saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis
departamenti
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da
eTnologiis instituti
eldar mamisTvaliSvili
mefe svimon I
meomris biblioTeka #13
Tbilisi
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ mecamete wigni; seria
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da
a.S.
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.
vaJa kiknaZe
seriis saredaqcio kolegia:
recenzenti:
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
vaJa kiknaZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori
Tamaz beraZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lirma devdariani
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83
Stabis
2
svimon I saqarTvelos erT-erTi gamorCeuli mefeTagania. mis
saxelTan dakavSirebulia XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTveli
xalxis dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg gmiruli brZolis araerTi saintereso
epizodi. igi uaRresad popularuli iyo dasavleT evropaSi da mis
Sesaxeb bevric daiwera.
svimon I, qarTlis gmiri mefe luarsab I-is (1534-1556) vaJi iyo.
qarTveli istorikosis mixedviT, `luarsab mefe mamacobazed naqebia
yovels saqarTvelos mefeTa da TavadTa zedan ZveliT axlebamdisin.
TavaT kargi sardari iyo da merme gulovani, uxvi da uSurveli,
msmevel-mWmeveli, samarTliani, yma-morCili. omSi koxta da uSiSari,
Tanac magari qristiani~. aseTi mama zrdida ufliswul svimons.
svimon mefis dabadebis ori gansxvavebuli TariRi gvaqvs: 1531 da
1537 weli. gamefebisas (1556 w.) svimoni 19 wlisa da jerac
ucolSvilo iyo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTveloSi vaJis
qorwinebis asakad, rogorc wesi, 18 weli iyo miCneuli da ufliswuls
ucolod didxans ar dastovebdnen, amitom misi dabadebis wlad unda
miviCnioT 1537. svimoni 1559 wels daqorwinda kaxTa mefe levanis*
asulze, nestandarejanze.
svimon I-ma mZime memkvidreoba miiRo. yizilbaSebTan** brZolaSi
daiRupa mamamisi luarsab I. Sah-Tamazma ganizraxa, Seupovari luarsabis
sikvdilis Semdeg mainc, daemorCilebina qarTlis samefo, romelic
kavkasiaSi iranis yvela mowinaaRmdegis dasayrdens warmoadgenda.
axalgazrda qarTlis mefem, rogorc Cans, sworad Seafasa arsebuli
mdgomareoba da Tavisi samefos gadarCenis mizniT, osmalebTan dakavSireba
scada. imave dros svimoni iaraRiT ebrZoda yizilbaSebs. italiuri
wyaros mixedviT, 1557 wlis dekemberSi sparselebi saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg moqmedeben, magram ar Cans, konkretulad, sad SeiWrnen
yizilbaSebi. amis garkvevaSi dagvexmareba hasan rumlus* erTi cnoba,
saidanac vigebT, rom yizilbaSi sardlebi Sahverdi sulTan ziad oRli
da suleiman beg baiaTi qarTlSi
SeiWrnen. mtris simravlisa Tu
moulodneli Tavdasxmis gamo, svimon mefem mTebs Seafara Tavi.
`Raziebma** goris, suramisa da sabaraTianos velaieTi** daarbies,
soflebi da mxareebi aaoxres. yanebi da xeebi mwife xiliT Zirianad
amoglijes [miwidan] da gamarjvebulni uamravi nadavliT ganjaSi*
dabrundnen~.
qarTlisa da kaxeTis mesveurebs kargad esmodaT, rom sakuTari
ZaliT yizilbaSebis mogeriebas ver SeZlebdnen. osmaleTi mxolod
bundovan dapirebas iZleoda. realuri daxmareba arsaidan Canda. amitom
maT ganizraxes, iranis sapirispirod iseTi Zala gamoeZebnaT, romelic
Sahs aiZulebda, SeeCerebina an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Seesustebina
iranis agresia qarTuli samefoebis mimarT. qarTvelma diplomatebma aseT
3
Zalad ruseTi miiCnies da kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis politikaSi
misi Cabma scades.
XVI s. 50-ian wlebSi ruseTis mefe ivane IV-m* did warmatebas
miaRwia. man daipyro jer yazanis (1552 w.), Semdeg astraxanis (1556 w.)
saxanoebi. faqtiurad, mTeli volgispireTi kaspiis zRvamde moskovis
samefos xelSi aRmoCnda. man Crdilo kavkasiaSic moikida fexi.
qarTvelebi cdilobdnen kontaqti daemyarebinaT gaZlierebul moskovis
saxelmwifosTan.
1557 wels moskovSi Cavida yabardos gavleniani mTavrebis elCoba da
ivane IV-s yirimis saxanosa* da osmaleTisagan dasacavad mfarveloba
sTxoves. Cans, qarTvelebi Tvals adevnebdnen Crdilo kavkasieli
mTavrebis moskovTan urTierTobis dawyebas da am saqmeSi xelsac
uwyobdnen. kavkasiaSi da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mesame Zalis, Tanac
marTlmadidebeli qristianulis gamoCena, maTi varaudiT, gaadvilebda
yizilbaSebTan da osmalebTan brZolas. albaT, qarTlis mefisagan
uflebamosilni iyvnen yabardos mTavarTa elCebi, rodesac ivane IV-s
ganucxades, rom CvenTan erTad aris saqarTvelos mTavari da mTeli
saqarTvelo da moskovis mTavarma mis mimarTac mowyaleba gamoiCinoso.
kavkasiaSi ruseTis poziciebis gantkicebisaTvis farTe asparezi
iSleboda. amitom iyo, rom, rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, yabardos mTavrebi
saqarTvelos mbrZaneblebTan, TavianT samxreT mezoblebTan erTad
wyvetdnen aseT sapasuxismgeblo sakiTxs.
sainteresoa, ratom cdilobdnen qarTveli politikosebi TavianTi
survili moskovis mefisaTvis sxvaTa piriT ecnobebinaT da ratom ar
agzavnidnen sakuTar warmomadgenlebs?
qarTveli politikosebi frTxilobdnen. isini darwmunebuli ar
iyvnen Seswevda Tu ara ruseTs Zala, aqtiurad Careuliyo kavkasiis
saqmeebSi. vai Tu moskovTan urTierToba unayofo aRmoCeniliyo,
daxmareba ver SeZleboda da yizilbaSebi kidev ufro gaRizianebuliyvnen.
am sakiTxis awon-dawonisas, mxedvelobaSi imasac miiRebdnen, rom qarTlkaxeTis aseTi moqmedebiT ukmayofilo darCeboda osmaleTic (osmaleTi
xom mtrulad Sexvda moskovis saxelmwifos warmatebebs volgispireTSi),
romelic, qarTlsa da kaxeTs Tavs mfarvelad aCvenebda da yizilbaSebis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad aqezebda. amitom iyo, rom saqarTvelos mefeebi
jerjerobiT niadagis mosinjviT kmayofildebodnen.
Sah Tamazi (1524-1576) darwmunda, rom osmaleTi saqarTveloSi
iranis interesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda, magram sulTani zavis darRvevas ar
fiqrobda. osmaleTis amgvari orWofuli mdgomareobiT isargebla Sah
Tamazma da daiwyo saqarTveloze ucilobeli batonobisaTvis brZola.
1559 w. osmaleTSi dinastiuri brZola gaCaRda: sulTani suleimani
da ufliswuli selimi (SemdegSi selim II, 1566-1574) ufliswul
baiazids ebrZodnen. am brZolaSi aqtiurobdnen qarTvelebic, savarudoa,
4
qarTlis samefodan, radgan mefe svimoni suleimanis politikiT
ukmayofilo iyo. svimonma, mravalgzis Txovnis miuxedavad, yizilbaSebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi sulTnisgan daxmareba ver miiRo. ufliswuli
baiazidi ki cnobili iyo Tavisi daudegari xasiTiT da, savaraudo iyo,
rom gamefebis Semdeg, igi maT Soris dadebul amasiis zavs daarRvevda.
svimon mefem, maSindeli mravali damkvirveblis msgavsad, baiazidis
SesaZleblobebi sworad ver Seafasa da mas dauWira mxari. baiazids
qarTvelebis mxridan daxmarebis imedi hqonda. sulTanma baiazidis
dasaSineblad da misTvis qarTvelTagan daxmarebis gamoricxvis mizniT,
jari mzadyofnaSi moiyvana da saqarTveloze galaSqreba brZana.
svimon I da misi TanamebrZolebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen yizilbaSebs
arc qarTlis SigniT da arc mis gareT. rogorc epoqis Tanamedrove
evropuli wyaroebidan Cans, qarTlis samefos brZolas garkveuli
mniSvneloba hqonda maSindeli axlo aRmosavleTis did politikaSi.
svimon mefis mTavari amocana Tbilisis gaTavisufleba iyo,
TbilisSi yizilbaSTa garnizoni idga. magram amis ganxorcieleba, sxva
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis daxmarebis gareSe, SeuZlebeli Canda.
qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba gaumjobesda 1559 wels, roca svimon I
kaxTa mefe levanis asulze daqorwinda. es faqti aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi ori qarTuli samefos antisparsuli koaliciis Seqmnas
mianiSnebda.
svimon I iaraRiT xelSi ebrZoda yizilbaSebs, mefe levani ki,
oficialurad Sahis vasalad iTvleboda. albaT, kaxeTis mefe levans
gulisxmobda romis papisa da veneciis respublikis elCi Sah Tamazis
karze, vinCenco deli alesandri, roca ambobda, rom
Sahze
`damokidebulia erTi qristiani mefe, qarTvelebis batoni, mas
yovelwliurad uxdis ociaTas dukats**. misi saxelmwifo kaspiis zRvis
maxlobladaa. es mefe osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevavSi Sahs unda emsaxuros
aTi aTasi axalgazrda da mamaci cxenosniT~. rogor mZime tvirTad awva
kaxeTis samefos sefianTa saxelmwifosadmi morCileba, kargad Cans
isqander munSis* Txzulebidan. marTalia, isqanderi XVI s. 80-iani
wlebis dasawyisisaTvis arsebul mdgomareobaze laparakobs, magram
kaxeTis yizilbaSebisadmi damokidebulebaSi imave saukunis 50-iani
wlebidan bevri araferi Seicvleboda.
mefe levans Sahisadmi ukmayofilebis safuZveli hqonda. garda
zemoaRniSnuli mZime gadasaxadisa da valdebulebisa, rac qveynis
ekonomikur mdgomareobas aqveiTebda, Sah Tamazi Tavisi politikuri
zegavleniTac aSfoTebda kaxeTis samefo kars.
1554 w. osmalebis azerbaijanSi SeWrisas, levan mefis erTi vaJi,
romelic Sahs axlda, gaurkvevel viTarebaSi daiRupa. kaxTa mefes,
albaT, safuZveli hqonda, rom Tavisi Svili Sah Tamazis mier
`udanaSaulod moklulad~ CaeTvala.
5
levan mefem, qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli Semosevis dros
(1556 w.) Sahs daxmareba ar gauwia da SiSobda, rom Sahi amis gamo Surs
iZiebda. SurisZiebis Tavidan asacileblad man, 1558 wels, Tavisi vaJi
iese didi saCuqrebiT yazvins gagzavna. igi Sahma gaamahmadiana 1559 wels
da levan mefis taxtis mociled amzadebda, magram iesem Sahs imedi ver
gaumarTla. man 1562 wels islami uaryo da gaqceva scada, magram
Seipyres da imave wlis 23 dekembers alamutis cixeSi Casves.
isic unda iTqvas, rom kaxeTis samefom XVI s. 60-ian wlebSi Sahis
`wyalobiT~ teritoriuli danaklisic ganicada. yizilbaSebma kxeTis
samefos Camoaciles md. samuris zemo welze waxuris qristianuli
qveyana, romlis mflobeli Sahis mfarvelobis qveS gamocxadda. Sah
Tamazma kargad icoda, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba hqonda kaxeTisaTvis
dasaxelebul olqs. albaT, amitom afrTxilebda Sahi 1562 wels kaxeTis
mefes, rom waxuris batoni aravin Seawuxoso.
amgvarad, zemoaRniSnul mizezTa gamo, kaxeTis samefoc iseve
ukmayofilo iyo iranisa, rogorc qarTlis samefo. am ori qarTuli
samefos erTmaneTTan dakavSireba ganpirobebuli iyo garTulebuli
sagareo viTarebiT.
iv. javaxiSvilma levan I-sa da svimon I-is damoyvreba dadebiTad
Seafasa: `kaxT batonis leon mefis siZobam svimon mefes saSualeba misca,
aramc Tu mtris
Semosevisagan kaxeTis mxriT uzrunvelyofiliyo,
aramed
Tavisi
ganzraxvis
(Tbilisis
gaTavisufleba
_
e.m.)
gansaxorcieleblad maSveli jaric mieRo~.
svimon mefe didi omisaTvis emzadeboda. isqander munSisa da hasan
rumlus gadmocemiT, svimon mefes mravali damxmare razmi miuvida.
kaxTa mefem, misTvis Cveuli sifrTxiliT, piradad ki ar miiRo
monawileoba qarTlis samefos mier yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg dawyebul
omSi, aramed Tavisi ufrosi vaJi giorgi gagzavna kaxelTa razmiT.
sWiroebis SemTxvevaSi levan mefes saSualeba eqneboda, Sahis winaSe
Tavi gaemarTlebina.
rogorc sparseli istorikosi isqander munSi werda, svimoni
„mamis^wesisamebr, urCobisa da winaaRmdegobis gzas daadga da cxraas
samocda rva (1560/1561) wels Tbilisis dasapyrobad Tavisi samyofeli
adgilidan (gori – e. m.) daiZra“. 1561 w. 6 aprils muxaTgverdTan
brZolaSi svimon mefe damarcxda. am brZolaSi daiRupa, mis
dasaxmareblad
mosuli
colisZma,
kaxeTis
ufliswuli
giorgi.
niSandoblivia, rom isqander munSis ver gaurkvevia giorgi `mamis
nebarTviT Tu TviTneburad~ mivida svimon mefis dasaxmareblad.
gancdil marcxsa da moyvris daRupvas isic daemata, rom svimon mefes
Tavisi Zma, ufliswuli daviTi (SemdgomSi daud-xani) ganudga da
qarTlis taxtis dapyroba isurva. daviTma am miznis miRweva
sparselebis daxmarebiT moindoma. 1562 wels is yazvinSi* Cavida, islami
6
aRiara da Sah-Tamazis „Svilis“ wodebuleba miiRo. isqander munSis
gadmocemiT, „samoTxeSi damkvidrebulma Sahma mas miualersa, wvrTna,
Svilobis wodebis pativiT gamoarCia da Tbilisis velaieTi da is
adgilebi, romlebic maRali divanis** gamgeblobaSi iyo, mas uwyalobes...“
Zvelma qarTvelma istorikosebma mkacri Sefaseba misces daud-xanis
Ralats: „xolo iyo urwmesi Zma mefisa svimonisi, saxeliT daviT, da
Semoswyra Zmasa Tvssa svimons, da warvida Sah-Tamaz yaenis karsa, yaeni
yazmins iyo... didad pativ-ces da Svilobis rayami** uboZes... da cota
xans ukan hgmo RmerTi da gaTaTrda, da uwodes saxelad daudxan... da
qalaqisa da somxiT*-sabaraTianos mefoba misces, da rayamSi SvilobiT
Caweres, da mestumre Tan gaatanes, da didis pativiTa da morWmiT
gaistumres.~
farsadan gorgijaniZe* ramdenime damatebiT cnobas gvawvdis, rogorc
daviTis, ise misi Tanmxlebebisadmi Sahis karze
mopyrobis Sesaxeb:
`yaeni yazvins iyo, roca batonisSvili daviTis mosvla moaxsenes. am
ambavma yaeni didad gaaxara da karis didebulebi miageba. daviTis amalaSi
baraTaSvilebi Warbobdnen.~
sainteresoa, rom isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahma daviTi `Svilobis
wodebis pativiT gamoarCia~. `Svilis~ wodebis miniWeba niSnavda, rom
daviTi Sahis moxele gaxda `xanis~ (daud-xani) saxelwodebiT, e. i.
daviTi Sahis moxele da ara qarTlis mefe gaxda. qarTul wyaroebSi,
kerZod, qarTlis cxovrebaSi weria, rom Sah-Tamazma daviTs Tavisi Zma
uwoda. amasve aRniSnavs isqander munSi, romlis cnobasac unda
emyarebodes beri egnataSvili*. Tavisi SinaarsiT `Zmoba~ `Svilobisagan~
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
samoxeleo aparatis ierarqiaSi. `Zmoba~
`Svilobaze~ maRla idga.
Cvens istoriografiaSi kargadaa Seswavlili svimon I-sa da dauTxanis erTmaneTTan brZola. svimoni ar scnobda Sahis marionetis uflebas
qvemo qarTlsa da Tbilisze da yizilbaSebs ebrZoda yvelgan. daud-xanis
yizilbaSebTan mimxroba arc sulTnis karisaTvis iyo misaRebi. daud-xanis
gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, Sahis poziciebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
ganmtkicdeboda. sulTani Sahis `kuTvnili saqarTveloebis~ saqmeebSi
aqtiurad ar ereoda, magram, rogorc wyaroebidan ikveTeba, sulTnis
agentura yvelafers akeTebda, raTa qarTlis mefes yizilbaSebisa da maTi
momxre Tavadebis winaaRmdeg brZola ar Seenelebina.
svimoni ar scnobda daud-xanis da yizilbaSebis uflebas qarTlSi
da brZolas ganagrZobda. rogorc farsadan gorgijaniZe ityoda: „mefe
svimon [daviTs] ar exsneboda da arc awynarebda, somxiT-sabaraTianos
arbevda da qalaqis aRebas cdilobda“.
svimon mefem 1567-1568 wlebSi diRomTan da samadlosTan brZolebSi
daud-xani daamarcxa, magram Tbilisis gaTavisufleba mainc ver SeZlo,
radgan daud-xans mezobeli yizilbaSuri saxanoebi exmarebodnen.
7
qarTlis samefos brZola svimonis meTaurobiT mosvenebas ar aZlevda
iranis Sahs, romelmac iranis sagareo politikis am problemis erTxel
da samudamod gadawyveta ganizraxa. 1569 wels Sahma Saqisa* da yarabaRis
laSqars Tavi mouyara ganjaSi, saSamxlos razmebi daiqirava da qarTls
Seusia. qarTlis mefes uRalata aznaurma kaxaber yorRanaSvilma da
mters megzuroba gauwia. algeTis xeobaSi farcxisTan qarTvelTa
laSqarma Seutia aTjer met mters da gaaqcia. mefe daedevna gaqceulT,
mcire razmiT sakmaod gaSorda ZiriTad laSqars da mtris garemocvaSi
aRmoCnda. moRalate yorRanaSvilma, romelic piradad icnobda mefes,
yizilbaSebs masze miuTiTa. am dros erT-erTma moRalatem mefes Subi
hkra da cxenidan Camoagdo. mteri miesia TavganwirulTa mcire gunds,
svimonis TanamebrZolebi amowyvita, mefe ki daatyveva. svimon mefe
yazvinSi gagzavnes. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTls daud-xani ganagebda.
Sah Tamazma yvelaferi scada svimon mefis gamuslimanebisaTvis,
magram sawadels ver miaRwia da igi alamuTis uZlieres cixeSi*
gamoamwyvdia.
im masalebidan, romelSic aisaxa svimon I-is pirovneba da misi
saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva italieli (venecieli) jovani
Tomazo minadois* TxzulebaSi Semonaxuli cnobebi, romlebSic sakmaod
dawvrilebiT,
Tumca
qarTuli
da
sparsuli
wyaroebisagan
gansxvavebulad da sruliad axali cnobebis damatebiT, gadmocemuli aqvs
svimon mefis cxovrebis saintreso momentebi.
ai, rogor aRgviwers minadoi svimonsa da daviTs Soris Camovardnil
uTanxmoebas, daviTis gamahmadianebas, yizilbaSebis mier svimonis
datyvevebas, mis urTierTobas ismail-mirzasTan... minadoi, rodesac
laparakobs yarsisa* da Tbilisis damakavSirebeli gzis Sesaxeb,
aRniSnavs: „aqedan Tu gavyvebiT aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, movxvdebiT
ufro somxeTSi, vidre iveriaSi, gansvenebuli luarsabis miwebze, axla
rom ekuTvniT or Zmas _ daviTsa da svimons, fizikurad da sulierad
Rirseul memkvidreebs mamis saxelis da samflobeloebisa, Tumca Semdeg
maT uxeSi laqa miicxes sarwmunoebis gamocvliT da SeibRales qebis
Rirsi saxeli. gansakuTrebiT es exeba svimons, romelmac samxedro saqmis
codniT, poeziaSi gacnobilma *1 da Tavisi filosofiuri ganaTlebiT
Tamazis Svilis [ismailis] wyaloba da masTan siaxlove daimsaxura
*1
minadois naTqvami, rom svimoni poezias icnobda, dasturdeba osmalo
istorikosis mustafa na’ima-s (1655-1715)
erTi
cnobiT.
ufro metic, na’imas
mixedviT, svimoni sakmaod kargi poeti yofila. is daxelovnebula robaiebis**
TxzvaSi. na’ima-s moyvanili aqvs svimon mefis mier iedikuleSi patimrobisas
gamoTqmuli erTi robai, romelSic mefe Tavis uiRblo ganvlil cxovrebaze
mosTqvams: `gamanadgura bedma, romelsac vemduri;
amisaTvis damcireba ganmvicade xalxis TvalSi,
Tumca [saqme] wamivida Zlier cudad (mZimed),
madloba gamCens, [rom axla mdgomareoba] Semimsubuqda.”
8
iranSi tyved yofnis dros, romlis Sesaxebac vilaparakebT. magram
rogori gmiri unda iyos adamiani, rom SesZlos SeinarCunos
brwyinvaleba da ar Caqres im codvebiT dacemis Semdeg, orivem rom
Caidines, rac gaxda mizezi imisa, rom TiToeuli maTgani darCa qonebas,
samflobelos da pativs moklebuli. maT dakarges qristes uwmindes
saxelTan urTierTobis ufleba.
luarsabma, anderZiT, samefoSi Tavis memkvidred svimoni daniSna
mxolod imitom ki ara, rom is wlovanebiT ufrosi iyo, aramed imis
gamoc, rom ufro Rirseuli iyo Tavis am Zma daviTze. es ukanaskneli
ver urigdeboda aseT gadawyvetilebas, swyuroda dideba da batonoba, ar
miaCnda svimoni memkvidred da cdilobda igi qveynidan ganedevna, iaraRiT
mieRwia imisTvis, rac mamis survilma ar arguna... roca svimoni
darwmunda Zmis borot ganzraxvaSi, raki ver xedavda winaaRmdegobis
daZlevis sxva saSualebas, [Sah] Tamazs mouTxro
saqmis viTareba da
Sewevna da dacva sTxova. Tamazma uyuradRebod ar datova [svimonis
Txovna] da gadawyvita svimonisaTvis esiamovnebina. man 4 aTasi cxenosani
gagzavna da maTs meTaurs ubrZana, daviTi cocxali Seepyro da iranSi
moeyvana. Tu is sarwmuneobis Secvlaze ar daTanxmda, maSin [svimons]
scnoben Tavisi samflobeloebis uflebebSi, rogorc aRiarebul
qveSevrdoms da ara rogorc Tavisufal moxarkes. Tu igi amaze
daTanxmda, maSin svimoni gadaayeneT, sarwmunoebis gamocvlas nu
daaZalebT da mis adgilas daviTi dasviTo. xolo Tu ki svimonic
mzadyofnas gamosTqvams Tavis ZmasaviT, maSin
is Tavis uflebaSi
datoveT, daviTi ki yazvins wamoiyvaneTo. meTauri saqarTveloSi wavida,
daviTi swrafad Seipyro, iaraRic ki ar gamouyenebia, moTxovna wauyena
Tamazis saxeliT. is maSinve daTanxmda: sarwmunoeba gamoicvala, wminda
naTloba windacveTiT** Secvala, Tavisi Tavi cru winaswarmetyvel
muhameds usindisod miarTva nebayoflobiT saCuqrad da uaryo
(saTqmeladac ki SemaZrwunebelia) qveynis mxsneli. Semdeg sparseli
meTauri svimonTan mivida, uTxra, rom mis dasaxmareblad movida da
dapatimrebuli hyavs misi mteri, magram svimons qveynis mfarveli Tamazis
imedi nu eqneba, Tu sarwmuneobas ar gamoicvlis. ase rom igi unda
gaxdes imave winaswarmetyvelisa da kanonis msaxuri, romelsac
emsaxureba da emorCileba Sah Tamazi. Tu igi ase ar moiqceva, maSin mis
adgils misi Zma daikavebs, romelmac maSinve miiRo es winadadeba. svimoni
mwared atirda Zmis dacemaze da Zveleburi didi simtkiciT qristes
uwmindesi saxelisadmi erTguli darCa. man daTmo amqveyniuri samefo,
rom ar daekarga ciuri samefo da gaxda Sahis patimari... sabralo
svimoni waiyvanes TamazTan, romelic didxans uCiCinebda mas, mieRo
sparsuli wesebi. man ar uaryo mSobliuri sarwmunoeba da gagzavnes
kahkahes cixeSi*, sadac gadasaxlebaSi cxovrobda Tamazis Svili ismaili,
romelic, rogorc iTqva, [SemdegSi] Sahi gaxda. [svimonma] irCia droebiT
9
cixeSi cxovreba, vidre gamoecvala Tavisi odindeli qristes
sarwmunoeba (Tumca cxovrobda masSi rogorc sqizmatikosi**). svimonis
es Tavgadasavali Wkuis saswavlebeli unda iyos imisaTvis, Tu ra
saxifaToa dasaxmareblad an dasacavad mosuli ucxoelis Careva sakuTar
saqmeSi“.
1577 wlis bolos sulTanma murad III-m (1574-1595) iranis
winaaRmdeg omis dawyeba gadawyvita. 1578 wlis 2 ianvars man jaris
sardloba miando lala mustafa faSas da arzrumis gziT galaSqreba
ubrZana. anonimi venecielis* TqmiT, sardals daevala `Sirvanis* samefo
da sparseTis megobari qarTvelebis provinciebi daepyro~.
osmalebma swrafad daipyres samcxis umniSvnelovanesi cixesimagreebi. samcxis aTabagis da yvela didebulis mier osmalebisadmi
morCilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, lala mustafa faSa qarTlis samefos
dasamorCileblad wavida.
qarTveli xalxi maSinve aRsdga SemoWrili mtris winaaRmdeg
sabrZolvelad. mtris simravle pirdapir Sebmis saSualebas ar iZleoda,
amitom partizanuli brZola gaCaRda. osmalTa jars fexdafex misdevda
qarTvelTa razmebi da did zians ayenebda. minadois da don xuan
sparselis mixedviT, partizanuli brZolis meTaurebi iyvnen imereTis
mefe giorgis (1564-1585) vaJi iusufi, daud-xani da aleqsandre II kaxTa
mefe. maT TavianT mamulebSi Sekribes jari da sadac moixelTebdnen,
musrs avlebdnen mters.
iranis morCili daud-xani xedavda, rom Tbilisis dacvas ver
SeZlebda, miuxedavad imisa, rom is kargad gamagrebuli iyo. Semdgomi
brZolis gagrZelebisa da Tavisi jaris gadarCenis mizniT, man mTeli
SeiaraReba waiRo da qalaqi datova. lala faSas ki imedi hqonda, rom
daviTsa da mis jars TbilisSi moimwyvdevda da mospobda.
Sahis
karze
gasagebi
iyo,
rom
daud-xans
osmalebisadmi
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari ar Seswevda da Sah muhamed xodabandam
ganizraxa qarTlis taxtze svimon mefe daebrunebina. igi Sah Tamazs
alamuTis anu kahkahes cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli hyavda 1569-1576 wlebSi.
Tomazo minadoi gadmogvcems: „kahkahaSi tusaRad yofnis dros svimons
axlo urTierToba hqonda Tamazis Svil ismailTan, romelic misma
xsenebulma mamam iq gadaasaxla da maTi [svimonisa da ismailis] megobroba
nel-nela mtkice savaldebulo siyvarulSi ganmtkicda. ase rom
ramdenadac ismails uyvarda svimonis cxovrebis wesebi, imdenad svimoni
ismailis sulis sidiadis aRtacebuli pativismcemeli xdeboda da am
araCveulebrivma urTierT siyvarulma [svimoni] bolos miiyvana iqamde,
rom svimoni Tavis sarwmunoebaSi ver gamagrda da Tavisi megobris
barbarosul crurwmenaSi gadavida. gamuslimanebul svimons sulTanmahmud-xani daarqves. romelma mizezebma warmoSves svimonis sulSi es
mosabruni, religiurad Zalian ganaTlebulis da Zalian mtkicesi,
10
romelsac ukve Sewiruli hqonda qoneba da Tavisufleba, raTa
SeenarCunebina berZnuli rjuli, es Zneli asaxsnelia. magram samma
mZlavrma biZgma
gansazRvra es gardatexa: gamudmebulma patimrobam,
romlidanac Tavis daRweva albaT ar SeiZleboda Tu qristianad
darCeboda; megobroba ismailTan, megobroba, vityvi, romelsac SeuZlia
Secvalos adamianis bunebac, aramcTu mokvdavis rwmena; umaRlesi pativi,
romelsac mas yoveldRe hpirdeboda ismaili misi taxtze asvlisas.
aseTnair ganwyobilebaSi iyvnen, roca SahTamazi gardaicvala da ismaili
didi zeimiT miiyvanes yazvinSi, sadac aseve sazeimod gamoacxades Tavisi
mamis mTeli samflobeloebis mefed. imaT Soris vinc Zvirfasni darCnen
xsenebuli mefis mexsierebaSi, Tavisi RirsebebiT darCa svimoni, xolo
ismailis naadrevma da moulodnelma sikvdilma is moitana, rom svimoni
darCa yovelgvari warCinebis gareSe da mxolod imiTi iyo kmayofili,
rom didad sasixarulo Tavisufleba moipova.
ismailis sikvdiliT svimoni sagonebelSi Cavarda da TavisTvis
fiqrobda: ra iqneboda misTvis ukeTesi, yazvinSi darCeniliyo da moecada
axali mefis taxtze asvlisaTvis, Tu gamgzavrebuliyo da dabruneboda
mitovebul sarwmunoebas da qveyanas. bolos, bevri fiqris Semdeg man
gadawyvita
da
umjobesad
miiCnia,
xelsayreli
da
ukeTesi
uSiSroebisaTvis dalodeboda axal xelmwifes da misi dacvisa da
mfarvelobis qveS gamoenaxa saSualeba Tavisi warTmeuli Rirsebis
dasabruneblad, vidre gaqceuliyo yovelgvari mxardaWeris gareSe,
Sejaxeboda mtrulad ganwyobili Zmis winaaRmdegobas da naadrevad
daRupuliyo. amgvarad, man arCia darCeniliyo yazvinSi, imeds amyarebda
imaze, rom sarwmunoebis gamocvla, sworad rom vTqvaT, [mahmadianuri]
rwmenis aRiareba, gamovlili patimroba da Tavisuflebis dabruneba,
mamaci [kacis] saxeli, Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, axali mefis winaSe
erTgulebisa da morCilebis gamoCeniT is pastivsa da Rirsebas
daimsaxurebda, Tu ki mudmivi da mtkice mxardaWeriT saqarTveloSi
[osmalebis winaaRmdeg] omis gaZRolas mas miandobdnen.
amgvarad, rodesac mahmadi gamefda da darwmunda Tbilisis
dakargvaSi, [svimonma] sTxova neba mieca Sahis mfarvelobis qveS
dabrunebuliyo Tavis cudad dacul qveyanaSi. [svimoni] saswrafod
gaigzavna saqarTveloSi, Turqebis jaris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad...“
svimon mefis daud-xanTan dapirispirebis, sparselTagan misi
datyvevebisa da saqarTveloSi dabrunebis ambavs don xuan de persia*
mokled, magram ZiriTadSi iseve gadmogvcems, rogorc Tomazo minadoi.
misi TqmiT, sparselebSi didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia osmaleTis mier
wamowyebulma omma. „aseTi mdgomareoba rom iyo, kidev erTi ram moxda
ramac yvela sparsels imedi gaucrua. daud-xani, mas Semdeg rac
gamahmadianda, sparseTis momxre iyo. axla mas gadaudga da SemTxveva
mieca Tu ara maSinve [sulTan] muradTan gaiqca. meorec: daviTis Zma
11
svimonic, romelic datyvevebuli iyo da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
qristianad iTvleboda, cudi sazogadoebis zemoqmedebiT da sxva
borotmoqmed tusaRTa gavleniT, iseT garemoebaSi Caayenes, rom
iZulebuli gaxda uareyo da eRalata qristianobisaTvis, da uRalata
kidec. Sahma mas Tavisufleba uboZa da xanis tituliT Tavis
samflobelos daubrunda.
svimonma sworad Seafasa Tavisi da qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba da
axal Sahs sTxova
samSobloSi gaeSva. mxolod amis Semdeg unda
momxdariyo Sah-xudabandes dedis, SalikaSvilis qalis da svimon mefis
Sexvedra, razec beri egnataSvili mogviTxrobs.
rac Seexeba svimon mefis mier islamis miRebas, razec Zveli
qarTveli da ucxoeli istorikosebi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen, moCvenebiTi
iyo. samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave svimonma islami uaryo da kvlav
qristianoba aRiara. man kargad icoda, rom
osmaleTTan omis
gamo,
irans seriozuli problemebi hqonda amierkavkasiaSi da gansakuTrebiT ki,
qarTlis samefoSi. mefes isic kargad esmoda, Sahis kari mis mimarT
pretenziebis da ukmayofilebis gamomJRavnebas moerideboda, radgan igi
saqarTveloSi mis Semcvlels ver moZebnida.
svimon mefe osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolis meTauri gaxda im dros,
rodesac maT mTeli amierkavkasia dapyrobili hqondaT. svimon mefe musrs
avlebda osmalebs, sadac ki miswvdeboda. gansakuTrebiT mZime
mdgomareobaSi iyvnen cixe-qalaqebSi Cayenebuli osmalTa garnizonebi,
romlebsac sursaT-sanovagiT momaragebis saSualebas ar aZlevda.
1578 wlis 26 noembers lala faSa, Saqisa da Sirvanis dapyrobis
Semdeg, TbilisSi dabrunda. osmalTa garnizoni SimSilisagan iseT
ukiduresobamde iyo misuli, rom ZaRlisa da katis xorciT ikvebeboda.
bevrisaTvis ki avadmyofobasac gaevlo musri. rogorc TviTmxilvel
minadois Seutyvia, osmalTa garnizoni aseT mdgomareobaSi imitom
aRmoCnda, rom jariskacebi qarTvelebis SiSiT ver bedavdnen qalaqidan
gasvlas da sursaT-sanovagis mopovebas.
lala faSa TbilisSi oTxi dRe darCa. man jari gausia Tbilisis
axlomdebare soflebs da saSinlad aiklo,
garnizoni sursaTiT da
fuliT moamaraga. amis Semdeg is gorisken gaeSura. goris sanjaybegma**
lala faSas SesCivla, rom qarTlis mefe, Tbilisis adrindeli
mflobeli, romelic mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi sparseTSi tyveobaSi
iyo, axla Sahma gaaTavisufla. mas Tavi Sefarebuli aqvs maRal mTebSi,
saidanac did zians ayenebs Turqebsa da maT mokavSireebs. lala faSa
iZulebuli gaxda mTeli Tavisi jariT sami dRe gorTan gaCerebuliyo da
svimon mefis winaaRmdeg cxenosani razmebi gaegzavna, magram osmalebma
verc svimon mefes da verc mis razmebs ver miagnes. lala faSas gorSi
met xans darCena ar SeeZlo da arzrumisken ganagrZo gza. osmalTa
jaris ariergardi TiTqmis mudmivad ganicdida svimon mefis razmebis
12
Tavdasxmas. osmalebma qarTlSi didi zarali ganicades. svimon mefem
lala faSas 5 aTasze meti mebrZoli moukla, mostaca arkebuzerebiT**
datvirTuli mravali aqlemi, fuli, sursaT-sanovage da sxva. minadois
gadmocemiTac, Tbilisidan gasuli osmalTa laSqari qarTvelTa razmebis
mudmiv Tavdasxmebs ganicdida. minadois, naTqvamis sailustraciod,
oriode magaliTic mohyavs. misi monaTxrobidanac Cans, rom yvela am
razmebis moqmedebis koordinacias svimon mefe axdenda. svimon mefes
yizilbaSebic exmarebodnen.
1579 wlis dasawyisSi osmalTa jaris mTavarsardalma arzrumSi*
SemaSfoTebeli werili miiRo. Tbilisis beglarbegi** mehmed faSa
acnobebda, rom 40 aTasma yizilbaSma yaraxanis meTaurobiT, alya
Semoartyes qalaqs da Tu droze ar daexmarebodnen, garnizoni SimSiliT
daiRupeboda. werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom aseTive mdgomareoba iyo
gorSic, romelic svimonma alyaSi moaqcia.
lala faSam saswrafod gaagzavna ori aTasi mxedari Tbilisisa da
goris dasaxmareblad, magram didi Tovlis gamo, maT ver SeZles
daniSnulebis
adgilamde
misvla da
iZulebulni
gaxdnen
ukan
dabrunebuliyvnen. lala faSam mxolod werilis gagzavna SeZlo,
romliTac gansacdelSi Cavardnilebs amxnevebda da mtkiced yofnisaken
mouwodebda.
bolos da bolos SimSilma da qarTvelebis sistematurma
Tavdasxmebma Tavisi gaitana da goris osmalTa garnizoni danebda. svimon
mefis brZanebiT, cixisTavis garda yvela daxoces, cixisTavi SikrikiviT
Semoses, uyurebo da ukudo jorze Sesves da lala faSasTan gagzavnes
momxdari ambis misatanad. svimonma cixe miwasTan gaaswora. Sida qarTlis
saqmeebis mogvarebis Semdeg, mefe yizilbaSTa dasaxmareblad gaeSura. mas
TbilisTan gautarebia mTeli ivnisis Tve.
lala faSa sagonebelSi Cavarda. man 1579 w. 1 ivliss sakmaod didi
jari gagzavna Tbilisis dasaxmareblad. jars mihqonda didZali sursaTsanovage. 3 ivliss lala faSam gaiara hasan-yala* da 10-Si yarsSi mivida,
iqve dabanakda da am qalaqis gamagrebas Seudga. mas gadawyvetili hqonda
yarsi saqarTvelosken mimavali gzis gasaRebad gadaeqcia. yarsidan
Tbilisisken mimavali gzis dacvas, iran-osmaleTis mTeli omis
ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, osmalebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqonda da isini arafers zogavdnen, raTa am gziT jaris gadayvana da
sursaTis gadatana Seuferxeblad ganxorcielebuliyo, magram osmalebma
es ver SeZles. qarTvelebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen gzad mimaval, Tu
cixeebSi Seketil osmalebs, ganuwyvetliv esxmodnen mtris aRals** (amis
amsaxveli cnobebi uxvadaa evropul da aRmosavlur werilobiT
wyaroebSi). osmalTa jarSi SimSiliT sikvdilis SemTxvevebi iSviaTi ar
iyo.
13
mustafa faSam Tbilisis garnizoni did gaWirvebaSi ixila, mxolod
700 mecixovne darCeniliyo. man garnizoni Seavso, Cerqez kasim-beis
meTaurobiT 500 kaci datova da 17 seqtembers yarsisaken gaeSura.
mcire xnis Semdeg, lala faSam Tbilisidan kvlav SemaSfoTebeli
cnoba miiRo. garnizoni uars ambobda iq darCenaze. gairkva, rom mustafa
faSas wasvlisTanave qarTvelebma Tbiliss kvlav alya Semoartyes, ramac
qalaqis damcvelebSi panika gamoiwvia. lala mustafa faSam gadawyvita
TbilisSi sursaTi kidev gaegzavna. man moamzada 2 aTasi iuqi** sanovage
da misi waReba daavala diarbaqiris* valis** da qurTebis begebs**, magram
dasaxelebulma moxeleebma uari Tqves davalebis Sesrulebaze. ra Tqma
unda, maTi uari gamowveuli iyo saqarTveloSi mosalodneli xifaTiT.
amis Semdeg, am amocanis Sesruleba lala faSam diarbaqiris beglarbegs
_ behrem faSas da didi vaziris mehmed sokolus vaJs, maraSis*
beglarbegs _ hasan faSas daavala. yarsidan wamosuli didi jaris
Sesaxeb qarTvelebma da yizilbaSebma 18 seqtembers Seityves. qarTvelebs
svimon mefe meTaurobda, yizilbaSebs _ ali yuli-xani. maTi 8 aTasamde
mebrZoli Tbilissa da dmaniss Soris gzas icavda, raTa osmalebisaTvis
Tbilisis
daxmarebis saSualeba ar miecaT. isini aseve Tvalyurs
adevnebdnen SimSiliT Sewuxebuli osmalebis qalaqidan gamosvlas, raTa
maSinve gaenadgurebinaT.
mzveravebma svimon mefes da ali yuli-xans acnobes, rom osmaleTis
jari dmanisisaken miemarTeboda da maSinve mters dmanisis xeobaSi
Causafrdnen.
mokavSireebma,
Tavdapirvelad,
seriozul
warmatebas
miaRwies, mravali mteri gaanadgures da didi nadavlic xelT igdes.
magram mesame dRes, roca isini mters xelaxla Tavs daesxnen,
garemocvaSi aRmoCndnen da seriozuli zarali ganicades. osmalebma ali
yuli-xani daatyveves da seqtembris bolos Tbiliss daubrkoleblad
miaRwies, sadac saSineli mdgomareoba daxvdaT: `bevri momkvdariyo.
SimSilma isini im zomamde miiyvana, rom sWamdnen ara mxolod mdare
xarisxis cxenis xorcs, aramed cxenebisa da cxvrebis tyavebsa da
ZaRlebs~.
hasan faSam TbilisSi mdgomareoba moawesriga, garnizonis moTxovniT
Tbilisis beglarbegi mehmed faSa gadaayena da mis adgilas daniSna haji
beg ziad ahmad faSa. amis Semdeg igi imave dmanisis gziT yarsisaken
wavida. roca dmanisis xeobas miuaxlovda, mowinave razmebma acnobes, rom
svimon mefes Zlieri artileriiTa da sakmaod didi jariT xeobis yeli
gadauketia. hasan faSam SebrZoleba ver gabeda da ali yuli-xans
Tavisuflebis miniWebas dahpirda, Tu is uxifaTo gzas aswavlida.
yizilbaSi sardlis gamcemlobis wyalobiT, osmalTa jaris ZiriTadma
nawilma mSvidobianad daaRwia Tavi. svimon mefe mainc daewia mtris
ariergards da gaanadgura. man xelT igdo mravali tyve, cxenebi da
Tbilisidan wamoRebuli mTeli xazina.
14
Tvals rom gadavavlebT 1579 wels kavkasiaSi osmalebis saomar
operaciebs, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom maT gaWirvebiT SeZles poziciebis
SenarCuneba. daiwyo zamTari da sulTnis karze darwmunebiT aravin
icoda, saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleT amirkavkasiaSi osmalTa garnizonebi
SeZlebdnen Tu ara Tavis gatanas. qarTlis samefosa da aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiaSi ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis cecxli gizgizebda. amave
periodSi
sabolood
gamoikveTa
svimon
mefis,
rogorc
ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis meTauris roli. yovelive amis gamo,
sulTan murad mesamem 1580 wlis TebervalSi lala mustafa faSa
gadaayena da mesame veziri sinan faSa mTavarsardlad daniSna.
svimon mefes saqarTvelosa da saerTod, amierkavkasiaSi mtkice
dasayrdeni
hqonda.
osmaleTis
mTavrobam
gadawyvita
qarTlSi
winaaRmdegobis
Sesasusteblad
da
svimon
mefis
iranelebisagan
CamocilebisaTvis, mis mimarT daTmobaze wasuliyo. niadagis mosinjva
daevala mTavarsardlis movaleobis Semsrulebels xusrev faSas. man
svimons werili gaugzavna, romelSic sakuTari mTavrobis saxeliT
bodiSs ixdida qarTlis samefos CamorTmevis gamo. simon mefe Tu
moiTxovda `wyalobis xelSekrulebas~ da daxmarebas aRmouCenda
TbilisSi mdgom osmaleTis jars, maSin mas qarTli `safadiSaho livas**~
saxiT gadaecemoda.
svimon mefe SeTavazebul pirobebze Tu daTanxmdeboda, maSin is
iqneboda ara qarTlis mefe, aramed osmaluri provinciis _ livis
moxele, faSa. ufro metic, TbilisSi darCeboda osmalTa garnizoni.
maSasadame, osmalebi qarTlSi 1578 wels gauqmebuli xelisuflebis
aRdgenas ar apirebdnen, magram mzad iyvnen svimoni ecnoT mis gamgeblad
`osmaluri wesisamebr~.
ra Tqma unda, svimon mefe amgvari pirobebiT osmalebs ver
Seurigdeboda da molaparakebis dawyebas azri ar hqonda.
1580 wlis 17 Tebervals sinan faSa stambolidan gavida da 8 maiss
arzrumSi mivida. iranSi fiqrobdnen, rom osmalTa jaris axali
mTavarsardali Setevis mimarTulebas Secvlida da Tavrizze wavidoda.
movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebisaTvis yizilbaSebma mzadeba daiwyes da
svimon mefis dasaxmareblad qarTlSi razmebi gagzavnes, raTa Tavrizisken
mimavali mtrisaTvis qarTvelebsa da yizilbaSebs erToblivad daertyaT.
mokavSireTa laSqari 13 aTas kacs Seadgenda. roca Sahis karze gaiges
sinan faSas arzrumSi misvlis Sesaxeb, maSinve svimons daukavSirdnen da
sTxoves,
roca osmalebis yarsSi misvlas gaigebda (es niSnavda, rom
osmalebi saqarTveloze Tavdasasxmelad midiodnen), maSinve ganjaSi
mdgomi yizilbaSebisaTvis ecnobebina da isini mis dasaxmareblad gremze*
gavliT wavidodnen.
svimon mefem, SeTanxmebis mixedviT, yizilbaSebs acnoba, rom osmalebi
Tbilisisaken miemarTebodnen. yizilbaSebi, marTlac, movidnen da svimonis
15
jars SeuerTdnen. qarTlis mefem osmalebTan pirdapir Setakebas Tavi
aarida da musrs avlebda maT moalafe razmebs. sinan faSa ivlisis
bolos TbilisSi mivida.
Tbilisis garnizonma ukmayofileba gamoTqva Tbilisis faSis mimarT,
romelic meomarTa xelfasebs iTvisebda. sinan faSam igi gadaayena da mis
adgilas daniSna giorgi begi, romelic rogorc varaudoben, imerTis mefe
giorgis Svili unda yofiliyo. amis Semdeg, sinan faSam Tbilisis
midamoebSi moTareSe qarTvelTa razmebis winaaRmdeg jari gagzavna
safetis sanjaybegisa da damaskis* ianiCrebis aRas meTaurobiT. svimon
mefe maT moulodnelad Tavs daesxa da ori aTasamde osmalo gawyvita.
faSas TbilisSi yofnis dros, osmalebma Seipyres iranis Sahis
jaSuSi, romelsac kaxTa mefe aleqsandresa da svimonisaTvis gadasacemi
werilebi aRmoaCnda. Sahi aleqsandres uTvlida, rom is Tavisi jariT
wasuliyo sinan faSas banakisaken, sadac TviTonac mividoda mTeli Tavisi
jariT, osmalebs alyaSi moaqcevdnen da gaanadgurebdnen. Sahi svimon
mefes avalebda daekavebina darubandis* viwro gasasvleli, raTa gaqceul
mters iq ver gaevlo.
sinan faSam rodesac werilebi gaxsna, moulodneli Tavdasxmis SiSma
Seipyro. ra Tqma unda, araa cnobili is, rac werilebSi ewera
sinamdviles Seefereboda Tu sabrZolo eSmakoba iyo. is ki cnobilia,
rom sinan faSam maSinve, SuaRamisas, banakis aSla da yarsisaken wasvla
brZana. osmalebs ise uCqariaT, rom TiTqmis mTeli artileria,
daaxloebiT 90 qvemexi, xelT ugdiaT qarTvelebs, romlebic uecrad
Tavs daesxnen aforiaqebul mters.
anonimi venecielis gadmocemas Sahis mier aleqsandre mefisaTvis
werilis gagzavnis Sesaxeb, adasturebs XVI saukunis Turqi istorikosi
mustafa ali.
kidev meti sinaTle Seaqvs am saintereso sakiTxis gasarkvevad
ibrahim feCevis. `swored am xanebSi gavarda xma, _ ambobs feCevi, _
gzadabneuli Sahi Tavisi samociaTasiani boroti laSqriT emzadeba Tavs
daeces [Cvens] jars da islamis jaris Zliereba Seaneloso... Sahs erTi
ori werili hqonda aleqsandre mefisaTvis gagzavnili. gaiZvera
reaÁTagans** werili rom mihqonda, ramdenime [Cveni] asqeri** Semoxvda win
da [werili] samefo banakSi waikiTxes. [werili] dakavSirebuli iyo
islamis laSqrisaTvis oinebis mowyobasTan~.
qarTlidan gaqceuli osmalebi dmanisTan dabanakdnen. bunebrivia,
sursaTi akldaT da maragis Sevsebas adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaZarcviT
fiqrobdnen, magram amis gakeTeba axla ioli ar iyo. patar-patara
rzmebis gagzavna maT srul ganadgurebas niSnavda. qarTvelTa jars
terorizirebuli hyavda osmalebi. gaWirvebam mainc Tavisi gaitana da 10
aTasi cxenosani banakidan saalafod gavida, magram TiTqmis arc erTi
aRar dabrunda.
16
osmalebi dmanisidan yarsSi mividnen 8 seqtembers. sinan faSam am
qalaqSi didi garnizoni da saWurveli datova. yarsSi mcire xniT
Sesvenebis Semdeg, 1580 wlis oqtombers, igi arzrumSi mivida.
arzrumSi jari did ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda gaWianurebuli omis,
mudmivi xifaTisa da sursaT-sanovagis naklebobis gamo. omis damTavrebas
bolo ar uCanda. sinan faSas azriT, omis
damTavreba aucilebeli iyo,
amitom man Sahsa da qarTlis mefes acnoba, Tu isini TavianT elCebs
stambolSi gagzavnidnen, zavis dadebis SesaZlebloba arsebobda.
sinan FfaSas cdam Sedegi gamoiRo da 1581 wlis 7 Tebervals
arzrumSi mividnen Sahisa da qarTlis mefis elCebi. Sahis elCi nabuT-aRa
gamocdili diplomati iyo. is stambolSi adrec gaugzavniaT. sinan faSam
igi pativiT miiRo. iranis elCma sinan faSasTan saubarSi ganacxada, rom
`mSvidobianobis dasamyareblad ZalaSi unda darCes suleiman-xanis
[droindeli] xelSekrulebaSi daTqmuli zavi da mSvidoba“. igive iyo
naTqvami sulTnisaTvis gadasacem werilebSic.
rac Seexeba qarTlis mefis elCs, igi svimon I-saTvis Tavis
samflobeloebis memkvidreobiT gamgeblobaSi gadacemas moiTxovda,
samagierod osmalebs yovelwliuri xarkis saxiT 100 aTasi dukatis
gadaxdas hpirdeboda da Tavis vaJsac mZevlad aZlevda.
ar viciT Cavida Tu ara svimon mefis elCi stambolSi. savaraudoa,
sinan faSam igi uariT gaistumra, radgan amis Semdeg qarTveli elCi
aRar Cans. marTalia, 1582 wlis zafxulSi svimon mefis elCi ufliswul
mehmedisTvis (SemdegSi mehmed III, 1595-1603) misalocad stambolSi
Cavida, magram qarTlis mefis elCis am zeimSi monawileoba srulebiTac
ar niSnavda qarTlsa da osmaleTs Soris sazavo molaparakebis
gagrZelebas... zeimSi monawileoba miiRes mravali qveynis wargzavnilebma.
maT Soris iyvnen kaxeTis da samegrelos warmomadgenlebic.
svimon I, mTeli mondomebiTa da TavdadebiT ebrZoda osmalebs, magram
Sahma icoda, rom qarTvelTa Tavdadeba Sahis taxtis amaRlebisaTvis ki
ar xdeboda, aramed TavianTi qveynisa da samefos gadarCenisaTvis. Sahis
karze, albaT, imasac fiqrobdnen, rom viTarebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi,
svimon mefis pozicia sruliad sxvanairi, iranisaTvis arasasurveli
gaxdeboda. amitom, vidre gvian ar iyo, saWirod CaTvales, svimon mefis
Sahis taxtTan mtkiced dakavSireba da gadawyvites svimonis asuli
colad SeerTo Sah xodabandas, `rom mis (svimonis – e. m.) mgobrobaze
guli savsebiT mSvidad hqonodaT~. svimon mefem Sahis winadadeba
garegnulad did bednierebad miiCnia, magram yvelafers akeTebda, raTa es
qorwineba ar Semdgariyo. svimon mefis amgvar moqmedebas isqander munSi
mxolod religiuri motiviT xsnis. iv. javaxiSvili ki savsebiT
samarTlianad aRniSnavda, rom svimon mefes Sahis moTxovna mZevlad
gaxdomad miaCnda, riTac Sahs surda misTvis momavalSi politikuri
moqmedebis Tavisufleba SeezRuda,
amitom igi ar Cqarobda Sahis
17
moTxovnis dakmayofilebas. erTxans yizilbaSebi momxdarma ambebma
daakaves da ganzraxuli qorwinebisaTvis ar ecalaT. SirvanSi yirimeli
TaTrebi SeiWrnen. yizilbaSebma maTi damarcxeba SeZles, Tumca osmalebis
gandevna ki ver moaxerxes. Sirvani kvlav osmalebs darCaT.
SirvanSi samxedro operaciebis dasrulebis Semdeg, Sahi darwmunda,
rom svimon mefe moTxovnas, Tavisi nebiT ar asrulebda, amitom
saqarTveloSi pirveli veziri mirza salmani 20 aTasi kaciT gaigzavna.
mas kaxeTis samefos sakiTxis mogvarebac daevala. aleqsandre II
iZulebuli Seiqmna, ganeaxlebina yovelwliuri xarkis gadaxda da Tavisi
asulis ufliswul hamza-mirzasaTvis miTxovebaze daTanxmda.
isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahis yvela moTxovna svimon mefesac
daukmayofilebia. yizilbaSebma qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebi erTmaneTTan
Seariges da jvarze daafices, rom Sahis erTgulni iqnebodnen. isini
erToblivad ibrZolebdnen osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. amis Semdeg, qarTvel
mefeebs mZevlebi gamoarTves, aleqsandres _ ufliswuli konstantine,
svimons _ ufliswuli luarsabi**.
marTali ar aris isqander munSi, TiTqos Sahs am dros (1582 w.)
konstantine ufliswuli mZevlad waeyvanos, radgan qarTuli da rusuli
wyaroebi
savsebiT
damajereblad
gvamcnoben,
rom
konstantine
ufliswuli mZevlad Sah Tamazma waiyvana. konstantines iranSi mZevlad
wayvana moxda Sah Tamazis dros maSin, roca aleqsandre II-s ufliswuli
erekle osmaleTSi gaeqca. Sahma ieWva, rom es kaxTa mefis mier iyo
mowyobili da kaxeTis dalaSqvra ganizraxa, magram mefem SeZlo Sahis
risxvis Tavidan acileba. aleqsandrem Sahs ufliswuli konstantine
mdidruli ZRveniT gaugzavna da erekles Sesaxeb acnoba, rom `urCebiTa...
warvida xvanTqarTana~ _ ibodiSebda kaxTa mefe. Sah Tamazi dakmayofilda
aleqsandre mefis SenaTvaliT `da warvida samyofsa Tvissa, da Tan
wariyvana konstantine yrma mcire mZevlisa msgavsad~.
konstantine ufliswulis mZevlad wayvana unda momxdariyo 1575
wlis bolos an 1576 wlis dasawyisSi.
roca
qarTvelma
mefeebma
yizilbaSebis
yvela
moTxovna
daakmayofiles, axla TviTon moTxoves Sahis mfarvelobaSi myofi
TavianTi Zmebis, aleqsandrem _ ieses (isa-xani), simonma _ daviTis (daudxani) saqarTveloSi dabruneba da piroba dades, rom `Zmebs Cinebulad
moepyrobodnen, veragobas ar Caidendnen da orive... TavianT Zmebs
garkveul adgils miuCendnen, raTa mosvenebiT ecxovraT da arseboba ar
gaZnelebodaT~. gasagebia aleqsandresa da svimonis survili Sahis
xelidan daexsnaT maT sawinaaRmdego qmedebebisaTvis gamiznuli Zmebi.
isqander munSi Semdeg qarTvel mefeebs usayvedurebs, rom arc erTma
piroba ar Seasrula, `orive maTi daRupvis saqmes Seudga da Cqara maTi
sikvdilis ambavi mTel qveyanas gaagebines~.
18
marTali ar aris isqander munSi, rodesac daud-xanis sikvdilis
Sesaxeb laparakobs, (isa-xanze, amis Semdeg, marTlac araferi viciT).
daud-xani kidev karga xans asparezze Cans. igi osmalebs miemxro.
1581 wlis agvistos bolos arzrumidan wasuli mehmed faSa
axalqalaqSi manuCar faSas* Sexvda da sTxova, rom osmalTa laSqari
Tbilisisken waeyvana. osmalTa jars gorTan svimon mefe elodeboda. mis
jarSi mravlad iyvnen qarTulad Cacmuli iranelebi.
mehmed faSam brZana, saswrafod gadasuliyvnen mdinare mtkvarze,
romlis meore napirze svimon mefe Tavisi jariT Casafrebuli iyo.
osmalebma sastiki marcxi ganicades. svimon mefis xelSi aRmoCnda mtris
mTeli aRali da xazina. gadarCenili jaris nawilma Tbilisamde miaRwia.
TbilisSi, rogorc yovelTvis, didi gaWirveba iyo da xelcariel mehmed
faSas sxva araferi darCenoda rom jariskacebSi 30 aTasi dukati
Seegrovebina da kaxeTis mefesTan garnizonisaTvis puris, cxvrebisa da
sxva sanovagis Sesasyidad xalxi gaegzvna. verc Tbilisis faSam,
gamahmadianebulma qarTvelma iusufma, gaamarTla osmalTa imedebi. mehmed
faSam igi gadaayena da mis adgilze omar faSa daniSna.
am dros moxda osmalebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli ori qarTveli
meTauris svimon mefisa da aTabag manuCaris erTmaneTTan dakavSireba. es
kavSiri manuCaris svimon I-is asul eleneze daqorwinebiT ganmtkicda.
maT daaxloebas Sahis karze didi kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen. yizilbaSebis
azriT, amis Semdeg iranis mdgomareoba amierkavkasiaSi mniSvnelovnad
gaumjobesdeboda. svimonisa da manuCaris kavSiri garkveul dromde
saidumlod rCeboda.
osmaleTis samcxeSi agresia mxolod qarTvelebisa da Sirvanelebis
damoukideblobas ar emuqreboda. igi kavkasiis sxva xalxebisTvisac
saSiSi iyo. rogorc ibrahim feCevi gadmogvcems, saSamxlosa da
daRestnis gamgeblebma kavSiri daamyares qarTvelebTan, raTa erToblivad
ebrZolaT osmalebis winaaRmdeg. kavkasiaSi antiosmalur koalicias
saTaveSi Caudga iranis Sahi, romelmac samokavSireo jaris sardlad
imamyuli-xani daniSna. stambolSi jerovnad Seafases amierkavkasiaSi
Seqmnili mdgomareoba da gadawyvites Crdilo kavkasiaze gavliT
gaegzavnaT laSqari, romelic darubandsa da baqoSi mdgom osmalTa
garnizonebs daexmareboda. amave dros, Tbilisis dasaxmareblad
gagzavnili osmalTa jari
svimon mefem muxranis velze daamarcxa.
osmaleTis jaris darubandSi misvlam 1583 wlis gazafxulze, didi
SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia Sahis karze. Sahma imamyuli-xanis meTaurobiT 50
aTasiani jari gagzavna. yizilbaSma sardalma maSinve qarTlisa da
kaxeTis mefeebs werilebi gaugzavna da isini laSqrobaSi monawileobis
misaRebad miiwvia. ar Cans, mividnen Tu ara qarTlelebi yizilbaSTa
dasaxmareblad.
19
amgvarad, osmalebis aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi yofna
damyarebuli
iyo iaraRze, rac adgilobriv mosaxleobaze yovelTvis efeqturad ar
moqmedebda. sulTnis braZanebiT, manuCars daevala TbilisSi 30 aTasi
dukatis mitana. roca manuCari Tbiliss miuaxlovda, minadois TqmiT, mas
svimon mefe Sexvda da xanmokle TaTbiris Semdeg, manuCaris Tanmxlebi
osmalTa razmi amowyvites, xazina ki miiTvises.
ferhad faSam ganizraxa manuCaris samflobeloebze eyara javri,
magram manamde aucilebeli iyo Tbilisis damarcxeba. man am rTuli
amocanis Sesruleba daavala qarTvelebTan da yizilbaSebTan brZolebSi
gamocdil hasan faSas. mas Caabara 40 aTasi dukati da 15 aTasi rCeuli
mebrZoli gaayola. dmanisis xeobaSi mimaval osmalebs Tavs daesxa
qarTvelTa 500 kaciani razmi, romelTa Soris ramdenime yizilbaSi
amirac iyo. qarTvelebma ara mxolod SeaCeres osmalTa winsvla, aramed,
daamarcxes kidec isini. jaris narCenebi, misive TqmiT, mxolod hasan
faSas simtkicem ixsna. gadarCenil jars, meore dRes mxolod
yizilbaSebi daesxnen Tavs, magram hasan faSam isini daamarcxa.
1584 wlis gazafxulze ferhad faSam miiRo sulTnis brZaneba
naxWevansa da Tavrizze SetevisaTvis momzadebis Sesaxeb. imave dros,
sulTnis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, saWiro iyo qarTvelebisagan Seviwroebuli
Tbilisis daxmareba.
Sahis kars mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia osmalebis samxedro
samzadisi da naxWevanis dasacavad Tavrizis maxloblad Tavi mouyara 30
aTasamde mebrZols. yizilbaSebis samzadisi ferhad faSas gegmas arRvevda.
man, amis Sesaxeb, saswrafod acnoba sulTans da Semdgom brZanebas
daeloda. sulTanma ukve icoda, rom svimon mefe da aTabagi manuCari
kvlav osmalebis winaaRmdeg aRsdgnen, sastikad aviwroebdnen Tbilisis
garnizons da Sahis daxmarebasac apirebdnen. gaiTvaliswina ra qarTlisa
da samcxis pozicia, sulTanma ferhad faSas ubrZana, `gadasdos yvela
saqme da Seudges dmanisze da loreze* gamavali gzebis mowesregebas~.
aseT
viTarebaSi,
osmalebis
Semdgomi
moqmedebisaTvis
Tbiliss
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
ferhad faSam, jer lores cixe aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani garnizoni
da 200 qvemexi Caayena, cixisTavad ki daniSna berZeni ali faSa. sardalma
mas daavala, xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi loredan 10 miliT daSorebuli
SaiTanyala* gaemagrebina. TviTon ferhad faSa mTeli jariT dmanisisaken
wavida. es umniSvnelovanesi cixe-simagre qarTvelebis mier nangrevebad
iyo qceuli. ferhad faSam nacixaris adgilas, axali cixe aago. ferhad
faSam dmanisidan 20 aTasi rCeuli da saukeTesod SeiaraRebuli
mebrZoliT, Tbilisis dasaxmareblad ridvan faSa gagzavna. igi erT dReSi
TbilisSi mivida da garnizons saWiro daxmareba aRmouCina. maSin, roca
ridvan faSa TbilisTan idga, mis banakSi svimon mefis gadamterebuli Zma
daud-xani mivida da osmalebs samsaxuri SesTavaza. Tbilisis saqmeebis
20
mogvarebis Semdeg, ridvan faSa dmanisSi gabrunda da daud-xani Tan
waiyvana. svimon mefe, mstovrebis saSualebiT, Tvalyurs adevnebda
osmalTa jaris moZraobas. ridvan faSas banakSi Separuli svimon mefis
mstovrebi
daud-xans daurwmunebia, rom osmalTa jari mcire iyo.
svimon mefes dauT-xanis motaceba ganuzraxavs. mstovrebis mier svimon
mefesTan mitanili cnoba ridvan faSas jaris raodenobis Sesaxeb, swori
ar iyo. sinamdvileSi mas bevrad meti jari hyavda. miuxedavad amisa,
ridvan faSas qarTvelebis SiSi hqonda da ferhad faSas damatebiT kidev
10 aTasi kaci sTxova. yalbi informaciiT waqezebuli simon mefe
manuCarTan da sxva oTx qarTvel didebulTan erTad, 4 aTasi mebrZoliT
osmalebs dauxvda. Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg 6 aTasi
osmalo idga, magram brZola gaCaRda Tu ara, borcvis ukan Casafrebuli
osmalTa mTavari Zala Tavs daatyda qarTvelebs. svimon mefes cxeni
moukles, magram igi sakuTarma simamacem ixsna. qarTvelebi sruli
ganadgurebisagan ferhad faSas mier ridvan faSas dasaxmareblad
gagzavnili 10 aTasiani jaris gamoCenam ixsna. osmalebma isini qarTvelTa
damxmare jarad miiCnies da daibnen. amiT isargebles qarTvelebma da
brZolis vels gaecalnen. ridvan faSam ferhad faSas banakSi sakmaod
didi nadavli miitana, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani mis mier miyvanili
daud-xani iyo. daud-xanis osmalTa banakSi misvla sainteresod aRwera
erTma osmalurma wyarom. iq naTqvamia: daud-xani ,,Tavisi xuTi begisa da
misi erTi mamaci Svilis TanxlebiT mis aRmatebuleba sardal ferhadfaSasTan movida. aq mas sTxova, rom momeciT saSualeba mivaRwio
bednierebis zRurbls (stambols), radganac saqarTvelos gasaRebi me var
da maRali RmerTis wyalobiT misi aReba da dapyroba CemiT SeiZlebao~.
ferhad faSam gaiTvaliswina saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba da
mizanSewonilad CaTvala daud-xani swrafad gaegzavna sulTnis karze.
daud-xani 20 kaciani amaliT stambolSi mivida da sulTans Tbilisis
beglarbegoba sTxova. samagierod, igi sulTans dahpirda, rom
darwmunebis, motyuebis an Zalis gamoyenebis gziT, qarTvelebs sulTnis
qveSevrdomebad gaxdida. daud-xanma erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT,
stambolSi Tavisi vaJi datova. man sulTans gaacno, agreTve, sefianTa
saxelmwifos savalalo mdgomareoba da Tavrizze Seteva urCia.
sulTans awyobda daud-xanis svimon mefesTan dapirispireba, amitom
misi yvela Txovna Seiwynara. mis Svilsa da amalas sapatio xalaTebi,
TviT daud-xans maraSis beglarbegoba da osmalebis mier qarTlSi
dapyrobilad svimonis samflobeloebic eboZa.
daud-xanis
svimonTan
dapirispirebiT
sulTani
saqarTveloSi
antiosmaluri Zalebis gaTiSvas fiqrobda. misi varaudiT daud-xansac
gamouCndeboda momxreebi, magram ganmeorda adrindeli mdgomareoba: daudxanma verc Sahs gaumarTla da verc sulTans. man dasayrdeni ver hpova
qarTlis Tavad-aznaurobaSi. osmalebis mxares misma gadasvlam, qarTlSi
21
saxalxo moZraoba ki ar Seasusta, aramed moxda TviT daud-xanis
izolacia.
Znelia imis Tqma, gaiziara Tu ara sulTanma daud-xanis rCeva,
osmalebs TavrizisTvis SeetiaT. erTi ram cxadia, rom osmalebma
laSqrobis mimarTuleba Secvales. 10 aprils osmalTa laSqari
didvaziris**, osman faSas meTaurobiT, arzrumisa da erevnis gavliT
Tavrizisken wavida. imave dros, saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvrebTan mdgom
jars ebrZana, daewyo Seteva saqarTveloze.
meTaurebi iyvnen lores
beglarbegi hasan faSa da arzrumis beglarbegi ali faSa. maTTan erTad
iyo daud-xani, romelic umaRlesi mrCevlis movaleobas asrulebda.
saerTo SetevisaTvis samzadisisas, osmalebma daiwyes umTavresi
strategiuli punqtebis gamagreba, maTi sursaT-sanovagiTa da samxedro
saWurvliT momarageba. osmalebi goris cixis gamagrebas gansakuTrebiT
cdilobdnen. goris cixeSi moiyara Tavi osmaleTis kavkasiis jaris
ZiriTadma Zalebma.
qarTvelTa warmatebuli moqmedeba did dabrkolebas uqmnida
saqarTvelos gareT dabanakebul osmalTa jarebs. es garemoeba aiZulebda
maT molaparakeba daewyoT qarTvelebTan da yizilbaSebTan. hasan-kalaSi
mTavarsardalma miiRo iranis Sahisa da qarTlis mefis elCebi,
romlebsac samSvidobo molaparakebis gamarTva evalebodaT.
molaparakebis dros Tavs iCens erTi gansakuTrebiT saintereso
momenti: iranisa da saqarTvelos delegaciebi molaparakebas cal-calke,
magram erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad awarmoebdnen. qarTlis samefos
elCobas saTaveSi edga `maRali Tanamdebobis saeklesio piri~, romelmac
osman faSas acnoba qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis survili `mSvidobisa da
keTilmezoblobis~
Sesaxeb.
sulTnis
kari
gaWianurebuli
omis
dasrulebis momxre iyo da osman faSas TviTonac survili gamouTqvams
saomari moqmedebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. igi ara marto qarTvelebis
moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis, aramed misi yvela mtrisagan dacvis imedsac
iZleoda. osman faSam, imis garantiad, rom qarTvelebi osmalebTan
urTierTobaSi mSvidobasa da keTilmezoblobas daicavdnen, svimon mefes
ori vaJis sulTnis karze mZevlad gagzavna mosTxova.
movlenebis
Semdgomi
ganviTarebidan
irkveva,
rom
sazavo
molaparakeba, rogorc iranelebTan ise qarTvelebTan, uSedegod
damTavrda da saomari moqmedeba ganaxlda. osmalebma Tavrizis
mimarTulebiT daiwyes Seteva, magram yizilbaSebisa da qarTvelTa
winaaRmdegobas waawydnen da didi danaklisi ganicades. miuxedavad amisa,
1585 wlis seqtemberSi osmalebma Tavrizi mainc aiRes. amis Semdeg
yizilbaSebi, marTalia, brZolas ganagrZobdnen, magram maTi roli
kavkasiis frontze uaRresad Sesustda. am garemoebam osmalebis qarTlkaxeTis mimarT gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia.
22
svimon mefe erTaderTi iyo, osmalebis winaSe qedi rom ar moixara.
osmalebis mier Tavrizis aRebis miuxedavad, svimon mefe 1585 w. Tavs
daesxa lores da es umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqti daipyro.
amave dros, qarTvelebi Tavs daesxnen Tbiliss, gors, yarss da
osmalebis mier dapyrobil sxva mniSvnelovan cixe-qalaqebs da ise
Seaviwroves isini, rom osmalo jariskacebma dezertiroba daiwyes da
vinc axerxebda, arzrumSi garboda. es cnobebi erTxel kidev adastureben
svimon mefisa da qarTvelebis qedmouxrelobas, iranze osmalebis
warmatebuli Setevis Sedegsac.
iTqva, rom svimon mefe, manuCar aTabagi da Sahi dainteresebulni
iyvnen osmaleTTan zavis dadebiT, magram qarTvelebi da sparselebi
sazavo molaparakebis mimarT sxvadasxvagvar damokidebulebas iCendnen.
irani da osmaleTi molaparakebis dros saqarTvelos sakiTxis
ignorirebas axdenda, amitom qarTvelebma isargebles droebiTi simSvidiT
da svimon mefem mters axali dartyma miayena. 1586 wlis dasasruls man
Tbilisi aiRo,
svimonma xelT igdo mravali zarbazani, daangrevina
osmalebis mier TbilisSi daarsebuli zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxana,
ostatebi ki Sahs gaugzavna.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs 1587 wlis 22 ianvris
informacia stambolidan. masSi, svimon mefis mier TbilisTan mopovebuli
gamarjvebis aRniSvnasTan erTad naTqvamia, rom stambolSi `mividnen
Tbilisidan gaqceulni, romlebic hyvebodnen, Tu ra dRe ayara Turqebs
qarTvelebis mefe svimonma. svimonTan moskovidan movida 6 aTasi
karabineri. mas gadauketia uReltexilebi da cixe-simagreSi gamoketili
omar faSa Znel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, radgan yvela gza daxSuli
hqonda~.
svimon mefisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom Tavisi samefos sakiTxi TviTonve
unda moegvarebina. Zalian sainteresod gadmogvcems isqandr munSi svimon
mefis mdgomareobas osamalebTan zavis dadebis win: svimon mefe mudam
Seupovrad ebrZoda osmalebs, _ werda is _ magram sabolood Seafasa
Tavisi mokavSire iranis mdgomareoba da darwmunda, rom misgan
daxmarebis imedi aRar unda hqonoda. damoukideblad brZola ki ukve mis
Zalebs aRemateboda.
sulTanma svimon mefes usayvedura, rom mas xelSekruleba jer ar
daemtkicebina da qarTlis mefe ferhad faSasTvis micemul pirobas ukve
arRvevda. amis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mesazRvre beglarbegebi werilobiT
acnobebdnen sulTans.
svimon mefem sazavo pirobebi jer ferhad faSasTan SeaTanxma, rac
faqtiurad, zavis dadebas niSnavda. Semdeg elCebi stambolSi gagzavna.
elCobas meTaurobdnen: mefis Zma vaxxtangi, misi erTi naTesavi da siauS
saakaZe, giorgi saakaZis mama. elCebi stambolSi Rirseulad miiRes.
rogorc
`qarTlis
mbrZaneblisadmi
gacemuli
uavgustoesi
23
xelSekrulebidan~ Cans, sulTani murad III friad uwonebda svimon mefes
osmaleTTan zavis dadebas: `Cems sabedniero samefo taxts yovelmxrivi
morCileba da gamgonoba gamoucxade, misi moxarjeoba bednierebis wyarod
miiCnie da zemoxsenebul sardals Seni wliuri xaraja gamougzavne da
amrigad erTgulad da gulwrfelad miendve da Semoafare Tavi Cems
uzenaes kars~.
sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, osmaleTi rjulis Seucvlelad
scnobda svimons qarTlis mefed da aRiarebda mis memkvidreobiT uflebas.
igi damoukidebeli unda yofiliyo Sinagan mmarTvelobaSi.
qarTlis samefosa da osmaleTis imperias Sori sazavo xelSekruleba
arsebuli mdgomareobis mixedviT daido. qarTlis samefo orad gaiyo. is
cixe-qalaqebi, romlebic osmalebs dapyrobili hqondaT, maT xelSi darCa.
danarCen teritoriaze svimon mefis xelisufleba vrceldeboda.
xelismomweri
mxareebi
sazavo
xelSekrulebis
sxvadasxvagvar
interpretacias axdendnen. teritoriuli zonebi xelSekrulebaSi
mtkiced dadgenili ar iyo. Zneli iyo imis garkveva, vis ekuTvnoda
osmalebis mier dakavebuli cixe-simagreebis irgvliv mdebare soflebi da
saxnav-saTesi miwebi. svimon mefes es ukanasknelni Tavis sakuTrebad
miaCnda da iqidan garkveul gadasaxads _ `uSurs~ iRebda, riTac
osmalebs adgilobrivi sursaTiT gamokvebis saSualebas uspobda da mZime
mdgomareobaSi ayenebda. murad III SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamda imis gamoc,
rom qarTvelebi Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis saSualebas ar aZlevdnen
`cixeebSi mimaval-momaval mis jariskacebs, sursaTisa da xazinis
damtareblebsa da gamvlel-gamomvlelebs~. qarTvelebis gagebiT, Tu
cixeebi osmalebs ekuTvnodaT, gzebi qarTvelebisa iyo. aseT viTarebaSi,
ra Tqma unda, mSvidoba didi xniT ver damyardeboda. marTalia,
`uavgustoes xelSekrulebaSi~ murad III svimon mefes dabejiTebiT
sTxovda,
rom
osmaleTis
administraciasTan
raime
gaugebrobis
SemTxvevaSi,
dauyovnebliv
ecnobebina
stambolSi
da
damnaSaveni
dauyovnebliv daisjebodnen, magram sinamdvileSi faruli da zogjer
daufaravi lokaluri brZolebi ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobda.
1587 wels moskovis elCebi kaxeTSi Camovidnen da 26 agvistos mefe
aleqsandres warudgnen. molaparakeba erT Tves gagrZelda. 28 seqtembers
xelSekruleba gaformda. aleqsandre II-m Tavis SvilebTan da
didebulebTan erTad, ruseTis mefis xeldebulebis fici miiRo. kaxeTis
mefem piroba dado, rom samudamod ruseTis erTguli iqneboda da
mfarvelis mimarT mtrul moqmedebas arasodes mimarTavda. ufro metic,
aleqsandre mefes Tavis memkvidreebTan erTad, moskovis saxelmwifos
yvela mtris winaaRmdeg unda ebrZola. aseT SemTxvevaSi, igi Tavisi
jariT astraxanisa da Tergis voevodebs SeuerTdeboda. kaxeTis samefos
yovelwliuri gadasaxadis gadaxda daekisra. Tavis mxriv, mefe Tevdore
valdebulebas iRebda kaxeTis samefo yvela mtrisagan daecva. kaxeTis
24
samefos dacva Tergisa da astraxanis voevodebs (samxedro meTaurebs)
daevalaT. `xolo Samxalis winaaRmdeg gavagzavno Cemi laSqari da Cveni
saxelmwifodan Sens qveynamde mimavali gza gavwmindo,~ _ werda rusTa
mefe.
qarTveli politikosebis azriT, saqarTvelo-ruseTis damakavSirebel
saSamxlos gzaze garkveuli wesrigi maSin damyardeboda, roca iq
ruseTis jari Cadgeboda. doneli kazakebi, romlebic qarTvel da rus
elCebs acilebdnen xolme, Tergze Sediodnen da saSamxlos, yirimis
saxanos, osmaleTis imperiasa da am ukanasknelis yvela mokavSires did
sazrunavs uCendnen. kazakebis TareSiT, gansakuTrebiT SeSfoTebuli iyo
osmaleTi, radgan Crdilo kavkasiis gziT (yirimi-darubandi) sargebloba,
faqtiurad, SeuZlebeli gaxda. dazaralebulni Ciodnen moskovis
mefesTan, raTa mas kazakebis `TviTneboba~ aRekveTa. magram osmaleTi,
yirimis saxano da saSamxlo yovelTvis erTsa da imave pasuxs iRebdnen:
Tergze gaqceuli qurdi kazakebi xelmwifis nebarTvis gareSe
cxovrobeno.
cnobili ar aris, kazakebs garkveuli gegma hqondaT Tu ara, an maT
moqmedebas vinmes saidumlo xeli warmarTavda Tu ara, roca osmaleTsa
da mis mokavSireebs ebrZodnen. am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema arsebuli
wyaroebis safuZvelze, SeuZlebelia. cxadia,
maTi moqmedeba mxolod
stiqiuri da nadavlis mopovebis surviliT ganpirobebuli ar iyo.
savaraudoa, rom
kazakebsa da svimon mefes Soris kavSiri Tu ara,
garkveuli kontaqtebi mainc arsebobda. kazakebi Crdilo kavkasiis gzebs
uketavdnen
amierkavkasiisaken
mimaval
osmalebs.
amdenad,
isini
saqarTvelos dacvasac xels uwyobdnen da, erTxans, svimon mefis
daxmarebac scades (gavixsenoT Tbilisidan ltolvili osmalebis mier
stambolSi Catanili ambavi, svimon mefes rusTa 6 aTasiani jari
exmarebao). amaze miuTiTebs, agreTve, rusi elCis semion zvenigorodskis
erTi cnoba, romelic 1586 wels ganekuTvneba. masSi naTqvamia, rom
Tergis Tavisufali kazakebi mcire xniT svimon mefesTan mividnen, magram
qarTlis mefem isini sam weliwadnaxevars TavisTan gaaCera da ukan
dabrunebis saSualebas ar aZlevdao.
maSasadame, kazakebi svimon mefesTan mividnen 1586 wels da
Tbilisidan gaqceul osmalebs stambolSi es ambavi unda CaetanaT. ra
Tqma unda, stambolSi Catanil cnobaSi uzustobebia: jer erTi,
daujerebelia, rom saqarTveloSi 6 aTasi kazaki gadmosuliyo. im
pirobebSi 600 kacis gadmosvlac ki didi ambavi iqneboda; da meorec, _
saeWvoa, kazakebi saqarTveloSi mefe Tevdores gamoegzvna. rogorc rusi
elCebis cnobebidan irkveva, moskovSi saerTod araferi icodnen qarTlis
samefoSi kazakebis yofnaze da rusma elCebma mxolod kaxeTSi Seityves
amis Taobaze. svimon mefisaTvis kazakTa razms imdenad praqtikuli
mniSvneloba ar hqonda, ramdenadac politikuri. mas kazakTa razmi
25
propagandisaTvis sWirdeboda: qveyana gaigebs (da marTlac gaiges) svimon
mefes rusT xelmwife exmarebao. amave mizniT sTxovda aleqsandre kaxTa
mefe moskovel elCebs kazakebi kaxeTSi daetovebinaT.
am moments
maSindel kavkasiaSi mimdinare politikur ambebSi
didi mniSvneloba
hqonda. ruseTTan urTierTobis garTulebas osmalebi da misi
mokavSireebi eridebodnen.
qarTlidan kaxeTSi gadasuli kazakebi aleqsandre mefem saSamxlos
sazRvarze cixeebSi Caayena. albaT, am RonisZiebas garkveuli efeqti
hqonda, radgan kaxeTis mefes Semdeg zafxuls kazakebis isev im cixeebSi
dabruneba
surda,
magram
rogorc
maSindeli
diplomatiuri
urTierTobidan Cans, moskovis mTavroba xalisiT ar ekideboda kaxeTis
mefis amgvar moTxovnebs.
kaxeTis samefos mier ruseTTan urTierTobis damyareba uaRresad
mniSvnelovani faqti iyo mTeli kavkasiisa da axlo aRmosavleTis
masStabiT. gasagebi unda gamxdariyo, rom amieridan is, visac moskovis
saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis garTuleba ar surda, kaxeTis samefos
mimarT mtrul aqciebs unda morideboda. osmaleTis mesveurebi, albaT,
bevrs wuxdnen im Secdomaze, rac kaxeTisadmi maT poziciaSi gamoxata da
ramac iq ruseTis gavlena gaaZliera. sulTnis karisaTvis gasagebi iyo,
rom Tu igi droulad ar gadawyvetda qarTlis sakiTxs, SeiZleboda iqac
analogiuri mdgomareoba gameorebuliyo. sagulisxmoa, rom moskovel
elCebs _ rodion birkins, petre pivovs da stefane poluxanovs
pirdapiri miTiTeba hqondaT, rom Tu aleqsandre mefis siZe an Zma
xelmwifisagan mfarvelobis survils gamoTqvamda, elCebs isini unda
waexalisebinaT, maT moskovSi TavianTi elCebi gaegzavnaT, mfarveloba
eTxovaT da rusTa xelmwife maT Txovnas Seiwynarebda.
moskovis mTavrobas mxedvelobaSi hyavda svimon mefe, romelic
aleqsandre II-is siZe, misi dis qmari iyo, an mefis Zma ufliswuli iese.
xelmwife mxolod im pirobiT daakmayofilebda erTis an meoris
survils, Tu
mfarvelobis Txovnis periodisaTvis isini aleqsandre
mefesTan karg urTierTobaSi iqnebodnen.
svimon mefe realisti politikosi iyo. man icoda, rom arsebuli
mdgomareobis mixedviT, qarTlis samefosa da moskovis saxelmwifos
Soris xelSekruleba ver daideboda. svimoni miesalmeboda rusTa jaris
qarTlSi Semosvlas, magram saRi azri ukarnaxebda, rom ruseTidan
amgvari daxmarebis miReba ver moxerxdeboda. qarTlis samefo saomar
mdgomareobaSi iyo osmaleTis imperiasTan da svimons kargad esmoda, rom
ruseTis mier mfarvelobis sityvierad gamocxadebas fasi ar eqneboda: es
gamoiwvevda osmaleTis mxridan omis kidev ufro gaaqtiurebas. dadebiTad
arc Sahis kari Sexvdeboda svimon mefis aseT nabijs. albaT, ruseTis
mTavrobac iTvaliswinebda am mdgomareobas, magram igi iseTnairad
awyobda saqmes, viTomc moskovSi svimonTan daaxloebaze arc fiqrobdnen.
26
qarTlidan elCebi moskovSi Tu Cavidodnen da raime garigeba mainc
moxdeboda, ruseTis xelmwifes Tavis gamarTlebis saSualeba yovelTvis
eqneboda: qarTvelebma TviTon gvTxoves da Cvenc `qristianobis
siyvarulis gamo~ vcdilobT riTime davexmaroTo, magram sinamdvileSi es
`daxmareba~ svimon mefes Tavisi qveynis dacvis saqmes ver gauadvilebda.
ruseTi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg oms araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daiwyebda.
svimon mefe iTvaliswinebda ra saerTaSoriso viTarebas da imasac,
vis rogori urTierToba hqonda osmaleTTan da Sesabamisad, daxmarebis
miReba saidan ufro mosalodneli iyo, umjobesad CaTvala dasavleT
evropisaTvis miemarTa. am mizniT, man 1587 wels romis papsa da espaneTis
mefesTan daxmarebis saTxovnelad despanebi gagzavna. svimonis erT-erTi
didebuli ierusalimze gavliT romis papTan unda wasuliyo, xolo
espaneTis mefesTan, ki konstantinopolze gavliT, vinme somexi vaWari
aleqsandre konstantinopolis gziT, romelsac `eqvsi Sekvra qarTuli
abreSumi~ mihqonda mefisaTvis misarTmevad. qarTvelma didebulma
adresatamde ver miaRwia. is osmalebma Seipyres papisaTvis gankuTvnili
werilebiTa da saCuqrebiT. meore elCis, aleqsandres misia, ufro
warmatebuli iyo, igi romSi mivida. radgan mas romidan ukan,
saqarTveloSi dabruneba hqonda ganzraxuli, igi espaneTis mefis elCs
graf de olivaress Sexvda da mas gaando svimonis winadadebebi. kerZod,
qarTlis mefe mzad iyo papisa da espaneTis mefis vasali gamxdariyo,
magram amave dros, yovelTvis iranis erTgul mokavSired darCeniliyo.
simon mefe iniciativiT gamodioda, espaneTs kavSiri daemyarebina samive
qarTul samefosTan. Znelia imis dadgena, simon I, imereTisa da kaxeTis
mefeebTan SeTanxmebiT gamodioda aseTi iniciativiT, Tu es yvelaferi
qarTvel mefeTa Soris misi pirvelobis demonstrireba iyo. svimon mefes
rom pirvelobis pretenzia marTlac hqonda, kargad gamoCnda 1588 wels
imereTis samefos dapyrobis mis warumatebel mcdelobaSi.
svimon mefis werilSi DCamoyalibebulma winadadebebma gamocdili
espaneli diplomati grafi de olivaresi (don enrike de gusmani),
aRmosavleTSi mokavSiris SeZenis SesaZlebobiT, marTlac daainteresa.
osmaleTis imperia xifaTs uqmnida portugalielTa (portugalia am
dros
espaneTis
samefos
SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda)
dasaxlebebs
aRmosavleT afrikasa da hormuzze. grafma de olivaresma 1588 wlis 5
Tebervals Tavis mefes, filipe II-s miswera: `me mgonia SevZleb
davarwmuno papi, rac SeiZleba male dados kavSiri qristianul (qarTvel
– e.m.) mefeebTan, raTa isini gaerTiandnen TurqeTis winaaRmdeg im (e. i.
kavkasiis, e. m.) mxridan; rom aqedan gamodis aseve kavSiri sparseTTanac,
romelsac mxars vuWerdiT aqamdec; rom yovelive es ukeT rom gakeTdes,
saWiroa gaigzavnos kaci im despanTan erTad an misi wasvlis Semdeg,
raTa damyardes kavSiri simonTan, aleqsandresTan da baSiaCukTan*
Turqebis winaaRmdeg da aseve, raTa Tqvenma udidebulesobam gagzavnos
27
kaci amave mizniT Tavis disSvilTan, poloneTis mefesTan da moskovis
mefesTan, raTa isini SeuerTdnen maT da Seqmnan didi Zala TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg; aseve, gaigzavnos misionerebi, rogorc simoni ioTxovs, raTa
maT xalxs aswavlon qristianuli suliskveTebiT~.
grafma de olivaresma Tavisi mosazreba aRmosavleTSi mokavSiris
SeZenis SesaZleblobaze, gaacno kardinal sankta severinas da isini im
daskvnamde mividnen, rom kargi iqneboda svimon mefesTan ori despani
gaegzavnaT, _ erTi konstantinopolze gavliT, meore poloneTisa da
moskovis
gavliT,
romelic
iqaur
mefeebsac
moelaparakeboda.
olivaresma audienciis dros papi marTlac daarwmuna, rom aucilebeli
iyo
svimon mefis mxardaWera. amis Semdeg, man Tavisi mosazrebani
werilobiT Camoayaliba da Tavis mefes gaugzavna. magram papsa da
espaneTis
samefo
kars
saqarTvelos
dasaxmareblad
an
masTan
diplomatiuri
urTierTobis
dasamyareblad
qmediTi
nabiji
ar
gadaudgamT.
svimon mefe osmaleTis uzarmazar imperiasTan pirispir kvlav marto
rCeboda. osmalebs gacnobierebuli hqondaT, rogor seriozul rols
TamaSobda qarTlis samefo iran-osmaleTis omSi, amitom masTan morigeba
gadawyvites. 1588 wels qarTlis samefosa da osmaleTis imperias Soris
zavi daido.
qarTlis samefos omidan gamosvlam, iranis damarcxeba daaCqara. irani
osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis gamoyenebas Seecada. jer kidev 1587 wels
moskovSi iranis Sahis _ mohamed hodabandas elCi andi-begi Cavida,
romelic daxmarebis sanacvlod osmalebis mier dapyrobil baqosa da
darubands sTavazobda. ruseTi aseTi ekonmikuri da strategiuli
mniSvnelobis punqtebis xelSi Cagdebis perspeqtivis mimarT gulgrili
ver darCeboda. 1588 wels moskovis mTavrobam gadawyvita Tergisa da
astraxanis
jarebi
iranis
dasaxmareblad
gaegzavna,
samagierod
yizilbaSebi, baqosa da darubands, ganTavisuflebisTanave, ruseTs
gadascemdnen. moskovis mTavrobam Tavisi elCi, aseTi pirobiT, iranSi
gaagzavna, magram iranSi momxdarma sasaxlis karis gadatrialebam da Sah
abasis gamefebam, molaparakeba CaSla.
moskovis mefis mfarvelobaSi kaxeTis samefos Sesvlam da saSamxlodaRestnis xelyofisagan mis dasacavad Crdilo kavkasiaSi simagreebis
Cadgmis cdam irani SeaSfoTa. aRmosavleT sqarTvelos samefoebi Sahs
Tvis vasalebad miaCnda. Sahis karisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo
kaxeT-ruseTis kavSiris Sekvra da maTi erToblivi brZola Samxlis
winaaRmdeg. ruseTi Tu saSamxlos daipyrobda, maSin is uSualod
daamyarebda kavSirs aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan, magram irani, jerjerobiT amas ver gaaprotestebda, vidre misi yvelaze saSiSi mteri
osmaleTi iyo.
28
osmaleTi avstriasTan omisaTvis emzadeboda da irans zavi SesTavaza.
Sah abasi zavis dadebas ar Cqarobda da cdilobda ruseTTan da
osmaleTTan molaparakeba, orive maTganze zewolisaTvis gamoeyenebina.
ruseTi iran-osmaleTis dazavebis winaaRmdegi iyo. iran-osmaleTs Soris
arsebuli winaaRmdegoba ruseTs kavkasiaSi winsvlaSi xels uwyobda...
Tavis mxriv, osmaleTi, cdilobda ar dadebuliyo xelSekruleba iransa
da ruseTs Soris, radgan maTi SeTanxmeba, Tavisi arsiT, antiosmaluri
iqneboda. aseTi ramis daSveba osmaleTis diplomatias ar SeeZlo da Sahs
zogierTi dapyrobili teritoriis dabrunebas Sepirda. Sah abasma,
sxvadasxva sagareo faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT,
gadawyvita ruseTTan
diplomatiuri urTierToba gaegrZelebina. man Tvisi mamis mier
ruseTisaTvis SeTavazebuli proeqti Secvala da Tavis elCebs _ butakbegs da andi-begs 1589 wels sul sxva proeqti gaatana moskovSi. axali
SeTanxmebis mixedviT, ruseTis jarebi baqosa da darubands unda
Semodgomodnen, xolo irani, Tvis mxriv,
SirvanSi SeiWreboda.
mokavSireebis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTi kaspiis zRvis Crdilo
sanapiroze gabatondeboda, irani ki, samxreT-dasavleTze. amgvarad, Sah
abasis axali proeqtiT, ruseTs osmaleTTan omi unda daewyo da baqo da
darubandi Tvisi ZalebiT daepyro.
rogorc irkveva, evropis saxelmwifoebi, antiosmaluri ligis
Sesaqmnelad mxolod aleqsandre II-sTan ar urTierTobdnen. isini
gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulni iyvnen, osmalebis winaaRmdeg dauRalavi
mebrZolis, qarTlis mefe svimon I-is ligaSi CabmiT. rogorc Cans, svimon
mefis kontaqtebi evropis qveynebTan xorcieldeboda ruseTis gverdis
avliT. cnobilia, rom transilvaniis* mmarTveli zigmund batori
qarTvelebisa da Cerqezebis antiosmaluri ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb kargad
iyo informirebuli Tavisi diplomatis _ matiaS kisis saSualebiT. isic
savaraudoa, rom evropeli diplomatebisa da saidumlo agentebis
saSualebiT
warmoebda
saqarTvelos
samefoebsa
da
evropis
saxelmwifoebs
Soris
miwer-mowera.
1595
wlis
29
apriliT
daTariRebul, pap klementi VIII-is instruqciaSi, romelic mis
warmomadgenels kumuloviCs moskovSi gaegzavna, naTqvamia, rom is
valdebulia
wavides
CerqezeTSi
da
iqidan
kavSiri
daamyaros
amierkavkasiis mefeebTan. cnobili ar aris kumuloviCma SesZlo Tu ara
am davalebis Sesruleba, magram SiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom misi an
misi msgavsi diplomat-agentebis saSualebiT moxda svimon mefis evropis
saxelmwifoebTan dakavSireba. saintereso cnobaa Semonaxuli venecieli
diplomatis, alesandro malipieros 1596 wlis relaciaSi. igi ambobs,
rom qarTvel mefeebs `megobruli urTierToba aqvT espaneTis mefesTan,
romelTanac werilebs agzavnian ormuzsa da sxva adgilebze gamavali
gzebiT~.
29
antiosmalurad ganwyobili yvela saxelmwifosaTvis naTeli iyo, rom
qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis Serigeba met warmatebas moitanda. magram
ismoda kiTxva: visi iniciativiT unda momxdariyo Serigeba _ ruseTisa
Tu iranis. amas principuli mniSvneloba hqonda. Tu reseTis diplomatia
gaimarjvebda,
maSin
svimon
mefec
SeiZleboda
ruseTis
mefis
mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo. ra Tqma unda, iranis Sahic cdilobda
aleqsandre II Tavis mxares gadaeyvana. aleqsande mefes, rogorc adre
iTqva, saqarTvelos gaerTianeba surda Tavisi meTaurobiT. am amocanis
gadawyvetas igi saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
SeyvaniT fiqrobda.
moskovis mefe svimon pirvelTan uSualo urTirTobis damyarebisaken
miiswrafoda da mas qarTlis mefesTan aleqsandres Suamavloba ar
akmayofilebda. igi aleqsandres sTxovda, rom roca Seni elCebi moskovSi
wamovlen, maT wamohyvnen svimon mefis elCebic, raTa misTvisac dadgindes
mfarvelobis is pirobebi, rogoric kaxeTis mefes aqvso. saeWvoa,
aleqsandre mefes moswoneboda moskovis xelmwifis aseTi didi interesi
qarTlis samefos mimarT da igi Seecdeboda qarTlis ruseTTan
daaxloeba ar momxdariyo.
ibadeba kiTxva: ratom TviTon ar cdilobda svimon mefe ruseTTan
dakavSirebas?
svimon I iran-osmaleTis omis dros da mis Semdegac, sicocxlis
bolomde, proiranuli orientaciisa iyo. mas, osmaleTTan samkvdrosasicocxlo omis viTarebaSi, rodesac yizilbaSebTan erTad osmalebis
winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, saSualeba ar hqonda, SahisaTvis miuRebeli sagareo
politika gaetarebina, ra Tqma unda, svimonisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili
Sahis ganwyobileba kaxeTis mefis ruseTTan urTierTobis gamo. man
kargad icoda agreTve, aleqsandres im rTuli diplomatiuri TamaSis
Sesaxeb, romelsac igi SahTan da moskovis xelmwifesTan antiosmaluri
ligis
SeqmnisaTvis
da
Tavisi
saboloo
miznis,
saqarTvelos
gaerTianebisaTvis awarmoebda, amitom erideboda svimon I moskovTan
kontaqts. igi evropis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis drosac, Sahis
miTiTebiT moqmedebda. swored Sahis moTxovniT unda yofiliyo, rom
svimon mefe evropaSi gagzavnil werilebSi ruseTs ar axsenebs, yvelgan
laparakia mxolod qarTl-kaxeT-iranis koaliciis Camoyalibebaze.
marTalia, werilebSi arsad naTqvami ar aris koaliciis romelime wevris
wamyvani rolis Sesaxeb, magram adresatebisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom samTa
kavSirSi irani pirveli unda yofiliyo. amgvarad, Sah abasi evropel
partniorebs warudgenda koalicias masSi ruseTis monawileobis gareSe,
maSin, roca imave partniorebTan miwer-mowerisa da molaparakebis dros,
ruseTi aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri Zalebis damrazmvelad gamodioda. es
ki niSnavda imas, rom ruseTi, Sahis azriT, ar unda Careuliyo kavkasiisa
da axlo aRmosavleTis saqmeebSi, rom es regionebi iranis gavlenis
30
sfero iyo. rogorc n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavda, `Sah-abasi osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg sul sxva koalicias razmavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTTan
omSi ruseTis beladoba amierkavkasiaSi, Sah-abass gamoricxulad miaCnda~.
iranis elCis, andi-begis molaparakeba moskovSi, sinamdvileSi miznad
isaxavda kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semosvlis Seferxebas. Sahma am molaparakebas
antiosmaluri xasiaTi misca, magram mizani sxva hqonda. Sahs mxolod
Samxalis ruseTis gavlenis qveS moxvedra ar aSinebda. mas,
gansakuTrebiT rusTa jaris Semdgomi winsvla daRestanSi da kaxeTis
samefos ruseTTan kavSiri afiqrebda. imisaTvis, raTa kaspiispireTSi
ruseTis SeWra SeCerebuliyo, Sahs aucileblad miaCnda rusi xelmwifisa
da kaxeTis mefis SamxalTan Serigeba, Tundac amisaTvis aucilebeli
yofiliyo ruseTis suverenitetis cnoba saSamxloze da Samxalis vaJis
moskovSi mZevlad gagzavna. Sahi am miznis misaRwevad mzad iyo rusT
xelmwifes darubandis an baqos gadacemas dapireboda.
rogorc Cans,
andi begma davalebas warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. ruseTis SeiaraRebuli
gamosvla saSamxlos winaaRmdeg mxolod 10 wlis Semdeg, 1604-1605
wlebSi, moxda.
manamde ki, ruseT-iranis diplomatiur urTierTobaSi qarTlis
sakiTxi garkveuli simwvaviT unda mdgariyo. ori metoqe, sabolood,
kompromisul SeTanxmebaze wavida: erToblivad emoqmedaT qarTl-kaxeTis
Sesarigeblad. am sakiTxis mogvareba daevalaT stambolSi myof moskovisa
da iranis elCebs. rodesac osmalebma maTTvis micemuli davalebis
Sesaxeb gaiges, isini daapatimres, `radgan Turqebs aSinebdaT kavSiri
moskovsa, sparseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris, mimarTuli osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg~.
rogorc adre iTqva, romis papi saqarTvelo-iranis antiosmalur
koaliciaSi Cabmis organizebas moskovs sTxovda. moRweulia Tevdore
ivanes Zis pasuxi romis papis klementi VIII-is elC kumuloviCisadmi:
`Sen gvTxove, rom migvewera sparseTisa da saqarTvelos mefeebisaTvis
TurqeTTan omis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT... gasul wels Cven mivwereT
sparseTis mefes, ar daedo zavi TurqeTTan... Cven axlac gavgzavniT
masTan delegacias, raTa vacnoboT yvalaferi razec Cven SevTanxmdiT.
Cven momavalSic mivmarTavT saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandres, raTa mWidro
kavSiri iqonios sparseTis mefesTan~. moyvanili amonaridis mixedviT,
erTi SexedviT, ise Cans, TiTqos ruseT-saqarTvelo-iranis mZlavri
antiosmaluri liga Seiqmna. marTalia, irans osmaleTTan omis dawyebis
SemTxvevaSi ruseTi, espaneTi da saqarTvelo qvemexebis miwodebas
hpirdeboda, magram es mxolod dapireba iyo da sxva araferi. saWiro iyo
iranis waqezeba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg da am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo
(kaxeTis samefo) misTvis misaRebi ruseTis sagareo politikuri kursis
xelSemwyobad gamodioda. bolos da bolos, svimon I da aleqsandre II
Serigdnen. venecieli diplomati alesandro malipiero 1596 wlis
31
TebervalSi senatSi wakiTxul moxsenebaSi aRniSnavda, rom qarTveli
mefeebis Serigeba iranis Sahis avtoritetis wyalobiT moxda. amiT
faqtiurad Camoyalibda samTa liga qarTl-kaxeT-iranis SemadgenlobiT.
svimon I espaneTSi gagzavnil werilSi aRniSnavda, rom aRmosavleTSi
Seqmnil ligis wevrebs Soris winaT uTanxmoeba arsebobda (svimon mefe
gulisxmobda qarTl-kaxeTsa da kaxeT-irans Soris uTanxmoebas), magram
Serigdnen
osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg
erToblivi
brZolis,
agreTve
ierusalimisa
da
yvela
qristianis
osmalTa
batonobisagan
gaTavisuflebisaTvis.
aRmosavleTSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas sulTnis mkacri
reaqcia mohyva. igi gansakuTrebul aRSfoTebas `veragi gaiZvera,
intrigani, viTarca mela~ svimon I-is mimarT gamoxatavda. Sah abasisaTvis
gagzavnil werilSi murad III werda: svimoni `ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi udrtvinvelad Cveni moxarke iyo, rogorc ki aRgviTqva
morCileba, Cven vubrZaneT mesazRvreebs, rom im sazizRari da urwmuno
qveynisaTvis xeli ar exloT. amitom Cvenma jarebma datoves misi qveyana,
gadaketes yovelgvari gza areulobisa da omisa da icavdnen [simonis]
qveyanas sxvebisagan. im SemTxvevaSi Tu isini (qarTvelebi _ e.m.) ar
daafaseben im did wyalobas, romelic maT (maT osmalebma _ e.m.)
qarTvelebis mimarT gamoiCines, fics gatexaven, misi [simonis] gvami
gvelebisa da WianWvelebis lukma gaxdeba~.
savaraudoa, rom aleqsandre II am koaliciis miznebs mTlad ar
iziarebda da arc misi ganxorcielebisaTvis iCenda gulmodginebas.
ruseTis gamoTiSvas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omidan, kaxeli politikosebi
ver daeTanxmebodnen, magram iZulebulni iyvnen garkveul dromde
gaCumebuliyvnen. isic unda iTqvas, rom jerjerobiT mikvleuli ar aris
(SeiZleba arc arsebobda) kaxeTis mefis werili, romelic svimon mefis
da Sah abasis werilebTan erTad evropaSi iyo gagzavnili. savaraudoa,
rom aleqsandre II daTanxmda (an ki daTanxmda?) zemoxsenebuli
werilebis avtorebs, misi saxeliTac mieweraT evropis saxelmwifoTa
meTaurebisaTvis. marTali ar unda iyos julfeli* Tu eCmiaZineli*
diplomatis, Sah abasis elCis, ter iakobis naTqvami, TiTqos mas Tan
hqonda mefe aleqsandres werilebic evropis mefe-mTavrebisaTvis
gadasacemad. ter iakobi Sah abasis gamocdili diplomati iyo da, ra
Tqma unda, kaxTa mefis ganwyobilebaze sityvasac ar daZravda.
Sahsa da kaxeTis mefes Soris rom kvlav daZabuli viTareba iyo,
amaze miuTiTebs Semdegi momentic. Sahma aleqsandre mefesTan miRweuli
SeTanxmebis ganmtkiceba da kaxeTis sabolood Tavis mxareze gadayvana
1596 wels saqorwino kavSiriT scada. man Tavisi elCi didi saCuqrebiT
gagzavna kaxeTis mefesTan da mas Tavis sacoled asuli sTxova.
aleqsandres gansjiT, Sahs mZevlis warTmeva undoda da ara danaTesaveba.
amitom man moxerxebulad uTxra uari – Cemi asuli samegrelos
32
mTavarzea daniSnulio. aleqsandrem yizilbaS elCebs pasuxTan erTad,
saCuqrebic gaatana. male Sahma namdvili zraxvebi gamoamJRavna. 1597
wels aleqsandres Sah abasma kaxeTis aklebis muqariT aleqsandres
mosTxova Tavisi naTesavebidan yvelaze saukeToso qalwuli misTvis
sacoled gaegzavna. amjerad, mefe iZulebuli gaxda Sahis moTxovna
daekmayofilebina da Tavis colis Zmis (amilaxoris**) asuli gaugzavna.
svimon I 1595 wlidan aqtiurad Caeba antiosmaluri koaliciis
Seqmnis saqmeSi, rac sakmaod kargad aisaxa maSindel diplomatiur
mimowerasa da sabuTebSi. am mxriv, seriozul interess imsaxurebs
transilvaniis mTavris zigmund batoris dakavSireba svimon mefesTan
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis sawarmoeblad. 1595 wlis 25
ianvars, praRaSi, imperator rudolfsa da zigmund bators Soris daido
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis xelSekruleba. imave wlis 20 da 30
ivniss dadebuli xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze, valaxeTis* voevoda
mixaim da moldaveTis mTavarma Stefan rezvanma scnes zigmund batoris
uzenaesoba. amgvarad,
Camoyalibda Zlieri antiosmaluri koalicia,
romelmac, Tavdapirvelad samxedro warmatebasac miaRwia.
zigmund batori iTvaliswinebda ra osmaleTis imperiis samxedro
Zlierebas, aucileblad miaCnda misi Zalebis nawilobriv aRmosavleTSi
dakaveba. batorim kargad icoda svimon mefis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
xangrZlivi brZolis Sesaxeb, mas werili gaugzavna da mouwoda daewyoT
brZola, svimons _ aRmosavleTidan, bators _ dasavleTidan. svimon I
espaneTis mefes swerda: `me mogwereT werili Cvensa da Tqvens
udidebulesobas
Soris
aliansis
Seqmnis
Sesaxeb,
raTa
Tqven
udidebulesobas CvenTvis ecnobebina Tavisi survili. CvenTvis cnobilia
transilvaniis imperatoris survili da Cven didad gvwams, rom igi
dapirebis erTguli darCeba da dagvexmareba... amave mizniT mivwereT
werili wminda mamas (e.i. romis papis _ e.m.) da germaniis imperators~.
svimoni iqve aRniSnavs Sahis im gulmodginebis Sesaxeb, rasac igi
qristiani mefeebis dasaxmareblad iCens.
ar vici, zigmund batoris werilma, Tu kidev sxva ramem gaaqtiura
svimon mefe, magram faqtia, rom 1596 wels man ramdenime werili
gaagzavna: 6 maiss veneciis respublikis saxelmwifo sabWos, imperator
rudolfs da romis paps. agvistos 14 da 25 ricxvebSi ki espaneTis mefe
filipe II-s. werilebi waiRo mama iakobma. rogorc varaudoben, mama
iakobi erovnebiT somexi ter-akof marqariani, warmoSobiT julfidan
iyo, magram cxovrobda eCmiaZinSi; iqidan igi svimon mefem gamoiZaxa da
diplomatiuri davaleba misca: mas daevala antiosmaluri koaliciis
Sekvra, romlis iniciatorad aRmosavleTSi svimoni da Sah abasi,
dasavleTSi ki, romis papi klement VIII gamodiodnen.
svimon mefem ter-iakobi 1596 wlis maisis dasawyisSi iranSi
gaagzavna da 6 maiss berZnulad dawerili werilebi gaatana. igi jer
33
iranis sataxto qalaq yazvinSi mivida, osmaleTis imperiis teritoria
tripolamde* gaiara, am navsadguridan ki gemiT gaemgzavra, da jer
kviprosze, Semdeg ki veneciaSi mivida. veneciidan is papTan ki ar wavida,
aramed imperatorTan da 1597 wlis 10 ivliss ukve venaSi iyo. venaSi
is maSinve avstriis erchercogma** maqsimilianem miiRo. 17 ivliss teriakobma imperator rudolfs Sah abasisa da mefe svimonis werilebi
gadasca.
unda avRniSnoT, rom Cveni azriT, ter-iakobis mier evropaSi
gancxadebuli, rom antiosmaluri koaliciis aqtiuri wevri kaxeTis
samefoc iqneboda, ar asaxavda realobas. adre ukve iTqva, rom
aleqsandre kaxTa mefis gegmaSi ar Sedioda antiosmaluri koaliciis
imgvarad gamarTva, rogorc iransa da qarTls esaxeboda. naTqvamis
dasturad isic gamogvadgeba, rom ter-iakobis gancxadebis miuxedavad,
TiTqos mas Tan hqonda aleqsandre II-is werilebi, jerjerobiT isini
mikvleuli ar aris da, savaraudoa, werilebi arc arsebobda. aleqsandre
mefis ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb pap klementi VIII-sac scodnia, amitom
sTxovda igi moskovis xelmwifes, rom gavlena moexdina aleqsandreze.
mefe Tevdore ivanes Ze, Tavis mxriv,
paps acnobebda, rom `vapireb
qarTvel mefes, aleqsandres, vurCio, isic iseve moiqces da sparseTis
SahTan erTad imoqmedos~. safiqralia, rom aleqsandrem pozicia ar
Seicvala.
1597 w. 20 ivniss ter-iakobi veneciis saxelmwifo sabWos winaSe
warsdga da svimon mefis werili gadasca. `svimoni, RmrTis SewevniT,
xelmwife qarTlisa da mTeli iberiisa~ veneciis mTavrobas sTxovs,
Seewion mama iakobs, raTa man Tavisi misia Seasrulos: uxifaTod
miaRwios romamde da paps Sexvdes. werili dawerili iyo berZnulad da
mas svimon mefe berZnuladve awerda xels. veneciis mTavroba yovelTvis
did interess iCenda osmaleTis aRmosavleli mezoblebis antiosmaluri
saqmianobisadmi. amjeradac, veneciaSi saWirod CaTvales, gaegoT
teriakobis papTan vizitis mizani. amis garkveva daevala marko otobanos. 21
ivniss dainiSna sabWos sxdoma. sxdomis dawyebamde marko otobano da
ter-iakobi erTmaneTs araoficialurad Sexvdnen. maTi Tarjimani iyo
andria negroni, romelmac svimon mefis berZnulad dawerili werili
italiurad Targmna. marko otobanom ter-iakobTan saubris angariSi
Seadgina, romelSic naTqvamia: `brZenTa sabWom me, marko otobanos,
sabWos
umdables
mdivans,
damavala,
Sevxvedrodi
mama
iakobs,
saqarTvelos mefis elCs romSi da gamomekvlia misi davalebis motivis
Sesaxeb. vidre umaRlesi sabWo Seikribeboda mama iakobisaTvis
ormocdaaTi dukatis saCuqrad gadasacemad, visargeble SemTxveviT,
mivuaxlovdi mas (Tarjimnad memsaxureboda negroni) da vTxove, moeTxro
Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb... eqvsi Tvea, rac man sparseTis dedaqalaqi
yazvini datova. igi mefem papTan gagzavna elCad. gamgzavrebisas iranis
34
Sahma daavala mas enaxa saqarTvelos mefeebi _ aleqsandre da svimoni,
romlebsac Sexvda iekrbriSi, yazvinidan ori dRis savalze. maTac aseve
gadasces papisaTvis da romSi myofi imperatoris elCisaTvis gankuTvnili
werilebi. mefeTa werilebis garda, mas Tan hqonda qarTlisa da kaxeTis
patriarqebis werilebi. mama iakobs sxvadasxva dros SahTan, saqarTvlos
patriarqebTan da mefeebTan mihqonda papis, kardinal santa severinas da
imperatoris werilebi. xSirad es werilebi dawerili iyo italiur
enaze, ris gamoc maTi wakiTxva uWirdaT saqarTveloSi. axla mTxoves,
gadameca misi uwmindesobisaTvis, rom, Tu momavalSic moisurvebda
miweras, miewera sparsulad. maT daavales, agreTve, rom papma Seaxsenos
evropel qristianebs, rom maT gaaerTianon TavianTi Zalebi mtris
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~. svimon mefe, rogorc ter-iakobs uTqvams,
maSin 65 wlisa yofila, misi vaJi ki 25 wlisa. svimons iakobi
axasiaTebs, rogorc mamac samxedro pirovnebas, misi vaJic, miuxedavad
axalgazrdobisa, ukve cnobili pirovneba yofila.
ter-iakobs qarTvelTa samxedro potencialzec uTqvams mokled:
qarTvelebs 40 aTasi qveiTi da meTofeTa nawilebi hyavT. radgan maTi
qveyana mTagoriania, amitom maT kavaleria ara hyavT*. iranis Sahs didad
gauWirdeboda qarTvelebi rom ar icavdneno.
Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb mama iakobs uTqvams: `saqarTvelodan
vanis mimarTulebiT gaviare vanis* provincia. Tan maxlda svimon mefis
saidumlo agenti. alepoSi veneciis pativcemul konsuls gadaveci simon
mefis werili. konsulma momca fuli, puri da yvelaferi,
rac
mWirdeboda gem `nanaTi~ mogzaurobis dros. bolos, saxmeleTo
mogzaurobisas movxvdi qalaq zanSi*, sadac veneciis keTilSobilma
mmarTvelma Tavazianad SemomTavaza puri, fuli da tansacmeli, rac
damWirdeboda romisaken mogzaurobis dros~.
1597 wlis 10 ivliss mama iakobi venaSi Cavida. meore dRes igi
erchercogma maqsimilianma miiRo. 17 ivliss iakobi praRaSia. man
imperatoris kariskacebs Sah abasisa da svimon mefis werilebi gadasca.
Sahi da qarTveli mefe imperators sTxovdnen gaeZlierebina omi
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. mama iakobma gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad iqve
ganacxada, rom iranis Sahi molaparakebas awarmoebs osmaleTis
sulTanTan da stambolSi Tavis elCsac agzavnis, romelsac Sahma
seriozuli davaleba misca: elCs unda Seegrovebina samxedro
mniSvnelobis cnobebi da `unda gaerkvia sulTnis zraxvebi iranis Sahisa
da saqarTvelos mefis mimarT~. ase rom, imperatori Tu iranis elCis
stambolSi Casvlas Seityobda, mas unda scodnoda, rom irani sazavo
molaparakebas ki ar iwyebda, aramed es elCoba dazvervis mizniT iyo
gagzavnili.
aRmosavleTis ligis wevrebi rom sulTanTan Serigebas ar
fiqrobdnen da masTan gamwvavebuli urTierToba hqondaT, ter-iakobs amis
35
sabuTad svimon mefis magaliTi moyavda. sulTans mefe svimonTan
saidumlo mkvleli miugzavnia, magram is mefes amoucvnia osmaleTis
elCis mravalricxovan amalaSi. am ambis mowme TviT ter-iakobi yofila.
iakobisave wyalobiT, praRaSi cnobili gaxda, rom iranis Sahi da
saqarTvelos
mefeebi,
ruseTis
xelmwifesTan
erTad,
osmalebis
winaaRmdeg
gamosvlisaTvis
emzadebodnen.
amis
gamo,
ter-iakobs
imperatorisaTvis unda eTxova daerazma germaniis mTeli Zalebi, kavSiri
daemyarebina espaneTis mefesTan, veneciis doJTan da italiis mTavrebTan
da osmaleTis gasanadgureblad erToblivad gamosuliyvnen. iakobma
imperatoris kariskacebs isic acnoba, rogor sTxova Sahma saqarTvelos
mefes sacoled erTi asuli, rasac Sahi did politikur mniSvnelobas
aniWebda. garda amisa, daumata ter-iakobma,
Sahis karze mravali
qarTveli imyofeba, romlebic did gavlenas axdenen Sahis sagareo
politikaze, kerZod, osmaleTTan mimdinare omebze. Sahs ganzraxuli aqvs
daibrunos Tavrizi da osmalebis mier dapyrobili sxva adgilebi. Sahi
maSin daiwyebs oms, roca darwmundeba, rom imperatorma rudolfma
dapireba Seasrula da evropaSi didi armia Sekriba. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi TavdacviTi omiT dakmayofildeba, maSin Sahic Tavs
Seikavebs, qarTvelebic SeteviTi omisadmi interess dakargaven da amiT
mxolod evropelebi dazaraldebiano.
praRidan gagzavnil moxsenebaSi veneciis elCi werda, rom mama iakobi
imperatorma miiRo. iakobma imperators gadasca Sahisa da qarTveli
mefeebis werilebi. man audienciis dros ganacxada, rom Tan hqonda
papisaTvis gankuTvnili werilebic, romlebic misTvis unda gadaeca
piradad Sexvedris dros. svimon mefis mier papisaTvis gagzavnil werils
m. TamaraSvilma* miakvlia. werilSi papis xotbis Sesxmaa da zogadad
aRniSnulia im ganuwyveteli da xangrZlivi brZolis Sesaxeb, romelsac
qarTlis mefe osmalebis winaaRmdeg awarmoebda. svimoni iqve dasZens:
`vidre pirSi suli midgia, xels ar aviReb osmalebis winaaRmdeg omze~.
werilidan ar Cans, papisagan svimon mefe konkretulad ras iTxovda. mas,
amis Sesaxeb, ter-iakobisaTvis sityvierad dauabarebia. `Cveni gulis
yvela natvras mRvdeli ter-iakobi moaxsenebs Tqvens siwmindesa,~ _
werda svimon mefe.
ter-iakobi 1597 w. 20 seqtembramde praRaSi darCa, Semdeg romisken
gaeSura. misi papTan Sexvedridan mxolod is viciT, rom kaTolikuri
samyaros meTaurma moiwona iran-saqarTvelos politikur mesveurTa
saqmianoba antiosmaluri ligis SeqmnisaTvis. imave dros, man elCs
ganucxada, rom imisaTvis, raTa praqtikulad momxdariyo dasavleTis
saxelmwifoebis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg darazmva, Sahs Tavisi
elCebi
unda gaegzavna espaneTisa da safrangeTis mefeebTan, italiisa da
germaniis mTavrebTan. Sahs isic unda SeeTvala dasaxelebuli mefemTavrebisaTvis, rom mas, Tavis mxriv, kavSiri hqonda qarTlis mefe
36
svimonTan da ruseTis mefesTan da rom isini jaris gamoyvanas Sehpirdnen.
papma ter-iakobs gulaxdilad uTxra, rom misi gavlena qristian mefeTa
karze susti iyo da ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu iranisa da saqarTvelos
mefeebi TavianT elCebs uSualod evropis mefeTa karze gaagzavnidnen.
evropis saxelmwifoebis raime ideisaTvis SekavSireba maSin
SeuZlebeli
iyo.
evropis
saxelmwifoebs
Soris
gadaulaxavi
winaaRmdegobebi (religiur-ideologiuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri,
teritoriuli) arsebobda. espaneTi xan iaraRiT, xan diplomatiuri
saSualebebiT ebrZoda inglissa da safrangeTs, germaniis protestant
mTavrebs da jer kidev ar dasrulebuliyo misi brZola niderlandebis
respublikasTan. dramatuli iyo italiis respublikebisa da samTavroebis
urTierTSorisi urTierToba, ar iyo Tanxmoba aRmosavleT evropaSic.
habsburgebs* mudmivi teritoriuli dava hqonda Tavis aRmosavlel
mezoblebTan.
evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris seriozuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobda
osmaleTis sakiTxis gamo, es umTavresad gamowveuli iyo osmaleTis
samflobeloebTan vaWrobiTa da iq gamavali umniSvnelovanesi savaWrosaqaravno
gzebiT sargeblobisaTvis brZoliT. sargeblobda ra
sulTnisagan
miniWebuli
savaWro
privilegiebiT
(kapitulaciebi),
safrangeTi
yovelTvis
Tavs
ikavebda
antiosmaluri
politikis
gatarebisagan. safrangeTis aseT pozicias osmaleTis mTavroba didad
afasebda.
aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri koaliciis wevrebisaTvis gasagebi iyo,
rom evropidan raime seriozuli
daxmarebis imediT yofna ar
SeiZleboda. Sah abasi aqtiur moqmedebaze gadavida. 1597 wels man
sastikad daamarcxa ozbegebi (uzbekebi) da qurTebi, romlebic osmaleTis
mokavSireebad gamovidnen. Sahi osmaleTTan momavali omisaTvis zurgs
imagrebda da did warmatebasac miaRwia. amave dros, Sah abasi `realurad
afasebda aRmosavleTis ligas. man ufro gaacxovela svimon mefesTan
urTierToba, xolo alaqsandre mefeze, axlac ruseTisaken rom
iyureboda, zemoqmedeba gaaZliera. 1598 wels svimon mefem, Sah abasTan
SeTanxmebiT, osmaleTTan omi ganaaxla. es ukve 1595 wlis SeTanxmebis
garkveuli nawilis realizaciis dasawyiss niSnavda. marTali ar iyo
moskovis elCi aTanase vlasievi, roca imperator rudolf II-is karze
ikvexnida: svimon mefem osmaleTTan brZola mefe boris godunovis*
brZanebiT daiwyoo.
sainteresoa, Sahs ras miscemda mxolod qarTlis samefos mier
dawyebuli brZola maSin, roca yizilbaSebi garkveul dromde Tavs
ikavebdnen osmaleTTan omis dawyebaze. savaraudoa, Sah abass, Wkvian
politikoss, svimonis mier dawyebuli brZola Semdegi miznebisaTvis
sWirdeboda:
1)
moesinja
osmalTa
Zalebi;
2)
evropis
saxelmwifoebisaTvis eCvenebina, rom aRmosavleTis koaliciam moqmedeba
37
daiwyo; 3) qristiani mefe svimonis mier, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omis
dawyebas SeiZleboda STabeWdileba moexdina evropis saxelmwifoTa
meTaurebze da imaTac samxedro moqmedeba daewyoT.
svimon mefem omis dasawyebad SemTxveviT ar SearCia 1598 weli. am
dros osmaleTs mniSvnelovnad garTulebuli saSinao mdgomareoba hqonda.
mimdinareobda saxalxo ajanyebebi. svimon mefem mokle droSi
mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia. man, pirvel rigSi, Tbilisis
gaTavisufleba ganizraxa da 45 dRe mis misadgomebTan dahyo, magram
warumateblad. vaxuSti batoniSvilis* mixedviT ki, am dros Tbilisi
qarTvelebs epyraT. `svimon... aRiRo cixe loreca da daipyra TviT,
movida tfiliss da daezava rostoms imerTa mefesa*~. qarTlis cxovreba
ki gvamcnobs, rom svimonma `kualad daipyra cixe lorisa, Semoiqca da
movida Tvisad saxlad~;
`daipyra lore da warmovida gamarjvebuli
saxid Tvisad~. rodesac evropul cnobas da qarTul cnobebs vadarebT
vaxuSti batoniSvilis naTqvams, Cans, rom Tbilisi kvlav osmalebs
ekavaT.
1599 wlis 18 aprils stambolidan miRebuli informaciis
safuZvelze, imave wlis 21 maiss fugeris* gazeTi werda: `svimonma,
saqarTvelos Zlierma xelmwifem da mbrZanebelma, iranis SahTan
dadebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, daiwyo brZola erTi mniSvnelovani
cixe-simagris winaaRmdeg, romelic kargad iyo aRWurvili qvemexebiT. igi
ferhad faSam aago da ukanaskneli omis dros iranis winaaRmdeg
iyenebda~. vfiqrob, laparakia svimon mefis mier taSiris* umniSvnelovanes
strategiul punqtze lores cixe-simagreze. zemoT minadois gadmocemas
gavecaniT, rom ferhad faSam lores cixe aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani
garnizoni da 200 qvemexi Caayena.
sainteresoa, rom evropeli damkvirveblebi svimon mefis warmatebebs
ukavSirebdnen osmaleTSi dawyebul saxalxo ajanyebebs, kerZod, husein
faSas ajanyebas. 1599 wlis 15 oqtombris cnobiT, `svimoni, saqarTvelos
mbrZanebeli, srul mxardaWeras iRebda husein faSisagan, romelmac
svimonTan moavlina warCinebulTa delegacia da didZali fuli
gamougzavna Tavisi gamosaxulebiT~.
svimon mefesa da ajanyebul anatolielebs Soris kavSirze miuTiTebs
sxva wyaroc, romelSic naTqvania, rom, rodesac datyvevebuli svimoni
arzrumSi Caiyvanes, iq droebiT gaaCeres, radganac anatoliaSi*
osmaleTis sulTnis winaaRmdeg ajanyebulTa xelmZRvanelma yara iazijim
(1599-1603) gadawyvita, svimon mefe tyveobidan gamoexsna. man Tavis
TanamebrZolebs ubrZana, svimoni moenaxaT, mcvelebisaTvis moetacaT da
masTan mieyvanaT. amasve aRniSnavs somexi istorikosi araqel davriJeci*.
somexi istorikosis sityviT ki, gzad mimavali svimoni
sulTnis
winaaRmdeg ajanyebulma arzrumis mmarTvelma iaziCma Seipyro.
38
anatoliaSi mimdinare ajanyebebma svimon mefes moqmedeba gauadvila.
Sahma maSinve Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba da qarTlis mefe arzrumis
dasapyrobad waaqeza. italiuri Jurnalistikis fuZemdebeli bernardino
bekari 1599 wels werda, rom `arc aziaSi midis Turqebis saqme kargad.
saqarTvelos mefe svimoni 20 aTasi arkebuzeriT da 5 aTasi mxedriT
SeiWra arzrumis mxareSi, sadac yvelaferi cecxlsa da maxvils misca,
daipyro oTxi qalaqi da xelT igdo mravali qvemexi~. imave wlis 8
oqtombers fugeris gazeTi werda: `svimon mefes SeeZlo didi
warmatebisaTvis mieRwia da osmalTa teritoriebi aziaSi daepyro, radgan
adgilobrivi faSis mier gamogzavnil samxedro nawilebs svimonis
winaaRmdeg brZola ar surdaT~.
zemomoyvanili cnobebis garda, sxva raime sabuTi, svimon mefis
anatoliel ajanyebulebTan urTierTobis an arzrumze misi Tavdasxmis
Sesaxeb, ar gagvaCnia.
lores dapyrobis Semdeg, svimon mefem osmalebisagan Zlier
gamagrebul gors Seutia. cixeSi osmalebTan erTad gamuslimanebuli
mesxebic imyofebodnen. alya cxra Tves gagrZelda. mecixovneni sursaTis
naklebobas ganicdidnen, magram cixidan gamosvlas ver bedavdnen.
gaWirvebam mainc Tavisi gaitana da 500 osmalo cixidan gamovida,
axlomaxlo soflebi moarbia da didZali sursaTi da pirutyvi iSova,
magram maT cixeSi Sesvla veRar moaswres. batoniSvilma goCam 500
gamorCeuli mebrZoliT gza gadauWra da mravali amowyvita. am
warmatebis Semdeg svimon mefem kidev ufro gaamkacra alya, magram goris
aReba mainc ver SeZlo. maSin man cbierebas mimarTa: 1599 wlis
didmarxvis dReebSi mefem alya moxsna da gors gaecala. osmalebma
icodnen, rom qristianebi didmarxvis dReebSi omsa da SuRls
moeridebodnen da sifxizle moadunes.
mefem farsadan ciciSvilsa da sulxan TurmaniZes daavala, TavianT
mamulebSi kibeebi daemzadebinaT da laSqaric mzadyofnaSi hyolodaT.
dasaxelebulma Tavadebma mefis brZaneba Seasrules da daTqmul dros
cixes frTxilad mieparnen. cixeSi dabanakebulma osmalebma jaris
miaxloeba maSin gaiges, roca igi ukve qalaqSi Sesuliyo da egreT
wodebul CaxruxaZis saydarsac ascileboda. roca osmalebma gangaSi
atexes, qarTvelebi kibeebiT ukve cixeSi gadasuliyvnen da SigniT
ibrZodnen. osmalebi da mesxebi dilamde winaaRmdegobas ganagrZobdnen.
roca darwmundnen, rom brZolis gagrZelebas azri aRar hqonda, mefes
`uvneblobas Semoexvewnes da zogni mesxni igive cixeSi oqonis xats
Seexvewnes da mefes saficari sTxoves~. mefem Tavisi Zmis _ vaxtangis
xeliT, Sewyalebis sigeli gaugzavna. ufro metic, `yvelas cxeni da
saxarjo misces da sagzali da jari Tan gaatanes rom gzaze aravin ar
awyinos rame~. cixeSi naSovni nadavlis erTi nawili mefem Tavis
39
mebrZolebs dauriga, xolo is rac sulTnis qonebad iTvleboda, Tavis
Zmas vaxtangs ubrZana samefo sakuTrebad gadaeqcia.
goris gaTavisuflebis Semdeg, gaTavisuflda mTeli qarTli.
qarTlsa da samcxe-saaTabagoSi antiosmaluri ajanyeba daiwyo. sulTnis
karze saTanadod Seafases saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mdgomareoba da
sagangebo zomebi gaatares: saswrafod Catarda mobilizacia da
saqarTveloSi didi jari gamogzavnes jafar-faSas meTaurobiT. svimonma
Tavisi ojaxi goridan mejvrisxevSi gadaiyvana, ufliswuli giorgi didi
jariT
gorSi datova da misi dacva daavala. TviT mefe, jaris
Sesagroveblad sabaraTianoSi wavida, magram Segroveba ver moaswro,
farcxisTan damarcxda da osmalebma daatyveves. beri egnataSvilis
mixedviT, mefe gasca kaxaber yorRanaSvilma, romelic Semdeg
sabaraTianos amirspasalarma, svimon mefis erTgulma saCino baraTaSvilma
Seipyro da geliyaris kldidan gadaagdo. kldidanan dagorebuli
yorRanaSvili Turme mReroda: `yorRanas-Ze qarafinda, xeli hkres da
gadafrinda.~
somexi istorikosis araqel davriJecis mixedviT, svimoni tyveobaSi
aRmoCnda Semdegnairad: `im mxares sadac simoni imyofeboda, Turqebs
sruliadac ar hqondaT eWvi, rom simoni iq iqneboda: nadavlis wadiliT
Turqebis laSqars
gamoeyo erTi razmi da im mxares gaemarTa. maT
dainaxes erTi qarTveli, Seipyres igi, cota win wavidnen, simonis razmi
dainaxes da tyves hkiTxes misi vinaoba. rodesac misgan gaiges, rom
TviTon simoni iyo, Tavzardacemuli mahmadianebi ukan gabrundnen da
saCqarod swrafmrbeni cxeniT kaci afrines banakSi da es ambavi
mTavarsardal jafars Seatyobines. mas Zlier gauxarda da bevri mamaci
vaJkaci gaamxneva da gagzavna. isinic wavidnen, Seipyres simoni da masTan
miiyvanes. simons misvlisTanave Sesaxvedrad win miegeba jafari. Semdeg
[Turqebma] TavianT enaze xmamaRla RaRadiT adides ufali~.
radgan jafar faSas moaxsenes, rom gorSi mdgomi giorgi
ufliswuli mamis gaTavisuflebas Seecdebao, osmalebi aiyarnen da
svimonic Tan waiyvanes. jafarma maSinve kaci afrina stambolSi da
sulTans svimonis datyveveba acnoba. meore dRes, naSuadRevs, roca
svimon mefis datyvevebis ambavi gorSi movida, batoniSvili giorgi
cxenosanTa razmiT osmalebs daedevna, magram amaod.
datyveveba im patara qarTuli samefos mefisa, romelic 12 wlis
ganmavlobaSi mosvenebas ar aZlevda TiTqmis mTeli axlo aRmosavleTis
dampyrobel osmalebs, sulTanma udides warmatebad CaTvala da brZana
mTeli saxelmwifos qalaqebSi quCebi moerToT da sami dRis
ganmavlobaSi yvela lxenas miscemoda. sulTanma isic brZana, rom svimoni
masTan mieyvanaT.
40
1600 wlis 21 ivniss svimon mefe stambolSi Caiyvanes da iedi
kules* cixeSi moaTavses.
batoniSvili giorgis da Sah abas I-is cdam, daexsnaT svimon mefe
tyveobidan, Sedegi ar gamoiRo: `qarTvelT dauwyes xonTqars xvewna da
mefis svimonis gamoSveba eajnes (exvewes _ e.m.). mravali Zvirfasi Tvalmargaliti da gaugzavnes da giorgi mefis Svili daviT mZevlad
mihgvares, rom svimon wamoiyvanon~. SemdegSi saqarTveloSi xma
gavrcelda giorgi X-is ufrosi vaJis
daviTis dakargvis Sesaxeb.
daviTi, erTi franguli wyaros cnobiT, 1609 wels 14 wlisa iyo mas
axasiaTebs, rogorc Wkviansa da keTili bunebis axalgazrdas.
sainteresoa, rom svimon mefis daxsnisaTvis energiulad iRwvoda misi
meore SviliSvili, ulamazesi TinaTini, romelic sparsul da evropul
wyaroebSi cnobilia gulCara (gulCahras) saxeliT. gulCara, daviTis da
iyo. gulCaram, marTalia, svimon mefis gaTavisufleba ver SeZlo, magram
diplomatis didi niWi gamoamJRavna. gulCaras stambulSi aseTi
saqmianobis Sedegi iyo, rom erTi piroba sulTnis karma svimon mefes
iran-osmaleTs Soris dazavebis mogvareba daavala da mxolod amis
Semdeg hpirdeboda tyveobidan gaTavisuflebas. svimoni da gulCara
stambolidan erTi kviris wasulebi iyvnen iranis mimarTulebiT, roca
sulTanma ahmed III-m (1603-1617) gadawyvetileba Secvala da svimoni ukan
daabruna, gulCaram ki gza gaagrZela. man Sah abass svimonis werilebi
wauRo, romlebSic zavis dadebis aucileblobasTan erTad saqarTvelos
Sesaxebac iqneboda Txovna da moTxovnac. sazavo molaparakeba, romlis
Suamavladac gulCara gamodioda, sakmaod gagrZelda. amasobaSi, 75 wels
miaxlovebuli svimon mefe tyveobaSi gardaicvala 1611 wels.
gulCaras diplomatiuri moRvaweobis Sedegad, 1612 wlis 20
noembers stambulSi iran-osmaleTis zavi daido.
amgvarad, qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi svimon mefis gardacvalebis
Sesaxeb simarTles ar asaxavs. erT-erTi qarTuli qronikebis mixedviT,
svmon mefe `iediyulaSi daatyveves, sami weliwadi iq iyo, gamoiyvanes da
meidanzed Tavi gaagdebines~; sxvagan ki vkiTxulobT: `svimon mefe
edikuleSi mokles da batonis Svili daviT daikarga~.
svimon mefis neSti stambolidan Camoasvena gorelma vaWarma
diakvniSvilma. svimoni didi pativiT mcxeTaSi dakrZales.
svimon mefis politikuri da samxedro asparezidan wasvlam
sagrZnoblad daasusta saqarTverlos antiosmaluri Zala.
jer osmalebis mier svimon mefis datyvevebiT, Semdeg yizilbaSebis
mier aleqsandre mefis daRupviT, dasrulda saqarTvelos antiosmalur
koaliciebSi monawileobis xangrZlivi, saukunenaxevriani periodi.
iranisa da osmaleTis moZalebis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos samefosamTavroebma karga xniT dakarges damoukidebeli sagareo politikis
41
gatarebis unari. qarTl-kaxeTi yizilbaSTa TareSisa da ZmaTa Soris
sisxlismRvreli feodaluri omebis asparezad iqca...
42
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni**
amilaxori, amiraxori, miraxori (arab. amir axur – sajinibes
amira) _ sasaxlis sajinibos umaRlesi moxele. igi xelmZRvanelobda
sajiniboebis dakompleqtebas msaxurebiTa da cxenebiT, maT ganawilebas,
movla-patronobas,
ganagebda
saZovrebs.
feodaluri
saqarTvelos
centraluri samxedro uwyebis moxele _ amirspasalaris TanaSemwe,
savaziros wevri. saqarTvelos samefos politikuri daSlis Semdeg,
amilaxori zemo qarTlis sadroSos sardali da, rogorc wesi, goris
mouravic iyo. am Tanamdebobidan warmodga TavadTa gvari amilaxvari.
arkebuzeri _ fiTiliani Tofi.
asqeri, askeri _ Turqi jariskaci.
aRa (Turq.-spars. _ batoni, mepatrone) _ oficialuri wodeba
osmaleTis imperiaSi. sasaxlis calkeuli kategoriebis msaxurTa
meTaurebis saxelwodeba.
aRali _ urmebis, sazidrebis qaravani.
begi, bei, beki (Turanuli meufe, batoni) _ feodalebis
Suasaukunovani wodeba Sua da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi.
beglarbegi _ begTa-begi, faSa, vilaieTis samoqalaqo da samxedroadministraciuli saqmeebis gamgebeli.
divani (spars. Canaweri, wigni, kancelaria, dasaswrebi adgili) _
osmaleTis saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifo uwyeba Sedgeboda ministrebisa da
warCinebulebisagan.
dukati (ital. dukato < duka hercogi) _ Zveleburi vercxlis,
Semdeg oqros moneta (3,4-3,5 gr). italiaSi gaCnda 1140 wels da Semdeg
iWreboda mraval dasavleTevropul qveyanaSi.
erchercogi (germ. erzherzog) _avstriaSi da Semdeg avstriaungreTSi habsburgebis samefo gvaris princebis tituli; am titulis
mqone piri.
vaziri,
veziri (arab. vazirun TanaSemwe, meSveli ministri) _
ministrebisa
da
didmoxeleTa
tituli,
umetesad
musulmanur
saxelmwifoSi.
sulTnis
upirvelesi
moxele.
laSqrobis
dros
Seiararebul Zalebs meTaurobda. igi ganagebda qveynis saSinao da sagareo
saqmeebs, Tanamdebobebze daniSvnasa da gadayenebas da sxva. gaerTianebul
feodalur saqarTveloSi veziri (vaziri) xelmZRvanelobda centralur
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erT-erT uwyebas.
vali _ olqis mmarTveli. osmaleTSi vilaieTis gamgebels vali
ewodeboda. vilaieTis vali, beglarbegi, mir-mirani, emirTa emiri
sinonimebi iyo. vali iyo mosazRvre teritoriebis gamgebeli. es iyo
umaRlesi Tanamdeboba feodalur aRmosavleTSi. qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebi
iranis Sahisagan valis titulis matareblebi iyvnen.
43
velaieTi (vilaieTi) _ qveyana, olqi, osmaleTSi, yvelaze msxvili
administraciuli erTeuli. vilaieTis samxedro da administraciul
saqmeebs beglarbegi ganagebda da faSis tituli hqonda.
iuqi _ tvirTi, sapalne, tyavis tomara.
lala (spars.) _ vaJis aRmzrdeli mamakaci, mzrunveli.
liva _ 1. droSa, 2. sadroSo. ix. sanjayi.
mejlisi (arab. majlis) _ sxdomis adgili, sabWo, parlamenti.
negocianti (laT. negitians, negotiantis – vaWari) sabiTumo
vaWari, komersanti, ormelic msxvil savaWro saqmeebs awarmoebs,
ZiriTadad sxva qveynebTan.
rayami (arab. rayam – werili, naweri, damwerloba) dokumentis
aRmniSvneli termini XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.
robai _ specialuri sazomiT dawerili oTxstriqoniani leqsi.
sanjay-begi _ sanjayis mmarTveli da laSqrobis dros sanjayis
feodaluri laSqris meTauri.
sasTauli _ sasTumali, TavqveS dasadebi, Tavis misadebi (baliSi,
muTaqa).
sqizmatikosi – (berZn. ganxeTqileba) _ ganxeTqilebis Semomtani
kaTolicizmsa da marTlma-dideblobas Soris. am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli
marTlmadideblobis mimdevari.
uSuri _ gadasaxadi, romelic gadaixdeboda baRebze, venaxebze,
bostnebze, marcvleulis kulturebze, Taflze, Tevzis Weraze da sxva.
yizilbaSi _(Turq. kizil-wiTeli da bas-Tavi) _ niSnavs
`wiTelTava~-s.
aseTi
saxeli
Seerqva
iranis
sefianTa
Sahebis
qveSevrdomebsa
da jarebs, romlebic wiTeli feris Tavsaburavs
atarebdnen. SemdegSi yizilbaSi saerTod Seerqva yvela Siituri gagebis
islamis matarebels.
winadacveTa _ wes-Cveuleba iudaistur da muslimanur qveynebSi,
romlis Tanaxmad kveTdnen mamris asos kanis bolos. iudaizmis mimdevrebi
winadacveTas ukeTeben Cvilebs, xolo muslimanebi 7-10 wlis asakis
biWebs.
44
geografiul da sakuTar saxelTa
ganmartebani*
alamuTis cixe (`arwivis bude”) _ mdebareobda elbrusis mTebSi,
yazvinis maxloblad. iTvleboda erT-erT miuval cixed. igi zogierT
werilobiT wyaroSi kahkahes saxeliTac ixseneba.
anatolia (Turq. Anadolü < berZn. Anatole _ aRmosavleTi) _
Tanamedrove TurqeTis aziuri nawili, romelsac ZvelTaganve uwodebdnen
mcire azias.
anonimi venecieli _ ucnobia misi biografia. savaraudoa is Tan
axlda osmalTa jars da uSualo damkvirvebeli iyo im movlenebisa,
romlebic iran-osmaleTis oms da masSi qarTvelebis monawileobas,
saqarTveloSi datrialebul ambebs Seexeba. man gansakuTrebiT kargad
icis
osmalTa
laSqarTan
dakavSirebuli
ambebi.
SeiZleba
mas
informatorad hyavda osmaleTis mTavarsardlobasTan axlos myofi piri.
anonimi cdilobs iyos obieqturi da misi cnobebi gansakuTrebuli
sizustiT gamoirCeva.
anri III _safrangeTis mefe (1574-1589).
arzrumi, erzerumi _ qalaqi Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi. Zvelad
erqvaQTeodosiopolisi, imperator Teodosius II-is pativsacemad,
qarTulad karnu-qalaq uwodebdnen. 1522 wels arzrumi osmalebma
daipyres, iq sabeglarbego daarses da amierkavkasiis winaaRmdeg omis
placdarmad gadaaqcies.
beri egnataSvili _ XVIII s. qarTveli istorikosi, vaxtang VI-is
mier `qarTlis cxovrebis“ gagrZelebis dasawerad Seqmnili komisiis
wevri da SesaZloa xelmZRvanelic.
basiani _ provincia istoriul samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi, md.
araqsis saTaveebis raionSi. basiani saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi davis sagani
iyo somxeTTan, iranTan, romTan, bizantiasTan, 1545 wels osmalebma
daipyres, XVII saukunidan igi arzrumis vilaieTis erT-erTi sanjayia.
baSiaCuki (TavSiSveli) _ ase eZaxdnen Turqebi imerlebs, radgan
isini Tvze patara, momrgvalo, brtyel fafanakebs atarebdnen. teqstSi
igulisxmeba imereTis mefe levani (1583-1590).
boris godunovi _ warmoSobiT aznauri, romlis winapari
iyo
TaTari murza. igi qorwinebis gziT samefo karze dawinaurda. male misi
da SeirTo ufliswulma Tedorem, romlis gamefebis (1584 w.) Semdeg,
1587 wlidan saxelmwifos erTpirovnulad marTavda. uSvilo Tedores
gardacvalebis Semdeg (1598 w.) is mefed airCies. mis dros ruseTma
mniSvnelovnad ganimtkica poziciebi kavkasiaSi. 1587 wels kaxeTis
samefom moskovTan mfarvelobis xelSekruleba gaaforma. godunovi
gardaicvala 1605 wels.
45
ganja _ azerbaijanis vaWroba-xelosnobis da kulturis didi
centri TiTqmis mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
masTan mWidro
kavSiri hqonda saqarTvelos da zogjer mis dapyrobasac cdilobda.
gremi _ feodaluri xanis kaxeTis erT-erTi savaWro-ekonomikuri
da kulturis centri, 1466 wlidan kaxeTis samefos dedaqalaqi. 16141616 wlebSi Sah abasis laSqrobebis Sedegad, gremi daingra da
gaukacrielda. mis dacemaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa agreTve
daRestnelebis gamudmebulma Tavdasxmebma.
damaski (damasko) _ siriis arabTa respublikis dedaqalaqi. mis
Sesaxeb cnobebi modis Zv. w. XVI saukunidan. es qalaqi Sua saukuneebSi
muslimanuri kulturisa da aRmosavluri qristianobis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani centri iyo.
darubandi, derbendis kari _ cnobili qalaqi daRestanSi, kaspiis
zRvis sanapiroze.
diarbaqiri _ qalaqi samxreT-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, md. tigrosis
napirze.
don xuan de persia (uluR beg baiaTi) _ sparseli didebuli, Sah
abasma 1599 wels daniSna espaneTSi gagzavnili elCobis mdivnad. man
qristianoba miiRo, dairqva don xuan de persia (misi naTlia iyo
dedofali margarita avstrieli) da espaneTSi darCa. don xuanis
dRiurebis safuZvelze daiwera misi `relacioni~, romelSic sayuradRebo
cnobebia saqarTvelozec.
eCmiaZini _ somxur-grigorianuli eklesiis centri da yovelTa
somexTa kaTalikosis rezidencia.
valaxeTi, valaxia _ rumineTis Zveli saxeli.
vani _ qalaqi aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, vanis tbis aRmosavleT
napirTan. XVII saukuneSi igi osmalebma daipyres.
vaxuSti batoniSvili (bagrationi, 1696-1757) _ qarTveli
geografi, istorikosi da kartografi, vaxtang VI-is Svili, icoda
mravali ena, aqtiurad monawileobda qarTlis samefos politikur
cxovrebaSi. 1722 wels vaxtang VI-is ganjaSi yofnis dros, vaxuSti
qarTlis gamgebeli iyo. igi vaxtangs gahyva ruseTSi 1724 wels,
moskovSi dasaxlda da aqve daamTavra Tavisi SesaniSnavi Txzuleba
`aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, romelSic gadmocemulia saqarTvelos
istoria uZvelesi droidan XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevramde. naSromSi
gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia saqarTvelos politikuri da eTnikuri
erTianobis ideas.
TamaraSvili mixeil (eriskacobaSi _ aleqsandre) _ qarTveli
istorikosi da sazogado moRvawe. igi daibada 1858 wels axalcixeSi da
aqve
miiRo
piveldawyebiTi
ganaTleba,
Semdeg
ki
swavlobda
konstantinopolSi
qarTul
saswavlebelSi,
espaneTSi
sasuliero
seminariaSi, parizis wm. lazares did sasuliero saswavlebelSi. m.
46
TamaraSvilma evropis udides arqivebSi gamoavlina saqarTvelos
istoriis amsaxveli didZali dokumenturi masala, romelis safuZvelzec
daiwera misi Sesanisnavi wignebi _ `istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa
Soris~ (gamoqveynda TbilisSi, 1902 w.), `pasuxad somxis mwerlebs,
romelnic uaryofen qarTvelTa kaTolikobas~ (Tbilisi, 1904),
`saqarTvelos eklesiis istoria~ (gamoica romSi frangul enaze, 1910
w.). igi gardaicvala 1911 wels italiis qalaq CivitavekiaSi, saidanac
misi neSti 1978 wels gadmoasvenes saqarTveloSi.
iedi kule (Turq. yedi –Svidi da kule – cixe, e.i. SvidkoSka,
Svidburjiani cixe) _ mdebareobs stambolis amave saxelwodebis ubanSi,
marmarilos zRvis napiras. elCebs, vezirebs da maRali Tanamdebobis im
damnaSaveebs, romlebsac sikvdili hqondaT misjili, am cixeSi
aTavsebdnen.
sikvdiliT dasjis adgilad SerCeuli iyo imperator
Teodosis mier aSenebuli TaRis marcxniv mdebare marmarilos koSki.
iese (isa-xani) _ levan mefem, qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli
Semosevis dros (1556 w.) Sahs daxmareba ar gauwia da SiSobda, rom Sahi
amis gamo Surs iZiebda. SurisZiebis Tavidan asacileblad man, 1558 wels,
Tavisi vaJi iese didi saCuqrebiT yazvins gagzavna. igi Sahma gaamahmadiana
1559 wels da levan mefis taxtis mociled amzadebda, magram iesem
Sahs imedi ver gaumarTla. man 1562 wels islami uaryo da gaqceva
scada, magram Seipyres da imave wlis 23 dekembers alamutis cixeSi
Casves. iese kaxeTSi dabrunda 1580 wels. is
qristianad gamouSvia
mohamed xodabandas, magram mcire xnis Semdeg gardacvlila.
ivane IV (mrisxane) _ daibada 1530 wels. is sruliad patara,
1533 wlidan gaxda moskovis mTavari, xolo 1547 wels igi gamocxadda
ruseTis pirvel mefed. man mezobelTa teritoriebis dapyrobiT
gaafarTova ruseTis saxelmwifo. mis sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili ekava kavkasiasTan da iranTan urTierTobas. ivane IV gardaicvala
1584 wels.
isqander munSi _ XVI-XVII saukuneTa iraneli istorikosi. misi
Txzulebebia `qveynis damamSvenebeli abasis istoria da gagrZeleba abasis
qveynis damamSvenebeli istoriisa~, romelSic mocemulia mniSvnelovani
cnobebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis.
kahkaha ix. alamuTi.
levani (avgiorgis Ze) _ kaxeTis mefe (1518/20_1574). levanma 1520
wels daamarcxa qarTlis mefe daviT X da amis Semdeg es ukanaskneli
iZulebuli gaxda ecno kaxeTis samefos damoukidebloba. levani
aRiarebda iranis Sahisadmi vasalur damokidebulebas da exmareboda
Tavisi SeiaraRebuli ZaliT. iranTan urTierTobis gamwvavebis Semdeg,
levani Seecada ruseTTan daaxloebas da misgan daxmarebis miRebas.
lore _ Sua saukuneebis cixe-qalaqi da istoriuli mxare taSirSi
(axlandel somxeTSi). igi mefe daviT aRmaSenebelma 1118 wels
47
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SemouerTa. am droidan igi saqarTvelos
amirspasalaris samyofi gaxda.
luarsab ufliswuli, SemdegSi qarTlis mefe luarsab II (16061615). man Tavi gamoiCina taSiskaris brZolaSi, 1609 wels, 1611 wels
colad SeirTo giorgi saakaZis da, romelsac Tavadebis moTxovniT male
gaeyara. 1614 wels Sah abasis qarTlSi Semosevis Semdeg, luarsab mefe
imereTSi gadavida da osmaleTs daxmareba sTxova. 1614 wlis oqtomberSi
qarTlSi dabrunda da SahTan mivida, raTa samefo aoxrebisagan exsna. Sah
abasma is iranSi waiyvana da gamuslimaneba mosTxova, magram uari miiRo,
ris gamoc jer cixeSi gamoamwyvdia, Semdeg ki Sirazis cixeSi sabliT
moaSTves. marTlmadideblurma qarTulma eklesiam luarsab II wmindanad
Seracxa.
maraSi
_
qalaqi
samxreT
TurqeTSi,
maraSis
vilaieTis
administraciuli centri.
minadoi jovani tomazo _ jovani tomazo minadoi, veneciis saelCos
eqimi konstantinopolSi XVI s. meore naxevarSi. man dagvitova
uZvirfasesi cnobebi 1578-1590 wlebSi sparseT-osmaleTs Soris
mimdinare omisa da saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoebuli brZolebis
Sesaxeb. mas Tavisi profesia saSualebas aZlevda, gascnoboda mraval
pirovnebas, maT Soris qarTvelebsac.
rostomi _ imereTis mefe (1590-1605). roca igi giorgi II
gurielma osmalTa daxmarebiT Camoagdo, manuCar dadianTan gaiqca da misi
daxmarebiT taxti daibruna. imereTis samefos SemoerTeba undoda svimon
I-s, amitom is imereTSi jariT gadavida, magram ofSkviTis brZolaSi
1590 wels rostomma gaimarjva da sabolood taxti daimkvidra. amis
Semdeg svimon mefem scno rostomis xelisufleba.
saSamxlo _ am terminiT moixseniebdnen daRestnis gaerTianebaSi
Semavali yumuxebis, lakebis, darguelebis mmarTvelebs.
somxiTi _ Sua saukuneebis samSvildisa da xunanis saerisTavoebis
saxelwodeba, sadac SemdegSi warmoiSva saTavadoebi, maT Soris,
sabaraTianoc, romelic xSirad qarTul saistorio literaturaSi
somxiT-sabaraTianod iwodeba.
taSiri _ ix. lore.
transilvania _ istoriuli olqi Crdilo rumineTSi, romelic
1541 wlidan osmaleTis sulTans
daemorCila, magram igi mainc
ganagrZobda damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas.
tripoli _ libiis dedaqlaqi, xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroze, 15511911 wlebSi iyo osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi.
farsadan
gorgijaniZe
_
qarTveli
politikuri
moRvawe,
istorikosi, daibada 1626 wels gorSi, aRizarda qarTlis mefe
rostomis karze da mefis didi ndobiT sargeblobda. rostomis
48
davalebiT, jer kidev sruliad axalgazrdam, ramdenjerme imogzaura
iranSi. gardaicvala daaxloebiT 1696 wels (an 1710 wels).
fugeri, fugerebi _ samxreTgermanel msxvil vaWarTa da bankirTa
saxli XV-XVII saukuneebSi. ukve XVI s hqondaT gazeTi.
yazvini _ qalaqi Crdilo-dasavleT iranSi, 1548-1598 wlebSi iyo
sefianTa saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi.
yarsi _ uZvelesi qalaqi Crdilo-aRmosavleT TurqeTSi, romelic
qarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebulia karis saxelwodebiT. 1205-1206 wlebSi
qarTulma laSqarma daikava da Tamar mefem samefo qalaqad gadaaqcia.
XVI saukunidan osmalebis mflobelobaSia.
yirimis saxano _ TaTarTa feodaluri saxelmwifo yirimSi XVXVIII saukuneebSi.
SaiTanyala _ qarTuli cixe-simagris, qajis cixis, (`SaiTan yala~)
Turqulad Targmnili saxelia. igi idga axalcixis maxloblad cicabo
kldeze.
Saqi, Seqi _ azerbaijanis uZvelesi qalaqTagani, romelsac axla
nuxa hqvia.
Sirvani _ istoriuli qveyana axlandeli azerbaijanis CrdiloaRmosavleT nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze.
julfa _ mniSvnelovani somxuri savaWro qalaqi mdinare araqsze.
iran-osmaleTis omis dros Sah abasma 1604 wels udabur adgilad
gadaaqcia aRmosavleTi somxeTi, Sah abasis jarebma mTlianad ayares
julfisa da naxCevanis mosaxleoba da iranSi gadaasaxles.
habsburgebi _ avstriis mmarTveli dinastia 1282-1918 wlebSi.
hasan rumlu _ XVI saukunis iraneli istorikosi, Sah Tamazis
karTan daaxloebuli, monawileobda mis laSqrobebSi. man dawera 12
tomiani `umSvenieresi istoriaTagani“, romlis mxolod 2 ukanaskneli
tomia Cvenamde moRweuli. bolo tomSi mocemulia cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb.
hasan-yala, hasan kala _ mdebareobs arzrumis CrdiloaRmosavleTiT. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, hasan kala Zveli
qarTuli
provinciis
basianis
teritoriazea
da
hasan
kala
identificirebulia basianTan.
49
gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:
• guCua v., svaniZe m., qarTveli xalxis brZola damoukideblobisa da da
politikuri mTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis XVI saukuneSi. saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 1973.
• mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobani XV
saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVI saukuneSi (evropuli wyaroebis
mixedviT), Tb., 1981.
• svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-XVII
ss., Tb., 1971.
• tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi, III, Tb., 1987.
• tardi l., ungreT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, Tb., 1980.
• CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierTobani XVI
saukuneSi
(iran-osmaleTis
sazavo
xelSekrulebebis
mixedviT)
(sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1972.
• Hammer J., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, II B Pest, 1834.
• Tardy L., Le Roi Simon Ier à la lumière des sources d’Europe Centrale
contemporaines de son èpoque. I partie. “Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de
Kartvèlologie”, vol.
50