Análise Cognitiva da preposição

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4
Interessante registrar que estou ciente das acirradas discussões sobre os modelos
explanatórios holísticos ou combinatórios. Penso nos apontamentos de D. Dennett (1998) sobre
a recorrente confusão entre ontologia e metodologia que tem lugar nas ciências biológicas;
penso também nas diferenças entre um modelo que considera a complexidade do organismo
como ‘organização’ e um outro que lega à multiplicidade fatorial valor de ‘assemblage’. (cf. E.
Crist & A. Tauber, 1999)
5
Sobre o tema ver F.Varela et al. (1991); M Johnson, (1997).
6
Cf. T. Givón, 1984.
7
Obtive a permissão para uso do software dos professores Arnt Jakobsen (Copenhagen
Business School) e Fábio Alves (UFMG). Trata-se de um programa de acompanhamento
textual, no qual os movimentos executados na digitação de um texto são registrados.
8
Em conversa pessoal, a colega Cida Araújo ressalta a importância de se avaliar a influência
que pode exercer o SN que vem após a preposição. Provavelmente é um aspecto relevante para
a compreensão do processamento da preposição. Não foi, no entanto, considerado para esta
pesquisa que optou por mecanismos explanatórios diferentes.
1
Apesar de se reconhecer o ponto de partida para as pesquisas em lingüística cognitiva nos
trabalhos de Langacker, destaca-se que há importantes ensaios e propostas anteriores a ele que
se encaixam no escopo da lingüística cognitiva. São autores restritamente reconhecidos e que
merecem análise. Leonard Talmy e Bernard Pottier são bons exemplos. Sobre o tema, ver G.
Desagulier (2005) (texto disponível no site: <<http://www.univ-paris8.fr/desagulier/home/>>)
2
Sobre a relação entre estes dois modelos de pesquisa, ver Langacker (2005)
3
[#1]! símbolo para a localização dos textos originais no ANEXO 2.
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12
Sobre o tema, ver E. Pontes (1990); L-J. Calvet (1972); D. Lucchesi (1998), R. Harris (1987)
M. Perini relata que há anos trabalha com o ‘princípio da sintaxe residual’, segundo o qual
reconhecem-se motivações semânticas às ocorrências lingüísticas; na ausência dessas, assinalase uma situação em que deve ser proposta uma descrição “exclusivamente em termos de traços
formais não associados a traços semânticos” (2006:77). Nessa mesma passagem do livro,
registra haver formulação semelhante em Jackendoff (1983). Sobre o tema, W.T. Fitch, M.
Hauser e N. Chomsky (2005).
14
Os dados coletados pelo autor advêm dos seguintes textos escritos: “Para o século XIV, /../
as cortes portuguesas do reinado de D. Afonso IV; /.../ século XV, /.../ tratado de cozinha e um
livro de apontamentos /.../; para o século XVI, cartas para el-rei D. Manoel Ie um livro de João
de Barros; para o século XVII, um livro de Fernão Mendes Pinto e cartas de D. Francisco
Manuel de Melo, /.../ para o ‘seculo XVIII, cartas do Marquês de Lavradino.” (Diório Jr.:
2003:124)
9
13
Especificamente em “The significance of pauses in spontaneous speech”, de S. Rochester
(1972), e em “It’s about time: temporal aspects of cognitive processes in text production” de
Joost Schilperoord (1996); deste último, selecionei a seguinte passagem: “A análise da
distribuição do tempo de pausa na escrita pode contribuir na compreensão sobre como esses
processos se organizam no tempo real /... / a análise textual pode revelar importantes insights
sobre a natureza do processo cognitivo e mental que escritores (writers) usam em suas
produções. (Schilperoord, 1996:01) [#2]
10
Em classificação semelhante, C.Hagège usa as expressões ‘palavra cheia’ e ‘palavra vazia’.
Interessante notar que para o autor preposições são ‘palavras vazias’ porque têm ‘trop de
significance’. (excesso de significado) (apud T. Rania, 2001:04)
11
Sobre o tema ver, H. Mello (1990); M. Perini (1994); P. Perini-Santos (2001).
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15
Sobre o tema, ver R.V. Mattos e Silva (2004); a autora expõe as bases de um estudo
diacrônico gerativista a partir de Lightfood; ver também T. Givón (2002); o autor compara as
idéias sobre a evolução da linguagem segundo o cognitivismo clássico, gerativismo, e o
cognitivismo contemporâneo.
16
Sobre o tema, ver Choi (2001); Duarte (1999); Gonçalves e Feliciano (2004); Holm (2004);
Mello, (1999); Mingas (2000); Mwangi (2004); Valkhoff, (1966); Veiga (2000).
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4209C197" 4" 215WN71C6" ?6" UM97" 09=31C109562Y" ,3=9<b2" ?4" 42UM4592" C68;131<62"
17
Sobre o tema, ver G. Origgi e D. Sperber, (2000); Holm (2004).
Como exemplo, cito o trabalho de J. Hajek e C. Klinken (2003:55): “Muitas das línguas
austronésias do Sudeste Asiático e do Pacífico foram fortemente influenciadas pelas línguas
românicas – especialmente pelo Castelhano e pelo Português – fruto de vários séculos de
contato”.
19
Pesquisadores do Departamento de Filologia da USP trabalham com a análise das
preposições. Os artigos disponibilizados on line em agosto de 2006 (cf.
http://www.fflch.usp.br/dlcv/lport/). Esses foram lidos, mas não foram considerados para esta
pesquisa em função de diferenças metodológicas e conceituais.
18
20
Esta é uma discussão que envolve argumentos do domínio tipológico, que são de suma
importância para o tratamento das ocorrências verbais. Sobre o tema, ver Talmy (2000); S.
Huang e M. Tanangkingsing (2005), cuja pesquisa é dedicada à análise de línguas
austronesianas a partir dos apontamentos teóricos de Len Talmy (1985, 2000, 2001). Ainda
sobre o tema, vale citar o trabalho de S. Meira (2005) dedicado a avaliação tipológica de
idiomas indígenas brasileiros a partir da expressão de movimento.
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21
A tradução dos termos técnicos da GC não é consensual. Em sua tese, Adriana T. Azevedo
comenta com destreza a esse respeito: “Há termos relacionados ao quadro da Lingüística
Cognitiva, tais como construal, frame, profile, trajector, landmark, que preferi deixar em
inglês neste trabalho. O grupo de estudos em Lingüística Cognitiva da UFMG, inCognito, está
trabalhando numa proposta de tradução desses termos para a língua portuguesa, porém tal
proposta não foi ainda finalizada.” (2006:xiii).
22
Em L. Talmy, “Este estudo dedica-se à relação sistemática entre linguagem e expressão de
superfície. (Ao longo deste capítulo, o termo “superfície” apenas indica ocorrências
lingüísticas e não teorias derivacionais)” (2000:21) [# 7].
23
Sobre o tema, ver B. Mandelblit (2000), que oferece ótima revisão do tema para a GC.
24
É certo que a todo momento forças atuam sobre os corpos. Neste caso, pensa-se na atuação
de uma força específica que os retire de um estato de equilíbrio.
25
Sobre o tema, ver J. Littlemore e G. Low (2006).
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26
Como exemplo deste fato: o evento NASCER, tal como foi aqui descrito, aparece em conto
do escritor angolano José Luandino Vieira, “– Não sabe? Ai, não sabe? Mulher dele lhe nasceu
uma menina”. (Vieira, 2006:23)
27
Sobre a relação entre estudos lingüísticos e a cultura, ver D. Sperber, (1997); C. Goddard
(2005); e C. Magro (1998). Exemplo interessante é a expressão ‘branco’ em Cabo Verde.
‘Branco’ tem valor dúbio: uma vez que ‘tornar-se branco’ era expressão usada para famílias de
negras que acendiam a uma categoria de cidadania plena durante o período colonial por mérito
profissional ou dinheiro. (Observação obtiva com informante nativo)
28
Sobre o tema, ver M.E. Ticio (2005). Este artigo, de base teórica gerativista, não discute
diretamente o tema desta tese, mas oferta ótima discussão sobre a posição sintática e
interpretação temática dos SPs com de em espanhol.
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29
M. Salomão (1990: 52-54) oferece a seguinte explicação para exemplos como estes.
Segundo a autora, são ‘construções epitéticas’ em que ocorre corporificação de propriedades
pela entidade – no caso ‘a beleza’ e a ‘idiotice’ – através de processo metafórico. Para a autora,
esse argumento é suficiente para rejeitar explicação idiossincrática para o caso.
30
Por francês arcaico, entende-se o uso do idioma durante os séculos XI e XII da EC.
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31
Em D. Barr, “A abordagem multigeracional da evolução da linguagem sugere que algumas
pressões seletivas não-genéticas fazem com que a linguagem torne-se adequada à mente
humana /.../ as forças que moldam a linguagem têm impacto em várias gerações de falantes”.
(2004: 941) [#10]
!I
0=40621@A42T",;?=49".t74="?4239C9"UM4"423M?62"E41362"26W=4"92"7S;8M92";6<92T"C656"
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1345" 74X1C97" 45" 423M?6" UM4" 09=34" ?4" M59" 4;31?9?4" ?4" 42393M36" ES21C6" 4" 931;84"
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b" 4209C197Y" ,2" 6M3=92" 1;34=0=439@A42" 0622S<412" 2D6" ?4=1<9?92" ?4229"
0=1541=9T" 93=9<b2" ?4" 0=6C4?154;362" C68;131<62Z" 0=6C42262" 5439EN=1C62T"
5436;S51C62""4"=479C16;912f""
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6C6==4="LM;36"V"0=1541=9Y"'M"24L9T"!"T"1;?1C9"6"06;36"?4"09=31?9"?4"M5"56<154;36Y"
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E6M74r"\?6"5416"?9"5M731?D6]"2D6"4X450762"?6"<976="?1;m51C6"?9"0=40621@D6Y""
,"04=5M39@D6"?92"59=C9@A42"06="04=SE=9242";D6"6C6==4"?4"E6=59"C929?9T"
ij
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<976="245m;31C6"4204CSE1C6"?92"0=40621@A42Y"-4256"92215T"92"0=40621@A42"59;3p5"
24M" EM;C16;954;36" 42UM45l31C6" 4" 4209C197Y" $229" 1?b19" Ll" b" 0=424;34" ;9" 7134=93M=9"
71;8RS231C9"al"345062Y")6"3=9W97a6"?4",=2ç;4"%9=5423434="?4"!ooJT"06="4X45076T"
C6509=9O24"9"4<67M@D6"?92"0=40621@A42"XT"?6"E=9;Cp2T"4#6/T"?6"1;87p2Z""
"
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?1=4@D6" ?4" M5" 06;36" 9" M5" 6M3=6T" ;6" 4209@6T" ;6" 34506" 4" 45" 24;31?62"
E18M=9?62T"59;3b5O24"04=C403S<47"4"<12S<47"HYYYH")6"E=9;Cp2T"96"C6;3=l=16T"24"b"
<4=?9?4"UM4"6"218;1E1C9?6"0=15131<6"?4")!#b"4;C6;3=9?6"45")**"9#X#\)9$5"\36"
86"36"#9=12]T"474";D6"5912"6"b"45"169"#X#\)9$5#\6/#@"#$2#\)9$5]f"45"69).)$**"9#X#
*)#*'%$V9"#!]'2"#*)%8""\36"g6=v"Wt"3a4"718a3"6E"9"7950]"f"0/'99$9#X#6/'6"#(/90""
\6/#9'2#)6#('**#58""!]f"69).)$**"9#X#*)#%)0>$2"#\F$6>#6>"#%)0>$2"]f"5"#@)669"#X#
*]U8U"#\F$6>#5F/9!5]T"43CY"\%45423434=T"!nGh~!ooJZ!Ij]"~!"9"
"
34
Como indicação da complexidade desse processo de transformação e respectiva
documentação, cito: “De qualquer maneira, é preciso reconhecer que a evolução em direção às
línguas românicas teve início muitos séculos antes do aparecimeto dos primeiros textos
escritos.” (L. Sletsjøe, 1959 :40) [#16] e ainda “...apesar de os gramáticos poderem sempre
fazer constatações e construir hipóteses mais ou menos sólidas e engenhosas, dado que, com o
passar do tempo a linguagem passa por importantes e numerosas modificações sem que haja
provas documentais, toda afirmação torna-se temerária” (P. Clarin: 1880:11) [#17]. Sobre o
tema, ver ainda Arnauld e Lancelot (1992[1676]).
32
Sobre o tema, ver R. Botha (2006).
Esta comunicação ocorreu em visita que a pesquisadora fez ao grupo inCognito em
21/06/2005.
33
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\11] "'=89;1F9=" 906;3954;362" 401234567N81C62" ?4C6==4;342" ?92" =4E74XA42" 0=b<192T"
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35
GY","P=95l31C9":68;131<9"4"24M"#4=CM=26"[123N=1C6"
,"8=95l31C9"C68;131<9"2M=84"C656"M5"56<154;36"34N=1C6"4"450S=1C6"?4"
=4EM39@D6" 9" C4=362" 0=4C41362" ?9" C6==4;34" 84=931<1239Y" Ç" 06=" 4224" 5631<6" UM4" 9"
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E9CM7?9?42"54;3912"90392"09=9"397"=4971F9@D6T"|?6"C6;3=l=16"9"C=19;@9"74<9=19"9"<1?9"
36
“O ponto marcante da filosofia do programa formalista de Hilberth foi definir a matemática
como uma manipulação de símbolos de acordo com regras específicas. Resulta desse postulado
um castelo de cartas sem significado especial algum /.../ A conexão entre o mundo da Natureza
e a estrutura da matemática é totalmente irrelevante para os formalistas /.../ A atenção era
dirigida para a relação entre os conceitos e não para os conceitos eles mesmos”. (Barrow,
1999:546) [# 18]
R. Romanelli (1964) aponta para caminho evolutivo similar na história da língua portuguesa.
!G
iK
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54;3971256T" 6" 1;931256" 4T" 06=" C6;248M1;34T" 9" 9M36;6519" ?9" 71;8M9845Y" :a652vt"
6039" 06=" 54C9;12562" 4X079;93N=162" E6=5912T" ?9?6" UM4" 42242" 04=51345T" 2M234;39"
474T"4X0=4229="9"6=89;1F9@D6"604=9C16;97"W167N81C9"?9"54;34"2M0623954;34"423l<47T"
io
M;1<4=297"4"C650621C16;97 Y","09=31="?4229"W924"40123p51C9T"6"84=931<1256"1;UM1=4"
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37
Para um discussão sobre o tema, ver P.Perini-Santos (2005)
M. Mameli e P. Bateson (2006) oferecem revisão conceitual sobre o assunto. O artigo não
foi considerado para a execução desta pesquisa, mas me parece ter grande valia junto às
discussões sobre a delimitação do que é e do que não é inato. Essa distinção é fulcral para as
análises propostas pela GC. Sobre o tema, ver também J. Kim (1998). Para uma comparação
com uma outra área do conhecimento, ver A. Silverstein (2000), cujo artigo discorre sobre as
mudanças conceituais, notadamente sobre o inatismo, da imuno do século XIX.
39
Mesmo que tenham premissas distintas, o gerativismo e o modelo langackeriano são
modelos cognitivos que estudam a ocorrência e o processamento mental da linguagem. A
diferença central entre os dois modelos está no conceito e na operação da modularidade.
Segundo J.L. Garfield et al (2001), para o gerativismo, notadamente para Fodor, “a
especificação inata é traço central da modularidade”, ao passo que para a GC, a organização da
linguagem não é inatamente especificada; o fato de o ser humano ser uma espécie “social,
comunicativa e que convive com um ambiente maleável e desafiador” faz com o que
“amadureça a capacidade de adquirir e desenvolver novos módulos ou modifique
substancialmente módulos inatamente especificados” (p.502-3); e mais adiante “o modelo de
desenvolvimento será social e ecológico, em detrimento de um modelo individual” (p. 505).
Sobre o tema, Garfield et al. fazem a seguinte ressalva: “há espaço para uma posição
moderada” (pp.504-5). [#20] A Lingüística Cognitiva aceita operacionalidades mentais, mas
refuta o inatismo radical e rígido. Sobre o tema ver ainda J. Fodor, (1983); F. Varela et al.
(1991); A.T. Azevedo (2006); M. Mameli e P. Bateson (2006).
38
40
Importante discussão sobre o tema foi apresentada por J. Macnamara.(cf. R. Jackendoff et al.
1999). O autor apresenta uma importante argumentação sobre o reconhecimento de referência,
e posterior qualificação por crianças que pode ser satisfatoriamente associada a mecanismos
cognitivos. Sobre o tema, ver também K. Fraurud (1996). A autora lista dados que contribuem
para o reconhecimento da referência como exercício cognitivo e não léxico-categorial.
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42
Em seu curso sobre História da Lingüística Moderna (UCD, 2004), Maria M. Manoliu cita
Le problème de l’article et sa solution dans la langue française. (G.Guillaume, Paris, 1919) e
Petite introduction à la psychomécanique du langage. (R. Valin, Québec, 1954) como obras
precursoras da GC. Sobre a história dessa corrente de pesquisa, ver R. Langacker (1991); F.
Varella et al.(1991), M. Salomão (1990); H. Gardner, (1996); C. Magro (1998); C. Sinha e K.
Lopez (2001); M. Tomalin (2003); A. Kravchenko (2006). Sobre os precursores do
cognitivismo, ver R. Rozestraten (2004).
41
Sobre o tema ver, J. Grady (2000); G. Fauconnier e M. Turner (1998); e Noë (2001).
Especialmente o último, que discorre sobre limites e relações entre a experiência sensorial e a
atividade mental.
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43
Ao propor que o estabelecimento de protótipos acontece histórica e culturalmente, deve-se
pensar em aspectos que podem atuar concomitantemente, mas são distintos. A evolução
biológica é histórica, mas não cultural.
44
Replicação é um conceito advindo das ciências biológicas. Proposto pelo biólogo Richard
Dawkins em The Selfish Gene (1976), esse conceito pode ser definido da seguinte forma:
‘replica-se ou reincide-se em determinado comportamento com maior freqüência, se esse for
mais eficaz no ambiente e nas relações das quais participa’.
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45
Bernard Pottier usa modelos de descrição bastante similares à proposta da GC. Seus croquis
datam de 1967. Em 1997, em um debate realizado sobre cognição e linguagem, Pottier faz
menção a artigos de sua autoria publicados em 1955, 1974, 1992 e 1994, que usam esquemas
semelhantes aos de Langacker. (cf. Pottier, 1997). Pelo menos até onde pude constatar,
Langacker não faz menção ao trabalho do francês.
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48
Sobre o tema “convenção”, ver D. Lewis (2002) e D. Laurier (1993). Laurier discorre sobre a
proposta de Lewis de 1969. Ainda: J. Almog (1984) faz comentários sobre o estabelecimento
dos significados a partir de Kripke que, segundo o autor, “expõe /.../ a base para uma teoria
sócio-histórica geral do significado lingüístico. Enquanto um construto teórico sócio-histórico
/.../ supõe-se que, na teoria da referência, seja preservada a referência através de uma cadeia
histórica; supõe-se que, em uma teoria lingüística sócio-histórica, o significado lingüístico seja
preservado através de uma cadeia histórica”. (p. 482). [#27] (cf. seção 2.3 desta Tese)
46
Para os conceitos centrais da psicologia da Gestalt e sua relação conceitual com a gramática
cognitiva, ver de A. T. Azevedo (2006).
47
Sobre o tema, ver discussão sobre a Teoria da Gestalt em Azevedo (2006)
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49
51
A apresentação das bases teóricas da GCr será feia mais adiante, no capítulo 6, em função da
pertinência do tema para o tratamento dos dados feito naquele capítulo.
50
Para elucidar o que vêm a ser relações sensoriais, vale destacar que a GC não atribui à
linguagem (verbal) um espaço sumamente central ao comportamento humano. Sua evolução e
sua prática envolvem uma matriz de aspectos bastante complexa e diversa. As restrições
epistêmicas que se impõem à sua análise têm a ver com o escopo da lingüística, ela própria.
Langacker não se dedica à discussão sobre o conceito inatista. Parece-me que, em
Langacker, ‘inato’ deve ser conceituado como o aparato biológico orgânico e sensorial. Esta
visão, distinta do quadro gerativista que lega valor inatista à produção e à recepção da
linguagem ela própria, pode ser questionada, assim como em J Taylor (1995), porque na busca
pela comprovação desse aparato sensorial a partir de estudo lingüístico comparativo, esboça-se,
no limite, uma argumentação fechada. Sobre o tema, ver D. Gil (2001).
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52
Sobre o tema, ver Grabowisky (1999); Miller & Grabowisky (2000). Os autores descrevem
como a forma e a posição dos objetos referenciais interferem na escolha da preposição. Em
termos sumários o que dizem é o seguinte: no reconhecimento do esteja ‘à frente de um
objeto’, leva-se em conta não apenas a posição deste em relação ao falante, mas também a
morfologia do objeto tido como ponto de referência.
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l=49" ?6" C6;a4C154;36Y" )9" W1676819T" ?1<4=845" ?612" 56?4762" 26W=4" 6" 09047" ?9"
6=89;1F9@D6" ?92" 09=342" ?4" M5" 6=89;1256Z" \1]" M5" q=4?MC16;1239r" 4" \11]" M5" 6M3=6"
qa67S231C6rY"#9=9"6"0=1541=6T"UM4"24"9224547a9"V"1?b19"C650621C16;97T"9"6=89;1F9@D6"
b"M5")55"%@*)="T"6M"24L9T"M59"=479@D6"5_731079"?4"1;E7Mp;C192"245"a14=9=UM1F9@D6"
6=89;1F9C16;97Y"#9=9"6"248M;?6"56?476T"UM4"24"9224547a9"V"0=606239"?9"P:"4"962"
42UM4592" ?4" Q9;89Cv4=T" 92" =479@A42" ?4" a14=9=UM19" 4" 9" 1;348=9@D6" ?4<45" 24=4"
hi
C6;21?4=9?62";9"9;l7124 Y"'"42UM459"9C159"17M23=9"62"?612"56?4762Y""'
jY"/6W=4"9"P=95931C971F9@D6"
jY!Y","&43659?9"?6".459"4":6;C4136"
P&,-,.(:,Q(+,wz'" ;D6" b" C6;C4136" ;6<6" 4" 06?4" 24=" 4;C6;3=9?6" 45" 34X362"
8=95931C912" W9239;34" 9;34=16=42" 962" UM4" 6" =4239W474C4=95" C656" 922M;36"
04=31;4;34" 09=9" 92" ?12CM22A42" 26W=4" 71;8M9845T" |HYYYH" 90N2" M5" ?423=M1?6=" 4C71024"
?M=9;34"M59"6;?9"423=M3M=971239"06MC6"E9<6=l<47"V"04=204C31<9"?19C=Ä;1C9"1;4=4;34"
hj
V" 8=95931C971F9@D6 T" 6" 3459" <6739" 9" =4C4W4=" 934;@D6" ;62" 9;62" !nKIY}" \#=b<623T"
"
GIIiZ!jj] ~!#8" #9M7" [6004=" 4" $71F9W4a3" .=9M8633" \GIIG]" 9221;9795" UM4" Ll" 24"
?12CM319" 6" E4;Ä54;6" ?9" 8=95931C971F9@D6" ;9" 6W=9" ?4" [M5W67?3" \!KJKO!oih]Y" /D6"
18M9754;34" 4;C6;3=9?92" 54;@A42" 96" 3459" 45" 34X362" 8=95931C912" 9;31862"
hh
=4E4=4;342"V"7S;8M9"a1;?M Y""
#9=9" 9" 93M97" 984;?9" 9C9?p51C9T" 93=1WM1O24" 9" ,;361;4" -417743" \!n!G]" 4" 9"
^4=Ft"äM=të6g1FC"\!nJh]"9"E6=5M79@D6"?6"C6;C4136"397"C656"b"M3171F9?6T"24;?6"UM4T"
96"0=1541=6T"3=1WM395O24"9";6549@D6"4"9"4204C1E1C9@D6"?6"E4;Ä54;6Y"$5"-417743T"
8=95931C971F9@D6"b"?42C=139"C656Z"
"
53
Sobre o tema ver, E. Crist e A. Tauber (1999)
Em L. Hjemslev (1961): “A teoria lingüística /.../ deve buscar o que há de constante, e que
não esteja ancorado em alguma ‘realidade’ externa à linguagem – uma constância que faça a
linguagem (uma) linguagem, seja lá o que for, e que faça uma língua particular idêntica a ela
mesma em todas as manifestações” (p. 08) [#36]. Sobre o tema, G. Mounin (1984) diz “La
ambición de Hjelmslev no es nada menos que la de fundar su teoría (palabra que define
cuidadosamente) lingüística, a la manera e los lógicos que tanto admira /…/ sin equívoco de
todos sus principios de partida y de todas sus definiciones básicas.” (p.138) Ver ainda Hatifield
(2002).
55
L. Campbell & Richard Janda (2003), P.Hopper & E. Traugott (2002), F. Newmeyer (2001)
e L. Campos (2004) apresentam ampla listagem de definições para o conceito. L. Vitral e J.
Ramos (2006) oferecem análise sobre o tema de um ponto de vista formalista.
54
G!
å"9"3=9;2E6=59@D6"?4"M59"0979<=9"9M3Ä;659"45"M5"47454;36"8=95931C97Y"
$224"0=6C4226T"4;<67<4;?6"9"93=1WM1@D6"?4"C9=l34="8=95931C97"9"M59"0979<=9"
9;34=16=54;34" 1;?404;?4;34" b" M5" ?62" ?612" 54162" 04762" UM912" M5" ;6<6"
C6;23=M36" 8=95931C97" b" E6=59?6" \-417743T" !nG!Z!i!T" I2Z" :950W477" 4" ^9;?9T"
GII!Z"nh]Y"~!#9"
C656"09=3SCM792"5N=E1C92"2ME1X912"?4"EM;@D6"245m;31C9"4"21;3l31C9"4204CSE1C9Y"'M3=62"
4X450762" =4C6==4;342" ;9" 7134=93M=9" 4204C1971F9?9" 2D6" 6" 59=C9?6=" ?4" 9?<b=W16" ?92"
ho
7S;8M92" =65m;1C92" qB54;34 r" 4" 9" 09=3SCM79" ?4" ;489@D6" E=9;C429" q092rT" CML6"
hn
218;1E1C9?6";651;97"1;1C197"b"|09226}" Y""
," 8=95931C971F9@D6" 6C6==4" 45" 439092" 4" 62" 8=9M2" ?4" 8=95931C971F9@D6"
06?45" 24=" 6W24=<9?62Y" '2" 134;2" qB7trT" qB54;34r" 4" q092r" 59;1E42345" 8=9M2" ?4"
8=95931C971F9@D6"?1E4=4;342Y",2"3=p2"E6=592"0622M45"C6506=3954;36"C6507439"6M"
09=C19754;34" 8=95931C971F9?9Z" q092r" b" 9" 54;62" 8=95931C971F9?9" 4" 06?4" 6C6==4="
C656";_C746"?4"M5"/)T"C656"45"\ii]"L"#5'$5#X#'2#8)5#!"#*)#8>)9%)0$"#\$236M"9"M5"
09226" ?9" E9=5lC19]B" 6M" C656" 59=C9?6=" ?4" ;489@D6Z" \ij]# L"# 2"# 5'$5# 8)5# '2# @/2#
U6'!$)26# \$M" ;D6" 26M" M5" W65" 423M?9;34]f" 4" q54;34r" 6C6==4" C656" ;_C746" ?4" /)T"
\ih]"-$2>)#%"26"#"56^#0/2('5)T"4"C656"2ME1X6T"\iJ]"`'0)5#"56^#0*)9)%"26"#0)25)!/B#
4" qB7tr" 904;92" 6C6==4" C656" 2ME1X6" 9?<4=W197T" \iK]" `/=$0)**HB# 6>$5# %")25# 6>)6YYY#
\Q681C954;34T"1226"UM4="?1F4="UM4YYY]Y"
"
$5"äM=të6g1FCT""8=95931C971F9@D6"b"?4E1;1?9"?9"248M1;34"E6=59Z"
"
:6;E18M=9O24" C656" 8=95931C971F9@D6" 9" 474<9@D6" ?4" M5" 56=E459" 9" M5"
42393M36" 5912" 8=95931C97" 9" 09=31=" ?4" M5" 1345" 74X1C97" 54;62" 8=95931C97YYY"
\!nKh~!nJhZ"hG]"~!#@"
"
"
[6004=" 4" .=9M8633" \GIIG]" ?12CM345" 92" ?4E1;1@A42" UM4" 62" 0=4CM=26=42"
90=424;395" 09=9" 6" E4;Ä54;6Y" P=95931C971F9@D6" b" M5" 0=6C4226" ?4" 0=68=4221<9"
04=?9" ?4" 9M36;6519" ?9" 0979<=9" 4" 2M9" 4E431<9@D6" C656" 09=3SCM79" EM;C16;97Y" $5"
3=9L43N=19"4<67M31<9"?4"439092"C6;3S;M92T"M59"0979<=9"09229"?4"M5"42393M36"74X1C97"
074;6" 09=9" 6" 42393M36" 74X1C97" 42UM45l31C6Y" '" UM4" 4=9" M5" 1345" 9M3Ä;656" 09229" 9"
24=" M59" M;1?9?4" 71;8RS231C9" UM4" ?424504;a9" EM;@D6" ?404;?4;34" ?6" 90616"
21;3l31C6"4"245m;31C6"?6"95W14;34"71;8RS231C6";6"UM97"24"9;C6=9Y"(226"218;1E1C9"UM4"
92" 5M?9;@92" EM;C16;912" 6C6==45" C6;C65139;3454;34" V2" 5M?9;@92" ?4" 6=?45"
245m;31C6O345l31C9Y" ,2" 0979<=92" 45" 0=6C4226" ?4" 8=95931C971F9@D6"
0=68=4221<954;34" 04=?45" 2M9" E6=59" 42UM45l31C9" 4" 9" 2MW2313MS2245" 06=" M5"
hJ
56?476"21;3l31C6O245m;31C6"42UM45l31C6 Y"
jYiY")639"26W=4"#=606239"?4"q#9;C=6;19"Q4X1C97r"
," 09=31=" ?4224" =9C16CS;16T" 09=4C4O54" 1;34=4229;34" 04;29=" 45" M59"
;6549@D6" 9734=;931<9" 09=9" 92" 09=342" ?4" M59" 0979<=9Y" )6" 7M89=" ?4" 24" 04;29=" 45"
58
Várias são as fontes que reconhecem na formação adverbial em –mente um caso nítido de
gramaticalização. Interessante registrar as palavras de Said Ali que, anos antes da nomeação do
conceito, já descreviam o fenômeno; propõe ele: “enriqueceram-se estas [as línguas latinas],
todavia com algumas formações desconhecidas do latim literário, com várias criações novas e,
em especial, com os advérbios em –mente que se tiram de adjetivos. Essa terminação nada
mais é do que o ablativo do latim mens v.g. em bona mente. Por algumas locuções deste tipo se
modelaram outras muitas, acabando por obliterar-se a significação primitiva do substantivo e
passando este a valer tanto como um sufixo derivativo.” (2000[1921]:140). Mattoso Câmara
propõe comentário de igual racioncínio; diz ele que “... há um mecanismo geral, que já vem do
latim vulgar, para derivar latamente advérbios de adjetivos, em substituição aos processos do
latim clássico. Consiste no emprego de mente, inicialmente o ablativo do substantivo feminino
mens “mente, combinado com um adjetivo que se quer usar adverbialmente: o adjetivo é
obrigatoriamente anteposto e concordo em gênero com menta, que tem na construção o sentido
geral de “maneira, modo”. No latim literário clássico já se encontra início dessa construção,
mas ainda sem a significação diluída e genérica do substantivo mente... ” (1979:121).
59
D.Rubin lista expressões que se tornaram partículas, artigos, pronomes, preposições ou
marcações verbais, como a preposição egípcia, m-q3b, e as formas cognatas hebraica, b!qéreb, ugarítica, (b-)qrb, e acadiana, ina qereb, significam ‘no meio de’. Todas elas originamse de um processo de gramaticalização, cuja fonte são as formas qéreb, do hebreu, e q3b, da
língua egípcia, que significam “intestino” (Rubin, 2004:68); o que é indicação semântica
interessante.
jYGY"$X450762"?4"P=95931C971F9@D6"
'2" 59=C9?6=42" ?4" 9?<b=W16" 4" ?4" 2MW239;31<6" ?9" 7S;8M9" 1;87429qB7tr" 4" qB
a66?r" 2D6" 4X450762" C6;a4C1?62" ?4" 2ME1X62" UM4" 24" 4239W474C4=95" 45" 397" EM;@D6"
hK
93=9<b2"?4"8=95931C971F9@D6Y"qB7tr"345"6=1845";9"E6=59"?6"1;87p2"9=C91C6 "q7íCrT"CML6"
218;1E1C9?6"4=9"|909=p;C19T"C6=06}f"06="2M9"<4FT"qBa66?r"24"6=181;9"?4"qaì?rT"0979<=9"
UM4" ?4;639<9" |4239?6T" C6;?1@D6}" \&MW1;T" GIIjZIi]Y" ,3M9754;34T" 42292" ?M92"
4X0=422A42";D6"2D6"M29?92"?4"E6=59"9M3Ä;659Z"qB7tr"4"qBa66?r"?404;?45"?4"M5"
C6;34X36" 74X1C97" UM4" 92" =4C4W9" 09=9" UM4" 062295" 6C6==4=" 4" 24=45" =4C6;a4C1?92"
56
Há outras percepções sobre o tema. Para A.Castilho (1997) e, especialmente, para L.Vitral
(1999), a gramaticalização gera troca de categoria sintática, ou seja, um item passa de uma para
outra classe mentalmente existente. Com isso, passa a desempenhar função gramatical e não
mais uma função lexical. Sobre o tema, ver também L. Vitral e J. Ramos (2006).
57
Por inglês arcaico, compreende-se o período entre os anos 500 e 1100 da EC.
GG
qW924r" 4" 45" q9E1X62r" C656" 04@92" ?4" ;93M=4F92" 5N=E1C92" ?1E4=4;342T" C656" b"
JI
C65M54;34" E4136" ;6" 56?476" &*#" \&48=92" ?4" *6=59@D6" ?4" #979<=92] " T" 2M81=6"
04;29=562" 45" M59" 213M9@D6" 45" UM4" M5" 1345" 74X1C97" 4X1239" C656" M59" M;1?9?4"
C65M;1C931<9"09;C=Ä;1C9Y">59"0979<=9"C656"9")*$%"26)O3/T"06="4X45076T#06?4=19"
24="?42C=139"?9"248M1;34"E6=59Z""
"
"
=4""""""""" ã"""""""""""""97154;39" "ã"
9@D6""
î""=497154;39@D6"
0979<=9"3\2OG]""
0979<=9"3\2]""0979<=9"3\2O!]"
"
24;?6" UM4" 6# é" 34506" 4" 2" é" =4E4=p;C19" 1;1C197Y" 'M" 24L9T" O" )*$%"26)# W" 345" 34506" 2T"
06=UM4"24M"<976="245m;31C6"b"6"5912"93M9;34f"9"OT"C656"34506"\2OG]T"?9?6"UM4"24M"
<976=" 245m;31C6" b" 54;62" ;S31?6" 45" 9")*$%"26)O3/T" 4" 6" 2MW239;31<9?6=" O)O3/# CML9"
;639@D6" 34506=97" b" 59=C9?9" C656" \2O!]" 06236" UM4" 345" <976=" 245m;31C6"
1;34=54?1l=16Y":6509=931<954;34T"M59"4X0=422D6"C656"=$9)55/*T"24=l"?42C=139"C65"
9"59=C9@D6"2"18M97"09=9"92"?M92"09=342Z"
"
"""""""""81=9"ã"
"\2]267"" "
î""81=92267"
0979<=9"3\2]""
0979<=9"3\2]""
""
""
?9?6"UM4"95W92"0622M45"C9=89"245m;31C9"074;9f"4"92215"2MC4221<954;34Y","42C979"
3\2]T" 3\2" O!]T" 3" \2OG]" 3\2O7]" b" C6509=931<9Y" (226" UM4=" ?1F4=" UM4" 6" 34506" C=6;67N81C6"
71;49="06?4"24="<1236"?4"E6=59"=47931<9"96"8=9M"?4"8=95931C971F9@D6Y""
>59"54259"0979<=9"06?4"3=9F4="q04?9@62"?4"345062"?1E4=4;342rT"24;?6"
UM4T";6"715134T"36?62"2D6"06=39?6=42"?4"M59"54259"E6=59"?4"6=1845"074;9f"6M"Ll"
J!
;92C42245" C656" ?4=1<9@A42" E41392" 9" 09=31=" ?4C650621@A42" 09;C=Ä;1C92 Y" $229"
_73159" 09229845" b" 904;92" M59" 1;?1C9@D6" 9" 24=" 4X951;9?9" 45" EM3M=92"
606=3M;1?9?42" ?4" 042UM129T" 592" 345" 9" <4=" C65" 9" 042UM129" UM4" 9UM1" 24"
JG
?424;<67<4 Y"""
hY"#=40621@A42"4"P=95931C971F9@D6Z"0/%/#5'9="%#)5#89"8/5$Oa"5#
hY!Y"'0@D6"0479"%19C=6;19"
," 8=95931C971F9@D6" 4X071C9" 9" E6=59@D6" 4" 9" 245m;31C9" ?92" 0=40621@A42Y"
.6?9" 4" UM97UM4=" 0=40621@D6" 345" 6=1845" 45" M59" #,Q,d&," #Q$)," UM4T" ;M5" 34506"
Ji
09229?6T" 4X4=C19" EM;@D6" 9M3Ä;659" ?4" 0=6<l<47" /$-{).(:," $/#,:(,Q Y" )6" ?4C6==4="
?4239" 24@D6T" ?12C6==4=41" 26W=4" 4224" ?612" 06;362" Wl21C62Y" /M9" 9071C9@D6" 45" ?9?62"
450S=1C62" ;6<62" 24=l" E4139" ;9" 24@D6" 248M1;34" 9" 09=31=" ?9" 9;l7124" ?9" 0=40621@D6" !""
?6"#`Y""
hYGY"P=95931C971F9@D6"4"#=40621@A42"
Jj
#=40621@A42"2D6"0979<=92"?4"<976="42UM45l31C6 "UM4"1;?1C95"56<154;36"
;6"4209@6"ES21C6"4"6M3=92"=479@A42"?4239"6=181;9?92Y","a10N3424"?4"q92"0=40621@A42"
34=45" 6=1845" ;9" 1;?1C9@D6" ?4" 56<154;36" 4209C197" 6M" C6=06=97r" b" 1506=39;34" 45"
?612"9204C362Y""
#=1541=6T" 6" =4C6;a4C154;36" ?4" 9=8M54;362" a123N=1C62" 04=5134" 45" C4=39"
54?1?9" ?42<479=" 6" <976=" 245m;31C6" 91;?9" ;S31?6" ?92" 0=40621@A42Y" $224" 4X4=CSC16" b"
C79=6T" 06=" 4X45076T" ;9" 0=40621@D6" @)0S# 45" 1;87p2T" 4" b" <986" ;9" 0=40621@D6" !"" 45"
06=3M8Mp2Y""
'" 4X954" ?62" 34=562" 8=95931C971F9?62" 4X184" 423M?62" UM4" C6;21?4=45"
<9=19@A42"34506=912"4X34;292"6M"<9=19@A42"34506=912"5912"=4C4;342T"C656"b"6"C926"
?6" 423M?6" ?92" E6=592" =4E74X1<92" C9W6O<4=?19;92" S)@U5)# 4" S'28)2>"9'Y" " ," 7S;8M9"
C=16M79" C9W6O<4=?19;9" ?92" 17a92" ?4" /9;31986" 90=424;39" 09=3SCM792" =4E74X1<92" ?4"
245m;31C9"W9239;34"3=9;209=4;34Y"$5"\io]"&]!)#9)$@)#!$#5$#S)@U5)#\$74"24;31M"=91<9"
63
Argumento contrário a esse postulado pode ser reconhecido nos fenômenos de lexificação e
empréstimo lexical. No primeiro caso, para que se mantenha a proposta, seria necessário que
uma preposição tivesse origem em uma palavra cujo valor pleno tenha desgastado e, em
seguida, seja recuperado. Para o segundo caso, pode-se citar casos como a entrada de
preposições em dialetos búlgaros que usam preposições “emprestadas”, notadamente a forma
alemã von (de, em Port.), em casos genitivos. Sobre o segundo tema, ver B. Igla (1999). Essa
ressalva não é suficiente para colocar em questão a proposta; apenas relativiza-a.
64
Saussure se refere às delimitações dos valores dos termos do sistema lingüístico como
“valores solidários /.../ que se limitam reciprocamente” (1972[1916]:159-160); o que sugere
leitura sistêmica da organização do léxico. Mas Saussure não faz menção a ocorrências
sintagmáticas, mas a um sistema lexical a ser compreendido em nas dimensões horizontal e
vertical. Nesse sentido, portanto, a noção de ‘relação’ deve ser tomada de formas diferentes.
Sobre o tema ver, T. Gamkretlidze (1974), J. Huford (1989), e D. Lucchesi (1981).
60
Sobre o tema, ver S. Scalise (1987); L.Rocha (1999), M.Basílio (1999).
O que se aproxima do conceito de “Recombinação” de L. Talmy. O autor fala em unidades
discretas para haver recombinações. No caso que aqui apresento, pensa-se em uma situação de
unidades dependentes dado o estágio de gramatilização no qual se encontram. Sobre o tema,
ver Talmy (2004)
62
No capítulo XII de Fondations of Cognitive Grammar (1987), como assinalou-me a colega
Sandra Becker, Langacker discorre sobre a composição lexical. O autor não alude a noções
temporais, mesmo assim, mas seus comentários sobre o estabelecimento de um composto
lexical, cuja soma das partes não equivale ao significado do composto em si, têm a ver com a
sua historicidade.
61
Gi
Jo
?4" 21" 0=N0=16Y]f" 91;?9" 45T" \in]" b'# S91# S'28)2>"9'# 67"'# \)N2" ;62" 959562" 5M136]T"
;639O24" ;62" 4X450762" C67a1?62" 45" -9;M47" d4189" \GIII]# UM4" LM;36" V2" 09=3SCM792"
=4E74X1<92" S)@U5)# 4" S'28)2>"9'T" =4C6;a4C45O24" ;131?954;34" 3=9@62" ?4" 24M" <976="
245m;31C6" 0=N0=16Y" '" 4X954" ?4" E4;Ä54;62" 45" 7S;8M92" UM4" 06?45" 24="
C6;21?4=9?92" q;6<92r" 04=5134" E9F4=" 1;E4=p;C192" 26W=4" 0=6C42262" 5912" 9;31862" 4"
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|904;92"92"=479@A42"4209C1912"06?4=195"24="4X0=42292}"\P=6M2214=T"!nnnZGGj]'>!8#?Y""
#9=9" -1Ca947" :6=W97712" \GIIi]T" 4229" a10N3424" ;D6" ?4<4" 24=" C6;21?4=9?9"
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b" 3459" ?4" ?4W934Y" -9=14OQ1;4" P=6M2214=" \!nnn]T" `4;L951;" *989=?" \GIIG]T" -1Caç74"
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JK
0479"a10N3424"76C971239T"C656"b"Ca959?9"06="äM=të6g1FC"\!nJj] Y"P=6M2214="LM231E1C9"
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65
Como aparece em S. Ross-Hagebaum: “o princípio da prototipização /…/ é um princípio
teleológico (goal-oriented principle), /.../ uma forma que vem se gramaticalizando como
preposição adquire um número crescente de características preposicionais prototípicas. Dentre
as características mórficas, sintáticas e semânticas estão a opacidade e redução morfoetimológica, a diferenciação pragmática em relação a expressões de forma semelhante,
ausência de padrões produtivos para a formação de estruturas funcionais relacionadas, ausência
de flexão, ocorrência em posição pré-posta, relevância semântica no caso de alternância de
posição, comando dativo e ou acusativo, e caráter sintático fixo”. (2003:143) [#39]
66
Por ‘polissemia-funcional’, aludo a situações em que não apenas variação de significado,
mas também sua efetivação de significado, é regida pelo contexto sintagmático. A polissemia
de uma palavra dita-plena pode ser presumida mesmo fora de contexto.
67
O termo de Kury!owicz não tem a nada ver com a discussão sobre a abordagem ‘localista’
para o estudo do léxico que se opõe às abordagens ‘componencial’ e ‘conceptual’. Sobre o
tema, ver D.A. Cruse (2001).
68
E ainda em S. Svorou (1993), (apud Goyens 2002:189) “Existem duas fontes principais para
as partículas espaciais: os substantivos e os verbos. Todas as outras fontes sugeridas são
estágios de um caminho de evolução”. [#40]
69
Para autores antilocalistas como R. Jackendoff (1990), “tanto a estrutura especial quanto a
estrutura temporal são projeções de uma organização abstrata que pode ser aplicada, com a
devida especialização, a todo e qualquer domínio” (apud Fagard, 2002:313); [#41] e B. Pottier
(1962), “…é praticamente impossível – apesar da engenhosidade de um Benveniste – derivar o
sentido causal do sentido espacial, salvo se se estabelecer uma regra geral de atribuição de
valor causal às preposições de aproximação [espacial].” [#42] D. Paillard (2000) se opõe à
hipótese da primariedade espacial.
Gj
E6=34"71?9"C65"9"09229845"?4"E6=592"4X0=4221<92"8423M912"09=9"E6=592"26;6=92Y"'2"
0=6C422954;362"C68;131<62"3p5"6=1845";9"4<67M@D6"?9"4;3=4"265"4"84236Z"
"
9C41395"76C9712392"4"9;3176C9712392"UM4"92"0=40621@A42"C6;E18M=95"24;31?62"9W23=9362"
9" 09=31=" ?4" =4?42" ?4" 0=6L4@A42" 5439EN=1C92" 4" 6M" ?4=1<9?92" ?4" M5" <976=" 4209C197"
Wl21C6"\Q9;89Cv4=T"!nnif".=9M8633"4"ä6;18T"!nn!f"+471;2vtOy1WW473T"!nnJ]Y""
,;342" ?1226T" 9" 7S;8M9" 4=9" M59" C65W1;9@D6" ?4" ?12CM=26" 4" ?4" 84236" HYYYH" ,"
5M?9;@9" 09=9" 6" ?12CM=26" 9M3Ä;656" 71<=6M" 92" 5D62" ?4" UM97UM4=" 09047"
C=MC197" ;9" 71;8M9845T" UM4" 06=" 2M9" <4F" 0M?4=95" 4X071C9=" 62"
?424;<67<154;362" 4X3=96=?1;l=162" ;9" C6;E4C@D6" 4" ;9" 59;10M79@D6" ?6"
95W14;34" UM4" C9=9C34=1F95" ;6229" 420bC14T" 4" ?1231;8M4O;62" C79=954;34" ?62"
6M3=62"59C9C62"8=9;?42Y"\:6=W97712T"GIIiZGIn]"~!88"
"
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245m;31C62T"59;3p5"\11]"4"\111]Y"""
\<]" 62" 8=M062" 245m;31C62" 24" 6=89;1F95" ?4" 9C6=?6" C65" M5" 56?476"
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""
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/4"C6;21?4=9=562"62"423l8162"0=15131<62"?9"71;8M9845T"b"0622S<47"04;29="
45"M59"213M9@D6"45"UM4T"?4"E936T"34;a9"a9<1?6"904;92"9"4X0=4221<1?9?4"4209C197"
?92"=479@A42"C65"6"a9W1393"4"62"1;23=M54;362"?4"C6;<S<16Y"'2"a651;S?462"24=<195O
24" ?9" 26;6=1F9@D6" C656" 9=34E936" C65M;1C931<6" UM4" 93M9<9" 45" C6;LM;36" C65" 92"
KI
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'" 26W=4229736" C65" 9" 06221W171?9?4" ?4" a9<4=" 7S;8M92" 45" UM4" 904;92" 92" =479@A42"
0=40621C16;912"4209C1912"2D6"906;39?92"?4<4"24="=4C6;21?4=9?6T"?9?9"397"?154;2D6"
34506=97Y" ,2215T" 9C4139=" 9" 8=95931C971F9@D6" C656" M5" E4;Ä54;6" =4C6==4;34" V"
71;8M9845" ?42?4" 24M2" 092262" 1;1C1912" 15071C9" 45" ?12CM22A42" UM4" M73=9092295" 6"
?65S;16" ?4" M59" ?42C=1@D6" 423=13954;34" W9249?9" 45" 54C9;12562" C68;131<62T"
?189562T" q93M912rY" ,226C19;?6O24" 9" M59" 0=606239" a123N=1C9" ?4" 397" ?154;2D6T"
922M54O24" 395Wb5" UM4" 92" C93486=192" 7bX1C6OEM;C16;912" 2D6" C6;3S;M92" 4" UM4" 62"
9=8M54;362"?19C=Ä;1C62"2D6";4C422l=162"V"4X071C9@D6"?92"C6;E18M=9@A42"21;3l31C92"4"
KG
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8=95931C971F9@D6T" 6039O24" 06=" M59" 9=8M54;39@D6" UM4" 0=60A4" M5" 0=63N3106"
0=40621C16;97" 4209C197" 4;UM9;36" 54C9;1256" C65M;1C931<6Y" $5" 36?6" C926T" 54256"
UM4";D6"a9L9"C6;24;26"UM9;36"V"0=159=14?9?4"4209C197"?92"E6=592"0=40621C16;912T"
JY"#42UM129"$50S=1C9Z"9;l7124"?4"0/98'5T"4239W474C4;?6"C93486=192"
'"0/98'5"?9"042UM129"b"E6=59?6"06="?9?62"42C=1362"1;b?1362"C67a1?62"45"
Ki
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CML6T" 6WL431<6" b" 4239W474C4=" |9" E=4URp;C19" ;9" UM97" M59" 4X0=422D6" 4204CSE1C9" ~;6"
C926" ?4239" 3424Z" 9" 0=40621@D6" ?4" b" M29?9" 45" <l=162" C6;34X362Y}" \.975tT" GIIhZn]"
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C65" 479T" 345O24" 9C4226" 9" M5" <9236" <67M54" ?4" 6C6==p;C192" 0=6?MF1?92" 245" 9"
9E439@D6" ?9" 4;3=4<1239" ?4" C67439" ?4" ?9?62" 6M" ?4" 6M3=62" C6;23=9;8154;362"
?197N81C62" ?4229" 6=?45Y" ," 9;l7124" ?4" M59" 8=9;?4" 8959" ?4" ?9?62" 04=5134" 3=9@9="
34;?p;C192"45"213M9@D6"?4"M26"24;34;C19754;34"C6;34X3M971F9?6Y"/6W=4"397"06;36T"
%6M8792"`1W4="29714;39"UM4Z"
"
70
A gramaticalização das línguas sinalizadas aponta para caminho teórico semelhante. Sobre o
tema, ver A.L. Sexton (1999).
71
Sobre o tema, ver D. J. Povinelli e S. Giambrone (2001)
72
E. Pontes (1992) aplica o conceito de gradualidade em mudanças diacrônicas, nomeado por
Háj Ross como squish, ao estudo de locuções preposicionais do PB. Após a apresentação de
casos de locuções preposicionais, substantivais e adverbiais que se encontram em “diferentes
graus de evolução [histórica]”, Pontes afirma que o “fenômeno da diacronia, que Saussure e
seus seguidores quiseram separar da sincronia, /.../ está sempre misturado com esta.” (Pontes,
1992:45). Sobre o tema ver também, Mello (1990).
1;<423189@A42" 9?4UM9?92" 26W=4" 6" M26" ?9" 71;8M9845" ?4<45" 0=606=" 9;l7124"
450S=1C9"09=9"92"EM;@A42"4"?123=1WM1@D6"?62"3=9@62"71;8RS231C62"6C6==1?62"45"
73
Os textos originais foram anexados em CD; são 115 páginas padrão TNR-10. Se for de
interesse do leitor, os dados podem ser lastreados a partir da numeração da exemplificação que
aparece na tese.
Gh
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904;92" 24" a6M<4=" 4X954" ?6" M26" ?9" 0979<=9" 45" C6;34X362" ;93M=912" ?4"
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"
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:65"1226T"V"C67439T"C6;39845T"C79221E1C9@D6T"9226C19O24"6M3=6"54C9;1256"?4"9;l7124Y"
(;34=4229;34" ?42?4" Ll" 9;M;C19=" UM4T" 9" ?4204136" ?9" 0=6?M31<9" 9226C19@D6"
?4" ?612" 54C9;12562" 4X079;93N=162" C6507454;39=42T" 9" 9;l7124" E1;97" ?62" ?9?62"
=4C6==4M"96"906=34"34N=1C6"?9"P=95l31C9"?4":6;23=M@A42"\0(Y#JYo]Y"$224"56?476"?4"
423M?6"906=39"45W92954;36"34N=1C6"4"5436?67N81C6"09=9"9"71?9"?4"?9?62"C65"M5"
;S<47" ?4" ?1204=2D6" 218;1E1C931<6" 397" 4" UM97" 24" 4239W474C4M" 90N2" 9" C6;39845" 4"
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|M59"423=M3M=9"~UM4"b"3639754;34"9C413l<47"HYYYH"~06?4";D6"6C6==4=";45"M59"<4F"
45"M5"C6=0M2"?4"8=9;?4"4X34;2D6}"\-Y"#4=1;1T"GIIJZin]f"4"06=UM4"b"150622S<47"6"
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-4256" 92215T" 54256" UM4" 24" =47931<1F4" 6" <976=" =40=424;3931<6" ?9" 042UM129" ?4"
0/98'5T"4239"60@D6"?4"042UM129"9C9W9"06="4;?6229="9"0623M=9"40123p51C9"?9"346=19"
C68;131<9" C6;34506=m;49" UM4" =4C6;a4C4" C65" <l71?6" 6" =4C6;a4C154;36" ?4"
34;?p;C192"?4;3=6"?62"?9?62"C67439?62"4"62"0=6C42262"59049?62"45"M59"9;l7124"
UM4" 47MC1?9" UM9713931<954;34" 9UM176" UM4" E61" =4C6;a4C1?6" C656" E4;Ä54;6"
04=31;4;34f"4";D6"93M9";9"WM2C9"?4"?9?62"0=606=C16;912"M;1E6=542Y""
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0/98'5Y""
#6=" 4224" 5631<6T" 9226C19?62" 96" UM4" E61" 6=89;1F9?6" 45" C93486=192"
450S=1C92" 4239W474C1?92" 06=" 4224" 0=6C4?154;36" 1;34=0=43931<6" 4" C79221E1C93N=16T"
E6=95"0=6062362"342342"UM4"<1295"3=9@9="M59"?42C=1@D6"593=1C197"C65"978M5"8=9M"
74
75
JY!Y"-436?676819"?9"#42UM129"
Sobre o tema, ver S. Miguens, (1999), cf: www.apfilosofia.org/documentos/pdf/DennettAPF2000.pdf
Sobre o tema, ver os trabalhos de H. Maturana e F. Varella, cf. Maturana, (1997).
GJ
," C67439" ?4" ?9?62" ?4239" 042UM129" ?4" 0/98'5" E61" 4239W474C1?9" ?4" 9C6=?6"
C65" M5" 0=6C4?154;36" 2150742" 4" 245" 6" 5904954;36" ?4397a9?6" 26W=4" 62"
1;E6=59;342"1;CN8;1362Y")D6"E6=95"74<9?92"45"C6;39"9"6=89;1F9@D6"4"9"9;l7124"?4"
<9=19@A42" 26C1912" C656" 1?9?4T" 8p;4=6T" 6=1845" 8468=lE1C9" 4" 42C679=1?9?4Y" ,"
?42C=1@D6"?6"0=6C422954;36"C68;131<6"?92"0=40621@A42";D6"?42C9=39"9"06221W171?9?4"
?4" a9<4=" 1;E7Mp;C19" ?4" E936=42" C656" 42242" ;9" 42C67a9" 4" ;9" E=4URp;C19" ?4" 24M" M26"
0=40621C16;97T" ;639?954;34" ;6" UM4" C6;C4=;4" 9" 9<9719@D6" ?6" 09?=D6" ;6=5931<6T"
592"42242"9204C362";D6"2D6"6WL436"?4239"042UM129Y""
#6=" q<9=19@A42" 26C1912rT" 97M?6" V2" <9=19@A42" UM4" 6C6==45" 45" EM;@D6" ?4"
4X04C3931<92" 26C1912" 21;C=Ä;1C92" \0(Y" JYi]Y" ," E6=59" 93=9<b2" ?9" UM97" 62" E979;342"
90=4;?45" 4" 959?M=4C45" 6" <4=;lCM76" 06?4" 4X4=C4=" 1;E7Mp;C19" ;9" 42C67a9" ?6"
474;C6" ?4" 0=40621@A42" M3171F9?92Y" [l" 213M9@A42" 45" UM4" M59" 54259" 060M79@D6"
?456;23=9" a42139@D6" ;6" M26" ?4" 0=40621@A42" 45" EM;@D6" ?9" ;6=59" =484;34Y" .97"
E4;Ä54;6" b" C650=44;?1?6" C656" M59" 213M9@D6" ?4" |5M?9;@9" 45" 0=68=4226}"
\P6542T" !nnoZJJ]" 4" 06?4" 24=" 1;34=0=439?6" C656" M59" 042UM129" ?19C=Ä;1C9Y" )6"
4;39;36T" 4" 06=" 4224" 5631<6" 2M9" 9?L431<9@D6" C656" q26C197" 21;C=Ä;1C9rT" ;D6" 2D6"
9<9719?92"92"<9=19@A42"45"439092"?1E4=4;342";6"?4C6==4="?6"34506f"42292"<9=19@A42"
2D6"6W24=<9?92"45"E91X92"43l=192"?1231;392Y")4224"C926T"6"UM4"5M?9";D6"b"6"34506"
45" 21T" 592" q62" 345062" ?62" E979;342r" UM4" 06221<4754;34" 4C695" b06C92" ?4" M26"
?1231;392Y""
'036MO24" 06=" C93486=192" 21;3985l31C92" 4" 245m;31C92" 9W=9;84;342Y" /D6"
0=6062362" ?612" 8=9;?42" 8=M062" 21;3l31C62T" M5" ;651;97" 4" M5" 6M3=6" <4=W97T" C656"
24=l" 4X071C9?6" 5912" 9?19;34" \0(Y" JYh]Y" ,071C9?9" 9" 4229" 0=1541=9" 6=89;1F9@D6T" b"
3=9@9?9"M59"C93486=1F9@D6"C68;131<9T"C6;21?4=9;?6"6"<976="245m;31C6"42UM45l31C6"
4209C197T"4204C1E1C954;34"q<976="?4"?1=4@D6O6=1845rT"?9"0=40621@D6"!"Y"'"24;31?6"?4"
6=1845" b" 24M" <976=" 4209C197" 0=15l=16Y" %4=1<9" ?4224" 9" 1;34=0=439@D6" ?4"
UM9;31E1C9@D6Y" #9=9" 62" C9262" 45" UM4" q6=1845r" 6M" qUM9;31E1C9@D6rT" UM4" b" M5" <976="
?4=1<9?6T" ;D6" 24" 9071C95T" 0=60A4O24" 9" 1;34=0=439@D6" @H# !"()'*6Y" 'M" 24L9T" 9"
0=40621@D6"!"#4X4=C4"9"423=139"EM;@D6"?4"59=C9@D6"?4"=479@D6"4;3=4"?612"34=562Y""
/D6" 3=p2T" 06=39;36T" 92" C93486=192" ?4" 1;34=0=439@D6" C68;131<9" UM4"
90=424;36Z" \1]" <976=" ?4" ?1=4@D6" ?4" 6=1845f" \11]" <976=" ?4" UM9;31E1C9@D6" 4" \111]"
1;34=0=439@D6" @H# !"()'*6Y" $229" _73159" C93486=19" ;D6" ?4<4" 24=" <1239" C656" M59"
9?4UM9@D6" 34N=1C9" 9?903931<9T" 592" C656" ?4" E936" M59" 59;1E4239@D6" ?9" 6;3676819"
0=40621C16;97" ?1231;39" ?92" ?M92" C93486=192" 9;34=16=42Y" *61" 6" E936" ?4" ;D6" 24=45"
=4C6;a4C1?62"7151342"C79=62"4;3=4"42292"C93486=192"UM4"54"74<6M"V"WM2C9"06="M59"
267M@D6"?42C=131<9"?9"P:=Y"\0(Y"JYo]"
"
"
#9=9",M8M231;"[677"\GIIG]T";D6"b"9"904;92"M5"C926"?4"<9=19@D6";6"8=9M"?4"
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8=9;M79=1?9?4" 4T" C6;24UR4;3454;34T" 6C6==45" <9=19@A42" ;62" ?1E4=4;342" %/!$#
/8"9)2!$#M29?62";9"=40=424;39@D6"8=lE1C9"?6"9;1597Y")9"E18M=9"~!T"345O24"2654;34"
M5"04=E17"Wl21C6"?6"9;1597"=40=424;39?6Y","17M23=9@D6"~iT"06="2M9"<4FT"604=9"C65"
3=9@62"Wl21C62T"3=9@62"24CM;?l=162T"?4715139@D6"?4"715134";6"?424;a6T"5M?9;@9"?4"
1;C71;9@D6" ?92" 71;a92" 4" C65" 978M5" ?4397a954;36" 4204CSE1C6" ;9" C9W4@9" ?6" 9;1597Y"
/D6" E6=592" ?4" 604=9@D6" ?9" 159845" UM4" 9M54;395" 6" ;S<47" ?4" 4204C1E1C1?9?4"
?42C=131<9" C65" 9" 1;C6=06=9@D6" ?4" 0=6C4?154;362" 17M23=931<62" ?4" 6=?4;2" ?1231;392"
?9UM4792" M29?92" ;9" 0=1541=9" E18M=9Y" .M?6" 24" 09229T" 06=39;36T" C65" 24" a6M<4224"
=40=424;39@A42"1CÄ;1C92"45"C93486=1912"84=912"4"45"C93486=192"5912"=423=1392Y""
-M?9;@92" ?4" ;S<47" ?4" ?4397a954;36" 4" ?4" 2M9" E6=59" 604=9C16;97T" ;6"
4;39;36T" ;D6" 4;84;?=95" C6;E7136" 40123p51C6" 4" 5436?67N81C6Y" ," 9;l7124" ?4"
6C6==p;C192" 4204C1E1C9?92" C6;?1F" C65" 56?4762" 4X071C931<62" 9W=9;84;342T" 24" 9"
604=9@D6"?62"9204C362"C93486=1912"51_?62"E6="C64=4;34"C65"6"E6=9"4239W474C1?6"45"
M5" ;S<47" C93486=197" 5912" 84=97Y" ,2215" C656" 909=4C4" ;92" 17M23=9@A42" 9C159T" 9"
?4715139@D6"?4"l=492"4"?4"?4397a42"45"~iT"0=6C4?154;36"UM4";D6"a9<19"21?6"E4136"
0=4<1954;34T"9C6;34C4"?4;3=6"?6"4209@6"?92"Ll"71;a92"4X1234;342"45"~!Y""
)9"042UM129"26W=4"9"0=40621@D6"!"T"9?636MO24"M5";S<47"?4"8=9;M79=1?9?4"
5912" 95076" 09=9" 9" 5916=" 09=34" ?62" ?9?62" C67a1?62Y" ," 9?6@D6" ?4" C93486=192" 5912"
8=9_?92" 04=5134" 6" 4239W474C154;36" 4" 9" C6509=9@D6" ?4" 0=6C42262" UM4" 2D6" 84=912Y"
$5"248M1?9T"E6=95"4X951;9?62"?612"C9262"09=31CM79=42"UM4"17M23=95"4224"0=6C4226"
C68;131<6"84=97"45"C6;34X362"245m;31C62"=423=1362Z"\1]"|86239="!"}"4"|9Ca9="!"}T"4"\11]"
978M;2"UM9;31E1C9?6=42T"9C6509;a9?62"06="!"T#C656"%$*>)9"5#!"YYY"4"0"26"2)5#!"YYYY""
#9=9" 9" C650=44;2D6" ?9" =48p;C19" ?6" <4=W6" =/56)9# 4T" C656" 47454;36"
9MX1719=T"9"=48p;C19"?6"<4=W6#)0>)9#\0(Y#JYnY!]T"4"09=9"9"C650=44;2D6"?9"?459;?9"
JYGY"/6W=4"9"P=9;M79=1?9?4"?9"#42UM129"
*61" E4139" 9" 60@D6" 06=" M59" 9;l7124" 45" 36=;6" ?4" 8=M062" ?42C=131<62"
4X34;262T" C65" M5" 8=9M" ?4" 8=9;M79=1?9?4" 95076" UM4" WM2C9" 59049=" 42UM4592"
84=912" ?4" 0=6C422954;36" C68;131<6Y" :93486=192" 5912" 9W=9;84;342" 04=51345" 9"
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1;34=0=439@D6"?4"0=6C42262"C68;131<62"84=912Y ""
>59" W69" E6=59" 09=9" C650=44;?4=" 6" UM4" 2D6" 42242" ;S<412" \6M" 8=9M2]" ?4"
8=9;M79=1?9?4" 45" M59" ?42C=1@D6" b" 9" 2M9" 6W24=<9@D6" 45" =40=424;39@A42" 1CÄ;1C92Y"
)9" 2b=14" ?4" 17M23=9@A42" 971;a9?92" 9" 248M1=T" 6W24=<9O24" M5" 9M54;36" ?6" 8=9M" ?4"
?4397a954;36"4;3=4"92"E18M=92"~!OiY","E18M=9"~!"b"C6506239"06="?612"3=9@62"4"06="
?M92" 9734=9@A42" ;9" 1;C71;9@D6" ;9" 71;a9" Wl21C9" \C656" 906;395" 92" 24392" ;9"
17M23=9@D6]Y" $" 9" 34=C41=9" b" C6506239" 06=" 2412" 3=9@62T" 24;?6" UM93=6" Wl21C62" 4" ?612"
9?L9C4;342f" 9" E18M=9" ~i" 90=424;39" 91;?9" ?4715139@D6" ?4" l=49T" 5M?9;@92" ?4"
1;C71;9@D6" ?92" 71;a92" Wl21C92" 4" 978M5" ?4397a954;36" C65" 9" =40=424;39@D6" ?92"
6=47a92" ?6" 9;1597Y" ," E18M=9" ~G" 345" C6;E18M=9@D6" 1;34=54?1l=19Y" dpO24" UM4" 9"
=40=424;39@D6"?9"E18M=9"~i"b"?4"8=9;M79=1?9?4"5912"51_?9"?6"UM4"9"=40=424;39@D6"
?9" E18M=9" ~!T" UM4T" =9/55/# %/!/T" 345" 62" 3=9@62" =40=424;3931<62T" 6M" 62" q8=D62r"
5916=42Y""
76
Em G. Fauconnier (1987): “as operações cognitivas que desempenham papel central na
construção dos significados (meaning) do dia-a-dia são as mesmas que aplicamos para
raciocinar, pensar e compreender. Nesta perspectiva, não se faz necessário recorrer a
características peculiares ad hoc. A cognição é o parâmetro-chave que integra todas as outras
variáveis juntas.” (apud Holl, 2002:76) [#48]
GK
W91X6Y"\P6542T"!nnnZ"G!n]"~!8<"
0479" 0=40621@D6" !"# 06=" 978M;2" UM9;31E1C9?6=42" \0(Y# JYnYG]T" 9071C6MO24" M5" 56?476"
KK
4X079;93N=16"5912"E1;6T"C65"M59"8=9;M79=1?9?4"?42C=131<9"5912"51_?9 Y""
"
P6542" 9;639" UM4" 9" 0=40621@D6" !"" 90=424;39" C6506=3954;36" 09=31CM79="
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;6" UM4" 39;84" 2M9" <9=19@D6" 45" EM;@D6" ?62" ;S<412" ?4" 42C679=1?9?4 Y" /48M;?6" 9"
9M36=9T"|62"=42M739?62"?9"042UM129"09=4C45"906;39=YYY"
"
JYiY"#=40621@A42"4"d9=19@A42"/6C1912"
:656" ?1224" 9;342T" ;D6" E6=95" 9?639?62" C=13b=162" 26C1912" ;9" 9;l7124" ?6"
0=6C422954;36" ?9" 0=40621@D6" !"Y" &48123=6T" 36?9<19T" 9" 042UM129" ?4" :=1231;9" ,Y"
P6542Y","9M36=9"90=424;39"3=9W97a62"26W=4"<9=19@A42"26C1912";6"M26"0=40621C16;97"
45" ?M92" 6C921A42" 45" !nno" 4" 45" !nnnY" ,;97129;?6" 9" 0=424;@9" ?9" 0=40621@D6" )# 4"
2M9"9734=;m;C19"?4"M26"45"=479@D6"V"E6=59"8)9)#45"95W14;342"<4=W912"W13=9;2131<62"
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2"0"55$6)9#!"B#*"%@9)9#!"B#"5K'"0"9#!"B#89"0$5)9#!"f"4"6M3=6"8=M06"UM4"34;?4"
9" 59;3pO79Z" =/56)9# !"Y" $229" <9=19@D6" ;D6" 345" 9" <4=" C65" 6" ;S<47" ?4"
E6=5971?9?4Y"\P6542T"!nnnZ"GGG]"~!9="
"
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!"# 90=424;39=" 09=31CM79=1?9?42" 45" M26" 4204CSE1C6" ;6" #`Y" 'M" 24L9T" 6" M26" 6M" 9"
=4L41@D6" ?9" 0=40621@D6" !"# 26E=4" 1;E7Mp;C19" ?4" 9204C362" 97a4162" V" E6=5971?9?4" ?6"
34X36Y" $234" E4;Ä54;6" ;D6" 24" 715139" 904;92" V" 0=40621@D6" !"Y" /4" C6;21?4=9=562" 6"
UM4" 04?45" 92" 8=95l31C92" ;6=5931<92T" C656" 6C6==4" ;62" 21342" ?4" C6==4@D6"
8=95931C97" ;6=5931<9T" <4=4562" UM4" al" 1;23=M@A42" 1;C64=4;342" C65" 9" 0=l31C9"
C68;131<9Y"/13M9@A42"C656"9"17M23=9?9"0476"34X36"?4"2134"C6019?6"9"248M1=Z"
"
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5912" W91X9" B" -'`&,Q" 4" #=15l=16T" iGÑ" 4" G!ÑT" =4204C31<954;34T" 4" ?4C=42C4"
;92" 6M3=9" E91X92T" Ca489;?6" 9" GÑ" 4;3=4" M;1<4=213l=162Y" ," 0=40621@D6" )#
90=424;39"M26"1;<4=2954;34"0=606=C16;97"96"6W24=<9?6"09=9"9"9M2p;C19"?9"
0=40621@D6T"1236"bT"9M54;39"9"E=4URp;C19"?4"24M"M26"V"54?1?9"UM4"9M54;39"
6" ;S<47" ?4" 42C679=1?9?4" B" JÑ" 4;3=4" 62" 56W=974;242" 4" JiÑ" 4;3=4" 62"
M;1<4=213l=162Y"\P6542T"!nnoZJJ]"
sM97" 9" E6=59" C6==439Z" ï4;3=489" 9" ?651CS716ï" 6M" ï4;3=489" 45" ?651CS716ïâ" ," =48=9"
0M=1239" b" M29=" 9" ?651CS716" C65" 0979<=92" UM4" 1;?1C95" 56<154;36" \74<9=" =6M09T"
59;?9="6"79;Ca4T"4;<19="W17a4342T"3=9F4="M59"01FF9T"1="+'A*2B6C.B*]"4"45"?651CS716'
UM9;?6"245"56<154;36"\?9="9M792T"C6=39="C9W476T"E9F4="9"M;a9HC6;24=362HC651?9"
C6;8479?9'12'A*2B6C.B*]Y"
E6;34Z"ááa330ZHHv07M2YC6256YC65YW=H5934=19Y920âC6éjn4=<éP=95931C9àà"
"
$5" 0MW71C9@D6" 06234=16=T" 24=<1;?6O24" ?4" M5" 59;9;C197" 450S=1C6" 5912"
9W=9;84;34"P6542"\!nnn]"C654;39"UM4Z"
"
'";S<47"?4"4?MC9@D6"b"M59"C6;?1C16;9;34"1506=39;34"09=9"6"2MW8=M06"?62"
W13=9;2131<62Y"HYYYH"62"=42M739?62"=4<4795"M59"C79=9"=479@D6"4;3=4"6";S<47"?4"
42C679=1?9?4" 4" 9" 42C67a9" <9=19C16;97Y" *979;342" C65" M5" ;S<47" ?4" 4?MC9@D6"
5912"9736"34;?45"9"=4L4139="6"9098954;36"0=40621C16;97"HYYYH"'"9098954;36"
0=40621C16;97" b" 0=4E4=1?6" 4;3=4" E979;342" C65" ;S<47" ?4" 42C679=1?9?4" 5912"
"
Kn
906;395" 09=9" M59" 1;84=p;C19" ;6=5931<9" ;6" M26" 0=40621C16;97 Y" )D6" 24" 74<9" 45"
C6;39"9UM176"UM4"b"M29?6T"592"C6;21?4=9O24"M5"54C9;1256"9;97N81C6"09=9"09229="
?4"M5"M26"?4"<976="C68;131<6"04=C403S<47"09=9"6M3=6"45"UM4"1226";D6"9C6;34C4Y","
<9=19@D6";6"M26"0=40621C16;97";42242"C9262"345"5631<9@D6"4XN84;9T"M59"<4F"UM4"
24"715139"V"WM2C9"?4"C6;24;26"26W=4"9"42C67a9"?4"M59"6M"6M3=9"0=40621@D6Y""
77
A variação da granularidade da pesquisa tem sentido comparativo. Parece-me ser bastante
possível que determinado estudo avaliado por uns como ‘larga granularidade’ possa ser locado
por outros em uma situação de ‘granularidade fina’. A avaliação da granularidade de uma
pesquisa deve ser feita tendo como referência os objetivos da pesquisa desenvolvida. A noção
mesmo de “grão” é passível de interpretações e, com isso, origens metafóricas distintas. Grão
pode ser uma peça de um sistema; grão pode ser uma peça de um conjunto e, grão, no limite,
pode ser o próprio sistema, se este for considerado como o universo de análise. Esse
comentário ecoa as diferenças que há entre posturas epistêmicas atomísticas e holísticas. As
primeiras sustentam a tese de composicionalidade de tal ordem imperativa que cabe ao trabalho
científico a compreensão das partes fundamentais que geram o organismo. Por outro lado, a
opção holística vê na partícula nada além de uma manifestação do que o sistema descreve.
Sobre o tema, ver M. Silcox (2005)
78
Sobre o uso da expressão ‘bitransitividade’: é possível que ocorra transitividade sem
preposição, ou mesmo, sem que haja o complemento. Para este raciocínio, penso na proposta
de Talmy (2001), para quem pode ser o verbo – e, consequentemente, a sentença – uma
expressão de superfície de um evento, do qual participam diferentes graus de transitividade.
Nesse sentido, o valor da pesquisa da autora como indicação de uma influência social torna-se
mais marcado.
79
Comentário de caráter semelhante sobre a substituição do uso de a por para encontra-se em
M. Salomão (1990:36)
Go
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82
81
Em G. Fauconnier (1997:18): “Nossas rede conceptuais são intrinsecamente estruturadas por
mapeamentos analógicos e metafóricos, que desempenham papel-chave na construção de seu
significado sincrônico e em sua evolução diacrônica”. [#52] Esse comentário não se aplica
diretamente ao tema, mas é bastante condizente com o que vem sendo desenvolvido pela GC.
83
A numeração dos exemplos foi reiniciada para facilitar o acompanhamento pelo leitor. A
partir deste ponto, todos os exemplos pertencem ao corpus da pesquisa. Exemplos hipotéticos
serão identificados com letras entre parênteses.
Sobre o tema, ver F. Nef (1991); D. Laurier, (1993) e S. Prasada, (1999).
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Uma forma possível de se evidenciar a interpretação NI do exemplo, diferenciando-a das
demais categorias, é pensando como “ser filho” engendra existir uma relação familiar em que
existe um pai.
85
Sobre o tema, ver D. J. Napoli (1993). A autora relata que o russo e o alemão dispõem deste
mecanismo.
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87
‘Critalizações’ são expressões que não geram novas expressões por analogia ou por algum
outro processo; sua ocorrência é condicionada a contextos de uso limitados, como Era uma
vez... e via de regra. Cristalizações se estabelecem através da associação do uso constante
replicatório em situações, de alguma forma, ritualizadas. Defino ‘colocação’ como a
ocorrência de uma unidade fraseológica de significado global. Formas como dar no pé; ficar de
castigo são exemplos. Sobre o tema, ver G.Dostie (2002)
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89
Exemplos: M. Hersunld (1980): (a) Le fiz le roi (O filho o rei); (b)li serf Dieu (o servo
Deus);em Harrison e Ashby (2003): (c) Jonas /…/, ki fu el ventre la balaine. (Jonas /.../ que foi
a barriga da baleia); (d) El cil est fil roi Tibaut l’Escavon. (O cílio é filho rei Tibaut, o
Escavon); (e) La teste Brun (A cabeça Bruno).
90
Exemplos: Migge (2003): (f) Den put milk coffee (Eles colocaram leite café)
91
Comentário pessoal.
88
G. Gross (1981) é de opinião contrária. Para ele, “a preposição que precede o substantivo
(como em ‘chemin de fer’ [trilho de ferro]) constitui um elemento sobre o qual não se faz
pertintente a busca por um sentido intrínseco” (p. 39) [#54].
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93
Voltarei a este ponto mais adiante, mas gostaria de registrar que este é um caso de diferenças
interpretativas de ordem epistemológicas; não empíricas.
94
Para Langacker (2000b: 81-83), a diferença entre especificação e modificação é uma questão
de grau. Para deixar mais clara esta distinção, vamos pensar que, por vezes, um alto grau de
qualificação pode não ser suficiente para o exercício da especificação, sendo o oposto
igualmente verdadeiro. É possível que uma solitária atribuição de modificação execute efeito
de especificação.
92
Sobre o tema ver “Análise funcional da elipse de preposições em português” de E. Saraiva
(1984). Neste estudo, a autora conclui que “o contexto discursivo ou pragmático é suficiente
para recuperar a relação que seria codificada pela preposição elidida.” (p.95)
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Como indicação dessa possibilidade: em consulta feita a sites brasileiros via Google (em
12/12/2006), aparece um número significativo de ocorrências como “vestibular medicina”,
“vestibular Letras”, “vestibular direito”; como o caso: “específicos do vestibular Direito GV,
na medida em que não priorizou a avaliação da capacidade de memorização de um grande
número de fórmulas e resultados”, do site
<<
educaterra.terra.com.br/vestibular/gabaritos/gv_mat.pdf >>
97
Este é um caso em que a sentença formada tem aceitabilidade, mas altera a relação entre as
partes nominais do exemplo, conforme foi comentado acima.
95
Revisão e discussão sobre o estabelecimento de protótipos, com uma boa dose crítica, podem
ser encontradas nos trabalhos de G. Kleiber (1990,1994). Nesta parte da pesquisa, opta-se pela
proposta protótipo do tipo ‘air de famille’: a eleição do indivíduo prototípico dá-se em função
do nível de partilhamento de traços.
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98
Um caso como este ilustra que a possibilidade de substituição do SP por uma forma adjetiva
pode ser restringida pela disponibilidade de itens lexicais condizentes no português. Isso não
invalida o teste, haja vista que formas “inexistentes”, como aparece em (64), podem ter seu
valor semântico reconhecido.
100
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Neste caso, há aceitação do exemplo modificado, mas com uma interpretação diferente.
“Resto hospitalar” não tem sentido espacial como o tem “resto do hospital”. Ao se dizer (a)
Vou conhecer o resto hospitalar, pensa-se em algo diferente de (b) Vou conhecer o resto do
hospital.
99
O cálculo do valor médio segue a seguite formula = (media da " valores dos quadros /no. de
exemplos)
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101
A ser considerado que 100% é total de marcações positivas o que equivaleria a 30/6 = 5.
Estes exemplos foram encontrados nos seguintes contextos de ocorrência (cf. Dados, em CD
anexo); são eles: (8) Eh....meus vestibulares taum quase acabando......soh falta agora o de
ciencias....o de historia e do de espanhol. /.../(22) quando tenta se levantar para averiguar no
resto do hospital Annity é segura pelo médico: /..../ (108) A beleza de teus olhos // eu julgo, eu
analiso: // são brilhos de um céu em cor de mil momentos.
102
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103
É importante assinalar que a entrada do arcabouço teórico da Gramática de Construções
nesta tese se deu na parte final de um logo percurso teórico. Os primeiros ensaios de análise se
serviram de argumentos funcionais; não resultaram em indicações satisfatórias. Passou-se a
uma pesquisa cognitiva. Dentro dos postulados cognitivos, houve um movimento da pesquisa
que associou argumentos cognitivos e diacrônicos para levar a diante a hipótese proposta. A
meu ver, a análise já era forte, mas carecia de exercícios comprobatórios auxiliares. Com esse
intuito, foram aplicados testes de avaliação. Novamente, o resultado dos testes deixou a
desejar. Neste caso, passou-se para uma nova linha teórica que comunga vários postulados com
a GC. A GCr aglomera argumentos diacrônicos e cognitivos. É certo que uma entrada mais
detalhada nesta teoria seria de bom alvitre, mas esse percurso deverá ser traçado em pesquisas
e estudos futuros.
104
W. Croft abre esta seção com as seguintes palavras “Gramática (Radical) de Construções
Radical é impressionantemente simples – é um modelo de representaçaão sintática
genuinamente minimalista” (2001:362) [#60]
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105
Para um estudo aprofundado sobre protótipos lingüísticos, é importante pensar em
elementos da lógica de Boole; notadamente no que tange as diversas formas distribucionais que
podem assumir modelos prototípicos.
106
Esta opção não é partilhada por todas as linhas de pesquisa. Para os gerativistas, mesmo na
lida com questões de ordem diacrônica, pensa-se em categorias discretas. J. Ramos e L. Vitral
(2006), autores gerativistas, ao tratarem sobre o tema, afirmam que: “Para nós, ou o item é de
uma classe ou de outra. Em outras palavras, quando o item é inserido numa estrutura oracional,
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estatuto categorial indefinido ou mesmo ambíguo.” (p.24)
107
É característico dos estudos lingüísticos o fato de os protótipos de uso da linguagem
sofrerem alterações, corrupções e perda prototipicidade. Uma expressão que, em uma dada
época, é marca forte de linguagem juvenil, por exemplo, pode ocupar nova função prototípica
em outro momento da história desta comunidade de fala, ou perder, por completo, seu valor de
destaque identitário que exercia num tempo anterior.
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108
Cida Araújo desenvolve investigação sobre outras preposições do PB e segue linha de
pesquisa semelhante. Em trabalho inédito, ao qual tive acesso, a pesquisadora traça ‘rede
semântica’ para a interpretação da forma sob.
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109
G. Kleiber (1990) ressalta a importância do conceito de protótipo para os trabalhos em
lingüística. O autor alerta para o fato de pesquisadores não se preocuparem com as estruturas
que podem ocorrer dentre os diversos modelos de protótipos. No caso desta pesquisa, assumese o modelo ‘radial’. Os esquemas de protótipo apresentados por Kleiber no artigo citado são:
‘modelo-flor’; ‘air-de-famille’ e ‘modelo cadeia’.
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110
Este termo técnico é usado por A. Wierzbicka e S.Bién respectivos grupos de pesquisa para
designar manifestações lexicais distintas em idiomas distintos, porém de valor semântico
universal, como explica S. Bién (1973:144) “introduzimos a noção de “lexema”; um lexematipo (lexeme-type) é consistido pelo conjunto de seus aloléxicos e a escolha de uma função que
descreve qual deles deve ser usado em um dado contexto. Todos aloléxicos de um lexema
devem ser, do ponto de vista lingüístico plenamente equivalentes, apesar de ter forma sonora e
escrita diferente.” [#66]. Aproprio-me do termo, originalmente usado para as categorias
semânticas universais, para aludir à situação de funcionamento preposicional. Sobre o tema, há
vários artigos disponibilizados no site <<http://www.une.edu.au/lcl/nsm/nsm.php>> (outubro,
2006)
111
Em conversa pessoal, a professora Heliana Mello e a colega Cida Araújo, com justeza,
assinalaram para as formas degustar, em português, e gustar, em espanhol. A primeira forma
ocorre na maior parte das vezes sem de; o que foi indicado por consulta feita através do
GOOGLE (outubro, 2006).A forma gustar ocorre sem de, e em forma frasal diferente; diz-se (a)
Me gusta el vino na tradução de (b) Eu gosto de vinho.
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113
Há vastíssima literatura técnica sobre a Referência; como indicação para essa discussão, ver
A. Nöe (2001); T.Frethein e K. Gundel (1996), sobre reconhecimento de entidades e
reconhecimento de características das entidades). Ver também W. Hizen (2006), para uma
discussão de ordem biológica e conceitual.
114
Há uma peculiaridade com o verbo achar para a qual não tenho explicação e pode ser um
tema interessante para pesquisas futuras. Penso na impossibilidade deste verbo ocorrer como
(a) Eu acho/achei a casa bonita, mas (b) * Eu acho/achei da casa bonita, para a mesma
pergunta ‘o que você acha/achou da casa?’ Ou seja, a preposição de aparece na pergunta, mas
não na resposta. Possivelmente, há diferenças no peso, digamos, da forma esquemática do
verbo, como aponta D. Paillard (2000).
112 No Oxford English Dictionary, lê-se: “Adore = O. French. aöre-r, aüre-r, aoure-r: adora-re
to address, salute, reverence, in late L. to worship; f. ad to + adorar to speak, entreat, beg.
Refresh in 14th c. Fr. as adourer, adorer, whence Eng. adore.”
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