1 1. kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba kavkasia

Transcrição

1.
kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba
kavkasia geografiulad, eTnikurad, enobrivad, konfesiurad da
kulturulad
mravalferovani
regionia.
aq
erTmaneTs
enacvleba
mTagrexilebi, zegnebi, dablobebi, tyeebi, Waobiani velebi, mSrali stepebi,
mdinareebi,
tbebi.
mdebareobam
da
geografiulma
garemom
mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra kavkasiis regionis xalxTa cxovrebis wesi,
maTi urTierToba erTmaneTTan da garesamyarosTan, maTi istoria.
kavkasias xSirad uwodeben xalxTa muzeums. aq daaxloebiT 50
sxvadasxva xalxi cxovrobs, dawyebuli erTobebiT, romelTa enaze
ramdenime aseuli adamiani laparakobs, damTavrebuli didi eTnikuri
jgufebiT, romlebic ramdenime milion adamians aerTianebs. aseTi
mravalferovneba kavkasias ZvelTagan mosdgams. plinius umcrosis sityviT,
romaelebs kavkasiaSi 80 Tarjimani sWirdebodaT. arabi geografebi ki
kavkasions “enaTa mTas” uwodebdnen.
kavkasia
yovelTvis
asrulebda
mniSvnelovan
rols,
rogorc
damakavSirebeli rgoli evropasa da azias Soris. aTasobiT wlis manZilze
regioni iyo an dapirispirebul imperiebs Soris buferuli zona an maTi
Semadgeneli nawili. uZvelesi droidan regionSi gadioda sazRvrebi,
romlebic erTmaneTisagan yofda im eTnosTa gansaxlebis arealebs, xSirad
sxvadasxva, arcTu iSviaTad _ dapirispirebul kulturul-civilizaciur
wreebs rom ekuTvnodnen: aRmosavleT romis imperia, bizantia, parTia,
arabebi,
monRolebi,
Turqebi,
sparseTisa
da
osmalTa
imperiebi,
qristianoba da islami, sunizmi da Siizmi, xalxebi, romlebic ekuTvnodnen
kavkasiur-iberiul,
Turqul,
semitur-qamitur
enobriv
jgufebs,
indoevropuli ojaxis sxvadasxva ganStoebas, erTmaneTs swored aq
xvdebodnen.
mTeli Tavisi istoriis manZilze, kavkasia sasazRvro zona (borderland)
iyo. aq erTmaneTs upirispirdebodnen imperiebi, xvdebodnen civilizaciebi
da religiebi. igi warmoadgenda erTsa da imave dros xidsa da bariers
CrdiloeTsa
da
samxreTs,
aRmosavleTsa
da
dasavleTs
Soris.
mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri mdebareoba – istoriulad caristul
ruseTs, sefianTa oransa da osmanTa imperias, XX saukuneSi ki regionul
Zalebs – ruseTs, iransa da TurqeTs Soris, romelTac XXI saukuneSi
dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi da aSS daemata,
winaaRmdegobrivi Sedegis
momtani iyo. samecniero literaturaSi aRiniSneba, rom kavkasiis xalxebma
meti dakarges, vidre SeiZines TavianTi mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri
poziciis gamo.
kavkasia
istoriulad
mudam
CarTuli
iyo
saerTaSoriso
sakomunikacio qselSi. mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi yofnisas,
romelic “Caketili” sazogadoebis kanonebiT cxovrobda, igi moklebuli
iyo saSualebas, Seesrulebina satransporto derefnis funqcia, romelic
erTmaneTTan daakavSirebda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs, CrdiloeTsa da
samxreTs. ssrk-s daSlam kvlav SesaZlebeli gaxada aRniSnuli sakiTxis
wamoweva.
dReisaTvis kavkasia evraziis kontinentis erT-erTi im regionTagania,
romelsac ukanasknel aTwleulSi, iugoslaviasTan erTad, yvelaze metad
Seexo eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi da omebi.
teritoria. kavkasia moicavs 440 aTasi kv.km, daaxloebiT 30 milioni
mosaxleobiT. misi teritoriisa da mosaxleobis zust gansazRvras
1
arTulebs is, rom Crd. kavkasiis administraciuli erTeulebi ufro
CrdiloeTiT vrceldeba, vidre satitulo erebis tradiciuli gansaxlebis
areali. rogorc Cans, amgvari politikuri rukis uzrunvelyofa adreul
sabWoTa periodSi miznad isaxavda slavi mosaxleobis moqcevas am
sazRvrebSi, demografiuli Semadgenlobis “ganzavebisaTvis”.
kavkasiis regions calkeul nawilebad yofs kavkasionis qedis
ganStoebani. ukiduresad danawevrebuli topografia gasagebs xdis
kavkasiis
TvalSisacem
eTnikur
mravalferovnebas.
mniSvnelovani
topografiuli barierebi
sxvadasxva xalxisa da tomis farTo
integraciis gzaze gvixsnis eTnikuri identifikaciis
TvalsaCino
fragmentaciasa da lokalizacias. arcTu iSviaTad Temuri, tomobrivi,
adgilobrivi, regionuli identobebi aranakleb mniSvnelobas iZendnen,
vidre eTnonacionaluri identoba. aman, Tavis mxriv, Seqmna pirobebi
kulturaTa da enaTa didi mravalferovnebis SenarCunebisaTvis1.
zogadi geografiuli gansazRvrebis mixedviT, kavkasia mTiani
regionia Sav da kaspiis zRvebs Soris. magram es martivi geografiuli
definicia aucileblad moiTxovs dazustebas. magaliTad, Tu SevecdebiT
regionis gansazRvras ukanaskneli 200 wlis istoriisa da demografiuli
sazRvari
bunebrivad gaivlis
faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebiT, Crdilo
kavkasionis qedis CrdiloeT kalTebze an mis mosazRvre dablobebze,
romlebic gamoyofs CrdiloeT kavkasiis mkvidri mcire xalxebis
sacxovrebel areals rusebiT dasaxlebuli CrdiloeTi miwebisagan,
Crdilo
kavkasiis
avtonomiebs
_
karsnodarisa
da
stavropolis
mxareebisagan, saidanac iwyeba sakuTriv ruseTi. dasavleTiT sasazRvro
areals warmoadgens regioni, sadac erTmaneTs xvdeba, erTi mxriv,
Turquli, meore mxriv ki qarTuli da somxuri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli
teritoria. samxreTi sazRvari aranakleb Zneli gansasazRvria, radgan
demografiuli TvalsazrisiT, mdinare araqsis (romelic politikur
sazRvars
warmoadgens)
orive
napiri
azerbaijaneli
TurqebiTaa
dasaxlebuli; am sazRvris dadgena aseve problemuria qarTveli da somexi
mosaxleobis TvalsazrisiTac.2
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde kavkasiis regionis geografiuli,
kulturuli da eTnokonfesiuri kompozicia CrdiloeT kavkasiiTa da
amierkavkasiiT iyo warmodgenili. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, mas
Semdeg, rac amierkavkasiis samma respublikam damoukidebloba moipova,
kavkasiis geopolitikuri suraTi radikalurad Seicvala, radgan regionis
dayofis rusulma modelma Tavisi Tavi amowura.
niSandoblivia, rom rusi mkvlevrebis azriT, kavkasia, sityvis farTo
gagebiT, moicavs ara mxolod amierkavkasiasa da CrdiloeT kavkasias,
aramed
kavkasiis
stepur
mTiswineTsac
(Предкавказье),
romlis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis stavropolisa da krasnodaris mxareebi da
rostovis olqi. mkvlevarTa meore nawili, gamodis ra eTnodemografiuli
kriteriumidan,
kavkasias
im
teritoriiT
SemosazRvravs,
romelic
dasaxlebulia mkvidri mTieli mosaxleobiT. isini Предкавказье-s, zogjer
ki masTan erTad volgogradisa da astraxanis olqebs, agreTve yalmuxeTs,
samxreT ruseTis regions uwodeben. maTi azriT, es, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, gardamavali zonaa, romelic raRac niSnebiT ruseTs,
1
Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, 2001, c.10.
Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus,
p.19.
2
2
raRaciT ki CrdiloeT kavkasias emsgavseba. migraciulma procesebma,
romlebic mravali Taobis manZilze mimdinareobda CrdiloeTsa da
samxreTs Soris, TandaTanobiT Znelad gansasazRvri da pirobiTi gaxada
sazRvari Предкавказье-sa da CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris. es ukanaskneli,
Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens damakavSirebel rgols amierkavkasiasa da
Предкавказье-s Soris3.
termini “transkavkasia” (amierkavkasia) rusuli “zakavkazie”-dan modis
da niSnavs kavkasionis qeds miRma arsebuls, anu swored ruseTis xedvas
asaxavs. dRes farTod gamoiyeneba ufro neitraluri termini – samxreT
kavkasia. politikurad igi moicavs sam damoukidebel saxelmwifos –
somxeTs, azerbaijans da saqarTvelos.
Tanamedrove geopolitikuri realobis amsaxveli kidev erTi
warmodgeniT, kavkasiis socialur-ekonomikuri sivrce moicavs CrdiloeT,
centralur da samxreT nawilebs. Tu tradiciuli midgomis Tanaxmad,
mocemul regionSi Sedis mxolod postsabWoTa teritoriebi (CrdiloeT
kavkasia – avtonomiuri saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi – da amierkavkasia
– azerbaijani, saqarTvelo da somxeTi), am warmodgenis Tanaxmad, masSi
eqceva iranis Crdilo-dasavleTi olqebi – samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasia _
da TurqeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi olqebi (yarsi, ardagani, arTvini da
sxv.) _ samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasia. es imiTaa motivirebuli, rom mravali
saukunis manZilze, ruseTis mier kavkasiis dapyrobamde, es miwebi erTian
social-ekonomikur da eTnokulturul sivrces Sedgendnen, sadac dResac
cxovroben kavkasieli xalxebi. samxreT-dasavleTi kavkasia (TurqeTi) da
samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasia (irani) erTad Seadgenen samxreT kavkasias4.
kavkasiel mkvlevarTa nawilis azriT, kavkasiis diqotomiur dayofas
ruseTis (CrdiloeT) da araruseTis (samxreT) kavkasiad safuZvlad edo
ruseTis politikosTa neba. aseTi dayofis Sedegad eTnokulturulma
tradiciebma kavkasiaSi Rrma transformacia ganicada5. amaze dayrdnobiT,
keTdeba daskvnebi imis Taobaze, rom a) istoriuli meTodi naklebad
gamosayenebelia kavkasiis socialuri realobis Sesaswavlad, radgan
kavkasiis kulturul-istoriul ganviTarebaSi Sewyvetilia memkvidreobiTi
xazi, rac ruseT-kavkasiis oms (XIX s.) ukavSirdeba. man seriozuli ziani
miayena kavkasiur genofonds, daangria aq istoriulad Camoyalibebuli
cxovrebis wesi da regionis xalxTa unikaluri kultura. SemdgomSi ar
momxdara cxovrebis Zveli tradiciuli formebis aRdgena, cxovreba
moewyo im rusuli modelis mixedviT, romelic teqnogenuri civilizaciis
principebs emyareboda da ar iyo sakuTriv kavkasiuri socialurkulturuli sistemis logikuri gagrZeleba6.
cxadia,
CrdiloeT
da
samxreT
kavkasiad
dayofas
mxolod
politikosTa neba ar gansazRvravda da es arc XIX saukuneSi, kavkasiaSi
ruseTis damkvidrebis Semdeg momxdara. am dayofas, gacilebiT Zveli
politikuri mizezebis garda, geografiuli da kulturuli faqtorebic
ganapirobebda. isic unda iTqvas, rom saukuneTa manZilze kavkasia, dayofis
3
Гаджиев К.С. Геополитика Кавказа. М.: Международные отношения, c.44-45.
Исмаилов Э., Полухов Э. Противостояние «старых» и «новых» игроков на политической карте
Кавказа. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), c.48.
5
Шадже А.Ю. Феномен кавказской идентичности. - Научная мысль Кавказа, Ростов-на-Дону, 2002,
№ 1 (29), с.36.
6
Дамениа О.Н. Кавказская культурная общность: миф или реальность. – Научная мысль Кавказа,
Ростов-на-Дону, 2002, № 1, с.51.
4
3
miuxedavad, garkveul mTlianobas inarCunebda – xan geopolitikuri, xan
(garkveulwilad) kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. Tumca dayofis tendencia,
istoriulad, erTianobis tendenciaze Zlieri iyo.
kavkasiis erTian geopolitikur da kulturul sivrced moazrebis
SesaZleblobaze samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss
vxvdebiT. magaliTad, j.kaSias azriT, “geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT,
amierkavkasia da CrdiloeT kavkasia TiTqos erTian sivrces ver unda
qmnides kavkasionis qedis simaRlisa da “kedlurobis” gamo. es sakiTxi am
sivrcis iberokavkasiuri koncefciis sazRvrebSi moqcevis tradiciasTan
ufro Cans dakavSirebuli, vidre seriozul integralur analizTan”7.
garda amisa, yuradRebas iqcevs kidev ori momenti: erTis mxriv,
geopolitikuri da istoriuli pirobebi gansazRvravda zogadkavkasiuri
kulturul-tipologiuri
safuZvlebis
Camoyalibebas,
kavkasiis
integraluri veqtorebis CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken orientaciis fonze
(am orientacias ki, j.kaSias azriT, safuZvlad edo kavkasionis
CrdiloeTiT gaSlili sivrcis auTvisebloba da is garemoeba, rom am didi
sivrcis aTviseba arc erT Crdilokavkasiel xalxs ar SeeZlo); meores
mxriv, ara mxolod mTeli kavkasiis, aramed amierkavkasiis geopolitikuri
konfiguraciac
ki,
misi
Semadgeneli
xalxebis
kulturuli
da
civilizaciuri
Taviseburebebidan
gamomdinare,
ambivalenturobiT
xasiaTdeba8.
garda amisa, Cndeba kiTxva: XIX saukunemde aravis da arafers
miuyenebia ziani kavkasielTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli cxovrebis
wesisaTvis da man uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunemde uwyveti da
erTgvarovani saxiT moaRwia? an es “cxovrebis wesi” mTeli kavkasiis
masStabiT erTnairi iyo? marTalia, xazi esmeba kavkasiis xalxTa erTian
istoriul beds, erTgvarovan socialur wyobas, sameurneo cxovrebis
formebisa da teqnologiebis erTgvarovnebas, magram, Tavi rom davaneboT
am
erTgvarovnebis
istoriuli
dasabuTebis
aucileblobas,
rac
aucileblad moiTxovs imis gaTvaliswinebas, rom kavkasiaSi mxolod
mTielebi ar cxovroben da arsebobs baris mosaxleobac, xom viciT, rom
maT arseboba da ganviTareba sxvadasxva kulturul-civilizaciur
garemoSi uxdebodaT da es garemo araerTxel Secvlila?
samecniero TvalsazrisiT, miuRebelia orive ukiduresoba: erTi
mxriv, CrdiloeT da samxreT kavkasiis damakavSirebeli kulturuli
maxasiaTeblebis
uaryofa,
meore
mxriv,
maTTvis
gadaWarbebuli
mniSvnelobis miniWeba da gansxvavebebze Tvalis daxuWva.
eTnolingvisturi da religiuri ruka. samxreT kavkasiis mosaxleoba
moicavs sam mTavar xalxs: azerbaijanelebs (6 mln), qarTvelebs (4 mln) da
somxebs (3,5 mln kavkasiaSi), aseve naklebad mravalricxovan xalxebs.
saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis mosaxleoba mravaleTnikuria, somxeTisa _
TiTqmis monoeTnikuri (95% somxebi, 2% rusebi da 2%-ze naklebi iezidi
qurTebi – erTaderTi mniSvnelovani eTnikuri umciresoba). saqarTveloSi
satitulo
eri
Seadgens
mosaxleobis
70%-ze
naklebs;
mTavari
umciresobebia somxebi, azerbaijanelebi, osebi, berZnebi da afxazebi.
azerbaijanSi azerbaijanelebi Seadgenen 83%-ze mets, daRestneli xalxebi
- 3%-ze mets, rusebi – 2,5%.
7
kaSia j. mijaWvuli saqarTvelo. _ Jurn.: iveria (qarTul-evropuli institutis
Jurnali). # 3, Tbilisi-briuseli, 1993, gv.6.
8 kaSia j. dasax. naSr., gv.8.
4
CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleoba gacilebiT mravaleTnikuria. aq
warmodgenilia xalxTa ramdenime jgufi, maT Soris ZiriTadia:
Ø kavkasiuri modgmis xalxebi:
vainaxebi (CeCnebi, inguSebi da wova-TuSebi),
daRestneli xalxebi _ avarebi, lezgebi, dargoelebi da lakebi –
Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaSi;
Cerqezebi (es ukanasknelni xelovnurad dayofili yabardoelebad,
adiReelebad da Cerqezebad) _ kavkasiis Crdilo-dasavleTSi.
Ø Turquli da iranuli modgmis xalxebi.
iranuli modgmis xalxebs warmoadgenen osebi da TaTebi.
Crd.kavkasiis Turquli modgmis xalxebi arian yaraCaebi da
balyarebi (faqtobrivad erTi da igive xalxi, molaparake erTi da
igive enis or dialeqtze) – Crd.kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, da
yumuxebi da noRaelebi daRestanSi.
kavkasiis xalxebi 4 enobriv jgufs ganekuTvnebian: kavkasiur,
indoevropul, Turqul da semitur.
Ø kavkasiur enaTa jgufi:
qarTveluri _ qarTuli ena qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri (lazuri),
svanuri ganStoebebiT.
Crdilokavkasiuri
_
afxazur-adiReuri
(moicavs
yabardoul
(Cerqezul), adiReur, ubixur, afxazur da abazur enebs) da naxurdaRestnuri (CeCnuri da inguSuri, avarul-didouri, lakur-dargouli
da lezguri) jgufebi.
rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, CrdiloeT kavkasiis enobrivi
situacia
ramdenime
ZiriTadi
niSniT
xasiaTdeba:
lingvisturi
mravalferovneba;
mravali
sxvadasxva
enis
koncentracia
mcire
teritoriaze; mravalenovneba (multilingvizmi); enobrivi, eTnikuri da
geografiuli sazRvrebis gansxvaveba; rusuli enis farTo gavrceleba (am
TvalsazrisiT, bolo wlebSi garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda).
arc erTi avtonomiuri erTeuli ar aris monolingvuri, metic _
TiToeul maTganSi saxelmwifo enis statusiT ramdenime ena sargeblobs:
yaraCai-CerqezeTSi – 5 (abazuri, yaraCauli, Cerqezuli, noRauri, rusuli);
yabardo-balyareTSi _3 (yabardouli, balyaruli, rusuli); Crd. oseTSi –
2 (osuri, rusuli); adiReSi – 2, daRestanSi – 14, CeCneTSi – 2 (CeCnuri da
rusuli), inguSeTSi (inguSuri da rusuli) – 2.
Tanamedrove enobriv situaciaze Crd.kavkasiaSi gavlena iqonia rigma
faqtorebma. bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze regionSi mimdinareobs
politikuri da nacionaluri faseulobebis transformaciis rTuli
procesi, xelisuflebaTa da sazRvrebis cvlilebebi, dapirispirebebi da
konfliqtebi. adamianur msxverplTan erTad, amas mohyva araerTi mcire
enis dazaraleba da, rig SemTxvevebSi, isini ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe
aRmoCndnen. mokled SevexoT am faqtorebs:
1. warsulis
memkvidreoba:
enobriv
situacias
cvlida
deportaciebi, genocidi, totalitaruli reJimi – enebis
xelovnuri dayofa an, piriqiT, maTi xelovnurad Sereva.
2. geopolitika: sazRvrebis cvlilebani, konfliqtebi, omebi,
eTnikuri wmenda, terorizmi da sxva tragikuli movlenebi.
3. demografiuli faqtori: migraciis maRali done, devnilTa
nakadebi.
5
4. ekonomikuri
sirTuleebi:
ekonomikis
ngreva,
siRatake,
umuSevroba da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebis dabali
SesaZlebloba.
5. arastabiluri socialuri da politikuri situacia: gayofili
ojaxebi, korufcia, danaSaulis maRali done.
6. fsiqologiuri
faqtori:
garTulebuli
damokidebuleba
mezobel
eTnosebs
Soris,
undobloba,
SiSi,
eTnikuri
daZabuloba, mtruli damokidebuleba konkretuli eTnikuri
jgufis, enis, kulturis mimarT.
7. kulturuli faqtori: cxovrebis tradiciuli wesis rRveva,
dominanturi kultur(eb)is mier mcire kulturaTa asimilacia.
8. religiuri faqtori: sabWoTa periodSi religiis devna,
romelic trdiciuli cxovrebis wesis, enisa da kulturis
SenarCunebis erT-erTi saSualeba iyo; postsabWoTa periodSi –
radikaluri
religiuri
moZraobebis
(vahabizmi
da
fundamentalisturi moZraobebi) gaCena-gavrceleba.
9. saganmanaTleblo politika: tradiciuli saganamanaTleblo
praqtikis ugulebelyofa, enis swvalebis tradiciis dakargva
an araraseboba.
10. administraciuli
faqtori:
saxelmwifo
struqturebis
arasakmarisi an araefeqturi nabijebi umciresobaTa enebis
SenarCunebisaTvis.
11. lingvisturi faqtori: damwerlobis mqone enebis xarjze,
damwerlobis armqone enebis dakargva; am enebis matarebelTa
dabali politikuri kapitali da enebis dabali statusi.
rac Seexeba rusul enas: misi statusi garkveulwilad SeizRuda im
erTeulebSi, sadac satitulo enebi arsebobs. sxva problemaa is, rom am
erTeulebSi saxelmwifo enis statusi ar aqvs yvela didi eTnikuri
jgufis enas, magaliTad, yaraCai-CerqezeTSi 14 didi eTnosis enebidan es
statusi aqvs xuTs. meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg axali
perspeqtivebi gaCnda adre represirebuli xalxebisa da enebis identobis
aRorZinebisaTvis.
indoevropeli xalxebidan samxreT kavkasiaSi cxovroben somxebi,
romelTa winaprebs Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi anatoliidan mosulebad miiCneven.
meore Zveli indoevropuli jgufia osebi, romlebic didi kavkasionis
centralur nawilSi cxovroben da iTvlebian aRmosavleT iranidan
mosuli momTabareebis STamomavlebad, romlebic Zv.w. VII-ax.w. IV
saukuneebSi moZraobdnen samxreT-dasavleTis stepebSi, vidre iqidan
hunebma ar gandevnes. isini alanebis saxeliT iyvnen cnobili. xandaxan maT
skviTebisa
da
sarmatebis
saxeliTac
ixsenieben.
indoevropelebs
ganekuTvnebian slavuri jgufis warmomadgenlebic, romlebic ZiriTadad
rusebiTa
da
ukrainelebiT
arian
warmodgenilni.
garda
amisa,
indoevropul jgufs warmoadgenen qurTebi, TaliSebi, TaTebi, berZnebi,
boSebi, gansaxlebulni kavkasiis sxvadasxva arealSi.
Turqulenovani jgufi warmodgenilia azerbaijanelebiT samxreT
kavkasiaSi. isini Sereuli eTnikuri warmomavlobisani arian, fiqroben, rom
isini, nawilobriv mainc, Camoyalibdnen samxreT-aRmosavleT kavkasiis
mkvidri mosaxleobisa da midielebis Serevis Sedegad. maTi sparsizacia
moxda sasanelTa batonobis periodSi (III-VII ss.), Turqizacia ki _
selCukTa dapyrobebis Sedegad XI saukuneSi.
6
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi am enobrivi jgufis warmomadgenlebi arian
yivCaRuri modgmis Turquli xalxebi: yumuxebi, noRaelebi, yaraCaelebi,
balyarelebi. yumuxebi, iseve rogorc Turquli modgmis sxva xalxebi,
ZiriTadad, muslimebi arian. ramdenime saukunis manZilze maTi ena lingua
franka-s funqcias asrulebda regionSi, magram XX saukuneSi rusulma
gamodevna. rogorc fiqroben, noRaelebi calke jgufad Camoyalibdnen
oqros urdos daSlis Sedegad. maTi umravlesoba momTabare iyo XX
saukunemdec ki. yaraCaelebisa da balyarelebis warmomavloba mTlad
naTeli ar aris.
semituri jgufis erTaderTi warmomadgenlebi kavkasiaSi asirielebi
arian. Turqebis mier devnilma asirielebma ruseTis imperiis teritorias
Tavi I msoflio omis dasaruls Seafares. ZiriTadad, qalaqebSi cxovroben.
CrdiloeT kavkasiis Tanamedrove eTnikuri ruka sabWoTa periodSi
Seiqmna, rodesac gansxvavebuli eTnikuri jgufebi iZulebiT daajgufes
avtonomiur erTeulebad. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi amis yvelaze mkafio
magaliTia, erTi mxriv, Turquli modgmis yaraCa-balyarelebis, meore mxriv
ki Cerqezuli modgmis yabardo-Cerqezebis dayofa. gamyofi xazis gatareba
aRmosavleT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT da, Sesabamisad, yaraCa-balyareTisa
da yabardo-CerqezeTis respublikebis arseboba sruliad logikuri
iqneboda, radgan pirvelni faqtobrivad erTi xalxia da saerTo ena aqvT,
meoreni aseve erTi xalxia da axlo monaTesave enebze laparkoben. magram
stalinma amjobina am teritoriis gayofa CrdiloeT-samxreTis RerZis
gaswvriv
da
Seqmna
yaraCa-CerqezeTisa
da
yabardo-balyareTis
respublikebi. maTi teritoriebi ganivrco CrdiloeTisaken, raTa maT
SemadgenlobaSi moqceuliyo rusebisa da kazakebis didi raodenoba.
radgan Cerqezuli da Turquli modgmis xalxebs ar hqondaT saerTo
istoria da ramdenime saukunis Tanacxovrebis manZilze daugrovdaT
urTierTwyena da eWvebi, rusul mosaxleobas SeeZlo lideris rolis
Sesruleba am jgufebs Soris urTierTobaSi da centris winaaRmdeg
kavkasielTa raime erTiani qmedebis Tavidan acileba. Cerqezebi, Tavis
mxriv, sam nawilad dayofili aRmoCndnen – adiRebad, Cerqezebad da
yabardoelebad; vainaxebi aseve xelovnurad dayves CeCnebad da inguSebad.
aseve
moskovis
survilisamebr
xdeboda
avtonomiuri
regionebis
ierarqiuli statusis Secvla, an maTi Seqmna Tu gauqmeba. sadao
nacionaluri teritoriebis Seqmnam, agreTve mogviano xanis deportaciebma
sabWoTa
xanis
dasasrulisaTvis
seriozuli
problemebi
Seqmna.
xelovnurad Seqmnil binacionalur respublikebs (yabardo-balyareTis,
yaraCa-CerqezeTis) gaxleCis safrTxe daemuqra, zog xalxSi ki gaerTianebis
survili gaCnda – magaliTad lekebSi, romlebic orad arian gayofili
daRestansa da azerbaijanis respublikas Soris.
dRes Crd. kavkasiis mravalricxovani xalxebi ruseTis federaciis 7
avtonomiur respublikasa da sam “araeTnikur” mxaresa da olqSi arian
ganawilebuli:
yaraCai-CerqezeTi,
yabardo-balyareTi,
adiRe, CeCneTi,
inguSeTi, CrdiloeT oseTi da daRestani; stavropolisa da krasnodaris
mxareebi da rostovis olqi.
7
religiebi da eTnosebi samxreT kavkasiaSi. ZiriTadi konfesiebi da
maTi istoriuli da teritoriul-eTnikuri lokalizacia
saqarTvelo mdebareobs samxreT kavkasiis dasavleT nawilSi.
dasvleTidan esazRvreba Savi zRva, samxreT-dasavleTidan – TurqeTi,
samxreT-aRmosavleTidan – somxeTi, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT – azerbaijani.
teritoria – 69,7 aTasi kvadratuli kilometri. dedaqalaqi –
Tbilisi, romlis mosaxleoba 1,1 milions aRwevs, rac saqarTvelos mTeli
mosaxleobis TiTqmis 1/4-ia. sididiT meore qalaqia quTaisi.
saxelmwifo ena – qarTuli, romelic ganekuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiur
enaTa qarTvelur jgufs. qarTul enas aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, romelic
33 aso-niSans Seicavs. afxazeTSi, qarTulTan erTad, saxelmwifo enis
statusi aqvs afxazursac. Sesabamisad, qveynis mTel teritoriaze
samarTalwarmoeba da saxelmwifo saqmeTa warmoeba qarTul enaze unda
mimdinareobdes. Tumca, eTnikuri umciresobebis kompaqturad gansaxlebis
raionebSi mosaxleobis didma nawilma, sabWoTa memkvidreobis wyalobiT,
qarTuli ena ar icis, rac xSirad politikuri spekulaciis sagnad iqceva
xolme.
rogorc aRvniSneT, qarTveluri enebis jgufSi Sedis qarTuli,
svanuri da megruli. rac Seexeba lazurs, igi megrulis dialeqtadaa
miCneuli da ZiriTadad TurqeTSia gavrcelebuli. saqarTveloSi am enaze
mxolod erT sofelSi – sarfSi – laparakoben.
ena
iyofa
dialeqtebad.
sakuTriv
qarTulSi
17
dialeqtia.
dialeqtebSi gamoiyofa kiloebi.
saqarTvelo Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobiTa da istoriiT
tradiciulad polieTnikuri qveyanaa. 1989 wlis aRweris monacemebiT,
saqarTveloSi
90-ze
meti
erovnebis
warmomadgeneli
cxovrobda.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba iyo 5,4 milioni adamiani.
eTnikuri umciresoba Seadgenda mTeli mosaxleobis 29,87%. yvelaze didi
iyo somxuri saTvistomo (437 aTasi adamiani, 8,1%); rusuli (341 aTasi, 6,3%);
azerbaijanuli (307,6 aTasi, 5,7%), osuri (164,1 aTasi, 3,5%), berZnuli (100,3
aTasi, 1,8%).
eqspertTa SeafsebiT, 2002 wlisaTvis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba
4,6 milion adamianamde Semcirda (afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis
gareSe – 4,3 milionamde). rogorc vxedavT, 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi
saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba
1/5-iT
Semcirda.
qarTvelebis
ricxvi
saqarTveloSi 1989 wels 3,7 milions udrida – 83,8%), bolo aRweramde ki
(2002 w.) 3,3%-iT Semcirda, anu saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kleba ZiriTadad
sxva erovnebebis xarjze moxda. amitom satitulo eris wili saerTo
maCvenebelSi
70,1%-dan
83,8%-mde gaizarda.
eTnikuri
umciresobebis
procentuli raodenobac 15,9%-mde Semcirda. maT Soris somxebi Seadgenen
220 aTass (5,5%), rusebi 85 aTass (2,1%), azerbaijanelebi 200 aTass (5,0%),
osebi 38 aTass (0,9%), berZnebi 21 aTass (0,5%). 2004 wlis ivlisisaTvis
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Seadgenda 4.693.892 adamians, aqedan qarTvelebi _
70,1%, somxebi – 8,1%, rusebi – 6,3%, azerbaijanelebi – 5,7%, osebi – 3%,
afxazebi – 1,8%, sxvebi – 5%.
gansxvavebulia qarTvelebis xvedriTi wili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva
mxareSi. dasavleT saqarTvelos provinciebSi qarTvelTa xvedriTi wili
Zalian maRalia, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT raionSi.
samcxeSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 73%-ia, qvemo qarTlSi – 44%, javaxeTSi ki
– mxolod 3%. 2002 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelos iurisdicqiaSi myofi 59
8
raionidan qarTvelebi umravlesobas Seadgendnen 53-Si. axlaqalaqisa da
ninowmindis raionebSi, agreTve walkaSi (berZnebis emigraciis Semdeg) didi
umravlesoba somxebia, xolo marneulis, bolnisisa da dmanisis raionebSi
– azerbaijanelebi.
cxinvalisa da afxazeTis cnobili movlenebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi
286 aTasi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piria. garda amisa, saqarTvelodan 100
aTasamde ltolvili saqarTvelos farglebs gareT cxovrobs.
qarTvelebs ara aqvT mravalricxovani da Zlieri diasporebi
sazRvargareT. 1989 wels sxva sabWoTa respublikebSi cxovrobda 194 aTasi
qarTveli. mokavSire respublikebidan yvelaze meti qarTveli cxovrobda
ruseTSi (130 aTasi), ukrainaSi (23 aTasi), azerbaijanSi (14 aTasi, aqedan 12
aTasi saingiloSi, Tumca am maCvenebelSi igulisxmeba mxolod qristiani
ingiloebi, _ muslimi ingiloebi, romelTa raodenoba gacilebiT metia,
azerbaijanelebad iwerebian).
TurqeTsa da iranSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenobis dadgena
SeuZlebelia, radgan iq mosaxleobis aRwera erovnebis dafiqsirebas ar
iTvaliswinebs. varaudoben, rom TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenoba
(lazebTan erTad) 500 aTasi unda iyos (igulisxmeba isini, romelTac
SenarCunebuli aqvT ena da Tavs Turqebad ar Tvlian). fereidneli
qarTvelebis saerTo raodenoba 225 aTasi unda iyos. evropasa da amerikaSi
mcxovreb qarTvelTa raodenoba 1990-ian wlebamde 5-6 aTas kacs ar
aRemateboda. 90-ian wlebSi qveyana, savaraudod, 350-400 aTasma qarTvelma
datova.
qarTvelebi sami ZiriTadi subeTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeba –
qarTebis, megrelebisa da svanebisagan. meoTxe jgufi – lazebi –
dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze cxovrobs.
qarTebi ramdenime eTnografiul jgufad arian warmodgenili.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi aseTi jgufebia imerlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi,
raWvelebi da leCxumlebi; aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi – qarTlelebi,
kaxelebi,
mTiulebi,
moxeveebi,
fSavelebi,
xevsurebi
da
TuSebi.
eTnografiul jgufebSi kidev gamoyofen ufro mcire, subeTnografiul
jgufebs: kaxelebisagan – qiziyelebs, mTiulebisagan – gudamayrelebs,
ingiloebSi ganarCeven qristian da muslim ingiloebs, mesxebSi –
marTlmadideblebsa da kaTolikeebs. calke unda davasaxeloT wova-TuSebi
(bacbebi), romelTac gansxvavebuli ena aqvT (igi qarTvelur enaTa jgufs
ar miekuTvneba da CaCnur-inguSuri enebis monaTesavea), magram religiiT,
kulturiT, tradiciebiTa da gvarebiT ar gansxvavdebian qarTvelebisagan.
qarTvelebis garda, afxazebi erTaderTi xalxia Cvens qveyanaSi
mcxovreb xalxTa Soris, romelTac saqarTvelos gareT samSoblo ar
gaaCniaT.
sabWoTa kavSirSi
mosaxleobis
konfesiuri Semadgenloba ar
aRiricxeboda, ris gamo oficialuri statistika aRmsareblobis Sesaxeb
ar
arsebobda.
saqarTveloSi
mosaxleobis
konfesiuri
struqtura
pirvelad 2002 wels dadginda9. aRweris Tanaxmad, mosaxleobis 88,6%
qristianuli aRmsareblobisaa, 9,9% mahmadiania, 0,1% _ iudeveli, sxvebi
0,8% Seadgenen, 0,6% arc erT aRmsareblobas ar miakuTvnebs Tavs.
saqarTvelo erT-erTi uZvelesi qristianuli qveyanaa, romlis
mosaxleobis ZiriTadi aRmsarebloba istoriulad marTlmadideblobaa.
9
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 2002 wlis pirveli sayovelTao erovnuli aRweris
ZiriTadi Sedegebi. saqarTvelos statistikis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tb., 2004.
9
dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi mcxovreb qristianTa ZiriTadi nawili – 83,9%
marTlmadidebelia. maTi saerTo wili mosaxleobaSi Seadgens 83,8%.
qarTveli marTlmadideblebi mosaxleobis 65% Seadgenen, muslimebi
– 11%, rusi marTlmadideblebi – 10%, somexi grigorianelebi – 8%, sxvebi
– 6%.
2002
wlis
monacemebiT,
morwmune
qarTvelebis
94%
marTlmadidebelia, 3,8 % _ muslimi, 0,3% _ kaTolike. sxva aRmsareblobaTa
mimdevrebis raodenobis Sesaxeb monacemebi ar aris. 28 aTasi kaci ar
aRiarebs arc erT religias.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi sxva erovnebebidan qristianobas aRiareben
rusebi (ZiriTadad – marTlmadideblobas, nawili seqtantebia – malaknebi,
duxoborebi,
staroverebi),
somxebi
(ZiriTadad
monofizitigrigoriznelebi,
mcire
nawili
–
kaTolikebi),
berZnebi
(marTlmadideblebi),
aisorebi
(nestorianelebi
da
kaTolikebi),
polonelebi
(kaTolikebi),
germanelebi
(protestanti-luTeranebi).
azerbaijanelebi muslimi Siitebi arian (mcire nawili – suniti).
osebi marTlmadidebeli qristianebi arian, afxazTa nawili aseve
marTlmadidebeli qristiania, nawili ki _ mahmadiani. orive am xalxSi
Zlieria warmarTobis tradiciebi.
1997 wels afxazeTis msoaxleobis anketireba Catarda, romelmac
aCvena, rom mosaxleobis didi nawili Tavs morwmuned Tvlis. maTi
umravlesoba marTlmadideblur eklesiebSi inaTleba,
magram
maTi
qristianoba formalur xasiaTs ar scdeba morwmune marTlmadidebelTa
did nawils bundovani warmodgena aqvs sarwmunoebis Sinaarsobriv mxaresa
da yvelaze didi qristianuli dResaswaulebis mniSvnelobazec ki. es is
xalxia, vinc aRiarebs, rom arsebobs yovlisSemamneli RmerTi, magram ar
esmiT wminda samebis mniSvneloba, ar kiTxuloben saxarebas, biblias, ar
marxuloben. did qristianul dResaswaulebzec ki, eklesiebSi wirvaze
misul morwmuneTa ricxvi did ar aris. am dResaswaulebis aRniSvnis
ritualSi mkafiod iCens Tavs warmarTuli elementebi.
qristiani afxazebis gverdiT, ZiriTadad gudauTis raionSi, muslimi
afxazebic cxovroben, magram Tanmimdevrul da gaazrebul morwmuneebad
verc isini CaiTvlebian. maT bundovani warmodgena aqvT yuranze da didad
arc mis swavlas eswrafvian. ar icaven marxvas, arc Wama-smaSi aqvT
dawesebuli SezRudvebi. gamonakliss Seadgenen muhajirTa STamomavlebi,
romlebic afxazeTSi omis Semdeg dabrundenen axlo aRmosavleTidan.
muslimi afxazebi sunitebi arian. marTalia, maTi ricxvi sul ramdenime
aseulia, magram maTi TxovniT soxumsa da gudauTaSi
samlocvelo
saxlebi daarsda: soxumSi – 2000 wels, gudauTaSi – 2004 wels. afxaz
muslimTa sasuliero sammarTvelo soxumSi 1999 wels daregistrirda. maTi
lideria afxaz muhajirTa STamomavali adel gablia.
afxazeTSi cxovroben kaTolikebic. afxazeTi dRes krasnodaris
mxaris
samxreT nawilSi Semavali kaTolikuri eklesiis SavizRvispira
samrevlos SemadgenlobaSi
Sedis. afxazeTis kaTolikur samrevlos
saTaveSi soWis kaTolikuri eklesiis qsenZi, poloneli bogdan severini
udgas, romelic ruseTSi gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Cavida. qarTulafxazuri konfliqtis saomari fazis dasrulebis Semdeg severinma defaqto xelisuflebisagan oficialuri nebarTva miiRo, ezruna kaTolikuri
eklesiis ganaxlebaze. Tavdapirvelad RvTismsaxureba soxumis botanikuri
baRis klubSi aRevlineboda, Semdeg kaTolikeebs daubrunes Zveli 1930
wels CamorTmeuli eklesia, romelic mrevlis TaosnobiT SekeTda da 1996
10
wels iq pirveli RvTismsaxureba aRevlina. dReisaTvis afxazeTSi
kaTolikeTa ricxvi 150 aRwevs. maTi umravlesoba polonelebi da somxebi
arian. eklesiis ori uxucesi swored am erovnebebis warmomadgenlebi
arian. maT specialuri momzadebis kursi gaiares da roca qsenZi soWidan
Camosvlas ver axerxebs, wirvas isini atareben.
afxazeTis kaTolikur mrevls regularulad ugzavnis humanitarul
daxmarebas ruseTSi poloneTis saelCo, poloneTis sazogadoebrivi
kaTolikuri eklesia “karidasi”.
rac
Seexeba
seqtebs.
afxazeTSi
aqtiur saqmianobas
ewevian
kriSnaidebi, romlebmac jer kidev 1989 wels, pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris
teritoriaze,
soxumSi
aRniSnes
TavianTi
erT-erTi
religiuri
dResaswauli. maT SemadgenlobaSi sxvadasxva erovnebis axalgazrdebi
Sedian. Tumca maTi moRvaweoba ramdenadme Senelda mas Semdeg, rac 1995
wels soxumSi maTi savaWro sawyobi dawves da sami dRis Semdeg
kriSnaidebis lideri igor qorTua mokles10.
sxva seqtebidan afxazeTSic, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos danarCen
teritoriaze, aqtiurad saqmianoben baptistebi da ieRovelebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi arc erTi erovneba ar
aris monokonfesiuri. garda sakuTari tradiciuli aRmsareblobisa, yvela
eTnosSi gvxvdebian sxva Zveli Tu axali aRmsareblobis mimdevrebi.
nebismier koloniur qveyanaSi nacionalizmis aRmavloba, rogorc
wesi, iwvevs tradiciuli religiuri institutebisadmi sazogadoebis
interesis
zrdas.
marTlmadidebloba
saqarTveloSi,
tradiciulad,
ganixileba rogorc erovnulobis, qarTvelobis atributi. qarTuli
sazogadoebisaTvis marTlmadidebeli eklesia da aRmsarebloba faseulia,
pirvel rigSi, swored erovnuli identifikaciis TvalsazrisiT. sabWoTa
reJimis winaaRmdeg brZola 1980-iani wlebis miwuruls religiuri
atributikisa da ritorikis sistematuri gamoyenebiT mimdinareobda.
amoqmedda araerTi Zveli eklesia, aSenda axali. gaizarda sasuliero
saswavlebelTa
ricxvi,
gaixsna
sasuliero
akademia.
saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebluri avtokefaluri eklesia 35 eparqiad iyofa.
mTlianobaSi,
somxuri
eklesiisagan
gansxvavebiT,
romelmac
zesaxelmwifoebrivi institutis funqciebi SeiZina, qarTuli eklesia
naklebad iyo CarTuli politikur da saxelmwifoebriv procesebSi. igi
ufro CrdilSi yofnas amjobinebda da adgils uTmobda politikur
liderebs (ssrk-s daSlisa da religiuri identobis Ziebis procesis
dawyebis Semdegac ki). amave dros, mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze,
rodesac qveynis politikuri
da kulturuli sazRvrebi erTmaneTs ar
emTxveoda da eTnikuri siWrelec bunebrivi movlena iyo, swored religia
iyo barieri ucxoTa kulturuli eqspansiisa da asimilaciis gzaze,
erovnuli konsolidaciis efeqturi iaraRi.
rac
Seexeba
umciresobebs,
saqarTveloSi
aris
11
somxuri
samociqulo, 3 somxuri kaTolikuri, 8 rusuli marTlmadidebluri
eklesia, 3 kaTolikuri taZari, 15 muslimuri meCeTi, 14 sinagoga.
eTnikuri umciresobebis kulturul ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs 361
skola da 190 damoukidebeli saskolo seqtori mSobliuri enis swavlebiT.
universitetebSi arsebobs arsaxelmwifo enaze moqmedi fakultetebi; 4
10
religiebi, konfesiebi da seqtebi afxazeTSi. – gaz. “afxazeTis axali xma”, 19-26.
03.2005, gv 12.
11
saxelmwifo da 5 saxalxo Teatri. eTnikur umciresobaTa enaze gamoicema
21 gazeTi da 4 Jurnali.
unda aRiniSnos, rom eTnikur saTvistomoebSi araerTgvarovani
situaciaa. magaliTad, qvemo qarTlis azerbaijanelebi ganaTlebas
ZiriTadad azerbaijanul enaze iReban, Sida qarTlisa – qarTul enaze.
Tbilissi mcxovrebi somxebi integrirebuli arian qarTul sazogadoebaSi,
rasac ver vityviT mesxeT-javaxeTis somxebze, romelTa umravlesoba
qarTul enas ar flobs. berZnuli diaspora iyofa berZnulenovan da
Turqulenovan
nawilad,
ebraelebi
–
qarTulenovan
da
aSkenaz
(rusulenovan evropel) ebraelebad da a.S.
qveyanaSi arsebobs 120-ze meti arasamTavrobo organizacia, romlebic
sxvadasxva eTnikur Tems warmoadgens. maTi nawili, faqtobrivad, romelime
politikuri partiis danamatia, nawili ki, umoqmedoa. maTi monawileobis
xarisxi qveynis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maRali ar aris, Tumca
ukanaskneli 2-3 wlis manZilze garkveuli winsvla SeimCneva.
somxebi
saqarTveloSi
yvelaze
msxvil
eTnikur umciresobas
Seadgenen. isini ZiriTadad Tbilissa da istoriuli javaxeTis raionebSi
cxovroben. somxebi saqarTveloSi kompaqturad bolo 170 wlis manZilze
arian dasaxlebuli, ruseT-TurqeTis 1828-1829 ww. omis Semdeg.
1989 wlis aRweris mixedviT, saqarTveloSi somxebis raodenoba 437
aTass aRemateboda, maTi umravlesoba javaxeTsa da mesxeTSi cxovrobda.
eTnokonfesiuri TvalsazrisiT, mesxeT-javaxeTi saqarTvelos erTerTi yvelaze gamorCeuli regionia. igi gamoirCeva, agreTve, samxedrostrategiuli mniSvnelobiT.
samcxe-javaxeTi samxreT saqarTvelos mxarea, romelic TurqeTsa da
somxeTs esazRvreba. danarCeni saqarTvelosagan mcire kavkasionis qedi
yofs. 1989 w. aRweris mixedviT, mosaxleoba 231,649 kacs Seadgens.
aerTianebs 6 raions: axalcixes, adigens, axalqalaqs, aspinZas, borjomsa
da ninowmindas. administraciuli centria qalaqi axalcixe.
mosaxleobis udides nawils qarTvelebi da somxebi Seadgenen.
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somexTa umravlesoba – 200 000 _ swored mesxeTjavaxeTSi
cxovrobs.
1989 wlis aRweris
monacemebiT, javaxeaTis
mosaxleobaSi somxebi 53,7% Seadgendenen, amJamad maTi Sefardeba
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da 90% (somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT – 97%)
miaRwia, mesxeTSi ki – 1/3-s.
saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs sxva regioni, sadac eTnikuri umciresoba
ase kompaqturadaa dasaxlebuli.
eTnikur
mravalferovnebas
religiuric
emateba.
qarTvelebis
umravlesoba marTlmadidebelia, somxebisa – monofozoti-grigorianeli.
Tumca aq istoriulad Zlieria rogorc qarTuli, ise somxuri
kaTolicizmi. rusuli mosaxleobis (romelic bolo TxuTmet weliwadSi
sagrZnoblad Semcirda) umravlesobas Seadgens duxoborebis qristianuli
seqta, romelic ninowmindis raionis or sofelSi cxovrobs. erovnuli
moZraobis
wlebSi
aWaridan
gadmoasaxles
stiqiuri
ubedurebiT
dazaralebuli
qarTveli
muslimebi.
arian,
agreTve,
baptistebi,
ormocdaaTianelebi, ieRovas mowmeebi da sxva mcire religiuri jgufebi.
saukuneebis manZilze es regioni qarTuli, somxuri da osmalurTurquli
samyaroebis
gadakveTaze
mdebareobda.
Sesabamisad,
eTnokonfesiuri suraTis sirTulec mas istoriulad mosdgams. istoriuli
mexsiereba
gavlenas
axdens
eTnokonfesiuri
jgufebis
dRevandel
ganwyobasa da qcevaze.
12
1828 wels, roca ruseTma samcxe-javaxeTi samxedro gziT daipyro da
Tbilisis guberniis Semadgenlobasi Seiyvana, mosaxleobis umravlesobas
muslimebi Seadgendnen, qarTuli da somxuri qristianuli Temebis
umetesoba ki, kaTolike iyo. muslimi mosaxlebis eTnikuri warmomavloba
mecnierTa davis sagania. nawili maT did nawils warmoSobiT Turqad
Tvlis, sxvebis azriT ki, isini gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi arian.
ruseTTan SeerTebis dros maTi didi nawili osmaleTisadmi ufro
loialuri iyo, vidre ruseTisadmi. am sababiT, generalma paskeviCma
“arasando” muslimi mosaxleoba osmaleTSi gandevna, maT nacvlad ki
anatolieli somxebi Camoasaxla. dRevandeli javaxeTis somxebis didi
nawili swored maTi STamomavalia.
miuxedavad amisa, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili muslimi rCeboda.
1944 wlis 15 noembers mxaris mTeli muslimi mosaxleoba – 90 aTasze meti
adamiani, TurqeTTan faruli TanamSromlobis braldebiT, centralur
aziaSi gadaasaxles da maT adgilas saqarTvelos sxva regionebidan
(ZiriTadad zemo imereTidan da raWidan) daaxloebiT 30 aTasamde qarTveli
Camoasaxles.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom 1999 wels, evropis sabWoSi Sesvlisas,
saqarTvelom
aiRo
valdebuleba,
12
wlis
vadaSi
gadaewyvita
deportirebulTa repatriaciis problema. magram es sakiTxi azrTa did
sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs.
1988 wels mTian yarabaRSi dawyebulma movlenebma javaxeTis somxebs
erovnuli moZraobis dawyebisaken ubiZga. mTian yarabaRsa da javaxeTs
bevri ram aqvT saerTo: orive somxeTs emezobleba, orive regionSi somxebi
mosaxleobis
umravlesobas
Seadgenen.
bevri
axalqalaqeli
somexi
aqtiurad monawileobda yarabaRis omSi. javaxeTis somxebs Zlieri
eTnikuri TviSegneba aqvT. 1988 wels adgilobrivma somxebma Seqmnes
moZraoba “javaxki” (javaxeTis somxuri saxelwodebis mixedviT). misi
oficialuri mizani iyo somxebis kulturuli TviTmyofadobis dacva da
regionis ganviTareba. JRerda avtonomiis idea, rasac periodulad
enacvleboda somxeTTan gaerTianebis moTxovna.
“javaxkis”
nacionalisturad
ganwyobilmma
frTam
Camoayaliba
politikuri partia “virki” (saqarTvelos istoriuli saxelwodeba somxur
enaze), romlis orientacia prorusuli da antiTurqulia. misi mizania
saqarTvelos federaluri mowyoba da mis SemadgenlobaSi javaxeTis
damoukideblad CarTva.
javaxeTSi ruseTis samxedro bazebis arseboba da
mesxeTSi
sacxovreblad dabrunebis mosurne “Turqi mesxebis” problema kidev ufro
Zabavs viTarebas.
azerbaijanis respublika mdebareobs samxreT kavkasiis samxreTaRmosavleT nawilSi. mas esazRvreba: CrdiloeTiT – ruseTis federacia
(daRestani), Crdilo-dasavleTiT – saqarTvelo, samxreT-dasavleTiT –
somxeTi da TurqeTi, samxreTiT – irani, aRmosavleTiT – kaspiis zRva.
teritoria – 86.600 kvadratuli kilometri. dedaqalaqi _ baqo.
mosaxleobis raodenoba 7.770.000 kacia, maT Soris: azerbaijaneli –
83%, rusi – 5,6%, lezgebi – 2,4%, somxebi – 2%, xunZebi – 0,6%, ukrainelebi
– 0,4%, TaTrebi – 0,4%. kaxis, zaqaTalisa da belaqnis raionebSi
kompaqturad arian dasaxlebuli qarTvelebi; lenqoranis dablobze
cxovroben TaliSebi.
TviT cneba “azerbaijani” im teritoriasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic
XX s. 20-ian wlebSi azerbaijanis ssr SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, mxolod XX
13
s. dasawyisSi gaCnda, xolo damkvidrda 1918 w. 28 maiss azerbaijanis
demokratiuli respublikis gamocxadebis Semdeg.
azerbaijanis saxelmwifoebrioba amJamindel sazRvrebSi dadginda
sabWoTa ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris moskovis 1921 w. 16 martis
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze.
religiuri sfero azerbaijanSi garkveul aRmavlobas ganicdis. es,
pirvel rigSi, exeba dominirebad konfesias – islams. Tumca aRmavloba da
ganviTareba azerbaijanisaTvis sxva tradiciul religiebsac Seexo.
amasTan, gaCnda aratradiciuli, adre ucnobi mimdinareobebic. es,
garkveulwilad, aixsneba wina 70 wlis mdgomareobiT, sazogadoebisaTvis
saWirboroto sakiTxebze pasuxebis ZiebiT konfesiur sferoSi, gareSe
Zalebis gaqtiurebiT.
iseve rogorc TiTqmis yvelgan, politikuri Zalebi religias iyeneben
rogorc masebze zemoqmedebisa da sakuTari gavlenis ganmtkicebis
instruments, gareSe Zalebi – aseve sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis.
rogorc aRvniSneT, azerbaijanSi ZiriTadi religia islamia, Tumca
gavrcelebulia qristianoba da iudaizmic. muslimTa umravlesoba azeria,
TiTqmis yvela isini Siitebi arian.
qveyana SeiZleba daiyos or “muslimur zonad”: samxreTi moicavs
teritorias
baqo-Semaxa-evlaxi-ganja-gazaxi-naxWevnis
xazidan
samxreTisaken, iranis sazRvramde. aq morwmuneTa ZiriTadi nawili Siitia:
azerebi, TaliSebi, TaTebi, qurTebis nawili. arian sunitebic: axiska,
TaTrebi, qurTebis nawili. aq cxovroben marTlmadidebeli qristianebic
– rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, qarTvelebi; rusi raskolnikebi da
seqtantebi; germanelebi
–
kaTolikeni
da luTeranebi;
udebi –
monofizitebi; somexi-grigorianebi; iudevelebi – juuri (mTis ebraelebi),
aSkenazebi (evropeli ebraelebi), qarTveli ebraelebi. XX-XXI ss. mijnaze
gaCnda aratradiciuli mimdinareobebi: muslimuri – vahabitebi da
nursistebi, nakSbandielebi, feizulistebi da sxv.; induisti-kriSnaitebi;
protestantuli Temebi (qristianuli)11.
CrdiloeTi zona mdebareobs ufro CrdiloeTiT – saqarTvelosTan
da ruseTTan sazRvrisken. mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili sunitia: lezgebi
da avarelebi, krizebi da waxurelebi, budugebi da xinalugebi, ingiloTa
nawili da azerebi. qristianebi warmodgenili arian rusebiT (ZiriTadad
raskolnikebi
da
seqtantebi),
udinebiT
(monofizitebi),
marTlmadideblebiT – ingiloTa nawili, iudevelebiT – juuriT12.
ssr kavSiris Seqmnis win azerbaijanSi arsebobda 2000-mde meCeTi,
romelTa didi nawili 1930-ian wlebSi daangries an daxures. marTalia,
meore msoflio omis wlebSi zogierTi meCeTi kvlav amoqmedda, rac
ganpirobebuli iyo stalinis politikiT – nebismieri, maT Soris
religiuri faqtoris gamoyenebiT moexdina sabWoTa xalxis mobilizacia
nacisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
1976 wels azerbaijanSi 16 registrirebuli meCeTi (14 Siituri da
ori sunituri, aqedan 7 – baqoSi) da madrasa arsebobda, sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis droisaTvis maTi ricxvi 200-mde avida (araregistrirebulebis
CaTvliT). sxva wyaros monacemiT, 1994 wlisaTvis arsebobda 84 religiuri
11
Гусейн-Заде Р. А. Религия и политика: Взаимоотношения на азербайджанском фоне. – В журн.:
Центральная Азия и Кавказ. № 3 (33), 2004, c.149.
12 iqve.
14
dawesebuleba, meCeTebis CaTvliT, romlebic xSirad aralegalurad an
naxevrad legalurad moqmedebda13.
2004 w. dasawyisisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebobda 1300 moqmedi meCeTi da
islamis sxva sakulto obieqti; sxva konfesiaTa 40-ze meti sakulto
nageboba. baqoSi dRes sami marTlmadidebluri taZaria. respublikaSi aris
raskolnikebisa da seqtantebis samlocveloebi, Svidi sinagoga, maTgan
erTi, romelic baqoSi mdebareobs da yvelaze didia kavkasiaSi, aigo 2003
wels “joinTis” saxsrebiT. dedaqalaqSi rekonstruirebulia kaTolikuri
eklesia, kidev erTs safuZveli Caeyara 2003 wels, azerbaijanSi romis
papis vizitis dros.
azerbaijanSi dRes arsebobs saswavlo dawesebulebebi da kursebi
tradiciul konfesiaTa safuZvlebis Sesaswavlad: baqos islamuri
universiteti filialebiT sxvadasxva raionSi; madrasebi – saSualo
saswavlo dawesebulebani, meCeTebTan, eklesiebTan, sinagogebTan Seqmnilia
saswavlo kursebi.
faqtia, rom postsabWoTa azerbaijanSi “religiuri renesansi”
erovnuli
TviTSegnebis
zrdis
paralelurad
mimdinareobs.
baqos
ekonomikur da politikur kvlevaTa centris monacemebiT, 90-iani wlebis
bolos azerbaijanelebis mxolod 4-6% Tu iyo “aqtiuri” morwmune da
damcveli religiuri miTiTebebisa da cxovrebis wesisa, 87-92% ki iseT
kategorias Seadgenda, romelic acxadebda, rom muslimi iyo, Tumca
naklebad an saerTod ar asrulebda religiur ritualebs. danarCen 3%-s
aTeistebi
warmoadgendnen.
azerbaijanelebis
umravlesoba
aqtiurad
stumrobs meCeTs religiur dResaswaulebze, Tumca aSuras uqme dRes,
rodesac muhamedis SvilTaSvils husein ibn alis glovoben da TviTgvemis
ritualebic tardeba, sagrZnoblad pasiuroben. rogorc am sakiTxebis
mkvlevari raul motika askvnis, kavkasiis qveynebSi islami istoriulad
ganpirobebul adgilobriv TaviseburebaTa garemoSi ganviTarda da mowyda
saerTaSoriso muslimur moZraobebsa Tu mimdinareobebs. Tavdapirvelad,
sazRvris gaxsnis Semdeg, mravali axalgazrda ewvia TanamoZme TurqeTis
saswavleblebs. Tumca 90-iani wlebis bolosaTvis oficialur da
naxevradoficialur
saswavleblebs
azerbaijanelebi
ukve
amreziT
uyurebdnen, dainaxes ra, rom ucxoeTSi swavlamiRebuli da samSobloSi
dabrunebuli axalgazrdebi ukve Riad qadagebdnen sunitur ideebs da arc
“Sahsei-vahseis” tradiciis gmobas eridebodnen.14.
formaluri niSniT, meCeTebi ar iyofa Siitur da sunitur meCeTebad
(vahabitTa meCeTebis gamoklebiT, sadac mxolod am mimdinareobis
warmomadgenlebi dadian).
2004 w. dasawyisisaTvis savaldebulo registracia gavlili hqonda
230 konfesiur Tems, maT Soris: 201 muslimurs, danarCens – qristianuls –
rusul
da
qarTul
marTlmadideblurs,
luTeranuls,
romaulkaTolikurs, axalsamociqulos, moloknebs, meSvide dRis adventistebs,
ormocdaaTianelebs, ieRovas mowmeebs, iudevelTa sxvadasxva mimdinareobas
da sxv15.
13
Саттаров Р. Ислам как политический фактор в постсоветском Азербайджане. – В
журн.:Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), с.9.
14
xinCagaSvili S. eTnikuri da religiuri situaciis dinamika kavkasiaSi
(postsabWoTa periodi). – saqarTvelos mecn.akad. politologiis institutis
weliwdeuli – 2003. Tb., 2003, gv.71.
15
iqve, gv.151.
15
vahabizmi azerbaijanSi ar aris “mebrZoli”, Semtevi xasiaTisa.
morwmuneebs igi izidavs “religiaSi ubraloebis” ideebiT. sainteresoa,
rom man mimdevrebi pova adgilobriv eTnoreligiur umciresobebSi –
lezgebSi, avarelebsa da waxurebSi, romelTac amiT gamoxates protesti
maTi samoqalaqo uflebebis SezRudvis winaaRmdeg.
ufro zogadi TvalsazrisiT, aratradiciuli mimdinareobaTa gaCena
gareSe Zalebis metoqeobis Sedegia, romlebic sakuTari gavlenis
gaZlierebisaTvis
nebismier
saSualebas
iyeneben,
maT
Soris
–
konfesiursac. aratradiciuli mimdinareobani xels uwyoben religiis,
pirvel rigSi, ZiriTadis – islamis – politizacias.
ramdenadac
azerbaijani
upiratesad
Siituria,
gansakuTrebiT
mkafiod Cans “iranis kvali”. Teirani moqmedebs Tavisi diplomatiuri
warmomadgenlobebis,
religiur-saqvelmoqmedo
organizaciebis,
misionerebis, masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa, agreTve “gavlenis
agentebis” meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT – samxreT zonaSi. aSkaraa iranis
konfesiuri aqtivobis politizacia. magram is faqti, rom azerbaijanSi
arc erTi iranuli meCeTi ar aris, am ukanasknelis sust religiur
gavlenaze metyvelebs.
1990 wlis zamTarSi azerbaijanelebma, kerZod, naxWevanelebma iranis
sasazRvro simagreebi daangries, iq mcxovreb TanamoZmeebTan didi xniT
gawyvetili urTierToebebis aRdgenis niSnad (CrdiloeT iranSi mcxovrebi
eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi iranis mosaxleobis 1/3 Seadgenen da 2-3-jer
metni arian, vidre TviTon azerbaijanSi. paralelurad, 1918-20 ww.
azerbaijanis
mmarTveli
partiis
musavatis
lozungi
“Turqizmi,
modernizacia da islami” kvlav popularuli gaxda. dRes azerbaijanuli
sazogadoebis nawili azerbaijanul nacionalizms da TviTmyofadobas
mxolod did Turqul kulturul konteqstSi ganixilavs, im dros, roca
meore nawili panTurqizms “azerbaijanizmis” sawinaaRmdego doqtrinad
Tvlis da qemal aTaTurqis midgomas yvelaze misaReb gamosavlad miiCnevs.
amavdroulad, sazogadoebis orive nawilisTvis miuRebelia proiranuli
ideologiuri orientacia, ris mizezi ara marto sabWoTa mediis xangrZliv
antiiranul propagandaSi unda veZioT, aramed yarabaRis konfliqtSic,
sadac irani somxeTis partniorad aRiqmeboda. unda gaviTvaliswinoT aseve
iranSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanuli diasporis mZime uflebrivi mdgomareoba,
romelic kidev ufro laxavs iranis imijs azerbaijanelis TvalSi.
sekularuli
TurqeTi
moqmedebs
religiur
organizaciaTa
oficialuri struqturebis meSveobiT, pirvel rigSi – baqosa da
naxWevanSi. dedaqalaqSi gaxsnilia Turquli universiteti “kavkasia”.
marTalia, TurqeTi sunituri qveyanaa, magram mas azerbaijanSi ufro
myari poziciebi da samoqmedo areali aqvs, agreTve hyavs meti “gavlenis
agenti”, vidre irans. amas ramdenime mizezi aqvs: 1) azerebis mexsierebaSi
daleqilia is faqti, rom sparsuli saxelmwifoebi 2500 welia cdiloben
arasparselTa deeTnizacias, anu atareben eTnocidis politikas. 1960-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi iranis saxelmwifos politika mkafiod Camoayaliba
mohamed reza-Sah fexlevim: erTi qveyana, erTi istoria, erTi eTnosi, erTi
kultura, erTi religia, erTi ena. 2) Turquli da azerebis enebi erT
jgufs ekuTvnis. 3) irani aqtiurad TanamSromlobs somxeTTan, romelsac
azerbaijanis teritoriis 16% aqvs mitacebuli, mxars uWers mTiani
yarabaRis aralegitimur respublikas. 4) iranSi keTilganwyobiT ekidebian
adgilobriv somxur Tems: Tumca am Teokratiul saxelmwofiSi moqmedebs
“mSrali kanoni”, magram somxebs aqvT arayis gamoxdis ufleba; erT-erTi
16
somxuri eklesia gamocxadebulia “arqiteqturis faseul istoriul
Zeglad” da daculia saxelmwifos mier. mexuTe, TurqeTi azerbaijans
samxedro da politikuri TvalsazrisiT exmareba; misi teritoria
azerbaijanisaTvis dasavleTisaken gasasvleli erT-erTi “derefania” –
wina aziis muslimuri samyarosaken, euTo-sa da nato-saken.
mniSvnelovani daikava suniturma arabulma aRmosavleTmac.
vahabizmi islamis oficialuri formaa muslimuri samyaros erT-erT
umdidres qveyanaSi – saudis arabeTSi, romelic amave dros aSS
strategiuli partnioria. amitom SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom vahabizmis
gavrcelebas azerbaijanSi ara mxolod konfesiuri, aramed politikuri
xasiaTic aqvs.
vahabizmi aRwevs CrdiloeT kavkasiidanac – daRestnidan da
CeCneTidan. pirvel SemTxvevaSi “mediatoris” rolSi gamodian azerbaijanSi
mcxovrebi lezgebi, avarelebi da waxurebi. meoreSi – CeCnebi, romlebic
moZraoben azerbaijans, saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasias Soris, an
damkvidrdnen azerbaijanSi, sadac gadian mkurnalobisa da reabilitaciis
kurss, zogi maTgani adgilobriv umaRles saswavlebelSic swavlobs.
qristianuli dasavleTi aseve iyenebs sxvadasxva arxs, maT Soris –
konfesiursac. maT mier tardeba religiuri mimarTulebis konferenciebi
da seminarebi.
200 welze metia, azerbaijanSi mcxovreb ingiloTa Soris Tavis
saqmianobas eweva saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia, romelmac
qristianad moaqcia am eTnoreligiuri jgufis nawili. amgvar prozelitebs
uqmnian swavlis pirobebs saqarTveloSi, aZleven qarTul saxelebsa da
gvarebs. samSobloSi isini brundebian rogorc “gavlenis agentebi”.
1990 wlidan periodulad Cndebian emisrebi vatikanidan.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
islamis
aratradiciuli
mimdinareobebi
popularulia axalgazrdobaSi,
aratradiciul
mimdinareobebTan
brZola
ufro
politikuri
xasiaTisaa, vidre religiuri.
amrigad,
politikuri
xelisufleba
akontrolebs
situacias
konfesiur sferoSi. misi damokidebuleba uaryofiTia aratradiciuli
mimdinareobebis mimarT.
somxeTis respublika samxreT kavkasiis mTianeTSi mdebareobs.
teritoria – 29,8 aTasi kvaretuli kilometri. dedaqalaqi – erevani.
CrdiloeTiT esazRvreba saqarTvelo, aRmosavleTiT – azerbaijani,
dasavleTiT – TurqeTi, samxreTiT – irani.
somexi xalxis istoriul bedSi somxeTis respublikis Tanamedrove
teritorias XX s. dasawyisamde ganmsazRvreli roli ar Seusrulebia.
somxeTis didi nawili Sedioda osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, sadac
somexTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 2,5 mln Seadgenda. maTi umravlesoba
aRmosavleTis 6 vilaieTSi cxovrobda. sakmaod mravalricxovani somxuri
diaspora arsebobda ruseTSi da mis sazRvrebs gareTac. e.hobsbaumi werda,
rom Tanamedrove somxeTi – es aris yvelaferi is, rac darCa mas Semdeg,
rac yvela danarCen teritoriaze, sadac adre somxebi cxovrobdnen, isini
gawyvites an gandevnes iqidan16.
1998 wlis 1 ianvris monacemebiT, somxeTis mosaxleoba 3 793 200
mcxovrebs Seadgens, maTgan 95%-ze meti eTnikuri somexia. ena – somxuri,
16
Хобсбаум Э. Нации и национализм после 1790 года. М., 1998, с.263.
17
romelic indoevropuli ojaxis somxur jufs ganekuTvneba. ganarCeven
aRmosavlur da dasavlur saliteraturo enas; dasavlur saliteraturo
enaze somxuri diaspora metyvelebs, aRmosavlurze ki somxeTSi mcxovrebi
somxebi laparakoben. somxur enas aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, romelic 39
aso-niSans Seicavs.
sakuTriv somxeTis garda, eTnikuri somxebi cxovroben msoflios
mraval qveyanaSi da mZlavr da gavlenian somxur diasporas qmnian.
sazRvargareT somxebis gansaxlebis ZiriTadi centrebia ruseTi (armaviri,
rostovi, moskovi) – 800 000, saqarTvelo (javaxeTi da Tbilisi) – 500 000,
TurqeTi (ZiriTadad stamboli) – amJamad 85 000, aSS (ZiriTadad
kalifornia)– 1 000 000, argentina – 85 000, safrangeTi – 500 000, libani –
150 000, irani – 200 000, siria – 130 000, kanada – 60 000, avstralia – 30 000.
sul somxuri diaspora msoflios 60 qveyanaSia gafantuli.
somxeTSi cxovroben rusebis, iezidebis, berZnebisa da ebraelebis
eTnikuri umciresobebi, agreTve aisorebi da ukrainelebi. somxeTSi
mcxovreb azerbaijanelTa umravlesobam 1980-90-iani wlebis mijnaze datova
sacxovrebeli da Tavi azerbaijansa da ruseTs Seafara17.
somxebis didi umravlesoba monofiziti qristiania. isini qveynis
mosaxleobis 80% Seadgenen. sazRvargareT mcxovreb somexTa nawili
kaTolike da protestantia. amJamad somxeTis samociqulo grigorianul
eklesias saTaveSi udgas uzenaesi patriarqi da sruliad somexTa
kaTalikosi eCmiaZinisa garegin II.
somxeTis
samociqulo
eklesia
erT-erTi
uZlieresi
somxuri
organizaciaa. kavkasiaSi qristianul eklesiebs Soris igi gansakuTrebiT
aqtiuri da damoukidebelia. Seqmna ra eklesiaTa ganStoebuli qseli,
eCmiaZini sabWoTa periodSic da axlac akontrolebs did somxur
diasporas, rac saSualebas aZlevs, uSualod monawileobdes somexi
xalxis cxovrebaSi, xSirad ki _ sagareo politikuri orientirebis
firmirebaSic. imis dasturad, rom somxur eklesias did rols aniWeben
rogorc Tavad somxeTis, aseve msoflios politikosebi, gamodgeba is
faqti, rom 2001 w. zafxulSi aSS-Si vizitis dros somexTa kaTolikosi
garegin II piradad prezidentma jorj buSma miiRo. aseTi pativi ar
rgebiaT arc ilia II, arc samxreT kavkasiis muslimTa sulier liders18.
ukanaskneli ramdenime saukunis manZilze somxuri eklesia ZiriTadi
damakavSirebeli rgolia somxeTsa da mis ucxour diasporas Soris.
rTuli istoriuli viTarebis gamo, somxuri eklesiis centri xSirad
icvleboda. Tavdapirvelad igi vaharSapatSi mdebareobda, Semdeg – dvinsa
da anisSi, Semdeg – amasiasi dakilikiis somxeTSi. 1441 wels somxuri
eklesiis centri gaxda eCmiaZini19.
grigorianuli eklesiis struqtura 4 ZiriTad elements moicavs: 1)
eCmiaZinis yovelTa somexTa sakaTalikoso, romelic grigorianuli
eklesiis centrad iTvleba; misi meTauri uzenaesi patriarqisa da araratis
saerToerovnuli deda-eklesiis kaTalikosos tituls atarebs da yovelTa
somexTa laTalikosad moixsenieba; 2) kilikiis didi saxlis sakaTalikoso
17
giorgi xelaSvili. cnobari somxeTze. – saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa
da ganviTarebis centri, # 35, 2000, ianvari, gv.3.
18
Исмаилов Э., Полухов Э. Противостояние «старых» и «новых» игроков на политической карте
Кавказа. – В журн.: Центральная Азия и Кавказ. 2004, № 4 (34), c.50.
19
giorgi xelaSvili. cnobari somxeTze. – saqarTvelos strategiuli kvlevebisa
da ganviTarebis centri, # 35, 2000, ianvari, gv.39.
18
– rezidenciiT antiliasSi; 3) ierusalimis sapatriarqo – rezidenciiT
ierusalimSi da 4) konstantinopolis sapatriarqo – rezidenciiT
stambolSi. ukanaskneli sami centri deda-eklesiis iurisdiqciaSia, magram
sargeblobs Sinagani administraciuli avtonomiiT.
IX saukunidan, mas Semdeg, rac somxuri mosaxleoba mTel msoflioSi
mimoifanta, somxuri eklesiis mniSvneloba metad gaizarda da man
universaluri xasiaTi SeiZina. gansxvavebuli kulturisa da religiis
qveynebSi damkvidrebis miuxedavad, eklesiam SeinarCuna organizaciuli da
dogmaturi mTlianoba.
1986 wlis mdgomareobiT, somxeTSi 29 registrirebuli da 34
araregistrirebuli religiuri organizacia moRvaweobda.
1997 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis religiur saqmeTa komitetma registraciaSi
gaatara 16 konfesia da religiuri gaerTianeba: somxeTis samociqulo
eklesia, warmarTebi, iezidebi, kaTolikuri eklesia, iudevelTa Temi,
ruseTis marTlmadidebluri eklesia, kriSnaitebi, bahaistebi, meSvide dRis
adventistebi, evangelist-ormocdaaTianelebi, baptistebi da sxv.
somxeTSi didi gavrceleba pova religiurma seqtebma, romlebic
registrirebuli arian rogorc saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi.
rogorc aRvniSneT, kavkasiaSi warmodgenilia oTxive msoflio
klasikuri religia:
qristianoba samxreT kavkasiaSi ramdenime versiis saxiT gvxvdeba.
misi mTavari sayrdenebia qarTuli marTlmadidebluri da somxuri
monofizituri
eklesiebi.
osebis
mniSvnelovani
umravlesoba
marTlmadidebeli qristiania, aseve rusebic, romlebic Seadgenen 3%
somxeTSi, 4% azerbaijanSi da 6% saqarTveloSi, agreTve, CrdiloeT
kavkasiaSi. afxazTa nawili qristiania, nawili – muslimi, Tumca orive
Serwymulia warmarTul tradiciasTan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg
kavkasiaSi gamoCndenen protestantuli misiebi, magram maT cota mimdevari
hyavT (SedarebiT meti warmateba hqondaT somxeTSi), agreTve amerikuli
organizacia “ieRovas mowmeebis” mimdevrebi.
kaTolikeni saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1230 wels gamoCndnen. pap ioane
XXII ZalisxmeviT 1329 wlidn TbilisSi daarsebulma kaTolikeTa
saepiskoposom saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi samisionero moRvaweoba
gaaCaRa.
XVII
saukuneSi
saqarTveloSi
moRvaweobdnen
Teatineli
misionerebi. XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi qarTvelma kaTolike berebma
stambolSi qarTuli kongregacia daaarses. kaTolikoba yvelaze farTod
gavrcelda samcxesa da SavSeTSi, axalcixeSi, gorSi, quTaisSi. 1845
wlidan 1993 wlamde saqarTvelos laTinur kaTolikeTa episkoposi
ruseTSi imyofeboda, 1993 wels Seiqmna amierkavkasiis laTinuri wesis
samociqulo administracia, romelic moicavda saqarTvelos, azerbaijnisa
da somxeTis laTin kaTolikeebs.
2002
wlis
aRweriT,
saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebi
kaTolikeni
mosaxleobis 0,8% Seadgenen. maTi didi nawili mesxeT-javaxeTSi cxovrobs,
maTi umravlesoba eTnikurad somexia.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi kaTolikeni tipikonis mixedviT 3 nawilad
iyofian: 1) laTinuri tipikonisani, 2) somxuri tipikonisani, 3) siriulqaldeuri tipikonisani. kaTolikeTa umravlesoba laTinur wess misdevs,
maT Soris TbilisSi mcxovrebi somxebic.
axal religiur situaciaSi kaTolikeni raime mniSvnelovan rols ar
asruleben.
19
luTeranebi saqarTveloSi XIX saukuneSi germaneli kolonistebis
Camosaxlebis Semdeg gaCndnen. luTeranuli eklesia ki, saqarTveloSi XIX
saukunis 40-iani wlebidn arsebobs.
dRes somxuri samociqulo eklesia saqarTveloSi warmodgenilia
Svidi eklesiiT: TbilisSi 2, baTumSi 1, danarCeni – mesxeT-javaxeTSi. isini
erTi episkoposis sulieri mfarvelobis qveS imyofebian, misi kaTedra
TbilisSia,
wminda
giorgis
eklesiaSi.
saqarTvelos
statistikis
saxelmwifo departamentis cnobiT, 2002 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi somxurgrigorianuli aRmsareblobisa iyo mosaxleobis 3,9%.
islamis mimdevarTa xvedriTi wili mosaxleobis 9,9% Seadgens.
warmodgenilia orive versiis saxiT: azerbaijanelebis 75% Siitia, iseve,
rogorc am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi TaliSebi Tu sxva erovnuli umciresoba.
sunituri ganxra ki sakmaod Zlieria CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleobis
umravlesobaSi, aseve aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis, azerbaijanis (25%),
alaniisa (20-30%) da afxazeTis (35%) mosaxleobaSi; sunituri islami
arsebobs rogorc Safiituri (daRestnis xalxebi), ise hanafituri (CeCneTi
da inguSeTi, Cerqezebi, yaraCaebi da balyarebi, aWarlebi saqarTveloSi,
azerbaijanelTa umciresoba – 15-25%, muslimi osebisa da muslimi
afxazebis umciresoba _ 20-30% da 35%) skolebis saxiT20.
religiisaken
Semobrunebis
saerTo
tendenciam
islamis
gaaqtiurebazec imoqmeda. gaizarda meCeTebisa da ucxoeTSi wargzavnil
sasuliero pirTa ricxvi. aseTi tendencia dafiqsirda qvemo qarTlSi,
pankisSi, aWaraSi, guriasa da afxazeTSi. maT hyavT tradiciuli mrevli da
gaaCniaT
sxva
religiebT n,
gansakuTrebiT
marTlmadideblobasTan
TanamSromlobis saukunovani tradiciebi. amasTan, isalmi saqarTveloSic
ver ascda saerTo tendenciebs, aqac Tavi iCina fundamentalizmis niSnebma.
iudaizmis mimdevaria 20 000-mde qarTveli ebraeli, aseve ZiriTadad
azerbaijanSi da daRestanSi warmodgenili TaTebisa da mTis ebraelebis
sazogadoeba. arian aseve aSkenazi ebraelebi, romlebic ZiriTadad baqoSi
cxovrobdnen da romelTa didi nawili israelSi wavida, qveyanaSi
arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo.
iudevelebis ricxvi bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematurad
mcirdeboda. erTi mxriv, amis mizezi isa, rom
iudaizmi monoeTnikuri
religiaa da masobriv prozelitizms, qristianobisa da islamisagan
gansxvavebiT, iudaizmi ar eweva. meore mxriv, iudevelTa migracia wamyvani
tendencia iyo msoflioSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSirSi
ki – 70-ani wlebidan. israelSi asvlis saerTo tendenciasTan erTad,
saqarTvelodan iudevelTa emigracias xeli Seuwyo
bolo wlebSi
Seqmnilma mZime socialurma da ekonomikurma viTarebam. dRes TbilisSi 2
sinagogaa. aseve sinagoga arsebobs yvelgan, sadac ebraelebi kompaqturad
saxloben: quTaisSi, baTumSi, soxumSi, qarelSi, onSi.
budizmis mimdevrebi ki arian kalmuxebi, romlebic specialur
literaturaSi xSirad arc moixsenieben kavkasiaSi mcxovrebTa Soris,
Tumca maT (122 000 mosaxle) mWidro urTierToba aqvT samxreTiT mcxovreb
daRestnel xalxebTan. isini daRestnis CrdiloeTiT, kaspiis zRvis
Crdilo-dasavleTiT cxovroben. maTi urTierToba kavkasielebTan sul
ufro intensiuri xdeba.
20
Svante E.Cornell. Small Nations and Great Powers. A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus
Curzon. 2001, p.21.
20
rac Seexeba religiur seqtebs, seqtantebis momravleba kavkasiaSi
ruseTis damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba. kavkasiis ruseTTan SeerTebis procesis
paralelurad, SemoerTebul miwebze iqmneboda rusuli dasaxlebebi. es
saSualebas iZleoda, Semcirebuliyo saokupacio jaris raodenoba da misi
Sesanaxi xarjebi, anu dasuliyo isini Cveulebrivi samxedro garnizonebis
odenobamde. es, agreTve, daaCqarebda SemoerTebuli miwebis aTvisebis
process.
aRniSnuli
miznis
ganxorcieleba,
amave
dros,
ruseTidan
“gansakuTrebiT
saSiS”
seqtaTa
gaZevebisa
da
marTlmadidebeli
mosaxleobisagan maTi izolaciis xerxs warmoadgenda.
ukve 1831 wels yarabaRis provinciaSi gaCnda donis kazakebidan
gamosuli duxoborebis pirveli dasaxleba yizil-yiSlayi. momdevno wels
naxWevnis guberniaSi molokanTa pirveli sofeli – bazar-Cai aRmocenda.
gadmosaxlebuli
seqtantebis
garda,
kavkasiaSi
mravali
seqtanti
nebayoflobiTac modioda.
kidev ufro adre, 1817 wels, saqarTveloSi gamoCndnen germaneli
kolonistebi, romlebic dasaxldnen Tbilisisa da elizavetopolis
guberniebSi. 1830 wels maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT 2000 kacs Seadgenda. yvela
isini protestantebi iyvnen.
general ermolovis dros, strategiuli mniSvnelobis punqtebSi
Seqmnili garnizonebis gverdiT, iqmneboda samxedro dasaxlebani – e.w.
Stab-binebi, sadac jariskacebi, samxedro samsaxuris paralelurad,
sakuTar meurneobasac misdevdnen da ojaxebic hyavdaT. ase gaCnda
marTlmadidebelTa soflebi. maTTan erTad, izrdeboda gadmosaxlebul
seqtantTa raodenobac. maT asaxlebdnen magistralur mimarTulebebze,
romelTac ruseTisaTvis strategiuli mniSvneloba hqonda. erTi talRa
dasaxlda im trasis gaswvriv, romelic SemdgomSi ruseTsa da irans Soris
ZiriTad savaWro magistralad iqca: Tbilisi-elizavetopoli (ganja)yazaxi-deliJani-elenovka (sevani)-axta (razdani)-erevani.
meore talRa gansaxlda ruseTis jarebis TurqeTisaken moZraobis
strategiulad mniSvnelovan trasaze: Tbilisi-aleqsandropoli (giumri)yarsi-erzrumi. seqtantebis gverdiT, aqac iqmneboda marTlmadidebelTa
soflebic.
1835 w. gaCnda subotnikebis seqtanturi dasaxleba elenovka (sevani),
1842 wels – nikitino (fioletovo), Semdeg voroncovka, voskresenka da sxv.
sul XIX s. 30-40-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiaSi gaCnda 30-ze meti rusuli
dasaxleba. TurqeTTan 1853-1856 ww. da 1877-1878 ww. omebis Semdeg farTo
masStabiT
mimdinareobda
TurqeTidan
amierkavkasiaSi
somxebis
gadmosaxleba, gansakuTrebiT
erevnis guberniasa da SavizRvispireTSi.
SemoerTebul miwebze rusebisa da somxebis dasaxlebiT ruseTi am miwawylis saboloo Semomtkicebas cdilobda.
seqtantebis mimarT nikoloz I represiuli politikis Sedegad,
amierkavkasiaSi Tavi moiyara sxvadasxva seqtebma: duxoborebma, moloknebma,
xlistebma, subotnikebma, skopcebma da sxv.
rusuli administracia xels uwyobda seqtantebis gadmosaxlebis
process. magaliTad, maT didad mfarvelobda voroncovi. gansakuTrebiT
aqtiuri iyo seqtantTa Casaxlebis procesi yarsis olqSi 1877-1878 ww. omis
Semdeg. ukve XX s. dasawyisisaTvis iq rusuli mosaxleoba daaxloebiT
11.000 kacs Seadgenda.
erevnis guberniaSi rusebis ricxvi 4150 iyo, baqos guberniaSi – 11.500,
Tbilisis guberniaSi – 3204, elizavetopolis guberniaSi – 2987.
21
politikur-ekonomikurma da demografiulma procesebma garkveuli
gavlena iqonia rus seqtantTa yofaze. drois Sesabamisad icvleba maTi
cxovrebis wesi, faseulobani, orientacia. maTi mimdevrebis raodenoba
klebulobs, radgan Temis axalgazrda wevrebi sacxovreblad ruseTis
federaciaSi gadadian. es procesi jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris dros
daiwyo da dResac grZeldeba, Tumca es, ZiriTadad, socialur-ekonomikuri
faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, da ara religiuri SeuwynareblobiT. isic
unda iTqvas, rom yofiT niadagze SeiniSneba faruli daZabuolba samcxejavaxeTSi mcxovreb duxoborebsa da maT mezobel somxebs Soris.
dRes
staroverebi
arian
guriaSi (urek-malTayvis
monakveTi),
samegrelosa da zemo svaneTSi, aseve Sida qarTlSi, centri aqvT TbilisSi.
staroverebi Camoyalibdnen eTnikur-religiur jgufad, magram, Sereuli
qorwinebebis gamo, staroveroba gavrcelda qarTvelebSic. amasTan, isini
ar ewevian prozelitizms da zemoT dasaxelebuli SemTxvevebi erTeuli
faqtebia. staroverebis, iseve rogorc duxoborebisa da moloknebis
religiuri Temebis arseboba saqarTveloSi araviTari konfliqturi muxtis
matarebeli ar aris.
baptizmi saqarTveloSi 1867 wlidan vrceldeba. am wels germanelma
kolveitma TbilisSi baptisturi wesiT monaTla molokanTa seqtis yofili
wevri n.i.voronini. 1895 wlisaTvis TbilisSi ukve arsebobda gavleniani
baptisturi religiuri gaerTianeba, romelsac amierkavkasiasa da ruseTSi
cnobili baptisti presviterebi ganagebdnen. didi xnis manZilze baptistTa
TemebSi ZiriTadad rusi erovnebis moqalaqeeebi yvnen gaerTianebuli. 1920
wlidan baptizmi gavrcelebas iwyebs qarTvel mosaxleobaSic.
baptistTa
msoflio
sabWos
gadawyvetilebiT,
dRes
Tbilisi
miCneulia
baptizmis gavrcelebis adgilad yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
teritoriaze. amJamad saqarTvelos yvela regionSi moqmedeben baptistTa
samlocvelo saxlebi qarTuli, rusuli, osuri da somxuri religiuri
TemebiT. farTovdeba qarTveli baptistebis kavSirebi baptistTa msoflio
gaerTianebebTan. isini ufasod avrceleben religiur literaturas,
exmarebian erTmorwmuneebs21.
ormocdaaTianelTa seqtis mimdevrebi saqarTveloSi moRvaweobas
meore msoflio omisa da momdevno periodSi iwyeben da TavianT moZRvrebas
omis dros evakuirebuli rusi mosaxleobis erT nawilSi avrceleben. 19461952 wlebSi maT SeZles seqtis TemTa Semadgenlobis gazrda da qarTveli
erovnebis moqalaqeTa moqcevac. 1970-iani wlebidan ormocdaaTianelTa
saqmianoba gaaqtiurda qarTvel, somex da os mosaxleobaSi22.
bolo
wlebSi
saqarTveloSi
yvelaze
aqtiurad
saqmianoben
ieRovelTa seqtis warmomadgenlebi. es seqta ori mimarTulebis saxiTaa
warmodgenili: pirveli mimarTuleba XIX s. 40-ian wlebSi warmoiSva
ruseTSi, meore ki – 1884 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. ieRovelTa
religiuri korporacia mtkice struqturiTa da discipliniT gamoirCeva,
rasac uzrunvelyofs bruklinis ieRovelTa religiuri centris aqtiuri
da mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba23.
21
gegeSiZe d. religiuri konfesiebi da denominaciebi saqarTveloSi (istoria da
Tanamedroveoba). – saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis politologiis institutis
weliwdeuli – 2002, Tb., 2002, gv.226-227.
22 iqve, gv.228.
23
iqve, gv.229.
22
gardamavali periodi yvelaze xelsayreli garemoa aratradiciuli
idea-Sexedulebebis gavrcelebisaTvis. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg
yofil sabWoTa sivrceSi, moxsnili akrZalvebis da sruli sakanonmdeblo
anarqiis fonze, ukve moqmedi jgufebis gverdiT, intensiurad iwyes
Semosvla axalma seqtebma da religiurma jgufebma. bunebrivia, maT Soris
gansakuTRebuli aqtiurobiT gamoirCeodnen Zlieri finansuri mxardaWeris
mqone jgufebi. seqtebis momZlavrebas xeli Seuwyo imanac, rom sabWoTa
periodis aTeistur propagandas ukvalod ar Cauvlia: misi erT-erTi
Sedegi iyo tradiciuli religiuri codnis Sesusteba da danawevreba,
rasac mohyva gaucxoeba sazogadoebasa da tradiciul religiur
Sexedulebebs Soris. sabWoTa saxelmwifos ideologiuri manqana mTeli
Tavisi arsebobis manZilze negatiur sazogadoebriv azrs ayalibebda
religiaze; mTeli Taobebi aRizardnen mebrZoli aTeizmisa da tradiciuli
religiebisadmi uaryofiTi ganwyobiT. axali ideebi ki, romlebic
Tanamedroveobis Sesatyvisi formiT miewodebaT, SedarebiT misaRebi
aRmoCnda. tradiciul seqtebTan erTad, axal religiur moZraobebs da
aratradiciul seqtebs, romlebic “rkinis fardis” arsebobis pirobebSic
ki axerxebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris sivrceSi moqmedebas, aTeisturi da
komunisturi
idealebis
sruli
diskreditaciis
Semdeg
TavianTi
Sexedulebebis Tavisuflad gavrcelebisa da axali sivrcis aqtiuri
aTvisebis SesaZlebloba miecaT.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi axali religiuri jgufebidan umravlesoba
qristianuli mimarTulebisaa ori ZiriTadi mizezis gamo: jer erTi,
saqarTvelo qristianuli qveyanaa, meore, qristianoba erT-erTi yvelaze
farTod gavrcelebuli religiaa Tanamedrove msoflioSi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom farTod gamoyenebuli termini “axali
religiebi” pirobiTia da gulisxmobs im mimdinareobebs, romlebic
arsebobis SedarebiT mcire periods moiTvlian, Zvel tradiciebze
dayrdnobiT, axal garemosTan Sesatyvisad ganviTardnen da gavrceldnen.
xSirad maT “axalgazrdul religiebad”, “seqtebad” an “religiurfilosofiur msoflmxedvelobebadac” moixsenieben. literaturaSi aseve
xSirad mimarTaven emociurad naklebad datvirTul aRniSvnebs, magaliTad,
“religiuri gansakuTrebuli jgufebi”, “axali religiuri moZraobebi”,
“totalitaruli seqtebi” da sxv. anglo-amerikul samyaroSi maT,
Cveulebriv, “denominaciebs” uwodeben, konfliqtis matarebel jgufebs ki
_ “kultebs” an “destruqciul kultebs”24.
Tu amgvar jgufebs Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT davajgufebT,
Semdeg suraTs miviRebT: 1. qarTuli jgufebi (sapatriarqodan gamoyofili
_ mkalaviSvilis jgufi, ivanovis jgufi, gankveTili moZRvrebi an axlad
Seqmnili
–
mZleveli,
promeTes
cecxli);
2.
ucxouri
jgufebi
(axalsamociqulo eklesia, ormocdaaTianelebi, ieRovelebi, meSvide dRis
adventistebi, saxarebiseulad morwmuneni, xsnis kavSiri, WeSmariti
qristianebi, bostonis jgufi, munizmi); aRmosavluri jgufebi (kriSnaizmi,
rajneSizmi); islamuri jgufebi (vahabizmi, bahaizmi); gansakuTrebuli
jgufebi (saiantologia, anTroposofia).
kavkasiuri islamis fenomeni. kavkasiuri islami aris tradiciuli
muslimuri religiis araseqtanturi, ordenebze damyarebuli erT-erTi,
24
xuciSvili q. religiuri situaciis cvlileba da usafrTxoebis problema
Tanamedrove sqarTveloSi. Tb., 2004, gv.18.
23
arcTu ise Zveli ganStoeba. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ZiriTadad or ordens
vxvdebiT: “nakSbandias” da “kadirias”.
nakSbandiis ordenis fuZemdeblad iTvleba Suaazieli muhamed baha
al-din al-nakSbandi (1328-1389), romlis moZRvrebam XVI-XVII saukuneebSi
cvlilebebi ganicada da TurqeTSi gavrcelebis Semdeg kavkasiaSic
Semovida. igi Semoitana CeCnebis pirvelma erovnulma gmirma, Seix mansurma.
CeCen-daRestnelTa winaaRmdegobis gatexvis Semdeg es ordeni fexs
CerqezeTSi ikidebs. Tanamedrove ruseTis teritoriaze misi ukanaskneli
kvali 1917 w. revoluciis dros TaTar-baSkireTSi Cans. es sakiTxi
safuZvlianad Seiswavla Telavivis universitetis profesorma moSe
gamerma, romelmac didi yuradReba dauTmo Crdilokavkasielebis erovnulgamaTavisuflebel moZraobas
da TurqeTis, iranis, ruseTis da
safrangeTis
geopolitikuri
interesebis
Sejaxebas
XIX
saukunis
kavkasiaSi. safuZvlianad ikvlevs ra zemoT xsenebuli qveynebis, aseve
somxeTis, saqarTvelos, fineTis da sxva qveynebis saarqivo masalebs,
mecnieri askvnis, rom regionSi miuridizmis da, saerTod, islamis
gavrcelebas
myari
niadagi
swored
carizmis
ugunurma,
aSkarad
gamoxatulma antimuslimurma politikam Seuqmna. yazi muhamedisa da
hamzaT-begis Semdeg, Samili rigiT mesame da yvelaze Zlieri imami
aRmoCnda, romelmac SeZlo daRestnelebis da vainaxebis gaerTianeba erT
Teokratiul militaristul saxemwifoSi _ imamatSi. cnobilia, rom igi
mkacrad icavda orTodoqsul dogmebs da ukompromisod ebrZoda brma
religiur fanatizms. im periodSi Sua aziidan kavkasiaSi specialurad
igzavnebodnen Seixebi, romlebic agresiul da eqstremistul islams
qadagebdnen. am mimdinareobis wevrebs igi sikvdiliT sjida25.
imam Samilis
damarcxebis Semdeg, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
kavkasiaSi dafuZnebas iwyebs kadiriis ordeni, romlis meTauri iyo mwyemsi
xunta haji gaCievi. 1865 w. carizmma ar ordenis aRmofxvrac cada, rac
Crdilo-kavkasielebisaTvis tragikul emigraciul movlenebTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
XX saukunis Sua wlebidan iwyeba am ori ordenis xelaxla
aRorZineba mTielebSi. 1877-78 ww. bolo SeiaraRebuli gamosvlis Semdeg
gardatexa xdeba CrdiloeT kavkasiis sufistur saZmoSi. orive ordeni
naxevradkonspiratiul moRvaweobas iwyebs da droebiT xels iRebs
RazavaTze. am periodidan moyolebuli, 1917 wlamde, CeCneT-inguSeTis
mosaxleobis erTi nawili nakSbandiis ordens ekuTvnoda, meore nawili _
kadiriis. sabWoTa periodSi aranairi mniSvnelovani gardatexa ar momxdara
mTiel
xalxTa
sulier
cxovrebaSi.
wiTeli
xelisuflebis
damyarebisTanave sasuliero elitam Tavi faqtiurad komunistebadac
gamoacxada, magram am qmedebam aranairi gavlena ar iqonia bolSevikebis
gegmebze, romelic nebismieri religiis aRmofxvras isaxavda miznad. 1944
wlis CeCnebis masiurma deportaciam Sua aziaSi xelaxla aaRorZina
sufisturi
mimdinareobani
mTielebSi.
reabilitaciis
Sedegad
gadasaxlebidan dabrunebul mosaxleobas Tan kargad organizebuli,
CrdiloeT kavkasiisTvis ukve tradiciuli religiuri dajgufebebi
mohyva26.
25
xinCagaSvili S. vahabizmis problema kavkasiaSi. – kreb.: kulturis istoriisa
da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIV, Tb., 2003, gv. 20.
26
iqve.
24
maSasadame, XIX saukunidan moyolebuli, kavkasiaSi islami ori
ordenis _ nakSbandiis da kadiriis saxiT iyo warmodgenili. ordenis
meTauri iyo ara mola, aramed amira an Seixi _ gvariTa da wodebiT im
teritoriaze yvelaze asakovani da avtoritetuli pirovneba, teipis
uxucesi. es yvelaferi imdenad iyo Serwymuli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
Camoyalibebul nacionalur vainaxur tradiciebTan da mTis adaT-wesebTan,
rom garkvevac ki Znelia, sad mTavrdeba erovnuli da sad iwyeba
religiuri.
vahabizmi,
sunituri
islamis
erT-erTi
vahabizmis
gamowveva.
ganStoeba,
XVIII
saukunis
Sua
periodSi
Camoyalibda
arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze, nejdis provinciaSi. misi fuZemdebelia ibn abd al-vahabi
(1703-1792), romelmac gaixsena da ganaviTara daviwyebas micemuli XIV
saukunis moRvawis _ ibn teibis ideebi. es ukanskneli
qadagebda
pirveladi, muhamedisdroindeli islamisa da Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis wesisaken, “uma_Temisaken” dabrunebas: yurani erTaderTi wminda
wignia da WeSmaritma muslimma mxolod misi miTiTebebis Sesabamisad unda
icxovros. vahabizmis ideologebi uaryofdnen wminda adgilebsa da
wmindanebs _ maTi azriT, mxolod alahia Tayvaniscemis Rirsi. meore maTi
moTxovna iyo ritualebis maqsimaluri gamartiveba, aseve sasuliero
ierarqiis absoluturi gauqmeba. muslims unda ecxovra erTgvari komunis
tipis sazogadoebaSi, sadac erTaderTi sasuliero piri iyo mola.
vahabis moRvaweoba garkveulwilad dakavSirebulia dampyrobTa
winaaRmdeg mimarTul erovnul moZraobasTan. Tumca dasawyisSi misi
politikuri arsi iyo msxvil feodalTa da vaWarTa interesebis dasacavad
arabTa tomebisa da wvrili samTavroebis gaerTianeba, feodaluri
anarqiisa da tomobrivi ganxeTqilebis mospoba. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi
TiTqmis mTeli arabeTis naxevarkunZuli gaerTianda vahabitTa feodalur
saxelmwifod, romelic egviptelTa dapyrobis Semdeg (1811-1821 ww.)
daiSala. 1821 w. vahabitebis saxelmwifo aRdga nejdis provinciis
farglebSi da arsebobda XIX saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedamde. XX
saukunis dasawyisSi vahabitebis saxelwifo isev aRsdga ibn-saudis
mmarTvelobis periodSi (1880-1953 ww.). 1931 wlidan oficialurad wodebuli
saudis arabeTis saxelmwifo religia vahabizmia. Tanamedrove arabeTSi
arsebuli vahabizmi mSvenivrad Seerwya mmarTveli fenis ekonomikur
interesebs regionSi, rac axlo aRmosavleTSi navTobisa da Sesabamisad
gavlenis sferos gadanawilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
vahabizmis ideebi gavrcelda indoeTSi, avRaneTSi, indoneziaSi da
afrikis qveynebSi. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom saudis arabeTis sazRvrebs
gareT, gansakuTrebiT Sua aziaSi aRmocenebuli vahabituri seqtebi
absoluturad sxva saxis movlenaa. am organizaciebma fexi ZiriTadad
sxvadasxva qveynis yofil koloniebSi moikides, sadac socialuri
mdgomareoba ukiduresad mZime iyo.
kavkasiaSi vahabizmis damkvidrebaze saubrisas Znelia politikis
sferosgan gamijvna. ingliseli politikuri mimomxilveli iaan sepi Cvens
regionSi
Seqmnili
viTarebis
Sefasebisas
aRniSnavs,
rom
saqme
politizebul islamTan gvaqvs. misi TqmiT, XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidanve
vahabizmis ideiT gamudmebiT spekulirebda komunisturi xelmZRvaneloba,
romelic nebismieri saxis antisabWoTa moZraobas, romelic rame kavSirSi
25
iyo
mahmadianuri
rwmenis
matarebel
mosaxleobasTan,
terorizmis,
27
vahabizmisa da eqstremizmis gamovlinebad naTlavda .
vahabizmis gaCena CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi uSualod ukavSirdeba
mniSvnelovan
politikur
movlenebs.
“perestroikis”
paralelurad,
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aSkarad gamoiRviZa erovnul-gamanTavisuflebelma
moZraobam, romelTa Soris didi aqtiurobiT gamoirCeoda vainaxuri
sazogadoeba yofili disidentis _ isa kaZoevis meTaurobiT. am garemoebam
didi problemebi Seuqmna ruseTis axladgamoCekil federacias, romlis
eTnikurad sakmaod Wrel mosaxleobas CeCen-inguSTa politikuri zraxvebi
cud magaliTad evlineboda. ruseTis mmarTvel wreebSi gadawyda, es
problema adgilobrivi warmoSobis kadrebiT moegvarebinaT. marTalia, am
meTodis gamoyenebam TaTrebis, CuvaSebis da kalmuxebis SemTxvevaSi
gaamarTla, magram CeCneTSi dudaevis gageneralebam sxva Sedegi moitana.
SemdgomSi, miuxedavad didi mcdelobisa, arc respublikis “Signidan
afeTqeba”
moxerxda.
ruseTis
mmarTvelma
wreebma
gadawyvites,
kavkasiisaTvis vahabiti ideologebi SeesiaT.
kavkasiaSi vahabituri ideologiis gavrcelebis sakiTxis ufro
naTlad warmosaCenad saWiroa oriode sityviT SevexoT jihadis movlenas
islamSi. Tavad muslimisaTvis religiaSi didi adgili ukavia RvTisadmi
morCilebis princips. RvTis SiSi (“aT Tuka”) ar arsebobs jihadis gareSe,
igi misi materialuri gamovlinebaa. Tumca Tavad termini “jihadi”,
“jahada” sityvasityviT “alahis gzaze muyaiTs, muyaiTad mimavals” niSnavs
da savsebiT gamoricxavs sxva religiis winaaRmdeg brZolas. Tavad
muslimi
Teologebis
mtkicebiT,
misi
ZiriTadi
arsi
pirovnuli
Tavisuflebis dacva-gafrTxilebaa da gaumarTlebelia religiuri devna
an konfesiuri SuRlis gaCaReba am sityvis safarqveS. maTi azriT, Tavad
islamis (arab. Tanxmoba, mSvidoba, morCileba) mimdevari valdebulia
saTnoebiT moepyras sxva religias da swored aseTi saqcieliT
warmoaCinos Tavisi rwmenis upiratesoba. vahabitur seqtebSi ki ibnteibiseuli ideebis gaazrebam seriozuli damaxinjeba ganicada da
saboloo jamSi rogorc erovnuli, ise wminda islamuri tradiciebis
srul uaryofaSi gadaizarda, romlis Sedegadac isini RazavaTs (igive
jihads) ara marto qristianebs (rasac yurani arc qadagebs), aramed
sunitebsa da Siitebsac ucxadeben. aqedan gamomdinare, vahabizmi bunebiT
savsebiT ucxo da agresiuli seqtaa da bunebrivia, adgilobrivi
religiuri xelmZRvaneloba Tu mosaxleoba mas didi winaaRmdegobiT
Sexvda, Tumca uSualod rusi biznesmenebiT zurggamagrebuli eqstemistebi
mainc agrZelebdnen moRvaweobas da 1999 w. omis provocirebac moaxerxes
ruseTsa
da
CeCenTs
Soris.
vainaxebma,
saboloo
jamSi,
SeZles
Tavsmoxveuli vahabituri mimdinareobisagan gaTavisufleba da sakuTari
Zalebis konsolidacia, Tumca amis gakeTeba sakmaod gvian _ omis periodSi
mouwiaT.
vahabituri moZraoba amjerad mTlianad kavkasiis regions emuqreba. am
seqtis warmomadgenlebi 1990-iani wlebis bolos aqtiurad gamoCndnen
balyarelebSi, Tumca maT mezobel xalxSi _ yabardoelebSi dasayrdeni
ver naxes. faqtiurad, ukve feTqebadi viTarebaa yaraCai-CerqezeTSi, sadac
vahabituri razmebis Seqmnas yvela adasturebs. xolo Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
Cerqezebis, adiReelebisa da afxazebis eTnikur da geografiul siaxloves,
ar aris gamoricxuli am teroristuli seqtis damkvidreba dasavleT
27
iqve, gv. 21.
26
saqarTveloSic. vahabiturma ideologiam didi marcxi ganicada inguSeTsa
da azerbaijanSi, rac am qveynebis xelmZRvanelebis, r. auSevisa da h.
alievis piradi damsaxurebaa.
vahabizmi,
romelsac
specialistebi
islamis
ukiduresad
politizebul,
militaristul
fenomenad
moixsenieben,
qristianuli
seqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, humanitarul saqmianobas warmatebiT uTavsebs
teroristul moRvaweobas, ris gamoc mTavari katalizatoris rols
TamaSobs im tragikul movlenebSi, rac 90-iani wlebidan viTardeba
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da ris gamoc ucxoeli eqspertebi am regions
“msoflios axali wesrigis uwesrigobas” uwodeben. vahabizmma aRmosavleT
kavkasias didi ubedureba daawia da arc samxreT kavkasiasa da CrdiloeT
kavkasiis dasavleT respublikebs uqadis ukeTes beds28.
28
xinCagaSvili S. vahabizmis problema kavkasiaSi. – kreb.: kulturis istoriisa da
Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIV, Tb., 2003, gv. 23.
27

1 1. kavkasiis geografiuli garemo da mosaxleoba kavkasia

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