José Tavares

Notas para uma Definição de Cultura
Notas para uma Definição de Cultura
(e Economia)
José Tavares
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
do sentido de “cultural”
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(Fine Arts and Arts) of or relating to artistic or social
pursuits or events considered to be valuable or
enlightened
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(Sociology) of or relating to a culture or civilization
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(Life Sciences and Horticulture) of certain varieties of
plant, obtained by specialized breeding
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do sentido de “cultural”
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(…) the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes,
meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of
the universe, and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of
people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.
(…) systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people.
(…) communication.
(…) cultivated behavior.
(…) a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols
that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along
by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.
(…) symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a group's skills,
knowledge, attitudes, values, and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned
and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.
(…) products of action, on the other hand, as conditioning influences upon
further action.
(…) is a collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of
one group or category of people from another.
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da relação de cultura com economia
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indústrias culturais
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infra-estruturas culturais
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património cultural
comunicação e sentido
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comportamentos e atitudes
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a cultura é como a galinha de woody allen
This guy goes to a psychiatrist and says:
- "Doc, uh, my brother's crazy; he thinks he's a chicken."
The doctor:
- "Well, why don't you bring him in?
I will take care of and I will cure him, completely!"
The guy again:
- “No, doctor, I can´t do that. We need the eggs."
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economia: a ciência do senso comum?
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“The age of chivalry is gone. -- That of sophisters, economists,
and calculators, has succeeded”
 Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
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economia: a ciência do senso comum?
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“The age of chivalry is gone. -- That of sophisters, economists,
and calculators, has succeeded; and the glory of Europe is
extinguished forever. Never, never more, shall we behold a
generous loyalty to rank and sex, that proud submission, that
dignified obedience, that subordination of the heart, which kept
alive, even in servitude itself, the spirit of an exalted freedom. (…)
But now all is to be changed. All the pleasing illusions,
which made power gentle, and obedience liberal, which
harmonized the different shades of life, and which, by a bland
simulation, incorporated into politics the sentiments which
beautify and soften private society, are to be dissolved by this
new conquering empire of light and reason. All the decent
drapery of life is to be rudely torn off.”
 Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790)
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economia: a ciência do senso comum?
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"Economy is the art of making the most of life."
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George Bernhard Shaw
"Economics is the study of people in the ordinary
business of life.“
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Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics; an Introductory Volume,
London, 1890
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
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Individualismo metodológico
 nos antípodas de cultura?
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modelo standard, à Disney
 vamos tentar chegar, pelo menos, à versão Dali
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
indivíduo
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
primeiro problema: os
“outros”
indivíduo
“L´enfer, c´est les autres”
Jean Paul Sartre – Huis Clos
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
segundo problema: o
tempo
os “outros”
indivíduo
“Time is the longest distance between two
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
terceiro problema: os
o tempo
colectivos
os “outros”
indivíduo
“I was not a collective person or a bohemian;
I was an elitist.”
Elia Kazan
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
quarto problema: as
o tempo
preferências
os “outros”
indivíduo
os colectivos
“It is better to be healthy and rich than sick and
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
quinto problema: o
o tempo
equilíbrio
os “outros”
indivíduo
os colectivos
as preferências
“The truth is balance.
However the opposite of truth, which is unbalance, may not be
a
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
sexto e último problema: a
o tempo
racionalidade
os “outros”
indivíduo
os colectivos
o equilíbrio
as preferências
“In everything one thing is impossible: rationality.”
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Friedrich Nietzsche
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
o tempo
os “outros”
indivíduo
os colectivos
o equilíbrio
as preferências
“racionalidade”
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economia: da versão Disney à versão Dali
a “racionalidade”
está para a nossa vida social
como a civilização ocidental
para Ghandi
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Gandhi was once asked by a western journalist
what he really thought about “western civilization”
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“It´s a Good Idea, It Should be Tried”
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“The Large Watermellon”, 1973
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um surrealista a comer chocolate
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rK4Bh_arF-E
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