxmare
zonaSi (grantis odenoba - 5 milioni marka)
Semsr: `saqarTveloSi bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi (WWF).
167
• “kolxeTis daculi teritoriebis Camoyalibeba~
“Savi zRvis sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTvis (szim) proeqti~-s
erT-erTi komponenti. saerTo Rirebuleba _ 3,3 mln. aSS dolari. proeqti
ganxorcieldeba 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
• `saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros
SesaZleblobaTa ganviTarebis programa~. saerTo Rirebuleba _ 620 000 aSS
dolari.
pasuxismgebeli: garemosdacviTi saqmianobis marTvisa da zedamxedvelobis
departamenti.
• `Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi trans azia-evropis boWkovani kavSirgabmulobis
kabelis gayvanisas, romelsac awarmoebs saaqcio sazogadoeba `bondi~, zRvis
hidrobiontebze negatiuri zemoqmedebis Semcirebisa da aRwarmoebis
samuSaoebis dafinanseba~.
granti gacemulia s/s `bondis~ mier 50 aTasi amerikuli dolaris odenobiT.
pasuxismgebeli: saministros biomravalferovnebis departamenti.
• biomravalferovnebis dacvis strategiis gegmis da erovnuli moxsenebis
programa.
(dafinansebulia msoflio bankis mier 120 000 dolari grantis saxiT).
xelSekruleba dafinansebis Sesaxeb xelmowerilia 1996 wlis 10 oqtombers.
proeqtis xangrZlivoba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 14 TviT. proeqti dasrulebulia.
pasuxismgebeli: saministros biomravalferovnebis departamenti.
• samacivro dargis specialistebisa da teqnikosebis swavleba. programas
afinansebs monrealis oqmis mravalmxrivi fondi. Rirebuleba _ 32 aSS
dolari. programis moqmedeba _ 2 weli.
• dasavleT saqarTveloSi Terjolis raionis soflebis alisubani da RvankiTi
fermerul meurneobebSi garemos dabinZurebis Semcirebis meTodebis danergvagavrceleba. donori _ msoflio banki, Rirebuleba _ 13250 aSS dolari.
programis moqmedeba _ 2 weli.
rva programa Tematikis mixedviT ekuTvnis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
hidrometeorologiis departaments.
• `garemos dabinZurebaze dakvirvebisaTvis reaqtivebis SeZena~ - 5 335 marka
• `meteorologiuri informaciis damuSavebis sistemis (klaikomis) SeZena~ 21524 aSS dolari
• `saofise teqnika~ - 66 878 aSS dolari
• `kavSirgabmulobis teqnikuri da meteorologiuri saSualebebis SeZena~ 19 470 aSS dolari
• `Tanxebi aerologiuri saxarjo masalebis SesaZenad~ - 13 870 aSS dolari
da 19 206 aSS dolari
meteorologiuri
sadguris
SeZena~
4
216
aSS
• `sazRvao
dolari.`aRmosavleT evropaSi sagangebo situaciebisaTvis, aerologiuri
qselisaTvis teqnika~- 200 000 aSS dolari
• `hidrometisaTvis kavSirgabmulobis Tanamedrove aRWurvilobis teqnikis
gamoyofa - 45 000 aSS dolari
168
• `Savi zRvis ekologiisa da Tevzis institutis delfinariumis aRdgena,
institutis Camoyalibeba - rogorc regionaluri centris~ - 225 000 aSS
dolari
• `baTumis centris laboratoriuli mowyoba~ - 18183 aSS dolari da 120000
franguli franki
• `saamSeneblo masalebi institutis saCvenebeli akvariumisaTvis~ - 25 000
aSS dolari
• `baTumis delfinariumis aRdgena~ - 495 000 ekiu.
169
Tavi 20
ekologiuri usafrTxoeba
1. ekologiuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad ganxorcielebuli
konceptualuri, normatiul-samarTlebrivi, meToduri da sainformacio
bazis srulyofis RonisZiebani
katastroful
movlenebTan
brZolis,
saxelmwifo
sakoordinacio
samsaxuris mier:
a) SemuSavda navTobsadenis didi xanZrebisagan dacvis da ekologiuri
katastrofebis Tavidan acilebis RonisZiebebi.
b) SemuSavda
saxelmwifosaTvis
strategiuli
obieqtebis,
gazis
navTobsadenebis da portebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebi.
aRniSnuli proeqti saSualebas iZleva didi sizustiT ganisazRvros
avariis dro da mdebareoba mosalodneli katastrofebis Sedegebis Serbilebis
mizniT;
g) q. yvarelSi, mestiis raionSi Rvarcofis saSiS mdgomareobasTan
dakavSirebiT SemuSavda mosalodneli katastrofebis sawinaaRmdego gadaudebel
RonisZiebaTa kompleqsebi, romelic wardgenili iqna saqarTvelos prezidentTan
da finansTa saministroSi;
d) momzadda ekologiuri auditoriuli saqmianobis kanonis CarCo
proeqti;
e) momzadda ekosocialuri kiTxvari, romlis mizania mosaxleobis
gamokiTxvebis safuZvelze katastrofebis prognozirebis mecnieruli meTodebis
damuSaveba;
Tavi 21
bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis
ekonomikuri meqanizmebi
1. bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis regulirebis ekonomikuri
meqanizmebis srulyofisa da maTi normatiul-meTodologiuri
uzrunvelyofis mizniT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi
ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi msoflios ganviTarebul
qveynebSi ufro metad mkvidrdeba garemosdacviT politikaSi ekonomikuri
instrumentebis gamoyenebis praqtika. aRiarebulia, rom ekonomikuri stimulebis
amoqmedeba xSirad ufro efeqturi saSualebaa garemos dabinZurebis
Sesamcireblad, vidre am mizniT tradiciuli “mbrZaneblur-makontrolebeli”
meTodebis gamoyeneba. saqarTvelos sakuTari gamocdileba aqvs garemosdacviTi
mizniT ekonomikuri instrumentebis, kerZod garemosdacviTi gadasaxadebis
gamoyenebaSi.
garemosdacviTi
gadasaxadebis
SemoReba
saqarTveloSi
ukavSirdeba
politikuri reformebis da sabazro-urTierTobebze gadasvlis procesis
dasawyiss. 1993 wlidan amoqmedda dokumentebi: “gadasaxadi garemos mavne
nivTierebebiT dabinZurebisaTvis” xolo 1994 wlidan _ “gadasaxadi bunebrivi
resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis”.
1998 wels, rodesac miRebul iqna saqarTvelos erTiani sagadasaxado
kodeqsi, zemoT aRniSnulma gadasaxadebma asaxva hpoves am kodeqsis X da XI
TavebSi.
dRes saqarTveloSi gamoyenebuli garemosdacviTi gadasaxadebi Semdegnairad
klasificirdeba:
a) gadasaxadi garemos mavne nivTierebebiT dabinZurebisaTvis, romelic
moicavs Semdeg gadasaxadebs:
− stacionaluri wyaroebidan atmosferuli haeris mavne nivTierebebiT
dabinZurebisaTvis;
− stacionaluri wyaroebidan zedapirul wylebSi mavne nivTierebebis
CaSvebisaTvis;
− benzinis, dizelis sawvavis, navTis, mazuTis, bunebrivi da Txevadi airis
importze da warmoebaze.
b) gadasaxadi bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis, romelic moicavs
Semdeg gadasaxadebs:
− wylis resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis;
− wiaRiseuli resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis;
− mcenareuli da cxovelTa samyaros resursebis sargeblobisaTvis;
− tyis fondis zezeuli xeebis merqnuli resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis.
171
cxrili 21.1
garemosdacviTi gadasaxadebidan miRebuli Tanxebis
sidideebi (1995-2000ww.)
aTas larebSi
#
1
2
3
gadasaxadebis
saxeebi
Semosavlebi mavne nivTierebebiT
garemos dabinZurebisaTvis
gadasaxadidan (mimdinare
fasebSi)
Semosavlebi bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis
gadasaxadidan (mimdinare
fasebSi)
sul garemosdacviTi
gadasaxadidan miRebuli
Semosavlebi (mimdinare fasebSi)
1995w.
1996w.
1997w.
1998w.
1999w.
2000w.
265
2412
2581
6881
16548
10000
1932
2914
2720
2164
5214
7500
2197
5326
5301
9045
21762
17500
cxrilSi 21.1 mocemulia garemosdacviTi gadasaxadebidan miRebuli
Tanxebis raodenoba calkeuli wlebis mixedviT, xolo nax. 21.1-Si
garemosdacviTi gadasaxadebidan miRebuli Tanxebis dinamikaa naCvenebi.
Tanxa aTas larebSi
garemosdacviTi gadasaxadebidan miRebuli Tanxebis dinamika
(aTasi lari, 1995-2000ww.)
24000
22000
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
3
1
2
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
wlebi
1-Semosavlebi mavne nivTierebebiT garemos dabinZurebisaTvis gadasaxadidan (mimdinare fasebSi)
2-Semosavlebi bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadidan (mimdinare fasebSi)
3-sul garemosdacviTi gadasaxadidan miRebuli Semosavlebi (mimdinare fasebSi)
nax. 21.1
rogorc naxazidan Cans, mavne nivTierebebiT garemos dabinZurebisaTvis
gadasaxadi da bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis gadasaxadebis raodenobebi
172
wlebis mixedviT izrdeba. 2000 wels 1995 welTan SedarebiT mavne
nivTierebebiT garemos dabinZurebisaTvis Semosavlebi gadasaxadidan 40-jer
aris momatebuli (1999 welTan SedarebiT ki 0,6-jer naklebia), xolo
bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadi _ 4-jer (aqve aRsaniSnavia,
rom 2000 wels bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis Semosavlebma 1999
welTan SedarebiT daaxloebiT 1,4-jer imata.
mTlianad
2000
wels
garemosdacviTi
gadasaxadebidan
miRebuli
Semosavlebi 8,0-jer aRemateba 1995 wlis maCvenebels, xolo 1999 welTan
SedarebiT 0,8-jer naklebia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom garemosdacviTi gadasaxadebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi
yovelwliurad izrdeboda gadasaxadebis SemoRebis pirveli wlidan.
aRniSnuli ukavSirdeba rogorc gadasaxadis ganakveTis zrdas da axali
gadasaxadebis SemoRebas, aseve gadasaxadis amoRebis gaumjobesebas, Tumca
realurad amoRebuli gadasaxadebis raodenoba kvlavac CamorCeba potenciuri
Semosavlebis odenobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad gadasaxadebis
SemoRebis erT-erT mTavar mizans warmoadgenda miRebuli Semosavlebis xarjze
saxelmwifos
mier
garemosdacviTi
RonisZiebebis
dafinansebis
zrda
(saqarTvelos mTavrobis #1010-1992w. dadgenileba), dRemde ar moxerxda am
Semosavlebis miznobrivi xarjvis uzrunvelyofa. Semosavlebi akumulirdeba
regionalur biujetSi da umTavresad socialuri da sxva ekonomikuri
miznebisaTvis ixarjeba. aseTi mdgomareoba ukargavs garemosdacviT gadasaxadebs
Tavis mniSvnelobas da isini mxolod saxelmwifo biujetis Sevsebis funqcias
asruleben.
2. bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis da mavne nivTierebebiT
garemos dabinZurebisaTvis gadasaxadebis sistemis mdgomareoba
gadasaxadi stacionaluri wyaroebidan atmosferuli haeris mavne
nivTierebebiT dabinZurebisaTvis moqmedebs 1993 wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobis
#1010 (oqtomberi, 1992w.) dadgenilebis, “garemos mavne nivTierebebiT
dabinZurebisaTvis gadasaxadebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb”, safuZvelze. gadasaxadis
gadamxdelia yvela iuridiuli da fizikuri piri, romelic Tavisi ekonomikuri
saqmianobiT stacionaluri wyaroebidan abinZurebs atmosferul haers.
gadasaxadebis dabegvris obieqtia mavne nivTierebebis masa _ saqarTvelos
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Sesabamisi garemosdacviTi organoebis mier
dadgenili limitis farglebSi. limitis farglebs zemoT emisiisaTvis mewarme
subieqti ixdis jarimas, rac regulirdeba saqarTvelos “administraciuli
samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsis” Sesabamisad.
stacionaluri wyaroebidan zedapirul wylebSi mavne nivTierebebis
CaSvebisaTvis gadasaxadis gaangariSebis da gadaxdis wesi analogiuria
atmosferuli haeris mavne nivTierebebiT dabinZurebis gadasaxadis gaangariSebis
da gadaxdis wesisa, gansxvavebulia mxolod gadasaxadis ganakveTebi.
gadasaxadi wiaRiseuli sawvavis importze da warmoebaze moqmedebs 1993
wlidan saqarTvelos mTavrobis #1010 (oqtomberi, 1992) dadgenilebis
“garemos mavne nivTierebebiT dabinZurebisaTvis gadasaxadis SemoRebis Sesaxeb”
173
safuZvelze. gadasaxadi navTis, mazuTis sawvavis, Txevadi da bunebrivi airis
importsa da warmoebaze moqmedebs 1998 wlidan. gadasaxadis gadamxdelia yvela
iuridiuli da fizikuri piri, romelic axorcielebs zemoT aRniSnuli
produqtis importsa da warmoebas.
gadasaxadis ganakveTi da gadamxdeli subieqti xSirad icvleboda
gadasaxadis SemoRebis Semdgom periodSi, rac ganpirobebuli iyo inflaciur
procesebze reagirebis da gadasaxadis akrefis efeqturobis gazrdis mizniT.
Tavdapirvelad gadasaxadis ganakveTi benzinis sawvavze diferencirebuli iyo
masSi tyviis Semcvelobis mixedviT, Tumca 1998 wlidan amgvari diferencireba
gauqmda benzinSi tyviis Semcvelobis kontrolis SeuZleblobis motiviT. 1999
wlis ivnisidan kvlav SemoRebuli iqna ganakveTis diferencireba benzinSi
tyviis Semcvelobis mixedviT (1999 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos parlamentma
miiRo kanoni, romlis mixedviTac aikrZala tyviis Semcveli benzinis importi
da warmoeba. Sesabamisi cvlileba unda Sevides saqarTvelos sagadasaxado
kodeqsSi tyviis Semcvel benzinze gadasaxadis gauqmebis Sesaxeb).
diferencirebuli iqna aseve, mazuTis sawvavze gadasaxadis ganakveTi masSi
gogirdis Semcvelobis mixedviT.
1994 wels benzinze da dizelze gadasaxadi iangariSeboda rogorc
procenti minimaluri xelfasisa, romelic inflaciuri procesebis gamo
regularulad isazRvreboda xelisuflebis mier. 1995 wels ki sawvavze
gadasaxadi naturis saxiTac gadaixdeboda.
2000 wels mavne nivTierebebiT garemos dabinZurebisaTvis gadasaxadidan
Semosavalma Seadgina 10,0mln.lari, xolo aqedan 9,9mln.lari Semovida
sawvavis importze.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze wylis resursebiT sargebloba fasiania.
gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi arian fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, romelTa
saqmianoba wylis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT eqvemdebareba licenzirebas
wylis resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis.
gadasaxadi iangariSeba wylis resursis “sabazro fasis” mixedviT,
romelsac regularulad adgens mrewvelobis, ekonomikisa da vaWrobis
saministro wylis resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis sauwyebaTaSoriso salicenzio
saeqsperto sabWos rekomendaciis safuZvelze.
gadasaxadi wiaRiseuli resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis moqmedebs 1994
wlidan. gadasaxadis SemoRebas safuZvlad udevs saqarTvelos mTavrobis 1993
wlis #752 dadgenileba “bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadis
SemoRebis Taobaze”, romlis mixedviTac saqarTveloSi bunebrivi resursebiT
sargebloba fasiani gaxda.
gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi arian fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, romelTa
saqmianoba wiaRis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT eqvemdebareba licenzirebas
wiaRiseuli resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis.
gadasaxadis odenoba ganisazRvreba procentebSi wiaRiseuli resursis
fasis mixedviT, romelsac regularulad adgens mrewvelobis, ekonomikisa da
vaWrobis saministro garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministrosTan
SeTanxmebiT. gadasaxadiT ibegreba sasargeblo wiaRiseuli resursebis mTeli
speqtri, miwisqveSa mineraluri da mtknari wylebi, aseve myari sasargeblo
wiaRiseulis mopovebis da gadamuSavebis, narCenebis da samTamadno sawarmoTa
gamdidrebis kodebi.
174
sagadasaxado
kodeqsSi
TiToeuli
sasargeblo
wiaRiseulisaTvis
gansazRvrulia gadasaxadis minimaluri da maqsimaluri odenoba. gadasaxadis
konkretul odenobas (procents), garda navTobis da gazis resursebisaTvis,
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi gansazRvrul farglebSi, adgens wiaRiseuli resursebiT
sargeblobis sauwyebaTaSoriso salicenzio saeqsperto sabWo (wiaRiseuli
resursebiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb licenziis gacemis yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi). gadasaxadis odenobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas sabWo,
iTvaliswinebs resursis xarisxs da gavrcelebas. navTobisa da gazis
resursebis sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxads, zRvruli odenobis farglebSi adgens
navTobis da gazis resursebis maregulirebeli saxelmwifo saagento, romelic
gascems licenzias am resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis.
175
Tavi 22
garemosdacviTi saqmianobis dafinanseba
1999 weli
1. garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan
gamoyofili da aTvisebuli Tanxebis moculoba dargebis mixedviT,
maTi miznobrivi xarjva
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros 1999 wels
garemosdacviTi saqmianobis dafinansebisTvis saxelmwifo biujetiT daumtkicda
2204,3 aT. lari, magram qveynis sabiujeto SemosavlebSi Seqmnilma daZabulobam
gamoiwvia saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb damtkicebul kanonSi cvlilebebis
Setana, ris Semdegac saministros biujeti dazustda da sabolood Seadgina 2
158, aT. lari. aqedan: muSa-mosamsaxureTa Sromis anazRaureba
1069,9 aT.
lari, damqiraveblidan anaricxebi 331,9 aT. lari, samivlinebo xarjebi 78,0 aT.
lari, sxva saqoneli da momsaxurebis xarjebi 291,7 aT. lari, specialuri
programebis momsaxurebis xarjebi 386,7 aT. lari. kapitaluri xarjebisaTvis
Tanxa ar gamoyofila.
2. mimdinare xarjebi, garemosdacviTi ZiriTadi fondebis kapitaluri
remonti, kapitaldabandebebi garemos dacvaze
faqtiurad, gamoyofili Tanxebis srulad aTviseba ver moxerxda qveynis
biujetis SemosavlebSi Seqmnili daZabulobis gamo, ris Sedegad wlis bolos
warmoiqmna davalianebebi sul 430,1 aT. lari, saidanac Sromis anazRaurebaSi
260,1 aT. lari, damqiraveblidan anaricxebSi 128,3 aT. lari, sxva saqonelsa da
momsaxurebis xarjebSi 41,7 aT. lari.
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministroSi 1999 wels
garemosdacviTi saqmianobisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan sul gamoyofili
Tanxebidan (2158,2 aT. laridan) mimarTul iqna:
− saministros sistemis SenaxvisaTvis mimdinare xarjebze 726,1 aT. lari;
− saministros garemosdacviTi specialuri miznobrivi programebisaTvis _
388,3 aT. lari;
− hidrometeorologiuri saqmianobisaTvis _ 962,5 aT. lari;
dacvis
saministros
gamoyenebiTi
da
eqsperimentuli
− garemos
gamokvlevebisaTvis _ 81,3 aT. lari.
saministros sistemis SenaxvisaTvis mimdinare xarjebisaTvis gamoyofili
726,1 aT. laridan:
− Sromis anazRaurebaze modis 428,1 aT. lari, damqiraveblidan anaricxebze
133,1 aT. lari, mivlinebisaTvis 61,4 aT. lari, sxva saqoneli da
momsaxurebis xarjebisaTvis 103,5 aT. lari. kapitaluri xarjebi ar
gamoyofila.
176
hidrometeorologiuri saqmianobisaTvis mimarTuli Tanxebidan (962,5 aT.
lari):
− Sromis anazRaureba Seadgens 590,8 aT. lars, damqiraveblidan anaricxebi
182,8 aT. lars, mivlinebebi 16,6 aT. lars, sxva saqoneli da momsaxurebis
xarjebi 172,3 aT. lari. kapitaluri xarjebisaTvis Tanxebi ar gamoyofila.
garemos dacvis saministros gamoyenebiTi da eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebidan (81,3 aT. lari):
− Sromis anazRaureba Seadgens 51,0 aT lars, damqiraveblidan anaricxebi 15,8
aT. lars, sxva saqoneli da momsaxurebis xarjebi 14,5 aT. lari.
kapitaluri xarjebisaTvis Tanxebi ar gamoyofila.
3. garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebis dafinansebis sxva wyaroebi
(krediti, granti da sxva), aTvisebuli Tanxebis moculoba
dargebis mixedviT, maTi miznobrivi xarjva
saxelmwifo
biujetidan
saministros
garemosdacviTi
specialuri
miznobrivi programebisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli 393,8 aT. laridan mimarTul
iqna:
− yofili sabWoTa armiis mier datovebuli raketuli sawvavis komponentebis
gauvnebelyofis RonisZiebebis programisTvis _ 170,0aT. lari. aRniSnuli
programa SemuSavda saqarTvelos prezidentis 1997 wlis 28 agvistos #401
gankargulebis “saqarTvelos teritoriaze yofili sabWoTa armiis mier
datovebuli raketuli sawvavis komponentebis gauvnebelyofis aucilebel
RonisZiebebaTa Sesaxeb” Sesabamisad da misi Sesruleba daevala p.
meliqiSvilis saxelobis fizikuri da organuli qimiis instituts.
programis saerTo moculoba Seadgens 600,0 aT. lars, romlis mizania
yofili sabWoTa armiis mier saqarTvelos teritoriaze datovebuli
maRaltoqsikuri
feTqebadsaSiSi
raketuli
sawvavis
komponentebis
“melanJisa” da “saminis” gauvnebelyofa ekologiuri wonasworobis
SenarCunebis mizniT, agreTve, gauvneblobis Sedegad miRebuli masis Semdgomi
gamoyenebis mizniT soflis meurneobaSi sasuqis saxiT, rac finansurad
momgebiania adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
dafinansebis
miuReblobis
SemTxvevaSi
Sesasrulebel samuSaoTa droSi gawelva gazrdis ekologiuri katastrofis
riskis faqtors, romlis aRmofxvra gacilebiT met xarjebTan iqneba
dakavSirebuli. 1999 wels aRniSnuli programa dafinansda 99%-iT. aqedan
Sromis anazRaurebaze 4,8 aT. lari, damqiraveblidan anaricxebi _ 1,5 aT.
lari, mivlinebis xarjebi _ 0,5 aT. lari, sxva saqoneli da momsaxurebis
xarjebisaTvis _ 162,1 aT. lari.
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, soRanluRis teqnikur divizionSi moxda
raketuli sawvavis komponentebis
“melanJis” da “saminis” Segroveba. aseve,
fizikuri da organuli qimiis institutis teritoriaze, afeTqebis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT, gadatanil iqna 59,8 tona “samini” daSoriSorebisaTvis,
romelic Semdgom gauvnebelyofil iqna. dasavleT saqarTvelodan (Waladidi,
177
meria) Camotanil iqna institutis teritoriaze 112,2 tona “samini” da
ganeitralda. sul ganeitralda 172,0 tona “samini”. garda amisa, Tavdacvis
saministros muSakebma institutis teritoriaze ivlis-agvistoSi dasavleT
saqarTvelodan (meriidan) Semoitanes 37,4 tona “samini”, romelic aseve
Setanil da ganeitralebul iqna institutis teritoriaze.
_
saqarTvelos
mineraluri
resursebis
sabadoebis
geologiuri
samTo_teqnikuri, ekonomikuri da ekologiuri gadafaseba maTi kvlavwarmoebis
programisaTvis _ 105,5 aT. lari. aRniSnuli programa damtkicda garemosa da
bunebrivi resursebis dacvis ministris 1997 wlis 29 ivlisis #95 brZanebiT.
programa Sedgeba sami proeqtisagan:
_ “navTobisa da gazis resursebis dacva da racionaluri gamoyeneba”
_ “myari wiaRiseulis aTvisebis teqnikuri mdgomareobis da ganviTarebis
Seswavla”
_ “miwisqveSa wylebis resursebis Sefaseba, dacva da gamoyeneba.”
programis saerTo Rirebuleba Seadgens 2 679,4 aT. lars. misi mizania
saqarTvelos teritoriaze wiaRiseulis saxelmwifo balansze sasargeblo
wiaRiseuli speqtris gafarToeba da maTi maragebis gazrda. navTobis, gazis
resursebis da samrewvelo maragebis Tanamedrove Seswavlilobis xarisxis
gansazRvra, Seswavla-dazusteba, axali sabadoebis gamovlena saqarTvelos
teritoriaze. programa mimdinareobs 1998 wlidan. 1999 wels 105,5 aT.
laridan faqtiurad dafinansda mxolod 79,2 aT. lariT, maT Soris Sromis
anazRaurebaze gaxarjulia 40,1 aT. lari, damqiraveblidan anaricxebze _ 12,6,
mivlinebaze _ 2,0 aT. lari, sxva saqoneli da momsaxurebis xarjebisaTvis _
24,5 aT. lari.
dagegmili dafinansebis srulad miuReblobiT Seusrulebeli darCa
samuSaoTa 75%. ver damuSavda samuSaoTa warmoebis meTodika, ver moxerxda
mineraluri resursebis ekonomikuri sakiTxebis Seswavla, aseve ver Sefasda
garemosdacviTi da sxvadasxva obieqtebis ekologiuri mdgomareoba da a. S.
miRebuli dafinasebis farglebSi Sesrulebulia Semdegi samuSaoebi:
pirveli proeqtiT Sesrulebulia salicenzio blokebze dagrovili
masalis
kameraluri
damuSaveba,
sistematizacia
da
analizi.
yvela
licenzirebuli blokebis farglebSi ganlagebuli sabadoebisaTvis mimdinareobda sarewao_geofizikuri kvlevebis Sedegebis Segroveba_Seswavla, grZeldeboda
ekonomikuri xasiaTis informaciis mopoveba-sistematizacia. muSavdeboda
navTobisa da gazis samrewvelo maragebis da perspeqtiuli da prognozuli
resursebis ekonomikuri Sefasebis meTodebi. saangariSo periodSi Sesrulda
licenzirebuli blokebis navTobisa da gazis perspeqtiuli prognozuli
resursebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Seswavla.
samwuxarod, finansuri mdgomareobis gamo ver Sesrulda navTobisa da
gazis maragebis da resursebis ekonomikuri Sefaseba, Camoyalibeba da daxvewa.
meore proeqtze - “myari wiaRiseulis aTvisebis teqnikuri mdgomareobis
da ganviTarebis Seswavla”_ saangariSo periodSi Segrovil iqna monacemebi
saaqcio sazogadoeba `madneulis~ da saaqcio sazogadoeba `WiaTur manganumis~
Seqmnili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec gaanalizda maTi teqnikurekonomikuri maCveneblebi, daisaxa am warmoebebis reabilitaciis sakvanZo
RonisZiebebi. Seswavlilia agreTve, S.p.s. `askanas~ detonituri Tixebis
178
karieris
mdgomareoba.
dasaxulia
RonisZiebebi
sabados
aTvisebis
srulyofisaTvis.
mesame proeqtze ”miwisqveSa wylebis resursebis Sefaseba, dacva da
gamoyeneba” damuSavda mopovebuli fonduri da gamoqveynebuli masala, moxda
maTi sistematizacia kompiuteruli damuSavebis mizniT. adgilze iqna
Seswavlili wyaltubos, caiSis da squris mineraluri wylis sabadoebze
arsebuli mdgomareoba da SemuSavebuli iqna rekomendaciebi viTarebis
gamosworebis mizniT.
_ 1999 wels saxelmwifo biujetiT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
radiaciuli
usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis
miznobrivi
programisaTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 60,6 aT. lari. aRniSnuli programa SemuSavda
saqarTvelos prezidentis 1998 wlis 31 ivlisis #437 gankargulebis
“saqarTvelos mosaxleobis radiaciuli uzrunvelyofis miznobrivi programis
ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb” Tanaxmad, saerTo RirebulebiT 800,0 aT. lari,
romlis mizania saqarTvelos garemosa da mosaxleobis dacva radiaciuli
dabinZurebisagan, radiaqtiuri narCenebis moZieba-aRricxva, maTi usafrTxo
Senaxva, kadastrireba da kontroli masobrivi dasxivebisa da ekologiuri
katastrofis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. 1999 wels biujetiT gamoyofili 60,6
aT. lari dafinansda 54,2%-iT, anu 51,2 aT. lariT. aqedan Sromis anazRaureba
_ 11,5 aT. lariT, damqiraveblidan anaricxebi _ 2,4 aT. lariT, mivlineba _
1,6 aT. lariT, sxva saqoneli da momsaxureba _ 20,7 aT. lariT, kapitaluri
xarjebisaTvis 15,0 aT. lari.
xazinidan Tanxebis miuReblobis gamo ver ganxorcielda kaxeTis regionSi
q. Telavsa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze ganlagebul samrewvelo da samxedro
obieqtebSi radiaciuli fonis Semowmeba - usafrTxoebis samuSaoebi, imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom didia regionis strategiuli mniSvneloba da ar aris
gamoricxuli aq ukontrolo radiaciuli gamosxivebis wyaroebis arseboba.
programis aqtualobidan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia programis Sekveca an
SeCereba, vinaidan Zalze didia mosaxleobaze uaryofiTi Sedegebis gavlenis
riskis faqtori.
_ klimatis cvlilebis erovnuli programisaTvis 1999 wels biujetidan
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 32,0 aT.l. da dafinansda 80,6%-iT, rac mTlianad
moxmarda Sromis anazRaurebas. aRniSnuli programa SemuSavebulia saqarTvelos
prezidentis 1996 wlis 23 seqtembris #630 brZanebulebiT “klimatis
cvlilebis erovnuli programis, klimatis cvlilebis problemaTa saxelmwifo
komisiis, misi debulebisa da samuSao gegmis damtkicebis Sesaxeb” Tanaxmad,
romlis dafinansebis saerTo moculoba biujetidan ganisazRvra 600,0 aT.
lariT. programis mizania xelisuflebis organoebis, meurneobis dargebis da
mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa informaciebiT qveynis teritoriaze arsebuli
hidrometeorologiuri pirobebisa da garemos komponentebis dabinZurebis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, SesaZlo stiqiuri movlenebisa da mwvave ekologiuri
situaciebis Sesaxeb informaciebis momzadeba da gavrceleba, klimatis
cvlilebis fizikuri procesebis Seswavla da adaptaciis RonisZiebebis
SemuSaveba. programis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi ver iqneba uzrunvelyofili
meurneobis dargebis efeqturi funqcionireba da mosaxleobis usafrTxoeba
(saaviacio da sazRvao transporti, soflis meurneoba, energetika, Tavdacva, da
a. S.).
179
_ “navTobiT dabinZurebuli wylis Rrmad gamwmendi sawarmoo modulis
proeqtis damuSavebis da warmoebaSi danergvis programis’’ Semsrulebelia
saministros
saqveuwyebo
dawesebuleba
saqarTveloSi
bunebrivi
da
anTropogenuli katastrofebis prognozirebis, maTi Sedegebis Serbilebis da
mosaxleobis
ekologiuri
usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis
saxelmwifo
sakoordinacio samsaxuri. programis saerTo moculobaa 180,0 aT. lari,
Sesrulebis vada 4 weli: 1999-2002 weli. programis ZiriTadi arsia navTobis
da
misi
produqtebis
mopovebis,
transportirebis
da
moxmarebisas
gaWuWyianebuli niadagebis da wylebis gamwmendi moZravi modulebis Seqmna da
gamoyeneba, narCenebis utilizacia mazuTis sanacvlod.
1999 wlis biujetiT aRniSnuli programisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
5,4 aT. lari. qveyanaSi mimdinare finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisis gamo,
dafinansda mxolod 2,7 lariT, romelic mTlianad gaxarjulia Sromis
anazRaurebis saxiT.
programis Tanaxmad, Segrovda informacia saqarTveloSi navTobiT
gaWuWyianebuli wylebis warmomqmnel sawarmoebze, ris Semdegac moxda
sawarmoTa klasifikacia.
programiT gaTvaliswinebul sakiTxebze Catarda literaturuli da
sapatento Zieba, calkeul regionebSi aRebulia navTobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT
gaWuWyianebuli niadagisa da wylis sinjebi, romelzec Catarda gawmendis
eqsperimentebi. miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT gakeTda daskvna programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaoebis perspeqtiulobaze.
adreuli navTobis transportirebis moculobis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba
ekologiuri katastrofis riski. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia programis
Semdgomi dafinanseba.
_ “Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiro zolSi gavrcelebul zuTxisebrTa
xelovnuri aRwarmoebis gziT restokingis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebisa da
bunebrivi tofobis mdgomareobis Seswavlis programisaTvis” 1999 wels
biujetiT ganisazRvra 20,0 aT. lari. aRniSnuli programa damtkicebulia
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis ministris 1998 wlis 24 martis #28
brZanebiT. saerTo Rirebuleba Seadgenda 105,0 aT. lars. programis mizania
zuTxisebrTa (kolxuri zuTxi) bunebrivi maragis aRdgena xelovnuri
aRwarmoebis gziT da samecniero kvleviTi samuSaoebis Catareba zuTxisebrTa
Semdgomi reabilitaciis mizniT, rac mniSvnelovani faqtoria aramarto
biomravalferovnebis dacvis saqmeSi, aramed erovnuli meurneobis ganviTarebaSi.
programis ganuxorcielebloba gazrdis iSviaTi jiSis zuTxisebrTa sabolood
gadaSenebis riskis faqtors. programa 1999 wels faqtiurad dafinansda 13,0
aT. lariT. aqedan Sromis anazRaurebaze gaxarjulia 2,2 aT. lari,
damqiraveblidan anaricxebze _ 0,7 aT. lari, momsaxurebaze 10,1 aT. lari.
programis I etapze, garemos dacvis institutis iSviaTi da gadaSenebis
piras myofi Tevzis saxeobaTa aRwarmoebis ganyofilebis mier 1999 wels md.
rionis zuTxsaSen qarxanaSi _ geguTis centrSi, Catarda sawarmoo
eqsperimenti, ris Sedegadac xelovnuri aRwarmoebis gziT md. rionSi gaSvebuli
iqna 117000-ze meti gamozrdili kolxuri zuTxis lifsita zomiT 15-16sm,
woniT 5-6gr.
180
sul 1999 wlisTvis damtkicebuli asignebidan saxelmwifo biujetidan
faqtiurad miRebulia 66% anu 1463,6 aT. lari. aqedan specialuri miznobrivi
programebisTvis 340,8 aT. lari anu damtkicebuli gegmis 87,7%.
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministroSi sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso
organizaciebTan
dadebuli
xelSekrulebebis
safuZvelze
grantuli dafinansebiT gansaxorcielebeli programebia:
1. saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros
SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis programa, romlis mizania saministros
SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba. muSaoba daiwyo 1998 wels, saerTo
moculoba Seadgens 620 000 a.S.S. dolars. programis mizania
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros
SesaZleblobebis ganviTareba.
2. saqarTvelos sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTvis proeqti, romlis
mizania Savi zRvis sanapiro zonis marTvis intensiuri ganviTareba da
kolxeTis erovnuli parkis Camoyalibeba. daiwyo 1999 wels, saerTo
moculobaa 1 300000 a.S.S. dolari;
3. saqarTvelos daculi teritoriebis ganviTarebis proeqti, romlis
mizania daculi teritoriebis ganviTarebis proeqtis mosamzadebeli
samuSaoebi, TanxiT 350000 a.S.S. dolari;
4. borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parki, romlis mizania erovnuli parkis
mowyoba da damxmare zonis infrastruqturis ganviTareba, moculoba 5
mln. germanuli marka;
5. intensiuri
gaZliereba
monrealis
oqmisadmi
saqarTvelos
valdebulebebis SesrulebisaTvis, romlis mizania saqarTveloSi
ozondamSleli nivTierebebis xmarebidan amoRebis erovnuli proeqtis
momzadeba. daiwyo 1998 wels da misi dafinansebis moculoba Seadgens
88 000 a.S.S. dolars;
6. macivarreagentebis Segrovebisa da reciklirebis erovnuli gegmis
ganxorcieleba, romlis mizania ozondamSleli macivarreagentebis
Semgrovebeli
xelsawyoebis
da
reciklirebis
danadgarebis
saqarTveloSi Camotana. daiwyo 1998 wels da dafinansebis moculoba
Seadgens 106 750 a.S.S. dolars.
7. samacivro dargis specialistebis da teqnikosebis momzadeba, romlis
mizania ozondamSlel nivTierebebTan momuSave personalis swavleba,
daiwyo 1999 wels, saerTo Rirebulebaa 32 000 a.S.S. dolari.
4. garemosdacviTi saqmianobis dafinansebis sferoSi arsebuli
naklovanebebi, araswori an arasakmarisi dafinansebiT
gamowveuli Sedegebi
CamoTvlili programebis Sesrulebis mimdinareoba grZeldeba. qveynis
biujetSi Seqmnili finansuri krizisis gamo srulad ar xerxdeba biujetiT
damtkicebuli Tanxebis gamoyofa da aTviseba, ris gamo programebis Sesrulebis
gadavadebas awarmoebs ekonomikis saministro da Sesabamisad, momdevno wels
181
finansirebis
arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi
muSaoba
gagrZeldeba
programiT
gansazRvruli RonisZiebebis SesrulebisaTvis.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebze
saxelmwifo saxsrebidan mimarTuli Tanxebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis
kanonSi calke funqcionalur jgufad ar gamoiyofa, rac arTulebs
saxelmwifos mxridan am mizniT gaweuli xarjebis analizs. miuxedavad garemosa
da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros araerTgzis mimarTvisa
saqarTvelos parlamentis Sesabamis komitetsa da saqarTvelos finansTa
saministrosadmi, raTa biujetis kanonSi calke asaxuliyo garemosdacviT
RonisZiebebze mimarTuli saxelmwifo saxsrebi, dRemde ver moxerxda da
“garemos dacva” asaxulia ekonomikur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul sxva
momsaxurebasTan erTad.
rac Seexeba, qveynis sxva uwyebebidan da samxareo struqturebidan
moZiebul
informacias,
Sesabamisi
donis
biujetebidan
garemosdacviT
RonisZiebebze 1999 wels gaweul xarjebs, Cans, rom biujetis simwiris gamo,
ar xerxdeba raime Tanxis garemosdacviT RonisZiebebze mimarTva. vinaidan,
adgilobrivi biujetis TanxebiT ZiriTadad finansdeba mxolod socialuri
sfero (xelfasebi, pensiebi, daxmarebi da a.S.), xolo rac Seexeba sxva uwyebebs,
xarjebi
mimarTulia
daculi
muxlebisa
da
ZiriTadi
saqmianobis
dafinansebisaTvis. magaliTad, mcxeTa_mTianeTis samxareo administraciis
cnobiT, 1999 wels mxareSi garemosdacviT RonisZiebebze daixarja 131,5 aT
lari: aRdgenil iqna rigi soflebis wyalsadenebis sistema, SekeTebul iqna
wyalkanalizaciis sistema mcxeTaSi da sofel werovanSi, Catarebulia
gamwvanebis samuSaoebi. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili samuSaoebis Sesrulebis da
dafinansebis sakiTxebi miRebulia mcxeTis raionis gamgeobis mier specialurad
damtkicebul RonisZiebaTa gegmiT.
transportis saministros informaciis mixedviT 1999 wels saministrom
sakuTari biujetgareSe Semosavlebidan 5,2 aT. lari gaxarja garemos
gamwvanebaze, kerZod, dairgo mwvane nargavebi, xe-buCqovani mcenareebi da
sxvadasxva yvavilebi.
kavSirgabmulobis saministros garemosdacviT RonisZiebebis dasafinanseblad araviTari saxsrebi ar gaaCnia, magram sakuTari SesaZleblobebiT
periodulad asufTaveben mimdebare teritorias, razec nebayoflobiT imuSava
100 pirovnebam.
bolos unda aRiniSnos isic, rom gadauWreli rCeba bunebrivi resursebiT
sargeblobisaTvis adgilobrivi biujetebSi Caricxuli Tanxebis gamoyenebis
problema. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sagadasaxado kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs am
Tanxebis miznobrivad gamoyenebas bunebrivi resursebis kvlavwarmoebasa da
dacvaze, faqtiurad ase ar xdeba, es Tanxebi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba socialuri
sferos dasafinanseblad. marTalia, aRniSnuli problema dRes jer kidev
mwvaved dgas, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis
dacvis dargi qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiis Semadgeneli nawilia
da garemos dacvis problemebis specifiurobidan gamomdinare, maTi mogvarebis
gadadeba momavalSi ufro did danaxarjebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli rasac
ekosistemebis rRvevis Seuqcevadi procesebi mohyveba.
182
2000 weli
1. garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan
gamoyofili da aTvisebuli Tanxebis moculoba dargebis mixedviT,
maTi miznobrivi xarjva
saqarTvelos 2000 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis kanoniT saministros
damtkicebuli biujeti ganisazRvra 901.8 aT. laris odenobiT, xolo saStato
erTeulTa raodenoba ganisazRvra 583,5 erTeuliT.
periodis ganmavlobaSi damtkicebulma gegmam da Sesabamisad, damtkicebulma
limitma ganicada cvlileba da gaizarda Semcirebul muSakTa 1998 wlis
daculi muxlebis davalianebis odenobiT _ 53,0 aTasi lariT da saqarTvelos
prezidentis 17.04.2000w. #335 gankargulebis “saqarTveloSi raketuli
sawvavis komponentebis sacavebis avariuli mdgomareobis gamo mosalodneli
ekologiuri katastrofis acilebisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb”
Tanaxmad, sarezervo fondidan 100,0 aT. lariT, ris Semdegac saministros
dazustebulma biujetma (martis kanoniT) Seadgina 1014.6 aTasi lari.
ivlisis TveSi miRebul iqna Sesworebuli biujetis kanoni, romlis
Tanaxmad, saministros wliuri biujeti ganisazRvra
539.2 aT. lariT (m.S.
saqarTvelos prezidentis 17.04.2000w. #335 gankargulebis “saqarTveloSi
raketuli sawvavis komponentebis sacavebis avariuli mdgomareobis gamo
mosalodneli ekologiuri katastrofis acilebisaTvis saWiro RonisZiebaTa
Sesaxeb” Tanaxmad, sarezervo fondidan gamoyofili 100.0 aT. laris CaTvliT).
Sesworebuli biujetis maCvenebeli SemuSavda Semdegnairad: wlis pirveli
naxevris biujetad CaiTvala 6 TveSi faqtiurad miRebuli dafinanseba; wlis
meore naxevris daculi muxlebis mxolod xelfasi Sesabamisi anaricxebiT
(premiebisa da danamatebis gareSe) da Senaxvis xarjebis _ wliuri
damtkicebulis odenobis saSualod 30%.
2. mimdinare xarjebi, garemosdacviTi ZiriTadi fondebis kapitaluri
remonti, kapitaldabandebebi garemos dacvaze
saministros faqtiurma dafinansebam 2000 wels Seadgina 491.4 aT. lari,
rac Sesworebuli biujetis 91.1%-s, damtkicebuli biujetis (martis kanoniT)
54%-s Seadgens.
faqtiurma dafinansebam dacul muxlebSi Seadgina sul 286.4 aTasi lari
(gegmis 98%): aqedan, Sromis anazRaurebaSi 219.3 aT. lari, damqiraveblidan
anaricxebSi _ 67.1 aTasi lari.
rac Seexeba mivlinebis faqtiur dafinansebas, man Seadgina 1.3 aT. lari,
rac Sesworebuli biujetis 12,2%-s, xolo damtkicebuli gegmis 1.2%-s
Seadgens.
sxva saqoneli da momsaxurebis xarjebSi (ofisi, komunaluri transporti)
183
faqtiurad xazinidan miRebulia 10.9 aTasi lari, rac Sesworebuli biujetis
41.7%-s, xolo damtkicebuli gegmis 11.5%-ia.
saministros programuli xarjebisaTvis, dazustebuli gegmiT (martis
kanoniT) gaTvalisiwinebuli 278,0 aTasi laridan, faqtiurad miRebulia
mxolod 192,8 aTasi lari (69%).
faqtiurad gaweulma danaxarjebma saministroSi Seadgina 771.6 aTasi lari,
anu faqtiuri xarjebis davalianebam Seadgina 280.1 aTasi lari. aqedan: dacul
muxlebSi _203.9 aTasi lari, m. S. Sromis anazRaurebaSi _ 154.2 aTasi lari,
damqiraveblidan anaricxebSi _ 49,7 aTasi lari; mivlinebebSi _ 1.2 aTasi
lari; ofisis, komunalurisa da transportis momsaxurebis xarjebSi _ 56.9
aTasi lari lari, programul xarjebSi _ 18.0 aTasi lari.
2000 wlis biujetgareSe Semosavlebis Semosavlebma Seadgina 304.1 aT.
lari naSTis (6,7 aT. laris) CaTvliT.
aqedan, saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT:
_ garemosdacviTi nebarTvis gacemis proceduridan _ sul 113.9 aT. lari
(m.S. naSTi 5,2 aT. lari);
_ garemoze miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebidan _73.8 aT. lari (m.S. naSTi
0,1 aT. lari);
_ garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis wayenebuli jarimebidan
_ 8.4 aT. lari ( m.S. naSTi 0,7 aT. lari);
_ saministros teritoriuli samsaxurebis mier gaweuli fasiani
momsaxurebidan _ 19.0 aT. lari ( m.S. naSTi 0,3 aT. lari);
_ mecnierebaSi gaweuli fasiani momsaxureobidan _ 74,4 aT. lari
_ sxva Semosavlebma _ 14.4 aT. lari.
sul saministroSi biujetgareSe Semosavlebidan faqtiurad gaweulma
xarjebma saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze Seadgina sul 193.3 aT. lari. aqedan,
Sromis anazRaurebaze gaxarjulia 89.9 aT. lari, damqiraveblidan anaricxebze
_ 29.3 aT. lari, mivlinebebze _ 5.3 aT. lari, sxva saqoneli da momsaxurebis
xarjebze _ 68.6 aT. lari. biujetSi Setanilia 93.1 aT. lari, naSTi periodis
bolos Seadgens 17.8 aT. lars.
3. garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebis dafinansebis sxva wyaroebi
(krediti, granti da sxva), aTvisebuli Tanxebis moculoba
dargebis mixedviT, maTi miznobrivi xarjva
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros,
“saqarTvelos 2000 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb’’ kanonis Tanaxmad,
damtkicebuli hqonda oTxi saxelmwifo specialuri miznobrivi programa da
erTi saministros specialuri miznobrivi programa:
184
1.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze yofili sabWoTa kavSiris armiis mier
datovebuli raketuli sawvavis komponentebis gauvneblobis programa
(kodi 20 08 01), TanxiT 56,0 aT lari;
2. saqarTvelos mineraluri resursebis geologiuri samTo-teqnikuri,
ekonomikuri gadafaseba maTi licenzirebisa da kvlavwarmoebis mizniT
(kodi 20 08 02), TanxiT 35,0 aT lari;
3. klimatis cvlilebis erovnuli programa (kodi 20 08 03), TanxiT 30,0 aT
lari;
4. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis radiaciuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
miznobrivi programa (kodi 20 06 04), TanxiT 42,0 aT. lari;
5.
Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiro zolSi gavrcelebul zuTxisebrTa
xelovnuri aRwarmoebis gziT restokingis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcilebisa da
bunebrivi tofobis mdgomareobis Seswavla _20,0 aT. lari.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze yofili sabWoTa kavSiris armiis mier
datovebuli raketuli sawvavis komponentebis gauvneblobis programa.
“saqarTvelos teritoriaze yofili sabWoTa kavSiris armiis mier datovebuli
raketuli sawvavis komponentebis gauvneblobis programisaTvis’’ (kodi 20 08
01), 2000 wlis biujetiT damtkicebul iqna 56,0 aT. lari, romelsac daemata
saqarTvelos prezidentis 17. 04. 2000. wlis #335 gankargulebiT _
,,saqarTveloSi
raketuli
sawvavis
komponentebis
sacavebis
avariuli
mdgomareobis gamo mosalodneli ekologiuri katastrofis acilebisaTvis
saWiro RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb’’ Tanaxmad sarezervo fondidan 100,0 aTasi lari
da sul wlis pirvel naxevarSi Seadgina 156,0 aTasi lari.
xazinidan miRebulia 156,0 aTasi lari, aqedan Sromis anazRaurebis saxiT
gacemulia 6,2 aTasi lari, damqiraveblidan anaricxebi 1,9 aTasi lari,
mivlinebebisaTvis _ 1,9 aT. lari, masalebisa da sxva xarjebisaTvis 146,5
lari.
Sesrulebulia Semdegi samuSaoebi: ganeitralda dasavleT saqarTvelodan
p. meliqiSvilis saxelobis fizikuri da organuli qimiis teritoriaze
Tavdacvis saministros mier 1999 wels Setanili 37,4 tona “samini” da axlad
Setanili 20 tona “samini”, sul 57,4 tona “samini.” amrigad, 2000 wels
dasrulda “saminis” mTliani moculobis (230 tona) ganeitraleba.
ganeitraleba moxda aseve, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi soRanluRis teqnikur
divizionSi Segrovili 115 tona “melanJisa”. amave periodSi aRmoifxvra
dasavleT saqarTveloSi- WaladidSi, 122 tona “melanJis” gaJonvis Sedegad
Seqmnili avariuli mdgomareoba, riTac Tavidan iqna acilebuli regionSi
SesaZlo ekologiuri katastrofa. savaraudod, dafinansebis srulad miRebis
SemTxvevaSi, 2001 wlisaTvis navaraudevia darCenili moculobidan 280 tona
“melanJis”
gauvnebloba
dasavleT
saqarTveloSi,
meriis
aerodromis
teritoriaze, sadac jer kidev saSiSroebas warmoadgens “melanJis” sacavebi,
saidanac mosaxleobam daitaca rezervuarebis xufebi, xolo arastandartuli
xufebiT ar xerxdeba sruli hermetizacia, rac ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT
mosaxleobisaTvis safrTxes warmoadgens. aseve 2002 wels gaTvalisiwinebulia,
darCenili 200 tona “melanJis” gauvnebeluofa, Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos
prezidentis 2000 wlis 20 aprilis #339 gankargulebisa “saqarTvelos
185
prezidentis 1997 wlis 28 agvistos #401 gankargulebaSi cvlilebis Setanis
Taobaze”.
saqarTvelos mineraluri resursebis geologiuri samTo-teqnikuri,
ekonomikuri Sefaseba maTi licenzirebisa da kvlavwarmoebis mizniT. programa
,,saqarTvelos
mineraluri
resursebis
geologiuri
samTo
teqnikuri,
ekonomikuri Sefaseba maTi licenzirebisa da kvlavwarmoebis mizniT’’ (kodi 20
08 02) Sedgeba sami proeqtisagan:
_”navTobisa da gazis resursebis dacva da racionaluri gamoyeneba”
_”myari wiaRiseulis aTvisebis teqnikuri mdgomareobis da ganviTarebis
Seswavla”
_ ”miwisqveSa wylebis resursebis Sefaseba, dacva da gamoyeneba.”
programis saerTo Rirebuleba Sedagens 2 679,4 aT. lars. aqedan 2000
wlis damtkicebuli biujeti ganisazRvra 35,0 aT. lariT (dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba Seadgens 27 erTeuls), xolo biujetis sekvestris Semdeg 11,3 aT.
lariT. faqtiurad xarjebi gaweulia 18,6 aT. lari, rac modis wlis pirvel
naxevarze, am periodisaTvis gegma Sedgenda 18,0 aT. lars, xolo Sesworebuli
biujetisan. Sedga mxolod wlis pirveli naxevris sakaso xarjisagan.
4. garemosdacviTi saqmianobis dafinansebis sferoSi arsebuli
naklovanebebi, araswori an arasakmarisi dafinansebiT
gamowveuli Sedegebi
dagegmili dafinansebis srulad miuReblobiT Seusrulebeli darCa
samuSaoTa 75%. ver damuSavda samuSaoTa warmoebis meTodika, ver moxerxda
mineraluri resursebis ekonomikuri sakiTxebis Seswavla, aseve ver Sefasda
garemosdacviTi da sxvadasxva obieqtebis ekologiuri mdgomareoba da a. S.
miRebuli dafinasebis farglebSi Sesrulebulia Semdegi samuSaoebi:
pirveli proeqtiT Sesrulebulia salicenzio blokebze dagrovili
masalis
kameraluri
damuSaveba,
sistematizacia
da
analizi.
yvela
licenzirebuli
blokebis
farglebSi
ganlagebuli
sabadoebisaTvis
mimdinareobda sarewao_geofizikuri kvlevebis Sedegebis Segroveba_Seswavla,
grZeldeboda ekonomikuri xasiaTis informaciis mopoveba-sistematizacia.
muSavdeboda navTobisa da gazis samrewvelo maragebis da perspeqtiuli da
prognozuli resursebis ekonomikuri Sefasebis meTodebi. saangariSo periodSi
Sesrulda licenzirebuli blokebis navTobisa da gazis perspeqtiuli
prognozuli resursebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Seswavla.
samwuxarod, finansuri mdgomareobis gamo ver Sesrulda navTobisa da
gazis maragebis da resursebis ekonomikuri Sefaseba, Camoyalibeba da daxvewa.
meore proeqtze -”myari wiaRiseulis aTvisebis teqnikuri mdgomareobis da
ganviTarebis Seswavla”_ saangariSo periodSi Segrovil iqna monacemebi saaqcio
sazogadoeba `madneulis~ da saaqcio sazogadoeba `WiaTur manganumis~ Seqmnili
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec gaanalizda maTi teqnikur-ekonomikuri
186
maCveneblebi, daisaxa am warmoebebis reabilitaciis sakvanZo RonisZiebebi.
agreTve,
Seswavlilia
S.p.s.
`askanas~
detonituri
Tixebis
karieris
mdgomareoba. dasaxulia RonisZiebebi sabados aTvisebis srulyofisaTvis.
mesame proeqtze ”miwisqveSa wylebis resursebis Sefaseba dacva da
gamoyeneba” damuSavda mopovebuli fonduri da gamoqveynebuli masala, moxda
maTi sistematizacia kompiuteruli damuSavebis mizniT. adgilze iqna
Seswavlili wyaltubos, caiSis da squris mineraluri wylis sabadoebze
arsebuli mdgomareoba da SemuSavebuli iqna rekomendaciebi viTarebis
gamosworebis mizniT.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis radiaciuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
miznobrivi programa. ,,saqarTvelos mosaxleobis radiaciuli usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis miznobrivi programiT’’ (kodi 20 06 04) gaTvaliswinebuli
saqmianobisaTvis, wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyofili iyo damtkicebuli biujetiT
_ 42,0 aT. lari, xolo Sesworebuli biujetiT 30,0 aT. lari. faqtiurad
sakaso xarji gaweulia 25,5 aT. lari, xolo faqtiurad daricxulia 36,0 aT.
lari. m.S. xelfasi –2,0 aT. lari, anaricxebi –0,6 aT. lari, mivlineba –19,9
aT. lari da sxva xarjebi _3,0 aT. lari.
saangariSo periodSi Catarebulia ramdenime saeqspedicio gasvla q.
tyibulSi, q senakSi, q. foTSi da q. Tbilisis aeroportis mimdebare
teritoriaze,
vinaidan
arsebobda
moZiebuli
radiaciuli
wyaroebis
ganTavsebisaTvis obieqtis teqnikuri aRWurvis aucilebloba da maTi saimedo
ganTavsebis problema. teqnikuri saSualebebiT aRWurvili iqna specobieqtebi,
gakeTda specialuri Sesanaxebi da damzadda satransporto konteineri.
Catarebul samuSaos maRali Sefaseba misces atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso
saagentos
eqspertebma
(atensasa).
atensasa-Tan
erTad
Catarda
aeroradiometriuli eqspedicia, romlis mizani iyo upatrono radiaqtiuri
gamosxivebis wyaroebis da radinukleidebiT dabinZurebuli teritoriebis
aRmoCena. eqspediciam aRmoaCina erTi cezium _ 137 saSualo aqtivobis wyaro
foTSi, romelic neitralizebulia, gamovlinda moWarbebuli radionukleidebis
Semcveli farTobebi, romelTa Sesaxeb informacias atensasas mier mowodebuli
iqneba radiometriuli analizis Catarebis Semdeg, es monacemebi gamoyenebuli
iqneba agreTve saqarTvelos teritoriis msxvilmaStabovani radiaciuli fonis
rukis agebisaTvis.
amJamad, arsebuli operatiuli
problemebidan sayiradReboa im
radiaoqtiuri wyaroebis kondinicirebis sakiTxi, romlebic gamoiyeneboda samTo
mrewvelobaSi da Txevadi gazis warmoebaSi, risTvisac mimdinareobs maTi moZieba
Sesabamis uwyebebSi.
Savi zRvis saqarTvelos sanapiro zolSi gavrcelebul zuTxisebrTa
xelovnuri aRwarmoebis gziT restokingis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcilebisa da
bunebrivi tofobis mdgomareobis Seswavlis programa. Savi zRvis saqarTvelos
sanapiro zolSi gavrcelebul zuTxisebrTa xelovnuri aRwarmoebis gziT
restokingis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcilebisa da bunebrivi tofobis mdgomareobis
SeswavlisaTvis biujetiT damtkicda 20,0 aT. lari, xolo Sesworebuli
biujetiT _6,0 aT. lari. miuxedavad amisa, wlis ganmavlobaSi ver moxerxda
187
xazinidan
Tanxis miReba, ris gamoc ar moxda zuTxisebrTa mwarmoeblebis
daWera, maTi Semdgomi xelovnuri ganayofierbisaTvis, ris
Sedegadac unda
momxdariyo miRebuli lifsitebis bunebaSi gaSveba, rogorc es moxda gasuli
wlis 21 seqtembers, roca 100 aTasze xelovnurad gazrdili 12-16
santimetris, woniT 5-6,5 gramis lifsita gaSvebuli iqna bunebaSi, xolo
eqsperimentisaTvis gankuTvnili mwarmoeblebi dabrunebuli iqna ukan bunebaSi.
gamokvlevebma daadastura, rom xelovnurad gamoyvanili lifsita bevrad ufro
sicocxlis unariania, vidre bunebrivi lifsita da aseve ufro metad swrafad
mzardi.
mimdinare wels dagegmili iyo foTSi damxmare bazis Seqmna, sadac
SesaZlebeli iqneba eqstremalur pirobebSi qviriTis miReba da ganayofiereba,
mwarmoeblebis droebiTi Senaxva, aseve unda gagrZelebuliyo zuTxisebrTa
xelovnuri aRwarmoebiTi samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba, rogorc avRniSneT Tanxis
miuReblobis gamo procesi gadaido momavali periodisaTvis.
klimatis cvlilebis erovnuli programa. klimatis cvlilebis erovnuli
programis dafinansebisaTvis 2000 wels damtkicebuli biujetiT ganisazRvra
20,0 aT. lari, xolo biujetis sekvestris programis Sesrulebis maCveneblebi
da mokle anotacia ix. danarTi #6, 7.
Semdeg _ 6,0 aT. lari. saxelmwifo SemosavlebSi Seqmnili daZabulobis gamo,
programis dafinansebisaTvis ver moxerxda xazinidan Tanxebis miReba. aqedan
gamomdinare, programa faqtiurad 2000 wels ar mimdinareobda da Sesabamisad
ar aris gaweuli faqtiuri xarjic.
188
Tavi 23
garemos monitoringis sistema
garemos monitoringis samuSaoTa sxvadasxva saxeobebs axorcielebdnen:
atmosferuli haeris mavne qimiuri da radioaqtiuri dabinZurebis
monitoringis sferoSi – garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro;
zedapiruli wylebis mavne qimiuri dabinZurebis monitoringis sferoSi –
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro;
niadagebis mavne qimiuri da radioaqtiuri dabinZurebis monitoringis
sferoSi – garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro, soflis
meurneobisa da sursaTis saministro;
Savi zRvis mavne qimiuri dabinZurebis monitoringis sferoSi – garemosa
da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro;
Savi zRvis sabanao wylebis mikrobiologiuri dabinZurebis monitoringis
sferoSi – janmrTelobis dacvis saministro;
miwisqveSa wylebis mavne qimiuri dabinZurebis monitoringis sferoSi –
geologiis saxelmwifo departamenti:
garemoze mavne fizikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebis monitoringis sferoSi –
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro;
ozonis Sris monitoringis sferoSi – garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis
dacvis saministro, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia;
sagangebo ekologiuri situaciebis monitoringis sferoSi – garemosa
bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro, Sinagan saqmeTa saministro;
aRniSnuli saministroebisa da uwyebebis mier, garemos monitoringis
programiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
samuSaobebi
mniSvnelovani
xarvezebiT
mimdinareobda. amis ZiriTadi mizezi finansuri saxsrebis mwvave deficiti iyo.
SeuZlebeli gaxda araTu garemos dabinZurebaze dakvirvebebis mwarmoebeli
analitikuri
laboratoriebis
teqnikuri
gadaiaraReba,
aramed
am
laboratoriebSi arsebuli fizikurad da moralurad moZvelebuli da
mwyobridan gamosuli xelsawyo – danadgarebis SekeTeba, maTi metrologiuri
uzrunvelyofa, laboratoriebis specifikuri saxarji masalebiT (qimiuri
reaqtivebi,
filtrebi
da
sxva)
momarageba.
xSiri
iyo
aseve
laboratoriebisaTvis eleqtroenergiis gaTiSvis SemTxvevebi.
aRniSnulis gamo, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, rogorc garemos dabinZurebaze
dakvirvebis stacionaluri punqtebis, aseve garemos sinjebSi gansasazRvravi
ingredientebis raodenoba. amasTan, metrologiurad daumowmebeli analitikuri
xelsawyoebis da calkeul SemTxvevebSi vadagasuli qimiuri reaqtivebis
iZulebiT gamoyenebis, agreTve Sida da gare laboratoriuli kontrolis
sistemebis moSlis gamo, bunebrivia, garemos dabinZurebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb
1999-2000
wlebSi
mopovebuli
isedac
mwiri
monacemebi,
sizustis
TvalsazrisiTac nakleb saimedoa.
1999-2000 wlebSi SedarebiT damakmayofileblad tardeboda dakvirvebebi
saqarTvelos msxvili qalaqebis atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebaze. xolo
zedapiruli wylebis, atmosferuli naleqebis, Savi zRvis da niadagebis
dabinZurebaze dakvirvebebi an Zalze Semcirebuli programiT, an saerTod ver
sruldeboda. amitom winamdebare erovnuli moxsenebis Sesabamis TavebSi
189
mocemuli garemos komponentebis xarisxis Sefaseba metad mwir obieqtur
monacemebze dayrdnobiTaa gakeTebuli. calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki es Sefasebebi
iribi (gaangariSebiTi) meTodebis gamoyenebiT, an mravalwliuri statistikuri
monacemebis meSveobiTaa momzadebuli.
2. garemos monitoringis erTiani saxelmwifo sistemis
formirebis uzrunvelsayofad mimdinare samuSaoebi
garemos mdgomareobaze dakvirvebis, Sefasebisa da prognozirebis saTanado
doneze uzrunvelyofis mizniT, metad aqtualuria, qveyanaSi garemos
monitoringis erTiani saxelmwifo sistemis Seqmna. am sistemam, unda
uzrunvelyos garemos monitoringis sxvadasxva komponentebis mwarmoebeli
saministroebisa da uwyebebis saqmianobis koordinacia, garemos dabinZurebaze
dakvirvebis saxelmwifo qselis optimizacia, garemoSi mavne nivTierebaTa
koncentraciebis zRvrulad dasaSvebi normebis da garemos sinjebis aRebisa da
maTi analizis meTodikebis saerTaSoriso standartebTan harmonizacia, garemos
xarisxis mdgomareobis amsaxveli monacemebis Sekrebis, damuSavebisa da
gavrcelebis efeqturi sistemebis Camoyalibeba. Sesabamis monacemTa bazebis
Seqmna da arqivacia.
aRniSnuli sistemis formirebis mizniT, 1999-2000 wlebSi, garemosa da
bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministroSi SemuSavebul iqna garemos
monitoringis erTiani saxelmwifo sistemis da erTiani kompiuteruli qselis
Seqmnis proeqtebi. am proeqtebis Sesabamisad, garemos monitoringis erTiani
saxelmwifo sistemis organizaciul - struqturuli sqema mocemulia nax. 23.1ze. amJamad zemoTaRniSnuli proeqtebi ganxilvis stadiaSia.
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis ministris brZanebis Sesabamisad,
Seswavlil iqna saministros daqvemdebarebaSi myofi analitikuri samsaxurebis
materialur – teqnikuri mdgomareoba da personalis kvalifikacia. SemuSavda
da garemos monitoringis samuSaoTa mwarmoebel saministroebsa da uwyebebs
daegzavnaT kiTxvarebi, romlis safuZvelzec garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis
dacvis saministros unda moewodos garemos xarisxis mdgomareobis amsaxveli
monacemebi.
190
naxazi 23.1
191
Tavi 24
garemosdacviTi nebarTva
1. wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxiluli proeqtebis, programebis, gegmebis
da sxvaTa (saqmianobis kategoriaTa mixedviT) saerTo raodenoba,
romelTac CautardaT saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertiza,
maT Soris dadebiTi da uaryofiTi daskvnebis raodenoba
1999 wels gansaxilvelad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad investorebis
mxridan Semosuli iyo 370, xolo 2000 wels _ 287 saproeqto dokumentacia.
warmodgenil
masalebs
kanonis
moTxovnebidan
gamomdinare
CautardaT
saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertiza da 1999 wels gaica 1 dadebiTi da 367
dadebiTi SeniSvnebiT, xolo 2000 wels 287 dadebiTi SeniSnebiT saxelmwifo
ekologiuri eqspertizis daskvna proeqtze.
Semosuli
saproeqto
dokumentaciebidan
saqarTvelos
kanoniT
“garemosdacviTi nebarTvebis Sesaxeb” gansazRvrul saqmianobaTa CamonaTvalis
Sesabamisad 16 maTgani miekuTvneboda pirvel kategorias, 43 _ meores, 170 _
mesames da 140 _ meoTxes. 2000 wels gacemulia 23 pirveli kategoriis, 41
meore, 138 mesame da 85 meoTxe kategoriis ekologiuri eqspertizis daskvna
(ix. nax. 24.1).
saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertizis mier gacemuli
dadebiTi daskvnebis procentuli raodenoba
saqmianobis kategoriebis mixedviT
2000 weli
1999 weli
4%
12%
38%
8%
I kategoria
30%
14%
II kategoria
III kategoria
46%
IV kategoria
48%
nax. 24.1
2. obieqtebis saqmianoba, romlebzec gaica
garemosdacviTi nebarTva
1999 wels garemosdacviTi nebarTva gacemul iqna mxolod erT proeqtze
_ “saeqsporto navTobsadenis dasavleTis marSruti, saqarTvelos monakveTis da
dasavleTis saeqsporto milsadeni. sufsis terminali da sazRvao gadasatvirTi
mowyobiloba” _ garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSze.
192
am dokumentiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebis pirobebis Sesrulebis
mizniT saqarTvelos milsadenis kompanias Tavdapirvelad warmodgenili
dokumentaciis garda mouxda damatebiT 46 tomisagan Semdgari danarTis
warmodgena, raTa srulfasovnad asaxuliyo garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis
yvela aspeqti.
2000 wels gacemuli garemosdacviTi nebarTvebis CamonaTvali moyvanilia
cxrilSi.
2000 wels saqmianobaze gacemuli garemosdacviTi
nebarTvebis CamonaTvali
#
saqmianobis kategoria
1
2
I kategoriis saqmianobaze
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
1
2
3
4
5
navTobisa da qimiuri nivTierebebis gadasatvirTi terminalis droebiTi
mcuravi rezervuaris mowyoba foTis navsadguris #1 navmisadgomSi
q. valedan TurqeTis sazRvramde navTobproduqtebis gadasatvirTi
terminalis mSenebloba
TbilisSi, qsnis q. #35-Si asfaltobetonis qarxnis mSenebloba
TbilisSi qiziyis 1. 21-Si navTobbaza
TbilisSi, moskovis gamz. #25-Si benzinisa da dizelis sawvavis sacavi
rezervuarebi
navTobsadenis gamouyenebeli dabrunebuli saSualebebis narCeni
navTobproduqtebidan gawmendis operaciebi
tyavis nedleulisa da matylis warmoeba yvarlis raionSi
xaSuris raionis sof. agarebSi Txevadi gazis balonebSi Camosxma
taribanaSi mopovebuli navTobis Sekreba da sarkinigzo vagoncisternebSi
CatvirTva
taribanis sabadoze 61 (C) Rrma WaburRilis mSenebloba
napirdamcavi RonisZiebebi baqo-sufsis navTobsadeniT md. md. yvirila-2 da
xaniswylis gadakveTaze
TbilisSi, kaxeTis gzatkecilze akumulatorebis warmoeba
II kategoriis saqmianobaze
2
q. quTaisSi limonaTis Camosasxmeli saamqro
Tanamedrove tipis samonadireo meurneobebis Seqmna yazbegisa da duSeTis
raionebSi
q. quTasSi limonaTis warmoeba
md. kaparWinaze da torfis karierebSi Tevzis moSeneba
TbilisSi kaxeTis gzatkecilze rZis produqtebis qarxnis rekonstruqcia
gafarToeba
193
1
2
6
devdorakis spilenZis gamovlinebaze keTilSobili, iSviaTi da feradi
liTonebis Seswavla
goris wyalmomaragebis sistemis gaumjobeseba
foTis wyalmomaragebis sistemis gaumjobeseba
Zevrulhesis wyalsacavze TevzsaWeri meurneobis Seqmna
Tbilisis zRvis mimdebare teritoriaze arsebuli sakanalizacio sistemis
rekonstruqcia da gaumjobeseba
q. rusTavis wyalmomaragebis gaumjobeseba
md.md. mtkvarsa da alazanze TevsaWeri meurneobis Seqmna
7
8
9
10
11
12
194
Tavi 25
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da
saxelmwifoTaSoriso ekologiuri problemebi
43.1 garemos dacvis sferoSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan
TanamSromloba
saerTaSoriso mravalmxrivi garemosdacviTi xelSekrulebebisa da konvenciebis wevroba saqarTvelos, erTi mxriv, aZlevs sakanonmdeblo bazisa da
saeqsporto potencialis srulyofis saSualebas da, meore mxriv, es aris
sarbieli globaluri garemosdacviTi problemebis gadasaWrelad optimaluri
gzebis Ziebis procesSi saqarTvelos interesebis asaxvisaTvis. am urTierTobebis bazaze donoruli daxmarebiT mimdinare programebi aumjobesebs qveynis
unars, Seasrulos Tavisi saerTaSoriso valdebulebebi, daicvas sakuTari
garemo da uzrunvelyos bunebrivi resursebis mdgradi gamoyeneba.
1999 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda 3 mniSvnelovan konvencias (“Sor
manZilze haeris transsasazRvro dabinZurebis Sesaxeb”, “gaudabnoebasTan
brZolis Sesaxeb” da “saxifaTo narCenebis transsasazRvro gadazidvebisa da
maT ganTavsebaze kontrolis Sesaxeb”). momzadda dokumentebis sruli paketi 1
konvenciasTan SeerTebaze (“migrirebadi saxeobebis dacvis konvencia” _ bonis
konvencia da am konvenciis egidiT SemuSavebuli SeTanxmebebi).
saqarTvelo aqtiurad TanamSromlobs mraval saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:
− globaluri garemosdacviTi fondi (GEF);
− gaeros garemosdacviTi programa (UNEP);
− msoflio banki (WB);
− gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP);
− evropis garemosdacviTi saagento (EEA);
− atomuri energiis saerTaSoriso saagento (IAEA);
− msoflio meteorologiuri organizacia (WMO);
− Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia (BSEC);
− bunebis dacvis msoflio fondi (WWF);
− saerTaSoriso fondi (TACIS).
2. saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, romelTac miuerTda saqarTvelo
1999-2000 wlebs mdgomareobiT saqarTvelo garemos dacvis sferoSi 12
saerTaSoriso konvenciasTanaa mierTebuli (cxrili 25.1).
195
cxrili 25.1
saerTaSoriso garemosdacviTi konvenciebi
#
dasaxeleba
miRebis adgili
da TariRi
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
konvencia biomravalferovnebis
Sesaxeb
konvencia gadaSenebis piras myofi
veluri faunisa da floris
saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis
Sesaxeb (CITES)
konvencia saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis
Warbteniani, gansakuTrebiT wylis
frinvelTa sabinadrod vargisi
teritoriebis Sesaxeb
a) saerTaSoriso konvencia gemebidan
dabinZurebis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb
“MARPOL”
b) 1978 wlis oqmi saerTaSoriso
konvenciaze gemebidan dabinZurebis
Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb
5
a) ozonis Sris dacvis Sesaxeb venis
konvencia
rio de Janeiro
1992w.
vaSingtoni
1973
ZalaSi Sesvlis
TariRi
saqarTvelosaTvis
4
5
2 ivnisi,
1994 w
13 seqtemberi,
31 agvisto,
1994w.
12 dekemberi,
1996w.
1996w.
ramsari
30 aprili,
28 ivlisi,
1971w.
1996w.
1996w.
londoni
19 aprili,
8 Tebervali,
1995w.
1973w.
londoni
1978w.
vena
1985w.
b) monrealis oqmi ozonis Sris
damSlel nivTierebaTa Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos mier
ratificirebis
(an mierTebis)
TariRi
monreali
1987w.
6
Savi zRvis dabinZurebisagan dacvis
konvencia
buqaresti
1992w.
7
a) gaeros klimatis cvlilebis
CarCo konvencia
niu-iorki
1994w
8 Tebervali,
8 Tebervali,
1996w.
1995w.
21 marti,
21 marti,
1996 w.
1996 w.
21 marti,
21 marti,
1996w.
1996 w.
21 aprili,
w.
1992
29 ivlisi, 1994w.
12 ianvari,
1994w.
27.10.1994w.
1994w.
8
9
b) gaeros klimatis cvlilebebis
CarCo-konvenciis kiotos oqmi
Sor manZilebze haeris
transsasazRvro dabinZurebis
konvencia
gaeros konvencia gaudabnoebis
winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb
kioto
1999w.
Jeneva
13 ianvari,
1979w.
parizi 1994.
196
12 maisi,
1999w
1999 w.
1997w.
17oqtomberi,
1999w.
csrili 25.1-is gagrZeleba
1
2
3
10
konvencia gareuli cxovelebis
migrirebad saxeobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb
11
konvencia saxifaTo narCenebis
transsasazRvro gadazidvis da
ganTavsebis Sesaxeb
12
konvencia garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebuli informaciis
xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis
monawileobisa da am sferoSi
marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze
xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb (orhusis
konvencia)
4
5
boni, 1979 w.
1999w.
xelmowerilia
ori oqmi
(samidan)
bazeli, 1989w.
18 agvisto,
1999 w.
orhusi, dania
2000 w.
1998w.
14 ivnisi
aRniSnuli konvenciebis egidiT saqarTvelos samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis mier 1999 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebulia mTeli rigi
RonisZiebebi konvenciebis aRmasrulebeli organoebis sesiebis muSaobaSi monawileobis miRebis, qveynis SigniT samuSaoTa organizebis, Sesabamisi proeqtebis
Sesrulebis da sxva saxiT.
3. saerTaSoriso konvenciebi, romlebTanac mimdinareobs
mierTebis mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi
1999-2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi mimdinareobda mosamzadebeli
samuSaoebi 6 saerTaSoriso konvenciasTan misaerTeblad (cxrili 25.2).
cxrili 25.2
saerTaSoriso garemosdacviTi konvenciebi
#
dasaxeleba
miRebis
adgili da
TariRi
1
2
3
1
2
3
konvencia transasazRvro aspeqtSi
garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb
konvencia sawarmoo avariebis
transsazRvro zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb
konvencia transsazRvro mdinareebisa da
saerTaSoriso tbebis dacvisa da
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb
espuu, 1991w.
helsinki,
1992w.
helsinki,
1992w.
197
saqarTvelos mier
ratificirebis
(an mierTebis)
TariRi
ZalaSi Sesvlis
TariRi
saqarTvelosaTvis
4
5
1
4
5
6
2
evropis veluri bunebisa da bunebrivi
habitatebis dacvis konvencia
evropis landSaptis konvencia
gaeros konvencia mdgradi organuli
damabinZureblebis Sesaxeb.
3
4
5
berni, 1979w.
florencia,
2000w.
stokholmi,
2001
7.
konvencia winaswari SeTanxmebis
proveduris Sesaxeb. calkeuli saSiSi
qimiuri nivTierebebis da pesticidebis
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.
roterdami,
1998 w.
4 qveynebi, romlebTanac saqarTvelo mWidrod TanamSromlobs
garemosdacviT sferoSi, gatarebuli RonisZiebebi
saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSromlobis ganxorcielebis mizniT, garemos
dacvis sferoSi 1999 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos dadebuli aqvs 8 xelSekruleba,
romelTaganac 6 ZalaSia Sesuli:
1) memorandumi saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da uzbekeTis
respublikis mTavrobas Soris garemos dacvis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
04.09.95 ZalaSia xelmoweris dRidan.
2) memorandumi saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da ukrainis
respublikis mTavrobas Soris garemos dacvis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
kievi, 13.04.93 ZalaSia xelmoweris dRidan.
3) SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da yazaxeTis
respublikis mTavrobas Soris bunebis dacvis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
17.09.96 ZalaSia xelmoweris dRidan.
4) SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da azerbaijanis
respublikis mTavrobas Soris garemos dacvis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
18.02.97 ZalaSia 08.05.97.
5) SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da TurqeTis
respublikis mTavrobas Soris garemos dacvis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
14.07.97 ZalaSia 28.03.98.
6) SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da somxeTis
respublikis mTavrobas Soris garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. 03.06.97. ZalaSi Sevida 1997 wlis 9
seqtembers.
7) SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministrosa da TurqmeneTis garemoTi sargeblobisa da dacvis saministros
Soris garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis sferoSi TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb. 05.12.97. ar aris ZalaSi.
8) SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobasa da saberZneTis
respublikis mTavrobas Soris ganviTarebisa da garemos dacvis sferoSi
TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. 16.09.97. daamtkica saqarTvelos prezidentma 08.11.97.
ar aris ZalaSi.
198
am xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebidan aRsaniSnavia
TanamSromloba TurqeTis respublikasTan, mis mier mdinare Woroxis auzis
energetikuli resursebis aTvisebis proeqtTan dakavSirebuli garemosdacviTi
problemebis mogvarebis sferoSi. SemuSavda ramdenime ormxrivi dokumenti,
riTac dasabami mieca md. WoroxTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Semdgom
erTobliv kvlevas; daigegma garemoze zemoqmedebis Semcirebisa da maTi Tavidan
acilebis RonisZiebebi.
1999 wlis 22-27 marts daiwyo qarTveli da Turqi eqspertebis wina
wlis Sexvedrebis (ankara, Caqvi, baTumi) Sedegad dagegmili samuSaoebis
praqtikuli ganxorcielebis sawyisi etapi. aRniSnul samuSaoTa ZiriTadi
mizania, dadgindes kaSxlis mSeneblobisagan gamowveuli negatiuri zemoqmedebis
saxeobani da maTi masStabi; dagegmili iqna am zegavlenisagan gamowveuli
Sedegebis kompensirebis adekvaturi zomebi.
Seswavlil iqna samcxe-javaxeTis tbebis ekologiuri mdgomareoba da Sedga
proeqti gasatarebel RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb.
199
Tavi 26
samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi garemosdacviTi
problemebis gadaWrisa da ekologiuri usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi
1. qveynis grZelvadiani garemosdacviTi politikis
mecnieruli winamZRvrebi
saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxlis Sesabamisad qveynis nebismieri
moqalaqis uflebas warmoadgens cxovrobdes misi janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel
da usafrTxo garemoSi da amasTan erTad, sargeblobdes bunebrivi da
kulturuli garemos SesaZleblobebiT. aRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad saxelmwifo
valdebulia uzrunvelyos garemos dacva da bunebaTsargeblobis racionaluri
gamoyeneba, rac ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
da ekologiuri
moTxovnebis dakmayofilebiT. amave moTxovnaSi nagulisxmebia agreTve, momavali
Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswineba. am principebs eyrdnoba ara marto Cveni
qveynis garemosdacviTi politika, aramed msoflios yvela civilizebuli
qveynebis Sesabamisi politika garemosdacviT saqmianobaSi.
gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi da Semdgom wlebSic, xSir SemTxvevebSi,
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomika, mrewveloba da misi socialuri ganviTarebis
sxva sferoebi, ugulvebelyofdnen ekologiuri problemebis mniSvnelobas, ramac
me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis msoflio globaluri safrTxis
winaSe daayena. mxolod mecnierebis uSualo ZalisxmeviT, pirvel xanebSi maTi
hipoTezebis, xolo Semdeg, realuri gaangariSebisa da mtkicebulebebis
saSualebiT iqna danaxuli is saSiSroeba, rac SeiZleba momxdariyo garemos
dacvis problemebis ignorirebis Sedegad. swored aRniSnulis Semdeg
Camoyalibda mraval civilizebul qveyanaSi, garemosdacviTi politikis mcneba,
rasac win uZRoda garemos sxvadasxva komponentebis dacvis mizniT Catarebuli
samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi.
amJamad msoflios mraval qveyanaSi mecnieruli kvlevebis niadagze iqmneba
grZelvadiani garemosdacviTi politika, romelic moicavs bunebrivi da
kulturuli garemos dacvis SenarCunebisa da gamoyenebis aucilebel
moTxovnebsa da RonisZiebebs. grZelvadiani garemosdacviTi politikis
SemuSavebis, xolo Semdeg misi cxovrebaSi gatarebis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli
garemos calkeuli komponentebis dacva da SenarCuneba, gansakuTrebuli
funqciis
mqone
ekosistemebis,
bunebrivi
landSaftebis,
specialuri
daniSnulebis teritoriebis, aRkveTilebis, nakrZalebis da sxv. gadarCena da
aRdgena.
grZelvadiani garemosdacviTi politikis gansazRvris dros mxedvelobaSi
miiReba ama Tu im sakiTxis mniSvnelobis xarisxi garemos dacvis kuTxiT da
saerTod, qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnulidan
gamomdinare, xdeba prioritetis gamokveTa. prioriteti eniWeba garemos dacvis
globalur problemebs, romlebic ufro did geografiul masStabebs moicaven,
vidre regionalur an erovnul doneebze gadasawyveti sakiTxebi (Tumca
zogierT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis problemebis
200
CarTva
politikaSi,
gamomdinare
isev
misi
specifikisa
da
qveynis
garemosdacviTi problemebis sirTuleebisagan).
garemos dacvis globaluri problemebidan gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens iseTi sakiTxi, rogoricaa klimatis cvlileba anu klimatis
mdgomareobaze adamianis saqmianobis potenciuri zegavlenis problema. 1992
wels rio-de-JaneiroSi msoflios 155-ma qveyanam moawera xeli gaerTianebuli
erebis organizaciis CarCo-konvencias, romelic iTvaliswinebs konvenciis
monawile qveynebis mier saTburis efeqtis mqone nivTierebaTa emisiis Semcirebas
momaval aTwleulebSi. aRniSnul koncencias 1994 wels SeuerTda saqarTvelo.
Seiqmna klimatis cvlilebis problemaTa saxelmwifo komisia. miRebul iqna
gadawyvetileba klimatis cvlilebis erovnuli programis da samoqmedo gegmis
SemuSavebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnulis Sedegad Catarda saqarTveloSi saTburis
efeqtis mqone airebis gafrqvevaTa inventarizacia. dadgenilia qveynis 1 sul
mosaxleze saTburis efeqtis mqone airebis jamuri gafrqvevis raodenobebi da
sxva monacemebi.
klimatis cvlilebis erovnuli programis da samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis
procesSi gamoikveTa sainvesticio proeqtebis ganxorcielebis ramdenime
mimarTuleba, kerZod, Savi zRvis sanapiro zonis adaptacia klimatis
cvlilebebisadmi; ganaxlebadi energoresursebis (mzisa da qaris energiebi,
hidroenergia, geoTermuli wylebi) gamoyeneba eleqtroenergiis warmoebaSi da
sxva.
aseve mniSvnelovan problemas warmoadgens iseTi globaluri sakiTxi,
rogoricaa ozonis Sris daSla, rac ganapirobebs ultraiisferi gamosxivebis
ufro meti raodenobiT moxvedras dedamiwaze. aRniSnulma problemam SeiZleba
gamoiwvios mravali daavadebebi da florisa
da faunis ganadgureba. 1995
wels saqarTvelo SeuerTda ozonis Sris Sesaxeb dacvis konvencias (1985w.
vena) da monrealis oqms (1987w. monreali), romelic exeba ozondamSlel
nivTierebebs. am oqmis safuZvelze 2000 wlisaTvis SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
sxvadasxva
RonisZiebebi,
romelTa
Soris
aRsaniSnavia:
ozondamSlel
nivTierebaTa importis aRricxvisa da kontrolis swavleba, samacivro dargis
teqnikosTa gadamzadeba, macivaragregatebis Segrovebisa da gasufTavebis
programis ganxorcieleba da sxva.
globalur problemas warmoadgens agreTve, biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis programac. rogorc cnobilia, planetis biologiuri resursebi katastrofulad mcirdeba. msoflios yvela qveyana valdebulia daicvas Tavis
teritoriaze florisa da faunis saxeobebi. am TvalsazrisiT Cveni qveyana erTerTi mniSvnelovani regionia. mas floris, faunis, landSaftebis da
ekosistemebis iSviaTi mravalferovneba axasiaTebs. aq xarobs 5000-mde saxeobis
veluri da gavelurebuli farul da SiSvelTeslovanni da 8000-ze meti
sporovani mcenare. aseve mravalferovania cxovelTa samyaro (ZuZumwovrebis
100-mde, frinvelTa 300-ze meti, Tevzebis 160-mde, qvewarmavlebis 50-mde da
sxva saxeobebi).
1994 wels saqarTvelo SeuerTda konvencias “biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb” (1992w. rio-de-Janeiro), 1996 wels konvenciebs _ “saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani, gansakuTrebiT wylis frinvelTa sabinadrod
vargisi teritoriebis Sesaxeb” (ramsari, 1971w.) da “gadaSenebis piras myofi
veluri fauniTa da floriT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb” (vaSingtoni,
201
1973w.), ramac Seqmna biomravalferovnebis dacvis sferoSi TanamSromlobis
gafarToebis safuZveli. aRniSnulis magaliTs warmoadgens saangariSo periodSi
germaniis finansuri daxmarebiT daarsebuli borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli
parkis amoqmedeba.
mniSvnelovan grZelvadian programas warmoadgens agreTve, Savi zRvis
integrirebuli
marTvis
proeqti,
romelic
xorcieldeba
globaluri
garemosdacviTi fondisa da msoflio bankis finansuri mxardaWeriT.
saqarTveloSi biomravalferovnebis SesanarCuneblad mTavar mimarTulebas
daculi teritoriebis ganviTareba warmoadgens, Tumca Cvens garemosdacviT
politikaSi bolo dros gamoikveTa sxva prioritetuli mimarTulebebic
(konservacia, veluri bunebis genofondis Seqmna, aRwarmoeba da sxva),
romlebsac aranaklebi mniSvneloba gaaCniaT.
2. mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis ZiriTadi socialur-politikuri,
organizaciuli, finansur-sameurneo da meTodologiuri principebi,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen qveynis ekologiur usafrTxoebas,
regionalur da erovnul doneebze
mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefcia faqtobrivad axali XXI saukunis Teorias
warmoadgens, romlis mizani msoflios sazogadoebis harmoniuli ekonomikurekologiuri marTvis procesis mogvareba da warmarTvaa. dResdReobiT
msoflioSi industriis giganturi zrdis Sedegad garemoSi arsebulma
ekologiurma wonasworobam rRveva daiwyo. sicocxlis uzrunvelmyofeli
nebismieri
bunebrivi
komponenti
degradacias
ganicdis.
adamianisaTvis
prioritetul mimarTulebas usaTuod garemosdacviTi interesebi warmoadgens.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare igi sul ufro rwmundeba imaSi, rom dResdReobiT
aucilebelia mecnierulad gaazrebuli specialuri RonisZiebebis garemosdacviTi politikis SemuSaveba da misi cxovrebaSi gatareba.
Tanamedrove mecnierebam SeimuSava aseTi dokumenti. es aris “mdgradi
ganviTarebis koncefcia”, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis iseTi sistema, romelic
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da garemos dacvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT
uzrunvelyofs adamianis cxovrebis donis xarisxis zrdas da momavali Taobis
uflebas
_
isargeblon
Seuqcevadi
raodenobrivi
da
xarisxobrivi
cvlilebebisagan maqsimalurad daculi bunebrivi resursebiT da garemoTi.
rogorc cnobilia, mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis saSualebiT unda
ganxorcieldes adamianis saqmianobis im mimarTebiT warmarTva, romelic
uaryofiTad ar imoqmedebs bunebrivi garemos komponentebze da maT pirobebze
kerZod, atmosferoze, niadagze, wylis xarisxze, klimatze, faunaze, floraze
da a.S. ekonomikis yvela dargi metnaklebad damokidebulia bunebrivi
resursebis gamoyenebaze. Tumca, aRniSnuli qmedeba moiTxovs procesis garkveul
CarCoSi Casmas da bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis damkvidrebas.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebis miReba, ramac
kacobrioba globalur katastrofamde SeiZleba miiyvanos. ase magaliTad, gasul
saukuneSi
wiaRiseuli
sawvavis
kolosaluri
raodenobiT
moxmarebam
atmosferoSi, naxSirJangis koncentraciis mniSvnelovani zrda gamoiwvia, rasac
202
uciloblad moyveba klimatis mniSvnelovani cvlileba daTbobis saxiT. igi
gamoiwvevs bunebrivi resursebis geografiuli ganawilebis garkveul cvlilebas
da masTan dakavSirebul saTanado Zvrebs msoflio ekonomikasa da demografiaSi.
ekonomikis erT-erTi upirvelesi berketi da misi safuZveli energetika,
qveynis mdidari energoresursebis gamoyenebiT, mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli
wylis resursebis cvalebadobaze. Tu klimatis mosalodneli daTboba
gamoiwvevs Cvens teritoriaze arsebuli myinvarebis
degradaciis procesis
daCqarebas, aman SeiZleba gazardos kavkasionis samxreT ferdobebidan
mdinareebis wylis resursebi, magram SemdgomSi gamoiwvios maTi mniSvnelovani
Semcireba. aramyinvaruli kvebis mqone mdinareebisaTvis amocana uSualodaa
dakavSirebuli atmosferuli naleqebisa da haeris sinotivis reJimis
mosalodneli cvlilebasTan, romelic haeris temperaturis cvlilebiT iqneba
ganpirobebuli.
garemos calkeuli komponentebis da maTi pirobebis (haeris temperatura,
naleqebisa da wylis resursebi da a.S) cvlilebam aranaklebi reaqcia SeiZleba
gamoiwvios qveynis ekonomikis iseT mniSvnelovan sferoSi, rogoricaa soflis
meurneoba.
wamyvani
sasoflo-sameurneo
kulturebis
arealis
Secvla,
savegetacio periodisa da mosavlianobis cvlileba, axali jiSebis danergvis
aucilebloba, mecxoveleobis struqturaSi saTanado koreqtivebis Setana da
a.S.,
agreTve,
gadamamuSavebeli
mrewvelobis
Sesabamisi
cvlilebebis
ganxorcieleba, Rrma gaanalizebas moiTxovs ukve amJamad, raTa momzadebuli
SevxvdeT im sirTuleebs, romlebic klimatis TandaTanobiTi cvlilebebiT
iqneba gamowveuli.
aranakleb mniSvnelovani problemebi SeiZleba wamoiWras, bunebrivi
ekosistemebis da zRvis sanapiro zonis marTvis sferoSic. Jenevis
samTavrobaTaSoriso eqspertTa sabWos (IPCC) 1990 wlis SefasebiT ekosistemebis umetesobisaTvis 0,1°C/aTwleuli warmoadgens Semgueblobis SesaZlo
zRvars. temperaturis 1°C-iT momateba eqvivalenturi iqneba geografiuli
ganedis gadaadgilebiT CrdiloeTisaken 500km-iT. daaxloebiT 0,2°C-iT
temperaturis
mateba aTwleulSi gautoldeba weliwadSi 10km-iT ganedis
Secvlas. bevr saxeobas gauWirdeba klimatis cvlilebis aseT tempebTan Segueba.
saqarTvelos mTiani reliefis pirobebSi, sadac bunebrivi ekosistemebis
vertikaluri zonaloba metad mkveTradaa gamoxatuli, aRniSnuli movlena
gansakuTrebul midgomas moiTxovs.
ganaxlebadi
energoresursebis
mdidari
potencialis
wyalobiT,
saqarTvelos
gaaCnia
kargi
pirobebi
isargeblos
aRniSnul sferoSi
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis im sistemiT, romelsac ewodeba “erToblivi
ganxorcielebis” politika. kerZod, qaris, mzis, geoTermuli wylebisa da
hidroenergoresursebis,
agreTve
biomasis
adgiloblivi
energetikuli
resursebis gamosayeneblad (am sistemis farglebSi) SesaZlebelia konkretuli
proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad ganviTarebuli qveynebidan finansuri da
teqnikuri
daxmarebis
miReba.
ZiriTadi
moTxovna,
romelsac
unda
akmayofilebdes gansaxorcielebeli proeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom samuSaoebis
Sesrulebis Sedegad unda Semcirdes Cveni qveynis teritoriidan saTburi
gazebis (ZiriTadad CO2) emisia atmosferoSi. CarCo konvenciis Tanaxmad,
emisiis Semcireba dadebiTi faqtori iqneba, rogorc proeqtis xelSemwyob
203
(damfinansebel) ganviTarebul qveynisaTvis, ise proeqtis Semsrulebel
ganviTarebad mxarisTvisac. amrigad, “erToblivi ganxorcielebis” politikis
gatarebis Sedegad miiRweva ganviTarebadi qveynis ekonomikis potencialis zrda
da garemos erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentis _ atmosferuli haeris dacva
saTburi gazebiT dabinZurebisagan. swored aseT ZiriTad princips eyrdnoba
mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefcia, romlis mixedviTac ekonomikis (mrewvelobis)
ganviTareba unda moxdes garemos dacvis problemebis gadawyvetis paralelurad.
amrigad, “erToblivi ganxorcielebis” meqanizmi warmoadgens saTburi gazebis
emisiis Sesamcireblad gamiznul saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis erT-erT
formas, romelSic mWidrodaa gadaxlarTuli qveynebs Soris saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri da politikuri TanamSromlobis aspeqtebi da rac mTavaria,
gamomdinare mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciidan, aRniSnul fonze, garemos
dacvis problemis paralelurad gadawyveta (Cvens SemTxvevaSi klimatis
cvlilebis CarCo konvenciis Sesruleba).
aRniSnulis Sedegad Camoyalibda axali tipis strategia, romlis drosac
mogebuli rCeba samive mxare _ maspinZeli qveyana, investori da garemo, romlis
dacvac aRniSnuli strategiis ZiriTad nawils warmoadgens.
amasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia qveynis politikosebma, mewarmeebma,
biznesmenebma, specialistebma gaiTavison zemoT aRniSnuli strategiis
mniSvneloba da misi Sedegebi, rom igi ekonomikis ganviTarebis da garemos
dacvis axleburad gaazrebul mZlavr mimarTulebas warmoadgens. axali
strategiis meSveobiT qveynis ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli samrewvelo Tu
sasoflo-sameurneo politika sul ufro daefuZneba garemos dacvis ZiriTad
principebs, rac mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis ZiriTad ideas warmoadgens. es
ki uzrunvelyofs qveynis ekologiur usafrTxoebas, rogorc regionalur, ise
erovnul doneze.
3. damtkicebuli miznobrivi mecnierul-teqnikuri programebi,
s/k samuSaoebis Sedegebi, romlebic mimarTuli arian ekologiuri
wonasworobis SesanarCuneblad da konkretuli garemosdacviTi
problemebis gadasaWrelad
1999 wels, mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo mecnierebaTa akademiis egidiT,
ganzraxuli iyo oTxi miznobrivi samecniero-teqnikuri programis dafinanseba
da Sesabamisi samuSaoebis warmarTva. mTlianad aRniSnuli programebis
SemuSavebaSi monawileoba unda mieRoT akademiis 9 samecniero dawesebulebas
(institutebi, samecniero centri).
miznobriv programaze “mcenareTa integrirebuli dacva mavne organizmebisagan” CarTuli iyo mcenareTa dacvis, Cais da subtropikul kulturaTa,
miwaTmoqmedebis, sasoflo-sameurneo radiologiis da agroekologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutebi, agreTve biologiuri brZolis meTodebis samecniero
centri. proeqtis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis
mavne organizmebisagan dacvis integrirebuli brZolis RonisZiebaTa sistemis
204
SemuSaveba
da
srulyofa
biologiurad
sufTa
produqtebis
miRebis
uzrunvelsayofad.
miznobrivi programis _ “maRalxarisxovani, vitaminizebuli bavSvTa kvebis
produqtebis Senaxvis vadebis gaxangrZlivebisa da kvebiTi xarisxis
SenarCunebis uzrunvelsayofad Tanamedrove teqnologiuri
reJimebisa da
recefcebis Seqmna bioteqnologiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT” SemuSavebas
axorcielebdnen kvebis mrewvelobis ski da Cais, subtropikul kulturaTa da
Cais mrewvelobis ski. programis ZiriTad mizans Seadgenda kompleqsuri
kvlevebis Catareba bavSvTa kvebis produqtebis Sesaqmnelad adgilobrivi
introducirebuli mcenareuli nedleulis gamoyenebis safuZvelze.
miznobrivi programis _ “saxnav miwebze da bunebriv savargulebze
mecxoveleobis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro srulfasovani sakvebis warmoebis
ekologiurad usafrTxo da ekonomikurad gamarTlebuli normebisa da wesebis
dadgena da srulyofa” SemuSavebaze ganpirovnebuli iyo ori samecniero
organizacia: mecxoveleobasa da sakvebwarmoebis ski da mefutkreobis
instituti.
programis
mizans
warmoadgenda
sakvebi
kulturebisaTvis
gankuTvnili qimiuri saSualebebis ekologiurad usafrTxo da ekonomikurad
gamarTlebuli normebis da wesebis dadgena, bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebis
zedapiruli gaumjobesebis ekologiurad usafrTxo avroteqnikuri xerxebis
damuSaveba.
meoTxe programa _ “Savi zRvis auzis resursebis aTviseba da regionis
mdgradi ganviTareba”, romelic soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva sferoSi
arsebuli problemebis Seswavlis da masTan dakavSirebuli garemos dacvis,
rogorc globaluri, ise konkretuli adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis amocanebis
gadawyvetas isaxavda miznad. programis SemuSavebaSi, TavianTi specifikis
gaTvaliswinebiT, monawileoba unda mieRoT niadagmcodneobis, miwaTmoqmedebis,
sasoflo sameurneo radiologiisa da agroekologiis samecniero-kvleviT
institutebs. programis SemuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli saorientacio Sedegebi
sxvadasxva teqnologiebis, teqnikuri saSualebebis Tu axali xerxebis Seqmnas
iTvaliswinebda, rac regionis mdgradi ganviTarebis SesaZlo safuZveli
SeiZleba yofiliyo.
2000 wlisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan arcerTi miznobrivi samecniero
programa, romelic garemosdacviTi problemebis gadaWris sakiTxebTan iyo
dakavSirebuli, ar dafinansebula.
1999-2000 wlebSi garemos dacvis sferoSi samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi xorcieldeboda mxolod garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministros garemos dacvis institutSi. samuSaoebi finansirdeboda saxelmwifo biujetidan (samecniero Tematikaze momuSave TanamSromlebze xelfasis
gacemiT).
aRniSnul
wlebSi
institutis
calkeuli
ganyofilebebisa
da
laboratoriebis mier Sesrulebuli iqna 14 samuSao, maT Soris unda aRiniSnos
Semdegi samuSaoebi:
1. “standartizaciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis garemos dacvis marTvis
sistemis standartis iso 14050 “garemosdacviTi menejmenti. leqsikoni”-s
saqarTvelos standartizaciis sistemaSi Semoyvana”.
samuSaos mizans warmoadgenda saqarTvelos standartizaciis saxelmwifo
sistemaSi iso-s 14000 seriis standartebis pirveli standartis SemoReba da
205
moqmedebaSi Seyvana. standartis teqstis Targmnis, agreTve, Targmnis dedanTan
Sesabamisobis (verifikaciis) procesis ganxorcielebis, misTvis saqarTvelos
standartizaciis saTao standartebis moTxovnebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sesabamisi
formis micemis da sxva procedurebis Sesrulebis Semdeg proeqtis saboloo
redaqcia Tanmxlebi dokumentaciiT gadaeca saqstandartis Sesabamis samsaxurs
misi eqspertizis da sauwyebaTaSoriso sabWoze ganxilvisa da damtkicebis
mizniT.
2. “q. Tbilisis sayofacxovrebo narCenebis Segrovebis mdgomareobis
Sefaseba da maTi utilizaciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis gansazRvra”.
samuSaos mizans warmoadgenda q. Tbilisis sayofacxovrebo narCenebis Segrovebis Sefaseba da Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT saTanado RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba. Temis Sesrulebis periodSi Seswavlili iqna qalaqis 3
nagavsayrelze (gldanis, lilos da iaRlujis) arsebuli mdgomareoba. dadginda, rom isini ar akmayofileben garemosdacviTi normativebisa da wesebis moTxovnebs. Sesabamisi analizis safuZvelze SemuSavda RonisZiebebi, romelTa
danergvac xels Seuwyobs nagavsayrelebis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas.
3. “Savi zRvis zuTxisnairTa Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Seswavla da maTi
Semdgomi aRwarmoebis gaumjobesebis mizniT rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba”.
kvlevis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT
nawilSi da mdinare rionSi gavrcelebuli sarewao Tevzebis gadarCena, maTi
sarewao donemde miyvana, ekologiuri da ekonomikuri efeqtis miReba, mecnieruli siaxleebis saSualebiT Teoriuli da praqtikuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba.
1999 wels dagegmili iyo zuTxisnairTa Tanamedrove mdgomareobis
Seswavla. samuSaoebi ZiriTadaT Catarda geguTis centrSi, sadac ganxorcielda
eqsperimenti kolxuri zuTxis STamomavlobis miRebis mizniT. daWerili
mdedrisagan miRebul iqna 4,5kg momwifebuli qviriTi. misi ganayofierebis Sedegad ki – 117000 lifsita. gamozrdili lifsitebi ori Tvis Semdeg gaSvebuli iqna md. rionSi.
aRniSnul Temaze samuSaoebi grZeldeboda 2000 welsac.
4. am mizniT saxelmwifo biujetidan gamoyofili da
arasabiujeto saxsrebis aTvisebis mdgomareoba
sasoflo-sameurneo mecnierebaTa akademiis egidiT gansaxorcielebeli
zemoT miTiTebuli calkeuli programebis mixedviTYsaxelmwifo biujetidan
gamoyofili iyo Semdegi saxsrebi: pirvel programaze _ 56.475lari, meore
programaze _ 42620 lari, mesameze _ 14613 lari, xolo bolo kompleqsur
programaze _ 254957 lari. sul oTxive programaze _ 368665 lari.
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ukve 1998 wlis meore naxevarSi biujetidan
dafinanseba Seuwyda yvela miznobriv samecniero-teqnikur programebs, Sesabamisad Sewyda samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebi oTxive programaze.
2000 wlisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetidan ar yofila gamoyofili Tanxebi
garemosdacviTi programebis ganxorcielebis mizniT.
206
Tavi 27
garemosdacviTi ganaTleba da
informaciul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba
1. garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis sferoSi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, erovnuli
da saerTaSoriso programebi, ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi
qveyanaSi garemosdacviTi politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba
sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebaa, vinaidan sazogadoebis monawileobis gareSe
garemosdacviTi problemebis gadaWra did sirTules warmoadgens, xolo
nebismieri cnobierebis amaRleba SeuZlebelia Sesabamisi ganaTlebis gareSe.
amitom
dRis
wesrigSi
dadga
garemosdacviTi
ganaTlebis
danergvis
aucilebloba. kerZod, codnis etapobrivi miRebis sistemidan uwyvet sistemaze
gadasvla. am mizniT, prezidentis 1998 wlis 11 ivlisis #888 gankargulebis
safuZvelze saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis,
Sromis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da janmrTelobis dacvis saministroebs
daevalaT “mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis saxelmwifo programis
SemuSaveba”.
prezidentis davalebis Sesasruleblad Seiqmna saxelmwifo komisia,
romlis Tavmjdomarea garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis ministri q-n
nino CxobaZe.
saministro aqtiurad exmareba muSaobaSi skolebsa da ekoklubebs
(konsultaciebi, leqtorebi, seminarebisa da konferenciebis organizeba da a.S.).
garemosdacviT sferoSi momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebs.
es aris arasruli CamonaTvali im qmedebebisa, rasac saqarTvelos garemosa
da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro dReisaTvis axorcielebs sazogadoebis informirebis TvalsazrisiT. Tumca aRniSnuli sakmarisi ar aris.
2. garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis mdgomareoba ganaTlebis
saministros sistemaSi
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros sazogadoebasTan
urTierTobisa da garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis sammarTvelos mier Seswavlil
iqna qveyanaSi garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis kuTxiT arsebuli mdgomareoba.
miRebuli informaciidan gairkva, rom mTeli regionebis, rogorebicaa – kaxeTi,
samcxe-javaxeTi,
Sida
qarTli,
guria,
svaneTi,
raWa-leCxumi
–
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi garemosdacviTi ganaTleba rogorc aseTi, ar
arsebobs. sxva regionebSi swavleba mimdinareobs ZiriTadad ganaTlebis
saministros mier damtkicebuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT, sadac garemosdacviTi
ganaTlebis elementebi aradamakmayofileblad aris warmodgenili. skolamdeli
207
aRzrdis
dawesebulebebis
programebSi
ar
aris
gaTvaliswinebuli
garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis martivi elementebic ki. amiT TavisTavad irRveva
garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi principi – uwyvetoba.
SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareobaa Tbilissa da quTaisSi. arsebobs ramdenime
skola, sadac garemosdacviT ganaTlebas met yuradRebas uTmoben. esenia: q.
Tbilisis #151 skola, me-2 qarTuli gimnazia, me-4, me-5 gimnazia, skola
“balavari”, #66 qarTuli saswavlebeli, #18, 22, 47, 51, 53, 62, 104, 119,
130, 143, 159, 167, 170, 174, 184 skolebi, me-10 saswavlo kompleqsi; calke
sagnad ekologia mxolod qalaqis me-8 gimnaziaSi iswavleba, ruseTis
federaciis gamocemuli programis mixedviT. xolo 123-e skola-liceumSi
moqmedebs ekologiuri klasebi, sadac swavleba mimdinareobs interaqtiuri
meTodiT. aq mTlianad, saswavlo procesi ekologizirebulia.
q. quTaisSi moqmedebs me-13, me-17 da me-19 baga-baRebi, sadac bavSvebis
asakis mixedviT Sedgenilia saTanado programebi, moqmedebs “mwvane kuTxeebi”.
zemoxsenebuli skolebidan aRniSvnas imsaxurebs q. quTaisis sabunebismetyvelo liceumi, sadac calke sagnad isawvleba “ekologiis safuZvlebi”.
liceumSi funqcionirebs agreTve, ekologiuri aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis
kabineti. gamoica quTaisis sabunebismetyvelo liceumis liceistTa Sromis
krebuli.
quTaisis me-4 zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi pirvel-mexuTe klasebSi
iswavleba sagani “buneba”. moswavleTa ekologiuri aRzrdis mizniT skolaSi
muSaobs arasamTavrobo organizacia imereTis mxaris mecnierTa kavSiri
“speqtri”.
aseve aRsaniSnavia mcxeTis raionis sof. werovanSi moqmedi miwaTmoqmedebis
samecniero-kvleviT institutTan arsebuli biologiur-ekologiuri profilis
mqone saSualo skola, sadac ekologia iswavleba rogorc calke disciplina.
rac Seexeba samegrelos regions, aq SedarebiT mowesrigebulia swavleba
skolamdeli aRzrdis dawesebulebebSi. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi ki
mdgomareoba aradamakmayofilebelia.
saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi specialistTa momzadebis procesSi
aqtiur minawileobas iRebs garemosdacviTi profilis disciplinebis specialuri kaTedrebi. aseTi kaTedrebi arsebobs dedaqalaqisa da regionebis umetes
saswavleblebSi.
garda aRniSnulisa, rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve arasaxelmwifo saero
saswavleblebSi xdeba specialistTa momzadeba garemosdacviTi, ekologiuri
samsaxuris profiliT.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, swavlebis aradamakmayofilebeli mdgomareobis
gamo, moiTxovs arasaxelmwifo saero umaRlesi saswavleblebi. saWiroa
programebis srulyofa da Sesabamisi literaturiT maTi uzrunvelyofa. am
sakiTxis mogvarebaSi Tavisi sityva unda Tqvas ganaTlebis saministrom garemosa
da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministrosTan erTad.
208
warmodgenili masalidan cxadia, rom garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis mdgomareoba qveyanaSi mimdinareobs spontanurad, xSirad piradi enTuziazmis xarjze
(ZiriTadad skolebSi), rac aradamakmayofilebelia. unda Camoyalibdes garemosdacviTi swavlebis erTiani uwyveti sistema, aseve mosagvarebelia saxelmZRvaneloebis sakiTxic, gamomdinare im faqtidan, rom swavlebis arcerTi
safexurisaTvis saxelmZRvaneloebi faqtobrivad ar arsebobs. amitom xazgasmiT
unda aRiniSnos, rom dRis wesrigSi dadga ganaTlebis, rogorc sistemis
Secvlis aucilebloba. saWiro gaxda ara iseTi sistema, romelic
uzrunvelyofs codnis etapobriv miRebas, aramed iseTi principebis SemuSaveba,
romlebic myar da zneobriv safuZvels Seuqmnian nebismieri codnis aTvisebas da
miscemen adamianebs swori gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saSualebas. ganaTlebis am
axal sistemas SeiZleba zogadad ekologiuri ganaTleba vuwodoT, romelic
aucileblad unda eyrdnobodes bunebis adgilobriv Taviseburebasa da aqedan
gamomdinare, adgilobriv garemosdacviT realobas.
saangariSo periodis garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis da informaciulsaganmanaTleblo saqmianobis analizis Sedegad ZiriTadad prioritetul
mimarTulebebs warmoadgens:
1. garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis programis SemuSaveba,
maT Soris araqarTulenovani skolebisaTvis;
2. garemosdacviT sakiTxebze momuSave JurnalistebisaTvis kvalifikaciis
amaRlebis kursebis mowyoba;
3. saxelmZRvaneloebis momzadeba garemosdacviTi disciplinebis swavlebisaTvis dawyebiT da saSualo (maT Soris araqarTulenovan) skolebsa da umaRles
saswavleblebSi.
3. garemos dacvis sferoSi informaciul-saganmanaTleblo
saqmianoba da am mizniT saxelmwifo biujetidan gamoyofili
da aTvisebuli Tanxebi
garemosdacviTi saqmianobis informaciuli uzrunvelyofa
1998w. (dania, q. ophusi) saqarTvelom xeli moawera konvencias “garemosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da marTlmsajulebasTan daSvebis
Sesaxeb” e.w. `orhusis konvencia~.
konvenciis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebis informaciuli
uzrunvelyofa upirveles yovlisa gulisxmobs - mosaxleobis sando da
drouli informaciiT uzrunvelyofas, sazogadoebis CarTvas gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi da saministros saqmianobis gaSuqebas, rac Seqmnis
mosaxleobis mier saministros saqmianobis obieqturi Sefasebis safuZvels.
209
saangariSo periodSi saministros iniciativiT Catarda 22 Sexvedra
arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan
(e.w. `SabaTis Sexvedrebi~) kavkasiis regionaluri ekologiuri centris, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis proeqtis,
sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTvis proeqtis, saxelmwifo kontrolisa da
monitoringis sistemis (garemos dacvis sferoSi), orhusis konvenciis, satyeo
kodeqsis, navTobis daRvris, `samonadireo meurneobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis, `genuri
injineriis Sesaxeb~ kanonis, genofondis dacvis, yulevis terminalisa da
daculi teritoriebis proeqtebis da sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb,
SemsruleblebTan da sazogadoebis farTo fenebTan.
saministrosTan Seqmnilia e.w. sadiskusio klubi, romelzedac sxvadsxva
uwyebis, mecnierebis, sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad xdeba mravali
saintereso da mniSvnelovani garemosdacviTi sakiTxis ganxilva. saangariSo
periodSi Catarebulia sadiskusio klubis 8 Sexvedra. garda aRniSnulisa,
saministroSi regularulad tardeba preskonferenciebi. saministros xelmZRvanelobasa da wamyvan specialistebTan Catarebulia 22 preskonferencia.
gansakuTrebiT didi muSaoba gaswia sazogadoebasTan urTierTobisa da
garemosdacviTi ganaTlebis sammarTvelom, saqarTvelos teritoriaze yofili
sabWoTa armiis mier datovebuli radiaciuli da qimiuri narCenebis moZiebisa
da likvidaciis samuSaoebis gaSuqebisTvis, sazogadoebas regularulad
miewodeboda informacia pres-konferenciebis, pres-relizebis, interviuebis da
video masalebis saxiT (yvela likvidacia sammarTvelos pres-centris mier iqna
gadaRebuli). didi daxmareba gaswia mas-mediam radiaciuli da qimiurad saSiSi
nivTierebebis niSnebis reklamirebiT (anazRaurebis gareSe).
“ozondamSleli nivTierebebis xmarebidan amoRebis erovnuli programis”
farglebSi ganxorcielda satelevizio sabavSvo gadacema “televiziisaTvis”,
bavSvTa naxatebis saSualebiT gakeTda ori multiplikaciuri filmi –
“uzarmazari... (ca), anu Canaxatebi mocemul Temaze, “ozonis Sre!” da
“Semodgoma anu lomi Semodgomaze da Semodgomis avtobusi”. “saqarTveloSi
monrealis
oqmis
ganxorcielebisaTvis
institucionaluri
gaZlierebis
proeqtis” farglebSi gakeTda sareklamo rgoli “memacivreTa asociacia”,
ozondamSleli nivTierebebis xmarebidan amoRebis erovnuli programis
farglebSi gakeTda SemecnebiTi filmebi, romlebic araerTxel iqna naCvenebi
saqarTvelos televiziis 1-li arxiT gadacema “wonasworobiT”.
saministroSi, saerTaSoriso organizacia “TACIS”-is daxmarebiT, Seqmnilia sabavSvo garemosdacviTi filmebis videoTeka, romlebic saministros
regionaluri struqturebis saSualebiT demonstrirebuli iqna regionebSi.
garda amisa, saministros gaaCnia sakuTari ZalebiT Seqmnili videoTeka,
romelsac regularulad iyeneben sxvadasxva satelevizio gadacemebSi.
yoveldRiur samuSaos warmoadgens “moqalaqeTa fosta”. moqalaqeebidan
Semosuli werilebi, romlebic sakiTxebis farTo speqtrs moicavs (saCivrebi,
Txovnebi, daxmarebis aRmoCena, ganmartebebi da a.S.), yuradRebiT ganixileba da
210
SesaZleblobis farglebSi xdeba daxmarebis gaweva.
saministrom, “msoflio veluri bunebis dacvis fondTan” (WWF) erTad,
JurnalistebisaTvis ori gasvliTi seminari Caatara (yazbegi, bakuriani)
borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkis daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT. samwuxarod,
JurnalistTa wayvana mivlinebebSi (rac informaciis saimedobisa da
obieqturobisaTvis Zalzed efeqturia) saxsrebis uqonlobis gamo, xSirad ver
xerxdeba.
saministrom, gaeros ganviTarebis programasTan (UNDP) da gaerTianebuli
erebis proeqtTa momsaxurebis ofisTan (UNOPS) erTad Caatara ori samuSao
Sexvedra
`saqarTveloSi
tyviaSemcveli
benzinis
xmarebidan
amoRebis
SesaZleblobebis Seswavlis~ Sesaxeb.
saministros TanamSromlebis informirebis mizniT Catarda seminari
`globaluri garemosdacviTi fondi (GEF) da misi proeqtebis cikli.~
gaeros gaudabnoebasTan brZolis konvenciis farglebSi, saministrom
gvalvisagan
dazaralebul
regionebSi,
mosaxleobis
sainformacio
uzrunvelyofis mizniT moawyo infobusiT mogzauroba.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
garemosa
da
bunebrivi
resursebis
dacvis
saministrosTan arsebuli yvela uwyebaTaSoriso saeqsperto-salicenzio sabWos
sxdomebi
Riaa
sazogadoebisTvis.
sabWos
SemadgenlobaSi
Seyvanilia
arasamTavrobo organizaciis gamocdili specialisti, romelsac ufleba aqvs
monawileoba miiRos sakiTxis gadasawyvetad gamarTul kenWisyraSi.
211
Tavi 28
garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
1. garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan TanamSromloba
saministrosTan
TanamSromlobs
ormocdaaTamde
garemosdacviTi
arasamTavrobo organizacia. ukve tradiciad iqca arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan SabaTis Sexvedrebi. am Sexvedrebis mTavari mizania informaciis gacvla
samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo struqturebs Soris. yovel Sexvedraze Tanxmdeba
momavali Sexvedrebis Tema da maTi survilis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba
momxseneblis SerCeva. amasTanave xorcieldeba saministros TanamSromlebisaTvis
saintereso sakiTxebze informaciis mowodeba arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
mxridan. es Sexvedrebi Zalian popularulobiT sargeblobs JurnalistebSi,
romlebic am Sexvedrebis xSiri stumrebi arian.
garda aRniSnulisa, garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministroSi, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi monawileobas
Rebuloben
garemosdacviTi
problemebis
ganxilvis
dros
sxvadasxva
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, saeqsperto–salicenzio uwyebaTSoriso
sabWoebis muSaobaSi (wiaRiT sargeblobis licenzirebis, zedapiruli wylis
obieqtebiT sargeblobis, mcenareuli resursebiT sargeblobis da cxovelTa
samyaros obieqtebiT sargeblobis) xmis uflebiT, amasTanave garkveuli
profesionaluri profilis mqone arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, saministros
dakveTiT, monawileoben saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis da sxvadasxva
investorebis mier dafinansebul programebSi da proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi.
garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministrosTan arsebuli yvela
uwyebaTSorisi saeqsperto-salicenzio sabWos sxdomebi Riaa sazogadoebisaTvis.
TiToeuli sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis Sesabamisi kompetenciis mqone
arasamTavrobo organizaciis gamocdili warmomadgeneli.
2. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier garemosdacviT sferoSi
Sesasrulebeli samuSaoebi
1999-2000 wlebSi samuSaoebSi monawileobas Rebulobda qveynis 8
regionis (maT Soris aWaris) 20-mde arasamTavrobo organizacia.
aRniSnuli samuSaoebis ganxorcielebas xels uwyobda sxvadasxva
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis Zalisxmeva; kerZod, msoflio bankis, WWF-s,
TACIS-is da a.S. Sesrulebul samuSaoebSi monawileoba mimdinareobda
sxvadasxva saxiT: SeniSvnebisa da winadadebebis momzadeba proeqtebze, samoqmedo
gegmis ganxilva, ekologiuri pasportizaciis ganxorcieleba, ekomuzeumis
Camoyalibeba, ekogazeTis gamocema, satelevizio gadacemis momzadeba, internetSi
ekologiuri informaciis Seyvana, samecniero seminarebsa da konferenciebSi
monawileoba, konkursebis mowyoba da a.S.
212
qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi 28.1 mocemulia arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
samuSaoebSi monawileobis Sesaxeb amsaxveli informacia.
cxrili 28.1
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier 1999 wels
Catarebuli samuSaoebi
#
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis
sruli dasaxeleba
(adgilmdebareoba)
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
mier garemosdacviT sferoSi
Sesrulebuli samuSao an
ganxorcielebuli proeqti
1
2
3
garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis
(proeqtebi) ganxilvaSi
organizaciebis da sazogadoebis
monawileoba (ra saxiT
monawileobda)
4
aWaris saministro
1
Savi zRvis
ekoakademia
1. “SevamciroT sayofacxovrebo narCenebi” (Tacis-is
garemosadacviTi cnobierebis programa)
2. “sufTa zRva, sufTa sanapi
ro, sufTa qalaqi” (Tacisis Savi zRvis programa)
mimdinare proeqtebi
1. “baTumi TeTri qalaqi”
2. sufTa qalaqi _ jansaRi
garemo (“horizonti”)
31 oqtombers moewyo Savi
zRvis erovnuli samoqmedo
gegmis ganxilva, romelSic
monawileobda NGO, LGO
adgilobrivi mTavroba da
masmediis warmomadgenlebi,
momzadda SeniSvnebi da
komentarebi
guriis regionaluri sammarTvelo
1
2
3
4
“guriis mTebi”
turistul-alpinisturi sazogadoeba
q. ozurgeTi
anaseulis sainiciativo jgufi.
ozurgeTi, anaseuli
ozurgeTi, makvaneTi,
gogieTis
sainiciativo jgufi
ozurgeTi, WanieTis
sainiciativo jgufi
proeqti “bunebis megobari”
ozurgeTi, sof. askanis
ekologiuri pasportizacia
saSualo skolis moswavleebTan
da maswavleblebTan erTad.
“ekologiurad jansaRi
dabis teritoriaze
garemo” _ sulieri
nagavsayrelis mowyobaSi
moTxovnileba
mosaxleobis monawileoba
“ekomuzeumi bunebis saxli”
sainiciativo jgufma kerZo
sakuTrebis miwis nakveTi
ekomuzeumad aqcia
“gadarCenili
buneba
– soflis centrSi skveris
ganaxlebuli sofeli”
mowyoba, aRdgena – ganaxleba
samegrelo _ zemo svaneTis regionaluri sammarTvelo
1
“kulturulsaganmanaTleblo
centri”. zugdidi,
berias Cixi #5
gadavarCinoT biomravalferov- Sexvedrebi
mosaxleobasTan,
neba
zugdidis
botanikur gamovida gazeTi “eqo”
baRSi
213
cxrili 28.1-is gagrZeleba
1
2
3
4
Sida qarTlis regionaluri sammarTvelo
1
“saqarTvelos
mwvaneTa moZraobis
goris regionaluri
organizacia”
q. gori
proeqti ar ganxorcielebula
arasamTavro organizaciebs
saxelmwifo ekologiuri
eqspertizis ganxorcielebaSi
monawileoba ar miuRia
samcxe-javaxeTis regionaluri sammarTvelo
1.
garemos dacvisa da
mdgradi ganviTarebis
xeSelmwyobi kavSiri
“awyuri”
2
garemosdacviTi
arasamTavrobo
organizacia “biota”
3
arasamTavrobo
ekologiuri
organizacia
“biosfero”
4
kavSiri “mwvane
jvari”
1197w fondi “horizonti”
proeqti “mozardi da garemo”
1998w fondi WWF proeqti
“borjom-xaragaulis
erovnuli parkis dafuZnebis
xelSemwyobi programa”
1999w fondi WWF garemos
dacviTi ekologiuri
viqtorina
2000w fondi WWF garemos
dacviTi ekologiuri viqtorina gamofena
WWF – Si ganxorcielda
proeqti “regionSi
SemorCenili kulturuli
mcenareebis aborigenuli
jiSebis mcire koleqcia –
sanergis Seqmna”
ara
1. borjomis raionis
mosaxleobis informireba da
ekologiuri viqtorinis
Catareba borjomis saS.
skolebs Soris
zemo varZiis xeobis movla
patronoba
diskusiebi, Sexvedrebi.
viqtorina. konkursi,
presiT gaSuqeba
Tbilisis komiteti
1
saqarTvelos
mwvaneebi _
Tbilisi
komitetma saq. mwvaneebTan
erTad dedamiwis dRis 22
aprilisadmi Caatara ra
RonisZieba dedaqalaqis
dasufTavebisa da keTilmowyobis mizniT.
214
ara
baqoSi 1997 wels ECORES –is
mier mowyobil seminarze
“mwvane jvarma” dasva md.
mtkvris problemebi
cxrili 28.1-is gagrZeleba
1
2
2
3
WWF _ Tbilisi
4
5
asocoacia
“Tavisufali
masmedia” _ Tbilisi
TACIS
6
GRID _ Tbilisi
7
fondi “mwvane
dedamiwa” _ Tbilisi
8
garemosdacviTi
kvlevis centri
9 mwvane jvari
10 mwvane talRa
11 ekologiuri
samarTlis klubi
12 msoflio banki
13 kologiuri
biomonitoringis
asociacia “eba”
3
saq. prezidentis brZanebuleba
“saqarTvelos tyeebis dacvisa
da gamwvaneba-gatyevebis
erTTviuris da tyeebis
daTvalierebis tradiciebis
aRdgenis Sesaxeb” _ ewyoba
sagazafxulo ekologiuri
SabaTobebi. garemos dacvis
msoflio dRis 5 ivnisisadmi
Catarebul RonisZiebebSi
monawileobas iRebs
komitetTan erTad.
ek. ganaTlebis erovnuli
programis SemuSaveba
qalaqis ekologiuri problemebis gaSuqeba periodulad
garemosdacviTi cnobierebis
amaRlebis programa
axorcielebs ramodenime
proeqts, maT Soris saq-sa da
Tbilisis garemosdacviTi
mdgomareobis angariSebis
momzadebas internetisaTvis
dedamiwisa da garemos dacvis
dReebis aRsaniSnav RonisZiebebSi monawileobas iRebs
komitetebTan erTad
”
”
”
”
”
”
215
4
saerTaSoriso seminari _
sayofacxovrebo narCenebis
menejmenti saq-Si gadawyvetilebis Zieba
GRID _ Tbilisi valdebulebas
iRebs internetSi miuTiTos
informaciis wyaro
cxrili 28.1-is gagrZeleba
1
2
3
4
xaSuris saq. sammarTvelo
1
2
garemos dacvis
regionaluri fondi
ekologiuri
biomonitoringis
asociacia
1. ekologiuri “wiTeli
gazeTi” (gamodis 1995
wlidan)
2. xaSuris raionuli gazeTi
“xaSuris moambe”
specialuri gverdi 1997
wlis ganmavlobaSi
“ekologia da ekonomika”
3. raionis mcire mdinareeebis
gawmenda
respublikuri seminari xaS.
raioni “sofelSi ekologiurad sufTa produqciis
warmoeba”
monawileobdnen raionis
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis
moswavleebi
“______________”
“______________”
monawileobda, rogorc xaSuris
raionis, aseve sxva raionebidan
mowveuli sxvadasxva dargis
specialistebi da mosaxleoba
3. sazogadoebis monawileoba garemosdacviTi
sakiTxebis ganxilvaSi.
1998 wlis noembridan, saministroSi funqcionirebs sadiskusio klubi,
romlis mTavari mizania gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis CarTva,
iseTi problemebis gaTviTcnobierebaSi, rogoricaa:
1.
garemosdacviTi standartizaciis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareoba,
saerTaSoriso organizaciis (ISO) 14000 seriis standartebi da
momaclis perspeqtiva.
2. miwisZvrebi
3. kolxeTis erovnuli parki
4. garemosdacviTi auditi
arasamTavrobo organizaciebTan 1999 wels ganxorcielda Sexvedrebi,
sadac ganxiluli iqna Semdegi sakiTxebi:
1. kavkasiis regionaluri ekologiuri centris (REC) wesdeba da
struqtura.
2. borjom-xaragulis erovnuli parkis problemebi.
3. sanapiro zonis integrirebuli marTvis proeqti.
4. saxelmwifo kontroli da monitoringi
5. orxusis konvencia.
6. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier msoflio bankisadmi gagzavnili
werilis Taobaze, romelic Seexeba kaspiis adreuli navTobis
transportirebisas usafrTxoebis zomebis gatarebis aucileblobas.
7. satyeo kodeqsi.
8. REC-is
direqtorTa
sabWoSi
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebis
warmomadgenlis arCeva.
216
daskvnebi, prognozebi da rekomendaciebi
garemos dacvis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informaciis
analizi iZleva imis SesaZleblobas, rom winamdebare moxsenebis calkeuli
Tavebis mixedviT gamotanili iqnas daskvnebi, prognozebi da rekomendaciebi.
saqarTvelos atmosferuli haeris ZiriTad damabinZurebel wyaros
warmoadgens avtotransporti, romelzedac modis saerTo dabinZurebis 88%-mde.
avtotransportiT atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis ZiriTadi mizezebia:
gamoyenebuli sawvavis dabali xarisxi, qveynis avtoparkSi moZvelebuli
avtosatransporto saSualebebis siWarbe, moZraobis regulirebis dabali done,
gzebis gaumarTaoba da a.S.
qveynis atmosferuli haeris gajansaRebis mizniT saWiroa samuSaoebi
warimarTos Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis mixedviT: sakanonmdeblo_normatiuli bazis srulyofa, organizaciul-teqnikuri RonisZiebebis ganxorcieleba,
teqnikuri saSualebebis srulyofa.
axlo
momavlisTvis
atmosferuli
haeris
dacvis
sakiTxebis
regulirebisaTvis aucilebelia yvela im moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba, rac
asaxulia saqarTvelos kanonSi “atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb”;
amasTanave droulad unda ganxorcieldes aRniSnul sferoSi monitoringis
sistemis moqmedebaSi Sesvla. agreTve, aucilebelia dabali xarisxis sawvavis
Semotanis akrZalva.
saWiroa avtoparkis teqnikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, qalaqebisa da
saraionTaSoriso gzebis wesrigSi moyvana, sawarmoTa airmtverdamWeri
nagebobebis ganaxleba da aRdgena, maTi muSaobis margi qmedebis koeficientis
amaRleba.
saqarTvelos wylis resursebi farTod gamoiyeneba qveynis energetikis,
mrewvelobis, melioraciis, mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo moTxovnilebebis,
rekreaciuli da sxva miznebis dasakmayofileblad. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
wylis resursebis simcirisa da maTze mzardi datvirTvis gamo Tanamedrove
mdgomareoba qveyanas karnaxobs deficituri zonebisaTvis wyalsameurneo
politikis gadaxedvas. aucilebeli xdeba wylis resursebis moxmarebis mkacri
kontroli da marTvad wyalmoxmarebaze gadasvla, radganac umetes SemTxvevebSi,
qveynis sarwyavi sistemebi ar Seesabamebian Tanamedrove melioraciuli
teqnologiebis teqnikur moTxovnebs da saWiroeben rekonstruqciasa da
gardaqmnas.
hidroenergetika, romelic eleqtroenergiis miRebis ekologiurad erTerT sufTa wyaros warmoadgens, qveynis hidroenergetikuli potencialis 20%s Seadgens. saqarTveloSi didia asaTvisebeli hidroresursebis maragi, rac
energetikis ganviTarebis strategiuli mimarTuleba unda gaxdes. amasTanave,
wyalsacaviani hidrokvanZebis mSeneblobisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas
principi _ minimaluri datborili farTobiT wylis dagrovebis maqsimaluri
217
SesaZlebloba.
moqmedi wyalmomaragebis sistemebi, maTi teqnikuri maCveneblebi da
eqspluataciis pirobebi arasaxarbieloa. xSir SemTxvevaSi miwodebuli wylis
xarisxi (qimiuri da baqteriologiuri maCveneblebi) ar Seesabameba saxelmwifo
standartebis moTxovnebs, vinaidan aradamakmayofilebel mdgomareobaSi imyofeba
saqloratoroebi, satumbo sadgurebi, rezervuarebi, milsadenebi, gamwmendi
nagebobebi. prezidentis 1998 wlis 23 seqtembris #531 brZanebulebiT saWiroa
ganxorcieldes 45 mln laris Rirebulebis samuSaoebi. kerZod, saTave
nagebobebis sanitaruli dacvis zonebis SemoRobva, saqloratoro sadgurebis
kapitaluri SekeTeba, wylis analizis laboratoriebis aRWurva, amortizebuli
milsadenebis Secvla da aRdgena-SekeTeba.
wylis resursebis sxvadasxva daniSnulebebiT gamoyenebas aregulirebs
saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro. aRniSnuli
sistema emsaxureba Semdegi ZiriTadi miznebis ganxorcielebas: dabinZurebis
kontrolis saSualebiT mdinareebis wylis xarisxis saerTo gaumjobesebas,
garemosa da momxmareblis moTxovnebs Soris balansis miRwevas, mdinareebsa da
wyalsatevebSi Tevzis saxeobaTa aRwarmoebas, maTi gamravlebis xelSewyobas,
zedapiruli wylis obieqtebis movlasa da ganaxlebas, rekreaciuli
potencialis ganviTarebas, wylis obieqtebTan dakavSirebuli veluri samyaros
landSaftis dacvas.
wlebis manZilze niadagdamuSavebis wesebis darRvevebma mniSvnelovan
farTobebze gamoiwvies miwis resursebis degradireba da niadagis nayofierebis
katastrofuli Semcireba.
niadagdacviTi
RonisZiebebis
drouli
ganxorcielebis
gareSe
mosalodnelia savalalo Sedegebi. saqarTvelo mciremiwiani qveyanaa da mZime
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis miuxedavad unda gamoinaxos saxsrebi qveynis
erovnuli simdidris – miwisa da miwis resursebis gadasarCenad. unda
ganxorcieldes niadagze negatiuri anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis monitoringi da
Tanamedrove mecnierul-teqnikuri miRwevebis danergva niadagis dacvisa da misi
nayofierebis amaRlebis mizniT.
saqarTvelo mdidaria wiaRiseuliT. mis teritoriaze
aRricxulia
mineraluri nedleulis yvela ZiriTadi jgufebi: navTobi da airi, miwisqveSa
wylebi, madneulebi, samTo-qimiuri nedleuli, samSeneblo masalebi da sxva.
mravali am sabadoTagan dasaZiebelia.
wiaRiseuliT sargeblobis dros sxvadasxva sawarmoebSi adgili aqvs
saproeqto moTxovnilebebidan gadaxvevebs, wiaRiseulis did danakargebs,
damuSavebeli miwebis aradamakmayofilebel rekultivacias da sxv.
wiaRiT sargeblobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis, wiaRiseulis dacvisa da misi
racionalurad gamoyenebis mizniT saWiroa: axali sabadoebis gamovlena da
arsebulis Sefaseba, maTi maragebis dadgena-Sefaseba kategoriebis da
xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis damuSavebis mixedviT. wiaRiseulis mopovebisa da
218
gadamuSavebis srulyofili meTodebis SerCeva-ganxorcieleba, danakargebis
Semcirebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tanmdevi sasargeblo wiaRiseulis Senaxvadasawyobeba, momavalSi maTi gamoyenebis mizniT. damuSavebuli teritoriebis
rekultivacia da wiaRiseulis damuSavebisas garemos dacvis sakiTxebis
gaTvaliswineba.
aucilebelia uaxloes periodSi daiwyos tyis masivebis inventarizacia,
ris Sedegadac gairkveva 10 wlis mouwesrigebeli eqspluataciis Sedegad am
sferoSi arsebuli saerTo mdgomareoba, kerZod tyis sixSireebis realuri
mniSvnelobebi da sxva maCveneblebi.
saqarTvelos faunis warmomadgenelTa ricxovnoba 1999-2000 wlebSi 1990
welTan SedarebiT saSualod 50-60%-iT Semcirda. ZiriTadad es ganapiroba
katastrofulma brakonierobam da adamianis mier cxovelTa saarsebo garemos
mospobam (tyis ukontrolo Cexva, dabinZureba, brakonieruli TevzWera da
sxva.). SemdgomSic movlenebis aseTive tempiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi 10-15
weliwadSi qveyana sabolood dakargavs saxeobaTa biomravalferovnebas.
sagadasaxado kodeqsis 268-e muxlis mixedviT saqarTvelos garemosa da
bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministrosaTvis akrZalulia sagadasaxado
organoebidan gadamxdelis Sesaxeb identificirebuli informaciis gacema.
aRniSnuli mdgomareobis gamosworebis SemTxvevaSi saministros eqneba
saSualeba bunebrivi resursiT mosargeble subieqtze momdevno licenziis
gacemis Taobaze eqspertTa sabWos sxdomebze ganxilvis procesSi gaamaxvilos
yuradReba
am sakiTxze da gamoiyenos igi, rogorc erT-erTi argumenti
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.
nadirfrinvelTa brakonierobis aRkveTis mizniT saWiroa Seiqmnas
specialuri swrafi reagirebis kontigenti, romelsac SeeZleba cxel kvalze
brakonierTa dakaveba da maTi qmedebebis aRkveTa. aRniSnuli specreagirebis
razmi saWiroebs samarTlebrivi bazis Seqmnas, Tanamedrove materialur
aRWurvilobas da gansakuTrebiT maRal xelfass.
iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras myofi saxeobebis gadarCenis mizniT saWiroa
aRwarmoebiTi da samecniero-kvleviTi samuSaoebis gafarToeba, kerZod,
morfometriuli monacemebis, saxeobebis gavrcelebis arealis, raodenobrivTvisobrivi, genetikuri mdgomareobis Seswavla da saxeobebis identificireba.
aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis CarTva iqTiofaunis dacviTi
problemis gadaWris saqmeSi.
saqarTveloSi radiaciuli usafrTxoebis problemas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba, Tumca gamomdinare im garemoebidan, rom saqarTvelos
teritoriaze amJamad ar arsebobs potenciuri wyaro, romelsac SeuZlia
gamoiwvios globaluri radioaqtiuri dabinZureba (atomuri eleqtrosadguri,
moqmedi samecniero birTvuli reaqtori), eqstremaluri da eqstremalurad
maRali dabinZurebis done saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze mosalodneli ar
aris. radiaciuli fonis momateba aseve ar aris mosalodneli, Tu mezobel
saxelmwifoebSi ar moxda katastrofa da radioaqtiuri nivTierebebis
219
transasazRvro gadmotana saqarTvelos teritoriaze.
ar aris gamoricxuli axali upatrono wyaroebis aRmoCena, romlebic
gabneulia garemoSi sxvadasxva uwyebebis, organizaciebis da fizikuri pirebis
saqmianobis Sedegad, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios uaryofiTi gavlena garemoze da
adamianze. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar Catarda radiaciuli wyaroebis drouli
inventarizacia
da
saboloo
Senaxvis
organizeba,
mosalodnelia
am
nivTierebebis garemoSi gabneva da upatrono wyaroebis mkveTri zrda.
aRniSnulis
ganxorcielebis
mizniT
aucilebelia
radiaciuli
usafrTxoebis sferoSi sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli aqtebis sruli paketis
drouli miReba, uwyebebSi da organizaciebSi radioaqtiuri wyaroebis
inventarizaciis Catareba, narCenebisa da gamouyenebeli nivTierebebis saboloo
centralizebuli Senaxvis organizeba.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis dRevandeli mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
rodesac calkeuli dargebis aRdgena mimdinareobs araTanabari tempebiT,
SeuZlebelia akustikuri situaciis saimedo prognozis gakeTeba. savaraudod
SeiZleba Semdegi prognozis Camoyalibeba:
uaxloesi 2-3 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos qalaqebis ZiriTad quCebsa
da
saqalaqTaSoriso
magistralebze
mosalodnelia
avtotransportis
moZraobiT gamowveuli xmauris ekvivalenturi doneebis mciredi (1-2 dbA
sididiT) momateba 1995 welTan SedarebiT. es dakavSirebulia moZraobis
intensiurobis zrdasTan, romelic SeimCneva ukanaskneli 4-5 wlis manZilze.
uaxloes wlebSi mosalodnelia saqarTvelos sarkinigzo transportis
ganviTareba daCqarebuli tempebiT. aseT pirobebSi rkinigzis magistralebis
mimdebare teritoriebze SesaZlebelia xmauris ekvivalenturi doneebis
momateba. amis Sedegad gafarTovdeba rkinigzis zolis sigane, romelSic
xmauris ekvivalenturi doneebi gadaaWarbeben zRvrulad dasaSveb sidideebs.
saaviacio transportis mier sacxovrebeli ganaSenianebis raionebSi,
warmoqmnili xmauris doneebis gazrda uaxloes wlebSi mosalodneli ar aris.
saWiroa sakanonmdeblo dokumentebis, kanonqvemdebare da normatiuli
aqtebis SemuSaveba, romlebic daaregulireben xmaurTan brZolis sferoSi
arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetis sakiTxebs (magaliTad: monitoringis qselis
Seqmna, uwyebebaTa Soris kompetenciebis gamijvna da sxva).
aucilebelia xmaurisagan garemos dacvis RonisZiebaTa SemuSaveba da
gaTvaliswineba dasaxlebuli punqtebis, satransporto magistralebisa da
samrewvelo obieqtebis dagegmarebis dros, qalaqebis generaluri gegmebis
ganaxlebis procesSi. sxvadasxva obieqtebis (wyaroebis) xmauris maxasiaTeblebis dadgenas da xmaurdamcavi RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas unda awarmoebdnen
specializebuli akreditebuli samsaxurebi.
pirveli rigis amocanebis gamovlena da efeqturi damcavi RonisZiebebis
ganxorcieleba unda xdebodes adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebis iniciativiT da zedamxedvelobiT.
220
maRali da zemaRali sixSiris eleqtromagnituri velebi garemoze
zemoqmedebis axal mavne faqtors warmoadgens. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
saWiroa zemoqmedebis am faqtoris detalurad Seswavla, mavneobis xarisxis
dadgena da dacvis saTanado RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba. uaxloes droSi
mosalodnelia Tanamgzavrebze mimarTuli antenebis raodenobis zrda da
mobiluri telefonebis kompaniebis mier axali teritoriebis aTviseba, rac
sagrZnoblad gazrdis eleqtromagnitur fons. maRali da zemaRali Zabvis
samrewvelo
sixSiris
xazebis
reabilitaciasTan
da
energomiwodebis
stabilizaciasTan dakavSirebiT mosalodnelia agreTve eleqtromagnituri
velis moqmedebis zrda garemoSi.
zemoT miTiTebuli problemebis mogvarebis mizniT aucilebelia upirveles
yovlisa SemuSavdes da moqmedebaSi Sevides kanoni “aramaionebeli gamosxivebis
Sesaxeb”. kanonSi zustad unda ganisazRvros Sesabamisi saministroebis
movaleobani mavne eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis, xmaurisa da vibraciis
garemoze zemoqmedebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.
eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis garemoze SesaZlo mavne zegavlenis
dasadgenad saqarTvelos msxvil qalaqebSi da dasaxlebul punqtebSi unda
ganxorcieldes yovelwliuri monitoringi.
teqnogenuri
avariebis
metnaklebi
sizustiT
prognozirebisaTvis
aucilebelia sistemuri dakvirvebebis Sedegad miRebuli masalebis analizis
safuZvelze katastrofebis prognozirebis mecnieruli meTodebis SemuSaveba.
maRali
riskfaqtoris
mqone
teqnogenur
obieqtebze
momsaxure
da
pasuxismgebeli personalis momzadeba. teqnikuri usafrTxoebis normatiuli
dokumentebis SemuSaveba saerTaSoriso moTxovnebis doneze da misi moqmedebaSi
Seyvana.
qveyanaSi dRes arsebuli mdgomareoba elementarul doneze ver
uzrunvelyofs baR-parkebis dacvas iuridiuli Tu fizikuri pirebis
xelyofisagan.
mkacrad unda ganisazRvros baR-parkebis farTobebi, gaimijnos Semogarenisagan, detalurad dakonkretdes saqmianobis saxeebi da dawesdes teritoriis
xelyofis aRmkveTi gazrdili jarimebi.
bunebis Zeglebis sruli inventarizaciis gareSe gaWirdeba maTi SenarCuneba
da sazRvrebis dacva.
saqarTveloSi arsebuli da aRricxuli bunebis Zeglebis gadarCena unda
daiwyos maTi sruli inventarizaciiT da Semdgom dawesdes kontroli maT
dacvaze.
dacul teritoriebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. maTi saSualebiT
unda SenarCundes qveynis floris, faunis, landSaftebisa da garemos sxva
TvalsaCino komponentebis arseboba, romlebic anTropogenuli Tu sxva
faqtorebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad gadaSenebis an ganadgurebis piras arian
misuli.
221
daculi teritoriebis funqcionireba ver miaRwevs sasurvel mizans, Tu iq
mkacrad ar iqna daculi is reJimi, rac kanonmdeblobiT aris gansazRvruli
daculi teritoriebis calkeuli kategoriebisaTvis.
mizanmimarTulad unda gaizardos daculi teritoriebis farTobi. yoveli
axali teritoriis menejmenti unda ganxorcieldes qveynis mosaxleobis
interesebis dacviT kargad momzadebuli da gaazrebuli winaswari saproeqto,
Sejerebuli monacemebis analizis safuZvelze.
1999-2000 wlebSi saqarTveloSi Segrovebuli da gaanalizebuli iqna
qimiur
nivTierebaTa
marTvasTan
dakavSirebuli
informacia,
SemuSavda
rekomendaciebi, gamoikveTa prioritetebi da RonisZiebebi, romelTa gadawyveta
aucilebelia am etapze. kerZod, aucilebelia sakanonmdeblo, normatiuli da
samarTlebrivi bazis srulyofa; qimiuri nivTierebebis gamocdis, aRricxvisa da
registraciis
sistemis
Seqmna,
saerTaSoriso
standartis
mixedviT;
saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan da qveynis SigniT informaciis gacvlis mizniT
sainformacio sistemis Seqmna; regulirebis da kontrolis meqanizmis SemuSaveba
da Camoyalibeba misi gamoyenebis yvela etapze; vadagasuli da xmarebidan
amoRebuli pesticidebis sruli inventarizaciis Catareba; qimiur nivTierebaTa,
maT Soris pesticidebis, Sesanaxi sawyobebis pasportizacia; qimiur
nivTierebaTa utilizacia, ganadgurebis programebis SemuSaveba; qimiuri
nivTierebebiT garemos dabinZurebis monitoringis sistemis srulyofa.
qveynis garemos dacvis problemebidan narCenebis problema erT-erTi
mniSvnelovania da saWiroa misi drouli gadawyveta. arsebul nagavsayrelebze
problemis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa Semdgomi RonisZiebebis Catareba:
− axali nagavsayrelebisaTvis miwis farTobebis gamoyofa da maTi mowyoba
garemosdacviTi Tanamedrove moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, raTa Tavidan
iqnas acilebuli garemos dabinZureba;
− Zveli nagavsayrelebis daxurcisa da rekultivaciis proeqtebis gakeTeba;
− narCenebis Segrovebisa da transportirebis Tanamedrove sistemebis danergva;
Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis danergva _ maTgan
− narCenebis gadamuSavebis
energiis miRebis mizniT;
− narCenebis gamoyeneba rogorc meoradi resursebi;
− mosaxleobis informireba narCenebTan mopyrobis TvalsazrisiT;
− narCenebis marTvis sistemaSi sagadasaxado sistemis srulyofa.
udidesi sirTuleebia samrewvelo narCenebis kuTxiTac. samrewvelo
narCenebis sakmaod didi nawili maRaltoqsiuria da isini yovelgvari
kontrolisa da aRricxvis gareSe ganTavsebulia sawarmoTa teritoriaze an
sayofacxovrebo narCenebis nagavsayrelebze. aRniSnuli problemebis efeqturad
gadawyvetisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi RonisZiebebis Catareba:
narCenebis
(gansakuTrebiT
maRaltoqsiuri
narCenebis)
− samrewvelo
inventarizacia;
222
− samrewvelo narCenebis utilizacia-gauvnebelyofis RonisZiebaTa proeqtebis
SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba;
− saxifaTo narCenebis importisa da tranzitis kontrolis gaZliereba;
− maRaltoqsiuri arautilizebadi narCenebis ganTavsebisaTvis specialuri
samarxis mowyoba.
garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis sferoSi moqmedi
kanonmdeblobis nakls warmoadgens is faqti, rom maregulirebeli kanonebi
dadgenilia samarTlis zogadi normebis safuZvelze. kanonebSi mocemuli
moTxovnebis ganxorcieleba unda moxdes kanonqvemdebare aqtebis meSveobiT.
aseTi detalizirebuli aqtebi umetes SemTxvevaSi ar aris miRebuli, ris
mizezsac upirvelesad yovlisa Sesabamisi Tanxebis uqonloba, maTi SemuSavebis
mcire gamocdileba da sxva obieqturi pirobebi warmoadgens.
kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa dacvis mizniT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda
mieniWos kontrolis sistemis gaZlierebas. mkacrad unda gaimijnos
makontrolebel organoTa Soris kontrolis sferoebi.
sworad Camoyalibebul garemosdacviT politikaze didadaa damokidebuli
qveynis garemosdacviTi problemebis daregulireba da gadawyveta. saqarTvelos
garemosdacviTi politikis prioritetuli mimarTulebebidan uaxloesi 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi gamoikveTeba ramdenime strategiuli mimarTuleba, romelTa
mixedviTac
SemuSavdeba
grZelvadiani
strategiuli
gegmebi.
amasTanave
SesaZlebelia prioritetuli mimarTulebebis ricxobrivi zrda, rac niSnavs
amJamad arsebuli prioritetebis (mag. biomravalferovnebis) ramdenime
mimarTulebad gayofas.
momavalSi
aucilebelia gaizardos globaluri garemosdacviTi fondis
(GEF) da msoflio bankis (WB) egidiT saqarTveloSi warmoebul
garemosdacviT samuSaoebSi garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministros organizaciuli roli.
mecniereba gansakuTrebul adgils iWers garemos dacvis problemebis
gadawyvetis saqmeSi. iseTi globaluri problemebis daregulireba, rogoricaa
klimatis cvlilebebi, ozonis Sris daSla, gaudabnoebis saSiSroeba da a.S.,
gamiznuli samecniero kvlevebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic,
rom momavalSi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis politikis safuZvlianad
daxvewis gareSe nebismieri garemosdacviTi problemebis gadaWra mTel rig
sirTuleebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. am mizniT saWiroa mdgradi ganviTarebis
erovnuli koncefciis Camoyalibeba, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba rios
deklaraciis 27 principi.
momavalSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces im programebisa da
samecniero Tematikis dafinansebas, romelTa ganxorcieleba ukve dawyebulia da
miRebulia garkveuli dadebiTi Sedegebi. yuradsaRebia agreTve, iseTi
proeqtebis dafinansebac, romelTa ganxorcielebis Sedegad adgili eqneba
rogorc garemosdacviTi problemebis gadawyvetas, ise ekonomikis sferoSi
Sesabamisi dadebiTi Sedegebis miRwevas.
garda amisa, aucilebelia: garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis
saministros bazaze erTiani garemosdacviTi sainformacio bankis Seqmna, garemos
223
dacvis sferoSi momuSave samTavrobo struqturebis sainformacio qselis
Camoyalibeba, internet-gverdis gaxsna, sadac sistematurad ganTavsdeba da
ganaxldeba garemosdacviTi informacia, specialuri saswavlo programebis
SemuSaveba da masmediis warmomadgenlebisaTvis misi realizacia.
224
danarTi 1
gv. 224-dan 279-mde
danarTi 2
gv. 280-281
225
informacia erovnuli moxsenebis Sesadgenad warmoadgines:
1. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiam,
2. soflis meurneobisa da sursaTis saministrom,
3. transportisa da komunikaciebis saministrom,
4. kavSirgabmulobisa da fostis saministrom,
5. Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom,
6. Semosavlebis saministrom (sagadasaxado departamenti),
7. vaWrobisa da sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis saministrom,
8. Tavdacvis saministrom,
9. urbanizaciis da mSeneblobis saministrom,
10. ekonomikis saministrom,
11. iusticiis saministrom,
12. ganaTlebis saministrom,
13. statistikis saxelmwifo departamentma,
14. daculi teritoriebis, nakrZalebisa da samonadireo meurneobis
departamentma,
15. geologiis saxelmwifo departamentma,
16. turizmisa da kurortebis sax. departamentma,
17. hidrometeorologiis departamentma,
18. miwis marTvis saxelmwifo departamentma,
19. satyeo meurneobis saxelmwifo departamentma,
20. teqnikuri zedamxedvelobis saxelmwifo inspeqciam,
21. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa dacvisa da gamoyenebis
mTavarma samecniero-sawarmoo sammarTvelom.
22. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidiumTan arsebuli sawarmoo
Zalebisa da bunebrivi resursebis Semswavlelma komisiam,
sax.
informacia erovnuli moxsenebis Sesadgenad ar warmoadgines:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
mrewvelobis saministrom,
saTbob-energetikis saministrom,
finansTa saministrom,
Semosavlebis saministrom (sabaJo departamenti);
geodeziis da kartografiis sax. departamentma,
saavtomobilo gzebis departamentma,
sazRvris dacvis sax. departamentma.
gamoyenebuli informaciis wyaroebi:
1. saqarTvelos garemos dacvis moqmedebaTa erovnuli programa. Tbilisi,
2000w.
2. klimatis kvlevis erovnuli centris sainformacio biuleteni. #3, #7,
1999w.
3. saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis programis masalebi. nekresi. Tbilisi,
1996.
226
4. 1952-1986ww. saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad
aRmoCenili Zeglebis maCvenebeli. “akad. i. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis
institutis samecniero sesiis” krebuli, miZRvnili savele arqeologiuri
gamokvlevebis Sedegebisadmi.
5. saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevisa da ganviTarebis centris biuleteni,
#16, 1998w. #31, 32, Tbilisi, 1999w.
6. 1999 wlis erovnuli moxseneba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
7. magTi-GSM-is
sainformacio-samecniero
Jurnali
“mudmivi
kavSiris
samyaro”, ## 1-4, 1999w, 2000w.
8. “megakomi”-s sareklamo informacia “Белами-сетевая связь”, 1999w, 2000w.
9. saqarTveloSi moqmedi satelefono sistemebis sabazo mimReb-gadamcemi
radiosadgurebis garemoze zemoqmedebis xarisxis dadgenis sauwyebaTaSoriso
komisiis masalebi, 1999-2000ww.
10. saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimarTulebebi. statistikuri mimoxilva. tasisi,
1999-2000ww.
erovnuli moxsenebis SedgenaSi monawileobdnen:
• saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministro:
r. CageliSvili, z. TavarTqilaZe, g. Wyonia, z. lomTaZe, z. adamia, a. adamia,
g. biTaZe, n. gvajava, a. budaRaSvili, j. daTeSiZe, n. darsaZe, T. TeTvaZe, o.
TurmaniZe, l. iakobiZe, m. ivaniaSvili, i. kakuSaZe, m. kapanaZe, z. kereseliZe,
g. kolbini, T. laRiZe, g. lolua, s. maCabliSvili, i. oSoriZe, n. saluqvaZe,
j. qarCava, i. qarcivaZe, z. quTelia, d. Rlonti, o. yenia, T. yvavilaSvili,
n. CxeiZe, a. Canqseliani, n. cxelaSvili, r. WiTanava, T. Wolokava, m. xavTasi.
• garemos dacvis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti:
a. fanCuliZe, T. koCinaSvili, m. javaxiSvili, g. alvariZe, v. boWoriSvili,
T. goginaSvili, T. dvali, g. TavdgiriZe, n. iakobiZe, d. kalandaZe, T.
kartozia, m. kacitaZe, n. labaZe, m. metreveli, n. nasyidaSvili, e.
nacvliSvili, a. nikolaiSvili, n. ninua, o. rexviaSvili, m. frodiaSvili, o.
qurdaSvili, s. yenia, T. WavWaniZe, S. WilaSvili.
biomravalferovnebis sferoSi piradi iniciativiT samecniero-kvlevis
masalebi warmoadgines:
• saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis zoologiis instituti: a. maruaSvili,
T. WilaZe, a. buxnikaSvili, a. kandaurovi.
• saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akad. s. janaSias sax. saxelmwifo
muzeumi. e. didmaniZe, i. sxirtlaZe.
• saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademis paleobiologiis instituti. v. CxikvaZe,
d. berCaki.
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