Manaus Rainforest in the LBA: Physical, Ecological and Land Use

Manaus Rainforest in the LBA: Physical, Ecological
and Land Use Characterization of the Site
Araújo AC, Nobre AD, Vital DW, Dallarosa R, Luizão FJ, Marques Filho AO,
Elbers J, Kruijt B, Luizão RCC, Hashimoto Y, Stefani P, Kabat P
Localization
Localization and
and Climate
Climate
Site
Site History
History and
and Data
Data Availability
Availability
In the big East-West LBA transect Manaus is so far the westernmost site.
With its shorter dry season, Manaus is in sharp contrast with the nearest
site, Santarem. It doesn’t have the direct ocean influence (more than 1000
km from the Atlantic) as the Caixiuanã and has much less disturbance in
the
the vicinities
vicinities ifif compared
compared
with
Ji-Paraná.
with Ji-Paraná. The
The
prevailing
prevailing winds
winds blow
blow over
over
vast
expanses
of
vast expanses of
undisturbed
undisturbed rainforest
rainforest
before
it
passes
before it passes through
through the
the
two
two towers
towers in
in the
the INPA’s
INPA’s
Cuieiras
Cuieiras reservation.
reservation. El
El niño
niño
(97/98)
(97/98) and
and la
la niña
niña (98/99),
(98/99),
both
both recurrent
recurrent
phenomena,
phenomena,
produce
produce
dryer
dryer and
and
wetter
wetter climaclimate
te anomalies.
anomalies.
Terrain
Terrain and
and Vegetation
Vegetation
The
The tertiary
tertiary sediments
sediments of
of the
the Barreiras
Barreiras formation
formation are
are covered
covered mostly
mostly by
by
clayey
Oxisols
on
the
plateaus
and
sandy
Spodosols
on
the
lowland.
clayey Oxisols on the plateaus and sandy Spodosols on the lowland.
Caulinite,
Caulinite, quartz
quartz and
and oxides
oxides and
and sesquioxides
sesquioxides of
of Fe
Fe and
and Al
Al are
are the
the
predominant
minerals.
Soils
are
predominant minerals. Soils are
very
very poor
poor and
and acidic,
acidic, mostly
mostly saturasatura3+
3+
ded
by
Al
,
with
a
very
efficient
ded by Al , with a very efficient
nutrient
nutrient cycling
cycling for
for bases
bases and
and P.
P.
Soil Organic Matter and Nutrient Content down to
O rganic Matter
Total Nitrogen
total
Exchangeable Nitrogen
assimilable
Ca
Bases Total
Mg
K
Ca++
Bases Exchangeable
Mg++
K+
1 m depth
210 t/ha
9 t/ha
327 kg/ha
17 kg/ha
9.6 t/ha
1.3 t/ha
1.5 t/ha
383 kg/ha
82 kg/ha
58 kg/ha
Chauvel 1982
Soil
Soil microbial
microbial biomass-C
biomass-C from
from 0-20
0-20
-1,
cm
cm varies
varies from
from 266
266 to
to 1463
1463 µg
µg C•g
C•g -1,
or
or 1.8
1.8 to
to 4.8
4.8 %
% of
of total
total soil
soil C,
C, and
and aa
turnover
turnover time
time of
of 0.13
0.13 to
to 0.17
0.17 years.
years.
Even
Even though
though tree
tree demography
demography is
is extremely
extremely complex
complex due
due to
to the
the high
high
diversity,
Lecythidaceae,
Sapotaceae,
Euphorbiaceae
and
diversity, Lecythidaceae, Sapotaceae, Euphorbiaceae and
Caesalpinaceae
Caesalpinaceae families
families are
are found
found more
more often
often (Jardim
(Jardim et
et al,
al, 1987).
1987).
One
estimate
of
basal
area,
volume
and
fresh
aboveground
fitomass
One estimate of basal area, volume and fresh aboveground fitomass
for
for the
the K34
K34 forest
forest was
was 29
29 m
m22/ha,
/ha, 438
438 m
m33/ha
/ha
and
561
t/ha
respectively
(Higuchi
et
al,1998).
and 561 t/ha respectively (Higuchi et al,1998).
Aboveground
Aboveground dry
dry fitomass
fitomass has
has also
also been
been
measured
as
344-393
t/ha
(Klinge
et
measured as 344-393 t/ha (Klinge et al.
al. 1975).
1975).
Measured
litterfall
was
8.3
t/ha.year,
with
Measured litterfall was 8.3 t/ha.year, with
increased
increased depodeposition
during
sition during dry
dry
season,
season, and
and
faster
faster decompodecomposition
sition in
in the
the wet
wet
season
(Luizão
season (Luizão
1989).
1989). DecompoDecompo-1
sition
sition rate
rate for
for litter
litter layer
layer (k)
(k) is
is 0.09
0.09 -- 0.13
0.13 yy -1..
ABLE - 2A, 1988 Special issue of the Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment
ABLE - 2A, 1988 Special issue of the Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment
Journal of Geophysical Research 93(D2):1349-1624
Journal of Geophysical Research 93(D2):1349-1624
ABLE - 2B, 1990 Special issue of the Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment
ABLE - 2B, 1990 Special issue of the Amazon Boundary Layer Experiment
Journal of Geophysical Research 95(D10):16721-17050
Journal of Geophysical Research 95(D10):16721-17050
Chauvel A, 1982, Os latossolos, alicos, argilosos dentro dos ecossistemas
Chauvel A, 1982, Os latossolos, alicos, argilosos dentro dos ecossistemas
das bacias experimentais do INPA e da região vizinha. Suplemento da Acta
das bacias experimentais do INPA e da região vizinha. Suplemento da Acta
Culf AD, Fisch G, Malhi Y, Costa RF, Nobre AD, Marques Filho AO,
Culf AD, Fisch G, Malhi Y, Costa RF, Nobre AD, Marques Filho AO,
Gash JHC, Grace J, 1997. Carbon Dioxide Measurements in the nocturnal
Gash JHC, Grace J, 1997. Carbon Dioxide Measurements in the nocturnal
boundary layer over Amazonian Forest Hydrology and Earth Science System
boundary layer over Amazonian Forest Hydrology and Earth Science System
TIGER special issue.
TIGER special issue.
Gash JHC, Nobre CA, Roberts JM, Victoria RL (eds) 1996 Amazonian
Gash JHC, Nobre CA, Roberts JM, Victoria RL (eds) 1996 Amazonian
Deforestation and Climate. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
Deforestation and Climate. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK
Higuchi N, Campos MAA, Sampaio PTB, Santos J. eds 1998 Pesquisas Florestais
Higuchi N, Campos MAA, Sampaio PTB, Santos J. eds 1998 Pesquisas Florestais
para a Conservação da Floresta e Rehabilitação de Areas Degradadas da
para a Conservação da Floresta e Rehabilitação de Areas Degradadas da
Amazônia, Projeto Jacaranda, MCT- INPA, JICA, technical report
Amazônia, Projeto Jacaranda, MCT- INPA, JICA, technical report
Amazônica 12(3):47-60
Amazônica 12(3):47-60
Alessandro Carioca de Araújo, INPA-LBA Manausflux [email protected]
Av. André Araújo, 2936, Manaus AM 69083-000 tel 092 643-3238 fax 3155
Established in the late 70s in the Agricultural District of
Suframa, 60 km North of Manaus, the Cuieiras Reservation is
found alongside of the ZF2, an unpaved E-W access road.
Project
Period
Data
Present situation
- Bacia Modelo
- ABLE
- BIONTE
- LONG TERM BIOMASS MONITORING
- ABRACOS
- ABRACOS JACAREX
- ABRACOS MACOE
- LBA BRAZIL PPD G7 ECOCARBON
- LBA BRAZIL MANAUSFLUX
- LBA EUROPE EUSTACH
- LBA EUROPE CARBONSINK
- LBA USA CARBON CYCLE
- LBA USA ISOTOPES
- LTER PELDE
- PPD G7 ECOPHYSIOLOGY OF TREES
- G7 JICA JACARANDA (TRANSECTS)
1979 - 1982
1985 and 1987
1993 - 1997
1980 - present
1990 - 1996
1995 - 1996
1995
2000 - 2003
2000 - perennial
1998 - 2000
2000 - 2003
1999 - 2001
2000 - 2002
1999 - 2019
2000 - 2002
1995 - 2003
a, f, m
a, b, c, d, e
k, l,
q, s
a, b, f, g
b, f, g, h, i, j
a, b, c, f
f, g, j, k, l, m, n, o
b, f, h, i,
b, f, h, i,
b, f, h, i, j, k, l, m, n
j, k, q
i, p
all
g
q, r, s
analog
available
analog
analog
available
available
consolidation
starting
starting
consolidation
starting
starting
starting
starting
starting
analog
a surface meteorological station
a surface meteorological station
b turbulent fluxes of momentum, latent and sensible heat
b turbulent fluxes of momentum, latent and sensible heat
c tethered baloon
c tethered baloon
d radiosounding
d radiosounding
e instrumented aircraft
e instrumented aircraft
f soil moisture
f soil moisture
g ecophisiology
g ecophisiology
h turbulent fluxes of CO2 and H2O
h turbulent fluxes of CO2 and H2O
i profiles of CO2 and H2O
i profiles of CO2 and H2O
j soil gas emissions
j soil gas emissions
Institutions
1, 10, 17,18
1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 22
1, 15
1
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 21
1, 2, 6, 7
1, 2, 4, 20, 21, 22, 23
1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 18, 19
1, 2, 6, 8, 11, 19
1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 19
1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 19
1, 5, 12
1, 5, 13
1, 10
1, 18, 19
Higuchi et al (1998) 1, 14, 16
1 -Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia INPA
1 -Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia INPA
2 -Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais INPE
2 -Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais INPE
3 -Universidade de São Paulo USP
3 -Universidade de São Paulo USP
4 -Centro Tecnológico Aeroespacial CTA
4 -Centro Tecnológico Aeroespacial CTA
5 -Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura CENA USP
5 -Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura CENA USP
6 -Institute of Hydrology CEH UK
6 -Institute of Hydrology CEH UK
7 -University of Edinburgh UEDIN UK
7 -University of Edinburgh UEDIN UK
8 -University of Tuscia Italy
8 -University of Tuscia Italy
9 -National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA USA
9 -National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA USA
10 -Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico CNPq
10 -Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico CNPq
11 -All Green Research ALTERRA Holland
11 -All Green Research ALTERRA Holland
12 -University of California, Santa Barbara USA
12 -University of California, Santa Barbara USA
13 -University of Utah USA
13 -University of Utah USA
14 -Forest and Forest Products Research Institute FFPRI Japan
14 -Forest and Forest Products Research Institute FFPRI Japan
15 -Overseas Development Agency ODA UK
15 -Overseas Development Agency ODA UK
16 -Japanese Cooperation Agency JICA Japan
16 -Japanese Cooperation Agency JICA Japan
17 -Inter American Development Bank BID USA
17 -Inter American Development Bank BID USA
18 -Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos FINEP
18 -Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos FINEP
19 -European Union Commission EU
19 -European Union Commission EU
20 -Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa de São Paulo FAPESP
20 -Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa de São Paulo FAPESP
21 -Universidade de Brasilia UnB
21 -Universidade de Brasilia UnB
22 -Universidade Federal do Pará UFPA
22 -Universidade Federal do Pará UFPA
23 -Universidade Federal de Alagoas UFAL
23 -Universidade Federal de Alagoas UFAL
Even
Even though
though this
this area
area has
has
been
studied
since
the
been studied since the late
late
seventies,
seventies, there
there have
have never
never
been
been so
so many
many interrelated
interrelated projects
projects operating
operating simulsimultaneously
taneously as
as now.
now.
Pioneer
Pioneer studies
studies conconducted
ducted in
in Cuieiras
Cuieiras have
have shown
shown
striking
facts
about
the
rainforest.
striking facts about the rainforest.
Prospects
Prospects for
for the
the Future
Future
From
From previous
previous and
and
ongoing
ongoing studies
studies in
in Manaus
Manaus we
we have
have learned
learned that
that the
the
rainforest
is
not
in
equilibrium
as
once
thought.
It
is
rainforest is not in equilibrium as once thought. It is
growing
growing at
at an
an incredible
incredible rate
rate of
of 55 tt C/ha
C/ha y.
y. UndersUnderstanding
how
is
it
possible
(doubling
biomass
tanding how is it possible (doubling biomass every
every
100
100 years!)
years!) and
and for
for
how
how long
long will
will this
this
growth
growth continue
continue (C
(C
carrying
capacity)
carrying capacity)
are
are the
the main
main goals
goals
of
several
projects
of several projects
in
in the
the area.
area. Also
Also
the
direct
and
the direct and indiindirect
rect effects
effects of
of this
this high
high C
C
sequestration
sequestration on
on the
the atmosatmosphere
phere and
and climate
climate need
need further
further
clarification,
which
will
clarification, which will
come
come through
through the
the disciplinary
disciplinary integration
integration found
found in
in LBA.
LBA.
Final
Final Remarks
Remarks
Up
Up to
to the
the present
present the
the overall
overall area
area has
has been
been undisturbed,
undisturbed,
even
for
large
neighboring
private
properties.
even for large neighboring private properties. INPA
INPA has
has
some
some control
control on
on the
the issuance
issuance of
of logging
logging permits
permits in
in the
the
area
area (through
(through an
an IBAMA
IBAMA committee),
committee), which
which should
should mean
mean
an
an effective
effective restrain
restrain in
in future
future disturbances
disturbances and
and develodevelopments.
pments. With
With the
the recently
recently acquired
acquired status
status of
of Long
Long Term
Term
Ecological
Ecological Monitoring
Monitoring Station
Station and
and with
with aa flurry
flurry of
of related
related
and
and multidisciplinary
multidisciplinary research
research projects
projects starting
starting in
in the
the area,
area,
itit is
is likely
likely that
that Manaus
Manaus becomes
becomes one
one of
of the
the most
most stable
stable
and
and integrated
integrated sites
sites in
in LBA.
LBA.
Higuchi N, Ferraz JBS, Antony L, Luizão JF, Luizão RCC, Biot Y, Hunter I,
Higuchi N, Ferraz JBS, Antony L, Luizão JF, Luizão RCC, Biot Y, Hunter I,
Proctor J, Ross S, eds 1997 BIONTE Biomassa e Nutrientes Florestais,
Proctor J, Ross S, eds 1997 BIONTE Biomassa e Nutrientes Florestais,
MCT- INPA, DFID, technical report
MCT- INPA, DFID, technical report
Higuchi N, Santos J, Vieira G, Ribeiro RJ, Sakurai S, Ishizuka M, Sakai T,
Higuchi N, Santos J, Vieira G, Ribeiro RJ, Sakurai S, Ishizuka M, Sakai T,
Tanaka N, Saito S, Plant Structural Analysis of a Pristine Tropical Moist
Tanaka N, Saito S, Plant Structural Analysis of a Pristine Tropical Moist
Forest in Cuieiras River Basin Region, ZF2, Manaus- AM Brazil, in Pesquisas
Forest in Cuieiras River Basin Region, ZF2, Manaus- AM Brazil, in Pesquisas
Florestais para a Conservação da Floresta e Rehabilitação de Areas
Florestais para a Conservação da Floresta e Rehabilitação de Areas
Degradadas da Amazônia, Higuchi N, Campos MAA, Sampaio PTB, Santos
Degradadas da Amazônia, Higuchi N, Campos MAA, Sampaio PTB, Santos
J. eds, Projeto Jacaranda, MCT- INPA, JICA, 53-107
J. eds, Projeto Jacaranda, MCT- INPA, JICA, 53-107
Jardim FCS, Hosokawa RT, Estrutura daFloresta Equatorial Umida da
Jardim FCS, Hosokawa RT, Estrutura daFloresta Equatorial Umida da
Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical do INPA, Acta Amazônica,
Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical do INPA, Acta Amazônica,
16/17:411-507
16/17:411-507
k carbon fluxes within the ecosystem
k carbon fluxes within the ecosystem
l nutrient fluxes within the ecosystem
l nutrient fluxes within the ecosystem
m hydrology
m hydrology
n VOC fluxes by relaxed eddy accumulation
n VOC fluxes by relaxed eddy accumulation
o biodiversity and nutrient fixation
o biodiversity and nutrient fixation
p C and O stable isotopes of CO2
p C and O stable isotopes of CO2
q Biomass monitoring
q Biomass monitoring
r Silvigenetic Dynamics
r Silvigenetic Dynamics
s Botanical inventory
s Botanical inventory
Reference
ABLE (1988, 1990)
Higuchi et al (1997)
Higuchi et al (1997)
Gash et al. (1996)
Malhi et al. (1998)
Culf et al. (1997)
Klinge H, Rodrigues WA, Bruning E, Fittkau ET, 1975 Biomass and structure
Klinge H, Rodrigues WA, Bruning E, Fittkau ET, 1975 Biomass and structure
in a Central Amazonian Rainforest. In Tropical Ecological Systems, Golley
in a Central Amazonian Rainforest. In Tropical Ecological Systems, Golley
FB, Medina
E (eds).
Ecological
Studies
11, Springer,
New
York,
115-122
Luizão
FJ, 1989,
Litter
Production
and Mineral
Element
Input
to the
Forest
FB, Medina
E (eds).
Ecological
Studies
11, Springer,
New
York,
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Luizão
FJ, 1989,
Litter
Production
and Mineral
Element
Input
to the
Forest
Floor in a Central Amazonian Forest. GeoJournal, 19:407-417
Floor in a Central Amazonian Forest. GeoJournal, 19:407-417
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Malhi Y, Nobre AD, Grace J, Kruijt B, Pereira MGP, Culf A, Scott S, 1998
Carbon Dioxide Transfer over a Central Amazon Rain Forest, Journal of
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Geophysical Research, 103(D24), 31593-31612
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