afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis ganaTlebisa da kulturis saministro

Transcrição

afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis ganaTlebisa da
kulturis saministro
F(CYSN~B FDNJYJVN~ HTCGE<KBRF FQFHTB> FREKMNEHTB
FVBYBCNHHF
redaqtorebi salome baxia-oqruaSvili
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori
merab Cuxua
filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori
Targmani
irma osia
dizaini da
dakabadoneba Tamaz abaSiZe
Fhtlfrnjhw`f
CFKJVT <F{BF-J^HEFIDBKB
f0jehs[n` 0qffhflshhf6`f fljrnjh
VTHF< XE{EF
fabkjkjubfn` 0qffhflshhf6`f fljrnjh
Fbfuf8
BHVF JCBF
Flbpfbyth _
fb6`shi`f8
)FVFP F<FIBOT
nugzar anTelava
afxazuri miTebi da ritualebi
YEUPFH FY)TKFDF
F(CEF FVBA^~TB> FQFC^~TB
l. buTba. seriidan àfxazuri miTebi da legendebi~
K. <s0`,f. “F9cef fvba6`tb> fktutylf6`tb” fcthbf f7ysn`
avtorisagan
winamdebare wigni afxazi xalxis miToSemoqmedebisa da
ritualuri praqtikis mokrZalebuli nawilis saleqsikono
aRweris cdas warmoadgens. misi mizania, qarTvel (da aramarto
qarTvel) mkiTxvels gaacnos afxazTa sulieri kultura,
msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi, maT mier Seqmnili miTologiuri
saxeebi da siuJetebi, xalxuri rwmena–warmodgenebi da wes–
Cveulebebi, romlebic arcTu iSviaTad Sesabamis qarTul
monacemebTan genetikur naTesaobas avlenen. es arc aris gasakviri,
radgan es ori xalxi
uxsovari droidan (yovel SemTxvevaSi,
sul mcire ori aTasi welia) gverdigverd saxlobs. Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
erTian sociokulturul sivrceSi
xangrZlivi Tanacxovrebis manZilze Camoyalibebul qarTul–
afxazur sociokulturul erTobas safuZvlad edo eTnikur
faseulobaTa ormxrivi infiltraciis Sedegad warmoqmnili
kulturis erTgvarovani paradigmebi, identuri Rirebulebebi.
wignis gacnobis Semdeg Tuki am azrs mkiTxvelic gaiziarebs,
CavTvli, rom dro uqmad ar damikargavs.
wignSi gamoyenebuli ilustraciebi Sesrulebulia cnobili
afxazi da qarTveli mxatvrebis mier. am reproduqciebis
mniSvnelovani nawili specialurad winamdebare gamocemisTvis
Seiqmna da qveyndeba pirvelad.
FDNJH B&YSN~
Fhb fi`7`s f9ceff ;`kfh> hvbafyqfv0f6`tb> hqfcv8f9ufhf6`tb
bffhrmf=e [e0fr> f;`fh fyqfv0f f9imfufhf feg. Eb vpspc bfvjeg f6sh0ef
(f6sh0eff hsvfwfhf hfrev) f9[mf8w`f f9cef flje]fn`b frekmnehf hshlshhf> hleytb[ef9ihfn` [fqfhf> eh0 bimf6`lshuskfp fvban`b f[f=6`tb>
fcbe;tn6`tb> fvbkf0n`b hlbyn`-fu`ffyfufhtb> fqfcn` - ys7ùfhf6`tb>
lshhf6`f hskf> eh0 bvfzsvref f6sh0ef bpffbu`je futytnbrfn`b fbefhf hs,;mjeg. Eb efvfi`f b,fn`sv> bp,fypfh fh0 f8vbkf0 yf[myfn`
ff[sc (bf]]`jpfh> ptums htb]f bvfze 8ysp6m is6`cf) hufy6`f tbdfqfys
tbwsy[jy. {fqfqfc bf]`fh 7fkjbn> tbpfre fcjwbjrekmnehfn` 6`s9ishf
f7ys byfuofp fbwsy[fhf ffv0f f,;mfhf bimf6ùskfp f6sh0ef-f9cef
fcjwbjrekmnehfn` frhf bimfu`s0ys bfvjeg ftnybrfn` frsh bf9cje
f8ufyrn`b fbyabknhfwbf fkqi`fkf bimf6ùskfp frekmnehf tbptb9ie
fgfhflbuvf6`f> tb9ie f]hfrshf6`f. Fi`7`s flshhf ffvsim0f[m> f,fc
tb9i b7je fu`ffyfufhf f9[mf8ums bpw`shqsh> bcs9[mfojbn ffv0f ,fif
byscsv[bn ]`f.
Fi`7`s bfyskfp fcf[mf0fhf6`f twlshe f9cetb> f6`sh0etb fcf[mf0s[8w`f
bhnèg. Fh0 fcf[mfhrshfn`b fh=bfv0f6`f htb]fhfr zslfkf fhb fi`7`s
fps bf9qfy> hf9[mfof brms9[meg.
e. qavSbaia. àTlar Copa~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “F0kfh Xjgf”
a F
adami da anami _ dedamiwaze gaCenili
FLFVB> FYFVB _ flumsk f7ys
pirveli adamianebi (col-qmari) afxazur hf9[mfof b6`kfp feff ([fqtb9]`scb) f9ceff
etiologiur gadmocemaTa mixedviT. col- htnbjkjubfn`b lshhf6`f byhs6`sh9iys>
qmars sami vaJi SeeZina, da, radgan im [fqtb-9]`scb [8sr fzreyw`f h[skqbn>
uxsovar droSi saWmeli jer kidev ar ec7fyn`b ffv0fps fafn` s7fvpn> h[skq
iyo, Svilebs haeriT kvebavdnen. erTxelac f]fef h=fhqjy. _yfr pys f8c0ff Flfv
eSmakma
adams
wiTeli
vaSli
misca.
q`f7f9imsr bb0bn. Fq`f pafp Flfv bvaSlnaWamma adamma Caisvara. ufrosma
b7mimbn. Bzrsy tb]f,w`f hf, fc tb9i
Svilebma aseT mdgomareobaSi myofi mama
rom ixiles, izizRes da gareT gavardnen; lfysh,f> l[`svufimfys fl`f[ms bl`skqbn>
mxolod umcrosma dabana igi. adamma fzrey tbq,s eb lbq`q`tbn. Flfv bzrsy
ufrosi vaJebi dawyevla,Sroma ar mogakloT tb]f,w`f bi`bbn> \mf,ff i`subvs;mffbn
RmerTmao, xolo umcrosi daloca, jafa fyw`f ]`f> fbq,s lbys]`tbn> \mf,ff e[ffy
numc genaxos, Tavi ise gerCinoso. ase rom, bev,fref e[s e,fkffbn ]`f. E,hb f7ysn` f\
bevris mSromeli adamianebi adamis ufrosi mf,ff hfw`fys bp,j feff Flfv b[skq tb]
vaJebis STamomavlebi arian, ujafod Tavis f,w`f hsim0hf hjeg> ,pf,ffkf by[j> fbq,s
marCenelni _ umcrosisa.
bjeg.
_ narTul gadmocemaTa
epizoduri personaJi, erT-erTi uxucesi
narTi, romlis movaleobaa Seenacvlos
narTebis sagmiro saqmeebze moyoliT
daRlil naSbaTayvas (ix. `naSbaTayva~).
rogorc Cans, igi, naSbaTayvas Semdeg,
narTebis warsulis Cinebuli mcodnea.
F)KFUMS&~F _
Yfh0ff h]`fv0fn`
[f=eg> Yfh0ff hsim0hf bf;òje hefo`s> eb
lb9cf[efy Yfim,f0f7`f> Yfh0ff b7fhqjp
fash[fqfhf fb0f]`f8 (bu. Yfim,f0f7`f)>
bpkf],j fkf> eb Yfim,f0f7`f bffvsim0f[m
Yfh0ff hs9c0fpffhf lffhfof b,pbfys
bplshep bfrey.
aTlaguca _ narTul gadmocemaTa
iSviaTi
personaJi, menaxire, romelic
narTebis dedis – saTanei-gvaSas `rCeuli~
da sasriyvas biologiuri mamaa (genitor).
F)KFU~WF _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf eb
efvfi`f be,fif [f=sy> f[mxf> eb Yfh0ff
hfy _ Cf0fytb U`fimf `kw`s,pf~> Cfchs7`f
bf, u`frmf bfrey.
aTlar Copa, eTlar Copa
F)KFH XJGF> T)KFH XJGF _ Fqfc
fyfuofhf ffpsh9ief> fhr`fifufn` fi`f>
fusui`suw`f piè> fu`sui`su vf fqkf
bfrìef byfhsuojbn> [(bfhf e,fc f8sy6`tb>
f;ù`fhb f7yums byfhsuojy> bfyfr`spffkfum>
flsl fchtb> ffh8fhb> fhs[e fim[fim0htb>
bfylsh[`sy]èfpb ffy> fxsvfpfhf6`f> zslfkf:
aTlagiyva
_
rituali da saweso saferxulo simRera,
romelic mexnakravi adamianis, cxovelis an
xis garSemo sruldeboda [icodnen aseve
sacxovrebel Tu sameurneo nagebobebze,
nebismier saganze mexis dacemisa da
gvalvis SemTxvevaSi, ialaRebze saqonlis
garekvisa da ukan mobrunebis Jams,zogierTi
8
afxazuri miTebi da ritualebi
daavadebebis _ epileffuhfn`hf> f9cvfz[fhf>
siis (krunCxvebis), gonf,sk[fqums;mhf ffy>
wasvlis, gulSeRonebis
f,;mseffn`b
f9cdros. abJuis afxazebi
eff f0kfh xjgf fi`f
aTlar Copas mRerodnen
h]`jy f,zs xsvfpfhf
yvavilbatonebis mfarps[mxefp
f9ffbv,fh
veli RvTaebebis (ix.
fgfne b6`qfhfps].
à-xi zosxani~, `xania
Flsl f[ms6ifp f0s9
Sqvaqva~) pativsacemad].
f7ys f6s0f ptums tbmexis dacemis adgilze mTeli sofeli Seipjy. Eh0 fw`f p[sh9fp
kribeboda. isini mexfo`s
vf
f]fbefyr
nakravi adamianis an
bffr`hifys buskjy yfc
cxovelis garSemo wres
fqfc fkf fys7`fhtb>
Sekravdnen da iwyebdnen
fi`f]`fhtb
bfkfujy
saweso svlas da simRe8us9rys> frn`b fu`s9
ras or gundad. pirveli
hs,;ms lshujy> èffb
gundis moZaxilze `vai,
eTlar~, meore
pasu- ferxuli wminda xis garSemo (kviprosi. Zvw. 1000w) t0kfh~,
f0fr 7fhqjy
xobda _ àiTar eTlar~, Fb,fhrshf fqkf 9imf frìfhf (Rbgh> f;`.fi6`. 1%%%i.) f8,fn`b fu`s9 `fb0Semdeg
_
èTlar
fh t0kfh~, yfc `t0kfh
Coupar~
_
`Coupar
xjegfh~, `xjegfh t0kfh~, f,fc byfhsuojy.
eTlar~ da a.S. (aris simReris teqstis sxva
(
Fhb fi`f f;`f6`f lf-frsums s7jeg). B[è
variantebic). daWrilis an mkvdris garSemo
ramdenime Semovlis Semdgom mexnakravs vf b9csp frshsyn` breijy yfc f0kfh xjgfh
aTlar Copas simReriT maRla aswevdnen, fi`f ]`j flsl pscsp fef8s lsim0sh[efy
or metramde simaRlis oTx boZze Semdgar 8vtnhfr f]hfrshf pvje 9imq`sr pofuskje
ficarnagze _ aSvamqÁaTze daasvenebdnen da f/`s fi`sv6mf0> ef7f lffyhs;mefy [b9ciqve datovebdnen [gardacvlil adamians sp fef8s frsh fyqkfum fr`,f l0fhqjy> f[f
mogvianebiT kuboSi Caasvenebdnen, magram
b0s9 hs9cf[efvpn> b7fkfh 7fkjy fqkf f7ys
adgils ar Seucvlidnen (SeiZleboda xeze
Camokideba), vidre gvami ar gaixrwneboda. lfyryfh]jpums> f9cs,f8 f,ffhf bfkfuffyof.
aseT SemTxvevaSi micvalebulis Zvlebs Ec7fy b9csp b,8f fysi`f0fhfn`b fqfc6`f
Cveulebriv dakrZalvasTan dakavSirebuli hskf fysi` lfh0jy. F,fc hlshefy f9cseff
yvela wesis dacviT daasaflavebdnen 2% n`b fi`sis6`cf fkfufv0f f7ysyof). F\
(ase icodnen afxazebma XX saukunis mf,f8w`f fpby hsvfvpn hs9cs bw`sefhtb>
dasawyisamde). Wirisufals ekrZaleboda fu`sh8fhtb. Flsl fchf fvi f0ffw`fhf hps
micvalebulis tirili da glova. mexis
fviimfhfys bf9shqjy> hs9cs himjy>
dacemis dRes ojaxi tabuirebul dRed
iwesebda, uqmobda da saxlidan arafers f8ysvn`b frums l`skshujvpn. (bu`. `Fviimfhf~)].
gascemda (ix. à-mSSara~)].
aiTari _ nayofierebisa da Sinauri
cxovelebis mfarveli, farTo agraluri
funqciebis mqone RvTaeba. samlocvelo
teqstebis
mixedviT,
aiTari
aris
Svidsaxovani, Svidwilovani, mimarTaven
sadidebliT: ò, aiTaro, Svido aiTaro,
romelsac geqvemdebareba Svidi RvTaebrivi
Zala...~ (misi wilebia: Jvabrani, jabrani,
aliSkintiri, aCiSaSana, anafanaga, amza da
FB)FH _ f[sh]fufhtb> f8yfn` f9cn`b
f[skf9i8s> byfh0,ffe f6s0fy[fv8fn`b
faeyrwbf6`f pvje 9ffbv,fheg. Fys]`fhfn`b
f;`f6`f byhs6`shi`fys> Fb0fh ,s;m[f=sb>
,s;m[e0fr pvje bjeg> bfhf bf[m h[s lsh[jy
b[mso fh]frshfps> Èf> Fb0fh> ,;m-Fb0fh>
efhf eyfgs fq7f b7jeg ,;m-9fbv,fh hsvx...~
(eb b[e0f6`f: ;`f,hfy> \mf,hfy> fksimrm-
F(CEF FVBA^~TB > FQFC^~TB
amra). marTalia, mwyemsebi aiTarisTvis
wlis nebismier dros loculobdnen da
Txebsa da cxvrebs swiravdnen, magram
yoveli afxazis ojaxi valdebuli iyo
misi saxelobis locva anu àiTarnihva~
didmarxvis pirvel orSabaTs aucileblad
aResrulebia. saamdRisod xorcielis kviraSi
specialurad
momzadebuli
saritualo
comisgan acxobdnen mrgval an konusis
formis kverebs (axuaJvebs), mzis, mTvaris
da Camuris gamosaxulebis mcire zomis
TiTo purs; amzadebdnen aseve lobiosa
da WinWris SeWamads (am dRemde sakvebad
vargisi balaxeulis Wama ikrZaleboda).
saRamos, roca saqoneli Sin mobrundeboda,
ojaxis ufrosi jer uzenaesis sadidebels
ityoda (ix. à-ncva~),Semdeg aiRebda sam kvers
da aiTars mimarTavda: ò, aiTaro, Svido
aiTaro, romelsac Svidi RvTaebrivi Zala
gemorCileba da romelsac Svid sanTels
ginTeben,Sen daifare Cveni saqoneli,gaamravle
ise, rom TiToeuli Svidi kacis wil rZes
iwvelebodes, baraqa mogveci!~ àiTarnihvaSi~
garda sakuTvriv aiTarisa, aucileblad
ilocebdnen mis daqvemdebarebaSi myof Svid
RvTaebriv Zalaze (ix. `Jvabrani~, `jabrani~,
àliSkintiri~,
à-CiSaSana~,
à-nafanaga~,
à-mzanihva~, à-mranihva~). erTi sityviT,
iTarnihva~ aris farTo agraluri xasiaTis
dResaswauli.
RvTaeba
aiTari
yvela
niSniT
im
funqciebis matarebelia,romlebic qarTuli
da aramarto qarTuli (gansakuTrebiT
evropis xalxebis) eTnografiuli masalebis
mixedviT, wm. giorgisa da wm. Tevdores
hqondaT. am wmindanebis darad aiTari aris
saqonlis (ix. `Jvabrani~,`jabrani~),ZaRlebis
(mglebis. ix. àliSkintiri~), cxenebis (ix.
à-CiSaSana~) da mosavlis (ix. à-nafanaga~)
mfarveli RvTaeba. wm. giorgi, wm. Tevdore
da aiTari astraluri kalendris erTi
ciklis Semkvrelebi arian. maTi saxelobis
dReebs ukavSirdeba pleadebis gauCinarebagamoCena. amitom SemTxveviTi araa, rom
aiTaris, rogorc imavdroulad astraluri
RvTaebis wilebs warmoadgenen udidesi
mnaTobebi _ mze (amra) da mTvare (amza).
Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi aergis _
wm. giorgis kults (ix. à-ergi~), afxazur
miTologiaSi ver SevxvdebiT aiTaris
msgavs mravalfunqciur RvTaebas.
9
synfh f-sififyf> fyf9fyfuf> fvpf> fvhf).
Fvfkf f[mimw`f Fb0fh bps fis6`c fvi6`f
ptums hffy bys]ètbn> fefctb> f\mvtb himetbn b[mo fkf> f[f f9ceff 0ffw`fw9[mfof
bhefksy eb b[mofkf fys]`fhf> `fb0fhys]`f~
fxufhf le frn`b fi`f[ms [sv9flf byfhsuofh
fr`sy. E,hb fps fr`fw vxs,;m ffy zslfkf
fvf;`f hr`f]jy> fqfc bpf9e tb9i bums;me
vf tbps[[je f[`f;` lshvfptbefy. Fvhtb>
fvptb> f9ihf f0fys b[sze fxf6`f hojy.
Bfhf e,fc f7`slb> f[`swb bfk[ys fafn`
lshvfptbefy (fhb fvisyof fe0hf0s[ ftq`fhf
fafhf 7fkjvpn). {`sk,s-[fy fhf[e f8ys7f
bfys[`sy]`kfum> f0ffw`f htb]f,s pys fyw`f
bimfgs brefy> yfc f[`f;`6`f [9f ffim0[ys
Fb0fh bf[m b[s bh[jy> Èf> Fb0fh ,;mfb0fh> ,;m9fbv,fhr hsvx psvxe> ,;mw`fimsr
ppflshrj> efhf b[mxf ]fhf ]fhf[e> bh=bf
eh0> ,;m8sr hs[`0f f[i ;`sr bfvqhfn`s>
f[fi`fkf ]f0!~. `Fb0fhys]`f f7ys~ zs-lfkf
Fb0fh blfums> [sv9flf bys]èfy bfhf
bfyfgfq7f b7je ,;m9fbv,fhums hsvx fps.
(bu` `;`f,hfy~> `\mf,hfy~> `fksimrmsynfh~>
`f-sififyf~> `fyf9fyfuf~> `fvpfys]`f~>
`fvhfys]`f~). F;`frfkf `Fb0fhys]`f~ f6s0f
ffufks[hfn`b f7spimf pvje ys]`jeg.
F9ffbv,fh Fb0fh bpkf],j fkf> fushetb> f6sh0etb flfums (zslfkf Tdhjgfn`b
feff;`kfh) htnyjuhfan`b fvf0`f[6`f hskf
Umfhum fw6mtb> )tdljht fw6mtb lhtb9ieg.
F,fh0 fw6mf6`f htb9i Fb0fh fhf[`b> (bu`.
`;`f,hfy~> `\mf,hfy~)> fkf6`tb (f6`s\
mvf6`tb. bu`. `fksimrmsynfh~)> f-6`tb (bu`.
`f-sififyf~)> ffufks[b (bu`. `fyf9fy-fuf~)
bh[skf9ief 9ffbv,fheg. Umfhum fw6mtb>
)tdljht fw6mtb> Fb0fhb fcnhfkn`b fvpfh fbreifhf6`f hefrs tblsprskj hjeg.
Eh0 hs[mso fl]`fkjeg Gktflff hsohtb>
hw`shqhtb. E,hb f7ysn` bvfi`shv Fb0fh> fcnhfkn`b f9ffbv,fhw`f hs[e0f6`f
f[f0syhfrw`f fqfrs le pbvje> fvhf> fvpf>
yfcums fp9[mfu`f0fhf fpf]eh Fthum> Umfhum
fw6`f brekmn (bu`. `Fthum~)> f9cef fvbajkjubf f7ys be9skjv Fb0fh tb9i faeyrwbf
hfw`f pvje f9ffbv,fh.
Fb0fh lbtb9ieg f]fbefy bf[`skf9ief>
ushn`skf blshe> f9ffbv,fh :by Fy0fh>
10 afxazuri miTebi da ritualebi
aiTaris identuria saqonlis mfarveli,
samegreloSi cnobili, RvTaeba Jini anTari
_ `zeciuri anTari~ (`zeciuri~, rogorc
Cans, aiTaris epiTetic aris. ix, `xixi~). es
ukanaskneli aSkarad wm. giorgis kults
ukavSirdeba, rac, garda sxva monacemebisa,
kargad Cans Jini anTaris epiTetSi `batoni
gamarjvebuli~
(Sdr.
àiTar
eTlar//
aTlar~ _ àiTar batoni~. aTlar//eTlari
momdinareobs osuri aldaridan da `batons~
niSnavs. ix. àTlar Copa~).
termin
àiTaris~
warmomavlobis
Taobaze ramdenime, Cemi azriT, araswori
Tvalsazrisi
arsebobs
(zogi
mas
skviTuridan momdinaredac ki miiCnevs).
vfiqrob, rom termini àiTari~ megruli
ànTaris~ afxazuri formaa; sakuTvriv
ànTars~ ki aSkarad berZnul-romauli
elferi dakravs (berZnuli antārius –
àmaRlebuli~, àmamaRlebeli~; laTinuri
anterior, ius _ `winamZRoli~. SesaZloa, igi wm.
giorgis epiTeti iyos).
`[s[m f;`8fyn`b Fy0fh~ ( `[s[m f;`8fyn`b~)
biff,j fkf Fb0fh b[mso zslfjeg. (bu`.
`{s[m~). Fhf kf,=f,f be,jbn Umfhum fw6mf
brekmn bifl]`fkje> eb fhf bffh9ie flfums>
b,pbfys bff9ijbn :by Fy0fh btgbntn f7ys
`}f0sh p6è fash[fqf~ (tb6`. `Fb0fh t0kfh>
f0kfh~> `Fb0fh ]f0sh p6è~. F0kfh> t0kfh
bfkfhq`jeg fef9cn`b Fklfbhb f7ysn`> eb ]
f0sh p6è ffyfujbn. (bu`. `F0kfh xjgf~).
Fnthvby `F0kfh~ f[`skqim0hf> cfhf
cu`ffyfufhfkf>
bbfifv
fu`ffyfufhf6`f
s7jeg (imjers eb crdbnehsyn`b bffbn
]`f bhs9[mfojbn). Bpkfplshj fkf fnthvby
`Fb0fh~ fu`shefn`b `Fy0fh~ f9cef ajhvf
feg. F[f0fn`b `Fy0fh~ [sv9flf f,shptyn`b>
hbvn`b f[skqim0hf fvjeg (f,shptyn`b
antārius> `bim0s[e~ `fim0s[8s~>
hbvn`b
`f9[mfuskf8s~> b7fkfh 7fkjbn eb Umfhum
fw6mf btgbntn fr`pshums).
FBYFH F:MB _ Yfh0ff htgjc f9cef
ainar iJi – ainar mWedeli. narTuli
eposis afxazuri versiis mixedviT, mWedeli, fdthcbf byf6`sh9iys> f;mb> Yfh0ff hfy>
Cf0fytb U`fimf _ f[msyfgs _ b[moskqbn. F\
shn`b bimsv[s6`f b;mbh0f feg> bfh/mf yfgs-f\shn`b ;mf]`jeg> bfhvf-hs0`jeg. Fbyfh
e. qavSbaia. àinar iJi~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “Fbyfh f;mb”
Yfh0ff hps f,\mfh bhvfptbefy. Eb bhvfptbn
Cfchs7`f bps fb[fn`s fufh> eb fufh Yfh0ffums f0s9 f7ysn` bhpsim0[efvpn> f[fkf
bqscefy. Fbyfh b;mbh0f f7ys lbohs;`bn
Cfchs7`f. F,f8n`s r`shif fps7fbqbn
{`s;`fh9sc bb[esp Yfh\m[mje b[s. F;mb
Fbyfh Cf0fytb U`fimf ksvfof plshefp
bfrey> eb lqfc bk0jp ptums yfbuojy> Yfh0ff
hfy _ f[msimfhu`sqf _ ]`f ktb]`jy. Cf0fytb
U`fimf kps eb _ b[s frs fps ltbuojvpn>
lffimjvpn> f[f b;mbhf tcyfum bvfptby> bf/f
fkf f;`tb9imff fvwfhswhtbqjy> b]`jeg
frms9[mhfr f7ys. F]`fv0f byf6`sh9iys
b9chf fbffyof eb fyw`f lb]`tbn> blshhf feff hf[m bbfcshw> f[f bfhf bfqrmsc
tb/e l7fvkfhw> fyw`f eb b]`fhf yfbuotbn>
_ è,hb fpjeg> ]6`f,6`f h=s fb9imsh0f
pe,j~, _ b]`jeg f;`f f7ys.
Yfh0ff hf;`f,;m flfums> f;mb Fbyfh f9ceff kfccs lshu`fkflshi`jbn hqfc
ffpsh9ief bjeg fgjtpbf f7ys> eb b[f=s
romelsac narTebis deda _ saTanei-gvaSa
axinaps _ oqrosxelians uwodebs. foladis
muxlebi misi grdemlia, marjvena muSti
_ Tujis uro, marcxena _ marwuxi. ainari
narTebisTvis iaraR-saWurvels amzadebs.
man
gaakeTa
sasriyvas
rkinis
akvani,
romelsac narTebic ki adgilidan ver
Zraven da TavisiT irweva. ainarma awrTo
Tavis quraSi sasriyva; spilenZis firfitiT
SeukeTa Tavis qala narjxeus mier daWril
xvaJarfiss.
mWedeli
ainari
saTaneigvaSas mesaidumlea, mis yovel davalebas
uyoymanod asrulebs da narTebis dedas
àxiSarguwas~ _ oqrosterfians uwodebs.
saTanei-gvaSas gulisTvis mas `Sroma-garja
ar ezareba, uros ar zogavs, xolo grdemli
mudam mzad aqvs da mters aJveifSas cecxls
ayris~, _ ambobs erTi gadmocema. Tqmulebis
Tanaxmad, sikvdilis win mWedelma RmerTs
SesTxova, misi xeloba adamianebisTvis
gadaeca ise, rom maT liTonis daCrCilva
ar SeZlebodaT; RmerTma Txovna Seusrula;
`mitom emCneva Cvens qvabebs nakeri~, _
naTqvamia gadmocemaSi.
narTul gadmocemaTa garda,ainar mWedeli
xSirad ixsenieba afxazur sawes-Cveulebo
poeziaSi, rac misi saxis arqaulobaze
miuTiTebs. narTuli eposis osuri versiis
qurdalagonTan da adiReuri gadmocemebis
TlefSTan erTad,igi msoflio folkloris
iseTi didi mWedlebis gverdiT dgas,
rogorebic arian berZnuli miTologiis
hefesto, `kalevalas~
ilmarineni
da
sxvebi.
11
g. xubua. àinar iJi~
U. {e,ef. Fbyfh f;mb
f;`sn`hf bifnè ffysh9ietbn. Yfh0ff
htgjc fef9cn`b fdthcbf ^`hlfkfujybb>
flsun`b f]`fv0f )kt9imb lhswys> fleytb
fajkmrkjhn`b f;mb le6`f hufy f7ys luskjeg>
bf]]`jpfh> f,thptyn`b fvbajkjubfn`b Utatcn>
`Rfktdfkfc~, Bkvfhbytyb e,fc tumsh0ums.
aioba
_ bzobis (baiobis) wina kvira.
am dRes afxazebi TavianT sacxovreblebs
gazafxulis pirveli yvavilebiT morTavdnen, msxverplSewirva an sxva ram sakulto
msaxureba ar icodnen; dilidanve sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi ikribebodnen
da saRamomde burTis TamaSiT, WidaobiT,
qvebisa da iaraRis mizanSi sroliT,
cxenebis jiriTiT erTobodnen.
FBJ<F _ Fisw fviys]`f ffbffyofn`b
fvxs,;m. Fhb fvi f9ceff hs8y6`f
ff9syn`b> hf9[mfn`b fi`06`f hskf bh8sxjbn. F9cf0fn` vf tumsc fimn`f himjvpn.
Ims;ms byfhrys fbpfh0f 0s9 f7ys tbpjy ef7f [`kffyof fvgsk bfcefy> tb6`9jy>
f[`f]`b> f,\mfhb hskf fq`f7mf tb[cefy> fshs8hhf v8f9shujy.
aiSvargilara _ tablis dadgmis wesi,
FBI~FHUSKFHF _ fbi`f fhuskfhf fqfc>
fef8s lsy9ckfum byfhrys b[s f7ys fbi`f
lshuskjbn> brmf=e tbps[`[`je fbi`f f7ys
b9cs fy0fp ,pbf bb,jp fafn` b6`shqjbn>
f0f0sy bf[efp bfrpfh f0f0sy;ùf fhrys
sakurTxis dadgma. gardacvalebisTanave
micvalebulis TavTan grZel, viwro da
dabalfexebian
tablaze
gaawyobdnen
sufras, romelzedac mis sicocxleSi
sayvarel
kerZebs
daalagebdnen;
aqve
aiSvargilara
Fbi`fhuskfhf
debdnen cecxlmokidebul yalions (Tu
mweveli iyo) da Tu qristiani iyo sanTels
aanTebdnen.
aseTi
sakurTxis
dadgma
ormoci dRis ganmavlobaSi yovel sauzmesa
da sadilobaze icodnen, ormocis Semdeg
micvalebulis ulufas saerTo magidaze
debdnen, amasTan yoveli SabaTis (SabaTi
micvalebulTa dRed iTvleboda) wina
saRamos saukeTeso kerZebs amzadebdnen
(marxvaSi samarxvos). tablas Ria karebTan
gamarTavdnen da sakmevlis dadebisTanave
ojaxis ufrosi micvalebulis suls
vaxSamze moiwvevs, Tan pursa da xorcs
Rvinos moasxurebs. amasve akeTeben ojaxis
danarCeni wevrebi. aTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi
yvelani Cumad arian; karebidan arc
gasvla SeiZleba da arc Semosvla, raTa
micvalebulis suls xeli ar SeuSalon.
micvalebulis
`niSanTan~
specialuri
tablis dadgma ician wlisTavzec.
akun-ifa (akun-ifa xaTaJiyva – akuni
xaTaJiyvas Ze) _ afxazuri folkloris
gmiri, romelic nadirobis dros xSirad
xvdeba anana-gundasa (ix. ànana-gunda~) da
aJveifSaas (is. àJveifSaa~), stumrobs am
ukanasknels da jildovdeba saukeTeso
nadiriT; ixsenieba aergisa da aJveifSas
gverdiT im teqstebSi, romlebic vaJkacTa
sagmiro saqmeebis sadideblad imRereba.
b6`shqjbn> l6mshcbfypsh fw`fims flshrefy. Fc tb9i b7je fbi`f 4% vis qffyof
bflshretbn> by8f;`f vis ffvsim0f[m>
f9cs b[`s tbptb9ie fbi`f f[m bbfhujbn>
bfhf e,fc tccs cf,if (fcf,i f9cw`f hsvi
]`f b9[mfojeg> bhtb/me fafn` lshvfptbetbn) fxufhf ffy> „fxufhf fafn`s b6`shqjbn“
fbi`f fhrhf ffy fi`6`f ffhneg> fafn`
f6`qfhf ffvsim0f[m f0ffw`f htb]f,s b9csp
b9cs f[`[mfafhf lffb9[mjbn> fxtb> f8sb
f[`sh]`hf fpbetbn> eb ffvsim0f[m f0ffw`f
ptums b[sh0`fkjbn> frsh ffv0f =sv0ofref bn`jeg> fi` f7ys fbfchf 7fkjv> f9cs
f9sh[fuf bvfvref ls8yfkfw> f9cs b0s9
zslfkf bfpu`f0jeg> fis6`c ffy bzslje fbi`f
lshuskjbn.
b. jopua. àfxazuri kapriCio~
<.|mjgef. “F9cef rfghbxbj”
FR~SY B(F (r`sy b9f [f0f;`s7`f) _
F9cef fajkmrkjh fash[fqf> eb fi`fhfwfhf
ffy kfccs lhs6ìèfy Fyfyf-Usyltb>
F;`tb9imfb. F;`tb9imff cfchf lfyybptbkfum flsh8fn` ,pbf bfefy ]fv0fc. Eb fn`s
ffh9ieg> fash[fw`f bhspre fi`f6`f Fthumb>
F;`tb9imffb lhslshuskfys.
FK)FH )JKSV<FRM _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f
_ narTul
f9cef
dthcbf f=s> p[skqim0hf lshsv
gadmocemaTa afxazuri versiis personaJi,
alTar
Tolumbaki
ucnobi warmomavlobis goliaTi, romelmac
sasriyva gulis jibeSi Caisva, misi cxeni _
bzou ki Sekra da sakuTar unagirs qaTamiviT
Camohkida; mogvianebiT cxenTan erTad
gaanTavisufla igi da damcinavad uTxra:
`jandabamde gza gqonia gmiro sasriyva!~
Seuracxyofilma sasriyvam saTanei-gvaSas
daxmarebiT iZia Suri.
13
flfes> eb Cfchs7`f bu`s f\ms,f l0fbhn`tbn>
b-s <pje> =tb]`fy breflsh frens tb9i
b[sbimbn> frsh fyqs b[s lf6`b0bn`bn>
lb[sxxfys tb]`tbn> „\mf]ysv ewffbn
fash[fqf Cfchs7`f>“ f9[fimfhf bf6ì`fp
Cfchs7`f Cf0fytb U`fimf lbw[hffy bimf
bebn.
aliaSva _ ukeTur xeTa mfarveli suli.
FKBFI~F _ B-tbv fqkf6`f bh[skf9ief
afxazTa warmodgeniT, ubedurebis momtan fyw`f[`s. F9ceff h]`fv0fkf fu`sh8f ffpuj
xeebs ganekuTvnebian: alvis, wvrili xurmisa
qkfys b9[mfojeg> f/i> f9cksi> f[`shvf
da TuTis xeebi, tirifi da
ccf> fv;`f bfhf e,fc tumsh0.
sxva. Tu sacxovreblad
Fy[fh0f 0s9ys bf[mfksh[j
SerCeul adgilze romelime maTgani xarobs, aucifh0 fqkf6`f hefrs uskfleblad moWrian; Tumca
pfh> [sv9flf b[`shq`jbn.
tradiciad hqondaT da
F[f bf[mfums qfcys bhsaqvT dResac saflavebze
vjeg
fysi`sy0hf6`f
tirifisa da alvis xis
h7ys
f9cksi
fkfqfhf.
dargva. Tu wminda xeebiFqkf 9imf6`f hskf blshsagan
mzaddeboda
avi
Tvalis, mexisa da sxva
vfptefp0ums fkf9ii`7`s>
ubedurebisagan
damcavi
fkf9i[sh9fuf>
fllb
amuletebi (ix. `xiZiri~),
fvfw`scb tumsh0 fhsw]
ukeTur mcenareTagan mxofhf6`f h7`sufhfps> b-tbv
lod magiuri Tvisebebis
fi`f9s\mf9 fkf fvfubf fvx
mqone mavneblobis momtani
avgarozebi keTdeboda.
pvje> b-tbv f6ì`fhf ffpualvis xisa da tirifis
jp fkf9ii`7`6`f lshvfptmimarT igive damokidebubefy. F/i fqktb> f9cksi
lebas iCenen abazebi,Tumca
qktb hf[m f,fc tb9i b7je
am ukanasknelebTan da
fpytbimf hsvjeg f,fpffums>
afxazebTan axlo mdgomi
ubixebi TeTrfoTlebian
f[f eh0b> f9ceffb hffbu`fhf
alvas (TeTri xvalo _
buskje
fe,kff
f,/ms
Populus alba) wminda
ir`fr`f pvje f/i b9imje
xed Tvlidnen. am xis qveS
fqkf ]`f bh9[mfojy. F,hb
gaimarTa cnobili kreba,
romlis gadawyvetilebiT ubixebi TurqeTSi fqkf fv9fy bv8f9scbn tbwlshe fbpfhf>
gadasaxldnen. alvis xeze afxazebisa da ef7f bhufp flrskfhfkf fe,kff )hs6`n`skf7f
abazebis warmodgenebis msgavs suraTs b6`qbn. F/i fqkfps f9ceffb> f,fpffb bhsvxvdebiT berZnul miTologiaSic (Sdr.
vje fpytbimf ]fhf bf]9skjbn f,shptyn`b
persefonas koromi aidaSi, apolonis mier
fvbajkjubf f7syums.
driopas gadaqceva alvis xed da sxv.).
aliSkintiri
_
ZaRlebis
mfarveli suli, RvTaeba aiTaris erTerTi wili, romlis saxelze didmarxvis
pirvel
orSabaTs
e.w.
àiTarnihvaSi~
FKSIMRMFYNFH _
fkf6`f ps[mxj
f9cs> f9ffbv,fh Fb0fh b[`0f6`f hefrs> eb b[mofkf fxufhf le> hf9[mfn`b f8fi
„fb0fhys]`fhf“ bys]èfy. F0ffw`f htb]f,s
(aiTarisadami miZRvnil wes-CveulebaTa
rigi) loculobdnen. ufrosi mamakaci
xelSi daikavebda sam kvers (ix. à-kvakvari~)
da aliSkintirs ojaxis keTildReobis
modaraje ZaRlebis gamogzavnas SesTxovda;
Semdeg Romis naxarSs xan zRvis, xanac
mTis mxares Rvrida da ambobda: ùoocv!
enaborots ena mouwvi, Tvalborots _
Tvali!~
gadmocemis Tanaxmad,tyvarCelis raionSi
erT-erT mTaze aliSkˆntiris salocavic
ki
yofila, sadac
mTaSi
saqonlis
garekvisa da misi mobrunebis dros
loculobdnen (àliSkintir, dagvifare
Cven da Cveni saqoneli, nu mogvakleb Sens
wyalobas~); swiravdnen erT qila mawons
da axalamoyvanil yvels. xalxis rwmeniT,
aliSkÀntirs didi Zala da simarjve aqvs,
SeuZlia wamieri SexedviT moklas, daadumos
an ukurnebeli seni Sehyaros ZaRls.
e. qavSbaia. àliSkintiri~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “Fksimrmfynfh”
ZaRlebi laSkendaris taZris kedelze
Kfksimrmsynfh fef[`fvf bfye fkfc,f6`f h0socf[mf
alxuzi
_
narTul
gadmocemaTa
personaJi alxuzTa gvaridan. man narTebis
erTaderTi da _ gunda mzeTunaxavi
rZlebis mier mowamluli da Rrma xevSi
gadagdebuli i pova, sikvdils gadaarCina da
Sin waiyvana; mogvianebiT narTebs gaecno
f[fqf [-r`fr`fhr ffyrskfys Fksimrmfynfh
b0ffw`f f,pbfhf hf6ì`fhfps> bps[mxfif
fkf6`f hf0`fimfhf lb]`jy. Yfc f7mfn7mfn
rtb0`jy> fvisy fufyf[mb> fim[f fufyf[mb>
„Ejjw`> ps,sp -tbv - b,p b=s8hffbn> ps,kf
–-bv b,kf“.
F]`fv0f byf6`sh9iys> N7`fhxfk fim[f6`f
hefrs
f7ys
Fksimrmfynfh
bys[fums
s7fy> fim[f7f fhf[e fyrfhwjpb> effyn`
bfys[sy]èfpb ef7f bys]èfy. „fksimrmsynfh ]f[mxf> ]fhtb> ]fhf[`sb ekf9i[skfhf
]fu`sv[ffbn“> ,f7`skr f[shq`sb> fi`fotb
ffyhs;mefy. Feff bpkf[fhqjp fkf Fksimrmfynfh fvx leb> fkifhtb bvjeg> eb bkf9iskf
bfhfpyfr fimhtb> fh=f]fhtb vf bpksvufif
fxsvfpfhf hskfqfhf bkijbn.
TK{~SP _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf Tk]`spff
hs;`kf bfnè. Eb pfw`sr bjeg> Yfh0ff
hf]ìmf pfq`s U`sylf 9iof> k0fwfw`f fhs8imsuf ks0fys yfc f8[ff qffekf f7ys
b0fhs;msp lps9iffp> f9chf lf[bh9tbn
yfc ks8ys7f lytbubn> vfzr fyqs bfhtb
Yfh0ffb tb,flshbn> f8ys7f lhs9[mtbn>
15
da ojaxis daTvalierebis mizniT saxlSi
dapatiJa. stumrad wveuli asive narTi
alxuzma daasaCuqra cxenebiT, xarebiTa da
ZroxebiT,as-asi suli wvrilfexa saqonliT;
narT siTs, rogorc ZmaTa Soris ufross,
rqebdagrexili jixvi uboZa, danarCenebsac
jixvebi, arCvebi da taxebi, narTebis dedas
_ saTanei-gvaSas _ taxi, xolo sacoles
kakabi da kverna. mogvianebiT alxuzi
borot goliaTTan brZolaSi daiRupa.
damwuxrebulma gundam saqmros cxedarTan
fici dado, rom colad mxolod im rainds
gahyveboda,
vinc
mas
orTabrZolaSi
daamarcxebda.
lisy[jp lbh,fhw. Cfchf bpytbp Yfh0ff
fi`8sr fbimw`f ]fv0fc f-6`tb> fw`6`tb>
f;`6`tb> i`rs> i`rskf fef[mflb hb0tbn.
Yfh0 Cb0 ftimw`f htb]f,s fn`s8f tbrehfif f,/f, ler bf0`tbimtbn> tumsh0ums f,/
f,6`tb> fimf,c0tb> f,sy]`f6`tb hb0tbn. Yfh0ff hfy Cf0fytb U`fimf> f,sy-s> bb]`fp
Usylf fimf,c0tb> f,syrnsb kb0tbn ]fv0fc.
Frsh fyqs ffvsim0f[m Fk[`sp flfef9im
lbf,fimsy l0f[bn. Fu`sh8f bf6ì`fp Usylf
l]`fys lspvfp b9cs,f8 f7ys lje]fkf l6`bn>
9]`scc> fash[fqf bfrsvpfh ef]f foùms
lsibwsvwjp> eb bkf6`9fys bkbffbp blf
ef]f foùms lsibwsvwjp fkf.
amfari _ narTul gadmocemaTa persona-
FV(FH _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf> Yfh0ff
hfy Cf0fytb U`fimf kfimf bjeg> imjers
hu`ffyfufhfkf ksvf]`> <hfyba k[fqf> )f0hfim
bf,> (=sh9. U`lj0f fhfbjy f6s. Rfklf[efhf
by[. Fv9fhff hs;`kf).
Ji, narTebis dedis _ saTanei-gvaSas Zma, zogi
variantiT siZe _ branifis qmari, TaTraSis
(TeTraCis) mama (Sdr. gudauTis r-nis sof.
kaldaxvaraSi mcxovrebi amfaris gvari).
amfarebis sagvareulo locva
Fv9fhff hs;`kf fys]`fhf
anana-gunda
_
nadirobisa
da
mefutkreobis
mfarveli
qal-RvTaeba,
romelic abJuis afxazTa warmodgeniT,
nadirobisa da nadirTmfarveli RvTaebis
_ aJveifSaas dedad iTvleba (Sdr. svanuri
dali _ afsasTis deda). zogierTi gadmocemiT,
anana-gunda ànan-Sacvadac~ iwodeba da
ojaxis
gamravlebis
mfarvelic
aris,
SesTxoven Svilebis gaCenas; warmodgenili
hyavT deda futkris saxiT. mis sabrZanisad
anu ànanTvarad~ (ananas sajdomi), erTi
variantiT, md. gumisTis xeobaSi mdebare
dous kldea miCneuli, meoreTi _ dalis
xeobaSi
arsebuli
quanaCxiris
mTis
mwvervali. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,anana-gundas
mxolod erTaderTi monadire, afxazuri
folkloris cnobili gmiri _ akun-ifa
xaTaJyva Sexvda maSin, roca qal-RvTaeba
wylis pirad ijda da Tmebs ivarcxnida
(Sdr. tyaSi mafa, wylis ali).
uZvelesi droidan nadiroba da tyiuri
mefutkreoba (es ukanaskneli afxazebs
bolo dromde SemorCaT) erTmaneTTan
mWidrod dakavSirebuli saqmianoba iyo da,
bunebrivia,rom nadirobis mfarveli RvTaeba
imavdroulad mefutkreobis mfarvelic
iqneboda. am mxriv sainteresoa warmodgenebi
mefutkreobis mfarvel osur (digorul)
RvTaebaze _ ani-golze. zogierTi cnobiT,
ani-goli aris monadire, romelmac pirvelma
SeZlo futkris daWera da moSinaureba.
roca afxazi monadire tyeSi, xis fuRuroSi
napovni futkris ojaxis saxlSi gadayvanas
daapirebda, upirveles yovlisa, aJveifSaas
sadidebel simReras ityoda, Semdeg ki
anana-gundas SesTxovda xelSewyobasa da
mis gamravlebas. mravalricxovani masala
imaze mowmobs, rom pirveli mefutkreebi
swored monadireebi iyvnen (saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi, gansakuTrebiT svaneTSi da
guriis mTian regionSi ukanasknel dromde
SemorCa tyiuri mefutkreobis erT-erTi
forma, romelsac monadireebi misdevdnen.
futkriT mdidar tyeebSi monadireTa jgufi
8-10 dRiT midioda, nadirobda da TaflsanTlis wliur maragsac amzadebda).
anana-gundas saxelze locva e.w. `futkris
locva~ (ix. `Sxanihva~) weliwadSi orjer
_ gazafxulze da zafxulSi icodnen. aqve
unda iTqvas, rom mefutkreobis mfarveli
RvTaebisa da mefutkreobasTan dakavSirebul
FYFYF-U~SYLF _ fi`fhswfhtb> fim[tb
h9ffbv,fh-9]`sc kjeg> eb f,;mseffn`b
f9ceff
hu`ffyfufhfkf>
fi`fhswfhtb>
fusui`sub
h[skf9i8s
f9ffbv,fh>
f;`tb9imff bfy ]`f lsh9[mfojbn. Tumsh0
f]`fv0f6`f h7ys Fyfyf Usylf „ Fyfy –
Imfw`slfw“
ks[moeg> f0ffw`fhf f=bfhf
f[skf9i8s ]`f lhs9[mfojbn> f[skq fbehfps> f=bfhfps bks]`jbn. Fim[fhfy k[s=cf[mf
]`f lh9[mfojy. Eb ksy[fh0f f0s9> „Fyfy
kn`fh0f“ ]`f b9[mfofy fo. U`svc0f f8[ff
Lje fwf7mf f7ys> lf-f u`ffyfufhfr fkf>
Lfkn`b f8[ff b7je ^`fyfx[mshn`b fim[f
f6`w`. F;`f]`fv0f fkf Fyfyf-Usylf fo`s
pfq`sr lsp9skf[mfp> F9cef fajkmrkjh
f[f=cf[mf Fr`sy-b9f Cf0f;`s7`f bfrey>
ec7fy fyw`fhf]9]`sc fobfc f[s6` ls6`n`fy>
k[f[`s k]`jy.
:`sn`yfn` ff[sc fi`fhswfhtb> f,yfim[f
f[skf9ihtb> (eb ef;`ffyofums bffy[fys
b7jeg)> lffhfof tbpffbu`je ec6`jeg. Efvfi`f
b,fn`sv e,hb f7ysn` fi`fhswfhf f9ffbv,fh>
fim[svpf yqfhf f[skf9i8sums pkfre. F,hb
fufy fkf efvfi`f be,fhfn`s b7jeg fim[svpf
f9ffbv,fh> fef9cff h9ffbv,fh> „Lbujhek“>
Fyb- ujkpt. B7je flshhf6`f imjers hskf
Fyb-ujkpt> li`fhswf8eg> ptums hf9[mfof eb
bjeg bpskifp fim[svpf frhf> eb f8yfhn`hf.
F9cef fi`fhswf8s f,yf fim[svpf f0s9
,fys f8ys7f fbfufhf bu`s by0tbrkfum>
F;`tb9imff fi`f bpsb]èfy> yfc FyfyfUsylf lks]èfy lksw[hffhw> bim[svpf =bfhw.
Ef;`ffyof bffy[fys b7je flshhf6`f hskf>
hf9[mfn`b fim[svpf fyspqfp fi`fhswf8w`f
hjeg. (^sh0n`skf fim[svpf 0s96`f> zslfkf
Fi`fyn`sktb> U`hbbtb h7ys ef;`ffyofums
bffy[fys b7fy fim[svpf fyqfhf fajhvf f,yf
f7ys> eb fi`fhswf8w`f fim0fy. Fim[svpfkf
b,tbje f,yf f7ys fi`fhswf8w`f # - 1%
vis bi`fhswjy> fw[tb> fw[fw`tb is6`csr
bhsp[fifp tblshrskjy )
Fyfyf-U`sylf
ks[mofkf fys]`fhf> „fim[fys]`f“ ps[moe>
is6`csr 8syn`> ff9syhtb> f9[syhtb
bhlshefy. Bfhf f,hf b]`fnèg fim[svpf
9ffbv,fhb> fim[svpf bfl]`fkje f[skf9i8s
f9ffbv,fhb bhsprys lffhfof blesp fqfc6`f
fyqfys bhsvfy> bfhf e,fc fw[f bafn`ys
mdidar wes-CveulebaTa arseboba, aseve
Taflis produqciis farTo gamoyeneba
rogorc sakvebad, ise sxva saWiroebisaTvis,
am saqmianobis amsaxveli uxvi terminologia
miuTiTebs mefutkreobis (tyiuri da Sinauri)
siZvelesa da afxazTa sameurneo yofaSi mis
gansakuTrebul rolze.
RvTaebis saxelis pirvel nawils (anan,
anana) mecnierebi afxazur enaSi dedis
aRmniSvneli sityvidan (àn~) momdinared
miiCneven, xolo meore nawils (gunda), zogi
avtori, qarTul `gunds~, zogic somxur
gund-s (ska) ukavSirebs da ànana-gundas~
Sifravs rogorc `skis dedas~, zogic
am ukanasknelSi narTul gadmocemaTa
personaJis _ gundas saxels xedavs. v.
abaevi Tvlis, rom mefutkreobis mfarveli
osuri
(digoruli)
RvTaeba
ani-goli
ti pologiurad, SesaZloa materialuradac
axlos dgas afxazur anana-gundasTan.
anana-Sacva
_ qalebis mfarveli da
Svilierebis momniWebeli qal-RvTaeba. am
saxeliT zogjer anana-gundasac mimarTaven
(ix. ànana-gunda~). anana-Sacvas saxelze
yovel afxazur ojaxSi hyavdaT rZlis
mSoblebis mier dayenebuli
uSobeli (ix. à-Zatvi~), romlis monagebs ritualur
kverebTan (ix. à-kvakvari~)
da e.w. àCa-RuazalTan~
(pur-Rvezeli) erTad weliwadSi erTxel (sasurveli
iyo da ara savaldebulo,
mariamobaze) qalebi ananaSacvas swiravdnen da umtkivneulo mSobiarobasa da
gamravlebas SesTxov-dnen.
anana-Sacvaze iyo damokidebuli janmrTeli Taobis
gaCena. Tu msxverp-lSewirva
da locva maria-mobas daemTxveoda, mas `nanhva~ (dedis
locva) erqva.
rogorc
Cans,
ananaSacvas qveS RvTismSobeli
igulisxmeba.
17
f[sfh[`fhtb> tumsc f[sfh[`fhtb> f,fh0 fec6`f
ffpsh9ief lffhfof bhfw`je fnthvby6`f
s7jeg (f,yfn`bb>f8ysn`bb) ;`sn`yfn` byfhrys f9cef f6s0fy[fv8f f=s eb bzslje
f0s9 ffyyfrskjbn.
F9ffbv,fh [mos f9[mfn`b f7ìf (fyfy>
fyfyf) fqfhf0qff8w`f bifpu`fh0j fkf f9cef
,spi`f f7ys „fy“ ffyfujbn> f8,fn`b f7ìf
(u`sylf)> imjers h]`fv0fkf> f6sh0ef „usylc“>
fthvfyw`f imjers „ueyl“ „fim[f0s9“
bflsh]`fkjbn> e,hb f7ysn` „Fyfyf-U`sylf“
„fim[fhfy“ ffyfujbn ]`f bhs9[mfojbn. Imjers[ fqs[`n`syn`b fdthcbf Yfh0ff h]`fv0f
f[f=s U`sylf ks[mso h,jbn. D. F,ftd
b9[mfojbn fim[svpf f[skf9i8s fef9cn`b
„ubljhek“ f9ffbv,fh Fyb-ujk bf[skqim0hf
feg> b7fkfh 7fkjbn vf0`fhkfums bffbu`fys
buskfpfh f9cef Fyfyf-U`sylf k=s.
FYFYF-IFW~F _ f]`cf h[skf9ib>
f[skqfbehtb f9ffbv,fh - 9]`sc. Fhb f[mo
fkf psys psykf Fyfyf - U`sylf kf[mums
h[s lsh[jbn. Fyfyf-Ifw`f ks[mofkf f9cef
0ffw`fw9[mfof bhsvjeg
h0fwf k0ffw`f h7ysn`
bhjep
f;`>
„fofn`“
eb bf[ifp fr`fr`fhb>
fi`xfi`b hskf is6`csr
pysr f]`cf6`f FyfyfIfw`f
ks[mso
fkf
bv8f9shujbn fys]`fhf
(eb yfy]`f vpf tb/eg>
f[f b[sv9flfv)> [mfflf
f[skq fbehf bf]`jbn.
Fyfyf-Ifw`f lfl]`fkjeg
u`s,pbfhfkf f[skq fbehf. Fhb fvi yfy]`fvpf
bf6ì`fh
eb
fvi
„yfy]`f“ f[moeg. Biff,j
tb9i
Fyfyf-Ifw`f
ks[mso
bfpu`fyf0jbn
fyw`f bfy.
iveriis RvTismSoblis xati
bdthbfn` fyw`f bfy kys[f
anan lZaanixa _ ase uwodebdnen
afxazebi biWvinTis RvTismSoblis taZars,
ufro zustad taZris mimdebare teritorias,
sadac Tavis droze ramdenime muxis xe
idga. xatis sabrZanisad miiCnevdnen ara
taZars, aramed xeTaSoris adgils. swored
aq, taZris gareT, yovelwliurad kvira
dRes loculobdnen da anan lZaanixas
msxverpls swiravdnen; imarTeboda saxalxo
dResaswauli
`qadaCis~
saxelwodebiT;
klavdnen Txas an cxvars, sanTlebs taZarSi
yidulobdnen.
momaval
kviras
kvlav
loculobdnen. am locvas `xianhvi~ erqva.
afxazebma aqve icodnen ficis dadebac.
danaSaulSi eWvmitanili piri muxis xeebs
Soris dgeboda, xelSi muxis xis tots
daiWerda, maRla aswevda da ityoda: `vficav
am salocavs, rom me ar var damnaSave imaSi,
rasac dRes momaweren~, tots Zirs agdebda
da gverdze gadgeboda. ase daficebis Semdeg
eWvmitanils gamarTlebulad CaTvlidnen.
anan laZaanixas, afxazis azriT, raime
garkveuli saxe ar hqonda. es iyo `Rrublis
msgavsi~
Zala,
romelic
`didrifS
anifsnixasTan~ (didrifSis RvTismSoblis
miZinebis xati) gafrenisas cecxlovani
sferos saxes iRebda, hqonda Tavi da kudi
da naperwklebs hyrida. aqve unda iTqvas,
rom afxazTa umravlesobam XIX s-Si mariam
RvTismSobelze TiTqmis araferi icoda
(marTalia, anan lZaanixas qalRvTaebad
miiCnevdnen, magram didrifSi anifsnixas
mamrobiTi sqesis RvTaebad Tvlidnen).
FYFY KOFFYS{F _ f,fc bfim0jeg f9ceff Gbweylfn`b fyw`flps[ifp kef[efvf> tb]
f bbfijeg bf]]`fh fef[efvf frìfvsrìf>
ef7f f\mqkf6`f uskfy. Fys[f ]`f fef[efvf
fr`svr`f fqkf6`f hs,;mfhf f0s9 fr`sy
bhs9[mfojp. Bfhf f,hf fef[efvf fl`s f7ys>
tccsis6`cf fv-si f-ys> bys]èfy> FyfyfKoffys[f fimn`s fpshimefy> bv8f9scefp
fys]`f „6flfx“ f[mosy> bhimefy f\mvf vf
fefcf> fw`svpf fef[ef f7ys bffh[jy. Bffbefp fv-sifums bys]`jy> fhb fys]`fhf
„[mfy]`f“ f[mosy> f9ceff fhb f0s9 f7ys
f0je,f im0fqfhfums hlshefy> f[fhf f6`qfhf
ffy f[fhf plsp f\m qkf6`f hs,;mfhf luskjy>
byfgs bfrsy f\m fvf[`> b]hfrys bim0b[jy
b]`jy> „cs6ètbn f,hb fys[f f=f9[mf> cfhf
bf[mf bcs6`shqj f[fhf icslsv fkf“> fvf[`
flumsk b6`b;mefy> fufy f[m lbfcys luskjy.
F,fc tb9i f6`hf ffvsim0f[m f[fhf ple lbfijeg ]`f lh9[mfojy.
Fyfy-Koffys[f f9ceff bish9[mfoj fkf
bzslje cf[mf fvfv> eb fyf7` tb9ie vxeg>
eb „Lslhs9im fykys[f“ (Lslhs9imn`b
fyw`flps[ifp ks9chf fys[f) f[m bfybfcef
fvwf f=7mjbn> eb f[s> fqs[`b fvjeg> fvwf,p
f7`sqetbn. Bfhf f,hf b]`fnèg f9ceff htb]
fhf8sr 1$n`b fi`sis6`cfps Vfhbf fyw`f
lps[ifp kps frums hsplshefvpn (FyfyfKoffys[f fyw`f9]`sc ]`f lhs9[mfojbn f[f
Lslhs9im fys[f f[fqf im0hfn`b f9ffbv,fh
]`f bhs9[mfojbn).
ficis dadeba biWvinTis taZris ezoSi mdgar muxasTan
F0je,f fim0fqfhf Gbweylfn`b fef[`fvf fi0f= buskje f\mqkf f7ys
19
anihamca _ afxazuri folkloris
personaJi, miwisqveSeTis sulis qaliSvili,
refruasa da beRerefsTas da. miwisqveSeTis
suli rkinis iaraRis ubadlo mWedelia.
anihamca da misi debi saWmelsa da samoss
umzadeben Zmasa da im meomrebs, romlebic
afxazeTSi Semosasvlel erTaderT gzas
icaven. mWedlis uecari sikvdili gamo,
uiaraRod darCenili mcvelebi mterTan
uTanasworo brZolaSi iRupebian. Zmis
sikvdiliT damwuxrebulma anihamcam ise
itira, rom misma cremlebma zemoT amoxeTqa
da mdinared iqca. es mdinare, romelsac
anihamca qvia gagrasTan axlos dResac
miedineba.
FYS}~FVWF _ f9cef fajkmrkjh f[f=f>
flumsk fq7fn`b fyw`f[`s b9]f> Ht9hefb> <t/
thb9c0tb hf]ìmf. Flumsk fq7fn`b fyw`f[`s
fb[fks[ fvf0`f[` pslf s7fv f;mb8s bfrey.
Fys]`fvwf> kf]ìmw`tb> kfhtb fafn`b>
fi`qfn`b> lshvfptbefy kfimtb> F9cys7f
bytbefp fv8f pfq`s ps[mxjp fb,fimw`tb
hps. F;mb bffb6ì`fys b9chf ffvsim0f[m>
f,\mfhlf bffy[fp f[mxf8w`f f/f hfw`fhf
bfyhbf,fimefp b0f[bn. Pfimf b0f[fhfkf
fu`sh8f pvfp Fys]`fvwf e,sc7fr lq`sefy
eb kskf/msho flumsk tb7`yf;`fy bobfcys b7fkbn. Eb fobfc Fys]`fvwf f[msoys
bf[mfums Ufuhf ffbu`fhf bbfcetbn.
anSfa _ narTul gadmocemaTa centraluri personaJis _ sasriyvas metsaxeli.
ase mimarTaven an ixsenieben sasriyvas
narTebi, romlebmac ar ician, vin aris misi
mama.
termini ànSfa~ (`dedis vaJi, Ze~), rogorc
Cans, qarTul `nabiWvars~ Seesabameba.
FYI(F _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fn`b fash[fqf
Cfchs7`f b[mso zslf feg> f,fc b[mso himjy
Cfchs7`f Yfh0ff ptums eb lsp[skqsp bf,
lf[mshpsvlshefp fps.
Fnthvby fyi9f (fy kszrsy)> f6sh0ef
„yf,bzdfhb“ (fw`s,pf[if) bf6`yfujbn.
e. qavSbaia. ànSfa~
T. ^fdi,fbf. `fyi9f~
ayvlan ayvlanqeri _ narTul
gadmocemaTa
personaJi,
gaurkveveli
warmomavlobis mamaci raindi, romelmac
narTi didis Seyvarebuli lZaaTa asuli
erTkviriani brZolis Semdeg gaitaca da
mTebSi miimala. mogvianebiT narTma miagno
mis kvals, daamarcxa ayvlan ayvlanqeri da
Seyvarebuli ixsna.
F7~KFY F7~KFY^~THB _ Yfh0ff
h]`fv0fkf p[skqim0fhf hpsvlshefp fu`svi`f
[fqfr bfresy> Yfh0 le ,pbf bb,jp Koff
h0s9]f> vxs,;msr hf,fimhf ffvsim0f[m
lsvqfhcys fim[f7f ls,yfkbn. Frsh fyqs
Yfh0 eb bim0f b9iffbn> lfqfbh[bn F7`kfyF7`kfy6`thb> ,pbf bb,jp l=b[bn.
axuSba _ narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi,
F{EI<F _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s> Yfh0
b9]f> Cbe ,pbf bk,jp> bfhtb b]`fys bvfpb
fyt6`9jp ls[eys lskimbn> ps9i`vf b9chf
p,fp f-s [fuf[tbn> eb f[fufhf psh0syxsp>
F[ei,f b8spfw`f bpsh]`fp „fefp“ fi`f
jeg.
narTi qaliSvilis _ sius Seyvarebuli,romelic sacolem orTabrZolaSi sasikvdilod
daWra. momakvdavi patronis Semyure cxeni _
zari mxolod megobrebis mier axuSbasaTvis
namRerma simReram daamSvida (ix. `zari~).
ahdu _ uzenaesi; ancvas _ RmerTis
epiTeti, romlis paralelurad gamoiyeneba
mimarTva àdouha~ (ix. à-douha~).
F}LE _ [s[m b7je> fyw`f> btgbntn feg> eb
byf6`sh9iys h[s bflsh[`jbn „flje]f“.
21
e. qavSbaia. seriidan `narTebi~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “Yfh0ff” hf;`f,;m f7ysn`
23
b <
a-baanixa
_ oCamCiris raionis sof.
jgerdaSi mcxovrebi aSubebis sagvareulo
xati, romelic fsxunixas (ix. `fsxunixa~)
`ganayofs~,
`nawils~
warmoadgens.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, aSubas gvari sof.
jgerdaSi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan fsxus
gavliT gadmosaxlebula. fsxuSi SeCerebul
aSubas qals, romelsac Svidi vaJidan
oTxi gardacvlili hyolia, adgilobriv
mkvidrTa darad fsxunixas saxelze ulocia
da misTvis sami Svilis keTilad yofna
uTxovia. fsxunixas Seusmenia dedis Txovna,
aSubebi gadarCenilan da gamravlebulan.
mas Semdeg am gvars fsxunixas `wilis~ _
abaanixas saxelze yovelwliurad dauwyia
locva. ramdenadac Cveulebis ZaliT, afxaz
qalebs qmris sagvareulo xatis saxelis
warmoTqma ekrZalebodaT, aSubebis colebs
abaanixasTvis àkaka~ SeurqmeviaT, xolo
akakas saxelze locvisTvis _ àSva-akaka~.
abaanixas saxelobis locva anu aSvaakaka aSubebma martis TveSi icodnen;
amzadebdnen
kverebs
(akvakvarebs),
romelTagan eqvsi umarilo,xolo danarCeni
damarilebuli iyo; loculobdnen mxolod
mamakacebi
pirisaxiT
sacxovreblis
marjvena kuTxisken. aSubebis gaTxovili
qaliSvilebi avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi
valdebulni iyvnen mSoblebis saxlSi
abaanixas saxelze elocaT da misTvis
orwliani Txa SeewiraT.
F<FFYS{F _ Jxfvxshfn`b fhfbjy f6. |mumfhlf by[j Fi`ff hys[f feg> eb
((c]`sys[f „f7ìf“ „f[`0f“ feg. B7je f;`f,;m
fkf |mumfhlf by[j Fi`ff fvhfuskfhfn`b
Rfdrfp f7ysn` (c]`s bfkcys bffbn. (c]`s
bffby=fcsp Fi`ff hs9]`scr> eb ,s;m8sr
kzreyw`f h7ysn` 9im8sr 9c[mfy> f0s9syn`b
feff h]`fv0fkf fy (c]`s fys[f f7ys
lys]`tbn> f]`fhf 7fkqbn bkpffy[fp f[8sr
frums hvs[mshw. (c]`s fys[f bf]fbn fy
ks]`fhf> Fi`ff [mxf[bn> f=bfhfums hjebn.
E,hb byfhrys fhb f;`kf (c]`s fys[f
f[e0fr ]`f> F,ffys]`f f[mofkf tccsis6`cf
fyw`f bimfgrhf v8f9shujbn. Bif9e tb9i
f9ceff hs]`cf h[fw`f hs;`kf fys[f f[mso
fkf fys]`fhf fpby hsvfv. Fi`ff hs]`cf6`f
F,ffys[f f[mso imfys „frfrf“ ]`f bfim0jeg>
Frfrf f[mofkf fys]`fhf> „fi`ff-frfrf“
f[moeg.
F,ffys[f f[mofkf fys]`fhf vfvpfhums
fi`ff-frfrf> Fi`ff kfqfhfvpfps bhlshetbn> blshvfptbetbn fr`fr`fh> eh0 h7ysn` a,f
f\msr[silf bhvfptbeg> tumsh0 f\msr[si
hsvjeg. F[fw`f vfwfhf hjeg bys]`j> h[s
h[jeg hs8ys fh/mfhf[mn`b fufy f[m. Fi`ff
h0s9]fw`f [fqf bwf[mje> fxsvfpfhf hs[msh
[sv9flf h0ffw`f hs8ys F,ffys]`f f[mofkf
fys]`fhtb eb f[mofkf 8si6`cf p[sqef f\mvf
himsh fresy.
baTalayla _ narTul gadmocemaTa
mixedviT,miuwvdomeli cixe-simagre,romelic
narTebma mxolod cvicvis moxerxebiTa da
gmirobiT Caigdes xelSi.
<F)FKF&~F _ Yyfh0ff h]`fv0fkf> eppsvytbef f,ffii feg> yfh0ff eb f,ff ffyshrsktbn W`sw` bw[shffhfktb> bash[fqfhfktb.
baioba _ ase uwodeben afxazebi bzobis
<FBF-FVI _ f,fc bfim0jeg f9ceff
fiswvis fvxs,;m fv-sif. <fbj,f ffy
kviradRes. baiobaze icodnen sacxovreblis
morTva yvavilebiT, gansakuTrebiT baiaTi
(Ranunculus),
sportuli
Sejibrebebi,
cekvebi da simRerebi sazogadoebrivi
TavSeyris adgilebSi. es iyo da es, bzobis
qristianuli gancda afxazebs ar hqoniaT;
TviT termini da saamdRiso wes-Cveulebebi
nasesxebia megrelebisgan.
a-baya
_ `sulis saxli~, romelsac
micvalebulis
saxelis
ukvdavsayofad
soflebis damakavSirebli gzebis Sesayarze
aSenebdnen. es iyo oTx svetze Semdgari,
yavriT an isliT gadaxuruli fardulis
ti pis mcire arqiteqturuli nageboba,
romelsac oTxive mxares skam-loginebi
hqonda Camorigebuli. abayas win miwaSi
RrmadCamjdari maryuJebiani boZi cxenebis
misabmelad gamoiyeneboda. T. saxokias cnobiT, aseT fardulebs mamebi Svilebis, es
ukanasknelni ki mamebis sulebis saoxad
aSenebdnen (xSirad Wirisufals aq sasmelsaWmelic mohqonda). SemoRamebul an avdarmoswrebul mgzavrs SeeZlo fardulSi
Tavis Sefareba (Ramis gaTevac), cecxlis
danTeba da dapureba. Tu afxazi mizezTa
f8ys i`0skf bh8sxjy> zslfkf fi`xs fkf>
tb=shrffefy fbwkf,hf6`tb> frefifhf6`tb>
fi`f]`fhtb> feff;`kfh htbpfh0f f0s96`f
h7ys. Fiswsvis fys]`fhf 6mshcbfykf
f9ceff bv8f9shujvpn> fhb fnthvbyb> fqfc
v8f9ufhtb eh0 fushw`f h7sn` bhubn.
F<F7F _ `f9cs b8ys~, b9csp b[mso
vsoshw fps f6s0f fv8f f[mtb[fuskj
f0s9 f7ys blshuskjy. Eb 9im- imf7fr
bhs6ùskfp> 7fehkf vf f0`fkf b[s,sp f8ys
tb9isp b[ezsp fh[mbhtrnehfn`b fhuskfhf
frey. Eb f9im- 0ofvw hs7ys fhsvo huskfy.
F,f7f f9[mf fvf[e6`f pvfp fq`8fy bh/`/`fys
flumsk
bqfy
f-6`f
hrsl=f]`fkfhfps.
Cf[jrbf blshhfkf fc tb9i b7fp fhuskfhf
f, b9fbps> f9f bf, bps blshuskjy hs9cs
bu`fkfhi`fhfps. (kfccs f9cs b0ffw`f fhb
f0s9 f7ys fafn`> f;`n` s6`shqjy). F[`kfhf
ps6ì`fp> vf fviw`fumf fhb f0s9 f7ys
ffv0f f[fufhf hskijy> ef[sykfums ef7f
ffyuskfhf> fvwf fb6`qfhf> frhsafhf. F9c-
Tanamedrove àbaya~
}ffv0fpn`b f,f7f
25
gamo abayas Tavs Seafarebda, movaleobad
Tvlida, micvalebulis sulisTvis Sendoba
SeeTvala da iqve Tu ara, saxlSi misuls
mis saxelze Wiqa Rvino Seesva. rogorc
TviTmxilvelebi aRniSnaven, nageboba ukve
bevrgan ar iyo, magram adgils saxelwodeba
kvlav SerCenoda.
sefr vpsp6`fr hskf f,f7f lsqfkfh> b[`0fys
b9[mfojy b9csp b[mso fkf f[0`fkfhf> ef7f
bksvifh b8ys lfyytbkfum [sv9flf b9csp
b[mofkf b[sb0`fkjy. Bplshef feff h]`fv0fkf
f,f7f6`f ffysv[tbn f[f eh0 f[muskfp
f0s96`f hs[mso f[eg bf[mfyofums.
baSnixu _ narTul TqmulebaTa
afxazuri versiis gmiri, romelic zogjer
`gulkeTilis~ epiTetiT ixsenieba. igi xSirad
martodmarto laSqrobs aRmosavleTis
mxares, sadac narTebis mtrebi cxovroben;
aviwroebs maT da afarToebs narTebis miwawyals aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.
baSnixu daundoblad mtrobs im avkacebs,
romlebic adamianebs itaceben, Semdeg ki
yidian an cvlian cxenebze. igi Tanabrad
sjis gamyidvelsac da myidvelsac. narTi
gmiri Svidi gzis gasayarzea Casafrebuli
da ase anTavisuflebs damtyvevebelTagan
adamianebs.
erTxelac
narTqiTidan
(narTebis soflidan) wamosxmuli tyveebi
moZaladeebisgan gaanTavisufla, mSobliur
miwas miaxloebuli mteri zRvispiras
<FIYS{~ _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf f9cef
ash[fqf> pyspsykf eb `fu`s]fkfk~ b[mofkf
lffh9ieg. Eb kfccs kfccs b[fkf l6`skjy
fvhfuskfhfn`b fufy f[m> ef7f Yfh0ff hf/fw`f
y[jy> hslumsk6`f hsvb[jy eb fkf Yfh0ff
hslumskqfrshf6`f bh0,ffefy fvhfuskfhfn`b
fufy fkf.
<fiys[`
lshvtbuofref
lhf,fimefy>
feff vqfhcys bpujp> yfc bp0befp vf f6`f
bhf0sp9cf[kjp feff wùmf6`f> tb7hfys
lhf,fimefy> feff p0befpb> bffp[jpb. Yfh0ff
hash[fqf ,;mv8fr f[mtb[fuskfp ls[8jy> f,fc
h[s bf6`b0bnèfy> fn7`fhf pspep feff. _yfr
pys Yfh06s0f7ysn`> tbl=f]`fkfp fn7`fw`f>
fwùmf8w`f h7ysn` h[s bf6`b0bn`bn> ps9cflumsk bfpffbu`f[f[mfp f/fw`f fvisy f7`fhf
v. vouba. `gmiri baSnixu~
D. Dje,f. “<fiys[` fash[fqf”
miimwyvdia da iq daafica, rom es maTi
ukanaskneli avkacoba iqneboda. rogorc
Cans, narTul gadmocemebSi es epizodi
SedarebiT axalia da feodaluri xanis
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gavrcelebul
tyveTa syidvis instituts ukavSirdeba.
b6bwfktbn> bfumhslbqtbn f0je,f im0fhqfhw
ef]f fc tb9i fw`fumhf ishsvehsp. Biff,j
tb9i Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf fhb f[0sc bf]f bf]
pffbuje ffv0f> fabflfkhfn`b fvhf0fi`fhfn`b
^sh0n`skf=s bfkfhq`fp fn7`fw`f hs0bhf
ffv0f bfl]`fkjeg.
beRerefsTa _ afxazuri folkloris
refruasa da anihamcas da. legendis mixedviT,
miwisqveSeTis suli mWedlobis didostatia
da rkinis iaraRebs Wedavs. beRerefsTa da
misi debi saWmelsa da samoss umzadeben
erTaderT Zmasa da im meomrebs, romlebic
afxazeTSi Semosasvlel gzas icaven.
miwisqveSeTis sulis uecari sikvdilis
gamo
uiaraRod
darCenili
meomrebi
moZaladeebTan
uTanasworo
brZolaSi
iRupebian. Zmis sikvdiliT damwuxrebulma
beRerefsTam imdeni itira, rom misi
cremlebi mdinared iqca. madlierma xalxma
mdinares beRerefsTa uwoda. es mdinare
gagrasTan axlos dResac miedineba.
<T?MTHB(C)F _
f9cef fajkmrkjh
f[f=s> flumsk fq7fn`b fyw`f[`s b9]f>
Ht9hbefb> Fys]`fvwtb hf]ìmf> f]`fv0f
byf6`sh9iys> flumsk fq7fn`b fyw`f[`s
f;mbhf f7fpf le> fb[f bfks[p vf0`f[`s bhvfptbefy. <t/mthb9c0f> kf]ìmw`tb kfhtb
fafn`b> fi`qfn`b lshvfptbefy hfimfpfq`b>
fb,fimw`f> F9cys7f bffbefp fv8f6`f ps[mxjp
hps. Flumsk fq7fn`b f9cw`f]f bffb6ì`fys
b9chf fvifkf> f,\mfhlf bffy[bn fb,fimw`f>
fwùmf8ew`f h[s9[mfofhf fb]fhf fvifkf
ptums 0f[bn. Kfimf b9chf fvifkf bu`sh8jp
<t/mthb9c0f e,sc7fr lw`sefy> eb kskf/sho
bobfcys b7fkbn. Fkfvsc pvfp feff fobfc
<t/mthb9c0f f[moshqbn. Eb fobfc bf[mfums
Ufuhf fpffbu`fhf bbfcetbn.
a-bzahav-abzaCavi
F<PF}F:~-F<PFZF:~ _ Fos fy Ospkfyb eb k[fqtb hsvfqe8s> eb bkitbn
f,;ms7fhf fv8f9ufhf fxsvfpfhtb> fos
f9fbv,fhb hs,;mfhf. Eb b[mofkf bys]ètbn>
fw`svpf flshretbn.
bzou
<PJE _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f b[flje f[f=s
Cfchs7`f b-s (Cfchs7`f b-s f[mso ]`f bfhf
_ wylis dedis
(ix. `ZiZlani~) da misi meuRlis mosamsaxure,
romelsac SesTxoven Suamavlobas avadmyofsa da wylis mbrZaneblebs Soris. mis
saxelobaze aRavlenen locvas da anTeben
sanTels; aris mdedrobiTi sqesis.
_ narTul gadmocemaTa mTavari
personaJis
_
sasriyvas
cxeni
(sxva
g. xubua. `bzou~
U. {e,ef. “<pje”
v. vouba. `bzous aRsasruli~
D. Dje,f. “<pje f0f[fhf”
27
variantebiT sasriyvas cxenis saxelebia
alou, Takuzia, Txvazia, gÁamida), romelic
misi dabadebisTanave ibadeba da romlis
sikvdilis Semdeg gmiric kvdeba. bzou
giganturi zomis cxenia, ikvebeba gamdnari
foladiT da SeuZlia adamianis enaze
laparaki; aris winaswarmetyveli da Tavisi
patronis erTguli mrCeveli.
bzousTan ti pologiurad axlo dgas
adiReuri TxoJia da osuri arfani.
e,fc b9[mfojeg> Fkje> )frespbf> )[dfpbf>
Umfvblf)> eb Cfchs7`f bwbbn> lfy9cs bfhums
0f[bn. <pje lffhfof blsep -sy> f\msh bho0ys
frey bfajp> fef8s b,spi`fkf bw`f;`jy>
b7fkfif pffyfqf bflshjy> b9i`vf bpu`srsy>
f[is8 byf0jy.
<pje lffhfof bfpffbujeg flsun`b )[j;btb>
fef9cn`b Fh9fybb.
biki _ narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi,
narTebis
samxreTeli
mtrebis
erTerTi winamZRoli, romelmac narTi kunis
aryofniT isargebla da mwyemsebs misi
cxvris fara wagvara. narTi kuni Causafrda
mas fxiaus mwvervalze, daamarcxa, daibruna
fara, Semdeg dauZmoblida da gucakiasTan
da ramdenime ZmasTan erTad stumrad ewvia.
bikma gamomSvidobebisas narTebi Svidi
wyvili kameCiT daasaCuqra. Tqmulebis
mixedviT, swored am naCuqari saqonlisagan
gamravlda `cxovelTa Soris umSvenieresi
cxovelis _ kameCis modgma afxazeTSi~.
narTul
eposSi
bikis
epiTetia
`bednieri~.
<SRM _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fn`b f[f=s> Yfh0ff
fvhfuskfhfn`b hf/fw`f h9spfw`f hefo`s
bjeg> eb Yfh0 R`sy b7fvpffhf b[s bfbh[`fy
f[mxfw`f fef[mfl hsv[ys bubn. Yfh0 R`sy eb
lb[f8tbn (cfe fim[f f7ys> lfqfbh[bn> bef[mfl
bhums;mbn. Yfc tbimw`f[bn> U`wfrmtb 9s08r
bfimw`tb cschf bpytbn <srm. Bfytb9shqefp
<srm ,s;m-e/`fr frfv,fim6`f hb0tbn ]
fv0fc. F]`fv0fkf bbfifw`7mfys „f,fh0 f]
fbefy [fpsyf6`f hskf feg f=bfhf pfbsep
frfv,fim F9cys“.
Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf <srm btgbntn feg „fyfcs9 pvje“
_ tyis RmerTi, romelic
tyeSi cxovrobs da mis binadarT ganagebs.
afxazi tyeSi Sesvlis an iq Ramis gaTevis
SemTxvevaSi abna incvaxus mfarvelobas
SesTxovs.
afxazebis
yofaSi
bolo
xanebamde wesad iyo miRebuli yoveli
aTasi suli saqonlidan asi tyeSi gaeSvaT
am RvTaebis saxelze, rasac isini maTi
winaprebisagan _ narTebisagan momdinared
miiCnevdnen (narTul gadmocemebSi daculi
es Cveuleba erTaderTi cnobaa narTebSi
msxverplSewirvis arsebobis Taobaze).
nadirobisa da gareuli cxovelebis
mfarveli afxazuri RvTaeba (ix. à-JveifSaa~)
zogjer
àbnaincvaxud~
iwodeba.
Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts,rom adiReelebis
RvTaeba meziTxi nadirTa mfarvelis garda
tyis batonadac iTvleboda, àbnaincvaxu~
SeiZleba aJveifSaas meore saxeladac
miviCnioT.
F<YF _ FYW~F}F _ f,yf f7ys lsy[jbn>
fi`fhf[ lsh[skf9ijbn. F9cef f,yf
lfyskfkjb> fw[ fyb[fbujb fevf eb f,yf
f[`skf9i lb]`jbn. F9ceff hs9c0fpffhf
f7ys ef;`ffbu`fyof qfcc bhsvfy p6ms [`s
f9cfcf f7ysn` i`rs f,yf fkfqfhf> f,yf
fyw`f b[mofkf. Eb fhb fqfc hf,im0hfkf> Yfh0ff h7ysn` bffetbn ]`f bhs9[mfojbn.
Fi`fhswfhtb> f,syi`fhf[ f9ffbv,fhb
]`f F9ceff pyspsykf „F;`tb9imff“
„F,yf-fyw`f[`s“ ]`f bim0jeg. Bfpu`f0fnèg
fc tb9i b7je> flsuw`f h9fbv,fh Vtpb0[ fi`fhswfhf f9ffbv,fhhf flfums f,yf
f[skf9i8s ]`f ls9[mfofy> e,hb f7ysn`
„F,yf -fyw`f]f“
7fkjbn „F;`tb9imff“
lf-f b[msor frepfhums.
a-bnalara _ `tyeSi gaqceva~. damnaSavis
mier wminda tyeSi (koromSi) gasvla
TavSesafrisa da xelSeuxeblobis uflebis
F<YFKFHF _ fwùmf pep f,yf9imf f[m
lskfkjy b[s b[mxfhw> fpby bfehw rmsc
bvjehfps fvpsp fkf. Fhb fnthvby hf9[mfof
a-bnaincvaxu
b. jopua. àJveifSaas tye~
<. |mjgef. “F;`tb9imff b,yf”
mopovebis
mizniT.
termins
pirvelad
yuradReba miaqcia i. Sifnerma,romelmac igi
CveulebiTi samarTlidan kargad cnobil
droit dàsile-s (TavSesafris uflebas)
daukavSira. aRniSnuli Cveuleba wminda
tyeebis, koromebis, rogorc sakraluri
sivrcis da masSi arsebuli sagnebis
(maT Soris adamianis) xelSeuxeblobis
rwmenidan
momdinareobs.
TavSesafris
uflebis mopovebis mizniT wminda tyeSi
gasvla, rogorc Cans, kavkasiis xalxebSi
farTod gavrcelebuli movlena iyo. k.
glavanis cnobiT, danaSaulSi (maT Soris
mkvlelobaSi) eWvmitanili Cerqezi mamakacebi
da qalebi Tu wminda tyes Seafarebdnen Tavs
da romelime xeze Camokidebul (Sewirul)
qsovilis naWers yelze Semoixvevdnen,
sasjelisagan Tavisufldebodnen. sainteresoa
gadmocemebi
erT-erTi
Cerqezi
mxedarTmTavris _ inalis SviliSvilze _
xeTagze, romelTanac devnis dros wminda
koromi Tavad mivida da Seifara igi.
mogvianebiT aRniSnuli Cveuleba klasobrivi
brZolis pasiuri formis gamoxatuleba
xdeba (Sdr. abragoba, firaloba).
a-bnauau
_ tyis kaci, saSineli veluri
arseba; gamoirCeva araCveulebrivi fizikuri
ZaliTa da mrisxanebiT; aqvs wverebi da
xSiri balani, brWyalebiani grZeli xelebi,
adamianiviT Tvali da cxviri; acvia nadiris
tyavi,mkerdze Camokidebuli culiT ebrZvis
mowinaaRmdeges. zogi gadmocemiT, abnauaus
mkerdze aqvs culismagvari wamonazardi,
romliskenac mizidul msxverpls igi
orad Wris. tyis kaci cxovrobs afxazeTis
uRran tyeebSi. arsebobda rwmena, rom
yovel xeobaSi saxlobda erTi aseTi
arseba, xolo abavas xeoba abnauauTa
ZiriTadi samkvidrebeli iyo. miuxedavad
fizikuri Zlierebisa, xalxis SexedulebiT,
igi gulubryvilo arsebaa, adamiani iolad
atyuebs, amarcxebs, irTavs tyis kacis
mzeTunaxav cols da eufleba mTel
mis qonebas. abJuis afxazebis rwmeniT,
ukanaskneli abnauau sof. aZiubJasTan
axlos urayis uRran tyeSi mokla mamacma
mwyemsma xuxu WiTanaam; bzifis afxazebSi
tyis kacTa modgmis gamanadgurebelia
saxalxo gmiri mard-ifa.
abnauaus
msgavsi
demonuri
arseba
kargad aris cnobili qarTuli (Sdr.
29
f[is8hf fpbebn B. Ibayth> eb fhb ,fif fpfrefy ,pbfys bplshef f[`s[mxfhfn`b fpby
bflb]`fktbn. Bfh,je fqfc b9imje f,yf>
frjhjv6`f> fcfrhfkn`b f0s9b> ef7f b7je
fvf0`f[`sb> frmsvchf flby[fqfhf f7ysn`
bffetbn. F[s[mxfhf fpby fbehf fvpspkf
b9imje f,yf f[m fbfchf> biff,j tb9i>
Rfdrfpn`b feff hps byfh0,ffe ffh9ihf
fvjeg. R. Ukfdfy blshhfkf> fwùmfehf> eh0
bhefreg fef8imhfums> fu`hfvufhf pvfp
fxsh6mfpw`f l[fqf> ls9]`sc f,yf9imf
h[`s sqfhrefy> qkfr f7ys effyof bryfh]f[mfp wf/s r`fvrmf [ezsr hs[`lf
bfrelshijy> eb fkf f[fhf f7ysn` h[s bf6b0sy. Efvfi`f be,fif f]`fv0fr f7ys fxsh6mfp> tbwlshe fh f9syuskf> Byfk b9fb9f {mt0ums> bfybim0fp b9imfp f,yf f[m
b[fkf lfyytb> eb lfw`f[bn. Frshis6`c6`f
hffvsim0f[m fc tb9i b7fp fqfc frkfccn`b
fb=fuskfhf6`f hffy tbqfrsp fajhvf fbsebn. (f,hfumhf).
F<YF EF*S _ fusui`su ,ff9cs> lffhfof
fvx pvfp> fwùmf8sr fresy> bfvjeg f;frmf>
b6svcfcjeg> fyfg[sw q`sh6`f fvjeg> fef8s
tb9i f,kf6`tb> f9syqtb> vf0`fc bfièg
fusui`suw`f> f[elf b[ime fb[fkf bf=fuskj
bf,fimetbn> ]`fv0f6`fr fkf f,yf ef8s
bu`s bfvjeg fb[f btb9ie f;msvlsh> eb
bfpffbu`f[j ptums tb7hfys tb8yfijbn. F,yf
ef8s lsy[jbn F9cysn`b f,yfhi`shf6`f
h7ys. Feff b[fhqjy> 8[ffw9[mfof fo`s
lsy[jy ]`f> f[f F,fdff ht8[ff f,yf eff
bhsimfu`s0e fy[fh0f fresy. Fvx /`/`f ibvfpums eb lffhfof pu`s ,skefp> pu`s ifnfp
bfrey> fef8s eb b;mfhf bkijy> lfqfbh[jy>
b9]`sc 9iof lbvb[jy> bvfk le bvgsqfbrskjy. F,;mfeff h]`fv0fkf fqs[`n`fyn`b
f,yf ef8s f6s. Fos8,;mf fpffbu`fhf
f,yfhi`shf f7ys> f[mxf fash[fqf {`s[`
Zb0fyff lbimbn. <ps9n`b f9ceff h7ys f,yf
ef8s hsimf0f s6`b[bn fvbkf0n`b fash[fqf
Vfhl b9f.
F,yfef8s tb9ie f\mysi b,pbfys
blsheg
f6sh0etb
(fushefn`„jxjgbynht“
fu`hbfn`b „uekwekf“> Ktx[svn`b „,jxjkbt“>
megruli òCokoCi~, guru„jx6jxt“> fvtc[n`b „f,yf
li `gulcula~, leCxumuri
ef8s“) Rfdrfpn`b feffb
`boColie~
da
òCqoCe~,
(fxsh6mtpn`b vtpfyker>
mesxuri `tyis kaci~) da
„f,yf ef8s“ f7fhfxffn`b
kavkasiis xalxebis (Sdr.
fufx rbim> „f,yf ef8s“>
Cerqezebis mezanluki _
fkfrn`bb>
flbljtkn`b
`tyis kaci~,yaraCaelebis agaC
hbrbhfk
lfr
„fb[fn`s
kiSi _ `tyis kaci~, lakebisa
u`si9s“> fdfbyf[n`b [e
da didoelebis rikiral
cfu „f,yf ef8s“> fef9cn`b
daki _ `culismkerdiani~,
kfucbhl>
fr`svsrn`b
vainaxebis xu sagi _ `tyis
6jkbx nbjim> „f]`fn`s
kaci~, osebis lagsirdi,
kumikebis qoliC tioSi _
fu`si9s“> fdfhn`b fkvfc>
~xmlismkerdiani~ an Temir
fpfh,f\mfyn`b
vtrif
tioSi _ `rkinismkerdiani~,
flfv> „f,yf ef8s“> efc
avarelebis almasi, azerbatum.)
hvbajkjubf6`f
ijanelebis
mkSa
adami
h=syn`. Bhptb9iys b7je
_ `tyis kaci~ da sxv.)
f[sv8f9ufimf6`f
hslf>
miTologiidan.
garda
f,fh0 ptums tblsprskj
sxva saerTo Tvisebebisa
imfyfr hsvjeg> f,8fn`b
Tu funqciebisa, yvela am
vf fb[f bfk[e> (fb[f> f]`f>
arsebas erTi garegnuli
e. qavSbaia. àbnauau~
fw7mfuf tb9ie) f;msvlsh
niSani
aerTianebs
_
T.
^fdi,fbf.
“f,yf
ef8s”
bu`si9s
f7ys. BbfiZvliseburi
an
rkinis
(culis, xmlis, saCeClis
fys f,hb flshuf feg f,yf
msgavsi) wamonazardi mkerdze,
ef8s lhskprffef fleytb
rkinismkerdianoba.
swored
es
niSani tumsh0 fvbkf0n`b fajkmrkjh6`f> blshe f\
ganasxvavebs tyis kacs msoflios sxva mysin`b fvx pvje h7ysn`> zslfkf Rfdrfpn`b
xalxebis folkloridan cnobili msgavsi
fvbkf06`f bhptb9ie f9cf,fhfn`b ffh9ihf
demonuri Zalebisagan, rac mas specifiur
feg.
saerTokavkasiur movlenad warmoaCens.
bJaiua-bJaZa
_
`naxevradxmelinaxevradnedli~.
narTul
gadmocemaTa
miwaTmoqmedi personaJi (zogi variantiT
saTanei-gvaSas
`rCeuli~,
sasriyvas
biologiuri mama), romelic narTebisaTvis
ucxo gmiria. igi cali xeliT xnavs da
sasriyvas salamzec ar pasuxobs. roca
Seuracxyofili sasriyva mxvnels mietia,
am ukanasknelma narTi raindi cxenianad
aswia da beltqveS amodo; esec ar akmara,
gobze dasva, gobi cols Tavze daadga da
Sin gaistumra bavSvebis gasarTobad.
aRniSnuli
Tqmulebis
paraleli
gansxvavebuli saxiT mocemulia eposis
adiReur da osur versiebSic. ufro Zlieri
gmiris Ziebis motivs vxvdebiT msoflio
folkloris sagmiro da zRaprul ZeglebSi.
miwaTmoqmedisa da daumarcxebeli gmiris
msgavsi urTierTobebis motivi kargad aris
<:F*F-<:FOF _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf
flumsk6`ffhs[s8eg. (lf-f \mfhf[ Cf0fytb
U`fimf „kw`s,pf“> Cfchs7`f bf, u`frmf)>
Yfh0ff hps fn`sv [f=eg. Eb bpyfgsr fkf
lw`f/`jbn> Cfchs7`f bcfkfv f0frums fpbefv>
psgfne [-sp Cfchs7`f eb lfysybl[[skf> Yfh0ff hash[fqf b-s lpf6`n`fp l8sim0b[sy
fysi`9skuls lfqfb;mbn eb bpvsh[fref
fu`s,kff le lyfyqfys b9]`sc k[s
b6`bhusktbn f[sz6`f lhpus bkf[evfhkfg
]`f.
Fhb f]`fv0f psyof tb9isv [f=skf bffh9ieg ftgjc6`f> flsuw`tb> fef9cffb hdthcbf. Tb]f fvx le pvje fash[fqf ]fb9skjbn
fleytb fajkmrkjhn`b fash[fw`tb> fkfre6`tb
h7ys.
Flumsk6`ffhs[b>
qf[fhf
pvfv
fash[fqf tb9ie fbps7fpffimf6`f hvjnbd
b,pbfys bffh9ieg f6sh0ef f;`kfh hkfr`
31
f7ys. F,hb fufy fkf zslfkf
fbynthfc fvjeg B. &mb9ibot
bfyqfv0f fushefn`b fkfr`
(„f/`f bfqrmsc b/`/`je
tcyfum ls7fpffetbn“)> ef7f
b]`jeg fash[fqf zr`syb>
i`-e/èf
frfv,fim6`f
hskf bw`f/`jp flfeb hps> eb
bbfifw`7mfys tb0fyf]`jbn
Cfchs7`tb> <;f8f- <;fotb
hf;`f,;m.
asaxuli qarTul xalxur
zRaprebSic.
am
mxriv
gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa i. yifSiZis mier
Cawerili erTi megruli
zRapari (`Zlierze ufro
Zlieri
mudam iqneba~),
romelSic
moTxrobili
ambavi gmiri kaJisa da asi
uReli kameCiT mxvneli
goliaTis Sesaxeb zustad
imeorebs sasriyvasa da
bJaiua-bJaZas epizods.
F<SHPFK
_
fflsl>
a-brzali _ Weqa-quxilis RvTaebis (ix. à-fi~)
fvfw`sc
f,\mfh
iaraRi abJuis afxazTa
f,;mseffn`b
f9ceff
rwmeniT (bzifis afxazebSi
h[fqfhfkf (<ps9n`b f9cki afis iaraRia àfirxi~
eff f,\mfh f9> f9f[s
_ afis tyvia). abrzali
f[mosy). F,shpfk 8usyr
warmoadgensorlesul Tu
fkf b[se vf 8q`srys b7je
orwvera Subs an isars,
a. beliukini. `bJaiua-bJaZa~ f9cf vf f[`vgfk fresy>
romliTac RvTaeba Tavis
eb fkf f9ffbv,fh b]`fn`s
risxvas ugzavnis urC mtreF. <tkberby. “<;f8f-<;fof”
[fpsvojp f[mbh[`jy (tb]
bs (gansakuTrebiT ajniSs;
fhfofr f\mysi). F,shpfk
ix. à-jniSi~). abrzali
cecxlovani iaraRia da visac an rasac fvwf ps=7mj f,\mfheg> bpff[fp vf bprmscsp
moxvdeba, cecxlis alSi axvevs.
ptums fvwf hrefy.
a-brskili
_
amiranianis ti pis sagmiro eposis gmiri; daibada qalwulisagan saswaulebrivi
CasaxviT
(uZvelesi
varian-tebis
mixedviT,
qaliSvilma
Wama dafqvili Tavis qala,
romlis
gamanayofierebelma Zalam igi daafexmZima. Sdr. aWaruli folkloris
personaJis
_
rompapis
dabadeba).
abrskili drois mcire
monakveTSi gaizarda da
goliaTuri
siZlieris
daumarcxebeli
gmiri
gaxda;
iyo
mterTagan
afxazTa damcveli da
Tavisi xalxis moWirnaxule,
miwaTmoqmedTa
dasaxmareblad gvimrasa
v. vouba. àbrskili~
D.Dje,f `f,hcrmsk~
F<HCRMSK _ Fvbhfy tb9ie fash[fqfhfn`b
ftgjc f[f=s> eb lbbn
f9]`sp,f k7ysn`> b\mmfimf[e
fw`fn`svhfkf
(f;`snòfn`b f]`fv0f6`f
hskf> f9]`sp,f f[s,f8
[[ys bkabn eb ffvsim0f[m
kw`f kn`svref l7fkbn>
fb=. Fzfhfn`b fajkmrkjh
f[s=cf[mf> Hjvgfgf bbhf).
F,hcrmsk ffv0f rmf= fkf
bp]fbn fvx le pvje> fo`s
bpfqfvsh[jp flfe bfr`[bn>
f/fw`f h7ysn` eb f9cseff
b[mxjy> flumsk6`sy[f8w`f
hsw[shffhfps
eb
fflsrfrfzb>
f]fhimskb
b6`b[jy. F,hcrmsk lffhfof b[s b9spfys l7fkbn>
e. qavSbaia. `mijaWvuli abrskili~
D.^fdi,fbf. “Brsl=f]`skje F,hcrmsk”
da ekal-bardebs spobda. abrskili ise
gaTamamda, rom Tavi uzenaesis tolad
CaTvla da mas qeds ar uxrida. ganrisxebuli
RmerTis _ ancvas brZanebiT gmiri Sei pyres
da Tavis cxenTan erTad oCamCiris raionis
sof. Wlous erT-erT gamoqvabulSi rkinis
paloze miajaWves, mcvelad, erTi variantiT,
mabzakuna (adarganwuxva) miuCines, meoreTi
_
dedaberi.
afxazebis
usayvarlesi
gmiri ganTavisuflebas cdilobs, magram
amaod (zogi versiiT, abrskili Tavs
gainTavisuflebs, magram gamoqvabulidan
gamosuli da dRis naTliT dabmravebuli
goliaTi mTebSi midis).
a-bRara
_ samWedloSi, grdemlis
win Sesrulebuli xatze gadacemis wesi;
dazaralebuli mWedlobis RvTaebas (ix.
`SaSvi~) eWvmitanilis dasjasa da danaSaulis
aRiarebis
SemTxvevaSi
zaralis
(mag.,
dakarguli saqonlis an raime nivTis) ormag,
sammag an xuTmag anazRaurebas SesTxovda.
dazaralebulis Semdeg saTanado locvas
mWedelic aRavlenda da RmerTs qurdis
samagaliTo dasjas Seexveweboda (saamisod
fuliT an naturiT gasamrjelos miiRebda).
danaSaulis aRiarebisa da naqurdalis
dabrunebisaTvis eWvmitanils ori kviris
vadas
aZlevdnen.
Tu
igi
aRniSnul
droSi
danaSaulSi
gamotydeboda
da
dazaralebuls Sesabamisad gadauxdida,
imave samWedloSi `gadacemis moxsnisTvis~
ilocebda da mxareebi Serigdebodnen;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi bralmdebeli valdebuli iyo yovelwliurad Seesrulebia
abRara (ix. `nagalen yawara~). Tu eWvmitanili
mxolod
misi
an
ojaxis
romelime
wevris avadmyofobis (es ki RvTaeba
SaSvis risxvas miewereboda) SemTxvevaSi
gamotydeboda,
dazaralebuli
Tavisas
daibrunebda, magram Serigeba anu `daWerildamizezebulis gaTavisufleba~ saTanado
msxverplSewirvisa da ritualis Catarebis
Semdeg moxdeboda (ix. à-xnirxura~). Tu
eWvmitanilis ojaxi mTlianad amowydeboda,
dazaralebuli valdebuli iyo eloca
RvTaeba SaSvisTvis da erTi wlis dakodili
Txa Seewira. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi
damnaSavis msgavsad daisjeboda.
33
f9ffbv,fhw`f lhf7hfys b[s b9[mfoj lfkfutbn> hf9[mf l[sh[jvpn. Bpu`ffp fyw`f
blqfhfkf eb llsh,ffylf8shn`bn> b-b bfhtb
Jxfvxshf f6. Zkje f]f96`f hefrs f=s
fb[fn`s fimf7f lfl=fh]`fktbn> b[mxfkfhw>
dthcbfr fkf eb fqsc flfhufyqs[e [skf9i8sc bh0tbn> tumb fdthcbfkf 0fr`f;`sr
lb[skf9iefy. F9ceff ptums ,pbf bh,jp
fash[fqf b[s b-f6`b0bn`sh b0f[eg f[f
bkijv (dthcbfr fkf eb
b-9bhnbn f[f
fl`f[ms lfyl`skq fkfimwfhf bfhkfi`[mfp
F,hcrmsk fim[f7f lwjbn).
F<?FHF _ f;mbhf=s> f/f f=f9[mf f,/fhf
fqfc> f9[fc0f pfesp f;mb9ffbv,fh „Imfim“
fu`hfvufhf pvje bf[msh[`hf lf]`jbn> fbfif ffh9if ffvsim0f[m bjesp fpfhfk (bf].
bw`sosp fhf[`> vf vf0`f[`sr) 8svn`> [svn`>
[`svn` bfwqfys fh[`sy]`hf lf]`jbn. Fpfhfk pfep bffvsim0f[m fyw`f bimfgs brjbn
f;mbums> fyw`f f/msx b6`yfuje lf6`bhi`fhw
lb]`jbn (eb fps f9fhf> vf fimn`f bh0jy).
F[fhf fv8f9ufhf fp[fqfhtb> bb/msxsp
fh[`sy]`htb fps fu`hfvufhf pvfp 8vxs,;m
ffv0f bh0jy. Bpje;m0sp ffv0f fps f[fhf
ble fp[fqfys bb/msxsp bh[sy]`sh> bfhf eb
f;mbh0f f7ys l=sh[efy> bys]èfy> fufy6`f
tbyffkjy. Frevpfh fps]`f8 tccsis6`cf f,/
fhf yfbuofh fr`sy. Fu`hfvufhf pvfp bfhf vf
b0ffw`fhf fo`s fxsvfpfhf b[msh e,fc7fy
b[fhf fp[tbqfh> fpfhfk pfesp f9sh[fuf bjep
ptums bh[`sy]èfy f[f fbyffkfhf vfvpfhums
„bffyshrskfp b[`f6`b0n`hf“ bif9sp tb9i
fimn`f imys> fqfc v8f9ufys frey f=s[hf
pbfefp (f[msh[`hf). Fu`hfvufhf p6`sp
0ffw`fkf lfysoofh> fps]`f8s f0fr9[s6`hf
b6`sy
fys]`fhf fv8f9ufhf f9ffbv,fh
Imfim> f9cf0fn`c is6`csr p[sqef f\mvf
bimefy. Frsvpfh eb bfhf b[f0f f[fhf plsp
tb9i lf[msh[`[jy.
35
g U
a-gizmali
_
maqcia.
afxazebis
warmodgeniT, zogierT
adamians
aqvs
meore suli, romelic cxovelis saxiT
an cxovelze (kata, mgeli, tura, mamali)
Semjdari
drodadro
xetialobs
da
adamianisa da saqonlisaTvis mavnebloba
moaqvs (SeuZlia ZuZuebidan rZe gamoswovos,
amoglijos gul-RviZli da sxva organoebi).
afxazTa rwmeniT, aseTi adamiani (xSirad
qali) sofelSi ramdenimea. isini SeiZleba
saxlSic iyvnen da imavdroulad TavianT
ufrosTan, romelTanac nadavli miaqvT.
rogorc Cans, warmodgenebi meore sulze
aris transformirebuli Sexedulebebi e.w.
`gareTa sulze~, romelsac mraval xalxTa
Soris qarTvelebic icnobdnen.
FUSPVFK _ f9ceff hu`ffyfufhfkf feff9cshf lhtb9ieg f[f 89csr b[jeg> eb
fusui`su fcf[mfkf vf fusui`su (fwu`s>f6`s\
mvf> f,ufle> fh,f/m) lf6`n`fys pyspsykf
lu`fhjeg> feffb> fi`fhf[b hps f,ff9chf6`f
v8f9uj (f;` frsrf f[i fw`w`hf fkijbn> fu`sb
fu`fq`tb f/hs[hf> tumsh0 f[`0f6`tb). F9ceff h[fqfhfkf fc tb9i b7je fef8s (kfccs eb
ls9]`scsy) f6s0f f7ys lfo`srsvpn. B7fkfh
7fkjbn eh0 ffv0fr fkf 80s9r h7ys f7fpffhf>
bhskijy hs8ys f7fpfhtb> bh/msxsp ppshujp
htb]f,s b7ys f7fpfhtb.
Biffh9ie tb9i> fh,fhf6`f f8,fn`s f9cs
f[m fnhfycajhvfwbf pspe fu`ffyfufhf6`f
„fl`f[msn`b f9cs“ fps> bfrsvref fvbkf06`f
bishlshefp tb9i f6sh0w`f h7syums bffh9ieg.
a-gilaxia _ loginis aRebis wesi,
romelsac mSobiarobidan ori kviris
Semdeg asruleben. am dromde namSobiarevi
qali sawolidan ar dgeba. agilaxÁas
qalebi dResaswauloben da masze daswreba
mamakacebs ekrZalebaT. dedamTili an
romelime naTesavi qali ori-sami dRiT
adre Semoivlis axloblebs da agilaxÁaze
dapatiJebs. daniSnul dRes yvela adridanve
ikribeba,mowveul stumrebs moaqvT qaTmebi an
yveli. Tu ojaxi SeZlebulia,klaven cxvars
an Txas, Tu arada qaTmebs; moamzadeben aseve
yvelian kverebs (ix. à-kvakvari~). bebiaqali
xelSi iRebs akvakvars da ojaxis mfarvels
(ix. à-Jahara~) mimarTavs: `SegisruleT
yovelive, rac Cvenma winaprebma gvianderZes,
umorCilesad gTxovT, dido aJahara, daifare
es qali da misi axalSobili, nu moakleb
maT da am ojaxs Sens wyalobas~.
amave dRes msxverplSewirva xdeba e.w.
`saxlsgareT myofTa~ (ix. à-dviniqou~),
e.i. micvalebulTa saxelze, risTvisac
xarSaven yveruls, dedals da ramdenime
akvakvars; bebiaqali loculobs: `Tqven
yvela, vinc saxls gare xarT, iyaviT mis
mimarT (mologinebulis _ n.a.) mowyaleni,
daicaviT is da mTeli ojaxi yovelgvari
ubedurebisagan da xeli moumarTeT~.
Semdegi
msxverplSewirva
da
locva
sruldeba miwis ufalis (ix. à-dgil
dedoufali~) saxelze. im adgilas, sadac
qalma imSobiara. bebiaqali klavs mamalsa
da dedals (maTi Wama mxolod colqmars SuZlia), xarSavs da aSvimgÁalis
(WviStaris) ramdenime naWerTan erTad
swiravs adgilis dedas locviT: `miwis
dido dedofalo, gisrulebT danapirebs
da gTxovT daifaro deda-Svili kbilis
tkivilisa da sxva daavadebisagan~. Semdeg
cxveba oTxi mrgvali da erTi mTvaris rqis
formis akvakvari; pirvel oTxs bebiaqali
samjer gaatarebs axalSobilis dedis didi
da saCvenebeli TiTebiT Seqmnil wreSi
da samjer imeorebs _ `gaxsna!~ iTvleba,
rom amis Semdeg qali ise Tavisuflad
imSobiarebs, rogori
TavisuflebiTac
gaiares akvakvarebma wreSi. mTvaris rqis
formis akvakvars Cvils Wi pze daadeben da
loculoben, rom bavSvs Wi pi ar atkivdes.
Tu agilaxÁa xuTSabaTs daemTxva, imave
dRes an Semdgom xuTSbaTs loculoben
FU~SK{HF _ fbfh0f im0s[hf fqfc>
f9]`sc k[mfhf ffvsim0f[m 8svxs;m fyqkfum byfhuojbn. Effyof f[iffhf lsp[skqsp
kbfh0f lfu`skqefv. Fu`sk[hf f]`cf byfhsuoj ys]`jeg ef[m f[`fw`f fytbhf fpby hsvfv. Fy[`f vf fefw`f hefo`s 8svi> [svi
pfue f6s0f f]`cf lhskfkfys ff9[mfhf hsk0jbn Fu`sk[hf f[m. Bfh,je fvi fps ptums
pffyfqf tbpjbn> bffhs9[mfp fcscw`f bffhujbn fr`n`s> fi`. F0ffw`fhf bpskij hfrepfh>
fefcf vf f\mvf himjbn> vfvpfhums fr`n`s>
blshvfptbetbn fxf]fh;`> fr`fr`fh. F,hsu
9]`sc kyfgs=s bffyskrskjbn fr`fr`fh>
f0ffw`f
h[`skf9i8
(bu`.
F;mf]fhf)
lb]`jbn> „]f,b9fhf bf]pffyhs;msp fqfckf
ptums bepsyf]fuotbn F;mf]fhf le> ce]`jbn
eh[skf9i F;mf]fhf le f,hb f9]`scb>
bk[`skqspb> e6mbfhf hsu`sevs;msy“.
E,hb fvi fps f9cf0fn` himjbn „Fl`ys7`f“
f9cw`f hs[mofkf> eb fps fxf]fh;`> fr`n`s>
fr`fr`fh h;ètbn. F,hsu 9]`sc lys]`jbn>
„i`fh0 ptums f8ys bf7`suje> eh0 hps (fbfh0f bkqsp hps) iù`s ]f]fksp> bi`s[mxf>
f0ffw`fhf ptums bfh,fypffkfums hswf]f
f7ysn`> i`hsw[hff“.
Yfc f9cf0fn`s himjbn fys]`fhf bfkujbn
Flumsk
f[skf9i8s
„Flumskxxf“
b[mofkf. F9]`sc f[iff lf[mkjep f0s9 f7ys
f,hsu 9]`sc bkimjbn fh,f/mb> fr`nsb (eb
[fqtb>9]`scb vfwfhf hjeg fafhf bf6`b0e)>
bk;`jbn>
fi`xfi` -s0r tblrskfys
fr`sh,fy f6`skqjbn f0s9 fy kys]`fhfkf „
flumsk f9ffbv,fh9]`sc le> b,psyfcsuojbn
bcs6`scqfp>
c,s]`jbn
b,s[mxfhw
fy
k[`skqb kfhtb [f9sw [mff hvjef> tumsh0
xsvfpfhf6`tb h7ysn`“. Yfc bhojbn 9im,f
bums;me> frs b[flje fvpfn`s8f 9ihf pvje
fr`fr`fh6`f. Hf9[mfn`b 9im,f f,hsu 9]`sc
[svn` br`kshijbn f9i6`f bfy kyfw`s leb>
fyfh9isufn`b fyfw`sb hskf tb6`shi`je
fhums;m> ec7fy f9]`sc bk]`jbn [svn`> „bffnbn“. B9[mfojeg e,hb ffvsim0f[m f9]`sc
bvfhbfys l[mjbn kf9[mf7f fr`fr`fh6`f if7f
bvfhbfys fhu`s;m brskcsp tb9i. Fvpfn`s8f
pvje fr`fr`fh f9i6`f bzfgfy bf6`shqjbn>
bys]`jbn f[zs bvu`f bvs[mshw.
Fu`sk[hf f9imfi bf6ì`fh> eb fvi
fps vf bffbef f9imfi bys]`jbn Fospkfy
37
wyalTa RvTaebis (ix. `ZiZlani~) saxelze.
moxarSuli TeTri mamliTa da dedliT
da akvakvarebiT midian mdinaresTan da
deda-Svilis
TandaswrebiT
swiraven
da loculoben: `dido ZiZlan, wyalTa
ufalo, daicavi deda-Svili yovelgvari
borotebisgan~. am wesis Seusruleblad
namSobiarev qals mdinareze an wyaroze
gasvla ekrZaleba. momdevno mSobiarobis
Semdeg ojaxi naklebad ixarjeba, mdinareSi
mxolod kvercxs agdeben.
f9ffbv,fh ks[mso fkf. B;è fh,f/mb vf
fr`ns ir`fr`tb> fr`fr`fh6`f hsvfys fos
f[`s6` f[m bwjbn ys]`fhf> F[`skq lpfesp
ks[iff lksvfys lhsweg> fr`sh,fy yfhsuojbn> bys]`jbn> „Ospkfy le> fos 9ffbv,fh>
b[mxf fyb> k[skqb bfh,fypffkfum wùmfhf
f7ysn`“. F,hb fqfc yfhsuoffyof f[skq
l[fesp fosb> fqtb\mb f[m fytbhf lf6`b0sv.
Hf9[mf7f f[skq fbehf ffy f0ffw`fhf bffhvfzys b7fhqjbn> fobfc fr`nf/m vfwfhf feg
bfkfhs;mef.
a-girtnihva _ `megruli locva~,
romelsac abJuis afxazebi Tavis tkivilis,
Sakikis, cxviridan sisxldenis, uneblie
Sardvis SemTxvevaSi asrulebdnen da
aRniSnul daavadebaTa mfarvel suls (ix.
à-salerti~) avadmyofobisagan ganTavisuflebas SesTxovdnen.
a-girtnihva cnobilia aseve asalertis
saxelwodebiT
FUSHYS}~F _ „fushw`f hys]`fhf“
f,;mseffn`b f9cefff f[s[mhf ffy bv8f9shujbn> f9syqf fimf fyffef> fw`sh0f6`x[`hf
ffy> f,fh0 fxsvfpfhf6`f bh[`skf9ief
f9ffbv,fh (bu`.Fcfkthn) fxsvfpfhf f7ysn`
f[`f6`b0n`hf bf]`jbn.
Fushys]`f bfhf e,fc blsheg Fcfkthn
b[mofkf
goTanua
_
personificirebuli
suli, romelsac abJuis afxazebi saSobao
`dilis locvis~ (ix. `Sarfnihva~) dros
muclis gvremisa da tkivilisagan dacvas
SesTxovdnen. swiravdnen wiwilebsa da
kverebs (ix. à-kvakvari~). erTi gadmocemis
Tanaxmad,
patronze
gabrazebulma
mosamsaxurem goTanuas kuTvnili kveris
comis nawili mware kvaxis kopeze (akupei)
dado da sxvenSi damala. amis gamo
gabrazebulma goTanuam mZinare ojaxis
yvela wevri kopeTi dabegva. ojaxma
goTanuas gulis mosagebad mis saxelobaze
locva weliwadSi orjer _ Sobaze da
mariamobis dResaswaulze daiwesa.
s. zvanbas mixedviT `goTanuas~ paralelurad abJuis afxazebSi gamoiyeneboda
termini `gouTanu~. aRniSnuli sityva
afxazurSi
kolxuri
enis
megruli
dialeqtidan aris Sesuli.
U~J)FYEF _ fzslf[moshfn` fyw`f[`s>
f,;mseffn`b
f9ceff
fyw`f
bbhf
„ifh9sys]`fhf“ ffy fvu`f [mffb> tumsc
f[mff6`tb hskf f[mxfhf bf]`jy. Bf0`fhimjy
fr`zsimb> fr`fr`fhb. }`fv0fr byf6`sh9iys>
f9i`vf bpu`ffp fvfqe8s U`j0fyef bbn`sp
fr`fr`fh fvf;`f f[`0fr frefgtb b0fqfys fefc[sh f=s bq`f[bn. Eb fps bu`ffp
U`j0fyef fw`f bfkfp f0ffw`fhf ptums fr`fgtb
fkf b[`f[`tbn. F0ffw`f U`j0fyef bu`s hrshw
b[mso fkf is6`csr fkf 8syn` fys]`fhf
v8f9shujy> ^mshctb> Yfy]`tb fps bf9shqtbn.
C. Pdfy,fbf bffh9ihfkf „U`j0fyef“ bfhf
e,fc f,;mseffn`b f9ceff h[`s bflsh[jy
fnthvby „Uje0fye“. Fhb f;`f f9ceff
h,spi`f> Rjk[n`b f,spi`f fushef flbfktrn
f7ysn` bfkfktbn.
a-gulSapi
_ gveleSapi; afxazuri
zRaprebisa da gadmocemebis Tanaxmad,
mravalTaviani, zogjer mfrinavi urCxuli,
romelsac gmiri amarcxebs; zogierTi
cnobiT,cdilobs mzisa da mTvaris Caylapvas
da amitomac xdeba mnaTobTa dabneleba.
FU~SKIMFG _ f9ceff hkfr6`tb>
h]`fv0f6`tb byf6`sh9iys> f[s hfw`f
p[fuskje> pyspsykf b9shef fu`sui`sueg>
eb fash[fqf lfbffbetbn> flshhf6`f imjers
hskf eb fvhtb> fvptb hsk,fflfhf f0f[eg>
e,hb fpjeg fvhf pyspsykf bpskfimwj.
e. qavSbaia. `sasriyva klavs gveleSaps~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “Cfchs7`f fu`skimfg bimjbn”
narTuli eposis afxazuri versiiT,
agulSapi wyaroebs flobs da wyliT
sargeblobisaTvis xarkis saxiT lamaz
qaliSvilebs
iTxovs
(Sdr.
qarTuli
zRapris gveleSapi).
agulSapi ti pologiurad axlos dgas
qarTul gveleSapTan (veSapTan) da adiReur
bliagosTan.
termini àgulSapi~ qarTuli `gveleSapis~
afxazuri enis normebiT gaformebuli
variantia (SesaZloa megruli `gverSapis~
gavliT).
Yfh0ff htgjc fkf fu`skimfg fos[m6`f
bh[fn`jeg> fos f[fh[`fhfps fi`f[n`c fo/f,
9iof6`f hsvb[efy. (fb=. F6sh0ef kfr`s6`f
udtktimfgb).
Fu`skimfg cf[mfkf f6sh0ef Udtktimfgb
(Dtimfgb)> flsun`b <kbfujb ffbu`fhf buskjeg.
Fnthvby „Fu`skimfg“ f6sh0ef „Udtktimfgb“ f9cef ,spi`f fyjhvf6`f hskf
bfkfhq`jeg (b7fkfh 7fkjbn fushef „Udthimfg“ f7ysnùms).
gunda _ narTul gadmocemaTa erT-erTi
centraluri personaJi,narTebis da (iSviaTi
variantiT narTebis deda), saTanei-gvaSas
U~SYLF _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf b[flje
f[f=6`f bhefreg> Yfh0ff hf]ìmf> Cf0fytb
U`fimf ks9]f> ks9iofhf tb9isp ls7-
39
e. qavSbaia. `gunda da misi Zmebi~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “U`syltb> kfimw`tb”
qaliSvili _ Seudarebeli silamazisa da
goliaTuri Zalis mzeTunaxavi. misi sxeuli
axalamoyvanili yveliviT TeTri da nazia;
aqvs oqrosferi Tmebi, banaobs rZeSi da ise
asxivebs,rogorc mze da mTvare. Zmebi gundas
Tavs evlebian, acxovreben brolis koSkSi
da nadiris Zvlis tviniT kvebaven. Tavisi
silamazisa da saerTo Tayvaniscemis gamo
rZlebi gundas mtroben. maTgan mowamlul
qaliSvils SemTxveviT poulobs monadire
alxuzi, gadaarCens da daniSnavs, magram
kvdeba ise, rom gundas colad SerTvas ver
aswrebs. alxuzis cxedarTan dadebuli
ficis Tanaxmad, qaliSvili saqmroebs
orTabrZolaSi iwvevs, amarcxebs 99 Wabuks,
romelTa yurebs Robeze hkidebs. mxolod
xvaJarfisi Zlevs gundas da saTanei-gvaSasa
da narTebis sasurveli sasiZo xdeba.
gundas personaJTan aris dakavSirebuli
sasriyvas
gadarCenis
(umcrosi
Zma
aboboqrebul
mdinareSi
daxrCobisagan
gundam ixsna) Semdgom ganviTarebuli
dramatuli
movlenebi.
ucolSvilod
darCenili sasriyva, romelsac uerTgulesi
megobari _ cxeni _ bzouc moukvda da
ZmebTanac
arasaxarbielo
urTierToba
aqvs, Tavs ubedurad grZnobs da erTaderT
imedad da eguleba. sasriyva gundas masTan
sacxovreblad gadasvlas sTavazobs,gundac
Tanxmdeba, Tumca SiSobs, amiT Zmebs Soris
dapirispireba tragediamde ar miiyvanos.
sasriyvasTan
sacxovreblad
gadasvla,
rogorc Cans, aris gundas daRupvis mTavari
mizezi (unda iTqvas,rom qaliSvili grZnobs
am nabijis tragikulobas da mogvianebiT
amitomac ar uZaliandeba gamtacebels,
piriqiT TanaugrZnobs). sasriyvas aryofnis
Jams gatacebuli da xvaJarfisis dedis
(zogi variantiT saTanei-gvaSas) mier
dawyevlili gunda qvavdeba. aqedan iwyeba
narTebis didi ojaxis TandaTanobiTi
ngreva.
sasriyvasTan sacxovreblad gadasvlis
gamo, mecnierTa didi nawili, romelic
narTebis ojaxs matriarqalur ojaxad
miiCnevs, gundas personaJs ganixilavs
rogorc patriarqalur urTierTobebze
gardamavali periodis qalis saxes. gundas
gadasvla ZmasTan aris ara jgufuri
qorwinebis wyviladiT Secvlis faqtis
gamoZaxili, rasac S. inalifa fiqrobs
fvpn> flevgtb bvx pvfp> vhflf brfzzjp
kfrsy. Kw`f k;ms fi`fof tb9i bir`fr`fy>
b7`svi`si`sy> f[m9in`s [f[`sw ksvjeg
f[i fkf k-skref,jbn> fvhtb> fvptb htb9i
lrfzzjbn. Kfimw`f U`sylf bks[osoffefy>
f,shksi f[fy f7ys lsylsh[jy> fi`fhs[
f[`,skis8 k=fhqjy. Ks9iofhtb> ksgfneb
fps k0fwfw`f U`sylf lshw`sv/fy. Fhs8imsufkf bhimsp f0s9]f vfi`shkf lb9iffetbn fi`fhswf8 Fk[`sp> ltb6`bh[jbn>
9]`scc lb]`jbn f[f l0f[jbn U`sylf 9]`scc
lbuffyof. Fk[`sp b9cs,f8 f7ys U`sylf
flje]fn` 6`hf im0fkqjbn> eb bfpu`fyf0jy
lptb6`9fys lspbffbp blf lf-f fo`s lsibwsvj> e,hb f7ysn` lhs9[mjbn fh9fhw`f> $$
8sr fqfksh[bn> eh0 hksv]f6`f =s[ys ffylf
b[`skimefy. {`f;`fh9sc bjeg U`sylf bkbffbp> Yfh0ff hsvf]` bfre[tbn.
U`sylf ks[mso Cfchs7`f tb6`sh[fhf
bfl]`fkjeg (tbkfwù`sh9jp fobfc bfujp kfimf tbq,f Cfchs7`f ltb6`ksh[tbn)
hf9[mf7f b7fkfp fkf[mtb6`qfhfn`b f0fuskfpffimf. (]`scltb> [ìffltb bffy[fp
Cfchs7`f> eb ptums htb]f psu`hf bujp> b-s>
<pjeums bw`9cbn> bfimw`f hs=ums b-tbvp
fbps7fpffimf6`f bvfy> b[s yfcs9lfys
b9[mfojy. Cfchs7`f U`sylf y[fhf bfhf bf[m
fbfchfp lks]`tbn> U`sylf lf6ìf]f0[tbn>
f[f li`tbn> eb fkf ftimw`f hs,;mfhf b7fp
fb=fuskfhf lf-f hsw]fhfr f[m bbfcsh ]`f.
Cfchs7`f bf[m y[fhf fbfchf> biff,j tb9i>
U`sylf k0f[fhf= b[flje vpspeg (f9]`sp,f
fw`fyshhf ksvjeg fhb fimf=f fhsw]fhf
iskyf0j> e,hb f7ysn` eb lsvqfpshcsc Yfh\
m[mje lb=fuskjv> lhsw]fkimjbn). Cfchs7`f
b7fvpffhf b[s bfh[`fys bvqfhcsp> yfc
{`f;`fh9sc bfy (lf-f u`ffyfrfhfr fkf
Cf0fytb U`fimf) ksi`bhf fvifkf U`sylf
l[f]`[bn. F,hffyn` bfkfujbn Yfh0ff h0ffw`f
le f6òoffhf.
Cfchs7`f bf[m y[fhf kbfchf fvifkf>
fqfhf0qff8w`f htb]fhf8sr> Yfh0ff h0ffw`f
fvfnhbfh[fn`b f0ffw`f ]`f bh9[mfojbn>
U`sylf k[f=fkf tbklshujbn fgfnhbfh[fhfn`
fbps7fpffimf hf[m fbfchf ffv0fys f9]`sc
k[f=s. U`sylf kfimf bf[m kbfchf bffyfuj
u`s9kf fb,fufhf fr`svref> [`fps [fpskfn`b
f0ffw`fhf fimf6`shuskfhfs f[m fbfchf
41
b. jopua. `gunda. triumfi~
<. |mjgef. “U`sylf. Fnhbeva”
(Tumca wyviladi qorwineba egzogamiuri
qorwinebaa, romelsac dualur-gvarovnuli
organizacia uSvebs mxolod sxvadasxva
fratriis wevrebs Soris da ara am
organizaciis erTi fratriis SigniT.
narTuli eposis afxazuri versia aseTi
fratriebis arsebobas gamoricxavs), aramed
arSemdgari incestis motivi (e. meletinski
masSi incests xedavs). incesti ki, rogorc
es J. dÁumezilma gamoarkvia, eposis
uZvelesi versiebis Tanamdevi faqtia. osur
versiaSi incesti urizmagisa da saTanas
col-qmruli kavSiriT Sedga, magram es
SeuRleba aris ara Cveulebrivi incesti,
aramed
oidi posiseuli
incesti, rac
ganbrZnobis iSviaT igavs Seicavs. oidi posi
ganbrZnobis win kadmosis Camomavlobas
uxmobs. kadmosis Tanamecxedre ki harmoniaa,
aresisa da afrodites naSobi. mzakvrobisa
da siyvarulis Sezaveba gzas uxsnis
oidi poss akrZaluli codvisken. eposis
osuri versiis incesti swored am planSi
unda ganvixiloT, Tumca mas gacilebiT
Zveli miTologiuri safuZvlebi aqvs.
yurizmagisa da saTanas SeuRleba aris
irealuri incesti _ RvTaebrivisa (saTanas _
uasTirjis, wm. giorgis Svilis) da miwieris
(urizmagis) SeerTeba, radgan col-qmari
warmoadgens yofiT planSi gadatanili
pirveli RvTaebrivi da adamianuri wyvilis
miTologiur saxes. urizmagisa da saTanas
SeuRleba gardauvalia, raTa safuZveli
daedos miTosuri xalxis _ narTebis
gaCenas. sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia aixsnas
da-Zmis col-qmroba, rasac arc osebisa
da arc kavkasiis sxva xalxTa (maT Soris
afxazebis),arc maTi axlobeli Tu Soreuli
winaprebis (skviTur-sarmatuli, alanuri da
sindi-meoturi modgmis tomebis) realur
yofaSi moqmedi qorwinebis instituti ar
icnobs da, arc arasodes icnobda.
feg bffyfuj> I. Byfkb9f bu`ffyfufhfkf
(f[f zslfkf f0ffw`fhf fkfkfhf tupjufvn`b
fxfhf> eb flefkn`b> f;`kflew`f f6`b0hf
fvjeg pys psykf tbetb9isv fahfnhbf6`f
h[f0syhfrw`f hs,;mfhf> eb fhb fb=rffhf
ahfnbfr hs,;mfhf f7fpffhf f9yfretbn)>
tb6`svi`fp fbywtcn6`f hvfnbd feg (T. Vtktnbycrbb eb f7ys fbywtcn b,jbn). Fbywtcn eb
:. L8svtpbk tbkbrffbn> ftgjc f;`snòfn`b
fdthcbf bfwe afrneg. Fef9cn`b fdthcbf
f7ys fbywtcn Ehbpvfubb> Cf0fytb> [`fqtb>
9]`scb htbvflfhfkf bv8f9scbn> f[f fhb
fxfhf ,fif fbywtcn frofv> eb tlbgbn`b fbywtcn feg f[ìs8qfffekfhf bzslje f]`fv0f
fpu`fyf0jbn. Tlbg f[ìs8qffekfhf f9[mf
bhuskjbn Rflvjc brf]fhf. Rflvjc tcyfum
bwse }fhvjybf kjeg> Fhtcb> Fahjlbntb
h[skq. Fwùmfhtb> f,pbfhtb tbkfhw`fhf fv8f
bpffyfhnjbn Tlbg bkf bf9re fu`yf]fhf f[m.
Ftgjc fef9cn`b fdthcbfkf fbywtcn bbfifys f,hb fufy fkf tbkshufnèg> f[f eb tb]
f b;`snè fvbajkjubfn`b fimfu`s0 fvjeg.
Ehbpvfumbb> Cf0fytb htb,fufhf bimf6ùskfp
bywtcneg> fyw`fb[skqb> (Cf0fytb> Efc0bh\m> Umfhum fw6mf) flumskef8sb (Ehbpvfum)
htb,fufhf> bp,fypfh [`fqtb> 9]`scb
bfflsh9ijbn f,pfpfhfn`b f0fuskfpffimf
hf9[mfn`b fyw`fb[skqb> fef89cb htb,fufhf
fvbajkjubfn`bf[f=cf[mf f0fhf.
Ehbpvfumbb> Cf0fytbb htb,fufhf f[sh9fhf
f6`svpn> bp,fypfh fimfu`s0 fyf0fh frsy
fvban`b feff> Yfh0ff hw`shqhf. Lf-frfkf
bwùmjeg fb0f]`fhf ftimtb> ft]ìmtb
h[`fqf9]`schf> eb fef9cffb Rfdrfpn`b fvbkf0b> eh0 bhefreg f9ceffums> eh0 bhpffbu`je
f,im0hfums
(fcrdbhw`tb>
fcfhvfnw`tb>
fkfyffb>
fcbyl>
vjnhn`b
f,im0hf)
hs9c0fpffhf=s bv8f9scefp fxfhf6`f bfplshefv fc tb9i b7je fb,fufhf6`f.
a-gunihva _ `gulis locva~, romelsac
afxazebi, erTi cnobiT, Soba diliT (n.
janaSia), meoreTi _ axalwlis dilas (s.
zvanba)
asrulebdnen.
ojaxis
yoveli
wevrisTvis amzadebdnen e.w. akvakvarebs
(kverebs),
romlebSic
naWuWgaclil
moxarSul kvercxebs debdnen. ojaxis
ufrosi am kvers TiToeul wevrs gulze
FU~YS}~F _ f9ceff hlshhfr fkf ^mshcf bvi fims;m> tumb ]`fv0fr fkf fis6`c
=sw fims;m bv8f9shujy. F0ffw`f ptums
hsw9[mfof blshvfptbefy fr`fr`fh> frenf/m
;`ys bfu`skfhqjy. F0ffw`f bhtb]f,e
fr`fr`fh pnè bu`s bflbqjy> fyw`f lb]`jy
fu`f,pbfhtb> fu`s[mb h7ysn` lb[mxfhw.
miadebda da RmerTs mis janmrTelobasa da
gulis daavadebisagan dacvas SesTxovda.
gucakia
_
narTul
gadmocemaTa
personaJi, erT-erTi yvelaze kolorituli
da
mxatvrulad
damuSavebuli
saxe;
mkvircxli azrovnebiT, moswrebuli da
mware eniT dajildoebuli narTi,pirdapiri
da marTali, zogjer gesliani sityvis
mTqmeli. am TvisebaTa gamo, Zmebi mis mimarT
sifrTxilesac iCenen da rac ar unda mware
an damcinavi iyos misi sityva, pasuxs ar
ubruneben. roca erT-erT Tavyrilobaze
sasriyva, bzous (gmiris cxeni) sikvdilis
Semdeg, misTvis Seuferebeli jaglagiT
gamoCnda da Zmebi Sewuxdnen, gucakiam isini
gaaCera: `Tavi daanebeT, man Tavisi Sesaferi
cxeni i pova!~ sasriyvas cols manaTobeli
neka TiTi hqonda da xSirad Sveloda qmars
Rameuli gzis gagnebaSi, razec gucakiam
Tqva: zogi mamis ToxiT amayobs, zogic
Tavisi colis neka TiTiT trabaxobso.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTel narTebSi igi
yvelaze miwieri adamiania.
gucakias saxe axlo dgas adiReuri
versiis aTlagucasTan da osuri versiis
sirdonTan.
43
Fys]`fhf ffvsim0f[m lfce bbn`se fr`fr`fh
bajy.
UE)CFRMF
_
Yfh0ff
h]`fv0fn`b
f[s=s> ptums htb]f blshe> fcf[mfhrshfkf
tb6`shi`je [f=eg> bkfce f[is8 pvje> b]fq]
fqef> f,p \m,fhf pvje f,fh0 hskf fyw`f bbifp
Yfh0eg> bbfije> pu`sw6mje> pys psykf f;`f
\m,fhf p]`j fo`s bjeg. F,fh0 f7fpimf6`f hps
bfimw`f eb b7ys tcyfum hu`sh-fysy> bf;`f
bfumf hsgfne [yf-efpfhums f0fr bh0jvpn.
Tbpfhr f7ys pys Cfchs7`f> <pje f0f[fhf
ffvsim0f[m> b6`yfvujp -sr lf6`n`fys
lytbn> bfimw`f eb fu`[mff hyf0tbn> Ue0cfrmf eh0 ffybrsktbn „i`b7`fq> eb b6`yfujp
f-s b9iffbn“. Cfchs7`f b9]`sc bkfijp fyfw`6msc ksvfy> eb frshsvn` k[fqf
lbw[hff[mfy ef[sykf fv8f f9iffhf=s> eb
fps Ue0cfrmf b]`bn> f,fw`f imjers f-fufkf
fu`lehf hsvjeg> imjers[ hs]`cf hyfw`s fkf
b-[`jbn. Be]`fh 7fkjbn Yfh0ff ptums h7ysn`
eb bjeg flumsk b6ùskje.
Ue0cfrmf b[f=s lffhfof bfpffbu`jeg
flsun`b fdthcbfkf F0kfu`wfcftb> fef9cn`b
fdthcbf Cthljybb.
45
d L
a-dabna
_ personificirebuli suli,
romelsac uJmuriT (monadebiT, ayoliliT)
daavadeba miewereba da mxolod misive
gulmowyalebiT aris SesaZlebeli `miwiT
daWerilis~ anu avadmyofis `ganTavisuflebagankurneba~. afxazis rwmeniT, aRniSnuli
daavadeba adamians ayveba im adgilidan,
sadac SemTxveviT daeca (Camovarda) an
ijda. amitom wamodgomis dros, imis SiSiT,
rom raime ar ayves, igi miwaze aucileblad
samjer daafurTxebs (Sdr. megrul da
leCxumur msgavs Ceulebas) da ambobs:
àq iyo babuaCemis saxl-kari~. daavadebis
SemTxvevaSi loculoben miwis dedisa (ix.
àdgil dedoufali~) da adabnas saxelze.
saamisod `sufTa~ qali xelSi iRebs
Svid kakals da fetvis marcvlebs, mihyavs
avadmyofi Txemlis xesTan, romelsac
adgilis dedis saxelze sam cal kakals
da ramdenime marcvals Semoatarebs; aseve
iqceva kaklis xesTan da adabnas avadmyofis
Sewyalebas SesTxovs, Semdeg Tojinas
miwaSi marxavs da ambobs: àvadmyofis
nacvlad eTamaSe da Tavi amiT Seiqcie~.
mogvianebiT acxoben fetvis purs _ `dedamiwis purs~, or grZel àdabnas purs~. igive
qali iRebs pirveli puris oTxive kuTxis
monatexs, adabnas purebs, sanTel-sakmevels
da avadmyofTan erTad midis sami gzis
gasayarze. aq mlocveli erT gzaze debs
`miwis puris~ natexebs, meoreze _ adabnas
purebs, mesameze _ anTebs sanTlebs da
iqve aTavsebs fexsacmels, Tan ambobs:
`qalbatono miwav, es Seni fexsacmelia!~
Semdeg muxlebze aCoqebs TavSalSemoxveul
avadmyofs da àdgil-dedoufalsa~ da
adabnas cal-calke mimarTavs: `nu moakleb
mas Sens wyalobas, mieci Tavis, gulis,
sxeulis simtkice! mieci mas feri, tyavi
da Zvali! daubrune laparakisa da Sromis
FLF<YF _ f[f=cf[mfpvje fyw`f[`s> eb
rmsyc pvfv (fvw]`fhtb> f;mfhfktb) fxsvfpfhf hpffbujbn> eb bfhf bu`s]fkfkhflf
[ì`n`shf fvfv „flumsk bfrsp“ vfvpfhums
fxsvfpf8 „b[s f6`b0n`hf> b[ì`n`shf“.
F9ceff h[fqfhfkf> bffh9ie fxsvfpfhf fef8s brjbn vfi`shkf ls[mrf]fp vf
lf[mn`fp f0s9 f7ys. E,hb f7ysn` lsyuskj
ffy> frs cfvrsylfp ]`f li`fys flumsk [syn`
ls6`s/mw`jbn (fb=. fusheffbb> ktx[`svffb
qfcc bhsvjeg) f,fh0 f;`f6`f b]`j „fhf b7fy
cf,le b8ys> bu`fh“. Fxsvfpfhf ffy bys]`jbn
f0s9fyb (bu`. „flumsk ltlje9fkb“) flf,ytb
hs[mofkf. Eb fps „bw6mje“ f9]`sc kyfgs f=s bkrjbn ,;m rfrfyr> fisw fhsw6`f>
fxsvfp8s lyfkujbn f9]`fcf fqkf fv9fy>
ef7f f0s9fy ks[mofkf [ rfrfyrb> wshf6`fr
fiswb fr`kshijbn> bfhf e,fc frfrfy qkf
fv9fyums> yfc Flf,yf lks]`jbn fxsvfpfhf
f7ysn` fe;m0fhfps> eb ffvsim0f[m frmsy\
mf fysi` bfk0jbn> bk]`jbn> „fxsvfpfhf
fwsy[`hfc e[`vfh> e[s f,hb fkf b;m;mf“.
(s0r fyqkfum fisw fxf fksh[jbn> „flumsk fy“
kxf> 8,f tbps[`[`je „flf,yf kxf“. F9]`sc
bkrjbn hf9[mfn`b fxf f9im r`frm fv9-ys>
flf,yf kxf6`tb> fw`svptb> fhasb> fxsvfpf8
lksvfys [sv8fr f[mtb[fuskje bwjbn. Fhf7f
fys]`f8 v8fr f7ys bim0fkqjbn „flumsk fxf“
fv9f9sk-sp> f8,fn`b f7ys flf,yf kxf6`f>
f[9fn`b f7ys bfkshrjbn fw`svpf> bfhf
ef7f bffyks;metbn fbvff6`f> f;`f6`f ]`j
„flumsk f]r`f;` > fhb ,fhf ,bvff6`f hjeg“
yfc limfv[`sikshuskjbn fxsvfp8s k[`s
fimfk fr`shifys> „f0s9> f]r`f;`“b flf,tb
[fps> [fps lhs]`jbn> „,sk9[f ksus,vs;msy>
bks0 k[sb> ku`sb kvs[`0f6`tb hs/`/`fhf>
bks0 f9in`s> fw`tb> f;mb> bkpshums;m
kw`f;`fhf> kecehf fu`f9[fhf> ls[mxf f8c0ff
survili, daicavi eSmakeulisagan!~ Semdeg
avadmyofs
Txilis
wkneliT
TavSals
moxdis, zurgze wkeplas urtyams da ambobs:
`wadi, dReidan ganTavisufleb!~ saxlSi
misulebi Suaze gastexen fetvis purs,
romlis naxevrebs xelSi iWers ori qali
da kerasTan erTmaneTis mopirdapired
dgebian. avadmyofi maT Soris pursqvemoT
orjer gaivlis; amasTan erTi qali ambobs:
`momeci me, romelmac ebraelTa rwmena
miviRe~, meore pasuxobs: `momeci me, romelic
qristianad movinaTle!~
uJmuriT daavadebulTa samkurnalod
identuri magiuri saSualebebi gamoyenebuli
iyo saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi.
magaliTad, svaneTSi
da
samegreloSi
saamisod
Tixisagan
keTdeboda
kacis
gamosaxuleba. imereTSi xorblis comisgan
acxobdnen adamianis msgavs namcxvars,
e.w. `zerans~, romelsac zogjer miwaSi
flavdnen, raTa, afxazuri Tojinis msgavsad,
Tan waeRo avadmyofoba.
a-dagva
(yru,
gamoyruebuli)
_
nadirobisa da nadirmfarveli RvTaebis
(ix. àJveifSaa~) epiTeti. rogorc Cans,
cxovelTa mfarveli RvTaebebi kavkasielebs
warmodgenili hyavT an yrud an brmad
[Sdr., osuri afsaTi – brma nadirTpatroni,
falvara (wvrilfexa saqonlis mfarveli),
romelic
TuTiris
(mglebis
RvTaeba)
dartymiT dabrmavda da sxv.]
b7ysn`“.
Eb ffvsim0f[m fhfcf fvfq`fkf fxsvfpf8
krfcs k[sk[jbn k7`f7` lfcetbn bk]`jbn> „
,wf bf[mf byfhrys ,[`s ,f6`b0scn`jbn“.
F8ys bfyytbkfum fisw fxf fu`0f ff8shijbn> fp,;fr 8s\mf f]`cf hyfgs f=s bhreg>
f[ì0f f7ys tb=fuskjbn> fxsvfpf8s eh0
hs,;mfhf fxf fq7f 8syn` lsqcetbn> e,fc7fy
f9]`sc bk]`jbn> „bcs0 cfhf> fehbbfw`f hlby
cslsprskf[mtbn“> tumb f9]`sc f0fr 7fkqjbn>
„bcs0 cfhf 6mshcbfyqfckf fos coff[eg“.
Fkf9i bfrsp fxsvfpw`f f,hb tb9ie
f[ì`n`shf v8f9shujy ^sh0n`skf tbetb9isv
fufy6`f
h7syums.
Bf]]`jpfh
fi`fyeffb> fush6`tb h=s f,hb fps zslfkf
fysi`f9im bfk[ys f[fqf bcf[mf 7fhqjy.
Bvtht0 f=s fxfhswn`b fvf;`f fkf fef8s
bcf[mf tb9ie f[ffn` hoefy> „pthfy“> eb
pyspsykf fysi` bfh0jy> f9cef frmfy\mf
tb9i fysi` bfufhw fxsvfpfhf.
FLFU~F _ fi`fhsqfhtb> fi`fhswfhf
f9ffbv,fhb htgbntn. Bif],j fkf fusui`su
f9ffbv,fh Rfdrfpn`b fvbkf0 h7ys flfu`f
vf fkfi` tb9i lffh9ieg (fb=. Fef9cn`b
F9cf0> bkfiè fusui`su [skf9i8eg> (fkdfh> fhf[`ccf h9ffbv,fh> )e0bh >f6`s\mvf6`f
h9ffbv,fh> b7ysn` ff[f fybje lkfi`[bn>
e,. bq.).
g. xubua. àdagva~
U.{e,ef. `Flfu`f~
a-dau – devi,kaciWamia goliaTi; narTuli
gadmocemebisa da jadosnuri zRaprebis
personaJi; aris mravalTaviani (sami,Svidi,cxra,
Tormeti), zogjer calTvala, xSiri balniT.
qarTuli folklorisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac
devi zogjer gmiris damxmaredac gvevlineba,
afxazuri adau adamianebis dauZinebeli
mteria, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebis gataceba
da Wama uyvars. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, isini
mxolod miTiuri juja xalxis (ix. à-wanebi~)
gaqrobis Semdeg gamoCndnen. narTebis epoqaSi
adauebi floben xe-xils (vaSls, msxals, bals,
leRvs, yurZens da sxv.), romelic narTebma
waarTves, cecxlsa da wyaros an mdinares.
cecxlisa da wyaros mosapoveblad brZolaSi
eposis mTavari gmiri amarcxebs (zogjer
eSmakobiTac) maT; zogi variantiT, narTebi
da zRapris gmirebi ramdenime Zmas (sams,
Svids, cxras, Tormets) ebrZvian. afxazebis
warmodgeniT adauebi ojaxebad cxovroben _
hyavT coli, deda, da.
afxazuri adau qarTul devs, adiReur
iniJs, osur uaigs Seesabameba. sityva
àdau~ qarTuli `devidan~ momdinareobs;
aRniSnuli terminis paralelurad afxazur
jadosnur zRaprebSi àiniJi~ (ix. à-iniJi~)
da àdoumiJxa~ gvxvdeba.
47
FLFES – Yfh0ff h]`fv0fktb> fkfrè \mmfimf[`n`6`tb h[f=cf[mf feg> f[s hfw`f
bvjeg> pyspsykf kf6`fr feg bfvje> f[f[`s
6fvcof bf6èg. F6sh0ef fajkmrkjh f7ys
flfe pyspsykf fash[fqf lbw[hffetbn>
f9cef flfe fef8s bf/fwùmf feg tcyfum>
zslfkf f[sz6`f hsvqfhchtb> hsafhtb
,pbf bf,jbn> f]`fv0fkf eh0 fleytb f7ys
bw`shqbn fqsyeff fys6`soof ffvsim0f[m>
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f=s flfesw`f fi`shqkf
hfw`f hsvfy (fq`f> f]f> fwf> fkf]f> f;m e,.
tum.) eh0 ptums Yfh0ff bhsvsh[bn> bfhf
e,fc fvwf> fos[m> fobfc. Fvwtb> fos[ms
hf6`b0[fhfps Yfh0ff hash[fqf [flf eh0
fqfbh[jbn. Lf-f lshhfr fkf Yfh0ffb vf
fkfrè fash[fw`f fbimw`f ([8sr> ,;m8sr>
;`8sr> ;`f8sr) hf,fimetbn. F9ceff
hu`ffyfufhfkf flfes 0ffw`fhfkf lsy[jbn
bsvjeg> f9]`sc> fy> ft]ìmf.
F9cef Flfe f6sh0ef Ltdb> flfun`b Bys;m>
fef9cn`b Efbu
lhtb9ieg. F;`f flfes
f6sh0ef ltdb f7ysn` bffetbn> bfh,je fnthvby byfdfrys f9cef fkfrè \mfimf[`6`f h=s
„Fbys;mb“> „Fljevs;m[tb“ ]9skjbn.
v. vouba. `narTebis brZola devebTan~
D. Dje,f. “Yfh0ff flevgtb6`f bhf,fimetbn”
a-dgil
dedofali,
dedoufali _ konkretuli
a-dgil
FLUMSK
LTLJ(FKB,
FLUMSK
adgilisa LTLJE(FKB _ bzslje f0s9b> tptb9ie
f[skf9i8s
f9ffbv,fh9]`sc.
da zogadad miwis mfarveli qalRvTaeba. flumsk
igi
srul
SesabamisobaSia
qarTul Eb lffhfof ltb9ieg f6sh0ef “flubkbc
àdgilis dedasTan~ (`deda miwasTan~) ltlj9fk”b> f[ì0ffhf f[mxf8s f9cs]fb (bu`.
da keriis mfarvel sulTan (ix. `Wapi~) “zfg”)> fimf0f f9ffbv,fh (bu`. “f;mf]fhf)>
da fuZis angelozTan (ix. à-Jahara~) tbwys bimf6`lshuskjbn f9]`scim0hfn`b
erTad qmnis mdedrobiTi sqesis xTonur
f[f=cf[mf6`f fthfh[n`b fcbcntvf> ef7f
arsebaTa ierarqiul sistemas, romelSic
warmmarTveli Zala àdgil dedofali~ fvshnfnhfn`b fvx6`f “ f0s9 f]`r`f;`”>
“flumsk fy”.
anu `deda miwaa~.
F9ceff bzslfys bfpytbefy fy[fh0fps
afxazebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen samosaxlo adgilis SerCevas; f0s9 fk[hf> bhs9[mfojy fhb vf fyb f0s9
Tvlidnen, rom esa Tu is konkretuli zslfkf fyfcs9 vf fyfcs9lfhf hpffyfujy
adgili SesaZloa yofiliyo bednierebis ]`f. Bf]]`jpfh f;`6`f hs9cs himfhw kfccs
an ubedurebis momtani. mag., adgili, sadac bf[mffby=fcefp f0s9> fu`s]fkfkhf f9s0]`f
dasasveneblad
xSirad
ikribebodnen bhs9[mfojy. Bhsvfy fy[fh0f flumsk fk[hfps
Zroxebi _ keTilismyofeli iyo. hqondaT
tumsh0 fqfc6`fums> fy[fh0f f0s9 ]`f
miwis nakveTis SerCevis sxva wesebic:
sacxovrebeli nagebobisaTvis gankuTvnil bfksh[sp f7ys bim0fhqjy f[f]` le> bfimrkadgilze dadebdnen didi zomis qvas da f9iefy> f[`f]` fq7f [ezsr blesp fisirksakvirdebodnen: Tu qvis qveS saSuali sididis vc fqfkfh eb lshuf ,pbfy> bccfp fisirksvc
Savi WianWvelebi mogrovdebodnen _ kargi vf fvq`s;`8f pvfp> fqfkfh eb b-tbvp 0s9y>
niSani iyo,Tu wvrilebi an frTosnebi _ cudi; fhuskfhf ffy fisirksvc6`f lf-f \mfhf
saxlis agebis procesSi Tuki WianWvelebi bbfcsh f8ys fhuskfhf bf7`sqefy> vfvpsxvagan
gadasaxldebodnen, mSenebloba fh f0ffw`f fu`sh8f hjefy [sv9flf. F8ys
unda SeewyvitaT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
fhuskfhf bfkfuffyof fhuskf8s [sv9flf
ojaxs ubedureba eweoda. mSeneblobis
flumsk f]r`f;` lks]`jy b0ffw`f kslskrskdawyebis win afxazi aucileblad adgil
dedofals SesTxovda mieRo misi ojaxi da fhw> fhuskfhf lfyfkufkfum ffvsim0f[m
mSeneblobis damTavrebisTvis msxverplis ks[mso fkf f9cf0fn` isbimefp ktb]èfy.
Sewirvas
Sepirdeboda.
sacxovreblis Fhuskfhf bfyfkufkfum ffvsim0f[m ptums
dadgmisTanave, pirvelive samSabaT dRes, hf9[mfof> hf9[mfn`b f8fi vifps flumsk
adgil
dedofalis
saxelze
locvas f]r`f;` ks[msokf fys]`fhf v8f9shujy.
gamarTavdnen.
moamzadebdnen
yvelian
Blshvfptbefy fi`r`fr`fh6`f> tbps[`[`je
kverebs, oTx naxevarwris formis xaWapurs,
daklavdnen yveruls, Txas an cxvars da 9im,f f[fzfgsh6`f> bhimefy fr`nf/m pvfp>
ojaxis ufrosi qali, romelsac erT xelSi f\mvf> fefcf> f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s f9]`sc
samsxverplo cxovelis an frinvelis bhimsp fu`s fu`fw`f fhfcf fvfq`f bf[fqfys
gulRviZlwamocmuli Txilis xis Samfuri kspyfgsr bkrsy tumb fkf fw`wf ffpys f8s>
eWira, meoreSi ki _ RviniT savse Wiqa, f0s9 f]`r`f;` lks]`jbn f0ffw`f f=bfhtb>
adgil dedofals ojaxis gamravlebasa da fu`f,pbfhtb hsk0fhw. Yfc fr`fr`fh f8s
keTildReobas SesTxovda. Semdeg kverze
f6`sk0`jy> b]`j “f,hb fxsc fkf Fx,tb>
Rvinos moasxurebda sityvebiT: `vidre am
sakvebiT ar davapuro yvela aCba (an CabaZe) (Fyxf,fot) Xfx,tb (Ithdfibot) cxf[ffyof>
da CaCba (ServaSiZe), nu iqneba am saxlSi f,hb f8ys f7ys fxsvfpfhtb> f,ff9chtb
avadmyofoba da sxva ubedureba~. Tu ojaxs 7fvkffbn”> kxs/m fefc[sh b6`skqjy. F=sw
axal saxlSi ar umarTlebda, mkiTxavis f8ys f7ys f0ffw`f tb6`svi`fh> f7`slsh9f8
rCeviT, sacxovrebel nagebobas sxvagan bhslskqjp flqfkf hsy[fh0f tb0fhujy. B7fy
gadaitandnen. yofila SemTxveva, roca
f0fuskfpffimf6`f fy[fh0f f0s9 frshsyn`
nageboba ramdenjerme gadautaniaT, vidre
bfytb0fhujp> “fyfcs9” 0s9 hs9iffyof.
`bednier~ adgilze damkvidrdebodnen.
49
afxazi
mwyemsebi
da
monadireebi
yoveli gadaadgilebis dros daxmarebisa
da mfarvelobisaTvis adgil dedofals
mimarTavdnen da msxverpls swiravdnen.
bavSvis dacemisas, aiRebdnen erT muWa miwas,
romelsac dacemuls samjer Semoavlebdnen
Tavze da ityodnen: `de, am adgilis
dedofalma Sens janmrTelobas nu miayenos
ziani (Sdr. bavSvis dacemis SemTxvevaSi
guriaSi damowmebuli locva: `fero, modi
ferTan, gulo, modi gulTan...~). gazafxulze,
roca kruxs wiwilebianad budidan miwaze
gadmosvamdnen, adgil dedofalis saxelze
aucileblad WviStars (yvelian mWads)
gamoacxobdnen
da
frinvelis
dacvagamravlebas SesTxovdnen. did xuTSabaTs
alionze qaliSvilebi, ufrosi qalebis
xelmZRvanelobiT,
tyeSi
midiodnen
samkurnalo balaxebis Sesagroveblad.
balaxis amoTxris Semdeg miwaSi marils
Cayridnen da ityodnen: àdgil dedofalo,
Cven
dagibruneT
Seni
wili~.
garda
zemoaRniSnulisa,
adgil
dedofals
mimarTavdnen da msxverpls swiravdnen
siyviTliTa
da
SeSupebiT,
uJmuriT
daavadebis SemTxvevaSi (ix. à-dabana~),
mSobiarobis dros da mologinebis Semdeg
(ix. à-gilaxÁa~).
F9cef
f[mimw`tb>
fi`fhswf8w`tb
hn`fhf 0s9 hs9cf[w9[mfof> fw[shffhtb>
f[skf9ihtb bf]`jy f0s9 f]`r`f;` k=s>
f9cf0fn` kpshimefy. F[szs lfyrf]fkfum> lf[mrf]fp f0s9 f7ysn` ysi` [szsr
im0s[ys b[s [syn` bfrsh[ifys blshièfy>
“f0s9 f]`r`f;` 9sh[fuf epsksvef fbn eu`f,pbfhf=s>” (fb=. F[szs lfyrf]fkfum U`hbf bfpu`f0je fys]`fhf> f9in` effb
f9in`f[m> fu`s effb fu`f[m). Ff9syhfps>
f7`fh0 fr`zfhf6`f fqfrys> b[`s[ys flumsk
bfys6`shqjp f0s9 f]`r`s;` kps [sv9flf
fys]`f9[mfof v8f9shujy f0s9 f]`r`f;`
kps fi`xfi` lshvfptbefy> f9cffn` f=bfhtb>
f[skf9ihtb bf]`jy. F9imfi le fims;m fps
f0s9]fw`f> htb]f,w`f f]`cf h[skf9ihfkf
f,yf f[m bwjy f[ì` f]fcrmsy fbpufhfps. F]
fcrmsy f[msqsh[sp f0s9 f\msr[si rfh9cjy b]`j> “f0s9 f]r`s;`> b,sp]fhums;mbn
,fhf ,s[`0f”. {s[m bfh,je flfums> f0s9
f]`r`f;` kf[m h[s lsh[`jy> f9cf0fn` kpshimjy> f8f;mhtb> fxshtb> f8c0ffxsvfpfhtb (bu`. Flf,fyf) f[iffhf fbehtb> fbfh0f
fkqhtb hffyums (bu`.Fu`sk[hf).
a-dviniqou _ `saxls (ojaxs)
gareT myofni~. ase uwodeben afxazebi
winaparTa da axalgardacvlil naTesavTa
sulebs, romlebsac, maTi azriT, SeuZliaT
ojaxisaTvis
keTildReobis
motanac
da
zianis
miyenebac.
maT
saxelze
loculoben da msxverpls swiraven yovel
mniSvnelovan SemTxvevaSi _ did ojaxSi
axalrZlis Seyvanisa Tu mSobiarobis
dawyebis win da mologinebis Semdeg,
saqonlis dakargvisa Tu namatis mogebis
dros, gansakuTebiT ki avadmyofobis Jams.
adamianisa da saqonlis daavadebis mizezi,
mkiTxavis azriT, micvalebulTa gamwyrali
sulebi arian. maTi risxvis garegnuli
niSnebia xSiri mTqnareba, Zilisgudoba,
saerTo
moqanculoba. Tu avadmyofi ar
daakmayofilebs `gareT myofT~ locviTa
da msxverplSewirviT, mas aucileblad
sikvdili
elodeba.
am
ubedurebis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT, ojaxis ufrosi
avadmyofs samjer Semoavlebs oqros an
vercxlis monetas, iaraRs an spilenZis
FL~YSB^~E _ f,fc bfim0jeg f9ceff f,im0htb> =sw b9csp hsefw`tb hs9cs.
B7fp fu`ffyfufhfkf eh0 bhskijy f0ffw`fhf
hps f,pbfhtb> fwùmfhtb hf6`shi`fhf. Eh0
hs[mofkf fys]`f9[mof v8f9shujy> f9cf0fn`
himefy bfpu`f0je fvi6`f hps> f0ffw`fhf le
f0fwf lfyffhufkfum vf f[skq lsk[skqffyof>
kbfh0f lfyskqj fevf> fhf[è hw`sovf> vf
fp]fhf hjevf> zslfkf fxsvfpfhf ffy. Fef8s
vf f]fbefy fxsvfpfhf ps[7mfp> f7`slsh9f8
ku`ffyfufhfkf f9cw`f hskf9i frhf fr`sy>
eb ffpsh9ief lshufy kfccs f=sh]fchtb>
fw`frhtb> f9cs fkiì`fhtb. Fxsvfpf8
fl`syb6è bhs6`yfuje hsbv0fh fys]f9[mob>
f9cf0fn`b hskf f9chf bp9isy. F,hb fhsw]fhf f7`sufhfps> f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s fxsvfpf8s b[s [svn` bfrebhijy> f[mn`s vf fhoys
f9fhf> f,\mfh vf f,8fn` 6`f, vf flshufy>
fl`syb6è bps fimn`s fimfhf fyfuofhf
qvabs (tafas an sxva sagans) da adviniqous
msxverplSewirvisTvis
garkveul
dros
SesTxovs. sawinadrs (afx. àSasi~), vTqvaT,
monetas sadme sufTa adgilze dakideben
da saTanado ritualis Sesrulebamde xels
ar axleben.
msxverplSewirva Semdegi wesiT xdeba:
saRamo
Jams
TeTrebSi
gamowyobili
avadmyofi gamohyavT ezoSi da skamze
dasvamen.
samsxverplod
dayenebul
axalgazrda Wak-cxens an kvics (SeiZleba
iyos xbo an Zroxa), romelsac TeTri
Culi aqvs gadafarebuli (Sdr. àTarCei~)
samjer Semoatareben avadmyofis irgvliv,
amasTan xnovani qali (zogjer mamakaci)
msxverpls Txilis oc cal Cxirs esvris
da Txilisave ori wneliT zurgze urtyams,
Tan loculobs: àdviniqou, am ojaxis
mfarvelebo!
muxlmoyrili
gevedrebiT:
wyalobas nu moaklebT codvil ojaxs,
miuteveT nebsiT Tu uneblied Cadenili
codvebi. Tqvendami erTgulad msaxurebis
niSnad gwiravT am wminda cxovels, miiReT
is da mieciT avadmyofs saSualeba kvlavac
Seasrulos Tavisi vali Tqvens winaSe~.
sjerodaT, rom am wesis Sesrulebis Semdeg
avadmyofoba gadavidoda cxovelze,romelic
aucileblad mokvdeboda. am ukanasknelis
gadarCenis mizniT, mas Tavze Semoavlebdnen
mamals, romelic, afxazis rwmeniT, cxovelis
nacvlad unda momkvdariyo,yovel SemTxvevaSi
misi xorcis Wama ikrZaleboda.
furkameCisa da Zroxis namatis mogebis
Semdeg, maTi rZis sakvebad gamoyeneba ar
SeiZleboda,vidre am rZes romelime orSabaTs
jer RvTaebebs _ aiTarsa da amqamgarias ar
Seswiravdnen, xolo momdevno xuTSabaTs
_ adviniqous. saamdRisod moamzadebdnen
ailarjs (elarjs) da aCamaquas _ xaWosTan
erTad moxarSul Roms (Sdr. megr. Cemqva),
romlebsac Ria karebTan daalagebdnen
da sanTlebs aanTebdnen (ZroxisTvis _
ors, kameCisTvis imdens, ramdenic meweveli
hyavda
ojaxs)
da
ufrosi
mamakaci
dailoceboda: `Tqven, adviniqou, Zvelebo da
axlebo! Cveni winaprebis mier dadgenili
wesiT gwiravT msxverpls da gTxovT
iyoT Cveni da Cveni saqonlis mfarvelebi,
gagvimravleT isini da nurafers gvavnebT!~
mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleboda rZisa
da misi produqtebis sakvebad moxmareba.
axaldaqorwinebulTaTvis
gankuTvnili
f=f[ms b6`bqjy. F=f0f[ms> 9fhjevf vf tumsc vf0`f[èvf f0s9 w6mfr f7ys b6`shqjbn>
fqfc bif[`0je tb9i bv8f9shuffyof eb
bfrmscefv.
F=f0f[ms fyfuofhf f,fc bv8f9scetbn>
[`sk,s-[f fir`r`frf bi`qfys fxsvfpf8>
lw`shshujbn fl`s f[m> f7`fhl` ls6`lshn`jbn.
F9cf0fhfps bhvfptbe fimn`s> eb bpfrspffkfum 7fkjbn> eb f6`shi`> f0fhx ir`fr`f
f6`shi`ys [svn` br`lshijbn fxsvfpf8s>
ec7fy ps6`hf ytb[mje f9]`sc vf f[fqf>
fimn`f fhfcf vfq`f6`f 8f;`f f6`kshi`jbn>
fhfcf vfq`f6`f 8,f hskf f7`f7` lfcetbn> fys]`f9[mso ]`j> “fl`syb6è> f,hb
f0ffw`f bh[`skf9ief> ]imfv[ìuskfys
]e]`jbn> ek9[f hsu`svs;msy f0ffw`f hsw]
f> bf[msevsh[`sy bh0f[ys vf bh0f[`svref
b7fhqfp fhsw]fhfps. Efhf eps ]u`s w6mfys
]is7je ffysh9ijbn f,hb bepf]imef f9cn`s
9imf> belrsk f,hb> fxsvfpf8s b0f fkifhf
hf9[mf7fums evfq bekfhw”.
B[`fhqjy f,hb fqfc fv8f9ufhf ffvsim0f[m
fxsvfpfhf f9cn`s f[m bisbfcefp> vfvpfh
fxsvfpf8s [sv9flf l9cefy. Eb ktb6`sh[fhf
fvpspfkf k[s fh,f/m frelshijy> eb f9ceff
hu`ffyfufhfkf kwsy[`hfc b9chfys b7fy> eb
f;ms fafhf fpby s7fvpn.
Frfv,fim6`tb> f;`6`tb f[skq fyhjekfum> eh0 hs[i f[s fh[efhf 7fkjvp> eb
f[i fkf bffbef fi`f[mf fps f9ffbv,fhw`f
Fb0fhb vf Fv6fvufhtb hps h=f0f[ms yfhsuoffyof> yfc bffbefp f9imfi> Fl`ys7`f
bps. Eb fvi6`f hps blshvfptbefy fbkf\
mb> fxfvf6`tb (f[fzfkf bhefp f,sc0f)>
(=sh. Fushefn`b xtv6`df)> eb fi`6`f ffhnys fbi`f b6`shqjy> fw`svpf6`f flshrefy (f;` fps 8,f> frf,fim6`f if7f h[mjp
hsw9[mfof flshrefy) bhtb]f,sp f[fqf
lys]`jy“ i`fh0> fl`syb6è> f;`snùms>
f=fnùms> ]f,fw`f bimf6`lshuskfp fqfc fkf
bi`f0`f]imjbn f,hb> ]fi`s]`jbn ]fhtb>
]fhf[`sb i`sh[`skf9ishw> bi`sh=bf eh0>
f9[fc0f ]fi`sv0fy”. F,hb ffvsim0f[m
fresy f[ib> f[iks[b h[s bfyflsh[p. Fv]-
sacxovreblidan _ amharadan did ojaxSi
axalrZlis Seyvanisa da qalis mologinebis
Semdeg, adviniqous aucileblad yverulsa
da dedals Seswiravdnen.
afxazur adviniqousTan ti pologiurad
axlos dgas megruli `galeniSi orTa~ _
`gareT myofTa orTa~ (Sdr. micvalebulis
kultTan dakavSirebuli imeruli dReobis
saxelwodeba _ `garegnoba~).
51
fhf f7ysn` f0ffw`fhf le f[m f0fwf lfybfhujp> vf f[iff lfyksp9isp fevf fl`ys7`f
[sv9flf bf0`fhimjy> fimfgs pqje vf fr`ns
9cf0fn`c.
F9csef fl`ys7`f lffhfof bfpffbu`jeg
fushefn`b “ufktybim jh0f”> “fl`s b7je
hfrhf” (=sh. F9cw`f hrekmn bfpre fbvtht0n`b
fviys]`f6`f hefr> “ fl`s6`pffhf”).
didi _ narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi;
LSL _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=cf[mf> imjers
zogi variantiT,cxovrobs didrifSis mTaze, h]`fv0fkf Lslhs9im fim[fhf=s lsy[jbn>
hyavs cecxlovani cxeni _ araSi, romelic bvjeg fvwf ps=7mj f-s> Fhfim> Eb f9i`vf
patronis
amxedrebisTanave
didrifSis lfysyf6`n`fkfum Lslhs9im f6`w`f f7ysn`
mwvervalebidan
pirdapir
lixnis
bibfije Ks[ys fi0f b0f9fkjbn.
moedanze xteba. lixnidan didi
Ks[ysn` fash[fqfhfn`b fec
sagmiro saqmeebis saZieblad
le6`f hs9iffhfps fvisy
zRvispiriT dasavleTisken
f7`fhf bys6`shi`ys
miemar-Teba. narT rainds
fvhf0fi`fhf[m
sof. liZavaSi mcxovrebi
ll`s6`kjbn.
YflZaaTa asuli pirveli
danaxvisTanave Seuyvarh0ff hash[fqf f6.
deba da mogvianebiT,
Koff f7ys by[j
roca vinme ayvlan
Koff
h0s9[f
ayvlanqeris mier galfyb,f byfhrys
tacebul qali-Svils
,pbf lb,tbn> frsh
daixsnis,
colad
fyqs>
F7`kfy>
SeirTavs.
F7`kfyuthb
eb
imis gamo,rom sityva
f9]`sp,f
lfysà-did“ afxazur enaSi
vqfbhc ffvsim0f[m
Weqa-quxils aRniSnavs
lbh[`sy]`bn>
yfc
da amasTan narTi gmiri
didrifSis
mTaze
9]`scc lbutbn.
cxovrobs (`didrifSs~
F9csi`fkf
f;`f
zogi
enaTmecnieri
Lsl> flsl ffyfujbn>
Sifravs
`Weqa-quxilis
e,hb fps eb Lslhv. vouba. `didis qorwineba~
samlocvelod~, zogiss9im fys[f fim[fhf
Tvis `didrifSis~ `didi~
D. Dje,f. “Lsl bxfhf”
f7ys
lsy[jbn.
Eb
aris totemuri saxeli),
b[mso
flsl>fvfw`sc
mis saxels Weqa-quxilis
bfl]`fkjeg>
e,hb
f7ysn`
Lsl b[f=s
aRmniSvnel terminTan aigiveben da didis
personaJs ganixilaven rogorc uZvelesi bf[èf9ijbn b;`snòje fvbajkjubf6`f
miTologiuri warmodgenebis gamomxatvel h[f0syhfrw`f fcf[mfkf. F[f fhf7f bfh,fnèg>
saxes. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom gmirs fhb fash[fqf b[mso flf flslb>fvfw`scb
saxelis garda e.w. `Weqa-quxilis miTebTan~ ef]f psyof fl]`fkfhf bvfv. Bfpu`f0fnèg
araferi akavSirebs. sagulisxmoa qarTveli f6sh0ef fvbajkju C. <f[mbf-J6hefidbkb
eTnologis s. baxia-oqruaSvilis mier bkf fqs[`n`fyn`b ffv0f6`f hps b7fbqfp
ukanasknel xanebSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba
fu`ffyfufhf6`f hskf> Lslhs9im fim[f f7ys
imis Taobaze, rom didrifSis mTaze
lfynèfp fobfc &,fyn`bf9is]`f f7ysn` bffp
dajdomisas md. yubanis velidan mosuli
narTi gmiris mier gamowveuli Weqa-quxili Yf0ff hash[fqf bkf bv8f9ufp flslvfw`sc
unda mianiSnebdes brZolas am adgilis
dasaufleblad.
didrifSnixa
_ didrifSis xati,
salocavi (a-nixa). igi Tavisi siZlieriT
abJuis afxazeTSi cnobil ilirnixas (iloris
wm. giorgis xats) utoldeba. didrifSis
wminda mTa afxazTa (gansakuTrebiT bzifis)
eTnikuri
erTobis
iseTive
simboloa,
rogoricaa md. volga rusebisaTvis,vulkani
fuZiama iaponelebisaTvis da sxv. igi
gudauTis raionSi mdebareobs, sof. lixnis
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, sof. aWandarasTan.
didrifSi saSualo simaRlis wiflis tyiT
daburuli mTaa, romelzedac asvla wm.
mTis wabilwvad iTvleba da am akrZalvis
damrRvevs aucilebeli sikvdili elodeba.
didrifSis
mwvervalze
ukanasknel
dromde SemorCenili iyo Zveli eklesiis
fundamentis naSTebi.
didrifSisaTvis locva da iq ficis
dadebis ritualis xelmZRvanelobis ufleba
bffysh9ietbn fb,fimhf fhb f0s9 ffyrskfhfps.
LSLHS(IMYS{F _ Lslhs9imn`b
fys[f> fys]`fh0f. Eb bfvje fvx fkf
f,;mseffn`b f9ceff h=s tbwlshe Tkshf
fys[f bf7fhjeg. Lslhs9imn`b fim[f 9imf
f9ceff> zslfkf <ps9ff hps fvbkf0n`b frhf
ffpsh9ief imfyjeg> fobfc Djkuf fehsc6`f
hps> fdekrfy Aeobfvf fbfgjyw`f hps bfhf
e,fc tumsh0. Eb U`lje0f fhfbjy> f6. Fzfylfhf bf9eg. Lslhs9im fim[f fi`qkf6`f
hskf b8sxjeg> ef[m f[fkfhf fim[f 9imf
f7mimhf ]`f bhs9[mfojbn> eb fqfc tbkfpufp
[sv9flf f9chf bp9ieg. Lslhs9im fim[f
f6`w` f7ys ef;`s ffyofums bffy[fys b7fy
fef[efvf fimf0f.
Lslhs9im f7ys fys]`fhtb> f0je,f fim0fqfhtb fv8f9ufhf fpby hsvjeg Fzfylfhf
by[j Xsxff> Lslhs9im fys[f9ff8 (bu`.
didrifSis mTa
Lslhf9im fim[f
53
mxolod aWandarel CiCbebs _ didrifSnixas
`mexaturebs~ hqondaT (ix. à-nixafavi~).
didrifSnixas saxelobis locva afxazebma
aRdgomis dRes icodnen, yoveli ojaxi
msxverplad swiravda Tikans da didi zomis
xaWapurs. mlocveli zvarakis Samfurze
wamocmuli gulRviZliTa da anTebuli
sanTliT xelSi mividoda didrifSnixas
saxelobis qvevrTan da iq ityoda wm. mTis
sadidebels.
zafxulSi, ivlisis Tvis kvira dRes,
didrifSis wm. mTis ZirSi aWandarelTa da
bzifel afxazTa saerTo saxalxo locva
imarTeboda. aWandaris TemSi Semaval Svid
sofels TiTo saklavi (xari an Zroxa)
unda daeyenebia. garda amisa yovel ojaxs
mohqonda Romi, Rvino, marili da sxva
xorageuloba. samsxverplo saqoneli unda
daekla da misi xorci wminda qvabSi unda
moexarSa didrifSnixas `mexaturs~, ris
Semdegac iwyeboda locva. locvis Semdeg ki
sxdebodnen sufrasTan da sadilobdnen.
didrifSnixas afxazebi meorenairad
didrifS-anifsnixas
uwodeben.
termini
ànifsnixa~
sxva
araferia
Tu
ara
`RvTismSoblis miZinebis xati~. rogorc Cans,
didrifSis mTaze swored RvTismSoblis
miZinebis
saxelobis
taZris
naSTebia
SemorCenili. miuxedavad amisa,didrifSnixa
afxazebs
mamrobiTi
sqesis
RvTaebad
hyavdaT warmodgenili.
„Fys[f9ff8“). Lslhs9imys[f f[msofkf
fys]`fhf f9ceff vif9s fyf]`f ffy byfhuojy> 0ffw`fw9[mfof fys[f bflshqjy
fimn`fc f\mvtb> f[fzfgsh leb. Fys]`f8s
fu`sb
fu`sq`tb
fhfcfq`s
bf[fqfys>
fw`svpf fhrys Lslhs9im fys[f f[mofkf bhsvfp f]f9imf bf[fuskfys fbi`sf 9imf
fys]`f9[mos bf9[mjy.
F9[sy> 9[syu`s vpf fv-si f-ys>
Lslhs9im fim[f 9imf f9ff8 b7ys Fzfylfhffb> <ps9effb ptums bhptb9isp
fys]`fhf v8f9shujy. Fzfylfhfn`b fim[f
bkje ,s;m 6s0fr hs7ysn` fimn`f6`f (fw`
vf f;`) himsh frey. Eb flf 0ffw`fw9[mfof
bffhujy f,sc0f> f8s> f\msrf e,fc fafn`
hfw`fys. F9cf0fn` fimn`f himsh frsy eb
f;ms f6`f, 9imf b0fqfys Lslhs9im ys[f
fys[f9ff8 b;`sh frey> eb ffvsim0f[m
fys]`fhf bfkfujy. Fys]`fhf ffvsim0f[m
fbi`f bf[fn`fys frhshajy.
Lslhs9imys[f
lf-f
[mosrfkfums
bfim0jeg Lslhs9im> Fys9cskys[f. F;`f
Fys9cskys[f bffyfuj „Fyw`f lsp[skqsp
ksw`fhf fys[f“ feg. Biff,j tb9i Lslhs9im
fim[f f7ys bbfifw`7mfys fyw`f lsp[skqsp
ks9chf f[mso fkf buskfp fef[efvf fimf0f
ffy[fys b7jeg. Lslhs9imfys[f f9ceff
h7ys f[fqf b[f=cf[mfkf feg biffh9ie.
dopunixa _ oCamCiris raionis sof.
dopuaqiTSi mcxovrebi dopuas gvaris
mfarveli xati, romlis kulti amave
raionis sof. aZiubJas mTel mosaxleobaSi
iyo gavrcelebuli. dopunixas sabrZanisad
miCneuli iyo abaSis raionis sof. sujuna,
ris gamo mas Svjˆn-nixasac uwodebdnen.
amave xats dopuaTa colebi, ramdenadac
qmris sagvareulo salocavis saxelis
xseneba ekrZalebodaT,`Jvarakis~ (Sdr. qarT.
`zvaraki~) eZaxdnen. dopunixas saxelze
aZiubJelebi da dopuaqiTelebi yvelieris
kviras loculobdnen da specialurad
gamomcxvar ritualur purTan erTad muWa
marilsa da cvilis sanTels swiravdnen.
locvis Semdeg dopuas gvaridan asakiT
ufrosi mamakaci yvela ojaxs Semoivlida
da marilsa da sanTels wamoiRebda.
rogorc Cans, dopunixa sujunis wm.
LJGEFYS{F _ Jxfvxshf fhfbjy f6.
Ljgef6`s0f by[j Ljeff hs;`kf fys[f>
eb f[mso fhb fhfbjys b7je f6. Fos8,;mf
f7ysums bfkfhq`fy. Ljgefys[f f9s ]`f
b9[mfojeg F,fifn`b fhfbjy f6. Ce\mey.
E,hb fps eb Imsd\m>fys[f]`fums bfim0jeg.
Fhb fys[f Ljgeff hs]`cf6`f > h[fw`f hs;`kf
fys[f f[mso f]`fhf bf6`b0svpn> e,hb f7ysn`
„:`kfhfr“ ]`f bfim0fy (=fh. F6sh. „pdfhfr“).
Ljgeys[f f[mofkf> Fos8,;mffb> Ljge6s0ffb
fiàfhf fvxs,;mf ffy bys]`jy> fqfc zslfkf bhoefp fxtb> ef9ifq`sr f\msr[sib>
fw`fimb flshqjy. Fys]`fhf ffvsim0f[m
Ljgeff hs;`kf 6`hfkf bhtb]f,sp f6s0f
0ffw`fw9[mfof
lhskcefy>
f\msr[sib>
fw`fimb hskb[jy.
Biff,j tb9i Ljgeys[f Ce\mey Umf-
giorgis xats ukavSirdeba da, SesaZloa, hum fw6mf bys[f bfl]`fkjeg> b7fkfh 7fkjbn
dopuaTa Zirixats warmoadgens.
Ljgeff hs;`kf fys[f imfu`s0 frepfhums.
a-douha _ ganusazRvreli zebunebrivi
sawyisi, msoflio suli, romlis madliT
arian mosilni narTebi (gansakuTrebiT
narTebis deda _ saTanei-gvaSa). narTul
gadmocemebSi saqonlis gamravleba adouhas
wyalobas miewereba.
rogorc Cans, termini àdouha~ kompozitia. misi pirveli nawili à-d¤~ dids
niSnavs, meore _ àh~ _ mTavars, mbrZanebels,
e.i. àdouha~ sityvasityviT `did mTavars,
mbrZanebels~
aRniSnavs
(nawarmoebia
àfshas~ msgavsad) da rogorc sakulto
termini qarTuli ùzenaesis~ identuria.
àdouhas~ paraleluri inversiuli formaa
àhdu~, `hah-du~, romliTac ancvaraSvas
(RmerTisTvis miZRvnili simRera) teqstebSi
RmerTs mimarTaven. SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom àdouha~ RmerTis epiTeti an misi
meore saxelia.
FLJE}F _ f]`ff pvfp b9cf,fhfn`sv>
[s[m b7je f9cs> eb fk9[f hsvfy Yfh0ff>
zslfkf Yfh0ff hfy> Cf0fytb U`fimf. Yfh0ff
h]`fv0fkf fhf[` hs=bfhf flje]f fk9[f feg
bps,pjehje.
Biff,j tb9i fhb f;`f „flje]f“ tbkf9cjeg. Eb f9[mfn`b f7ìf „fle“ ffyfujbn> f8,fn`b „f]“> f[fuskf8> f]`sy06fh ffyfujbn („f9c]f“ tb9ieg)> f6sh0ef ,spi`f
f7ys b7je> bhtb]foje „eptyfbcb“ tb9ieg.
Flje]f byfluskj b7jeg „F]le“> „}f]-le“> eb
fyw`fhfi`f f;`f6`f fyw`f bpreg. Bf]]`fh
]fkijbn „flje]f“ fyw`f b[mso feg vf eb
bzslf[mos feg.
55
e T
eTnixi _ agnixi _ gudauTis raionis
sof. kaldaxvaraSi mcxovrebi amfarebis
sagvareulos mfarveli suli. rogorc Cans,
igi kavSirSia zRvasTan (afx. a¶-ga _ zRva,
a-n¥xa _ xati; pirveli nawili gaugebaria)
da sagvareulo locvac zRvis napirze
imarTeba. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, Zvelad
Rrublis saxiT movlenil mrisxane arsebas
amfarebis gvaridan yovelwliurad mihyavda
zRvis napirTan Tavisi fexiT mosuli
qaliSvili. bolos erT-erTma amfarma
eTnix _ agnixs sTxova adamianis msxverpli
cikniT Seecvala da gaenTavisuflebia misi
gvari am mZime xarkisagan. manac Seismina es
Txovna. im dRidan moyolebuli amfarebis
gvari (qalebis gamoklebiT) yovelwliurad
gazafxulze an Semodgomaze zRvis napirze
gadis da eTnix _ agnixs cikansa da
oTxkuTxa formis uzarmazar fetvis purs
swiravda. es msxverplSewirva Taviseburi
wesiT sruldeboda: cikans daklavdnen da
sxva adgilze gaatyavebdnen, xorcs erTagan
daWridnen da sxvagan moxarSavdnen, WamiTac
sxva adgilze SeWamdnen. sainteresoa, rom
msxverplSewirvis aseTive wesi hqondaT
Cerqezebsac saqonlis mfarveli RvTaebis _
axinis saxelze gamarTuli dResaswaulis
dros.
eTnix _ agnixis saxelze loculoben
maSinac, roca
zRvispirze
garkveuli
mizeziT didxans rCebian.
zogierTi avtori, cdilobs eTnix–agnixi
zRvis mfarvel RvTaebad warmogvidginos,
Tumca aseTi daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas
arsebuli masala ar iZleva. amfarebis
sagvareulo salocavis zRvasTan kavSiri,
rogorc Cans, aixsneba am gvaris Sesaxeb
arsebuli gadmocemiT, romlis Tanaxmad
amfarebi Savi zRvis gadaRma mxridan arian
mosulebi.
BF)YS{ _ FUYS{ _ U`lje0f fhfbjy f6. Rfklf[efhf by[jp Fv9fhff hs;`kf
f9ffbv,fh. Biff,j tb9i eb fvisy
lfl]`fkjeg> Fv9ffhffums hys]`fhf fvisy f[`s6` f7ys bv8f9shujy. F]`fv0fkf>
f;`sn`sy> f90f 9ihf pvfp u`sv[fr Fv9fhff hs;`kf f7ysn` tccsis6`cf fvisy
f7`fhf f[m pimfgfkf bytbp fo`s lbujy.
Fqs[`n`fy Fv9fhff fo`s Bf0ys[ - Fuys[
lb]`tbn fef8s b9cf0fhf bwsy[`hfc foc fkf
b9cf[shw> Fv9fhff bhs6`b[shw fc tb9i
bwùmsp f9cf0fn` f7ysn`> bfhums lshpsos8hbn> h[s bf6`b0bn`bn fimfhfkf f9cf0fhf fufhf f7ysn`. E,hb fvi byfhrys Fv9fhff
hs;`kf (f]`cf hslf) tcssis6`cf ff9syhfp
vf 0fufkfyfp fvisy f=s6` f[m bytbetbn>
Bf0ys[ -Fufys[ bps focb 9imr`frmr pvje
bleeooje fisw bfk[e fxf b9cs bfh0jbn> foc
himefy> lf-f 0s9r f7ys fw`f f[`sh[efy>
frefw lf-f 0s9r f7ys tb=sh[efy> lf-f \mfhf
bh;èfy> lf-f \mfhf[ bhajy. B\mjeimfif
f,fc tb9i b7fp fqfc hsvfy fxth6mfpw`fums>
fhf[` h9ffbv,fh> F[msy b[mofkf byfhsuojp
fys]`fhf ffyums.
Bf0ys[ - Fuys[> b[mofkf fys]`fhf yfhsuojy> lf-f vpspr fkfums> fvisy f7`fhf
f7ys frsh ffv0f bfyffy[jpums.
Fdnjhw`f imjers> h-fpshrjbn Bf0ys[
-Fufys[ fvisy 9ffbv,fhys bffh9ihf> f[f
f,fc tb9i b7je f9q`fhf flrskfhf fkifhf ]fyf0jv b]fvje ffh9ihf6`f. Fv9fhff hs;`kf fys]`fh0f fvisy bifl]`fkje>
biff,j fkf bffyfh9ijbn fhb f;`kf fps
b7je f]`fv0f6`f h7ys> eb byf6`sh9iys
Fv9fhff hs;`kf fvisy tb6`f y[sq f7ysn`
fhf[m b6`yfufktbn.
eirig-aacnixi _ qurdobisa da
yaCaRobis mfarveli Zala abJuis afxazeTSi.
afxazis azris, igi dRiTa da RamiTac
yvelafers xedavs. am xatis saxelze qurdebi
da yaCaRebi sofel aacSi (aqedan modis
xatis saxelwodeba) mdinare aafsisa da
nakadul daxurTas Soris loculobdnen;
msxverplad swiravdnen konusis formis
ritualur purebs da TavianT saqmianobaSi
xelSewyobasa da warmatebas SesTxovdnen.
am xelobis adamianebs wesad hqondaT
nadavlidan saukeTeso nivTebi SeewiraT
TavianTi mfarvelisaTvis; amasTan, Sesawir
sagnebs an naqurdali cxovelis balans
xeebze
hkidebdnen
iq, sadac
xatis
sabrZanisi egulebodaT. eirig-aacnixTan
dakavSirebulia legenda, romlis Tanaxmad
wminda adgilTan Tavad midioda arCvi
an sxva nadiri, romelsac xalxi xats
swiravda (Sdr. iloris wm. giorgi, moqvis
wm. giorgi).
èirig-aacnixi~ (àergi-aacnixi~, èirixaacnixi~) sof. aacis eirigis (airgi, aergis)
anu wm. giorgis xats (a-nixa) niSnavs. bzifis
afxazeTSi am xats Curgur-nixi erqva (ix.
`Curgur-nixi~, asev à-ergi~).
TBHSUM-FFWYS{F
_
f/msxhtb>
f6`skfhtb bh[`skf9ie vxseg f,;mseffn`b
f9ceff hps. F9ceff hu`ffyfufhfkf eb ef[ums>
-syums ptums b,jbn. F,hb fys[f f[mofkf
f/msxw`tb> f6`skf8w`tb f6. Ffws fobfc
Ff9csb> fobf Lf[`fh0tb hs,;mfhf bys]`jy>
=f0f[msc bfh0jy tbwq`hsp fxf oys> hyfgs
pkfrsp hec f7ys f6`=bfhf6`f hb0fhw b]`jy.
F,fh0 feff qfcc bhsvfy bh/msxsp f7ysn`
ptums bhtb/msp fys[f f0`fimfhf> bfhf e,fc
f9cf0fn`sc b/msxys bffhujp fimn`f fw`f
fqkf f7ys bryfh]jy ef> fys[f f9ffbv,fh
b0s9 ]`f bf[msh9[mfojp. Tbhsum> Ffwys]`f
bfl]`fkjeg f;`f]`fv0f> eb byf6`sh9iys
f0s9 9imf f[m> feff f9cf0fn`c fys[f bfh0jp
fi`fhf[ h[`fkf bfpytbefy (=sh. Tkshfn`b
Umfhum fw6mf> Vs6`n`b Umfhum fw6mf).
„Tbhsum-Ffwys[`f“ f6. Ffwsn`b Tbhsum
(Fbhsum> Fbhums) vfvpfhums Umfhum fw6mf bys[f ffyfujbn. <ps9n`b f9ceff fhb
fys[f Xshu`shys[f ]`f bfim0jeg
(bu`.
„Xshu`shys[f“> „Fthum“).
eldizi _ narTul gadmocemaTa
mixedviT, borot goliaTebTan mebrZoli
gvari, romelic Rrma xeobidan spilenZis
xidis gavliT mosulma kaciWamiebma mTlianad amoxoces; gadarCa mxolod momaval
gmirze (ix. `Sarvani~) fexmZime qali.
gadmocemis erT variantSi naTqvamia, rom
narTebi eldizebis disSvilebi arian, e.i.
narTebis deda _ saTanei-gvaSa eldizTa
gvars ganekuTvneba.
TKLSP _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f byf6`sh9iys>
flevgtb wùmf6`f bhf6`9jp ;`kfy> eh0 f8[ff
qffekf b,;mfp f,8fn` fw]f b6`cys bytbp
flevgtb6`f hs[`w`s s7fvref bs6`sh[bn>
lffy[bn pw`f pn`svp> kf9[mf7f fash[fqf
(bu`.Imfhefy“) lsp[skqsp 9]`sc pfw`sr.
F]`fv0f6`f hefr fkf Yfh0ff Tklspff hf]ìmf9fw`f hjeg> Yfh0ff hfy>
Cf0fytb>U`fimf Tklspff hs;`kf lfnèg.
a-enadara _ xelovnuri danaTesavebis
wesi vendetas Sewyvetis mizniT. rodesac
mosisxle mxareTa Sesarigeblad warmoebuli
mediatoroba uSedegod mTavrdeboda, mkvlels, tradiciuli afxazuri stumarmaspinZlobiT gulgamagrebuls, SeeZlo dazaralebulis ojaxSi moulodneli SeWra
da moklulis dedis, dis an colis ZuZuze
kbilis dadgma ZaldatanebiT, an kidev
mkvlelis dedas, das an cols SeeZlo
moklulis ojaxSi misvla da pirvelive
Semxvedri bavSvis mkerdze mikvra an
misTvis ZuZus pirSi Cadeba. am gziT mtrebs
Soris naTesauri kavSiri myardeboda da
FBYLFHF _ fimfehf f9q`fhfps fbefhf
f,;mfqfhf> fimfe/f ps,;mfp f;`kf6`f htbyhffkfhf fyhsksvifkfum> fimhf pep> bbimsp b8yf0f lytbys bfy> bf]ìmf vf b9]`sc>
hefw`s krsrf vxskf fw]fhf bkifh> vf hf9[mf
b9skfp f[szs lbu`slbrskfh vf bu`s]`9s
b=tbrsh>f9cef qfckf bbimsp b0ffw`f fxtb\mmsrfkf f9i`vfhf bpshefy gfne b6`shqjy.
E,hb fv8fkf fb/mfw`f tbefw`f[jy> qfckf
bhs,;mfp fimfehf fvx soefy. F,fc tb9i
b7fp fbefhf f,;mfqfhf> bfweg bfpu`f0je
57
m. TuRanovi. `mosisxleTa Serigeba~
V. )e/fyjd. “Fb/fw`f htbyffkfhf”
sisxlis aRebis tradiciuli wesi Zalas
kargavda. xelovnuri danaTesavebis es
forma, Tanxlebuli garkveuli uflebamovaleobebiTa da valdebulebebiT, Tavis
paralels poulobs kavkasiis xalxTa
(gansakuTrebis adiReelTa) CveulebiTi
samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli Sesabamisi
normebis
saxiT.
aenadaras
Cveulebas
anu inkorporaciuli xasiaTis rituals
afxazebi da adiReelebi mimarTavdnen
Svilis ayvanis SemTxvevaSic.
a-ergi
(aiergi, airgi, eirigi, erge)
_ sinkretuli bunebis polifunqciuri
RvTaeba: aris yaCaRobisa da qurdobis
mfarveli (ix. èirig-aacnixi~, `Curgurnixi~), zogjer gaigivebulia mesaqonleobis,
nadirobisa da Weqa-quxilis RmerTebTan
(ix. à-mqamgaria~, à-JveifSaa~, à-fi~); mis
saxelze
loculobdnen
avadmyofobisa
da
mgzavrobis
Jams;
yovelwliurad,
fpby6`yfufhtb> f0fr9[s6`htb> eb tb9ie
fqfc Rfdrfp b6`sy[j fvbkf06`f h7ys
bf[m]9skj s7jeg (tb]fhfofr flsuw`f h7ys)
fpby6`yfufhfn`b fyjhvf6`f hcf[mfkf. Fbylfhf vfvpfhums> fbyrjhgfhfwbfn`b f7spimf
pvje fqfc byfhsuojy f9ceffb> flsuw`tb
f[szs ffofhf lfyshujpums.
FTHUM _ fcbyrhtnbrfn`b f9cf,fhfn`b
gjkb9ey6wbfn`b f9ffbv,fh> eb f6`skfhtb>
f/msxhtb h[skf9i8s bjeg (Thum>Ffwys]`f>
Xsu`shys[f)> pyspsykf lhtb9iyshimjbn>
f[mimw`tb> fi`fhswfw`tb> flslvfw`scb
9ffbv,fhys> eb b[msofkf bys]`jbn fxsvfpfhtb fys7`fhtb ffy. Tccsis6`cf> tb]
fhfr vif9ys]`fps f9cf0fn` bpshimefy fw`qsc> f0ffw`f hs,pbfhtb> hs[mxfhtb
upiratesad aRdgomis dRes swiravdnen
mozvers da ojaxis keTildReobasa da
dacvas SesTxovdnen. afxazTa warmodgeniT,
aergi TeTr cxenze amxedrebuli meomari
iyo (Sdr. wm. giorgi) da laSqrobidan
gamarjvebiT dabrunebulni Semdegi locviT
mimarTavdnen: ò, ergi, meomarTa winamZRolo,
vaJkacobisa
da
simamacis
mfarvelo!
madlobas gwiravT mterze gamarjvebisTvis;
gTxovT momavalSic nu dagvtoveb Seni
mfarvelobis gareSe~ (teqsti moyvanilia s.
zvanbas mixedviT). warmatebuli laSqrobisa
da nadirobis Semdeg, mexdacemis, didi
wvimebisa Tu gvalvis SemTxvevebSi afxazebi
mRerodnen e.w. èrgeaSvas~ (simRera aergze).
samurzayanos mTianeTSi iyo am RvTaebis
saxelobis tba _ ègeZaSra~, sadac Tavad
aergi banaobda da amitomac mwyemsebi tbis
wyalSi TiTsac ar Cayofdnen. RvTaeba
aergTan dakavSirebuli iyo iloris, aacis,
balaburxvas,jirxvas salocavebi. Tu bzifis
fps b]`jy. F9ceff h[f=sffufhfkf Fthum
f-s ir`fr`f bf6mn`je fb,fim8s (=sh. Umfhum fw6mf)> fb,fimhf f7ysn` bfbffbys
bums;msp feff eb fys]`f9[mos bf0`fhimjy>
„jj> Thum fb,fimw`f h9spf> fash[fqfhtb
fu`svi`fhtb h9ffbv,fh> b0f,eg ]`f ef]]`jbn
f/f ]f[mbehbffbp fps> ]e]`jbn ]f9[mf7fums
ek9[flf ]ffyevs;msy“ (f;`f6`f ffujeg C.
Pdfy,fbf b]`fv0fkf). ^`=bfhfkf fb,fimhtb>
fi`fhswfhtb ffvsim0f[m> flsl f6ifhf
ffvsim0f[m> f6`f /`/`f fyktbkfum vf ff8fhf
fys7je f9ceff bh]`jy „Thum bfi`f“. Cfvshpf7fy fim[fhf6`f h7ys f,hb f9ffbv,fh b[mo
p[e fobf „Tutofimhf“> ef7f Fthum b[f0f bbref,jy> e,hb fps f[mimw`f eb fobf hyfwùms
offhimefv. F9ffbv,fh Fthum bl]`fkjeg
Tkshtb> Ffwb> <kf,sh[`tb> |msh[`tb
fys[f6`f. <ps9n`b f9ceff h=s ptums htb]
f fvx pvje fys[f Lslhs9im (Lslhs9imn`b
p. uCelo. `wm. giorgis brZola gveleSapTan~
G. Extkj. “Umfhum fw6mf fu`skimfg lf,fimetbn”
afxazeTSi yvelaze Zlier xatad didrifS
anifs-nixa
(didrifSis
RvTismSoblis
miZinebis taZari) iTvleboda, abJuasa da
samurzayanoSi gansakuTrebuli SiSi aergi
ilir-nixas (iloris wm. giorgis) mimarT
hqondaT. abJuis afxazTa rwmeniT, ilirnixa maTi ajijxatis (megr. jinji xati) _
Ziri xatis fsxu-nixas ufrosi Zma iyo.
narTul gadmocemaTa afxazuri versia
icnobs aergebis ojaxs (gvars), romelic
narTebTan megobrobs (xSirad laSqrobebs
erTad awyoben) da naTesauri kavSiric
aqvs (sasriyvas coli aergebis asulia).
gadmocemis zogi variantiT, cnobilia
aergi rarira da misi coli rimca, maTi
vaJiSvilebi _ radi da raSi, qaliSvili
_ xania; sxva variantiT airgebis deda
samkurnalo balaxebis mcnobi mkurnalia
(man moarCina gvelnakbeni narTi qeTuani).
erTi sityviT, aergebis ojaxi iseTive
mravalwevriania,
rogoric
afxazuri
RvTaebis _ aJveifSas, osuri _ uacilis
(wm. ilias), uasTirjis (wm. giorgis) da
sxva kavkasiuri RvTaebebis ojaxebi. erTerTi narTuli Tqmulebis mixedviT, Zmebi
aJveifSebi nadirobidan aergTa sadidebeli
simReriT brundebian, rac, SesaZloa, aergTa
upiratesobaze miuTiTebs. unda iTqvas,
rom narTul gadmocemebSi, zRaprebsa da
xalxur simRerebSi aergi da aJveifSa
xSirad erTad ixseniebian, aqvT saqorwino
kavSiric
(àergebis
qaliSvilebi
_
aJveifSebis rZlebi~, _ naTqvamia simReris
erT-erT teqstSi).
aergis garda afxazur panTeonSi ar
aris sxva RvTaeba, romelsac mravali
funqcia hqondes SeTavsebuli da amdenad
miaxloebulic ki iyos uzenaes RmerTTan
_ ancvasTan. am RvTaebis genezisis Taobaze
afxaz specialistTa azri orad aris
gayofili: erTi nawili mas wm. giorgisTan
mogvianebiT gaigivebul qristianobamdel
RvTaebad miiCnevs (S. ZiZaria, S. inal-ifa,
c. bJania), meore ki aergSi qristianul
wmindans xedavs da mis saxels `gÁarg~
formidan momdinared Tvlis (s. zvanba, a.
anSba).
59
fyw`f lsp[skqsp ks9chf fef[efvf) frepfh>
f,;mseffn`b> cfvehpf7fyjn`b f9ceff hps
zslfkf bpswìèfp Tksh (Tkshn`b Umfhum
fw6mf bef[evf) fys[f feg. F,;mseffn`b
f9ceff h[fqfhfkf Tkshys[f eh0 H\msy\
mys[f (fuh. |msy\b ys[f)> bfimfu`s0e fys[f
(c]`sys[f ftimf fb]f,s frey.
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f9ceff hdthcbf bhlshefy Fthumff hs;`kf f0ffw`fhf> eh0 Yfh0ff h8spw`f hfrey (kfccs fb,fimhf6`f
tbws-v8f9shujy)
fbefhfums
hs,;mfy
(Cfchs7`f b9]`sc Fthumff lsh0s9]fy).
Lf-f ]`fv0f6`fr fkf> blsheg Fthum Hfhbhtb> eb b9]`sc Hbvwtb> hszreyw`f> Hflb>
Hfimb> hs9]f> {fytb hjeg> lf-f ]`fv0fr fkf
Fthumff hfy f[ì`n`shf f]fwrmsy plshefp>
[ì`n`8sy (eb lks[ì`n`bn fvf0 psw]fp
Yfh0 ^mt0efy)> f;`fr fkf Fthumff h0ffw`f>
0ffw`fhfleeg> f9cef 9ffbv,fh F;`tb9imff>
fef9cn`b Efwbk> Efc0sh\mb> tumsh0 Rfdrfpn`b
f9ffbv,fhw`f h0ffw`f htb9i.
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f6`f hefrs fkf> ftimw`f
F;`tb9imff i`fhswfhfyn` bfys[`sy]èfp
Fthum b[mo9ifps fi`f h]`jy> eb Fthum
bs]hsrshf ffyfh9ijbn. B]`fnèg Yfh0ff h]`fv0f=sb> fkfr`6`tb> f;`kfh
hfi`f6`tb h=s Fthumsb> F;`tb9imffb tb]
fhfr tbwys bhu`fkflshi`jbn> fb,fufhfn`b
fbefhf hs,;mjeg („Fthumff h0s9]fw`f>
F;`tb9imff hszreyw`f“ b]`jeg fi`fr
f7ys).
Fthum blfums f9cef fgfyntjy f7ys foùms
bvfv f,fc bhfw`je faeyrwbf6`f> e,hb fps eb
lbf7hflshnèfy ]fpifp fyw`f. Fhb f9ffbv,fh
butytpbc fps f9ceff f7fpfw`f hu`ffyfufhf
8s\mfhfys bijeg> imjrs eb Umfhum fw6mf
bjeg ]`f bhs9[mfojbn> f6mshcbfyhffyofn`b
f9ffbv,fhys (I. Obofhbf> I. Byfkb9f> W.
<;fybf)> imjers[ Fthum f6mshcbfyn`b fw6mf ]`f lsh9[mfojbn> b[mso „Umfhum“ f7ysn`
bffetbn ]`f bhs9[mfojbn (C. Pdfy,fbf> F.
Fyi,f).
TBHSI~B> TBHSI~^FYB _ f,f
eriSi, eriSqani _ feiqrobis
mfarveli suli. qsovis dawyebamde eriSs fchf fyw`f[`s. Fchf bfkfuffyof Thsi`
evedrebodnen ar waexdina maTTvis naqsovi, b]`jy>eh0 bh9j> bhcef fhf]`sw tbkfvi`fh>
ar aeSala qseli da xeli moemarTa qso- lhsw[hffhw f,f fcfhf=s> fbwsq`hshf 9ihf
vaSi; swiravdnen
pvfp fxf hoefy>
konusis
formis
fr`fr`fh> bhc[mfp
kverebs (akvakvaf,f
r`fv7mfr
rebs) da naqsovi
bf0`fhimjy> „fhb
tilos naWers, Tan
efhf
e[`0fjeg“.
daayolebdnen:
F[mso „Tbhsi`“>
ài Seni wili~.
u`ffyfufhfr
fkf
saxeli
èriSi~,
bimf6ùskjbn
erTi azriT, warf9cef
f;`f
momdgaria
afxa„fhi`hf“>
tumb
zuri
sityvidan
fu`ffyfufhfkf
àriSra~ (tilos
gaTeTreba); meore
fnthvby „Tbhsi`“
azriT,
termini
bf]9skjbn
RmèriSi~, damowmeshumspb> Fehsvffb
buli aseve yirgih=s „frf0“ ffyfuzebsa da urumebSi
jbn> f9cef ,spi`f
`qselis~
mniSf7ys
f0sh6`f
vnelobiT, afxaf7ysn`
b. jopua. àfxazuri kapriCio~ ,spi`f
zurSi Turquli
bfkfktbn.
B\
enidan aris Se<.|mjgef. “F9cef rfghbxbj” mfimfnèg f9fhtb
suli. saintereso
Cans
feiqrobis
-fcfhtb h9ffbv,fh
mfarveli sulis saxelwodebis sxva vari- lf-fr fkf „Tbhsim6fy“> eb f8,fn`b f[`0f
anti _ èriSqani~, romlis meore nawili
6fy> fièff h=s fif[`f feg> f9ceff h=s
(qan) svanurSi kanafs, xolo afxazurSi
sels (a-qunˆ) aRniSnavs (n. janaSia ar f6fy> f]fqrmsy bf[moeg (Y. |mfyfimbf vfg
gamoricxavs svanuridan nasesxobis Sesa- fw`brefvfhb f;`f fièff h7ysn` bfkfkfZleblobas).
pfh).
61
v D
vaxsiTi
_
narTul
gadmocemaTa
personaJi,narTi siTis erTaderTi vaJiSvili,
aJveifSaas siZe. vaxsiTi narTebis cxenebis
mwyemsia da xSirad mierekeba cxenebis
remas md. yubanis CrdiloeTiT mdebare
stepebSi, sadac muxlamde balaxi xarobs. aq
gaicnobs igi saZovrebis patron goliaTs,
romelsac orTabrZolaSi amarcxebs, Semdeg
ki dauZmobildeba da masTan sacxovreblad
rCeba ise, rom saxlSi iSviaTad dadis.
ZmobilTan
myofi
vaxsiTi
dilaobiT
aRmosavleTis mxares amCnevs cecxliviT
manaTobel Zalas, romelic Svidi Zma
aJveifSaas erTaderTi da aRmoCndeba.
mravali faTerakis Semdeg vaxsiTi mas
colad irTavs.
EF{CB) _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s> Yfh0
Cb0 b9f pfq`s> F;`tb9imff hsvf]`. Ef[cb0
Yfh0ff h-s ef[mfl f[mxf8 bfeg> kfccs f-s
ef[mfl bvfys fobfc &`,byf fvhfuskfhf f7ys
b7fp fl`rfhi`hf f[m lwfkjy> ef7f imfv[`syof
f]fcrmsy uskfy> fhf eb blshetbn f]`shf6`f
hs9i`vf fljevgtb> eb lbf6`9fys lbfbffbn>
yfc tbimw`f[bn> eb b7ys y[fhf lffy[jbn>
b8ys7f bvfzys lytbefy. Timfc bvfp b7ys
Ef[cb0 ims;msr fvhfuskfhfn`b fyfu fkf
fkfifhf fhrei`f vxsr bkf9i bf6ì`jbn>
eb ,s;m8s fbimw`f F;`tb9imff hf]ìmf
kfresy> frsh ffv0f lksim0fy yfc 9]`scc
lbujbn.
v. vouba. `vaxsiTi, siTis Ze~
D. Dje,f. “Ef[cb0> Cb0 b9f”
e. qavSbaia. seriidan àfxazuri miTebi~
T. ^fdi,fbf. `F9cef fvba6`tb~
63
z P
zarTiJvi
PFH)S:~ _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s>
_ narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi, menaxire; aqvs xSirTmiani da ise gr- f;`[mxf8s> f[`s 6`svcfc b6èg> b\msvim6`f
Zeli warbebi, mxrebze Tu
leeg> b;`8f[sh b6`bvqfh
ar moigdo, miwamde eSveba
flumsk b6`cetbn> b,kf f,fhf
da mxedvelobas ufaravs.
bf9sh[fujeg. &`,byf f7ys
yubanispiras mobanave sap-spref,jp Cf0fytb U`fimf
Tanei-gvaSam gaRma napirze
b6`=sk0bn. F[mxf fostbmyof zarTiJvs uxmo. roca
menaxirem ver SeZlo abobkfihf lpfksvcbn> eb fps
oqrebuli mdinaris gadaf9]`sc lb[sxxtbn> Cf0fytb
laxva, risTvisac qalisgan
U`fimf fkf9i pvfp f[swb
dacinva daimsaxura, gaSiSf[fvgfkb fkf lktb[cbn>
vlebul saTanei-gvaSas jaf[sw f[`f]` bff[bn> eb f0s9
dosnuri mSvildidan ìsaf7ys fash[fqf Cfchs7`f
ri~ styorcna. isari moxvda
qvas, romelSic
momavali
b9cs fkfi`bn. Pfh0s;`
gmiri _ sasriyva Caisaxa.
Cf0fytb
U`fimf
f[is8
zarTiJvma daariga saTaneikb0tbn> Fbyfh;mb lffkufhw>
gvaSa moeZebna ainar-mWedeli,
eb f[`f]` f7ysn` Cfchs7`f
romelic SeZlebda Canasaxlfkb[jbn ]`f. Ftgjc lf-f
is qvisgan amokveTas.
fdfhbfynr f7ys> Cf0fytb
eposis im variantebSi,
romlebSic saTanei-gvaSas
U`fimf kwsy[`hfc U`sylf
v. vouba. `zarTiJvi~
mzeTunaxavi gunda cvlis,
lfh,jeg> Pfh0s;` b0s9fy fzarTiJvis rolSi cxenebis
D. Dje,f. `Pfh0s;`~ s[mxf8s Thx[mje lw`shujeg.
mwyemsi erCxeu gamodis.
zari
_ narT qaliSvilze _ siuze
Seyvarebulis _ axuSbas,sxva versiiT airgebis
asulis _ xanias gatacebis msurvelis _
xuaSas cxeni. pirveli variantiT, siusTan
orTabrZolaSi
daWrili
axuSbasaTvis
megobrebis mier Tqmuli simRera amSvidebs
momakvdavi patronis bediT gulmoklul
cxens
(Sdr.
qarTul
folklorSi
`motirali cxenis~ motivi). am simReras
axuSbas cxenis pativsacemad daerqva àzari~.
meore variantiT, damarcxebuli xuaSas
cxens narT gundasTan erTad Seborkavs
da gaSoltavs xania. Semdeg qaliSvilebi
PFHB _ Yfh0 f9]`sp,f C8s ,pbf lsp,jp>
F[ì,f> lf-fr fkf Fthumff h0s9]f {fybf
lsvqfpshcsh p0f[`sp {`fif b-s. Frn`b
fdfhbfyn fkf> C8s lfybf6`9jp l[`sbn>
f9chf bf=sp b9i`vf bps fu`sh8f pvfp f-s
F[ì,ff hps b8spf bb]`jp fi`f tb6`yfretbn
(=sh. F6sh0`f fajkrkjh f7ys „Bq`sef f-s“
fvfnbd). Fhb fi`f F[ì,f b-s fgfne fps
bf[moshqbn „fpfh“. Lf-fr fkf bfqf[fp {`fif
b-s Yfh0 U`syltb> {fybtb bhu`sl]`]`fkfys
bim0fhqtbn. Yfc fi`f f9shqtbn b=fh]`fp
e. qavSbaia. `zari~
1.
T. ^fdi,fbf. `Pfhb~
SeTxzaven simReras Seborkil cxenze. am
cxenis saxeli _ zari, gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
safuZvlad daedo micvalebulTa xsovnis
himns _ àzars~, romelsac afxazebi dResac
mRerian
gardacvlilTa
sulebisadmi
miZRvnil cxenTa Sejibrebaze.
f-s fps. Fhb f-s f[mso Pfh> b7je f]`fv0fkf
bfimfu`s0[tbn f9cw`f hps bh]`j „fpfh“>
eb fi`f f9ceff bf[mfums bh]`jbn> b9csp
feff hu`fkfhi`fhfps bv8f9shuj f-shs88hf
f7ys.
zilxa _ narTul gadmocemaTa
personaJi, miTiuri juja xalxis _ awanebis
asuli, narTi kunis coli (zogi variantiT
sasriyvas coli), cvicvis biologiuri deda.
jujaTa qaliSvili simaRliT erTi cidaa,
magram didi Zal-RoniT gamoirCeva; erTad
aRebuli yvela awanis Zala aqvs. roca
awanebis mTelma jgufma mkvdari melia
ver gadmoabruna, zilxam kviristavis wveri
amosdo, gadmoatriala, gaatyava da Svils
PSK{F _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=cf[mf>
f;`f]`fv0fn`b feff feffccf> Fqsyff hs09f]
f> Yfh0 Rsy b9]`c> W`sw` bfy> fqsyff h09]f
ksi`fhf fuskfhfkf fvw`fr frey bpf7hfp f[f
fvx /`/`f ksvfy> fqsyff ptums tblrskfys
hsvx ksvfy. Fqsyff ptums tbpfys b9cys
b7fp f,uf fyshpffvsh]`s> Pbk[f f9fufn`
fq`s bf[`fkqtbn> bffksh]`bn fw`f f[sk[bn>
kszr`sy f[sk0f bpskof[bn. Eb kyfgs bfv-
qudi Seukera. igi xelsaqmis
didostatia, Zafs arTavs
da qsovs; roca saqsuals
exeba, awanebis cixe iryeva.
kunisa da zilxas qorwilSi
dakluli
asi
xaris
tyavidan, narTebis TxovniT,
patarZalma burTi Sekera.
zilxa
jiuti
da
mouTmeneli xasiaTis qalia.
roca garRveuli mestebis
gamo gabrazebulma kunma
mas
maTxovari
awanebis
qaliSvili uwoda, fexmZime
zilxam muceli ganikveTa,
bavSvi amoiyvana da qmars
miugdo, Tavad awanebTan
wavida
(aseve
brazdeba
osur versiaSi bcenTebis
_ juja xalxis asuli,
romelic
Svils
qmars
utovebs da garbis). narTebi
cdiloben
moabrunon
zilxa (saamisod sasriyvac
ki midis awanebTan), magram
amaod;
SemoTvliT
ki
SemouTvala narTebs, rom
bavSvi rZiT ki ara, gamdnari
rkiniT ekvebaT.
v. vouba. àwanebis asuli~
D. Dje,f. “Fqfyff hs09]f”
zosxani
(axizosxani
_
oqros
zosxani)
_
infeqciur
daavadebaTa
(didi batonebi, wiTela batonebi, yvela
batonebi) mfarveli RvTaeba; hyavs meuRle
(ix. `xania Sqvaqva~), romelTanac erTad
saxedriT drodadro soflidan sofelSi
mogzaurobs da adamianebs yvavilebs ayris.
oTaxSi, sadac batonebi brZandebian sufevs
simSvide, ikrZaleba ucxo pirTa Sesvla da
xmauri. batonebisaTvis gaSlil sufraze
yvavilebis garda aris moxarSuli an
Semwvari dedali, goWi, Romi, yveli, xileuli;
iqve awyvia musikaluri instrumentebi;
axlo mdgar skamze TefSiT daWrili Cala
devs batonebis saxedrisaTvis. col-qmars
umRerian muxlmoyriT Conguris, afxÁarcas
(Wianuris
msgavsi
orsimiani
sakravi)
an aWarpinis (salamuri) TanxlebiT da
wyalobas SesTxoven. afxazeTis zogierT
kuTxeSi sruldeboda am RvTaebaTa `Svilad
ayvanis~ gansakuTrebuli wesi, romelic n.
65
lshefp ]`f frs s7fvpn>
fhf[`sw yskqjy> l9jy.
R`syb> Pbk[tb hxfhf ffy
bhimsp fw`6`f i`rs hw`f
fkf> f0fwf Yfh0ff fyks]`f
fvgsk hpskof[bn.
Psk[f lef8s vfhf]`sy>
psx]fhf vfzsp 9]`scsy.
_yfr pys R`sy lkspu`ffys
fqsyff
fp[`fhfvaf6`f
h0s9]f
]`f
fyktb]`f>
pw`f pn`svp Pbk[f ksvu`f
9kshutbn> f9i6f l0s[ys
k[fqf lbvqfkshi`bn> kfhf
fqsyff hf[m l[`sy]`bn
(f,fcq`7mf fu`fvqhf ksvfy
fef9cff
hdthcbf
<wty0ff> feffccf h0s9]
fums> ebums k[szs k[fqf
lbpys;mys ls6`qjbn). Yfh0ff eb ksh[`sy]`hf hfpshrjbn (eb fps Cfchs7`f
fqsyeff hf[m lwjbn) f[f
l[`sy]èfv> Yfh0ff f;`f
hpffksim0etbn>
f9i6`f
f[i frev bh0fif>
f\sh
sho0ys blsh;`shw.
PJC}FY _ fxsvfpfhf [7mf (f,zs>
fbv]`f,pbf>
f7f9imf)
bf[skf9ief
f9ffbv,fheg> lbvjeg f9]`sc (bu`. {fybf
ir`fr`f) eb lbvfys f-s lf6`n`fys f6s0f6`f
lhs,;mfy feff fi`06`f hs6`b9cjy. Fef0f[>
fyw`f b0ffp fxsvfpfhf ps[msp lf[msim0fp
f0syxhf s7fy> fn`sv eff ef[m byfhsim0efvpn> f,s;mle 7fkjvpn. Fxsvfpfhfps
bh[`bfp fbi`f f7ys fi`06`f hslfums b6`sy
b;`sp vf bosp frens> f]`fqsc> f,sc0f>
fi`> fi`sh> efw`7mf b6`sy fvepsrfn`
fh[`vfhuf6`f> ffbu`fhf buskfp f7`fhl` f7ys
f0`f s6`sy> ]f0sh p6è b-s fps. {fqtb>
9]`scb fi`f hpsh]`jbn bimfv[siuskfys>
fxfvu`sh> f=fhgsy> f9[mfhwf f7ys b[`vfhef>
fk9[f bf]`jy. F9cys frefrm6`f \mfhf- \mfhf byfhsuojy fhb f9ffbv,fh bimfgsrhf>
f[szs ffofhf lfyshujpums> bzslje fqfc Y.
|mfyfimbf bffbh9ijbn byqfv0f=s. F6s0f
b. jopua. `batonebi~
<. |mjgef. “Fkthubf”
janaSias aqvs aRwerili. roca sofelSi
vinme daavaddeboda saerTo saxsrebiT
kargad nasuqeb or TeTr Txas (dedalmamals) SeiZendnen, daklavdnen da sxva
sanovagesTan erTad tyisken gaswevdnen;
dadgamdnen or sawols, zed dasvamdnen
or lamaz qals (aucileblad `sufTas~),
romlebsac gadaxsnil mkerdze abreSumis
cxvirsaxocebi
efinaT.
xalxi
muxls
moiyrida, soflis Takvaci axi zosxansa da
mis cols mouxmobda, SesTxovda mieRoT
msxverpli, Tavi qalebis mkerdze miedoT
da, winaparTa Cveulebis Tanaxmad, sofels
Svilebodnen. aqve, batonebis `mkvebavi~
qalebis gverdiT idga ori saukeTeso
cxeni mamakacisa da qalis unagirebiT.
Svilad ayvanis wesis Sesrulebis Semdeg
cxenebze `Semsxdar~ batonebs, rogorc
sapatio stumrebs soflidan simReriT
gaacilebdnen.
f7ys fo`s lsxvsp[fh tbw[`shffys b,pbje>
b9cskje f\mvf6`f 8,f ffh[jy> bhimjy
tumsh0 fafn` hswqfys f,yf f[m bhujy> 8bfh0fr lshuskjy> eb bf6`lshn`jy 8s\mf f]`cf
9iof6`f ([sv9flf b9]`sp,fw`fpfh frey)
eh0 hu`s]`96`f ffhnsy> f,shasy xs,hf
f6`shi`sy. Feff imfv[siuskfys> f6s0f
fb]f,s F[ms Pjc]fyb> b9]`scb bhs]èfy
bhslshrskfw
bffhufp
fafn`>
hs[6`f
f9]`sp,fw`f hrsrf bflshqfhw> f,b9fhf
fqfcfkf f6s0f f[iffhhfys b7fkfhw. Fhfw`7mf
f]f0sh p6è „hxsc“ f[mshvfptbp> f]`cf6`f
hufy f7ys buskfy bhtb/ofp 8-sr> frs f[fqf
br`flsh f6`sy> tumb f9]`sc kr`flsh. F[szs
ffofhf bufhf ffqfc fyfuofhf ffvsim0f[m f-s
„b-s;`kfp“ f]f0shp6è> fgfne p6è fcscw`f
htb9i f6s0f bfkufys byfcrmfhujy fi`f
]`j.
axi zosxanTan ti pologiurad axlo
dgas osuri alardi (digorulad alaurdi)
da qarTuli `batonebi~.
67
F[ms Pjc]fy tb9ie> bpffbu`je bjeg
fef9cn`
Fkfhltb
(lbujkehfl
fkfehl
f6sh0efn` „<fnjyt,b“.
n. brailaSvili. `batonebis xe~
Y. <hfbkfidbkb. “F,zs fqkf”
69
T )
TaTraSi,
TeTraCi
_ narTul
gadmocemaTa personaJi, narTebis dedis _
saTanei-gvaSas disSvili (sxva variantiT
ZmisSvili), amfarisa da branifis Svili. mas
pirvelive SexedvisTanave ukvdeba Svilebi.
)F)HFIM> )T)HFIM _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f
f[f=s> Yfh0ff hfy Cffytb U`fimf kf]ìmf9f
(vf kfimfb9f)> Fv9fhb> <hfybatb h[skq.
Bfhf b[skq hf9[mfof lfysyhs[ef9ikfum
bfhfpyfr b9cefy.
a-TarCei _ micvalebulis kultTan
dakavSireuli doRis erT-erTi saxeoba.
termin àTarCeis~ qveS igulisxmeboda
specialuri samgloviaro Culi (Cveulebriv
Savi feris), romelsac gardacvlilis
cxens fafaridan Zuamde gadaafarebdnen.
ase Sesudrul cxens saflavis samjer
Semotarebisa da zaris (azaris) Tqmis
Semdeg, Wirisuflis mier winaswarSerCeuli
F)FHXTB _ b9csp feff hu`fkfhi`fhf bfpre f-shs88hhf. „F0fhxtb“ fu`s8hf fps bhvfptbe fnhtp tb6`fw`f> b9csp b-s f9hs6`w`
byfhrys fqs[` f7ysyof bf6`lshièfy. F,fc
b8sxfp f-s fysi`sy0hf [svn` bfrelshijy fpfh fi`f ]`j> yfc b\mf,jp f0ffw`f zslfkf pff fo`s lfk[ys lhsvfy> eb fhb f-s
lyf6`n`sys bqbh7mjy bvhsw]fimfref bh-
e. qavSbaia. `TarCia~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “F0fhxtb”
mxedari ucabedad moswyvetda adgilidan
da dauzogavad gaaWenebda. mas danarCeni
mxedrebi
daedevnebodnen,
cdilobdnen
daweodnen
da
afrialebuli
aTarCei
an misi nagleji mainc CaegdoT xelSi.
gamarjvebulad
CaiTvleboda
is, vinc
mTlianad an Culis yvelaze did nawils
moi povebda an SeinarCunebda. gamarjvebul
mxedars Wirisufali daasaCuqrebda.
s88ef> eb tumsh0 f-s,/fw`f bim0fkjy> b[mofh
h0f[sy> bhiìèf bbrsp f0fhxtb bvsh[shw>
vf wf[sr f7`shufw bfim0fy. Fbffbhf bubn
]`f lhs9[mfojy> f0fhxtb pufp> vf eb f7ysn`
fwf[s le> vfvpfhums f0fhxtb ps[mxfp bfrey.
Fbffbhf pufp b\mf,jp f9i`vf f-s ]fv0fc
bb0jy.
m. TuRanovi. `doRi~
V. )e/fyjd. “Fef[mfl”
71
i B
inal yube
_ ìnalis saflavi~. ase
uwodeben afxazebi afsxus mTaze mdebare
salocavs, romelic Tavisi siZlieriT
didrifSisa da iloris xatebs utoldeba,
fsxunixas
(ix.
`fsxunixa~)
`wils~
warmoadgens
da
didrifS
anifsnixas
(didrifSis
RvTismSoblis
miZinebis
xati) Zmad iTvleba. inal yubes saxelze
loculobdnen da mas Zirixatad miiCnevdnen
mahmadianuri orientaciis afxazuri gvarebi
_ adleiba, kiuti, bagafSi, inafSba, amiWba,
aseve, n. janaSias cnobiT, Tavadi marSaniebi
da isini, romlebic webeldis, dalis,
fsxus mTebidan afxazeTSi Camovidnen.
zogi cnobiT, mis saxelze loculobdnen
aRdgoma dRes, zogiTac _ yvelieris SabaTs;
swiravdnen Romis fqvilis Taflnarevi
comisgan gamomcxvar didi zomis mWads da
dakodil Txas.
inal
yube
yabardoeli
Tavadebis
winapris _ inalis saxels ukavSirdeba.
yabardoeli mTavrebis XVII s. Sedgenili
genealogiisa da gadmocemebis mixedviT,
inals XV s. ucxovria da yabardoSi
SavizRvispireTidan Camosula,adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba daumorCilebia, mogvianebiT
fsxus
midamoebSi
damkvidrebula
da
iqve gardacvlila. rogorc Cans, inali
iyo dRevandel afxazTa erTi nawilis
(warmoSobiT
yabardoelebis)
realuri
winapari, romelic sikvdilis Semdgom
gauRmerTebiaT da misi saflavi da
saflavis Semogareni, rogorc sakraluri
sivrce, sakulto adgilad uqceviaT. Tumca
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom inalis saflavi
fsxuSi arc iyo da misi kulti CrdiloeT
kavkasiidan
fsxuSi
gadmosaxlebul
yabardoelebs CamoetanaT, miTumetes, rom
xandazmul abazebs XX s. 50-ian wlebSi
inal yube aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,
abazebisa
da
afxazebis
sazRvarze
egulebodaT.
BYFK &E<F _ „Byfk b6mfifyf“. F,fc
bfim0jeg f9ceff (c]`s fim[f f7ys b7je
fys]`fh0f> eb fvxkf Lslhs9imys[tb>
Tkshfys[tb
bf7hjeg>
(c]`ys[f
(bu`. „(c]`ys[f“) f7`s[c b9[mfojeg>
Lslhs9imys[f> Fy9cys[f ftimf ]`f. Byfk
7`s,f f[mofkf fys]`f9[mos yfhsuojy eb
bfimfu`s0eg ]`f bhs9[mfojy f6mshcbfyhfn`b
fqfc v8f9spujp f9cef ;`kf6`f> Flktbff>
Rm8enff> <fuf9imff> Byf9imff> Fvzff>
bfhf e,fc Y. |mfyfimbf blshhf6`f hskf>
f0feflw`f Vfhimfybffb> Qt,tklf> Lfk>
(c]`s fim[f6`f h7ysn` bks,ffp feffums.
Lf-f lshhf6`fr hskf eb b[mofkf bys]èfy
vif9s fps> lf-frs fkf> fiàfhf fvxs,;m
fcf,if f-ys> blshvfptbefy > fiskf fw[fkf
bref]fys fvumfk leb> bh[`fp f\mvtb himefy
f9cf0fn`c.
Byfk -7e,f &f,fhlfn`b f0feflff hsim0hf>
Byfk b[mso bfl]`fkjeg. &f,fhlfn`b fb]f,shf
1@n`b fi`sis6`cfps bimf6`shuskfp futytfkjubtb> b7je f]`fv0f6`tb hskf> Byfk 1%n`b
fi`sis6`cfps lsy[jy> &f,fhlf fvisytb6`f
f[`s6` f7ysn` lytbn> f0s9syn`b feff bvfq
hefy> frshffv0f ffvsim0f[m eb (c]`s7f
lbfcbn ef7f ls9cbn. Biff,j fkf Byfk
f9ceff hs[`0fr hf,im0hf bfrey> eb b9chf
ffvsim0f[m llsh9ffbvb,fhn`bn> eb b6mfifytb> bfpffbu`fp flumsks b9imfy> ys]`fhf
0s9ys b7fhqbn. F[f b7fkfh 7fkjbn Byfk
bysi`sy0hf (c]`s b7fvp0ums> eb b[mso
(c]`s7f byfhutbn ef[m y[fhf bbfcsp
f7f,fhlfw`f> bp,fypfh f,hsuw`f f,fpff 2%n`b
fi`sis6`cf 5%n`b fi6`c6`f hps Byfk
fvhfuskfhfn`b fvisytb6`f f7ys> f,fpffb>
f9ceff h]`ff f7ys ls7fy ]`f bhs9[mfojy.
BYF(}F RMFU~F _ f[fqf ash[qf> eb
inafha (nafha) kiagva _ legendaruli
gmiri, romelsac mraval sagmiro saqmeTa bvfzsvr`f fash[fqfhf bv8f9buf[mfp flgarda afxazuri musikaluri instrumentis
_ a-xˆmaas (samxeliani) gamogoneba miewereba.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, kÁagvas
nadirobis
dros SemTxveviT Semoakvda RviZli vaJi;
uzomod damwuxrebuls Svidi dRe piri
arafrisTvis daukarebia da sityvac ar
dauZravs; merve dRes (Svilis gasvenebis
dRes)
cxenis
Zua
daWima
varclze,
romelzedac micvalebul vaJs bavSvobaSi
bandnen, daukra da dardianad daamRera.
mogvianebiT
inafham
am
instruments
a-xˆmaa
uwoda. instrumenti Semdgom
daixvewa da citras msgavsi 28 simiani
(zogi cnobiT 32 an 35 simiani) sakravi
gaxda (esaa organyofilebiani mosazidi
sakravi TiToeul ganyofilebaSi Tanabari
odenobis simebiT). a-xˆmaa karga xania gaqra
cocxali yofidan (daamzades xandazmuli
afxazebis aRwerilobis mixedviT).
msgavsi Tqmuleba salamuris ti pis
instrumentis _ aWarpinis warmoSobis
Taobaze afxazeTSi mogzaurobis dros
Cawerili aqvs v. abaevs (erTma afxazma
nadirobisas SemTxveviT mokla Svili,
aiumaa _ musikaluri instrumenti;
Semdeg aWarpini gaakeTa da gulSeRonebuli
erTaderTi originali inaxeba
dilamde erT mwuxare melodias ukravda,
afxazeTis saxelmwifo muzeumSi
gamTeniisas ki mokvda). aseTive gadmocema
F8svff
axumaa _ musikaluri instrumenti;
originali ar aris SemorCenili.
aRdgenilia ostat x. ladarias mier
F=fhgsyb> f[svffb.
fums b[mso fvepsrfn` fh[`vfhuf f[svff
bfl]`fkjeg. F]`fv0f fkf Rmfu`f fi`fhswfhf
ffy bzrsy pfq`s lbv[fimbn. Fu`s8hf
,ff9cs pvfp ,;msvi f=fqf bvabn> f;`fr
bv]`bn> ff,fn`b fvi fps> bzrsy lfys[`fzsp
lsp0fhr`f,jp
f=s6`
lfcys
u`sh8fkf
li`f]`tbn. (s0r fyqs Byf9]f fh[`vfhuf
f[svff f[mobqbn> fhb fh[`vfhuf yfc tb]
f tb/mshn`bn> wbnhf tb9iys 2# hf[`sw
fvje h[`vfhufn`ys bimf6ùskjn (eb 87ìfr
hskf bimf6ùskjeg 7ìfw9[mfof tb7hfys
fhf[`sw6`f fvjeg). Frsh qetbn f[svff h[s
bflvsh[jb;m0tb.
F,hb tb9ie f]`fv0f s7jeg f=fhgsy fpums>
eb fyqfv0f yfbuotbn F9cys7f bys7`fhf ffy
D.F,ftd (f9csefr fi`fhswfhf ffy vfi`shkf
bzrey lbimbn> yfc f=fhgsy fbh]`tbn>
fish9fps bfhums ls9cbn). F,fc tb9i
b7jeg fef9cn`b Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f7syums
73
cnobilia narTuli eposis osuri versiidan
(narTma sirdonma, romelmac tragikulad
dakarga Svilebi, gaakeTa pirveli fanduri
da simReriT daiwyo Tavisi mwuxarebis
gadmocema, riTac man narTebi musikas
aziara).
identur
legendas
Wianuris
warmoSobaze icnobs qarTuli (svanuri da
raWuli) folklori. Tqmulebis Tanaxmad
vinme rostomma, romelsac Svili Semoakvda,
gaakeTa Wianuri _ Svilis sxeulze sakuTari
wveri gaaba (aseTive gadmocema fandurTan
dakavSirebiT cnobilia fSavSi). is faqti,
rom legenda Wianuris warmoSobis Sesaxeb
dakavSirebulia gardacvlil SvilTan da
cocxal yofaSi es sakravi micvalebulis
kultTan
dakavSirebul
ritualebSi
gamoiyeneboda,gvafiqrebinebs,rom afxazuri
a-xˆmaas daniSnuleba Wianuris identuri
unda yofiliyo.
bfh,jeg (Yfh0 Cbhljy pszrsy hsw]fhfkf
lspw`sosp> b7fbqbn hf9[mfn`b f9fyleh>
fi`f f]`fhfkf eb bu`s8hf fb0f]`fhf lfkfutbn > e,hb fkf eb Yfh0ff fvepsrf lbhlfhbn).
Fc tb9i b7je f]`fv0f fzbfyff (fièffb>
hfzffb) hspums b7jeg f6sh0ef ftgjc f7yums>
f]`fv0f fkf Hjcnjv ]`f fo`s pszr`sy lpsvgsqf9csp fzfy bzrsy b9cs,f8 f7ys
b[fn`s ;frmf flb]`fktbn (f,fcw`7mf b7jeg
f]`fv0f f9fyleh bfprys fzbfyff h7ys). Fhb
fafrn fzfyn`b fimfu`s0 pvje f]`fv0f b9csp
f[ìffhf bhsl]`fkje ffyfh9ijbn f9c0fpffhf f7yums> fhb f[`vfhuf f9chf bl]`fkje
fqfc6`f hsv8f9ufhf=s h[s bflsh[jy> f9ceff h[svff fzbfyw`f bhtb9ipsh frey.
a-iniJi (adiR. iniJ _ devi) _ devi.
adaus (ix. à-dau~, à-doumiJxa~) sinonimi
afxazur jadosnur zRaprebsa da sagmiro
eposSi.
FBYB:M _ (Flsu. Byb; _ flfes)> flfes.
Flfes (bu`.„Flfes“, „Fljevs;`[`f“) tb9ie
f9cef fkfr` \mfimf[`6`tb> f]`fv0f6`tb
f[f=cf[mf.
e. qavSbaia. `devi~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “flfeb”
iuana _ nadirobisa da nadriTmfarveli
RvTaebis _ aJveifSaas (ix. àJveifSaa~)
vaJi, romelsac monadireebi, gansakuTrebiT
axalbedebi,
warmatebul
nadirobas
SesTxoven.
igi
simRerebSi
ixsenieba
epiTetiT `dad~ _ mama. àJveifSaaraSvasgan~
(aJveifSasadmi
miZRvnili
simRera)
gansxvavebiT
dad-iunas
sadideblebi
imRereba yvelgan wlis nebismier dros,
garda nadirobis dawyebisa da nadirobidan
mobrunebis periodisa. mas qalebic ki
mRerian. dad-iuanas simRerebi gamoirCevian
TavianTi melodiurobiT da afxazur
saSairo hangebs mogvagoneben. am simReraTa
teqstebi TiTqmis mTlianad monadireTa
saidumlo enis leqsikiT aris Sedgenili.
fiqroben, rom
simRerebs
dad-iuanaze
sakulto daniSnuleba arasodes hqonia.
isini saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi funqciis
matarebelni iyvnen da mozardebisaTvis,
momavali monadireebisaTvis, samonadireo
enis Seswavlis saqmes emsaxurebodnen.
v. abaevi `dad-iuanas~ osuri Fud-Juani-s
(mama iuanis) analogiad Tvlis da iazrebs,
rogorc `mama ioanes~ (naTlismcemeli?).
a-iusTaa
_
avsuli,
romelsac
adamianebisa
da
cxovelebisaTvis
mavnebloba moaqvs, usaxldeba maT da
aavadebs (SeiZleba, adamianSi Casaxlebulma
igi Tavad aqcios mzakvrad), ZaluZs
naTesebisaTvis zianis miyeneba. amitom
mariamobis wina Rames, roca qaosis Zalebs
elodebian, maT sawinaaRmdegod iyeneben
sxvadasxva avgarozebs (Tmebze sanTlebs
iwebeben, eklisrgolebian jvrebs dgamen
ezoebSi, bostnebsa da yanebSi, hkideben
sacxovreblisa da saqonlis sadgomis
kedlebze, eklis sayelos ukeTeben xboebs
da sxv.),romlebsac,afxazis azriT,avsulebi
ver miekarebian; anTeben xeWrelis kocons
da
uTvalTvaleben, romel
mezobels
Causaxldeba boroti suli (sofelSi
ramdenime kudiani egulebaT),rasac àiusTaa
liharas~ (aiusTas daWeras) uwodeben.
BEFYF _ fi`fhswfhtb> fi`fhswfhf
f[mxf8s f9ffbv,fh> F;`tb9imff bzrey>
eb fi`fhswf8w`f tb]fhfr =sw bi`fhswjp>
f6`=bfhf hjehfps b]`jy> fi`f6`f h7ys
lfkjeg ftgbntn „lfl“> f, ]`f. „F;`tb9imff
hfi`f“ tb9isvref> lfl>Befyf b[mso]
hfrshfps fhb fi`f h]`jbn fis6`c ptums
bfysh0f[`[j> fi`fhswfhf bfyfkjfujb> effyn` bfys[`sy]`jb ffv0f6`f hslf. Eb
f]`cfums bh]`jbn. Lfl> Befyf bfkerffetbn bzslje fvtkjlbtb f[`vffhf pvje
f;`f6`tb hskf. Fhb fi`f bfkje f;`f6`f
ptums fi`fhswf8w`f h,spi`f zslfkf feg
bisimf6ùskje. B7je fu`ffyfufhfkf Lfl
-Befyf bfi`f f[mso]hfrshfps f[ffyums
bh]èfvpn. Eb ffofhtb> f[ìs8f0fhtb f7fpimf fvjeg> f=fh hf9[mf7f fi`fhswfhfpsb>
fi`fhswfw`f bzslje h,spi`f fhqfhfps h[s
bflsh[jy.
D.F,ftd „Lfl - Befy“ fef9cn`b FudJuani (f, Befy) tb9ieg ]`f b9[mfojbn> bfhf
e,fc eb bu`ffyfufhfkf fhf7f bfpu`f0jeg „F,
Befy“ (fkfifhr8s) lffh9ieg.
F*C)FF _ feff hps fwùmfhf 7fpqj>
hs9c0fpffhf
9[fp0fpn`j
eh0
lhskfkjbn bh0f[e hskbhijbn> bhxfvfpf8etbn>
wùmfhfvpfh ,pbfhf 7fvqj. E,hb fps yfy]`f
fys]`f fes[`f> ec7fy fbkf8synhf fvx6`f
bhsp9ieg> feff h[s bflsh[jbn tbetb9isv fkf9i7`sufhf6`f (h[f[`s fw`fims
f6`sh0`jbn> fvf/ bfk[ys f\mfh6`f fu`fh9b>
fes0htb> fv[6`tb h7ys bqfhqjbn> bfhf e,fc
f8y6`tb> f;ù`fh6`tb h7ys f\mfh rslshqjbn>
fvf/ f]`scb> f]fbefyb f[`lf bfr`lshijbn)>
f9ceff hu`ffyfufhfkf f8c0ff eh0 lshrmscefv> fvwf tb6`shqjbn> fu`skfw`f bimrkf9ietbn lfh,fye f8sc0ff lspxsxj (f6s0f
f7ys lfo`svref fqs[e pvje s7jeg)> f,hb
fqfc „f8c0ff b]fhf“ ]`f bfim0jeg.
75
k R
kalinda
RFKBYLF – fis6`c=swn`b fys]`fhf.
Fis6`c =sw fe[f> ef[[mfafhf ffvsim0f[m
9imufyr
pvje
f[fzfgsh
le
hoefy>
bffr`shifys fw`svpf6`f pshrsp fv=n`s
cffhf bfyshqjy> f0ffw`fhf ptums fhb fcffhf f9[mf bimfv[siuskefy> f0ffw`f htb]
f,s fhas f[qfhf ffy fyw`f bk9[f lf]`jy>
yfc f[fzfgsh hajy bffy[fp fvwf bf6`qfys
bh,kjy> [sv9flf fhb fifhf f[m bytbffyof
byfhsuofh frey.
Fnthvby „rfkbylf“ biff,j tb9i f9cys7f
Usn`skfyn`b
byfujeg>
bfumfl]`fkjeg
fvhf0fi`fhfn`b ^sh0n`skf=s bfkfhq`je
fis6`c =sw ffpsh9ief f;`f „rfkfylfc“>
eb f;`fums hjvn`b Calendae f7ysn` bffetbn> bh[fn`shn`bn> vfvpfhums hbvffb>
fdbpfynbfw`tb hs7ysn`b bibfifp bhubn.
a-kvakvari
_ mcire zomis wriuli
an konusis formis brtyeli, yveliani an
uyvelo, Zalze damarilebuli, gamomcxvari
an moxarSuli kveri _ afxazuri ritualebis
aucilebeli
atributi.
misi
TafliT
Sezavebuli comi fetvis an simindis
fqvilisgan mzaddeba. garda sakulto
daniSnulebisa
akvakvarebs
iyenebdnen
monadireebi, mwyemsebi, mogzaurebi
da
molaSqreebi.
gamomcxvari
akvakvari
sakvebad didxans vargisia.
FR~FR~FH _ blesv> bums;me> tbws[[je>
b6`fwè> b7mf9ce vf b[`[`je> fi` pu`skje>
bpuskfv> frsh bhqffe> boe vf b;è xf\
meg> f9ceff hfqfcv8f9ufhf6`f h7ys [svbflf blshvfptbetbn. Eb fw[fkf bhref]jbn>
fxfiskf vf fiskf bfksh[jbn.
Fqfc6`f hslfums fr`fr`fh fi`fhswf8w`tb>
f[mimw`tb>
fys7`f8w`tb>
fb,fimw`tb
h[s bflsh[`y. Boe fr`fr`fh frsh ffv0f
b9[fc0f[jv.
a-kialantari _ micvalebulis kult-
FRMKFYNFH _ f9cw`f hqfc fv8f9ufhf
bfpre fw`svpf> „f9cs bqkf“> vtnhfr b]hfre
fw[fw`f bfk[e tb=fh9je fw`fims> eb fu`sw`
ptums bffrshifys b7f9imys bièg> fimfgs f7ys fwf[s ir`fr`f f6`shièg> f6`w`
f7ys fw`f bfk[e fqsc s6`n`jeg> fc tb9i
b7fp fw`fims f9ceff by8f;`fvi vf fis6`c
_
saaxalwlo
locva.
axali wlis wina saRamos, vaxSmis Semdeg
acxobdnen oTxkuTxa formis did xaWapurs
da debdnen xis gobze, romelsac sanTlebi
hqonda mikruli. mTeli ojaxi am xaWapuris
garSemo muxls moiyrida da asakiT
ufrosi mamakaci sakmevlis dadebasTan
erTad
RmerTs
wyalobas
SesTxovda;
Semdeg xaWapurs SeWamdnen da narCenebs
cecxlSi dawvavdnen. rituali aucileblad
gaTenebamde unda dasruldebuliyo.
termini
`kalinda~,
rogorc
Cans,
afxazebs megrelebisgan aqvT nasesxebi
da ukavSirdeba dasavleT saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebul axali wlis aRmniSvnel
sityvas `kalandas~, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
romaul Calendae-sgan aris miRebuli da
SeTvisebulia an uSualod romaelTagan an
bizantieli berZnebisagan.
Tan dakavSirebuli simbolo _ `micvalebulis xe~; warmoadgens erT metramde sigrZis cvilis gantotvil sanTels, romlis
RerZi mTel simaRleze spiralurad wiTlad aris SeRebili da sadgarTan TeTri
lenti aqvs Semoxveuli. sanTlis TavSi
dasmulia cvilisagan damzadebuli Citis
gamosaxuleba. aseTi sanTlis Camoqna afxazebma ormocze an wlisTavze
icodnen.
micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli totebiani sanTeli masze Semomjdari frinvelis gamosaxulebiT
(xSirad TiTqmis realuri xis zomis)
samegreloSi cnobili iyo `kilantaris~ saxelwodebiT.
afxazuri a-kÁalantaris da megruli kilantaris morTulobaSi TvalSi sacemia mravali xalxis (maT Soris, qarTvelebis) miTologiidan da
folkloridan kargad cnobili motivi `Citi xeze~ (msoflio, kosmiur
xeze Semomjdari frinveli micvalebulis, winapris suls ganasaxierebs),
rogorc micvalebulis sulis niSani.
igive motivs vxvdebiT micvalebulis
kultTan dakavSirebul afxazur sxva
simboloebSic (ix. à-kÁani~, à-okumi~,
a-xÁanafi~).
termini à-kÁalantars~ safuZvlad
udevs megruli sityva `kilantari~,
romelic, Tavis
mxriv, qarTuli
`kelaptari~
formis
Sesatyvisia
(qarTuli
`kelaptari~
da
misi
amosavali ZvelberZnuli `kerolampter~
Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda ara sanTels,
aramed sasanTles, sanTlis sadgars).
a-kiani
_ micvalebulis kultTan
dakavSirebuli
simbolo,
romelic
wlisTavze (afsxura) gamarTul mizanSi
srolis niSans warmoadgens. es aris 5-7
m. sigrZis vertikalurad dayenebuli Zeli,
romlis tani Semkulia feradi qaRaldebiT
an
qsovilis
naWrebiT;
sxvadasxva
simaRleze horizontalurad daWedebuli
aqvs xis Tamasebi, romlebic zemoT da
qvemoT gantotvilia wvrilad gasanTluli
patruqebiT. Tamasebze hkidia sxvadasxva
gamosaxulebebi. Zelis tanSi ramdenime
adgilze moTavsebulia Tofiswamali. akÁani
Tavisi SesaxedaobiT aSkarad morTul
xes mogvagonebs. SejibrSi monawileebma
iaraRidan sroliT unda Camoagdon xeze
Camokidebuli
`prizebi~
_
saCuqrebi
(karg msrolels Wirisufali fuliT an
saqonliTac asaCuqrebda). bolos akÁans
cecxli waekideba da denTis perioduli
afeTqebis qveS iwvis (ramdenadac wlisTavi
aRiqmeba rogorc kritikuli dro, roca
kosmiur
wesrigs
qaosis
Zalebisagan
saSiSroeba elis, SesaZloa, aRniSnul
CveulebaSi transformirebuli ritualis
fps blshvfptbefy.
F9cs brekmn bfl]`fkje tb=fh9je
fw`fims
fqsc
f6`shn`fys>
fushn`skfyums bhlshefy „frmkfynfh“ f[mosy.
F9cef rmkfynfhb> fushef rmkfynfhb htb=rffhf f7ys> ekf9i
f6ì`jbn fvbkf0 hfw`f hvba6`f
h7ys b,pbfys tbwlshe ffh9ihf6`f
„fqsc fqkf=s“ (fleytb> frjcvjcn`b
fqkf bf6`n`je f9cffn`> b9csp
h[skqim0hf f9cs ffyfh9ijbn)>
b9csp b9cs ffpsh9ief lshufqfcc.
F,fc tb9i b7je flshuf6`f vfzsvref bf]9skjbn f9ceff h7ys
f9cs bgfne6`qfhf bfpre (bu`.
„frmfy“> „fjr`sv“> „f[mfyf9“ ).
Fnthvby „frmkfynfh“ imfu`s0c
bfvjeg fushef f;`f „rmbkfynakialantari fh“> eb bfhf fufy fkf f6sh0ef
Frmkfynfh „rmtkf-gnfhb“ f;`f bf6`yfujbn
(f6sh0ef „rmtkfgnfhb“ eb ffetbn
f;`sn` f,shptyn` „rmthjkfvgfh“ f7ysn`
hf9[mfof eb bffyfujp fw`fims frsvpn> eb
fw`fim0fhuskfh0f frey bffyfujp).
FRMFY _ f9cs bgfne6`qfhf fbl]`fkje
flshuf> eb f9c[`fhffy bhvfptbp fw`7mf
fb[chf frey. 5-@ vtnhf fuskfhf pvfp tbetb9isvp f9in`s pvfp fwf[6`tb vf f6mfflb fkf bh9iofp fimf7f bqfhqjy> eb tbetb9isvp f]hrshf6`f h7ys fq`f7m bfk[sp
fyfgsyqfv0f6`f fl7fqfy> eb fqf7f f8fltb
fkfltb tb=fh9fp fw`fims0fhuskf [`sz6`f
ryf]fy. Fyfgsyqf6`f h7ys bryf]fy tbetb9isvp fcf[mf6`f. Fu`fim fu`sw` f7ys
fvfr`fy6`f bh0f9cfys fi`f6m[ì`s ryf]fy.
Frmfy 9ihfkf fqkf 8sxf tb9isy. Fbwkf,hf
f7ys f,\mfhkf b[scys brfhs;msh frey ef7f
bryf]fp „f]fv0f6`f“. Fqs[n`fy frmfy fvwf
fwhfkjy> fi`f6m[`si`6f hs9;`fhfkf b,skjy
(f9c[`fhf fv8f9ufhf bwùme ffv0f f0fuskfpffhf feg> frjcvjcn`b f0si`syn`fkfhtb>
fbkf8synhtb fvx6`f hi`fh0f bfy0fuskje>
b7fkfh 7fkjbn fhb fqfc fnhfycafhvfwbfn`b
fqfc fcf[mf fvfys> b;`snòje byljtdhjgfn`b
fvbajkjubf>
flslvfw`scn`b
f9ffbv,fh
saxiT asaxva hpova uZvelesma indoevropulma
miTologemam _ Weqa-quxilis RvTaebis
brZolam xis qveS myof gvelTan).
akÁani
Tavis
morTulobiT
hgavs
micvalebulis
kultTan
dakavSirebul
rogorc sakuTriv afxazur simboloebs
(ix. àkÁalantari~, à-okumi~, àxÁanafi~),
ise megrul `kilantars~, svanur `kamarais~
da osur ìlens~ (am ukanasknels ki v.
abaevi inguSur òlom-bexos~ da qarTul
`CiCilaks~ ukavSirebs).
kuni
_ narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi,
zogi variantiT narTebis ufrosi Zma,
awanebis asulis _ zilxas qmari, cvicvis
mama, narTebis cxvrebis mwyemsi. saukeTeso
momRerlis _ qeTuanis dawyebul simReras
pirveli kuni aZlevs bans, Semdeg danarCeni
narTebi.
gadmocemis mixedviT,narTebs yvela saxis
saqoneli hyavdaT, magram gansakuTrebul
mzrunvelobas cxvrebis mimarT iCendnen,
radgan cxvari aZlevda maT xorcs da
matyls, matyli ki samoss. swored amitom
miandes cxvrebis mwyemsva gamorCeul narT
kuns. garda amisa igi saukeTeso meomrad
iTvleba; mis saxels atarebs mwvane veli,
sadac saTanei-gvaSasTan mimavalma matyliT
datvirTulma kunma Casafrebuli devebi
gaanadgura. manve daamarcxa moZalade biki,
romelsac mogvianebiT dauZmobilda da
masTan stumrad misulma saCuqris saxiT
Svidi wyvili kameCi wamoiyvana.
kunma nadirobis dros gaicno erTi awani
da daumegobrda, mogvianebiT misi da zilxa
Seuyvarda da colad iTxova. qmrisgan
Seuracxyofilma fexmZime zilxam muceli
ganikveTa, bavSvi, momavali gmiri _ cvicvi,
kuns dautova da Tavad awanebTan wavida.
saxeli `kuni~, rogorc Cans, momdinareobs
narTul gadmocemaTa yabardouli versiis
gmiris _ baTrezis (afxazuri versiis
personaJis _ cvicvis oreulis) mamis _
ximiSis epiTetidan `kui~ _ `meloti~.
narTuli eposis osur versiaSi kuns
xamici Seesabameba.
77
b6`9fhf fqkf fq7f b7fp fvf0 f7ys fys9iskjpfhums).
Frmfy f9iofhfkf tb9ieg f9cs bpre
fqfc f9ceff bh[fnè flshuf6`f (bu`. „Frmfkfynfhb“> „Fjr`svb“)> bfhf e,fc fushefn`b
„Rbkfynfhb“> fi`fyn`b „Rfvfhfb“> fef9cn`b
„Bktyb“ (fhb fqs[`nfyn` D.F,ftd fbyu`sin`
„Bkjv><t[jb“
f6sh0efn`b
„Xbxbkfrbb“
bhslbrskjbn).
R~SY _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s> ffh9ihfr fkf Yfh0ff hfimf tb]f,s> fqsyeff h0s9]
f Psk[f k[fqf> W`sw` bf,> Yfh0ff hefcf6`f
f[mxf8. Fi`f]`f8 ,pbfof> ^t0efy lspkfujp
fi`f]`fhf hf9[mf R`sy bb0jy f,s;mu`f8f>
yfc tbumsh0 Yfh0ff.
F]`fv0fkf> Yfh0ff fhf[`s [`r6`f ptums
hsvfy> f[f zslfkf bh[`skf9iefy fefcf6`f
bp,fypfh fefcf6`f eh0 bhsh0jy fr`fwb> fkfctb>
fkfcf fvf0`f fksh[efy. Bfhf e,hb fpjeg fefcf
hs[mxfhf fc tb9i bfkrffp fef8s Yfh0 R`sy
bpblshqfp. Eb flfums eb fb,fim8s ,pbf]`fums
ls9[mfofy> eb b[mso f[seg fl`stq`f> eb Cf0fytb
U`fimf bkpbujp fkfc tblfhf pb6`sp> b[f8efp
flfew`f ptums s6`b[bn> bfhf e,fc lfqfbh[bn
fwùmfe8s <s6m> yfc eh0 tbimw`f[bn> fcfchf
lfybpytb ]fv0fc bh0fp ,s;me/fr frfv,fim6`f
f8ys7f bubn.
R`sy lfysi`fhswjp lblshbn fqsyr>
lb8spf[tbn> frsh fyqs eb bf]ìmf Psk[f ,pbf
lb,fy 9]`scc lbubn> k[fqf b[sv8f9ufimf
[msvo/spimfp> pw`fpn`svp Psk[f ksvu`f
9shusys f9i6`f > k[fqf lbvqfhi`ys kfhf
fqsyff hf[m l[`sy]`bn. Kszrey W`sw` yfc
lash[fqf[tbn.
F[mso „R`sy“ biff,j fkf> bffetbn Yfh0ff h]`fv0f &f,fhlff hdthcbf fash[fqf>
<f0htp (F9cef dthcbf f[f=cf[mf> W`sw`
tb9ie bjeg) bf,> {msvi tgbntnc bvfp
„R`sb“> „F[gfi“ ffyfujbn.
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f fef9cn` fdthcbf f7ys
R`sy> {fvbw bf6`yfujbn.
e. qavSbaia. `kuni~
T. ^fdi,fbf. `R`sy~
79
l K
a-labaSa
FKF<FIMF _ eb fash[fqf F,hcrmsk
b7`s[ frey bf,\mfhums> bytbffbhfums frey
(fkf,fimf flumsk bysqfhcys lfys9fkfum fim[f6`f lsh[scefy). F,fc tb9i b7fp
fkf,fimf fushw`fums h[s bflsh[jy> tbwlshe
fash[fw`f> Fhfv> {ène> <thcref.
F9cef fkf,fimtb> fushefn`b kf,fimtb
(fhb f;`f fushw`f hf[m f9ceff h7ysn`
bbfcbn) fvf[` bfk[e fkf,f le fb[fn`s 9si`
pvje> fb[fkf vf fvf[` fkf fums;m pvje
fyfgs6`sh/`/`fuf (fhums;m vpfvums s7jeg)
feg. F,fc b7fp fkf,f6`f fi`fhswf8w`tb>
f[mimw`tb h[s bflsh[jy.
labiwvSira
_
saficari
Cxiri,
romelsac àJira-nixaSi~ (samWedlo-samlocveloSi) sadao sakiTxebis gadasawyveti
ficis dadebis win mWedeli braldebulsa
da bralmdebels aZlevda; am Cxirze
daificebdnen da grdemlTan daagdebdnen,
rogorc saficaris sawindars (Sdr. megr.
`fuCixintki~ _ ficis Cxiri).
KF<SQ~I~BHF _ fys]`fhfn`b fq`s>
eb „F;mbhf ys[f“ f7ys f[fhf p6`spb> f[fhf
blspqjpb tbvfhrefp fpqffhf fbkshufhfps
f;mb fkf,sq`6`f hb0jy> f,fh0 fq`6`f h7ys
b6èfy yfc f;mbhf f7ys b6`shqjy> hs6`hf
fbfifhf ffpsh9efp]`f.
a-lakumxa _ gaTvalvis sawinaaRmdego
mowyobiloba. es aris daaxloebiT 1,5 m.
xeWrelis latani, romlis orkapa an samkapa
FKF^~FV{F _ fkf9irhf bf=fuskj
fvf0`f[`. Eb 1>5 vtnhf b7fp b0sh==fp kf,fy
8,f vf [9f fw6`f pvfp> f\mfh tb9i b0f7fqfy 8q`sr> f[f]` ir`fr`tb> f,yfefhl fvf[`
bfk[sp tbkfhq`bp fums;mb. Fkf,f 0s96`fr
hs7ys e,sc7fr b0sh==fy> fw`f fwf[6`f
htb9i fkflf bkfim0sy> f,fc bhvfptbp fkf6`v[f> fyw`flps[ifp ksw`fhf fvi>
yfy]`fvif fvi f9sy fe[f> f9cw`f]f6`f
bfyhsp9isp> fu`fh9> fv[s> fe0hf> f;msh0f>
f8y6`tb> f;ùfhtb> fhuskfhf6`tb pt[msy\mmfhf bhpffbu`fys bqfhqjy.
Fkf9iwùmfps fkf6`v[f tb9ie fvf0`f[`
_
epikuri
gmiris
_
abrskilis mujra, romelic misi iaraRic
aris da gadaadgilebis saSualebac (miwaze
dabjenili alabaSiT mTebs axteba). aseTive
mujras _ labaSas imave funqciiT floben
samegreloSi gavrcelebuli Tqmulebis
personaJebi _ aram-xutu da berskua.
afxazuri alabaSa da megruli labaSa
(es sityva megrulSi afxazuri enidan aris
Sesuli) warmoadgens xis grZel joxs
rkiniswvetiani daboloebiTa da rkinis
an xisave xelsaWidi burTuliT (aris
burTulis gareSec). aseT mujrebs mTebSi
siarulis dros monadireebi da mwyemsebi
xmarobdnen.
alakumxa
Fkf6`fv[f
TavSi jvriseburad Casmulia ori Cxiri,
TeTri qva da askilis totisagan dagrexili
rgoli. latanis tani ramdenime adgilas
CaTlilia ise,rom CanaTalTan qerqi wvrili
lentebis saxiT qvemoT aris gadmoweuli.
ase morTul alakumxas RvTismSoblis
miZinebis _ mariamobis dResaswaulis wina
saRamos, rodesac avsulebis gamoCenas
elodnen, ezoebSi, yanebSi, bostnebSi, venaxSi,
sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebis
axlos miwaSi arWobdnen.
avi Tvalis sawinaaRmdego alakumxas
msgavsi mowyobiloba cnobilia svaneTSi
`CanCalis~ saxelwodebiT, aseve guriasamegreloSi,sadac igi swored xeWrelisgan
mzaddeba mariamobis dResaswaulisTvis.
rogorc Cans,xalxi xeWrels gansakuTrebul
Tvisebebs miawerda da mas mzakvarTa da
avsulTa sawinaaRmdegod iyenebda (am mizniT
qsnis xeobaSi askili gamoiyeneboda).
termini
àlakumxa~
ukavSirdeba
xeWrelis megrul (lekuxa, lekumxa) da
gurul (lekumxa, lukuxo) saxelwodebebs
(`lukufxas~ saxiT igi ganmartebuli aqvs
sulxan-sabasac).
hlshefy fièffums „xfyxfkb“ f[mosy> bfhf
e,fc uhbffb> fushw`tb> fhf7fums fv=s0fh==f
blshvfptbefy yfy]`fvifps.
Biff,j fkf feff fv=s0sh==f bzslfp
f0s9 ffyyfrskjy> eb fkf9iwùmtb> f9cw`tb
f=fuskfhfps h[s bflsh[`jy (e,hb fps ^cfyn`b
f8[ff by[jp f,yfefhl h[`s bflsh[`jy).
Fnthvby „fkf6`v[f“ bfl]`fkjeg fqkf [`rs
fushefn`bb (kerev[f> ktrev[f) fu`hbfn`bb
(ktrev[f> kere[j) f[mofkf (Cek[fy>Cf,f b;`fh
f7ys fhb „kere9[f“ f[mofkf tbkshujeg).
a-lamazi (spars. namazi) _ yoveldRiuri
xuTjeradi kanonikuri locva, muslimTa
xuTi ZiriTadi movaleobidan, islamis xuTi
burjidan (ruqn) erT-erTi. miuxedavad
amisa afxazeTSi islamis gavrcelebidan
dRemde am wess ar icaven. locvis nacvlad
morwmune afxazebi alahs mimarTavdnen
erTaderTi fraziT: àlah, gaxsovde alah!~
am sityvebiT mimarTavdnen isini uzenaess
ganTiadisas, Wamis win da Semdeg, wylis
dalevisas, Zilis win, Weqa-quxilis dros,
saqonlis an frinvelis dakvlis SemTxvevaSi,
xarebze uRlis dadgmis Jams, xvna-Tesvisa
da yovelgvari samuSaos dawyebis win,
mosalodneli safrTxis dros.
FKFVFP _ (fcgfh. yfvfp)> tccsvifn`b
[`svn` flf0kfn`b fys]`fhf> f9cskvfyw`f [`,f
bimfu`s0e hefk9imf f7ysn`> f9cskvfyw`f
hlby[`fqfhf fys]`fhf6`f bhefre b[`v9flje
[`,f. F9cysn`b f9cskvfyw`f hps fhb fqfc
psimf6`sv/`/`tbn> eh0 fhb fqfc yfhuojvpn.
Fys]`fhf fwsy[`hfc f9ceff f9cskvfyw`f
fkf] bimfgs hrefy f;`f pfq`sr fkf „fkkf]>
le[fvi0sy fkkf]“> f,hb f;`fkf eh0 tccs
ims;ms> frhfyshafkfum ffvsim0f[m> fos
fysh;èfp> fw`fhf bfysim0fkjp> flslvfw`sc
ffy> f9cn`b> f9cffn`b fyshimefp> fw`6`f fe/`f
bfyfqfhrefp> fw`f/`fhf> fkfqfhf ffy> bpfren`
ecehfpffkfum hyfgs fyfkfhrefp> vf i`fh0fr
bfyfp9isp [`s[m b7je bimfgs hrefy.
lafirnixa
_ qiaxirifebis, beniebis,
cimcebis (sof. barmiSi),bijbebis,dbarebis da
lasariebis (sof. blaburxva) sagvareulo
xati, romlis saxelze yovelwliurad
mariamobamdel
xuTSabaTs
da
SabaTs
loculobdnen gudauTis raionis sof.
svanuri `CanCali~ _ avgarozi
Fi`fyefn`b “Xfyxfk” – fkf9i[sufuf
KF(SHYS{F _ Rmf[mshb9fw`f> <tybff>
Wsvwff> (f6. <fhvsim)> <f\m,ff> L,fhff>
Kfcfhbff (f6. <kf,sh[`f)> hs;`kf fys[f>
eb f[mofkf tccsis6`cf yfy]`fvif ffbffyof
vxs,;msr ifue f9imfi vf fcf,i bys]`jy
U`lje0f fhfbjy f6s0f <kf,sh[`f bfpffbu`je
81
laburxvasTan
axlomdebare
tyeSi
(soWnarSi). lafirnixas yoveli ojaxi
msverplad swiravdnen Txas da didi zomis
mrgvali formis xorblis purs, romlis
comi damarilebuli wyliT mzaddeboda.
am `wminda puris~ win loculobda ojaxis
ufrosi (lafirnixas ojaxis keTildReobas
SesTxovda), Semdeg purs daWridnen da
ucxoebsac umaspinZldebodnen. lafirnixas
Zlier Zalad Tvlidnen da Tu vinmes
saqoneli daekargeboda misi saxeliT
wyevlidnen qurdsac da qurdis mnaxvelsac.
Tu qurdi daavaddeboda, aucileblad
msverpli unda Seewira lafiris xatisTvis,
amasTan wyevla naqurdalis dabrunebiT
unda `moxsnoda~.
lafirnixasTan dakavSirebulia erTi
gadmocema:
uZveles
droSi
afxazTa
jgufi (qiaxirifebis, beniebis da cimcebis
gvaridan)
mTidan
eSveboda;
dRisiTmzisiT uecrad kunapeti Rame Seiqmna.
mgzavrebma gza ver gaagrZeles, xis ZirSi
Camosxdnen da gamonaTebas daelodnen. am
dros Camoiares ucnobebma, romelTaTvis
Cveulebrivi dRisnaTeli idga da xis qveS
mjdarebs daxmareba aRuTqves: gamougzavnes
jixvis rqa, ris Semdegac maT gaunaTdaT;
sofelSi Camosulebma mkiTxavis meSveobiT
Seityves, rom lafirnixa ganrisxebodaT. am
dRidan samive gvarma lafirnixas saxelze
yovelwliuri locva daiwesa. swamdaT, rom
vinc am dadgenil Cveulebas daarRvevda igi
yurZnis sakrefad xeze ver gavidoda, mis
gaTxovil qaliSvils Svili ar eyoleboda
da sxv.
lafirnixas zogjer aergi-lafirnixas
uwodeben. rogorc Cans, es aris aRniSnuli
xatis sruli saxeli, ukavSirdeba aergis
(wm. giorgis) kults da lafis (toponimi?)
wm. giorgis xats niSnavs (S. inal-ifa `laf~
Zirs odesRac arsebul da aw ukve gamqral
gvars ukavSirebs, rac saeWvo Cans).
f,yf (f9cf,yf) f7ys.
Kf9shys[fp 0ffw`fw9[mfof 9cf0fn`c
fw`qscb> lffhfof blesp bhums;msp fxfiskf
bfk[sp fxtb> eb fps f;`f f\msr[si pvfp
oskf bhr`f]jy. F,hb „fxf 9imf“ f9[mf
lys]`jy f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s (Kf9shys[f
f0ffw`fhf hs,pbfhfps lf]`jy)> yfc fxf hcjy>
fn`sv effums bhsh0jy. Kf9shys[f fvx le
pvfp ]`f bhs9[mfojy> fo`s bhf[` bq`sosh>
e,hb f[mofkf lhs6ì`befy f/msxb> eb
befw`tb> f/sx bw[hffpb. F/msx lsxvsp8[fh
[sv9flf f9cf0fn` bimsh frey kf9shys[f
f[mofkf> fi`bhf „lfvsh[efy“ f/msx bb/msxsp fybh[`sy]`kfum.
Kf9shys[f bfl]`fkje f;`f,;mr s7jeg>
f;`sn` ffv0fr fps fim[f bks,ffefy f9ceff
hu`s98srr (Rmf[mffb> Wsvwffb> <tybffb)>
fvi rf[[f bis7fp bfhfpyfr bktbkf[`ktbn.
Fys7`f8w`f hsv8f hpsyfvuotbn> fqkf fimfgs f7ys byfn`tbn> fifhf bfp9ief. F,hb
ffv0fp bhpsvlshefp imjers hsdcbn> eh0
hps fvi tbkrrf b7fy> fqkf fq7f bn`fp
fw[shffhf hpffhsim0sy eh0ums bhslshrsktbn>
bhpffhsim0bn
f,yfw`
fn`s8f>
eb ffvsim0f[m bkfifhf[tbn> f6s0f f[m
bfyks,ff f7`slsh9f8 ks7ysn` tbkshrffbn
Kf9shys[f lsihspu`ffp> f,hb fvi byfhrys f[;`kfr Kf9shys[f fps tccsis6`cf
fys]`fhf v8f9shuj qfcc bf9imfhutbn.
Fu`hf hujy fhb fqfc tbkfpufp> byfpsvuofp
f;m0ffhfps fqkf lsi[fvkjp> b9]f [fqf bwfp
f[`skq liskvjefp e,fc bqtum.
Kf9shys[f pys psykf Fthum> Kf9shys[f
]`f bfim0jeg> biff,j fkf fhb bffh9ie fys[f
f[mso yfof bl]`fkjeg Ftum (Umfhum fw6mf)
b[mo> Kf9 (fnjgjybv) Umfhum fw6mf bys[f
feg bffyfuj (I. Byfkb9f „kf9“ pys qf7f
b7fp> ef;`s b6`soofp f;`kf bflb]`fkjbn> eb
fu`hfufhf wùmjeg).
laxinwara _ bedis mwerlebis (ix.
àSacva-Cafacva~) mier axalSobilis Sublze
gakeTebuli warwera, romelic iuwyeba mis
momavals, bednierebasa Tu ubedobas, sicocxlis xangrZlivobasa Tu sikvdilis Jams
(Sdr. megruli `yvaiWare~ _ Sublwarwerili;
ùyvaiWare~ _ Sublwauwereli, ubeduri).
KF{MSYQFHF _ =sw bbsp f9i6`f bkf[m
bfye fyqfv0f> eb bf9[mf7f b9c0fpffhf ffysh9ijbn> byfcs9b> byfcs9lfhtb> b9c0fpffhf fis6`c6`f> vf b9chf ffbu`jevf (f=.
Fu`shefn`b „7dfbzfht“ fkf[myqfhf> „e7dfbzfht“ fkf[mysvqfhf> fhsw]fhf).
leiaarnixa _ gudauTis raionis sof.
muguZirxvaSi mcxovrebi leibas gvaris
mfarveli xati (anixa), romlis sabrZanisad
muxisa da Wadris xeebisagan Semdgari wminda
koromi anu ànihvarTa~ (locvis adgili)
iTvleboda. leiaarnixa Zlieri Zala iyo da
misi SiSiT leibebis saqonels qurdi xels
ver axlebda,winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sastikad
daisjeboda (sikvdiliT, avadmyofobiT an
sxva ubedurebiT) damnaSave an Tavad an
misi ojaxis romelime wevri. xatis risxvis
moxsnisTvis qurds an sxva danaSaulSi
eWvmitanils dazaralebulisTvis zarali
unda aenazRaurebia da imave odenobis Tanxa
anixasTvis Seewira. muguZirxvaSi 2 heqtarze
gaSenebuli iyo xatis venaxi, romelsac
leibebi saerTo ZalebiT uvlidnen da Rvinis
nawils yiddnen, nawils ki locvis dros
iyenebdnen. anixas specialuri saxsrebi,
romelic garda aRniSnulisa sakuTvriv
leibebis Semowirulobisgan Sedgeboda,
xatis kultmsaxurTan inaxeboda da xatisave
saWiroebisaTvis ixarjeboda. leiaarnixas
hyavda Tavisi àwaavi~ (naTelmxilveli,
mkiTxavi), romelic TviT anixas mier iyo
xeldasxmuli da STagonebuli. leibas
gvari asakovan da sapatio mamakacTa
Soris yovelwliurad morigeobiT irCevda
leiaarnixas kultmsaxurs _ ànixafaavs~
da eqvs dedabers _ àCakuhaacvas~ (wm.
puris
xorblis
damfqvelebs,
comis
momamzadeblebs da mcxobelebs). romelime
maTganis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi,umalve
irCevdnen axal wevrs.
leiaarnixas saxelobis dReoba moZravi
iyo da yovelwliurad sulTmofenobis
(wm. samebis dRis) Semdgom oTxSabaTs
imarTeboda. dResaswaulisaTvis mzadebas
Tomas kviridan mesame orSabaTs iwyebdnen.
am dRes awaavis, anixafaavisa da rCeuli
dedabrebis
xelmZRvanelobiT
mTeli
sofeli
ikribeboda
mosamzadebeli
periodis maspinZlis ojaxSi, romlis
ufross gasuli wlis locvis dros
sazeimod gadaeca wminda dafa, e.w. àxamgu~
(2×1,5 arSinis zomis). maspinZlis erT-erT
facxaSi Tixisgan keTdeba axamgus zomis
kera (axuSTaara),ris Semdegac sadiloben da
gvian Ramemde cekva-simReriT erTobian. ori
kviris Semdeg kvlav ikribebian: mamakacebs
urmebiT moaqvT kaklis xis tkeCebi da
KTBFFHYS{F
_
U`lje0f
fhfbjy
f6s0f Vu`sosh[`f by[j Ktbff hs;`kf
bf[`skf9ief fys[f> eb f0s9 ]`f b9[mfofy
f\mb> fzfylfhb fqkf6`f f[mtbkfuskfp f0s9
9imf „Fys]`fh0f“. Ktbffhys[f fvx le fvfy>
eb bfwì`fys Ktbff hshf[` p/msxsp hyfgs
bphs6`refvpn> eb bfhf f[fkf bf[myfh[`fy
(f9chf> fxsvfpfhf tumsh0 fhsw]fhf6`f
hskf) fwùmfhf pep bfhf b[fkf vf b0ffw`f
f[f0syhfrw`f. Fys[f fvx f6`[hfps f/msxhf
pep vf tumsc wùmfhfr fps fu`hfvufhf pvfp>
fpfhfk pb0fp bp[tb0`ffh frey b7fbqfp fpfhfk f7hfw`7mf> fys[fps eb bf7hfp f9fhf
f0`tbimfh frey. Vu`sosh[`f f7ys 8utrnfhr b0frsy fys[f fof[`fh0f> eb Ktbff ptums
tbw[shffys bf[skf9iefy> [`0fr f8s h0befy> [`0fr fys]`fhf6`f hffy h[s bflsh[`jy.
Fys[f f[`fn`s ffufh0f fvfy fof[`f flfums Ktbff hs;`kf bf0`fhimjp fkf bimf6ùskfy> eb
fys[f9ff8b> fys[f bf0f[spb hps bysh[efy.
Ktbffhys[f f[fn`s fqff8s lfvfy> eb bfhf
fys[fkf ls9imfy> llsh8sy. Ktbff hs;`kf
ps6`hf ytb[mfp tccsis6`cf h-sh9cf[efy
fys[f9f8hf yfhsuojy> bfhf e,fc a8sr f]`cf
„fxfr`f]fw`f“ (fxf hsw pkfujp> f;`f pr`f]jp>
bpojp) eh0 h7ysn` fo`s ls9csh bfhfpyfrfkf
f=sw lfksh[jy.
Ktbffhys[f f[mofkf fy]`f f-tb0fyfrefy tccsis6`cf f9ct6`sh[fhf fviys]`f
ffvsim0f[mn`b f[fif bv8f9shujy. Ffps7fqfhf bfkfujy )jvf bvxs,;m byfhrys f[9fn`b f8fif> f,hb fvi fqff8b>
fys[f9f8b>bfkrffp f;`sn` eff hyfg[ufhfkf
f6s0f ptums tbpjy fhb ffv0fps f9i`svfhf
ys7`spujp b0ffw`fhf h=s> eb fhb fvi fv8f9ufhf fqs[`n`fy bv8f9scsp fys]`fhf
f7ys> lys]`fys bf0`fhimjy f/`s> „f[mn`
/`s“> f9i`vf b9fw[f f7ys blshvfptbetbn f[m/`s bf7hje f[ì0ffhf> yfc tbpfp fw[
frsh bytbffyof ffv0f h[`fhujbn br`fijbn>
bi`f]`jbn. *fvxs,;m hffvsim0f[m tb0f[
tbpjbn> f[fw`f efhlsykf bffhujbn frfrfyw`tb>
f\m fw`f88tb> hf9[mfof tb6`shqjbn fvwf>
eb fvi fpu`f0fhfps f9i`vf [sv9flf f\mmvf6`f bimjbn> bffbp f9i`svfhf hpbetbn.
83
e. qavSbaia. `leibebi samsxverplo TxasTan~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “Ktbff> f\mvf fimn`f f7ys”
muxis xis gamomSrali qerqebi da pirvelad
anTeben keraSi cecxls, ris aRsaniSnavad
maspinZeli valdebulia daklas ramdenime
Txa da gaumaspinZldes stumrebs. am dRidan
yovel diliT ojaxis ufrosi dReobiswina
orSabaTamde (suliwmidis dRe) darCenili
SeSiT wminda keraze cecxls anTebs.
samSabaTs awaavi da rCeuli dedabrebi
fqvaven orSabaT dRes darCeul da garecxil
wminda xorbals, romelsac fexmZimeni da
ZuZuTa bavSvebis dedebi ver miekarebian.
xorblis fqvilisgan oTxSabaT diliT anu
leiaarnixas dResaswaulze wminda keraze
acxoben axamgus zomis oTxkuTxa formis
purs, romelic mamakacebs dafiT miaqvT
wminda koromSi. manamde anihvarTaSi ikvleba
anixas saxsrebiT winaswar SeZenili ori
didrqiani dakodili Txa (anixafaavi erT
Txas miwaze garTxmuls klavs, meores _
ukana marjvena fexiT xeze Camokidebuls.
am ukanasknelis tyavs imave xeze maRla
hkideben da iqve toveben gaxrwnamde). roca
yvelferi
momzaddeba wminda koromSi
uxmoben leibebis gvaris mamakacebs (qalebi
koromSi ar daiSvebian; maT samsxverplo
purisa da xorcis Wamac ekrZalebaT);
anixafaavi erT xelSi iRebs Txilis xis
Samfurze wamocmul Txis gul-RviZls,
meoreSi _ Wiqa Rvinos da leiaarnixas
gvaris keTildReobasa da mfarvelobas
SesTxovs. Semdeg Rvinos dalevs da
xorcis naWers miatans. aseve iqcevian
danarCenebic.
dResaswaulze
mosuli
stumrebis dapurebis Semdeg, leibebi Tavad
dasxdebodnen sadilad; bolos momavali
wlis dReobis mosamzadebeli periodis
maspinZeli ojaxis ufross wminda dafas _
axamgus gadascemdnen.
ramdenadac dResaswaulze dasaswrebad
modiodnen aramarto muguZirxvas TemSi
Semavali soflebis (muguZirxvas, afcxvas,
odanurxvasa da Caabalurxvas) mcxovrebni,
aramed gudauTis raionis TiTqmis yvela
soflis mkvidrni, romlebic wm. koromTan
mdebare mindorSi ikribebodnen da cekvasimReriT, burTaobiTa da cxenosnobaSi
SejibriT erTobobdnen,SeiZleba iTqvas,rom
leiaarnixas dReoba saerTo saxalxo zeims
warmoadgenda. aRniSnulisa da im faqtis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi moZravi dReobaa
(moZrav dReobebs ki afxazuri sagvareulo
salocavebi ar icnoben) da misi aTvla
Fhb fvi byfhrys tccs ims;ms f0ffw`fhf
htb]f,s fys]`fvis ffbffyof fi`f[mfyof
bffy[fp fvi6`f fvwf tb6`bqjbn bffhufp
f,skn`s fv=s fkf f[ì0ffhf9imf f7ys.
F8fif fqff8s> bfkb[sp f0fr`f;`w`f> bhkfujy fi`f[ms tbksh9iffp> bhsoò`fp fxfhsw> eb frmschf fpby hsvfvp pw`f pn`svpb>
f[sz6`f fu`s]`9s h=fpqjp fyfw`tb.
Fxfiskf fkf f[fif ims;ms byfhrys>
Ktbffhys[f fviys]`f f-ys> f[ì0ffhf9imf
f7ys f[ms f/`s bf7hfp 9imr`frmr pvfp fxf
hojy> eb f[fw`f f/`s bpfysp bhujy f0s9
9imf f[m. Effyofn`b fys]`fh0f f0s9 f7ys
Fys[f f[`fn`s 9fhfkf bffh[jp fn`s8f le
pvfp> bh[`fp f\mvf6`f 8,f (fys[f9ff8 f\mmvf6`f frs flumsk f7ys bim0fqfys bimjy>
tumb fim0f[mn`b fimfg6`f hskf fqkf f7ys
bryf]fys bimjy bfhf ef fw`fums f[`sh[jy>
yfc ef fw`f fqkf f7ys b]hfrys bryfh]fefy>
b,ffyof)> ptums fylsh[8fkfum ffvsim0f[m>
Ktbff f[`fw`f> fys[f9ff8 (f]`cf ef[m fytbhf fpby hsvfvpn bfhf e,fc fafn` fafhfums
hskijvpn) bpyfgsr f7ys fhfcfq`s f\mvf
fu`sb> fu`fq`tb f[`fqfys brsy> tumb byfgs f7ys fq`swfr f8s> Ktbffhys[f lf]`jbn
f;kf f=bfhtb> fk9[tb hf0`fyfimfhw> yfc
f8s b;`jbn> refw -s0r fim0tbqjbn> f,fc
7fhqjbn ptums. Fys]`fhf f[m bffbp fcscw`f
hn`fys frhsh=fhqjbn> yfc Ktbff fbi`f
bf[`fn`jbn> fqs[`n`fys bfbbef fis6`c
f9i`svfhf fpsppef f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s
lys]`fys f[ms/`s bh0jbn.
Fhb fys]`f h-fkflsh[`shw vu`sosh[ef
ffbu`f cbu`f f6s0f6`f h7ysn`> biytbefp
tb9i bfhf e,fc U`lje0f fhfbjy f6s0f6`f
ptums hs7ysn` bytbefy> ef7f f0s9 9imf
fl`s f7ys ffv0f h[`fhujy> brefijy>
bi`f]`jy> fvgsk bfcefy> f-shs8hhf v8f9shujy> be]`fh 7fkjbn Ktbffhys[f fviys]`f
fvbkf0n`b ys]`fhfy.
Bfpu`f0fnèg f,hb
fys]`fhf fv8f9ufhf byf6`sh9iys> eb fvi
f-tb0fyfrefy> (p-tb0fpref fvi6`f f;`kf
fys]`fhf6`f h7ys f9ceff bhsvfofv)> eb fvi
fpu`f0fhf f9[mfofhf bfkfujy fvif9sys]`fhf
byfhrys> e,hb fpu`f0fys be]`fh 7fkjbn
85
aRdgomidan xdeba, SesaZloa, leiaarnixa
romelime
qristianul
dResaswauls
ukavSirdeba. araa gamoricxuli aseT
dResaswaulad CaiTvalos sulTmofenoba,
romelTanac leibebis dReoba maqsimalurad
miaxloebulia. sxva mxriv Znelia aixsnas
dReobis masobrivi xasiaTi da misi
moZraoba.
Ktbffhys[f fviys]`f f6mshcbfyhfn`b
fys]`f6`f hefrs bfl]`fkjeg ]`f. B7fkfh
7fkjbn fc tb9i b7fp fys]`f f9cs]hfrshf
fvi bfl]`fkfpfhums> eb lffhfof bfpffbu`jeg
Ktbff hsviys]`f> e,hb flf lf-frs fkf ffh9ihf wùmjeg> f;`kf fys]`fhf f[m fn`sv
eff hfw`f hfkf[`hf.
limilaxi (limiraxi, nimiraxi, mumiraxi,
sumiraxi) _ col-qmruli bednierebis mfarveli
suli,romlis saxelze àiTarnihvas~ (RvTaeba
aiTarisadmi miZRvnili adresagazafxulo
wes-CveulebaTa
rigi)
damTavrebisTanave
loculobdnen.
didmarxvis pirveli orSabaTis Rames
dauqorwinebeli axalgazrdebi ikribebodnen
romelime maTganis ojaxSi,sadac Cveulebrivi
sididis
kverebs
(akvakvarebs)
Soris
TiToeuli monawilisaTvis mcire zomis
Zlier damarilebuli sami cali `bedis kveri~
ixarSeboda. erT-erT kverSi Cadebdnen leRvis
Cxirs, romelsac ànasfawvi~ _ bednierebis
Cxiri erqva (Sdr. megruli `xozo kvari~,
`xozo koni~). axalgazrdebi TavianT kverebs
gareT SeWamdnen da sxvaTagan saidumlod
limilaxs bednieri col-qmruli momavlis
micemas SesTxovdnen. visac Cxiriani kveri
Sexvdeboda, igi momavali wlis Sesabamisi
RonisZiebis maspinZeli xdeboda. s. zvanbas
mixedviT, damarilebul kverebs qaliSvilebi
Tavad xarSavdnen da stumrad midiodnen
winaswargafrTxilebul
axalgaTxovil
qalTan, romelic maT àmxaraSi~ (axaldaqorwinebulTa
sacxovrebeli
facxa)
maspinZlobda. maspinZeli qali axalgazrdebs
naxevarwreze muxlmoyrilad daayenebda ise,
rom xelSi kverebi sWerodaT da `mumiraxsumiraxs~ qaliSvilebisaTvis saukeTeso
saqmroebs
SesTxovda.
damarilebuli
akvakvaris Wamis Semdeg wylis daleva
ikrZaleboda. qaliSvilebi darwmunebulni
iyvnen, rom mwyurvalebs sizmarSi TavianTi
sabedoebi
(momavali
qmrebi)
wyals
miawvdidnen. gauTxovari qaliSvilis mimarT
afxazebma aseTi Tqma icod nen: `limilaxi
wyalobdes~, e.i. male gaTxoviliyos.
rogorc Cans, Cxiri kverSi faliurobis
niSania, xolo
Tavad
Cxiriani
kveri
gaZlierebuli nayofierebis simbolo. misi
Wama nayofierebasTan ziarebis tolfardia.
KSVBKF{M _ (kbvbkb[m> ybvbhf[m>
vevbhf[m> cevbhf[m). {fqf9]`scb hsyfcs9 f9ffbv,fh> eb f[mofkf „Fb0fhys]`f“
(F9ffbv,fh Fb0fh bprys ff9sy fkfufv0fps
byfhsuojp fys]`fhf fqfc) bfyfkufkfum
ffvsim0f[m bys]`jy.
Fxufhfle frn`b fi`f[ms fe[f f[fqtb>
f9[`scb
lspvfvp
f=fh
h-tbpshujy
hs6`kf ps6`kfp fo`s b0ffw`fhf f7ys> ef7f
eh0 tcyfumn`b
fr`fr`fh6`f bhswqfys>
fo`sw9[mfof bps b[`szs[ f\msr[si hfw`f
pvfp fr`fr`fh6`f „fyfcs9 fr`fr`fh“ f[msoys
bh;èfy> fr`fr`fh6`f hefrs f7ys fkf]fq`s
fu`skfy „fyfcs9q`s“ (=fh. Fu`shw`f „[jpj
rhfdb“ „[jpj rjyb“). F=fh ljce br`fr`fh
fl`f[ms ll`skqys bajy> tumsh0 bhvf]fhfn`b
vfofkf Ksvbkf[m lbs]`jy fyfcs9 ,pbf bjehsw. Fkf]fq`s pu`skfp fr`fr`fh ps6ì`fp
bffbefp fis6`c f9i`svfhf v89f0bujy. C.
Pdfy,f bfh,fhfkf bfqffp fr`fr`fh6`f f=fh
lfhf h[`fkf blshvfptbefy yfc cfchf bwjy
pff flshhf psh0f[mfp =sw b0ffw`fhf[fp
f9]`sc kf[m> eb „fv]fhf“ f[m b8yfkufkjy.
F9i`vf 9]`sc bkspytbp f=fh tbrehifys
bimfv[sikshuskjy> hyfgs fr`fr`fh6`f
fhrys> yfc eb „Vevbhf[> Cevbhf[„ lb]`jy
f9]`sp,fw`f f[fw`f ,pbf6`f hs6ì`fhw.
Bqffp fr`fr`fh fafhf ffvsim0f[m fos f;`hf
7fkjvpn. F]`cf[ez6`f fu`hf ufys b7fy> fo,f
fbfrefp 9[sokf hf9[mf7f h[`fw`f eh0 fos
llsh;ètbn ]`f. {fqf bvwfw f9]`sp,fw`f
hps f9ceff f,fc f]`fv0f hsvfy „Ksvbkf[m
,svfpffbn“> eb bffyfujp pff [fqf ,wf frey.
Bif],j fkf> fr`fr`fh bfu`skfp fq`s> fvfofhf flshuf feg> fr`fr`fh fq`s fu`skfqfhf
b/`/`je f=bfhf flshuf feg. Eb fafhf f=bfhf
fp[fqfhf ffyfujbn.
lukmani _ pirveli mkurnali, romelsac gadmocema Wrilobis mosaSuSebeli,
cimbiruli wylulis, malariis da sxva
daavadebebis samkurnalo mcenareulobis
aRmoCenas miawers. manve dastyua gvels
Tu rogori iaraRiT SeiZleboda mtkivani
kbilis amoReba.
rogorc Cans, gadmocemebi lukmanze
afxazeTSi Turqebis mieraa gavrcelebuli.
lukmani winaislamuri arabeTis legendaruli
gmiri
da
brZenia, romlis
saxels
yuranSi
31-e
sura
atarebs.
rogorc monoTeist da brZen mamas, mas
xSirad bibliur balamTan aigiveben. Sua
saukuneebSi lukmans Tvlidnen avtorad
igav-arakebisa, romelTa motivebi ezopes
igav-arakTa msgavsia.
KSR~VFY _ hf9[mfofn`b f[ì`n`8s>
b7je f]`fhf6`f hskf eb bkijy> f[`hf fh/mfhf>
fvi`ffosb> fisob tumsh0 fxsvfpfhf6`tb
> fi`f9s\mf9> fqbff6`f hskf bhvfptbefp
f[ì`6`f hskf hs[ì`n`htb> bfhf e,fc fvf0
fi]fvb> f[sb> [mfflf f[f9sw fq[htb.
Biff,j fkf> Ksr`vfy bps b7fqje
fkfhq`fhf6`f f0sh6`w`f hjeg b7fpqfp.
Ksr`vfy pffn`b f9cskvfyw`f> fhf,n`b
fash[fqtb> fef8 lshb bfrey> eb b[mso F7`h7fy
f7ys 31n`b cehf v8f9yfujbn. Vjyj0tcn
tb9i> f,shpty f,> eb kfccs f,b,kbfn`b
<fkfv lb7hfhn`jbn. F,;mfhfi`sis6`cf6`f
hps Ksr`vfy lhs9[mfojy f;`f 7`si6`f
f9spqfp ]`f> eh0 Tpjg bf;`f 7`si6`f lffhfof bhtb9isy.
lZaaTa asuli _ narTul gadmoceKOFF H)S(}F _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f=s
maTa usaxelo personaJi, sof. liZavaSi mcx- [mos pvfp f[f=cf[mf> f6s0f Koff by[jp
ovrebi lZaaTa gvaris qaliSvili, romel- Koff hs;`kf f0s9]f> eb ks9iofhfkf
ic Tavis silamaziT mnaxvels atyvevebs, bks[`f9isp lkshuxfvrefy> fvff[sh tb9i
mayvaliviT
Savi
b7fp f,kf6`f ksvfy>
Tvalebi aqvs da
„f0hf f7ysn` b09hffp
`budidan
axalaf[mim
tb9ifrenil
qors
sy“.
Eb
fwùmf8s
hgavs~. igi borotma
F7`kfy>F7`kfyuthb
ayvlan ayvlanqerma
lsvqfbhcbn>
f[f
moitaca, magram Sey,pbf lsp,jp> Yfh0
varebulma _ narTLsl lbh[`sy]`bn>
ma didma daixsna
da colad SeirTo.
9]`scc lbubn.
v. vouba. `didis sacole~
D.Dje,f. “Lsl bb]`fp f9]`sp,f”
87
m V
a-maTafSi
_
narTul gadmocemaTa
mixedviT, wiTeli gveli, romlis daWril
nawilebs
narTebi
Rvinis
qvevrSi
_
vaZamakÁaTSi aTavsebdnen, raTa RvinisTvis
gansakuTrebuli (zogjer momwamvleli)
Zala miecaT. swored amaTafSnarevi RviniT
ganizraxes Zmebma moZalade narjxeus
mowamlva, magram Tavad dazaraldnen.
FVF)F(IM _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf fvf0
7f9ims> eb ffyrskfys f[`0f6`f 8fofvfrmf0
b0fhqjy (pys psykf fi]fvhfps) f8s bzslfp
fvx f0fhfps. Bfhf f,hb fvf0f9im p0fp f8s
fkf ftimw`f Yfh\m[mje f[ì` bh0fh h0f[`sy
f[f lfhf h[fkf bpfhfk[tbn.
e. qavSbaia. àmaTafSi~
T. ^fdi,fbf. `Fvf0f9im~
mard-ifa
_ afxazuri folkloris
popularuli gmiri. misi sruli saxelia
mard-ifa mardsou (sityvasityviT, mardsous
VFHL-B(F _ f9cef fajkmrkjh tbwlshe
fash[fqf> eb b[mso yfof Vfhl b9f Vfhlcje
feg. <ps9n`b f9ceff hu`ffyfufhfkf Vfhl
vaJi marda). bzifis afxazebis rwmeniT,
mard-ifam mokla abnauau (ix. à-bnauau~)
da gaanadgura adauTa (devTa) _ goliaTkaciWamiaTa modgma.
abJuis afxazebSi mard-ifas saxalxo
gmiri xuxu WiTanaa cvlis.
b9f lbimbn F,yfef8s (bu`. „F,yfef8s“)
b6`b[bn Fljew`tb> Fljevgtb6`tb h0ffw`fhf.
F,;mseffn`b f9ceff h7ys Vfhl b9f fvbkf0n` fash]fqf }`s]` Zb0fyff ]`f lshlshetbn.
_
`mTvaris
locva~;
icodnen didmarxvis pirvel orSabaTs,
e.w. àiTarnihvaSi~ (RvTaeba aiTarisadmi
miZRvnili sagazafxulo msxverplSewirvaTa
rigSi). ojaxis ufrosi mlocveli mamakaci
xelSi daiWerda saamdRisod gamomcxvar
mTvaris formis kvers (axuaJvs) da ityoda:
ò, mTvarev, didi aiTaris dido wilo, Sen
daifare Cveni mamakacebi, mieci maT Seni
brwyinvaleba da Seni Zala, gaamravle
Cveni saqoneli, baraqa mogveci, gamTvalavs
Tvalebi amouwvi, enaborots _ ena!~ am dros
mlocvelis gverdiT mxolod mamakacebi
imyofebian, radgan
mTvare
mamakacTa
mfarvelad iTvleba, qalebi ki moSorebiT
dganan. aqve unda iTqvas, rom afxazebs
mTvare mamrobiTi sqesis cocxal arsebad
hyavdaT warmodgenili, mTvaris fazebTan
dakavSirebuli iyo sxvadasxva religiuri
Sexedulebebi da magiuri xasiaTis qmedebani.
axali mTvaris gamoCenisTanave aucileblad
unda elocaT da misTvis mfarveloba unda
eTxovaT. mTvarisadmi SiSi da Tayvaniscema
afxazebs zustad iseTive hqondaT, rogoric
maT uSualo mezoblebs _ megrelebs.
FVPFYS}~F _ bhlshefy fxufhf le frn`b
fi`f[mf> „Fb0fhys]`f“ ffy. F0ffw`f htb]f,s f[fqf byfgs bfbhrefy eb fps]`f pff
bhvfptbp fvpf f9ihf pvfp f[`f;`> lys]`jy>
„jj> fvpf> fb0fh le b[`0f le> efhf b[mxf
][skqf> eh0 bhs0 efhf erfzzfhtb> efhf evxb>
bh=bf ]fhf[`> f,hf6mf0hf ]f0> fkf9i ]fpshref b,kf6`f 0s[> f,pw`f> b,p bv[„ f,hb
ffv0fy eb bffbu`fhf f[fw`f vfwfhf hjeg
buskje> bp,fypfh fvpf f[fw`f bh[`skf9ief
]`f b9[mfojeg> f]`cf yfcrmfys buskjeg>
fhf7f b]`fnèg> f9ceff fvpf f[fqf;`kf>
ps9cs 0je fo`s bjeg ]`f bh9[mfojy. Fvpf
ffv0f bfl]`fkfy tbetb9isvp flby[fqfhfn`
ffh9ihf6`f>
fqffhfn`b
fcf[mf
pvfp
fyfuofhf6`f. Fvpf=f fyuskjp [sv9 flf bys]`fh frey> eb fk9[f fbehf bf]`jy.
Fvpf f[m fi`fhtb> fgfne 6`qfhf leb f9ceff> bhpffbu`fp hu`skfw`f fushw`f bihsvfp
tb9iq`7mf.
misa _ narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi,
narTi qeTuanis umcrosi Zma, omaxiani
xmis mqone gmiri. narTebis dis _ gunadas
gatacebis
Sesaxeb
misa
narTqiTidan
(narTebis soflidan) ZaxiliT atyobinebs
mTis mwvervalze mcxovreb xvaJarfiss.
rogorc Cans, misa narTebSi haroldis,
mauwyeblis funqcias asrulebs. marTalia,
haroldis instituti afxazur yofas
ar Semounaxavs, magram igi kargad aris
cnobili kavkasiis xalxebSi, gansakuTrebiT
osebSi. narTuli eposis osur versiaSi da
osTa yofaSi aseTi funqciis matarebelia
fidivagi (fidivagi yovel auls hyavda.
mauwyeblad irCevdnen Zlieri xmis mqone
pirs. roca saWiro iyo xalxis Sekreba
salaSqrod, micvalebulis gasvenebaSi Tu
sxva SemTxvevebSi maTi mopatiJeba, fidivagi
soflis SuagulSi amaRlebul adgilze
dgeboda da mTeli xmiT atyobinebda xalxs.
saamisod mas gasamrjelosac uxdidnen).
VSC _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s> Yfh0
^t0efy bfimf tbq,f> f,;ms le pvfp
fash[fqf. Yfh0ff hf]ìmf U`sylf ksvqfhcf
Yfh06s0fyn`b b6`=0ys fim[f f6`w`fy by[jp
{`sh0s;` flshhf bp0fp Vsc bjeg. Biff,j
fkf Vsc Yfh0ff hps f=08s> fw]fhf;`]`f8b>
flshhf fkfhq`fhtb faeyrwbf yfbuojy. F9ceff f=0hfkf flshhf fkfhq`fhf fbycnbnen
hsvfvpn f[f eb lffhfof b,pbfys bhlshey
h[s bflsh[`jy Rfdrfpn`b fvbkf06`f> tb]
fhfofr fef9cff. Yfh0ff htgjc Fef9cn`b
fdfhbfyn f7ys> fef9cff hs9c0fpffhf f7ys
fc tb9i b7fp faeyrwbf yfbuojy> (blbdfu
(9blbafu fek ws9[mfof lhsvfy> flshhf
fkfhq`f8sc lfksh[jy f,s;mle pvfp fef8s>
frs fkfhq`fhf fysh0f[sp> fb,fimhfps feff
htbpufhf> fo`s lsy9ckfum> vf tumsc lshhfr fyfkfhq`fn`sp> (blbdfu f6s0f fu`0f f]hfrshfr f7ys lyfuskfys> bpkfbkijp fkf
b,;mf hleys feff flshhf hb0jy> eb fps
fefkfaf[ùms bpshi`jy).
a-mzanihva
a-mranihva _ `mzis locva~, didmarxvis pirvel orSabaTs RvTaeba aiTarisadmi miZRvnil msxverplSewirvaTa rigSi, e.w. àiTarnihvaSi~
gamarTuli
savaldebulo locva, romelic mxolod `mTvaris
locvis~ (ix. à-mzanihva~) Semdgom sruldeboda. mlocveli xelSi
aiRebda mzis formis
kvers, gverdiT daiyenebda ojaxis qalebs da
ityoda: `Sen, mzeo, didi
aiTaris dido wilo, nu
moakleb wyalobas Cveni
ojaxis qalebs, gagvimravle saqoneli da baraqa mogveci!~ afxazebs
swamdaT, rom mze mdedrobiTi sqesis cocxali
arseba iyo da qalebis
mfarvelad Tvlidnen.
89
FVHFYS}~F _ fxufhfle hf9[mfn`b f8fif
f9ffbv,fh Fb0fh bprys f9cf0fn`hf bfkje>
„Fb0fhys[`f“ f7ys b[sv9flje fys]`fhf>
eb
„Fvpfys]`f“
ffvsim0f[m frey bfysyfhuojp. Fys]`f8s byfgs
f7ys brsy fvhf f9ihf pvfp fr`fr`fh> bufy
f7ys bhuskjy f]`cf6`f>
lys]`jy> „Efhf fvhf>
Fb0fh le b[`0f le>
ek9[flf bffyevs;mfy
]0ffw`fhf
f]`cf6`f>
]fhf[e h=bf> f,hf6mf0hf
]f0“. F9ceff fu`hf ufys
b7fy> fvhf f]`cf;`kf
pvfp ps9cs 0fp frs
ifrep> e,hb f7ysn`
f]`cf h[`skf9i ]`f
b9[mfofy.
a-mqamgaria
_
FV^FVUFHF _ fhf[`>
mesaqonleobis,
gansazslfkf
frfv,fim6`f
kuTrebiT mekameCeobis
b h [ ` s k f 9 i e f p
mfarveli RvTaeba, iSf9ffbv,fh>
Fthum
viaTad
gaigivebuli
ec7fr
lblshrskjvpn.
aergTan (ix, à-ergi~).
F,;meffb> Cfvehpf7fyj
abJuisa da samurzayaf9ceffb h[`fv0fkf> eb
nos afxazTa rwmeniT,
b0s9 ]`f b9[mfofy Ufk
misi sabrZanisi galis
fhfbjy f6s0f X[jh0jk
raionis sofel Cxorbfpffbu`fys fwf7mf=s>
TolTan axlomdebare
[si`s6`cf hskf pysr
kldeebia, sadac
mwyemsebi sam weliwadb. jopua. àfxazuri kapriCio~ f[mimw`f
fhb f0s9
Si erTxel msxverpls
<.|mjgef. “F9cef rfghbxbj” f7ys f9cf0fn` himjy>
swiraven da loculobys]`jy.
Fv6fvufhf
ben. amqamgarias kultis
frekmn F9cys f7ys
afxazeTSi dafuZnebasTan dakavSirebulia
bfl]`fkjeg
f;`f,;mr>
e,fc
b7fkbn>
erTi gadmocema: moxda ise, rom cxvrebi
fefcf6`f xvfpf[bn> h[s tbkf9cbn> [sv9flf
daavaddnen _ Wkuidan SeiSalnen da ueWvelad daiRupebodnen patronisaTvis rom ar b9cefy f9i`vf bfh]`fp yfbvuofh> eb
erCiaT _ eloca amqamgarias saxelze da Fv6fvufhf b[mofkf fys]`fhf yfbuofhw>
misTvis saqonlis gadarCena eTxova. mw- bhf[` htb6`sh[fhfps lb]`fhw b9imfhutbn.
yemsma marTlac iloca da cxvrebs avad- F[mxf bbfifw`7mfys bytbuotbn lys]`tbn>
myofoba TandaTan gauqraT. aqedan iwyeba befcf6`fums [`zs [`zs f,pbf[fhf bfkfutbn.
amqamgarias Tayvaniscema afxazeTSi, sadac F,hffyn` bfkfujbn Fv6fvufhf bgfne f6`qfhf
Rrmad swamdaT, rom mas gacilebiT didi
f9ceff h7ys> eh0 bqffekfys b[fhqjy> eb
Zala hqonda, vidre saqonlis mfarvel sxva
RvTaebebs; Tvlidnen, rom Tu amqamgaria wy- bvx/`/`f ibvfp> tumsh0 fhf[` 9ffbv,fhw`f
alobda adamians, mis saqonels mgeli ar hffc0f> bhs9[mfojy> Fv6fvufhf bk9[f pvfp
miekareboda da yovel saqmeSi xeli moemarTeboda. amqamgarias SiSiT mwyemsebi
mTaSi ar banaobdnen da SiSveli sxeuliT
mas ar eCvenebodnen; swamdaT, rom amqamgaria tans mTis wyaroebSi ibanda, amitom am
wylebis gamurtleba aravis epatieboda.
garda imisa,rom zogi ojaxi yovelwliurad
loculobda amqamgarias saxelze,msxverpls
swiravdnen cxvrebis kreWisa da saqonlis
dakargvis
SemTxvevaSic,
SesTxovdnen
kameCebis mfarvelobasa da gamravlebas.
roca furkameCi zaqs moigebda, mis rZes
pirs ar daakarebdnen da mTeli kvira yvels
agrovebdnen, gamoacxobdnen fetvis did
purs, daklavdnen qaTmebs an batkans da am
samsxverploTi mividodnen kameCTan,romlis
rqebze or anTebul sanTels miamagrebdnen
da amqamgarias saxelze dailocebodnen: `de,
nu mogvakldeba Seni wyaloba, janmrTelad
amyofe Cveni kameCi, blomad rZe Caudgi~.
Semdeg kameCsa da zaqs avi Tvalisgan
dasacavad eklisgan dagrexil gvergvs
qedze dahkidebdnen; moiwvevdnen mezoblebs
da purobas gamarTavdnen. bzifis afxazeTSi
zaqis mogebis kviris Tavze furkameCisaTvis
gamolocvis
rituals
a-sˆmgarias
da
a-sqamgarias uwodebdnen.
g. Cursini arcTu usafuZvlod miiCnevda,
rom
amqamgarias
kulti
afxazeTSi
samegrelodan iyo Semosuli, rasac mxars
uWers
enobrivi
monacemebic.
termini
àmqamgaria~, rogorc Tvlian, sesxebis
kanonzomierebaTa dacviT aris miRebuli
megruli `miqamgario~ (`miqel-gabrieli~)
sityvisagan,
àsamgaria~
megrulive
`samgario~,xolo àsqamgaria~ `samiqamgario~
(samiqelgabrielo) formaTagan.
fef8s bhf[` f6`s\mvf bfujvpn> bec6`f
ptums f6`=bfhf le fvfy ]`f> Fv6fvufhf
bfwì`fys
f,yf
f7ys
h-shref,jvpn>
h-tbks[ys h-slbh,jvpn> fu`hf ufys b7fy
Fv6fvufhf fim[f fos[m f7ys b-bref,jbn
]`f> e,hb f7ysn` fh0 fo6`f hs7mimhf fo`s
bf0fhqjvpn. Eb flfums> f0ffw`fhf6`f imjers
tccsis6`cf Fv6fvufhf b[msofkf bys]`jy>
f9cf0fn` bf0`fhimjy fefcf fylsh7èfp>
f9cfcf fyshw`sokfum> b]`jy frfv,fim6`f
lsh[skf9ishw> bh=bfhw. Frfv,fim f]`sc
fyf[ifkfum> eb f[i h=s f[m bffhujvpn>
fvxs,;m ptums tbpshujy> yfc fisho bfk[ys
fxf le hoefy> bhimefy frens vf foc> f,fh0
hskf frfv,fim bfpytbefy> eb f8n`s8fr
fw`svpf flqfys bflshrefy> yfc Fv6fvufhf
b[mo fkf fys]`fhf bfkfujy> „b]fuevs;msy
ek9[f>
fu`s,pbfhf
hs0f
]rfv,fimb>
]]`scb>“ fkf9iwùmf hs6`svi`fhw fvf/
bfk[ys fushumsy 7fqfys f[s bf[`fhqjy>
yfc fu`skfw`f bhs9[mfys frhsh=fhqjy.
<pf9ff frfv,fim fy[mfkfum fvxs,;m
fyw`fv0fp> hrfv,fim6`f hps fys]`fhfn`b
fqfc v8f9shujy eb bf[mosy Fcsvufhtb>
Fc6fvufhtb.
U. Xehcby bu`ffyfufhfkf> Fv6fvufhf
frekmn F9cys7`f Ushn`skfyn` bhspytbn>
eb ffysh9ijbn f,spi`f. Fnthvby „Fv6fvufhf“ bish9[mfoj fkf> f9cf[hfn`b fpfrfy
f[mxfhfkf bffujeg fushefn` „Vb6fvufhbj“>
(Vb[fbk> Uf,hbtk) f;`f f7ysn` „Fcfvufhbf“> bfhf fushefn`s „Cfvufhbj“> f[f „Fc6fvufhbf“> „Cfvb6fvufhbj“> (Cfvb6tkuf,hbtkj)
fajhvf f7ysn`.
a-mSafi _ aRdgoma. afxazeTSi aRdgomis
dResaswauli aRdgomamade ori kviriT adre
iwyeboda da zustad sami kvira grZeldeboda,
mTavrdeboda e.w. `qalebis aRdgomiT~ (ix.
àhvsa-rimSafi~). tradiciis Tanaxmad, am
xnis ganmavlobaSi ikrZaleboda savele
samuSaoebi (iTeseboda mxolod bostani).
amSafs qristiani da musulmani afxazebi
erTnairad dResaswaulobdnen. n. janaSias
aRniSvniT, mis
Tanamedrove
afxazebs
am dResTan dakavSirebuli araviTari
qristianuli gageba ara aqvT. saamdRiso
misalmeba
`qriste
aRsdga~
afxazur
FVIF(S _ F9cys fvif9s fviys]`f
ffbffyof 8svxs,;m ifue bfkfujbn> eb
[svxs,;m
byfuojbn>
byw`jbn
„f]`cf
hsvif9s“ fkf. Fqfc bif9e fkf fhb
ffv0f fps fv[s f7ys fecehf f9reg (fe0hf
f7ys fecehf 7fkjy). F9cys fvif9s
fys]`f f6mshcbfyw`fums> f9cskvfyw`fums
bhptb9iys byfhsuojbn. Y. |mfyfimbf
bfpu`tb0jbn> ef;`n`b f9ceff bv8f9shuj fhb
fviys]`f psyof bfpffbu`fv f6mshcbfyn`b
fys]`f. Fhb fvi fps bfpu`f0je fcfkfv
f7fqfhf
„fyw`f
lusktbn“
f9csi`fkf
enaze ar aris (misalmebaze _ `momaval am
dRes bednierad Segvaxvedros erTmaneTs~,
pasuxoben: àsi weliwadi~). magram unda
iTqvas, rom es TiTqmis erTaderTi dRea,
roca ojaxis romelime wevri aucileblad
unda wavides eklesiaSi; yvela cdilobs
daaswros mezobels sanTlebis anTeba da
Tavisi micvalebulis saflavze wiTeli
kvercxis dadeba,rasac mahmadiani afxazebic
akeTeben, mxolod sanTlebs ar anTeben.
aRdgoma dRes yovelma ojaxma unda daklas
raime saklavi, ician sxvadasxva locvac (ix.
àncvahva~, ìnal yube~, à-wlanihva~).
m. mediCisa da m. selezniovis mixedviT
afxazebi aRdgomis aRsaniSnavad xmarobdnen
termins `Tenefe~ (Sdr. megruli `Tanafa~ _
aRdgoma).
a-mSSara
_ akrZaluli, tabuirebuli
dRe. aseT dReebSi ikrZaleboda rigi
samuSao (mag., qsova, kerva, dagva, lesva da
sxv.), ojaxidan raime nivTis (nagvisac ki)
gatana, ganaTxovreba an gasaCuqreba, gayidva;
saxlidan gasvla da a.S.
amSSaras, zogan, mTeli gvari icavda,
zogan calkeuli ojaxebi. magaliTad, sof.
jgerdaSi mcxovrebi aSubebi akrZalvebs
orSabaTs da samSabaTs icavdnen, mezoblad
mcxovrebi SarmaTebis gvari _ orSabaTs,
bagafSebi _ SabaTs, jikirbebi _ orSabaTs
da xuTSabaTs, leibebi _ oTxSabaTs,
Sakrilebi _ SabaTs, kviwiniebi _ kviras,
kakubebi _ oTxSabaTs. qali gaTxovebis
Semdeg valdebli iyo daecva rogorc qmris
gvaris, ise mamiseuli ojaxis amSSara; ase
rom mas SeiZleboda kviraSi oTxi dRec
gamosvloda. amitomac ityodnen afxazebi
amSSara zarmacebis ariso. saamSSaro
dReebs ojaxi Tavad awesebda.
amSSara,rogorc amas n. janaSia aRniSnavs,
`wminda dRed~ iTvleboda. es imitom, rom
akrZalvebi aucilebeli dasacavi iyo
da ara imis gamo, rom ojaxi aseTi dRis
dawesebas raime keTil Zalas miawerda.
piriqiT, yoveli gvari Tu ojaxi amSSaras
wamowyebas erT dros ojaxSi Tu gvarSi
momxdar ubedurebasTan (sikvdili, daSaveba,
zarali da sxv.) akavSirebda,e.i. Tvlida,rom
am dRes mis ojaxs boroti Zala moicavda
da misgan ganridebis mizniT asrulebda
91
bhsvfofv (hscfkfv7fqfhf> „-ffys ,pbfkf
e(,)ytbffbn“ f0fr „i`sis6`cf“). F[f
b]`fnèg> fhb fvipfw`sr fps feg f9cef
f0ffw`fhf f7ysn` fo`s fys[f f[m lytbheg
[sv9flf. Ptums bh0f[eg hu`skfw`f hf9[mf
fw`svpf fhrhtb> hs9cw`f h6mfifyf6`f hf[m
bytbys frenf[/m 7f9ims f6qfhtb> eb f9cef
f9cskvfyw`fums byfhsuojbn f[f eh0 fw`svpf
flshrojv. Fvif9s fvi fps 0ffw`fw9[mfof
fimn`f himjbn> tbetb9isv fys]`fhf6`f
yfhsuojbn (bu`. „fyw`f]f“> „byfk 7`s,“>
„fqkfys]`f“).
V. Vtlbxb> V. Ctktpybjdb h]`fv0fkf
f9ceff fvif9s fpu`f0fhfps h[s bflsh[`jy
f;`f „0tyt9“> (=sh. Fushefn`b „0fyf9f“>
fvif9s).
FVIIMFHF _ f9rshf fvi> fhb fvi
fps fecehf6`f hsyfuofhf 7fkjvpn (bf]]`.
f9fhf> fof[hf> f9cfhf> fkfqfhf> e]`f e,fc
bhfw`fys)> f8ys f7ysn` frs fl`skufhf> fo`s
feffhf vf f]fv0f b0fhf f0bhf> f8ys f7ysn`
\mfhf fwfhf e,fc bqtums. Fvimfhf \mfhf \
mfhf f;`kf ptums byfhuojy> \mfhf[ f0ffw`fhf
vfwfhf. Bf]]`jpfh |mumfhlf by[jp Fi`ff
fviimfhf vis ]`f bhs9[mfojy fi`f[mf>
f8fiums byfhsuojy. Hu`skfhf by[jp Ifhvf0ff hs;`kf> fi`f[ms> <fuf9imff fcf,if>
|msrhff fi`f[mb> f9imfib> Ktbff f[fif>
Imf7hskff fcf,if>
R`sqybff fv-sif>
Rfre,ff f[fif. F9]`sc [fqf lfywfkfum
ffvsim0f[m lps6ì`fp f0ffw`f hsviimfhtb>
kf,hff hsviimfhf fvib yfkfuofh frey> e,hb
f7ysn` eb vxs,;msr fkf 9imsvi fviimfhf ks6ì`fhums 7fkjy> e,hb f7ysn` f9ceff
bkfays bhsvfy> „fviimfhf ffimf8w`f hsvieg“. Fviimfhf vis f0ffw`f lfhf h[fkf
bf9shqjy.
Fviimfhf. Y> |mfyfimbf bffh9ihfkf>
„b9imje fvi“ ]`f b9[mfojbn. Eb bpsprspums f9rshf6`f bf9qfp [sv9flf byfhsuofh
frey> eb bfl]`fkfvpn zslfkf vxs ,pbfr>
eb f0ffw`fhf vf f;`kf fwùmfhf ,ff9cs
bps6ì`fp bfl]`fkfy (f9chf> fw`sohf> fpfhfkle)> e,hb f7ysn` eh0 bhs9[mfojy fhb
fvi f-ys eh0 b-tbvp fvx6`f h0ffbn ]`f> eb
f[sh9fhf fvpspkf byfhsuojy bf9shqfp fqfc>
dadgenil wess. marTalia,akrZalvis dReebSi
xdeboda magiuri xasiaTis moqmedebac (mag.,
saxlidan sagnis argatana, rasac safuZvlad
udevs rwmena, rom nivTs Tu sagans ojaxis
keTildReobac
Tan
mihyveba),
magram
amSSaras mxolod magiasTan dakavSireba
umarTebulo iqneboda. amSSara, upirveles
yovlisa, religiur tabus warmoadgens.
fhb fvi f-ys f\mysi vxhf6`f h7fpimfums
w`shqefy (f8ys f7ysn` frs fl`sksvufhf
bfimfu`s0eg bhsvfp f[fqfhf> fvf0`s[`s
bl`skshuj
f0ffw`fhf
hs,pbfhf
fwys
bl`skqjbn ]`f bhs9[mfojy)> f[f fviimfhf
b-tbv fvx6`f vfwfhf fhsl]`fkfhf bfifv>
Fviimfhf ptums hf9[mfof flby[fqfhfn`b
f9rshf6`f ffysh9ijbn.
el greko. `qristes aRdgoma~
Tkm Uhtrj. “^mshcf buskfhf”
93
n Y
nagalen
yawara
_ samWedloSi
`xatze
gadacemis~
yovelwliurad
ganmeorebadi wesi abJuis afxazebSi. am
wesis
regularuli
Seusruleblobis
SemTxvevaSi samWedlo saqmis RvTaeba (ix.
`SaSvi~) dazaralebulsa da damnaSaves
Tanabrad sjida (ix. àbRara~).
nanhva _ mariamoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
qristian afxazebs TiTqmis warmodgena ar
hqondaT mariam RvTismSobelze, am dRes
mainc dResaswaulobdnen da uqmobdnen,
msxverpls swiravdnen da loculobdnen
anana-Sacvas saxelze da gamravlebasa
da mfarvelobas SesTxovdnen (ix. ànanaSacva~). icodnen aseve mariamobis marxvis
dacva.
narTebi
_ kavkasiis xalxebis _
afxazebis, osebis, abazebis, adiReelebis,
ubixebis,yaraCaelebis,CeCnebisa da inguSebis
epikuri gadmocemebis gmirebi. narTebs
icnobs daRestnuri (kumikuri) da qarTuli
(svanuri, raWuli, xevsuruli) folklori
(eposis
afxazuri
versiis
calkeuli
gadmocemebi megrul zRaprebSic gvxvdeba).
mecnierebi termin `narTis~ etimologiis
Taobaze gansxvavebuli azrisani arian
(zogi mas iranuli eniT,zogic monRoluriT
xsnis; aris sxva warumatebeli cdebic).
narTebis eposis kavkasiur versiebs Soris
afxazur versias erT-erTi gamorCeuli
adgili uWiravs. afxazurma versiam Cvenamde
sami formiT moaRwia [poeturi (sasimRero),
narevi _ prozauli (TxrobiTi) da poeturi
(sasimRero) da prozauli]. damoukideblad
arsebuli simRerebi eposis centraluri
personaJebis _ saTanei-gvaSas, sasriyvasa
da gundas saxelebs ukavSirdeba. narevi
formiT gamoirCeva Tqmulebebi _ `gmiri
YFUFKFY &FQFHF _ f;mbhf=s> „fys[f
f=f9[mf f6`hf“ tccsis6`cf bv8f9ufn`sp
qfcsy f,;mseff hps. Fhb fqfc tcyfum fyfvuofhfps f;mbhf fec f9ffbv,fh (bu`.
Imfim) fpfhfk pfepb> f[fhf pleb tb7hfys
bf[mbh[èfy (bu`. „F,/fhf“).
Yfy]`f - F9ceff f6mshcbfyw`f be]`fh
7fkjbn ptums> h[f[mums bffbefvpn Vfhbfv
fyw`flspifp lspec0fp> f[f fhb fviys]`f
fpu`fh0jbn> f9cf0fn` himjbn> fxsc hfw`tb>
f[ffxsc lshvfptbetbn> fbi`f h[8fys
fw`svpf flshretbn> Fyfyf>Imfw`f ks[mofkf
bys]`jbn> f=bfhtb> ksk9[tb bf]`jbn. Fhb
fvi bviys]`f leeg f9ceff ptums hps
(bu`. „Fyfyf>Imfw`f“). Bfhf e,fc f9ceff
yfy]`fxufhf zslfkf byfhsuojbn> bif[0je
tb9i.
YFH)FF _ Rfdrfpn` fvbkf0> f9ceff>
fef9cff> f,fpff> flsuff> fe,s[ff> f7fhfxff>
fxtxtyw`f> fbyu`siff ftgbrehn`b f]`fv0f6`f
hash[fw`f. Yfh0ff hlshefy flsun`bb
(fr`svsrw`f) f6sh0efn`b (fièff> fhfzsyeff> f[msdcehff) fajkmrkjh (f9cef ftgjc
tbetb9isvp f]`fv0f6`f ]9skjbn fushefn`b
fkfre6`f h7ys). Fqfhf0qff8w`f fnthvby
„Yfh0ff“ ftnbvjkjubfn`b f,b9fhfps tbetb9isv fu`ffyfufhf6`f hsvjeg (imjers eb
bhfyn`b f,spi`fkf> imjers[ fvjy/jkn`beg
]`f bhs9[mfojbn> b7jeg ec7fr bbfifv
fu`ffyfufhf6`fums).
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f6`f Rfdrfpn`b fdthcbf6`f
ptums bhtb9isv> bhskerffetbn f9cef dthcbf. F9cef dthcbf6`f ]fhf ]7ysyof [ajhvfr
hskf bffbn (f;`tbyhffkfn`b> fi`f]`fhfn`b>
tbkf9cje
f;`f,;mb>
f;`tbyhffktb>
bw6mje
f;`tbyhffkfys>
f;`f,;mys).
B[m9isvref bimf6ùskje fi`f6`f ftgjc
b[flje f[f=cf[mf6`f hps> Cf0fytb U`fimtb>
Cfchs7`tb> U`syltb hs[mso6`f bhspreg. Tb-
kf9cje fajhvf f7ysn`b bfkrffeg f]`fv0f6`f>
„fash[fqf Cfchs7`f bbhf“> „Yfh0ffb>
Fthumsb“> „Cfchs7`f ftq`f irslb[sp“ e,fc
bqtums. Ftgjc bimfu`s0e f[`0f f7ys f;`f,;m
7fpimf pvje fkf bffh9ieg (bf]]`. F;`f,;m
W`sw` bps> Yfh\m[mjeb> {`s;`sh9scb bhsprys ptums f;`f,;meg). Fhb fajhvfkf
f]`fv0f6`f h7ys bfye,ffkjbn tb]f b;`snè
ffv0fn`b
fash[fqfhfn`b>
f0jehs[n`b
fb0fufhfn`b fyshhf. Bfhf fhf7f b]`fnèg>
ftgjc f9cef fdthcbf f;`tbyhffkjevf> tumsc
ajhvjevf tb0f]`fhf fb]fhfrs fkfr`6`f hsyqfv0fkf bffh9ieg (bfhf e,hb fpjeg Yfh0ff
h]`fv0f6`f hs7ys bpffh9isv f6mshcbfyn`b
fw6mfw`f bhspre flshhf6`f> b7je flshhf6`f
hskf eb efvfi`f b,fn`sv> bp,fypfh
fvshnfnhfn`b flby[fqfhfn`b fqfc6`fums
fh,fv). Fef9cn`b> Flsun`b fdthcbf6`f bpkfhskerffef> f9cef fdthcbf f7ys byfuoje
wbrkr feg bffh9ie (Cfchs7`f bbhf> b9c0fpffhf> b0f[fhf).
a. beliukini. seriidan `narTebi~
Yfh0ff htgjc f9cef dthcbf ptums htb]
F. <tkberby. “Yfh0ff” hf;`f,;m f7ysn` fof tbwlshe f]`fv0fkf> Yf0ff i`8sr s7fy>
sasriyvas dabadeba~, `narTebi da aergi~, lhsvfy fy> f,> ft]ìmf. Eh0 tb]fhfofr hyf`rogor mowyvita sasriyvam varskvlavi~ sgs fkfrsy f6s0fy[fv8tb> fi`fhswfhtb>
da sxva. eposis ZiriTad nawils TxrobiTi fhf[`hsyqfhtb> by[jy Yfh06s0f=s> f[`f]`
xasiaTis
gadmocemebi
Seadgens
(mag., fkf bhuskfp f8ys le6`f h7ys. Bhsvfy
Tqmulebebi
cvicvis,
narjxeusa
da f8wfh0f6`f> ef7f bw`f[sys bhsvfp f8s7xvaJarfisis Sesaxeb mTlianad prozaulia). f9im u`f[efhfkf bh;èfy> fi`f6`fums
am formis TqmulebebSi SeiniSneba gviani b,pbfys bh]`jy. Eh0 hs8ys hu`fhf f[f]`
xanis sagmiro-istoriuli gadmocemebis ffylfkf br`shify> ]`fv0f6`fr h7ys bfh,jeg
gavlena. aqve unda iTqvas, rom eposis fu`fhffylf fn`sv fyqfv0fkf bh9iofy. Yfafxazuri versiis rogorc prozaul,ise sxva h0ff bhf,fimetbn \mf]ysvn`b fvx6`tb> feff
formis gadmocemebis mniSvnelovani nawili u`sv[f6`tb> by[efy feff isy[jp tb9i>
zRaprul siuJetebzea agebuli (swored f,pbf,fhf hsvfy> f[m0f bfrefy> fo,f bfrefy>
amitom aris, rom narTul TqmulebebSi fvgsk bfcefy> f8spw`f hsvjeg> f/fw`fums>
ar asaxula araTu qristianul wmindanTa fkfa]`fhtb> fbwkf,htb e]`f e,fc bqtums.
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f tbetb9isv ffh9ihf6`f
Sesaxeb cnobebi, rac gasagebi mizezis gamo
arc iyo mosalodneli, aramed warmarTuli h7ys b,pbfys bfh,jeg ftgjc f=s b[flfys
religiuri kultebic). osuri da adiReuri bifh,je feff hcjwbfkn`b 0fuskfpffimf ffpversiebisgan
gansxvavebiT
afxazur sh9ief fcf[mf6`f> f7fpfw`f htb]fhf8sr ef7f
versiaSi mxolod erTi dasrulebuli bh,jbn fvfnhbfh[fnn`b fbps7fpffimf6`f
ciklia mocemuli (sasriyvas dabadeba, (lf-f frfkf bf]]`jpfh> eb fkfw`f;`fhf fhf7f
Tavgadasavali da daRupva).
b9[fimfhjeg bfhf e,fc us9kfn`b fxfhf6`f
narTuli eposis afxazuri versiis hsv8f9ufhf fn`s f]`fhf is9[fimfnè
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli
gadmocemebis tbi).
Tanaxmad, narTebi asni arian, hyavT deda, mama
Fbfifps Yfh0ff y[jy fvjyjufvfn`b
da erTaderTi da. maTi ZiriTadi sameurneo (vfvpfhums 9]`scr kslf ef]f lhsvfvpn)
saqmianoba monadireoba da mesaqonleobaa; fimfu`s0 pvje> b[fps [fpe 0ffw`fhfkf. Eh0
cxovroben narTqiTSi (narTebis sofeli) bf[msy[jp Yfh06s0f f=s hs8y6`f hf[m
naTali ruxi qvisagan nageb uzarmazar
saxlebSi, aqvT marnebi, romlebSic Senaxul
wiTel Rvinos siamovnebiT miirTmeven da
simRerebsac aguguneben. maTi karmidamo
SemozRudulia qvis galavaniT, romelsac,
zogi variantiT, ucxo warwera amSvenebs.
narTebi ebrZvian wyvdiadis Zalebs da
borot adamianebs; cxovroben adamianuri
cxovrebiT:
uyvarT,
scivaT,
wyuriaT,
TamaSoben burTs, hyavT megobrebi da mtrebi,
xumroben, kamaToben da a.S.
narTebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva gadmocemebSi
kargad Cans eposis matarebeli xalxis
socialuri cxovrebis amsaxveli suraTebi,
romlebSic specialistTa didi nawili
matriarqalur
urTierTobaTa
niSnebs
xedavs (rbilad rom vTqvaT, amis mtkiceba
uxerxulia iseve, rogorc uxerxulia
eposSi veZioT jgufuri Tu dislokaluri
qorwinebis niSnebi). sinamdvileSi narTebi
cxovroben
monogamiur
qorwinebaze
dafuZnebul, individualuri ojaxebisagan
Semdgar, saojaxo TemSi. maT narTqiTSi, e.i.
TavianT saxlSi mohyavT colebi (mosulia
saTanei-gvaSa; CasiZebis erTi SemTxvevac ki
ar aris), marTaven qorwilebs [qorwilamde
ician rogorc sacolis ojaxSi misvla,
ise sasiZos ojaxis daTvaliereba-gacnoba
(mag., ase ecnobian narTebi alxuzis ojaxs),
sacolis ojaxis wevrebis dasaCuqreba,
raSic
sacolis
syidvis
institutis
elementebic SeiZleba davinaxoT]; saojaxo
urTierTobebi ise Rrmad aris wasuli, rom
Cans sayofacxovrebo niadagze warmoqmnili
konfliqtebi (gundasa da rZlebs Soris
damokidebuleba; qmrisgan Seuracxyofili
zilxas wasvla ojaxidan).
narTmcodneobiT mecnierebaSi dRemde
gadauwyveteli rCeba eposis genezisis
problema. marTalia, narTuli eposis
cnobili mkvlevari J. diumezili gadaWriT
ambobs, igi `Tavis safuZvelSi osuria~,
magram, es asec rom iyos, eposis afxazuri
versia amiT odnavadac ar knindeba.
afxazebma TavianTi versia Camoayalibes
ara rogorc osuri eposis an Tundac
skviTur-sarmatuli miTologiuri birTvis
ubralo transformacia, aramed sakuTar
miTopoetur
azrovnebaze
dafuZnebuli
epikuri
Semoqmedebis
nayofi, romlis
ZiriTadi
idea
(zneobriobis
idea)
95
F. <tkberby. “Yfh0ff” hf;`f,;m f7ysn`
bffhujy f]`cf6`f (fhf[m lffbn Cf0fytb
U`fimf> f[fn`fhf ffpsh9ief psyofums
b7fv).
Tb=shrffetbn fxfhf6`f (fxfhf
heffyof fvf]`sb> f0fwtb hs8ys7f bytbys
bu`fh0jy> hf9[mf7f hsefw`f y[fimfc bhsvje
h,fhw. F0fwfhf bffhufhfys b7fp ksefw`f f]
fv0f6`f hs0fhf hlshefy> eb bffysh0ijbn
f9]`sp,f kff[efhf pkje ftkbvtyn [`0f6`fr.
). F0ffw`fhf htbps7fpffimf6`f lffhfof
bqffekjeg> eb bffysh9ijbn fy[fv8fn`b
fvfz cfzr fps fb,shu`ffhf6`f (U`yltb>
k0fwfw`tb hs,;mfhf htbps7fpffimf> p[fqf
bpu`ffp Pbk[f ll`skqys kwfhf).
Yfh0f0qffhfn`b flshhf6`f h7ys bf[mfyof
bhpsv]fcf,ref bffy[fys b7jeg ftgjc
futytpbcn`b fwùmfhf6`f. Bbfijeg Yfh0ff htgjc tbwlshe f0qff8s :. Lbevtpbk bff9q`fys
b]`jbn> „eb f[fn`s fimfu`s0hf fef9cn`beg
bfvje“> f[f eb bfhf ecums b7fpfh ftgjc f9cef
dthcbf eb fkf psyof 9sh[fuf fvfv. F9ceff h[fn`s fdthcbf f7ys bimf6`lshusktbn
fef9cn`b frevref> vfvpfhums fcrdbnn`b>
fcfhvfn`b fvbajkjubfn`b f[msy0shf fb0fufhf frev> h[fn`s fvbafgjtnn`b f[`swhf6`f
hskf bimf6ùskje ftgbrfn`b f9qfhf fkqi`f
feg> eb bimfu`s0e f9syufkhf> byfdfrys
vf bfpffbu`fys bfim0jeg ftgjc tumsh0
periferiulad Tu gasdevs eposis sxva
(maT Soris osur) versiebs. swored
zneobriobis ideis miTopoeturi damuSaveba
ganasxvavebs afxazurs sxva versiebisgan
da mas damoukidebeli eposis Rirebulebas
sZens. marTalia, narTul TqmulebebSi
arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba narTebis
gauTavebel
laSqrobebs,
romlebic
calkeuli gadmocemebis siuJetur xazebs
qmnian, magram es laSqrobebi mxolod ucxo
miwebisa da romelime xalxis dapyrobis
an nadavlis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT rodi
ewyoba (Tumca uamisobac ar aris). afxazi
narTebi, upirveles yovlisa, didsulovani,
maRalzneobrivi
gmirebi
arian
da
samarTlianobis damkvidrebisaTvis ibrZvian
maSin, rodesac osuri versiis narTebis `...
laSqrobebis, maTi yvelaze daundobeli
Tavdasxmebis upirveles mizans saqonlis
dayaCaRebasTan erTad cxenebis gamorekva
Seadgens~
(J.
diumezili).
afxazuri
versiis gmirebi mtrebs ki ar xocaven,
aramed patioben borotebas da aficeben,
rom momavalSi msgavsi danaSauli ar
Caidinon. ase `naTlaven~ da ase axdenen
borotebisagan ganwmendasa da pirovnebis
gakeTilSobilebas narTebi, romlebic maT
mier `moqceul~ adamianebs uZmobildebian
fdthcbf6`f.
Bfifq`7mfys
f7spimfn`b
f9syufkfhf fvbajgjtnn`b fecflekfhf bfkyfrffetbn f9ceff hn`s tumsh0 fdthcbf6`f
h7ysn`> eb b[m9isv ftgjc f[f0f,pbfhf
fvjeg.
Bbfijeg>
Yfh0ff
h]`fv0f
f7ys
f,pfpfhfn`b f[flfhf fvjeg Yfh0ff yq`fhf
pvfv htb,fimhf6`f> eh0 b[fpe f]`fv0f6`f
fcbe;tnn`b fw`f]`f imf6`yshuskjbn> f[f
fh0 f;`skfhf6`f eh0 ]`fhflf f]`ffyshw`
fn`sv lumsk6`f h7ys feg bf[msv8f9shuj
yfcums eh0 fn`sv eff hvfk hsv[hf vfvpfhums feff hsn7`fhf vpspc bfvfv. F9ceff Yfh0ff> ptums hf9[mf> f9cs]hfrshtb>
fgfnele pvje fash[fw`f hjeg> eh0 fbfif
fimf6`shuskfhfps feg bptb,fimef> „...
fef9cn`b Yfh0ff hdthcbf f7ys eh0 fusv,sk\m,fhfn`b htb,simhf vpspc bfvfy fhf[`s h/
msxhtb> f-s ef[mfl hs6`wfhtb“. F9cef dthcbf fash[fw`f> hf/fw`f himefvpn> f0fvpffhf
hsh0jy bhefp fwùmfhf6`f hps> blsh6èfy
hf9[mf7f fc tb9i b7je fwùmfhf6`f 7fhsvqfhw. F,fc „bh9imjy“> f,fc fwùmfhf6`f
h7ysn` blhsw6mjy> fwùmfhf pefp feff fv8fbfif b6`shqjy Yfh0ff> eh0 f,fc bpspys7`jp
ptums timfc b7fhqjy> fgfne pvje feff;`kfh
hf[m blsh[`sy]èfy (ftgjc f7ys f0je,f fim0fqfhf fqfc> b,yfrsp fef8s b[sv8f9ufhf>
eb bhef8hf fyfuofhf ffysh9ijbn). „Yfh0ff
tbcyfum fbfif fps b6`9jbn> fwùmfe8w`f
bf[mlsh[`jbn> f\m,fhfw`f h7ys b\m,fhjeg>
f,pbf6`f h7ys b,pbfjeg> fb]f,w`f h7ys
tb]f,w`jeg> f[sz6`f h7ys b[sz6`jeg“.
B]`jeg ftgjc f7ys. F,fc bf]hfre f7fpimf
pvje f9cef Yfh0ff Bhfyn`b fvbajkjubf
(fvfpltyn`bb> fvfyb6tcnn`b f0jehs[n`bb)
fbfif]`f8w`f (=sh. 9bkfehb martiahraβ
„fb-fif ef8s“> fdtcnbc nar ašaan) tb]f bhtb9ieg Rfdrfp b6`sy[j fvfbkf06`f hfqrmsc.
Be]`fh 7fkjbn Yfh0ff htb,fimhf fljew`f
h7ysb> f\mf]ysv f7ysn` tumsh0 fvx6`tb
h=s> eb f9ffbv,fhn`b f[sqqsh0f fljew`f
hf,fimhfps> f,pbf> fwùmf8b7ys> fbfifbbfifv (=sh. Flfe bf,fimef nrbw „vfh0fkb“ fi`fyn`b fvbajkjubf). Bbfije fef8s
bffh9ihf fwùmfhf6`f> Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f7ys
biffh9ie tb9i f9ceff f;`kfh h7fpimf
ffh9ihf6`f bhqffekfys fecflekjeg. Yfh0ff
hcf[mfkf f9ceff bfflsh9ibn b[fps-[spsp
fash[fw`f hfrevref> fvbajkjubfn`b feff
da SemohyavT isini adamianur, zneobriv
sivrceSi (eposSi daficebis wesi veluris
adamianad
qcevis, misi
gakulturebis
Tavisebur iniciacias warmoadgens). `narTebi
mudam simarTles eZiebdnen, borotebs
monaniebas aiZulebdnen, mkacrebTan mkacrni
iyvnen, keTilebTan _ keTilni, didebTan _
didni, patarebTan _ patarani~, _ naTqvamia
eposSi. aseTi maRali zneobiT afxazi
narTebi iranuli miTologiis (mazdeanuri
da maniqeisturi istoriosofiis) pirmSoebs
(Sdr. falauri martiahraβ `samarTliani
adamiani~, avestis nar ašaan) ufro gvanan,
vidre kavkasiel TanamoZmeebs. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom narTebis brZola devebTan
(adau, ainiJi) da wyvdiadis sxva ZalebTan
aris RvTaebrivi sawyisis brZola devurTan,
keTilis _ borotTan, marTalis _ crusTan
(Sdr. devTan mebrZoli tkic _ `marTali~
svanur miTologiaSi). samarTliani gmiris
warmoCenis problema im saxiT, rogorc es
narTul TqmulebebSia mocemuli, afxazi
xalxis zneobriv SexedulebaTa wiaRSi
SemuSavda.
narTebis
saxiT
afxazebma
Seqmnes ara calkeuli gmirebis, aramed
miTologiur
adamianTa
krebulis
_
idealuri sazogadoebis Taviseburi saxe
da mas saTaveSi Cauyenes qali, rogorc
97
htbpuf> bhtb/moje p[sbf6`b0e feff;`kfh
h[f=6`f> eb f[s f7ys llshusktbn f9]`sc>
f9c0fpffhtb> f=bfhtb lshufys. Be]`fh
7fkjbn> f,hb f[`f9ishfkf f9ceff Yfh0ff htb9i feff;`kfh ftgjc6`f Rfdrfpn`b
fdthcbf6`f foùms bhsplshefv (eb fdthcbf [`szsr tb9ieg fvhfuskfhfn`b fkflf
Rfdrfpn`b fdthcbf ).
P]`fpvfv feff;`kfhn`b bzslje f9ceffn`b
fbltf fyfuofhfps ftgjc bf9spqfp feff Yfh0ff fyw`f bvfqehf f7ysn` h[s bf6b0shn`bn>
eh0
bhlshefp
f9ffbv,fhw`f>
Fthum>
F;`tb9imff bhf7hfhn`bn (tb]f bbfifys
bf]]`jpfh Yfh0ff> fyw`f lf[msvytbwsp
ffv0f f7ys bylsh[tbn) eh0 bh[skf9iefp
[s[mf9cf,fhfn`b fimf0f6`f> flje]f> eb
fleytbn` fvxfkf bimf6ùskfp f9cf]fhf fy
bkf0`fhimtbn.
Ftgjc f7ys Cf0fytb U`fimf lffh9ieg>
fyb> fb]f,sb> flqf 7fpqjb f]f ptums hf9[mfof
eb Yfh0ff hs,;mfuf8b> bh[`skf9iefp>
bhsw[hffefp> ,pbf bp,fp kfrey. Yfh0ff ]`fhflf f, lhsvfy> eh0 h7ys lsy[jy f[f lf;`sy>
„frums bkijvpn“> f;`sn` eff bv8f9shujp
bf;`sp fqfc6`f ys7`spuj> eb fyfuofhf
f=sw fleytb[f9ishf f7ys bhslshrskjv
f[f eb bf]hfre f7fpimtb> fbfifhfys7ùfhf
imf6`psh/`/`fp jeg Yfh0ff hps. F9c0fpffhf
f7ys bbfifys eb f=sw f[skqim0hf bfnè
Cfchs7`f bpsimf6`shuskjvpn. Fash[fqf
\mfimf[`kf lbbheg> lfumbbetbn (bu`.
„Cf0fytb U`fimf“> „Cfchs7`f“). Frspfq`sr
[f[m bfh,je f7ysn` bfki`jeg ]`f be]`fh
b7fkj eb tumsh0 Yfh0ff hfimf bf[m bhsvje fw`sv/fhf feg> eb fgfnhbfh[hfn`b
feff;`khhf hs7ys feg bf[me9skj. Yfh0ff hfimf u`frmf bjeg ]`f lsh9[mfojv>
fyi9f ]`f lsh9[mfojbn> bp,fypfh eb
hf, b9f bfreofv> bhsplshojv Cschs7`f
hfy lf[msyn`ffkufp („]f, i`sis6`cf
qetbn lkfi`b;m0tb> i`sis6`cf qetbn
lsxfp8b;m0tb> eb ef;ìm0f frums bkijv> eb
bkijvpn Cfchs7`f b[skqhf“> bff7`svqofref
bkfpqffefy eh0 Cf0fytb U`fimf. Fc tb9i
b7je fw`fyshhf ffh9ihf fvfnhbfh[hfn`b
ftgj[f f7ys b7fvpn). Bbfifw`7mfys Yfh0ff h0fuskfpffimf hsvfy fvhfuskfhfn`b
ftgjcn`b fash[fqf Fkfy- Ujf b[skqums.
Eh0 kfccs bkfpqffefy hfy> „ps7ysn`b
b,[skqb ,fhf f[z6`f> b,;èf> fos f7ysn`
sicocxlisa da nayofierebis simbolo.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am TvalsazrisiT
afxazi narTebis msgavs sazogadoebas ar
icnobs eposis arcerTi kavkasiuri versia
(miaxloebuli suraTi gvaqvs mxolod
Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiur versiebSi).
idealuri sazogadoebis specifiurad
afxazuri ideis ganxorcielebis gamo
eposis
Semqmnelma
xalxma
narTebi
RvTismsaxurebisagan
gaanTavisufla,
misTvis cnobil RvTaebebs _ aergsa da
aJveifSas
gauTanabra
(ufro
zustad
narTebi im droSi acxovra, roca jer kidev
ar arian RmerTebi) da maTi mfarveloba
mxolod zebunebriv sawyiss _ adouhasa
da misi, rogorc msoflio sulis, ZaliT
mocul dedas miando. eposSi saTaneigvaSa aris ara ufrosi an mbrZanebeli,
aramed, upirveles
yovlisa, narTebis
mrCeveli da damxmare, mosiyvarule deda.
narTebs, ra Tqma unda, hyavT mama, romelic
maTTan cxovrobs, magram daberebulia da
àrafrad ar varga~, rogorc Zveli Taobis
daberebuli
tradiciebis
matarebeli,
romlis aqtiuroba miuRebelia axali
msoflmxedvelobisaTvis, maRali zneobisa
da
samarTlianobis
damamkvidrebeli
narTebisaTvis. bunebrivia, rom igi axali
Taobis liders _ sasriyvas ver Seqmnis.
gmiri saswaulebrivad unda daibados
da ibadeba kidec (ix. `saTanei-gvaSa~,
`sasriyva~). erTaderTi, rac zemoaRniSnuli
konteqstidan TiTqos amovardnili Cans,aris
sasriyvasTan danarCeni narTebis mtruli
damokidebuleba,
rac
patriarqaluri
sazogadoebis zneobriv CarCoebSi jdeba.
narTebi sasriyvas RviZl Zmad ar cnoben
da nabiWvars uwodeben (ix. ànSfa~) imis
gamo, rom igi maTi mamis Svili ar aris,
ar ician saidan moiyvana sasriyva dedam
(`Cveni mama asi welia brmaa, asi welia
avadaa; igi ukve arafrad ar varga, mas ar
SeeZlo sasriyvas gaCena~, _ gamudmebiT
eubnebian narTebi saTanei-gvaSas. aseTi
interesi mamis mimarT matriarqaluri
epoqis gmirebs ara aqvT). zustad narTebis
mdgomareobaSi arian aRmosavluri epikuri
gmiris alan-goas Svilebi. isini xSirad
ekiTxebian dedas: `risgan Cagesaxa Sen
Svili? wylisgan xom ara, romelsac svam?
qaTami xom ara xar Sen,romelic nacarSi zis
fevf> ,srenevf ,fhf> f[ì0ffhf bkfn`fys
fh,f/m flf frenf/m6`f im0fpqj> fy - frèf
,frepfh ,fhf> fi`f[f safys pw`fpn`sv[fp>
,[fqf ls9cb;m0tb bqetb> ,fhf ,s[zys bkf
feff ,;mjbn“> f,fc tb9i b7fp f6`=bfhf fvfy
fgfnhbfh[hfn`b feff;`kfhn`b fvjhbkm> f,fc
tbkshrffefy Cf0fytb U`fimtb> Fkfy-Ujfb
hs[iffhf.
Ftgjc f7ys f0fuskfpffimf v8f9scetbn
hf9[mfof f9c0fpffhf fysimf6ùskfp ffv0fps
(e,hb fkf Yfh0ff htgjc tb]f tb9i[jbn „fb]
f,s Tltb“>„Rfktdfktb“ tumsh0 ftgjc6`tb).
Ftgjcn`b fhb ffv0f> f,thptyn`b tb9i fvbajkjubtb> tbetb9isv f;`kfhn`b f]`fv0f6`f
fh=bfhf f7ys „fash[fw`f hi`sis6`cf“ feg>
eb bimf6`yshusktbn fvban`b feff> Yfh0ff.
„Fb]f,s Tlf“ ffv0f f7ys ftdjkbewbf fbltf
f6df[bcnn`b fvbajkjubf f[m bbfcetbn (f,hb
tb9iw`7mf b7jeg ftgjc fef9cn`b fdfhbfyn f7yums> Dfh[fu bfrey hf9[mfn`b Fyfh0).
E,hb f7ysn` bffh9ie ffv0fn`b fgthcgtrnbdf fb0ftb0fchf f-fprhf feg> f9cef dthcbf
fhb psyofums bynbhtcc bfvfv> f=ksv]fhf
ptums bbfujeg fu`shumsy f[fqfhf> feff9cshf h[skqim0hf> bfifhfktb> bf]hfre fgfne
pvje hs9c0fpffhf.
Yfh0ff htgjc fvbajkjubfn`b fim0fqfhf
b,pbfys bff,jbn> f]`fv0fn`bb> fvpfhn`b
fvba6`f
h7ys
bfl]`fkje
fash[fw`f
h7fpimf6`f> bfhf e,fc f6`9iskfhfn`b
fcnhernehf fbkrffhf=sb. Ftgjc f7ys
ffv0tb> f6`9ishtb tbkfhq`jeg> fbkrffhf „fhf“ bfpu`fyf0jbn „ef;`s“ lf-frfkf
frevref. Kfccs- kfccs fash[fqf tb0fqhf
f6`9iskfhf=s ffv0f f9cf[hf bfl]`fkfv>
f[f ffv0f f0s96`f bhs,;mje fi`fhf fpums
h[s bflsh[`jbn (=sh. Ims;ms bl`s6`kfp
flevgtb> ims,;mjy feg Ef[cb0 lsybpytb>
f,hsc7fr tbw`s[fhfys by[jy). F]`fv0f f7ys
fcfrhfkn`b f6`9ishf fu`0fys lffh9ieg
ftgjc b[flje f[f=cf[mf Cf0fytb U`fimtb>
fvbajkjubfn`b f7spimf pvje fobfc &`,byf.
Bfhf f,fh0 hjeg tb6`pshi`j f6`9ishf
ftgjc f7ys. Fobfc &`,byf Yfh06s0f
fcfrhfkn`b fnjgjuhfabf f7ys b[`flje f0s9
freg> bffyfh9ijbn fvisy yshw`b> ffhw`b>
fhfbb> fyffn`b f6`9iskfhf6`f hs,;mfhf.
Fh0 f6`9iskfhf6`f fw]f fkf tbl]`fkjeg
(pys -psykf fhb fw]f f[`f]` bfk[eg> pys[
f,8f> pys[ f,f bfk[eg> eb fkf eb fcfrhfkhf
da mamlis gareSe gamohyavs kvercxi? deda
kua xom ara xar Sen, romelmac qafi Wama
da dafexmZimda? ramdeni welia Seni qmari
mokvda, Sen ki Seni bavSviT xalxs atyueb?~
aseTia
ganviTarebuli
patriarqaluri
sazogadoebis morali; ase esmiT saTaneigvaSasa da alan-goas Svilebs.
eposSi
moqmedeba
viTardeba
pirvelqmnadobis miTosur droSi (amiT
narTuli eposi ùfros edas~, `kalevalas~
da sxva eposebs emsgavseba). eposis es dro,
iseve rogorc berZnul miTologiasa da
sxvadasxva xalxebis epikur SemoqmedebaSi,
aris
`gmirTa
saukune~,
romelmac
Seqmna miTosuri xalxi _ narTebi. Tu
ùfros edaSi~ drois evoluciis idea
qvaziistoriul
miTologiaSi
gadadis
(aseTive suraTi gvaqvs narTuli eposis
osur versiaSi: varxagi iyo pirveli narTi
da a.S.). e.i. mocemulia droiTi perspeqtivis
istoriulad gardaqmnis cda, afxazur
versias es saerTod ar ainteresebs; mTeli
yuradReba gadatanilia Sesaqmis gvirgvinis
_ adamianTa modgmis (narTebis) samarTlian
da maRalzneobriv cxovrebaze.
narTuli eposis miTologiuri plasti
kargad
Cans
rogorc
solarul
da
kalendarul
miTebTan
dakavSirebuli
gmirebis bunebaSi,ise sivrciTi struqturis
gaazrebaSi.
eposSi
dro
da
sivrce
ganuyofelia:
cneba
àq~
gulisxmobs
cnebas àxla~ da piruku. xSirad gmiris
gadaadgileba sivrceSi drois cvlilebas
ar iwvevs, Tumca dro manZilis sazomadac
aris gamoyenebuli (mag.,dilidan wamosulma
goliaTma
mxolod
SuadRiT
miaRwia
vaxsiTamde,ise didi iyo manZili maT Soris).
eposSi sakraluri sivrcis centrebad
moiazrebian misi mTavari personaJi _
saTanei-gvaSa
da
miTologizirebuli
mdinare yubani. swored isini akonstruireben
sivrces eposSi. mdinare yubans narTqiTis
sakralur
topografiaSi
centraluri
adgili uWiravs da warmoadgens zRvars
saaqao da saiqio,am da im sivrceebs Soris. es
sivrceebi erTmaneTs xidiT ukavSirdebian
(zogjer es xidi qvisaa, zogjer spilenZis,
zogjer tilosic ki, rac mis sakralur
mniSvnelobas aZlierebs). spilenZis xidze
gadmosuli balniani kaciWamia goliaTebi,
romlebmac eldizTa saxelovani gvari
99
a. beliukini. `cvicvi~
F. <tkberby. “W`sw`”
fh/`/`jbn). F,8fn` fw]f b6`csp b6`svcscsp
feffpajp flevgtb6`f> Tklsp f[mos9ishf pvfp
b;`kf s6`sp[sp> \mf]ysv by[j hjeg. F,hb
fw]f f7ys fkfifhtb> fkfimwfhtb f]`ff=s
lsh[`f8jbn fash[fqf Ifhdfy flevgtb6`f.
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f7ys fobfc &`,byf
fv,bdfktynn`b fcbvfynbrf fvjeg. Eb ufyr fkf
f=bfhtb> f6`=bfhtb bfl]`fkjeg (=sh. Fobfc
f7ys k-shref,jy Cfchs7`f kw`f lfkfi`ffyof>
fos f[`s6`fy kw`f lfkfi`bn Cfchs7`f> fhf7f
bhsoò`jbn> fkfctb> f,tb> bh9jbn Yfh0ff
hsi`qf)> f[f tumb fufy fkf> fwùmfhf fv8f9ufhf
f[sq[sh0jeg (fhf ls9cbn Fthumff hs9]
f> Cfchs7`f b9]`sc> Cfchs7`fums fobfc
lfujy> U`sylf ltb6`ksh[tbn> tbkfiefp fobfc
tcyfum b=fuskjy fash[fqf). Yfh06s0f fobfc
flf f[f=ffufhf fvfv. Ftgjc f[`0f6`f ptums
fobfc f[s6`> yshw` vf ffhw` bv8f9scetbn.
Fobfc> Yfh06s0f fcfrhfkn`b f6`s9ishf
fu`0f f7ys Yfh0n`b feff;`kfh pshys7`j
vxys lffh9ieg> Cf0fytb U`fimf> fleytbn`b
fash[fw`f lysh[ms7`kj> eb Yfh06`s0f
fimf7f (axis myndi) kjeg. Cf0fytb U`fimf
fosbfc f[`s6` f7ys fec ketbn vf lytbffbetbn>
fobfc f[`sq[sh0f byfhrys> bf[mfkfkj
f7ysyof. Eb fleytb fash[fqf bytbffbhf
fkflf (\mf]ysv) f8flf (f;`8fy) Yfh06s0f
amowyvites, qvesknelis binadrebi arian.
swored am xidTan, e.i. samzeosa da bneleTis
sazRvarze usafrTdeba gmiri Sarvani
kaciWamiebs. narTul gadmocemebSi mdinare
yubans ambivalenturi semantika aqvs. igi,
erTi mxriv, nayofierebas, aRorZinebas
ukavSirdeba (mag.,mdinareSi banaobs saTaneigvaSa sasriyvas Casaxvis win, wylispirze
isaxeba sasriyva; aq irecxeba seli da matyli
da iqsoveba narTebis samosi), xolo, meore
mxriv, borotebis sawyisis matarebelia (aq
daiRupa aergebis asuli _ sasriyvas coli,
TviT sasriyva ki mdinareSi daxrCobas
gundam gadaarCina, aboboqrebuli mdinare
mudam did winaRobas uqmnis gmirs). narTqiTi
mdinare yubanis gareSe ar moiazreba.
eposis yvela epizodi mdinarispirze, gaRma
an gamoRma viTardeba. mdinare, rogorc
narTqiTis sakraluri sivrcis centri,
asocirebulia
narTebis
sazogadoebis
mamoZravebel
ZalasTan
_
saTaneigvaSasTan, msoflio gmirTan, romelic
narTqiTis RerZs (axis myndi) warmoadgens.
saTanei-gvaSa an mdinarispiras aris da
iq saqmianobs an seirnobs misi saTavidan
SesarTavamde da piriqiT. es aris msoflio
gmiris moZraoba qvemodan (qvesknelidan)
zemoT (zesknelSi) narTqiTis (samzeos)
gavliT da piruku. swored amitom mdinare
yubani
moiazreba
msoflio
mdinared,
romelic
miedineba
sivrcis
rogorc
horizontalur, ise vertikalur WrilSi,
rac samyaros struqturis Sesaxeb afxazuri
warmodgenebis
anareklia
[afxazebis
warmodgeniT, vertikalur WrilSi kosmosis
modelis analogiaa adamiani, rogorc
mikrokosmi, romelic welszemoT zesknels
ganasaxierebs, welsqvemoT _ qvesknels,
SuawelSi _ samzeos. am sknelebs, qarTuli
Sexedulebis msgavsad, sami feri _ TeTri
(zeskneli), Savi (qveskneli) da wiTeli
(Suaskneli) Seesabameba. amitomac hyavs
narT cvicvis sami feris raSi da aqvs sami
feris Coxa, rom igi sam sknelSi mogzauri
gmiria].
narTebis yoveli laSqroba, maTi yoveli
gadaadgileba sivrcis kosmizirebas, mis
`gakulturebas~ isaxavs miznad, rac maT
imavdroulad kulturtregerebad aqcevs.
gamokveTili kulturuli gmirebi arian
eposis personaJebi _ saTanei-gvaSa (pirveli
adamianebis _ narTebis deda), sasriyva
(zeciuri da miwieri cecxlis mompovebeli),
qeTuani
(simRerisa
da
salamuris
(fvhfn`skf) byfdufys vf b=sffh]`ys. Bfhf
e,hb fpjeg fobfc &`,byf fleytbn`b fobfc
]`f bps9[mfofp> eb bf[mbfcef f6`9ishf=s
fehfktb> f0,ffhfktb> fkfltb> f8fltb fleytb
fcnhernehf bfprys f9ceff hu`ffyfufhf
fy9iskfhf feg (f9ceff hs[is8psim0hfkf>
fuskfhfn`b f6`9ishf frjcvjcn`b fvjltkm
tb9ie fef8s> fvbrhjrjcvjc tb9i> eb
bofhf 8f[`sc> [s[m f;`8fy ffbh9ietbn>
bofhf kf[`sc> fkflf \mf]ysv> b,;f=f]`fhf>
fvhfn`skf.
F,fh0
f0s96`f>
f6sh0ef
[`s9ishfkf [9in`sr hsvjeg> fir`fr`f
([`s[mn`b) > fb6`fq`f (fkflfn`b) f7f9im
(f,;mfhfn`b) bhs6`yfujbn. E,hb fpjeg Yfh0
W`sw` [9in`sr pvje fhfimb> [9in`sr
frev;`b pbvje> eb [qffekfhfr bys7`jp
asf[fqfy).
Yfh0ff
htb,fimhf6`f
ptums>
eh0
bf[msytbffbefp f6`9ishf6`f frcvjcv8f9ufhf eb „frekmehf f=bfhf“ fvjeg
[`s6`rsc> lfhf h[f0f ec7fy frekmnehf
[skf9iw`fys b7fyfqjbn. By0rffe frekmnehfn` fash[fw`f ffh9ieg ftgjc f=s> eh0
f[f=6`f hjeg Cf0fytb-U`fimf> (hf9[mfn`b
feff> Yfh0ff hfy)> Cfchs7`f (f;`8fyn`bb>
flumskn`b fvwf ps9iffp)> ^t0efy (fi`tb>
f=shgsyb f9spqfp)> Fbyfh (f;mbhf p[`swsp>
gamomgonebeli),
ainari
(mWedlobis
gamomgonebeli da ubadlo ostati), cvicvi
(xe-xilis Teslis mompovebeli) da sxv.
afxazur narTul gadmocemebSi asaxuli
geografiuli
sivrce, toponimTa
da
hidronimTa mniSvnelovani nawili, narTebis
materialuri kultura da sameurneo yofa
imaze metyvelebs, rom eposis afxazuri
versia Semotanilia da sakuTriv afxazeTis
dRevandel teritoriaze ar Seqmnila.
safiqrebelia, rom eposis yvelaze Zveli
da mniSvnelovani nawili yubanispireTSi
mcxovrebi xalxis Semoqmedebis nayofia.
101
f7fpf ,pbf)> W`sw` (fi`shqkf hsimf0f6`f
ps9iffp)> e,fc tumsh0ums.
F9cef Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f7ys bffh9ieg
futjuhfabfn`b f6`9ishf> fnjgjybvn`bb>
fublhjybvn`bb f[flfhf pvje f7ìf6`f> Yfh0ff hsvf0`fhn`b frekmnehf> fy[fv8fn`b
f,pf,ff f,fh0 ptums bfflsh9ijbn> ftgjc
f9cef dthcbf F9cys7f byfujeg> eb bf[mfn`b
f9cysn`b fqfrshflumsk f7ys bf9qfvpn.
F[`swhf ]yf0jbn> fhb ftgjc lffhfof b;`snè>
f[flfhf pvje f7ìf &`,byf by[jp feff bf9shqfp feg ]`f.
narTuzi
YFH)SP _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fn`b bvfze
f[f=s> eb dfhbfynr fkf> Yfh0ff hfy Cf0fytb>
U`fimf „bfksk[sp“> Cfchs7`f bf, u`frmf
(genitor).
narcvi
_ micvalebulTa sauflo,
saiqio;
samzeos, saaqaos
sapirispiro
mxare. afxazTa warmodgenebis Tanaxmad,
micvalebulis sulma saiqioSi mosaxvedrad
unda gaiaros bewvis xidi, rasac xels
uSlis kata. es ukanaskneli xids usvams
cxims, raTa micvaleblis sulma ver
SeZlos masze gasvla. micvalebulis suls
dabrkolebis daZlevaSi ZaRli exmareba;
igi cxims eniT lokavs. narcvis Sesasvlel
karebTan micvalebuls xvdeba daraji,
romelic aucileblad unda dasaCuqrdes,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi suli narcvSi ver
Seva. amitom atanen afxazebi micvalebuls
fuls an sxva saxis saCuqars (Sdr. qaronis
oboli). narcvs ganagebs sikvdilis RmerTi
(ix. à-fscvaha~), romelsac, Tavis mxriv,
damxmareebi hyavs. zogierTi warmodgeniT,
narcvi samoTxes Seesabameba.
YSHW~ _ f9cw`f h0s9> \mf]ysv>
fhffn`b fkfifhf psyof tb9isv
fufy.
F9ceff h[`f9ishf byf6`fh9iys> b9csp
b9cs yshw`7f bf6ì`fhfps fhf[`sw fw]f
b6`chjeg> eb f6`chf fwu`s f9sh[fujeg. Eb
fw]f f[ìf f[myfimjbn f9cs ps6`svcshw
fps. B9csp b9cs fw]f f6`chf=s bf9skj
fwùmfhf6`f h[schf=s fkf bw[hffetbn> eb
f[ìf fkf f,p f[miys bfhsw6mjbn. Yshw`7f
f0fkfhf fi` f7ys f[mxf8s lb9skjbn> eb
[sv9flf f]fv0f b0fnèg> frevpfh f9cs
yshw`7f bp0fkjv. E,hb fps b9csp bh0jbn>
f9fhtb> tumsc fvf0`f6`tb (=sh. 6fhjybc
j,jkb). Yshw` lsh[`skf9ietbn f9chf
fyw`f (bu`. „F9cw`f]f“)> eb bfhf bufy fkf>
fw[`shff8w`f bvjeg. Imjrs hu`ffyfufhfkf>
yshw`> \mffyf0 feg.
narjxeu, narjxiou, erCxeu
YFH|M{MJE> YFH|MB{MJE> THX{ME _
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s> ptb9i s7fvp f-s,/f7fpf8> f[swfhi`8s> f9if fqrmsc bkfcsp
bhfim f9syqf b07mjp f9ifnkfr` tb9isp
f9cs9 fqkf le6`f sqyf[efy> Yfh0ff himfgs b6`yfhuskjvpn. Dfhbfynr fkf eb Yfh0ff
hs[mxf8 bfrey> lf-frfkf> ftgbrfn`b f;`kfh>
/bf/jdtff h-s ef[mfl f[mxf8s bfrey. Yfh0ff
hs[mxf8s> Yfh\m[mje> Yfh0ff hfy> Cf0fytbU`fimf „bfksk[sp“> Cfchs7`f bf, u`frmf
epizoduri
personaJi, romelic, erTi
variantiT, narTebis dedis _ saTanei-gvaSas
`rCeuli~ da sasriyvas biologiuri mamaa
(genitor).
_
narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi, ubadlo
mxedari
da
moisari, romlis
qarze
uswrafesi raSis nestoebidan gamomavali
grigaliviT amonasunTqi uzarmazar xeebs
glejs da narTebs fexze ar ayenebs. igi
erTi variantiT narTebis menaxirea, meoreTi
_ epikuri tomis _ RiaRovebis cxenebis
mwyemsi. rogorc narTebis menaxire, narjxeu
narTebis dedis _ saTanei-gvaSas `rCeuli~
da sasriyvas biologiuri mamaa (genitor).
bfrey. Cfchs7`f bbhf bfpre fdthcbf6`f frs
f7ys> Cf0fytb>U`fimf kfrevref U`sylf 9iof
lf[mffh9ie> Thx[mje bhi`sp f[sw (fcgthvf)
frsh is6`cf 9[mf7f bash[fqf[fp> f[f]`
f7ys lfy9ietbn. Yshw`f f[`s6` buskfys
b9iefp U`sylf b6`=sk0jbn> „ewf Fbyfh
f;mb bf[m> eb b0b7ffetbn fhb fcf[mf f[`f]`
f7ysn`> e=fw` l0fqs> ef9[mf7f le[`jbn“.
Ftgjc fdfhbfyn6`f hefr fkf Yfh\m[mje
Cfchs7`f lb8spjeg. Fash[fqf Fbhsumff
h0s9]f 9]`scc k]`fhf lfywjp bfhf lbwy>
hxfhfehf lfkf[`sy> ef7f eb hf9[mfof lb,bn
Yfh0ff hf]ìmf> U`sylf> ,pbf lb,bn. Biff,j
fkf U`sylfums fu`[mi`fi`fhf ksvfvpn Yfh\m[mje bf[m> f[f kfhf lbp]`jeg {`s;`fh9sc.
Yfh06s0f=s Cfchs7`f b7fvpffhf ffv0fp
Yfh\m[mje lwjbn Yfh0ff hf[m U`sylf lbufhw
fps. U`sylf l]`fys lf[ms7fp fps> Yfh0ff fhb
flevgtb bpsvfbffbh ]`f bi`fys eb f[ì`b0fhf hso,bn> f8s bfkfhqjbn bhccfys b[[sp
b. jopua. `gaqvavebuli narjxeu~
<. |mjgef. “B[f]`[fp Yfh\m[mje”
sasriyvas dabadebasTan dakavSirebuli
gadmocemebis erT versiaSi, sadac saTaneigvaSas gunda cvlis,erCxeus nasroli isriT
(spermiT) momavali gmiri qvaSi isaxeba. roca
gaRma napirze mdgari gakvirvebuli gunda
gasZaxebs: ès ra saswauli mouSvi Cemzeo~,
mwyemsi pasuxobs: `wadi ainar-mWedelTan,
is amokveTs Canasaxs qvidan, ubeSi Caisvi,
gamogadgebao~.
eposis zogierTi variantiT, narjxeu
sasriyvasTan megobrobs. is axlavs airgebis
asulis SesarTavad wasul gmirs,eswreba maT
qorwils, sadac pirvelad naxavs narTebis
das _ gundas da Seuyvardeba. rogorc Cans,
arc mzeTunaxavi gunda rCeba narjxeus
mimarT gulgrili, Tumca ukve daniSnulia
xvaJarfisis mier. narTqiTSi (narTebis
sofelSi) sasriyvas aryofnis Jams narjxeu
midis narTebTan gundas wasayvanad. radgan
gunda ukve daniSnulia da narTebs Zala ar
SeswevT winaRudgnen goliaTs, gadawyveten
e. qavSbaia. ` gaqvavebuli narjxeu da gunda~
T.^fdi,fbf. “B[f]`[fp Yfh\m[mjeb>U`syltb”
103
mis mowamvlas: RvinoSi Cayrian wvrilad
danawilebuli wiTeli gvelis naWrebs.
magram moZalade pirveli ar dalevs. roca
narTma siTma (sxva variantiT saTaneigvaSam) dalia erTi tolCa Rvino da
waiqca, mxolod Semdeg daewafa narjxeu
sasmels, Tavisi
foladis
ulvaSebiT
gawura Rvino da uvneblad darCenilma
gunda gaitaca. uZlurma narTebma umal
xvaJarfiss uxmes, magram es ukanaskneli
orTabrZolaSi
sasikvdilod
daiWra.
gaigo Tu ara momakvdavi xvaJarfisis xma,
saTanei-gvaSam (sxva variantiT xvaJarfisis
dedam) narjxeu dawyevla da cxenTan da
gundasTan erTad qvad aqcia. rogorc ki
dis gatacebis Sesaxeb Seityo, saswrafod
moaSura sasriyvam da narjxeus xmali
gaqvavebis momentSi Caartya. nanTvaraSi
dResac dganan saukunod gaqvavebuli
narjxeu da gunda.
narjxeu iSviaTad gaigivebulia narTebis
meistoriesTan _ naSbaTayvasTan. afxazTa
rwmeniT, foladis ulvaSebiani menaxire _
narjxeu rZis vedroTi xelSi gamosaxulia
mTvaris zedapirze.
narjxeu
afxazur
gadmocemaTa
originaluri gmiria, romlis paraleli
kavkasiis xalxTa arcerT versiaSi ar
gvxvdeba.
fvf0 fw`f. F[f fvqfhchf pu`s b0fp hf9[mf
b;èfv f8s. Yfh0 Cb0 (lf-f dfhbfynr fkf
Cf0fytb U`fimf) f8s refgtbr ffpyf fyb;`
lrf]fbn> yfc feg Yfh\m[mje f8s f;`hf
lfyfkfuf eb b\shn`b 9fqf6`f hskf f8s
bhfotbn> frums pvs[msp U`sylf lsvqfbhcbn. Frums pksvifp Yfh0ff {`s;`sh9sc
b6`=sh0bn> f[f eb fb=fuskfhf ,ff9cs
f7ys
lsh[`bn b9cs f[efuf 0fyjeg>
Cf0fytb U`fimf eb b,;ms (lf-f dfhbynr
fkf {`s;`sh9sc bfy) kf]fbn> Yfh\m[mje
lski`bbn> f-s lpf6`n`fp U`sylf lbvfys
l[`f]`[f lffy[tbn. Bf]ìmf lpsvqflshcsp fybf]fq`7mf Cfchs7`f fvqfhc8s lbim0fkbn> eb lfy[`f]`[jp ffv0fps f7fvfkf
bchf lf[motbn. Yfy0efhf f7ys bf[mfums
buskjeg i`sis6`cf6`f hf9[mf b[f]`[fp>
Yfh\m[mjeb U`syltb.
Yfh\m[mje pys psykf Yfh0ff h0jehs[yqf8s
Yfim,f0f7`f lbpffhujeg. F9ceff bp[`fhqjp
fkf> f\sh 9fqf pvfp f[mxf8s> Yfh\m[mje
fysuf ffpyf f[i bvf[efh b[ìmys fvpf
lfyeg.
Yfh\m[mje f9ceff h]`fv0f f7ys efvfi`f
be,fif ash[fqjeg> eb tumsh0 Rfdrfpn`b
fdthcbf6`f h7ys ef]f \mfhums le9skjv.
a-nafanaga _ mosavlis mfarveli
RvTaeba,
RvTaeba
aiTaris
erT-erTi
wili, romelsac aiTarisadmi miZRvnil
sagazafxulo wes-CveulebebSi (àiTarnihva~)
rigiT
meeqvse
locva
ganekuTvneboda
(didmarxvis pirvel orSabaTs). mis saxelze
cxveba qvasanayisa da Camuris formis kveri,
romelsac ojaxis ufrosi xelSi iRebs da
loculobs: ò,anfa-naga,didi RmerTis dido
wilo, gviwyalobe Seni gulisa da Tvalis
siTbo, iseTi simindi mogveci, gaWirvebiT
viwvdideT da waldiT vWrideT!~ Semdeg
fetvis Txevad coms xan zRvis, xanac mTis
mxares Rvris da uxmobs saqonels ZaxiliT:
ùoocv, uoocv!~
termini
ànafanaga~
specialur
literaturaSi
sxvadasxvagvarad
aris
axsnili. n. janaSias azriT, es kompoziti
miRebulia ori afxazuri sityvis _
à-faras~ (grexa, dabrkolebis gadalaxva)
da à-nagaras~ (mitana, miyvana) SeerTebiT
FYF(FYFUF _ f-f8hf bf[skf9ief
f9ffbv,fh> f9ffbv,fh Fb0fh b[`0f6`f
hefo`s> eb Fb0fh bprsp ff9syn`b fqfcv8f9ufhf („Fb0fhys]`f“) f7ys bps9[mjp
fys]`fhf6`f fa,fn`b bfhf bprsy (fxufhf le
frn`b fi`f[ms). Eb b[mofkf bhojy f]f7mf
9ihf pvfp fr`fr`fh> eb f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s
byfgs bfhrys lys]`jby> „jj> fyf9fyfuf>
fyw`f le b[`0f le> eu`s fk9[tb> e,kf6`f
hs9[fhtb ]f0> e,fc tb9i b7je f\m6`fhtb ]
f0 ]f[msy]fkfys b=f][j> fbu`si` fkf b[f]
q`j“> yfc fisho bfk[e f;`f 7mfnf pys fvisy fufy f[m> yyfc fim[f fufy f[m brtb0`jy>
b,;ms f]fbefy ,;ms tb9i bhujy> „ejjw`“>
„ejjw`“.
Fnthvby> „fyf9fyfuf“ bzslje fkbnthfnef=s tbetb9isv fbkrffhf6`f ffh9ieg.
Y> |mfy-fimbf bu`ffyfufhfkf> eb frfvgjpbn
8,f f9cef f;`f6`f hskf bimf6ùskjeg>
da `garRveviT, jajguriT waRebas~ niSnavs.
l. akaba termin ànafanagas~ sam nawilad
Slis (an _ deda, a¶-fa _ bze, puris Cala,
a¶-nagara _ motana) da Sifravs rogorc
`deda fetvis momtani~. SesaZloa ufro
marTebuli iyos RvTaebis saxelis pirveli
nawilis _ ànafas~ dakavSireba `xelis~
aRmniSvnel afxazur sityvasTan à-nap¥~,
xolo meore nawilis _ à-nagarasTan~.
amdenad termin ànafanagas~ mniSvneloba
unda iyos `xeliT moweuli~, rac qarTuli
`xel-xvavis~ semantikis matarebeli Cans,
miTumetes, rom anafanaga, RvTaebis saxelis
garda, afxazur enaSi marcvlovanTa uxv
mosavalsac aRniSnavs.
a-nafra
_ kuWis daavadebaTa mfarveli
RvTaebrivi Zala. daavadebis SemTxvevaSi
vazis lerwisgan gvergvs gaakeTebdnen
da xurda fulTan da maneTianTan erTad
avadmyofs Tavze samjer Semoavlebdnen
niSnad imisa, rom xurda fuliT ayubars
_
yvibars
SeiZendnen, maneTianiT
ki
samsxverplo batkans. gvergvsa da monetebs
maranSi damalavdnen, maneTians avadmyofis
sasTumalqveS amodebdnen. rogorc ki
momjobindeboda
daavadebuli, anafras
pativsacemad dakluli da moxarSuli
batkani da samsxverplo kverebi (akvakvarebi)
mihqondaT maranSi,sadac Sepirebul yvibars
miwaSi debdnen (yovel Semodgomaze sazedaSe
RviniT avsebdnen). maranSi misulebi anafras
avadmyofis gankurnebasa da momavalSi
kuWis tkivilisagan dacvas SesTxovdnen.
pirveli aseTi msxverplSewirvis Semdeg,
maranSi Caflul ayubarTan Sobis marxvamde
mxolod akvakvarebiT loculobdnen. n.
janaSias cnobiT, visac ar undoda mudmiv
valSi yofiliyo anafrasTan, mis saxelze
pirvel msxverplSewirvas tyeSi marTavda
da iqve mdgari maRali xis kenweroze
firfitas hkidebda,riTac misTvis msaxureba
sabolood mTavrdeboda.
revmatul daavadebaTa (aseve fexis
sxva saxis tkivilis) mfarveli sulis
_ nafurnaxas saxelze locva anu nafra
megrelebmac icodnen. termin `nafurnaxas~
aSkarad afxazuri elferi dakravs da,
rogorc etyoba, misi afxazuri Sesatyvisia
`nafra-nˆxa~ anu nafras salocavi (xati)
da araa gamoricxuli ukavSirdebodes
„f9fh“ tb „fyfufh“ tb hskf> „bh[s\[`s\ef>
bhw-wfref fyfufhf“ ffyfujbn. K. Frf,f fnthvby „fyf9fyfuf“ [`s7ìfr hskf bijbn>
(fy> f9f> fxffkf> fyfufhf) bfumffyfujbn ]`f
b9[mfojbn „fy fxffkf yfpuj“. B7fkfh 7fkjbn
fhb f9ffbv,fh b[mso frn`b f[`0f> „fyf9f“
f9csi`fkf fyfgs> f8,fn`b f[`0f> fyfufhf
ffyfujpfh fre[fhums> e,hb f7ysn` fnthvby „fyf9fyfuf“ bffyfujbn „yfgskf byfuje“> eb 6sh0i`fkf „fyfgs> hfw`fkf“ fctvfynbrhf v8f9spuj feg> bp,fypfh> fyf9fyuf
f9ffbv,fh b[mo flfums> f9cef ,spi`f f7ys
fhsw ffks[ hfw`f ffyfujbn.
FYF(HF _ fvu`f[mff bf[skf9ief
f9fbv,fhn`b fvx. Fxsvfpfhf f[mhf ffy
fof[ef vfq`f bfk[ys fu`shumsy 7fhqjy>
f9fhf=shgs vff0r bwjp bflrskfys fxsvfpf8 b[s [svn` bfrlsh[ijy> eb bffyfujp
f9fhf=shgs fkf f7`s,fh -7m,fh lffh[jy>
vff0r fkf f9cf0fn`c fcsc ffh[jy> f9fh=shgs
f8wfh0f f7ys bhq`f[jy> vff0r bwjp f9fhf
fxsvfpf8 b[xs bfqfhqjy> fxsvfpf8s vfzr
lfytb/[fkfum> Fyf9hf bgfne fps bimys
bh;`sp fcscb> f=f0f[msn`b fr`fr`fhb bhsvfys bwjy f8wfh0f f7ys> ef7f h=f0f[ms flumsk
f7ys b6`shqjy (tccs 0fufkfy f]f9imf f8s
=fw fkf blsh0`jy). F8wfh0f f[m bytbp fxsvfpf8s bvu`f b[mhf fkshufhtb> bf9[mf7f
f[mff f7ysn` lb[mxfhw fps b]`jy. F8wfh0f
f7ys bqfp f]f9imf f7ys ^mshcfn`b fxufhfyof> fr`fr`fh vfwfhfkf frey biys]`jp.
Y.|mfyfimbf blshhfkf> Fyf9hf befk tcyfum p6`sph p0f[`svp> eb b[mofkf hf9[mfn`b
f9cf0fn` f,yf f7ys lwfys bimefy> bfhf
efw`7mf fqkf ]hfrs f6`w` f7ys f/`sw`vf7m
rytb]fefy> eb fkf eb bvfqehf [shuìfy.
F9ifrhf fxsvfpfhf (bfhf e,fc fimfgs f,8f xsvfpfhf6`f ptums) bf[skf9iefp
f9cf]f> Yf9ehyf]f b[mofkf bys]`jy> vfvpfhums Yf9hf fushw`fums bhlshefy. Fnthvby „Yf9ehyf[f“ [sv9flf f9cef fimf0f
fvjeg biff,j fkf> eb bf6`yfujbn f9cef
„Yf9hf -ys[f“ vfvpfhums Yf9hf bys[f>
eb bfl]`fkfpfh fkijbn F9cys b7je Yf9hf
afxazeTSi nafras saxelwodebiT cnobil
mTaze romeliRac qristianuli wmindanis
saxelobis odesRac arsebul salocavs
(nafras mTaze mecnierTa mier mikvleulia
sakulto nagebobis naSTebi). rogorc Cans,
TviT termini da misiT aRniSnuli rituali
samegreloSi Semotanilia afxazeTis am
regionidan samegreloSi CamosaxlebulTa
mier. Tumca aris meore azric: v. abaevi
SesaZleblad Tvlis megruli `nafra~
daukavSiros osuri sagvareulo RvTaebisa
da dResaswaulis saxelwodebas `Наф~.
naSbaTayva
_
narTuli
eposis
afxazuri versiis personaJi, romelic
laSqrobebSi narTebis winamZRolis, zogi
variantiT narTebis ufrosi Zmis _ siTis
brZanebiT Zmebs warsul dReebze, maT
sagmiro saqmeebze mouTxrobs. rogorc
Cans, igi narTebis meistoriea da kargi
moambec. naSbaTayvas naambobi narTebs
xan amxiarulebs, xanac fiqrebs auSlis.
TxrobiT daRlil naSbaTayvas aTlagiyva
Secvlis, am ukanasknels sxva vinme da ase
SeumCnevlad gadis dro laSqrobebis Jams.
105
f[msoys f;`sn`fy b7fp fys]`fh0f (Yf9hf fim[f f7ys f0qff8w`f hskf b9iffy
fys]`fh0fn`b f0s9 fim0hf6`f). Biff,j
tb9i> f[msob> eb fyfuofhfn`b fqfcb
ushn`skf7f bffujeg F9cysn`b> fhb fhtubjy f7ysn` ushn`kf7f fy[fhf bbfcsp feff
hskf. B7jeg lf-f u`ffyfufhfr> D. F,ftd
b9[mfojbn b7fkfh 7fkjy fushefn`b „Yf9hf“ bfl]`fkfp0ums fef9cn`b f;`kfn`b
f9ffbv,fhb> eb fviys]`f f[mob „Yfa“.
YFIM<F)F&~F _ Yfh0ff htgjc f9cef
fdfhbfyn f[f=cf[mf> eb Yfh0ff htb,simhf6`f
h7ys f9spfhf v8f9bujy> tumb fdthcbfkf Yfh0ff
hfimtb]f,s> Cb0 blqfhfkf ftimw`f eb b[`sbufp
fis6`c6`f>bv8f9bufpfash[fqfhfhptb0tb]`jy.
Biff,j fkf eb Yfh0ff h0jehs[yqf8sb>
f;`f]`f8b bjeg. Yfim,f0f7`f b]`fv0f6`f Yfh0ff pys fhu`sh/mjy> pys[ f[`swhf bfkfyfqjy.
F;`f]`fhfkf bff9cfp Yfi,f0f7`f> F0kfu`s7`f
lb9cf[etbn> eb bvi6`f fo`s bv,fref bv8f9scetbn fb,simhf6`f hffv0f ffy.
personaJi,romelic zogjer narT qeTuanTan
(ix. `qeTuani~) aris gaigivebuli; zogi
gadmocemiT, saTanei-gvaSas `rCeuli~ da
sasriyvas biologiuri mamaa (genitor).
YBPB> YEPB _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkfn`b
f[f=cf[mf> eb pys psykf Yfh0 ^t0efy (bu`.
„^t0efy“) lbf7hfnèg> lf-f \mfhf[> Cf0fytb
U`fimf „bfksk[sp“> Cfchs7`f bf, u`frmf
(genitor).
a-nixafavi _ kultmsaxuri, romelic
msxverplSewirvis, locvisa
da
xatze
gadacemis, daficebisa da modave mxareTa
Serigebis
rituals
xelmZRvanelobda.
anixafavis funqcias Seadgenda agreTve
mkvdris,
gansakuTrebiT
mexnakravi
micvalebulis gapatiosnebasTan da mis
damarxvasTan
dakavSirebuli
wesebis
aRsruleba
(Sdr.
Jan
lukas
cnoba:
àfxazebs hyavT specialuri kultmsaxurebi,
romlebsac
sxva
movaleoba,
garda
mkvdrebis damarxvisa da micvalebulTa
sulebze zrunvisa, ara aqvT~; Sdr. iranuli
`nasasalari~, qarTuli `narevi~ da `sulis
xuci~). anixafavebi airCeodnen erTi wlis
vadiT da am xnis ganmavlobaSi ganagebdnen
xatis qonebas. anixas saxsrebis xarjva
xatisave saWiroebisaTvis xdeboda (ix.
`leiaarnixa~).
anixafavad
iwodeboda
mWedelic, radgan igi mWedlobis RvTaeba
FYS{F(FF* _ eb f9cf0fn`> fys]`fhtb>
fys[f fb0fufhtb> f6`htb> tb=s[`j fufy6`f
htbyhffkfhtb fqfc v8f9bujbn. Fys[f9ff8
becyfuofhf6`f bfhf e,fc bhefrsy b9csp
bh-tbhf> tb]fhfofr flsl pff[fys b9csp>
eb b9cs;hf fqfc6`f ptums yfbuojy (=sh.
:fy Kerf blshhf0f> „f9ceff lhsvjeg zslfkf fqfc v8f9uf8> eh0 b9csp feff fysi`
hf0fhtb> b9csp b9cs fgfne6`qfhtb> flf ef]
f frums 7fbqjvpn“; =sh. Bhfyn`b „Yfcfckfh“> f6`sh0efn`b >Yfhtdb“). Fys[f9ff8
lfksh[efy is6`csr]f eb ffv0f yq`ffyof
fys[f lf[skf9iefy (bu`.“Ktffhys[f“).
Fys[f9ff8]`f
bhsim0fy
f;mbw`fums>
bp,fypfh eb f;mbhf f9ffbv,fh Imfimb feffb hs,;mfhf f,;mfw`f;`f8s ]`f ls9[mfofy>
f;mbhf fys]`fh0f=s (bu`. „F;mbfys[f“)
nizi, nuzi
afxazeTis anixafavTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, didrifSnixas anixafavi z. CiCba
F9cys fys[f9ff8w`f htbpfhf f[fyn`f8s> Lslhs9im fys[f9ff8 P.Xbx,f fys]`fhf fysv8f9buj.
SaSvsa da adamianTa Soris Suamavlad
iTvleboda da samWedlo-samlocveloSi
(ix. à-Jiranixa~) gamarTul ritualebs
Tavkacobda. kultmsaxuri Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis gasamrjelos fuliTa da naturiT
iRebda.
gansakuTrebiT
sarfiani
iyo
bzifis afxazeTSi ganTqmuli, yvelaze didi
salocavis didrifSnixas anixafavoba. Tu
sxva salocavebis anixafavs Tavad xalxi
irCevda,
didrifSnixas
kultmsaxuris
daniSvnaSi TviT afxazeTis mTavari ereoda.
marTalia,
didrifSnixas
anixafavebi
ukanasknel periodSi sof. aWandaraSi
mcxovrebi CiCbebi iyvnen, magram, gadmocemis
Tanaxmad, maTze adre am funqcias sawbas
gvari asrulebda. sawbaTa anixafavobis
dros viRac mezRvaurs xati gautacia
da biWvinTaSi gadautania, ris gamo
Zmebi sawbebi dausjiaT da maT nacvlad
afxazeTis mTavars aCbebi dauniSnavT.
kultmsaxuris funqciis Sesrulebis gamo
aCbebs Soris uTanxmoeba warmoqmnila
da saqme sisxlisRvramdec ki misula.
afxazeTis mTavars isini gaunTavisuflebia
da didrifSnixas anixafavoba CiCbebisTvis
gadaucia.
bv8f9scefp fqfc f9syuskfhf fpbefy. Fqfc
v8f9uf8s becfyfuofhfps f9fhf vf fimfhfkf
bujy. Lffhfof ffufhf ,pbf bvfy <ps9> f[msole
pvfp fys[f „Lslhs9imys[f“ fys[f9ff8.
Tumsh0 fys]`fh0f6`f h7ys fys[f9ff8
feff h[fkf lfksh[jp0ums> Lslhs9imys[f
fys[f9ff8 bfk[hf=s F9cysn`b f]`sy06fh
f;`f
bvfy.
Fqs[`n`fyn`b
ffv0fps
Lslhs9imys[f> fys[f9ff8w`f Fzfylfhf
by[j Xsxff hs;`kf lfn`sy f[f f]`fv0f6`f
h7ysn`> eh0 hfqrmsc pff fys[f9f8hf
Cfq,ff hs;`kf bflsy. Cfq,ff fys[f9ff8hf
fyhslfp ffv0fps fvisyef8sr fys[f b/msxys> Gbweylf7f bbfbutbn> eb fvifkf
ftimw`f Cfq,ff f[mlsh[`bn> eh0 hwsy[`hfc
F9cysn`b f]`sy06fh Fxff bhslbqtbn> fhb
fqfc fv8f9ufhf fvifkf Fxff hs;`kf f7ys
fu`yfvufhf 7fkbn> fec fimfrf0`fhf f7ysyof
bytbn> eb fvifkf F9cys f]`sy06fh eb fhb
fec fyfuofhf hsvb[bn Xsxff bhslbqtbn> e,hb
byfhrys fhb f;`kf bfnèg fys[f9ff8hf.
a-nihvarTa _ wminda adgili, romelic xatis, salocavis sabrZanisad iTvleba. aseT adgilebad afxazebi moiazreben
mTas (ix. `didrifSnixa~, `fsxunixa~), koroms (ix. `leiaarnixa~), mdinarispirs, cixesimagreebs an maT nangrevebs (ix. à-baanixa~,
`jahaSqÁarnixa~),
saflavebs
(ix.
ìnal-kuba~), samWedlos (ix. àJiranixa~), qristianul taZrebs,
gansakuTrebiT
eklesiis mimdebare teritorias,
sadac didi xeebi xaroben (ix.
ànan lZaanixa~)
da sxva. zustad
aseTive suraTs
iZleva
Crdilo-dasavleT
kavkasiaSi
mcxovrebi xalxebis eTnografiuli
sinamdvile
(ix. `fsxunixa~).
sakulto
adgilebis formirebis
TvalsazrisiT afxazur
realobas erTi
mniSvnelovani
movlena
axasiaTebs.
dRevandeli afxazebis
Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiidan Camosaxlebul winaprebs, romlebsac afxazuri eTnosis CamoyalibebaSi lomis wili udevT,
marTalia, CamoyvaT iqauri miTosuri azrovneba, magram axal samSobloSi isini sakuTar `religiur sivrceebs~ ki ar qmnian,
aramed adgilobriv mkvidrTagan iTviseben
`mza~ sakralur sivrces, romelic qristianul sakulto adgilebs ukavSirdeba.
es, upirveles yovlisa, qarTuli saxelmwifo (qristianuli) kultebisadmi maTi
gauTviTcnobierebeli
gansakuTrebuli
SiSiT aixsneba. ase mag., fsxus, didrifSis
an laSkendaris mTebi maTTvis wminda mTebi xdeba imitom, rom iq qristian wmindanTa
107
FYS}~FH)F _ b9imje f0s9> fys[f tb9i
fys]`fh0f v8f9ufhf 0s9 ]`f b9[mfojeg.
F,fc b7fp 0s9ys F9cys bh9[mfojy fim[f
(bu`. „Lslhs9imys[f“> „(c]`ys[f“)> f,yf
(bu`. „Ktbffhys[f“)> fos[`6`> f,ffiif6`f
vf eb fh,fhf6`f
(bu`.
„F,ffys[f“>
„| m f ] f i m 6 y s [ f )>
f6mfifyf6`f
(bu`.
„Byfk re,f“)> f;mbh0f
(bu`. „F;mhfys[f“)>
f6mshcbfyn`b
fys[f6`f>
zslfkf
fys[f
fpffbu`hf>freifvsreif> f0s9> fqkf
le6`f f[muskje (bu`.
„Fyfy
koffys[f“)
e,fc tumsh0. F,fc
tb9i b7je fcf[mf
ff,jbn
fvfhfuskfhf> fkflfn`b Rfdrfp
f7ys
by[j
fvbkf0
htnyjuhfan`b
fkf,=f,fhf
f=ums
(bu`. „(c]`ys[f“).
F,fc
v8f9ufhfn`b
f09s6`f
hfk[hf
f[is8psim0hfkf
F9cef
fkf,=f,fhf
[flfhfr fy9iskjbn.
Bf[mfn`b
f9cb. jopua. `gza anixasaken~
eff>
fvhfusk<. |mjgef. “fv8f fys[f[m” fhf -fkflfn`b Rfdrfp
f7ysn`
F9cys7`f
y[fhf bks,ffp hf,im0hf> f9cef ftnyjc
fimf6`sh/`/`fhf=s lffhfof blee hecv8f9ufhf
fy9ietbn> bbfijeg eh0 effvn` fhf[m h[fn`s
fvan`b f[is8psim0hf6`f ffhubn f[f f=sw
hs9cflumsk f7ys eh0 h[fn`s „flby[fqfhfn`b
f6`s9iskfhf6`f“ imf6`lvsh/`/`tbn> eh0
f0s9syn`b fimfu`s0eff h7ysn` bhujbn „bvfptbe“ fcfrhfkn`b f6`9ishf> eb f6`shcbfyn`b
frekmnn`b f0s96`f bhsl]`fkjeg. Eb ptum
hf9[mf> ^sh0n`skf f]`sy06fhhf (f6mshcbfyn`b)
frekmn6`f hf[m bhptbksvrffefp bzslfp fi`fhf
ffysh9ietbn. Bf]]`jpfh> (c]`s> Lslhs9im> Kfimrmsylfhn`b fim[f6`f lfhf hps
bim[f9imf[jy bp,fypfh ef7f f6mshcbfy
saxelobis taZrebia dafuZnebuli. Camosaxlebulebs aqvT am kultebis SiSi, magram
ar esmiT da mogvianebiTac, ukve mkvidrad
damjdarni axal samosaxloSi, bolomde
ver iazreben ra qristianobis arss, mTaze
asvlas da eklesiaSi locvas ekrZalvian
da kavkasieli moZmeebis darad mxolod
mTis ZirSi loculoben. sainteresoa aseve
is faqti, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSic ki
afxazebi biWvinTis RvTismSoblis taZris
ezoSi mdgar xeebSoris loculobdnen da
ara sakuTvriv taZarSi (ix. ànan lZaanixa~).
msgavsi magaliTebis motana mravlad SeiZleba.
9imf6`f hs[msofkf fys[f6`f uskfy. Fhf[m
y[fhf bbfcsp> f,fh0 f[mso6`f hf[m fi`fhf hsvfy f[f bhptbkrffefvpn> yfc frsh fyqums> f=sw
fy[fh0f6`f h7ys psim0f6`f imf6`psh/`/`fp>
fqs[efyof bhptbksvrffbn f6mshcbfyhf> Fim[f
b6`kfys fys[f6`f h7ys fys]`fhf hspshujy f[f
Rfdrfpn`b hfimw`f hu`s bq[`jy e,hb f7ysn`
eh0 fim[f fimfgs f7ys bys]`jy. B\mfeimfif
afrneg 2%n`b fi`sis6`cf fkfufv0fps> f9ceff
Gbweylfn`b fyw`flps[ifp fys[f fu`fh9 f7ys
buskfp fqkf le6`f hs,;mfhf bys]`jy> fys[f
f8yeq7f b8yfkjvpn (bu`. „Fyfy Koffys[f“). Fc
tb9i b7je f=sh9ihf6`f lffhfof bhfw`fys
hffh9ihf 7fkjbn.
a-nSani _ micvalebulis tanisamosi
(a-fsˆma),iaraRi da sxva samkauli,romelTac
dakrZalvisTanave taxtze gafenen. anSani
ormoci dRis ganmavlobaSi asea dafenili
da mis win tirian micvalebuls is
axloblebi, romlebmac mizezTa gamo ver
moaxerxes gasvenebaSi mosvla. Semdeg
niSans aiReben; micvalebulTa moxseniebis
dReebSi kvlav gamoaqvT.
niSnis gafenis wesi mravali xalxis
(maT Soris qarTvelebis) eTnografiidan
cnobili movlenaa. igi efuZneba uZveles
koncefcias, romlis Tanaxmad adamianis
tanisamosi da sxva samkauli misi sulis
matarebelia.
FYIMFY _ f9csvf0`f> f9cs bi`shqj
fvf0`f> fvf0`f[`> tumsh0 ptums> lfy9ckfum
byfhrys fhsvo b6`shqjp. Fyimfy 4% vis
hs8yeq7f b6`qfy> f9cs lfyr=fp ef[m fytbhf
bf6`svi`fref yfc bytbefp ptums bfln`fkfys
bw`sefy. Yfc fyimfy s6`sh[efy> f9cw`f
hu`fkfhi`fhf fvi6`f hps tb0f w`shshujy.
Fyimfy f6`qfhf fqfc fvbkf0 hfw`f bhsvjeg (f6sh0w`fums) ftnyjuhfabf f7ysn`
blshe 0fuskfpffimjeg. Eb imfu`s0c bfvjeg
b;`snòje frjywtgwbf> eb bfpu`fyf0jbn
fef8s bi`qfn`s fevf> b[fn`s vf0`f[evf eb
b9cs v8f9yfujbn.
a-ncva
_ umaRlesi RvTaeba afxazur
miTologiaSi, bunebisa
da
adamianTa,
yovelgvar
cocxal
arsebaTa
gamCeni
da mbrZanebeli. misi epiTetebia aSacva
_ `gamCeni~, ahdu _ ùzenaesi~; imyofeba
zecaSi (aqedanaa misi kidev erTi epiTeti
xixiqou _ `zecasmyofi~). zogi variantiT,
igi axalgazrda lamazi mamkacia, zogiTac
_ WaRara moxuci; acvia tyavis samosi,
aqvs oqros terfi da xelSi uWiravs
kverTxi, romliTac elvas aCens. xSirad
ancva da Weqa-quxilis RvTaeba (ix. à-fi~)
gaigivebulia. ancvas saxelze savaldebulo
locva _ ancvahva da msxverplSewirva,
e.w. àiTarnihvaSi~ (RvTaeba aiTarisadmi
miZRvnil wes-CveulebaTa rigi) icodnen;
swiravdnen konusis formis sam kvers (axuaJvs)
da ojaxis keTildReobasa da mfarvelobas
SesTxovdnen. ancvas eZRvneboda specialuri
simRera,e.w. àncvaraSva~,romelsac afxazebi
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi (mag., mexis
FYW~F _ [s[m b7je f9ffbv,fh [flf> f9cef
fvbajkjubf f7ys> f9cf,fhtb> feffb> ps9cs
0je ptums pifpb> flqf hsp0jb. Eb b[mso6`f
hjeg> ]fpifp> f]le> [s[m b7je. \mfhf eb b=je
f[fqf 9iof bjeg> lf-f \mfhf> p[s ikf[mje
f,hsu> fyw`f bièg fw`fks[> f[mn`s imfg6`f
bvjeg> byfgs bfreg fcrmsgnsh> eb fkf
fvfw`sc ffbujbn. Kfccs fyw`tb> flslvfw`sc
f9ffbv,fhb (bu`. „F9b“) bfo`sreg. Fyw`f
b[mofkf b[`sv9flje ys]`fhjeg> fyw`f]
tb> fimn`fimhtb> „F0fhys]`f“ ps[moe ffy
(f9ffbv,fh Fb0fh bpre fqfcv8f9ufhf6`f)
bhlshefy bf0`fhimje tbps[`[`je f[`f;`6`f
[9f> f0ffw`f fk9[tb> f[`skf9ihf hs0fhtb bf]`jy. Fyw`f bprys bzslje fi`f
f9qfy> „Fyw`fhfi`f“> eb f9ceff bzslje
dacemis Jams) mRerodnen.
termin
àncvas~
damajerebeli
etimologia ar arsebobs. s. janaSias
ganmartebiT, uzenaesi RvTaebis afxazuri
saxelwodeba, iseve rogorc misi epiTeti
àSacva~ mravlobiT ricxvSi (cva) dgas. rac
Seexeba terminis pirvel nawils (àn~), aris
cda igi afxazur enaSi dedis aRmniSvnel
sityvas daukavSiron. problemis saboloo
gadaWrisaTvis
aucilebelia
termin
àncvasa~ da ubixurSi RmerTis aRmniSvneli
cnebis
`ncvas~
urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxis garkveva. erTi ram cxadia, termini
àncva~//`ncva~ warmoqmnilia dRevandel
afxazTa
winaprebisa
da
ubixebis
eTnoenobrivi erTobis periodSi.
109
f0fuskfpffimf6`f hffy (bf]`. flsl fchf ffy)
bh]`jy.
Fnthvby
„fyw`f“
bfp[`fqfnè
ftnbvjkjubfn`sv> C.|mfyfimbf tbkshufkfhfkf> fvx le pvje f9ffbv,fh b[mso
f9csi`fkf> eb btgbntn tb9i „fifw`f“
fhfw`fhfn`b f[s9[mfofhf= (w`f) buskjeg.
Fnthvby frepfh frn`b f[`0f „fy“ f;`f
fyq`fv0f
fimf6`shuskfhfps
[sv9flf
bf0f[eg „fyw`f“ fe,kffums bhsvfy „yw`f“>
fhb fnthvby f9ceffb> fe,kffb bhptb9iys
bimf6`shuskje f;`jeg.
o J
a-okumi
FJR~SV _ f9cs brekmn bfl]`fkje
_ micvalebulis kultTan
dakavSirebuli simbolo; warmoadgens erT flshuf> vtnhfr b7je tbv=fh9je fvf[`0f> eb
metramde sigrZis xis gantotvil karkass, f6mffl 9in`shfw`fktb> bhccfys b97je fw`f
romelic feradi furclebips[mime f,f fr`fv7mf6`ftb hskf
Ta da wvrilad gasanTluli
b8sxjeg> fv=s bfk[e b0sh==je
patruqebiT aris Semkuli da
cvilisgan an xisgan damzadefqsc6`f hskf bh9iojeg. Eb
buli frinvelebis gamosaxflfums fjrev f7ys bryf]feg
ulebiT aris damSvenebuli.
frfyat06`f> fi`sh [r6`f> f]
garda amisa, aokumze kanfetebi,
fv0f [sz6`f. F,fc b8sxje
sxvadasxva xili da wvrilmani
fjrev f9cs lf[mu=je> f0ffw`fhf
saCuqrebi (cxvirsaxoci, qisa da
sxv.) hkidia. ase morTuli aohsef u`frmf> vf bhpffbu`je bytkumi micvalebulis ojaxSi nabujy b9csp bfyimfy p6è fbi`f
Tesavs an axlobels moaqvs da
b6`bqjy.
gardacvlilis niSanTan (ix. àFnthvby
„fjrev“
f9cef
nSani~) mdgar magidaze debs.
termini à-okumis~ afxazuri
,spi`fkf bf6`yfuj f;`f s7fv>
eniT
axsna
ver
xerxdeba.
b7fkfh 7fkjbn> eb bfl]`fkfpfh
SesaZloa,
igi
kavSirSi
fueylhern`b>
fhas
ffpiyos
gundrukis, sakmevelis
sh9ij
fushefn`b
fajhvf>
aRmniSvnel megrul formasTan
_ òkumafu~ (am ukanasknelis
„jrevf9e“ (f,hb byfptb9iys
paralelurad
gamoiyeneba
h[s bflsh[`jbn f;`f „cfrvtsityva
`sakmeli~,
saidanac
kb“> effyn` bffetbn f9cefn`b
modis afxazuri à-sakuma¶l~ _
sakmeveli).
„fcfr`svsk> cfrvtdtkb> fhas“).
a-okumi
Fjr`sv
111
p G
pertaba
_ aRdgomis meore dRe.
am dRes afxazebma Zveli da axali
micvalebulebisaTvis saerTo sakurTxis
dadgma icodnen; micvalebulebs SesTxovdnen:
ìyaviT Cveni mfarvelebi yvelaferSi, nu
mogvaklebT Tqvens wyalobasa da siTbos,
gaamravleT Cveni saqoneli, Cveni gvari, raTa
Rirseulad gemsaxuroT Tqven!~ es iyo da es,
sxvas arafers akeTebdnen.
termini
`pertaba~
petre-pavlobis
dResaswaulis aRmniSvneli megruli sityvis
_ `pertoba~-s afxazuri formaa.
GTHNF<F _ yfy]`f flsh8f-ys. F,hb
fvi fps f9ceff f;`sn`b> f=fn` b9cspb hps
fbi`f lshuskjy> b9csp bhs]`jy> „i`fhf
]fhf ptums hps i`f][`skf9i> i`sk9[tb>
i`s9[fhtb> ]fusi`vs;msy> bi`sh=bf
]fhf[`> ]f;`kf> ]fhf bii`s[`0je fkf
i`svfq ]fekfhw“> f,hb frey> eb fkf bkujy.
Fnthvby „gthnf,f“ Gtnht> Gfdtk
hsviys]`f fpu`f0fhf bfpre fushef f;`jeg>
„gthnj,f“ f9cef ajhvjeg.
el. greko. `petre da pavle mociqulebi~
Tkm Uhtrj. “Gtnhtb> Gfdtkb fgjcnjkw`f~
J :
Jakia _ narTul gadmocemaTa epizoduri
:FRMF _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f fws9q`f[s
personaJi, warmoSobiT Crdilokavkasieli; f[f7cf[mf> [`skqim0hfkf fvhfuskfhfn`b
ixsenieba, rogorc aTaliki, e.i. afxazis Rfdrfp f7ysn`beg> lfh,jeg F0fksrm ]`f>
gamzrdeli. misma aRzrdilma, narTebis f9cef lpffofp. Eb bbffofp> Yfh0ff fys7aryofnis Jams, daniSna mzeTunaxavi gunda, fvp ffv0fps> lb]`tbn vhf9iof U`sylf> f[f
magram nadirobidan mobrunebulma Zmebma fi`fhswfhfyn` b[`sy]`sp Yfh0ff ftimw`f
igi sasiZod ar miiRes da daniSnuli eb vf]`sc lhslhsvrsktbn> b]`fys b7fp
qaliSvili
sxvas
miaTxoves.
JakÁas f0s9]`f lf-fo`s lbh0tbn 9]`scc. :frmf
aRzrdilma mayrions gunda mostaca, Zmebs bbffofp f0fwffuf8w`f U`sylf lshw`b/msxbn>
miuyvana da uTxra: ài, narTebo, gyavdeT kfimw`f hf[m lytbufy bhtb]`tbn: `F]s> Yfh0ff
Tqveni da, aw ukve visac gindaT miaTxoveT, li`svfp i`f]ìmf> ef;ìm0f bpsi`0f[è
lbi`0 9]`scc> cfhf cs[mso fgfne [-sv“.
Cemi Rirseba ar Seilaxeba!~
a-Jahara
_ fuZis angelozi, ojaxisa
da misi gamravlebis mfarveli suli,
romlis saxelze ramdenime SemTxvevaSi
loculobdnen. qorwilidan ori kviris Semdeg
afxazebSi cnobili iyo e.w. afnidunagaras
anu axalrZlis did (ZiriTad) saxlSi
Seyvanis wesi (manamde axaldaqorwinebulebi
maTTvis gankuTvnil nagebobaSi _ àmharaSi~
cxovrobdnen).
aRniSnuli
ritualis
Sesrulebamde
patarZals
ekrZaleboda
ZiriTad sacxovrisSi Sesvla; saamdRisod
ojaxi gamoawyobda mdidrul sufras da
Tavs zemoT gadajvaredinebul xanjlebqveS
saxlSi SehyavdaT; SesasvlelTan qals
mamamTili an gvarSi ufrosi mamakaci
Sexvdeboda Samfurze wamocmuli saqonlis
gul-RviZliTa da Wiqa RviniT da aJaharas
SesTxovda mieRo ojaxis axali wevri,daeloca
da gaemravlebia igi. am inkorporaciuli
xasiaTis ritualis Semdeg patarZali ojaxis
sruluflebiani wevri xdeboda da SeeZlo
misTvis sasurvel nebismier dros Sesuliyo
mTavar sacxovrebelSi an, Tu amis saSualeba
iyo, qmarTan erTad Ramec iq gaeTia. pirveli
mSobiarobis Semdeg qali Tavisi mSoblebis
ojaxSi midioda da iq loculobda aJaharas
F:MF}FHF _ f[ì0ffhf f9ffbv,fh>
f0ffw`tb> eb f=bfhtb bf[`skf9ief fyw`f[`s>
eb b[mofkf bfrsvref f0fuskfpffimf6`f hffy
bys]`jbn. Fxfhf ehf byfhrys 8svxs,;m
hffvsim0f[m f9ceff h7sy bfkfhw`fy> f8syleyfufhf> (bimfu`s0e f8ys> ptums f[mf=sqsp
f[m> effyof f0ffw`f =sw „fv]fhf“ f7ys b7jeg).
F0fwf[`zs fys]`fhf v8f9shuffyof fv]fhf
f8ysqhf fpby ksvfv. Fhb fvi fps f0ffw`f
b,tbje fbi`f lsh[`8y> 87fvfr tb=fhuskfys
lsqufys f8yle ls8yfhkjy> fi` f7ys eb
lsk9skjy kf,[`f vf f0ffw`fhf bhtb]fe f[fqf>
byfgs bfreg fq`s f]fbefy fu`sb fu`fq`tb
bf[fqfysb> fq`wfr f8sb> f;mf]fhf lb]`jbn
f0ffw`f f=sw fkf[`s lblbrskfhw> lbys]`fw>
lbh=bfhw> fhb fqfc fv8f9ufhf ffvsim0f[m
f0fwf f0ffw`f lsh[0fys l7fkjy> bfyffk0f[e
fkifhf ksvfy bpfren` ffv0fpffkfum fhb f8ys
f[m f8yfhfkf> [fqtb> 9]`scb lfhf bh0f[`[fh
fhb f8ys fqfbfhf fpbyums hsvfy. Hf9[mfn`b
f[iffhf
lfysk[`skqkfum
ffvsim0f[m
f9]`sc kfhf k0ffw`f hf[m lwjy ef7f f;mf]
saxelze: msxverplad swiravdnen dakodil
Txas da kverebs, e.w. akvakvarebs; ufrosi
mamakaci mimarTavda aJaharas: `Cveni winaprebis
msgavsad, gwiravT ra msxverpls, umorCilesad
gTxovT, gadawyvito misi am ojaxidan gasvla
da qmris ojaxSi damkvidreba, daloce da
mianiWe Sviliereba~. uSvilobis an bavSvis
sikvdilianobis SemTxvevaSi aJaharas saxelze
kvlav mSoblebis ojaxSi loculobdnen.
termini àJahara~ n. janaSiam kompozitad
miiCnia da misi pirveli elementi a-Jˆ savsebiT
sworad daukavSira afxazurSi `xorcis~
(igulisxmeba sxeulis xorci da ara saWmeli)
aRmniSvnel cnebas (pirveli safexuris
naTesaobis
anu
`sisxliT
naTesaobis~
gamosaxatavad abazur-afxazurSi gamoiyeneba
swored xorcis aRmniSvneli sityvis Ziri).
rac Seexeba terminis meore segments _
àhara~, igi n. janaSiam àiharadan~ (`meti~)
momdinared CaTvala da àJâhara~ gaSifra
rogorc `gvaris (xorcis) zrda~. aRniSnuli
terminis aseT gaazrebaSi eWvi Seaqvs q.
lomTaTiZes, romelic SesaZleblad Tvlis
àha~ elementis dakavSirebas `mTavris~ da
`SeZenis~ fuZeebTan.
113
fhf b[mo fps lys]`jy> bhimefy> bh[`je f\mvf> blshvfptbefy fr`fr`fh> f[fqf tb]f,s
f;mf]fhf bf[m b[`s bh[jy> „]f,im0hf htb9i>
eimfgs ]rjbn> ]imfv[`siuskfys ]e]`jbn>
beo,shw fhb f0ffw`fhf f7ysn` kfkqhf>
k[fqf b0ffw`f h=s ksimf6`sh/`/`fhf>
lys]`f> f[`skq hfw`f kf0`fimf“. F[iff
fbvehtb> f[iff b9chtb ffyums kf,hff hs7ys
ls8hfums[ f;mf]fhf bpys]`jy.
Fnthvby „f;mf]fhf“ Y.|mfyfimbf brjvgjpbneg ]`f b9[mfojbn> eb frn`b f[`0f>
f;m> bflbrsktbn f9csi`fkf „f;ms“ (fhf
bfh,jeg fef8s b;ms> frefw frev) ffpsh9ief
flshhf (bu`frmje fbefhf „f;mhfw`fhf“ ffpsh9ief f9ceffb -f,fpw`tb h[s bflsh[`jbn
bbfifw`7mfys f;`f flfw f;ms). Fnthvby
f8,fn`b f[`0f „f]fhf“ Y.|mfyfimbf „fb]
fhf“ f7ysn` bffejbn ]`f b9[mfojbn> „f;mf]
fhf“ tbkbhutbn „f;`kf (f;ms) f]hfrhf“. Fc
tb9i b7je fbkshufhf fu`hfvufhf fpsketbn
^>Kjv0f0bot eb bks9[mfojbn „f]f“ eb f[flf>
f]`sy06fh> eb bk9[mfojbn „f]`sy06fh“b>
„fbehtb“ hsim0hf fvjeg ]`f.
Jvabrani
:~F<HFY _ fhf[` bh[skf9ief f9c]
f> f9ffbv,fh Fb0fh b[`0f6`f hefrs> eb
f;`6`f hs=bfhf lf[`skf9ietbn. :`f,hfy
f[mofkf bys]èfy fiàfhf fvxs,;m fcf,if>
Fb0fh bprys ff9syn`b fwbrk fqfcv8f9ufhf byf6`sh9iys. Eb fvi fps bhoefy fiso
fiskf bfk[sp fxf le> eb fu`0f bfu`skfhqjy
„fw6mfi`“. F0ffw`f htb]f,s :`f,hfy
b[mofkf lys]`jy> fhf[` hs[mxfhtb> hs=bfhtb
lf]`jy> eb f]fbefy hs,;ms b[`fqfys
=b0efy> „ejjw`>ejjw`“> fys]`fhf bfyfkufkfum
ffvsim0f[m fxf 9sh7jy> bfhfpyfr bhajy>
lfhf lfhf bhsltb,fys]`fkjy> bffbef fis6`c
,pbfkf bt0f9skfhw.
Y.|mfyfimbf
fnthvby
„:`f,hfy“
[7ìfrys bijbn (f;`> f,> fy) bfumb9[mfojbn
eb bffyfuj „f;` f, bfy“> „f;` p[`skqsp“.
a-JveifSaa
F:~TB(IMFF _ fi`fhfwfhtb f,yfn`
9cn`s bh[`skf9ief f9ffbv,fh. F9ceff hu`ffyfufhfkf> F;`tb9imff lffhfof
bf;`[mje> bkfiè> blfu`je> bièg f,yf-w`f
bfk[e fefgf> f;frmf ys7`sbujbn. Bksv]f
_ msxvilfexa saqonlis
mfarveli suli, RvTaeba aiTaris erTerTi wili, romelic Zroxebis gamCenad
iTvleba. Jvabranis saxelze loculobdnen
yvelieris SabaTs aiTarisadmi miZRvnil
sagazafxulo ciklis wes-CveulebaTa rigSi.
saamdRisod acxobdnen didi zomis fetvis
purs, romlis Sua nawilSi aTavsebdnen e.w.
àcqÁaSvs~ (wminda yvels). ojaxis ufrosi
loculobda Jvabranis saxelze, saqonlis
dacvasa da gamravlebas SesTxovda, Tan
uxmobda saqonels ZaxiliT: ùoocv! uoocv!~
locvis dasrulebisTanave purs daWridnen
da Seeqceodnen, erTmaneTs momaval am
dRemde janze yofnas usurvebdnen.
n. janaSia termin `Jvabrans~ sam nawilad
Slis (a-JÁ _ Zroxa, ab _ mama, an _ deda) da
Sifravs rogorc `Zroxis mamis deda~, e.i.
`Zroxis gamCeni~.
_ nadirobisa da gareuli
cxovelebis mfarveli RvTaeba. afxazTa
warmodgeniT, aJveifSaa Rrma mouxcia, yrua
da brma; acvia irmis qurqi, atarebs wverebs.
siyruis gamo abJuis afxazeTSi igi adagvas
e. qavSbaia. àJveifSaa qaliSvilebTan erTad~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “F;`tb9imffb> b9]fw`tb”
(afx. adagua _ yru) saxeliT aris cnobili
(Sdr. osebis warmodgena nadirTmfarveli
RvTaebis _ afsaTis sibrmaveze). aJveifSaas
RvTaebrivi ojaxis wevrebi arian misi
coli, mzeTunaxavi qaliSvilebi (xSirad
samni), vaJi iuana da mosamsaxure Svaqvazi,
aseve
uricxvi
mwyemsi
(aJveifSaas
mwyemsebis, TeTri da gansakuTrebuli feris
cxovelebis, mokvla monadires ekrZaleba).
zogierTi gadmocemiT, aJveifSebi Svidni
(Zmebi) arian, hyavT erTaderTi da, romelic
narTi siTis vaJiSvilma _ vaxsiTma SeirTo
colad. sxva gadmocemiT, aJveifSebis dedas
hqvia rarira (abJuis afxazTa warmodgeniT,
aJveifSaas
deda
aris
mefutkreobis
mfarveli RvTaeba anana-gunda), romelsac
ori vaJi (reirama da reiraSa) da erTi
qaliSvili (rahaira) hyavs. erTi sityviT,
aJveifSebis ojaxi mravalsuliani ojaxia,
ris gamoc RvTaebis saxeli mravlobiT
ricxvSi dgas [Sdr. uacilaTa (wm. iliebi)
da uasTirajTa (wm. giorgebi). rogorc Cans,
osebis warmodgeniT wm. iliasa (uacili)
da wm. giorgis (uasTirji) ojaxebic
mravalwevriania].
aJveifSaas ojaxi cxovrobs uRran
tyeSi
an
miuvali,
cicabo
kldis
mwvervalze
(zogierTi
gadmocemiT,
qarsis SvidsarTulian koSkSi). RvTaebis
marad axalgazrda qaliSvilebi irmebs
wvelian da arcTu iSviaTad sayvarloben
monadireebs,
romlebsac
daqorwinebas
ukrZalaven. qaliSvilebi xSirad sTxoven
mamas, sayvarel monadireebs misces nadiri,
magram aJveifSaa mudam Tavisas gaiZaxis:
`kvlav mas, visTvisac mimicia!~ RvTaebrivi
ojaxi mxolod nadiris xorciT ikvebeba;
Wamis Semdeg Zvlebs nadiris tyavSi Cayrian,
maTraxs
dahkraven
da
gaacocxleben.
mxolod ase gacocxlebuli cxovelia
monadiris
xvedri.
nadiri,
romelic
aJveifSas ar SeuWamia, monadires ar
ergeba, ver
mohklavs.
nadirTpatroni
gansazRvravs
nadiris
raodenobas,
romelic monadirem Tavisi cxovrebis
manZilze unda mohklas. amitom monadireebi
msxverplTSewirviT
cdilobdnen
aJveifSaas
keTilganwyobis
mopovebas.
nadirobis win tyeSi winaswarSerCeul
adgilze saerTo saxsrebiT SeZenil Txas
an cxvars daklavdnen, sakmevels dadebdnen
115
bf[mfvf]jp f7ysn` f,;mseff eb flfu`f f[msokf
feg bpbim0je> (=sh. Fef9cff hu`ffyfufhfkf
f9cn`s h[`skf9i f9ffbv,fh F9cf0fn`
bkfi`hfeg). F;`tb9imff f9ffbv,fhn`b
f0ffw`fhf imf6ùskjeg> eb b9]`sc> fvhfv,f
b9]fw`f ([8sr)> bzrey Bfefyf> bvfqef8s
I`f6`fp> bfhf e,fc [`s9[mfofhf pvfvp
b[mxfw`f (F;`tb9imff b[mxfw`f hs9cffn`>
fir`fr`tb> bzslje f9in`s pvje fimhf fpbh
hsvfvpn fi`fhswf8w`f). Flshhf6`f imjers h7ys> F;`tb9imff ,s;m8sr ftbimw`f
s7fy> lhsvfy t]ìmf pfq`sr> eb Yfh0
Cb0 bzrey> Ef[cb0 9]`scc lbubn. Tumsh0
flshhf6`f hskf> F;`tb9imff hfy bks[mosy
Hfhbhf (f,;mseffn`b f9ceff hu`ffyfufhfkf>
F;`tb9imff hfy fim[svpf f9ffbv,fh
Fyfyf>U`sylf kjeg)> eb 8s\mf fzreyw`f (Htbhfvtb> Htbhfimtb) f9]f pfq`s (Hf]fbhf)
ksvfy. F;`fr fkf> F;`tb9imff h0ffw`f>
0ffw`fhf lesy> e,hb f7ysn` eh0 hs;`kf
fhfw`fhf h[f=s ffysh9ietbn. [=sh. Efwbkf0tb (Bkbff fw6mf6`f) Efc0shf\m0tb (Umfhum
fw6mf) Biff,j fkf> fef9cff hu`ffyfufhfkf
Bkbf fw6mtb (Efwbk) Umfhum fw6mtb (Efc0sh\m)
eh0ums h0ffw`fhfw`f hfrey].
F;`tb9imff h0ffw`f f,yf fhi`shf f7ys
vf ytbh0f pvfvp> fim[f f6`w`fy by[jy (\mfhfr bifh,je fkf> ^fhcn`b ,;mtb[fhuskf
pvfp f,ff). F9ffbv,fh b09]fw`f tcyfum
b=fp f,sy-f6`f h[mjy> i`fhfwfw`f hf[m
fu`s9[fhf fflsh9ijbn> eh0 f9]`scc bffhufh bf6`b0svpn. F9]fw`f kfccs kfccs hf,
b]`jy> ,pbf bh,jp fi`fhfwfw`f fi`fhf[
hb0fhw> f[f eh0 hf, tcyfum bfhf bn`s frey
bb]`jp> „tcyfum bpsc0fw> bc0jbn“ f9ffbv,fh
b0ffw`f i`fhf[kf vfwfhf bxjy> frhsafhf
ffvsim0f[m f,8f6`f fi`fhf[ fw`f b0fhqjy>
f7svxs fflsh[jy> f9cs 0fhqjy. F,fc ps9cs
0fqfp frey fi`fhfwf8 b9skjp. Fi`fhf[>
F;`tb9imff bbvafw> fi`fhfwf8 bps[`f]jv>
bpsimefv. Fi`fhf[ hf9i`vf b]fcf,etbn
fi`fhfwf8 b9c0fpffhf ptums if7f i`fhf[
bimhfys ls7je. E,hb fps fi`fhswfw`f
f9cf0fn` fkf bh0f[`sy F;`tb9imff bk9[f
fbehf. Fi`fhfwfhf bfkfuffyof f,yf f7ys pff
bfksh[efp f0s9 f7ys tbkfkfys bffh[jy
f\mvf vf fefcf bhimefy> fhas [shqjy>
da aJveifSaas sasurveli nadiris micemas
SesTxovdnen.
nadiris
mokvlisTanave
msxverplis gul-RviZlsa da Tirkmlebs
Sewvavdnen da ufrosi monadire RvTaebis
sadidebels ityoda, Tan daayolebda: ò,
aJveifSa, nadirTa da tyeTa ufalo, am
monadires, romlis msxverpli gaxda es
cxoveli, sxva jerze ufro meti mieci!~
Semdeg RvTaebisadmi miZRvnil simReras
_
àJveifSaaraSvas~
daagugunebdnen.
roca afxazi nanadirevi xorciT vinmes
gaumaspinZldeboda, aucileblad etyoda:
àJveifSaam dagapura Sen!~
aJveifSebis
ojaxi
saqorwino
urTierTobebiT
aris
dakavSirebuli
aergis (ix. àergi~) RvTaebriv ojaxTan.
simRerebsa da sxvadasxva gadmocemebSi
aJveifSaas qaliSvilebi aergis, xolo
aergis qaliSvilebi aJveifSaas rZlebad
ixseniebian, raSic
zogierTi
avtori
dualur-gvarovnuli
egzogamiiT
dakavSirebuli sazogadoebis anarekls
xedavs (?). narTul TqmulebebSi Svidi Zma
aJveifSaa saxlSi aergebis sadidebeli
simReriT brundeba, rac, SesaZloa, RvTaeba
aergis upiratesobaze metyvelebs.
aJveifSaa, zogierTi warmodgeniT, mJave
wylebisa da tyis mbrZanebelic aris.
RvTaeba locvis teqstebSi arcTu iSviaTad
ixsenieba: àbna incvahu aJveifSaa ahdu~
(tyis RmerTi aJveifSaa didi batoni). am
TvalsazrisiT afxazuri nadirTmfarvelis
semantikur
paralels
warmoadgens
adiReelebis meziTxi, romelic nadirTa da
tyeTa batonad iTvleboda. aJveifSasTan
ti pologiurad
axlo
dgas
osurbalyarul-svanuri afsaTi da CeCnuri elta,
aseve abazuri SvazafSi (TafantoelebSi)
da aJvafSi (SqaroelebSi). sainteresoa,
rom
SqaroelebSi
samonadireo
enas
àJvavSibizxva~ _ àJveifSas ena~ ewodeba.
termin
àJveifSaas~
warmomavloba
ucnobia. aris misi axsnis ori, Cveni azriT,
warumatebeli cda: erTi mas ricxviT saxels
_ `ToTxmets~ (JÁifS, JÁ¢fSÂ) ukavSirebs,
meore ki Sifravs rogorc `modaraje
frTa (a-JÁÂa _ mxari, frTa da a-fSara¶ _
darajoba).
F;`tb9imff b]`jy if7f h0f[`sp f9cn`s
,pbf hb0fhw> Fi`fhf[ fyshimkfum> bhimsp
fu`s> fu`fq`f> fh9]f bhoefy> fi`fhswfw`f
bhtb]f,sp f9ffbv,fh bf]hfrshfp f;`f
b]`jy> „ef> F;`tb9imff> fi`fhf[b> f,ytb
f9ffbv,fh> f,hb fi`fhfwf8s bbimsp fi`fhf[
feg> 9]mf7f tb]f bhfw`fys bf0`fimf“> yfc
f9ffbv,fh bprsp fi`f „F;`tb9imff hfi`f“
h]`jy. F9cef fi`fhfwf8 frefw fo`s bpbifh> bpb0fp [sv9flf tb]`jy „F;`tb9imff
exf[ffbn> elsh8fn` tb/m[ffbn“.
F;`tb9imff
h0ffw`f
fxfhfn`b
fbps7fpffimf6`f
hsvfy
f9ffbv,fh
Fthum (bu`. „Fthum“) b0ffw`fhf h7ys.
Fi`f6`tb>
tbetb9isv
fb0f]`fhf6`tb
h7ys
F;`tb9imff
b9]fw`f
Fthum
b0fwfw`fy> Fthum b9]fw`f F;`tb9imff
bh0fwfw`fy> eb f7ys fdnjhw`f imjers
bh,jbn flefkn`b> f;`kfn`b fimtbkf0`fhf
bfl]`fkje
feff;`kfhhf
hfy9iskfhf.
Yfh0ff
h]`fv0f=s
,;m8sr
ftimw`f
F;`tb9imff Fthumff bhspre fi`f ]`j
hs8ys7f b[`sy]`jbn> eb bffysh9ijbn
f9ffbv,fh Fthum bvfp f9spfhf.
F;`tb9imff lf-f ]`fv0fr fkf fosb>
f,ytb f]`sy06fh bfrey. Eb bpre fys]`fhf6`f
hs7ys kfccs be9skjbn> „f,yf bfyw`f[`
F;`tb9imff f]le“. F,hb f[`f9ishfkf
f9cef fi`fhswfhf f9ffbv,fh fctvfynbrn`b
fgfhfktkm
ffysh9ijbn flsun`b Vtpb0[> eb fi`fhswfhtb> f,ytb f[`skf9i8s
]`f ls9[mfofy. F;`tb9imff tb9ih-fkf
lbpffbu`jeg fef9cn`b> f,fk7fyn`b> fièfyn`b
F9cf0b> fxtxfyn`b Tknb> bfhf e,fc f,fpfn`b
Idfpf9imb (0f9fynjtkffh=s) Fidf9im
(im6fhjtkffh=s). B\mfimfnèg imf6hjtkff
h7ys fi`fhswfhfn`b f,spi`f „f;`tb9imff
h,spi`f“ f[moeg.
Fnthvby
„F;`tb9imff“
flfw6`f
f[msvn`ffp lshsv. Eb fbkshufhf f6`=bfhf
pvfv 8dthcbfr s7jeg> frn`b eb f[`9[mfofhf
f[mso „0j0[vtn“> (;`b9im) bfl]`fkjeg>
f8,fn`b tbkshujeg „vjlfhf\mt 9h0f“
(f9imf8s b;`8f[sh> f[mxf8s).
a-JveifSas da _ narTul gadmocemaTa
F:~TB(IMFF HF}~IMF _ Yfh0ff
h]`fv0f f[mso pvfv f[f=s> ,;m8sr ftimw`f
usaxelo personaJi, Svidi Zma aJveifSas
117
erTaderTi da, narTi siTis vaJis _ vaxsiTis
coli; ulamazesi asuli, romelic cxovrobs aRmosavleTSi qarsis karfanjrebiani
da galavniani SvidsarTuliani koSkis
meSvide sarTulze da mzesaviT anaTebs
yubanispira steps. misi colad SerTvis
msurveli
erTi
goliaTi,
romelmac
aJveifSebs Tavi moabezra, Zmebma jaWviT
cas gamoabes. mxolod narTma moinadira
qaliSvilis guli da Zmebmac TavianTi da
mas miaTxoves.
F;`tb9imff hf]ìmfpsq`s> Yfh0 Cb0 bzrey Ef[cb0 b9]`sc> lffhfof ls9iofy> eb
lsy[jy fvhfuskfhfn`b ^fhcn`b fi`b f9ty\
mhb f[f]ùefhb> ,;mtb[shuskf pvfp f,ff>
f,s;m,fn`b fb[fuskf f=s> fvhf tb9i lrfzzjy
&,byf f[`s6` pt[msy\mfhf. Eb 9]`scc lspufh
p0f[`sp flevgtb6`f fo`s> F;`tb9imff bu`s
buf[mfy fps ftimw`f eb flfzkf f;8fy lfqfryfh]fbn. Yfh0ff hs;`kf fh9sc bfjeg f9]`sp,f
ku`s prsp> kfimw`fums eb 9]`scc lbh0tbn.
a-Jia _ pirveli mWedeli, romelsac,
legendis Tanaxmad, mWedlobis mfarvelma
RvTaebam (ix. `SaSvi~) samWedlo saqme
aswavla da e.w. xnapiki _ grdemli, kveri
da marwuxi gadasca (ix. `xnapiki~). aJiam
moamaraga afxazeTis pirveli mosaxleni
sabrZolo
da
sameurneo
iaraRebiT,
riTac isini gardauvali daRupvisagan
ixsna. swored misi saSualebiT Seswira
xalxma RvTaeba SaSvs pirveli msxverpli
(gareTxa). ase dafuZnda samWedlo saqmis
mfarvelis _ SaSvis kulti afxazebSi. am
droidan moyolebuli mWedlebi, rogorc
gansakuTrebuli
saqmis
ostatebi
da
RvTaebis kultmsaxurni afxazeTSi didi
pativiscemiTa da gavleniT sargeblobdnen,
iTvlebodnen adamianebsa da SaSvs Soris
Suamavlebad,
eqimbaSebad,
jadoqrebad,
hqondaT maTi ridi (gansakuTrebiT mWedlis
dawyevlis eSinodaT). mWedlis gaqurdvas
veravin gabedavda. Tu mWedeli romelime
xilis xes widas Camohkidebda, am xis nayofs
xels veravin axlebda.
mWedlebi icavdnen zogierT akrZalvebs,
ar SeeZloT abreSumis warmoeba,ar agebdnen
facxebs Sqerisgan, ar klavdnen gvels, ar
atarebdnen traurs da sxva.
F:MB _ hf9[mfn`b f;mb> f]`fv0f
byf6`sh9iys eb f;mbhf f9ffbv,fh (Imfim)
f;mbhf f7fpfhf bbhqtbn> bb0tbn> f;mbh0f>
[yfgsrb> f9csyumfhb> f/tb (bu`.“{yfgsr“).
F;mb tb6`bhi`tbn hf9[mfn`b f9cef f,\mfhvf0`tb> fy[fv8f vf0`f[`b> eb fkf f9ceff [sv9flf f9chf f7ysn` b=b[bn. Feff
f9ffbv,fh Imfim bf0`fhimfp hf9[mfn`b
f9cf0fn`b> bqfcys fimf6`sh/`/`fhtb> F;mb
b,pjehjeg. F,fc bimf6ùsktbn f;mbhf fec
bf[skf9ief> Imfim brekmn F9cys f7ys.
Fhb fvi bfyhrys> f;mbw`f 9[mfofy bzslje fec yfpsuojp efc0fw`fys> f9ffbv,fhw`f
hsvfqe8w`fys eh0 F9cys fgfne leb> fyshhtb
hsvfy. B9[mfofy> feffb Imfimb hs,;mfhf
f,;mfuskf8ys> ls[ì`n`s8ys> lqff8ys>
f;mbw`f hf[m feff fi`fhf hsvfy (ptums htb]
fof f;mb bi`bhf bfwì`jy). F;mb bw`/msxhf
fo`s b-fpbrefvpn. F;mb fqkf f7ys r`fv7mfr
rytb]fh> eb fqkf b=fkjp foùms lfrmscefvpn.
F;mbw`f bhs[mxjy bhs6`sp f9rshf6`f>
bf]]`jpfh eh0 bhskijvpn f,shasy fhvfptbhf> f9fw[f6`f h=s f[`f;` fvq`f6`f
f8yfufkfhf> fvf0 fimhf> fi`s hi`shqjvpn>
e,fc bqtums.
a-Jira izaku _ samWedlo saqmisTvis
F:MBHF BFPRE _ f;mbhf fecsb> f;mbhf
bf[`skf9ief f9ffbv,fh (Imfim) fqfcv8f9ufhfps fyw`fbbys]`fp f[`zs> bf9[mf7s
lb;mb[jy. F;mbhtb> f;mbhf ec [`s[mb7je
bvfqfehfps> f,im0hfkf bbfcetbn> f, bzrey
tb]f,s vf f;`kf f7ys bth]f,e fzrey. Yfc
bfksh[sp> fqff8s b9syufkfhfkf f9q`fhf
hslshrskjy> f;mbc bfksh[efp lfys[`zsp
da mWedlobis mfarveli RvTaebis (ix. `SaSvi~)
kultmsaxurebisTvis xeldasxmuli bavSvi,
momavali mWedeli. mWedloba da samWedlo
saqme RvTaebisaTvis kultmsaxureba mamidan
ufros Svilze an gvarSi ufros vaJze
gadadioda. mogvianebiT arCevani mkiTxavis
miTiTebiT wydeboda da mWedlad jer kidev
mcirewlovans akurTxebdnen. kurTxevis
wesis Sesasruleblad daniSnavdnen erT-erT
samWedlo dRes _ àJira miSs~ (samSabaTi
da SabaTi qristianebisaTvis, xuTSabaTi da
paraskevi musulmanebisaTvis),moamzadebdnen
e.w. akvakvarebs (wriuli an konusis formis
fetvis an simindis fqvilis yvelian kverebs),
bavSvs anTebul sanTels daakavebdnen da
mama RvTaeba SaSvs mimarTavda: `dReidan am
bavSvs gadavcem Sens msaxurebas, uwyalobe
Seni gulisa da Tvalebis siTbo. is, rac
man icis, Seasrulebs, rac ucodinarobiT
Sescodos, apatie dido SaSvo!~ locvis
Semdeg bavSvs gaxurebuli rkiniT Tmas
Seutrusavdnen (qristianebi jvriseburad),
rasac àxaxubilaras~ uwodebdnen. am
dRidan bavSvi àJira izaku~ xdeboda da
Tavisi cxovreba mWedlobisaTvis da SaSvis
kultmsaxurebisaTvis unda mieZRvna.
byfhrys f9imfhf bpshefy. F9imfhf visc
bf9shqjy f;mbvi6`f hefrs „f;mbhf
fvis“ fys]`fhf ffvsim0f[m f[zs b[s
bf6`lshiì`jy bhisp fb[fn`s [`sw6`f
(f6mshcbfyw`f f\mfh9ihfkf bf6`sh9cjy)>
eb „f[`sf[`s,skhf“]`f bfim0fy. F,hb fvi
byfhrys f[ezs „f;mbhf bfpre“ bfre[jy>
b9c0fpffhf ptums f;mbhtb> Imfim b[mob
fps fvfqehf yfbuojy. <ps9ff bzslje
f0fuskfpffimf ffy f9i6`f fu`s]`9s pajpums lfysh9imjp s7fy.
F:MBHFYS{F _ F,fc bfim0fy f9ca-Jiranixa _ ase uwodebdnen afxazebi samWedlos, romelic maT mWedlobis eff f;mbh0f> eh0 f;mbhf0f fpu`fh0jy>
mfarveli RvTaebis (ix. `SaSvi~) sabrZa- f;mbhf bf[`skf9iefp f9ffbv,fh (bu`.
nisad _ saRvTo saxlad miaCndaT. aqedan Imfim) by[fhf0s9ys> b9imje 0s9ys
momdinareobs aJira-nixas rogorc sakulbh9[mfojy. F,hffyn`b bffetbn F;mbhfys[f
to nagebobis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
da Tayvaniscema. samWedlo sameurneo fun- frekmnn`b fhuskfhfys> bzslje f[flfhf pvje>
qciis dakargvis SemTxvevaSic RvTaeba SaS- fvqf[`sh[`hfn`b 0s9ys. F;mbhfn`b fec6`f
vis kultmsaxurebis saxlad rCeboda (afx- faeyrwbf fyfw`sokfum eb fhuskfhf ptums
azeTSi XX s. Suaxanebamde SemorCa mcire frjeg f9ffv,bh Imfim bvqf[`sh[`fh0fn`b
zomis sameurneo daniSnulebis armqone
0s9ys bffy[jy (F9cys 2%n`b fi`sis6`cf
samWedloebi, sadac mxolod locva da msxverplSewirva warmoebda da grdemli, kveri f,;fhf f7ysyof bffy[fys b7fy ec7fr blesvp>
da marwuxi kultis obieqtebs warmoadgen- fy[fv8fn`b fec6`f yfpsvuojp f[f ef7f
da. _ ix. `xnapiki~). n.
f9cf0fn`
himefy>
janaSias aRniSvniT,
f=f0f[ms yfhsuojy>
afxazebisTvis `samf9csyumfhbb> f/tb
Wedlo ufro maRla
frekmnv8f9ufhfn`b
dgas, vidre eklesia~
vf0`f[`ys bffy[jy>
(imdenad didi iyo
SiSi RvTaeba SaSvisa
bu`.
„[yfgsr“
da aJira-nixas winaSe,
).
Y.|mfyfimbf
rom afxazi umal
bifpu`tb0j fkf f9ceklesiaSi
dadebda
eff hps „f;mbh0f
yalb fics, vidre samtb]f b]hfrys busWedloSi). aq sruldeboda msxverplSewirkfy fys[f ffc0f“
va da locva RvTaeba
(f9ffbv,fh
ImSaSvis saxelze (ix.
fimb> F;mbhfys[tb
`xeCxvama~), aqve xdehf[m lffhfof blsep
boda
sasamarTlo
fi`fhf
hsvfy>
saqmis warmoeba, dapirispirebul
mxf9cef fys[f f7ys
areTa daficeba (ix.
vwkf l6`sh bkijy>
àxricqÁara~), xatze
f;mbhf0f f7ys eb
gadacema-dawyevla
e. qavSbaia. àJiranixa. sof jgerda~ bu`s/efvpn). Fhf7f
(ix. àbRara~) da Serb9q`jy f9cf0fn`b>
igeba (ix. àxnirxT. ^fdi,fbf. `F;mbhfys[f. f6s0f |mumfhlf~
ura~); aq eZiebdnen
f y s ] ` f h t b
avadmyofobisagan gankurnebisa da sxva
sayofacxovrebo problemebis mogvarebis
saSualebebs. erTi sityviT, samWedlo RvTaeba SaSvis namdvili taZari iyo, sadac
grdemli sakurTxevlis funqcias asrulebda (a. ajinjali).
samWedlo
ZiriTadad
erTkameriani
wnuli nageboba iyo (icodnen ficrulic).
Tu sacxovrebel facxas vertikalur
dgarebze
horizontalurad
gamavali
wnuli kedeli hqonda, samWedlos piriqiT,
horizontalurad Calagebul sartylebs
kedlis wnuli vertikalurad gasdevda,
riTac igi afxazis karmidamoSi mdgari
nagebobebisagan ganirCeoda da aJiranixas
gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobaze
miuTiTebda. samWedloSi aRmosavleTis
kedelTan mowyobili iyo sakulto kera,
iqve axlos Camarxuli iyo sazedaSe qvevri
_ àxafSa~. samWedlo rogorc sameurneo
da sakulto obieqti didi ojaxis daSlisa
da qonebis gayofis Semdegac abifaras _
saZmos (patronimiis) saerTo sakuTrebaSi
rCeboda.
119
f9ffbv,fh Imfim bps (bu`. „{msx[efvf“).
Fhf7f b9shq`jy feco,shf fec flrskfhf> tb=fuskfp fufy6`f hs6`hf (bu`.
„F[`hsw6mfhf“)> fhf bfim0fy fxsvfpfhf
f7ysn`b f,pbf[fhtb> tumsh0 fy[fv8fn`b
fwùmfhf6`f htbkshufhf. F;`fr fkf> f;mbhf
f9ffbv,fh bef[efvf frey (F> F\msy\mfk).
F;mb0hf tb]fhfr ef0f[r biiys b7fp
huskfhfy. Fy[fh0f 9fw[f fiihf> yf[myfn`
bif9e tb9i qf7f byfhrys f8flf bwjy>
f;mbh0f ffihf ufykf frey eb f9fhf bfhfpyfr bfkerffefy> F9cys bhuskfp f;mbh0f6`f
fl`f[mfkf tumsh0 fhuskfhf6`f bhskerffefy>
eb f0s9 frekmnhf bifl]`fkfp e,jy. F;bh0f
f7ys fvhfuskfhfn`b frefrm f=s f[ì0ffhf
zslf s7fy> eb fufy f7ys fysi` bqfy „f]f9imf“. F;mbh0f fy[fv8fqfc> frekmnn`b
f0s9ys f0ffw`f hfw`f fytb=sqkfrums> hvfk
fyshifkfrums f,b9fhf> ftimw`f bh[fn`ys
bffy[jy.
r H
raadel maaliki
HFFLTK-VFFKS^M _ Flsl> fvfw`sc
v8f9spujp> f90f6`f h7ys by[jp bfrey.
Bi`fhf lffhfof b[`zeg> fyq`rmsc lf7hjeg> f8c0ff lhf6`9jbn> fvxwùmf pvje
fu`sui`su6`f> fleytb f[msyof7je hf6`9fhf
lf=spffetbn> f\mysi6`f ptums s6`b[ffyof.
F,fc tb9iq`7mf b7je fp[`fqfhf hsvjeg
flf/mtcnfyn`b fktrw`f> eh0 hu`ffyfufhfkf>
fvfw`sc v8f9yfujbn Hfle>vfkfbrb b7fvxs>
eb fkf fyf7` yf7- ff7 tbvbhggjbn.
Biff,j ftb9i> Hffltk - Vffks6mb> vf
Hfle-Vfkbrb f0hs6`w`f h7ysn`b bffujeg.
F;`f malak (f[`9.hfw`. malaik) fhf,n`b
f,spi`f bf[skqbn> „flsh8s“> „f9ffbv,fh“
ffyfufhfkf Rfdrfpn`b f9cskvfyw`f h7ys
bimf6`s/`/`fp nthvbyeg.
radi
_ narTuli eposis afxazuri
versiis mixedviT aergebis (ix. àergi~) _
rimcasa da rariras ufrosi vaJi, raSisa
da xanias Zma. igi narTebis toli gmiria;
mterTan Sexvedrisas velur kameCs hgavs.
radis nasroli isari mizans arasodes
cdeba. zogierTi mkvlevaris varaudiT,
afxazuri simRerebis refrenSi (ùa, rarira,
raida, raSa!~) misi saxelia mocemuli.
HFL _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f9cef fdthcbf byf6`sh9iys Fthumff (bu`. `Fthum~)
Hsvqfctb> Hfhbhtb hszrey tb]f,s bjeg>
Hfimb> {fytb hfimf. Eb Yfh0ff lhf7hjeg
ash[fqfhfkf> f/f lfyb9skjp f,yfrfv,fim
ltb9i[jy. Hfl bhièfp f[evgfk fq`7mf
bfd7mjvpn bfyfrepffkfum. F0qff8w`f imjers
hu`ffyfufhfkf f9cef fi`f6`f h7ys („ef> hfhbhf> hfblf> hfimf“) eb b[mso feg bffh9ie.
radizi _ narTul gadmocemebSi
moxseniebuli gvari, romlis erT-erTi
warmomadgeneli narTebis dedis – saTaneigvaSas mier iyo gazrdili. saTanei-gvaSam
ymawvili saswrafo wesiT aRzarda, raTa
mas narTebis saZmos mease wevris saxiT
laSqrobebSi mieRo monawileoba. sxva
variantiT, TviT saTanei-gvaSa iTvleba
radizTa aRzrdilad.
HFLBP _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f7ys bffh9ie
f;`kf> eb f;`kf bfnè fo`s Yfh0ff hfy
Cf0fytb>U`fimf lkffotbn. Cf0fytb>U`fimf
fh9sc lffhfof bhkscys bpksh]fbn> Yfh0ff fbimw`f f[9fn`b f[`0f f[f=ys
fb,simhf lfkf[`[fhw. Lf-f dfhbfynr fkf>
Cf0fytb>u`fimf kfhf k[f0f kjeg Hflbpff
bhffofp.
_ Weqa-quxilis
warmomqmneli arseba, romelic RrublebSi
cxovrobs. igi erTi cicqna, simaRliT TiTis
zomisaa; ebrZvis eSmakebs, urCxulebs da
sxva borot Zalebs; ibrZolebs qveynierebis
aRsasrulamde, vidre
sabolood
ar
daamarcxebs demonebs. aseTive rwmenisani
arian daRestneli lakebi, romelTa azriT,
quxils warmoSobs radu-malaikis Solti,
riTac igi Rrublebs aqeT-iqiT fantavs.
rogorc Cans, warmodgenebi raadel
maalikze Tu radu-maliakze Turqebisgan
aris nasesxebi. sityva malak (mr. ricxvSi
malaik) arabuli enidan momdinareobs
da `macnis~, àngelozis~ mniSvnelobiT
kavkasiel musulmanebSi damkvidrebuli
terminia.
rarira _ narTul gadmocemaTa
afxazuri versiis mixedviT, aergebis (ix.
àergi~) – radis, raSisa da xanias deda,
rimcas coli. eposis zogi variantiT aergebis
deda yovelgvari wamlis mcnobi saukeTeso
mkurnalia. swored man Seuloca gvelisgan
dageslil narT qeTuans da gankurna.
sxva gadmocemiT, rarira aJveifSebis–
rahairas, reiramas da reiraSas dedaa.
zogierTi mecnieri mis saxels kiTxulobs
afxazuri simRerebis refrenSi (ùa, rarira,
raida, raSa!~ ùa, rarira, rahaira, reirama,
reiraSa!~). afxazuri warmodgeniT, rariram
misca adamianebs pirveli cxvari.
a-raSa
_ frTosani da cecxlismfrqveveli cxeni narTebis eposis afxazuri
versiisa da jadosnuri zRaprebis mixedviT;
aqvs araCveulebrivi fizikuri Zala,ikvebeba
nadnobi rkiniTa da foladiT, saubrobs
adamianis enaze, aris Tavisi patronis
mrCeveli da damxmare, sknelTa Soris
gmiris gadaadgilebis saSualeba. qarTuli
warmodgenebis msgavsad, sknelebis ferTa
Sesabamisad, afxazuri folkloris araSi
sami ferisaa (TeTri, wiTeli da Savi).
narTebi araSebis gareSe ar moiazrebian,
magram gansakuTrebulia
bzou
_
sasriyvas
dabadebis dRes gaCenili
araSi, romlis sikvdilis
Semdeg gmiric iRupeba.
termini àraSa~ qarTuli
`raSidan~ momdinareobs.
HFHBHF _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f9cef fdthcbf fkf> Fthumff (bu`, „Fthum“) Hflb> Hfimb>
{fybtb hfy> Hbvwf b9]`sc. Ftgjc fdfhbfynr
fkf f[ì`6`f plshefp f[ì`n`8s ,pbf. Eb
kjeg fvf0 psw]fp Yfh0 ^t0efy f0`]`fhfkf
lfkpshufp.
Lf-f lshhfr fkf> Hfhbhf F;`tb9imff> Hf]
fbhb> Htbvfhb> Htbhfimtb hfy. F0qff8w`f
imjers bhs9[mfojbn eb f[mso feg bfh,je
f9cef fi`f6`f h7ys („Ef>hfhbhf>hfblf>hfimf“
„ef> hfhbhf> hf]fbhf> htbhfimf“). F9ceff
h[fqfhfkf Hfhbhf bjeg hf9[mfn`b fefcf
f9ceff bhsp0fp.
FHFIM _ Fvq`s;`8f pvje fvwf ps=7mj
f-s Yfh0ff htgjc f9cef dthcbfktb> b\mjeimfif fkfr`6`f hskf> bfvjeg lffhfof blee
fvx> f\mshb> fb[tb h0`fys bfajbn> fef8s
tb9i bw`f;`jbn> b9i`vf f[is8b0f8b>
bw[`shff8b feg> fnsvbnsif6`f hs,;mfhf
bf[`s9jbn. F6sh0ef fu`ffyfufhf6`f bhtb9ie>
fnsvbnsif6`f f9in`6`f byhs6`sh9iys>
f9cef fajkmrkjhn`b fhfim [s9in`sr
fvjeg (fir`fr`f> f7f9im> fb6`fq`f). Yfh0ff fhfimlf e[`fs f=s bffbojv> f[f zslfkf <pje> Cfchs7`f lsybp
fvi bwbp fhfim> eb fy9cs
ffvsim0f[m frsh byfvufr`f
fash[fqfums l0f[bn.
Fnthvby
„fhfim“
f6sh0ef „hfimb“ bfim0fytbetbn.
rahaira _ aJveifSebis
dedis – rariras qaliSvili,
reiramasa da reiraSas da,
romlis saxels xedaven
afxazuri
simRerebis
refrenSi _ ùa, rarira,
rahaira, reirama, reiraSa!~
a-rahaxu
saTemo
locvis dros momavali
wlis
msxverplSewirvis
moTaved arCeuli kultmsaxurisTvis mirTmeuli
simboluri ulufa bzi-fis
121
HF}FBHF
_
F;`tb9imff hfy> Hfhbhf
ks9]f> Htfhfvtb> Htbhfimtb hf]ìmf> eb ks[mso
fy9iskjbn f9cef fi`f6`f
h7ys> („ef>hfhbhf> Hf]fbhf>
htbhfvf> htbhfimf“).
_
b. jopua. `rahaira~
<. |mjgef. `Hf]fbhf~
FHF}F{M _ F;`kfim0hf
fys]`fhf
ffy
bff bef
fis6`c
f9cf0fn`
fimhf fps bfk[` fqfcv8f9uf8s bf0`fhimj zslfkf
b=fqf[`s ,ps9n`b f9ceff
afxazebSi. es iyo samsxverplo saqonlis
xorcis saukeTeso naWrebi, wamocmuli xis
Samfurze (ix. à-cunihva~).
h7ys. Eb f9cf0fn`c bhimsp> f9cn`s bhtb/
me frefw f[`0f> fvfq`fn`b fq`s bf[`fqfys
(bu`.“Fweys]`f“).
reirama _ aJveifSebis dedis – rariras
HTBHFVF _ F;`tb9imff hfy> Hfhbhf
ufrosi vaJi, rahairasa da reiraSas Zma, kzrey
tb]f,s>
Hf]fbhtb>
Htbhfimtb
romlis saxels specialistebi afxazuri hfimf eb b[mso f7fpfw`f h]`fv0fkf
simRerebis refrenSi (ùa, rarira, rahaira, bfl]`fkjeg f9cef fi`f6`f („ef>hfhbhf>hf]
reirama, reiraSa!~) kiTxuloben.
fbhf>Htbhfvf>htbhfimf).
HTBHFIMF _ F;`tb9imff hfy> Hfhbhf
kszrey tbo,s> Hf]fbhtb> Htbhfvtb
umcrosi vaJi, rahairasa da reiramas Zma,
romlis saxeli, specialistebis azriT, hfimf> eb b[msoums tumsh0 htb9i f9cef
bhye,ffkjbn
(„ef>hfhbhf>hf]
afxazuri simRerebis refrenSi (ùa, rarira, fi`f6`f
bhf>htbhfvf>Htbhfimf).
rahaira, reirama, reiraSa!~) ikiTxeba.
reiraSa _ aJveifSebis dedis – rariras
refrua
HT(HEF _ F9cef fajkmrkjh f[f=s>
flumsk fq7fn`b fyw`f[`s ks9]f> Fys]`fvwtb>
<f[ms9c0tb hf]ìmf. Flumsk fqf7f f9cs
fb[fn`s fvf0`f[`6`f h;mb. Ht9hefb> eb
kf]ìmw`tb> fafn`b> f,\mfhn` i`qfn`b
hsplshvfptbefy kfimtb> F9cys7f bf6`kfhw
f/fw`f bpkffbefp fv8f pfq`s p[mxjp> tumsh0
f\mfheffb hps. F;mb bffb6ì`fys b9chf
fvifhf eh0 f,\mfhlf bffy[bn> f/f hfw`f
bhs6`kfp bhpsvfbffbp eh0 0f[bn. Kfimf
b0f[fhfkf fu`sh8f le pvfp Ht9thef> e,hsc7fr
lw`sefy> kskf/sho flumsk fqf7f tbv7`yf;`fy>
bobfc[tbn. Ht9thef ks[mofkf tbwlshe fobfc
Ufuhf f7ys bf[mfums bbfcetbn.
a-rimzi
_ narTebis araCveulebrivad
grZeli da mZime rkinis skami, romlis
wamoweva, narTul gadmocemaTa zogierTi
variantiT, mxolod narTebis dedas _
saTanei-gvaSas Tu SeeZlo. am skamze asakis
mixedviT sxdebodnen narTebi; yvelaze
gavrcelebuli versiiT, TavSi ijda narTi
siTi, rogorc yvelaze ufrosi Zma, boloSi
ki mease Zma _ sasriyva.
arimzi
narTebis
erTianobisa
da
Zlierebis simboloa. misi simZime mocemul
sacxovrisSi _ narTqiTSi (narTebis sofeli)
narTebis mkvidrad jdomis niSania.
FHSVO _ Yfh0ff hscrfv> pfb9is7fvp
pfehf lesp> fb[f [msy0s fkf b7fqfp> eb fb0fufhf> f]`fv0f6`f hefrs biffyfh9ij fkf
bpskijp Yfh0ff hfy Cf0fytb>U`fimf vfwfhf
kfrey. Fhb fhsvo f7ys f6`hfkf b6`n`jy Yfh0ff> ptums htb]fof bfkfhw`je fdthcbf fkf>
f[`f=s ln`jy Yfh0 Cb0> ptums bhtb]f,sp>
fqs[`fy ln`jy fi`8srn`b ftimf Cfchs7`f.
Fhsvo Yfh0ff hfrhtb> hsvxhtb flshuf
feg. Eb f[msy0hf f9c0fpff f7ys Yfh06s0f=>
Yfh0ff bhsimfu`s0ys fn`fhf bflshufy.
rimca _ narTul gadmocemaTa afxazuri
versiis mixedviT, aergebis (ix. àergi~) RvTaebrivi modgmis warmomadgeneli, rariras
HSVWF _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0fkf> f9cef fdthcbf byf6`sh9iys> Fthsum (bu`. „Fthsum“)
f9ffbv,fh b[skq hf,im0hf f[f0syhfr> Hfh-
_ afxazuri folkloris
anihamcasa da beRerefsTas da. miwisqveSeTis
suli rkinis iaraRis mWedelia. refrua da
misi debi saWmelsa da samoss umzadeben
Zmasa da im meomrebs, romlebic afxazeTSi
Semosasvlel
erTaderT
gzas
icaven.
mWedlis ucabedi sikvdilis gamo, uiaraRod
darCenili
mcvelebi
moZaladeebTan
uTanasworo brZolaSi iRupebian. Zmis
sikvdiliT gaubedurebulma refruam imdeni
itira, rom misma cremlebma miwisqveSeTi
amoxeTqa da mdinared iqca. refruas
saxeliT cnobili mdinare gagrasTan
axlos dResac miedineba.
123
meuRle, radis, raSisa da xanias mama.
bhf k[fqf> Hflb> Hfimb> {fytb hf,.
a-rupapi _ jadoqari dedaberi; afxazuri folkloris maxinji Sesaxedaobis boroti, kaciWamia personaJi gaSlili TmebiTa
da miwamde dasuli an mxrebze gadagdebuli
uzarmazari ZuZuebiT; SeuZlia sagnebs
saxe ucvalos, adamiani da cxoveli qvad
aqcios. swored aseTma dedaberma Caylapa
99 narTi da sasriyvasac igive bedi eweoda,
rom ara misi ZaRli _ xudiSi. folklorSi
arupapi zogjer gmiris damxmared gamodis
(Tu gmiri SeZlebs kbili daadgas ZuZuze
an mkerdze miados Tavi). samurzayanosa da
abJuis afxazebis warmodgeniT, arupapebi
TavianTi
siZlieris
mixedviT
orad
iyofian:
umcrosebi
gadaadgildebian
FHEGFG> F0fref;` f\mysi> f9cef fajkmrkjh byf6`sh9iys> ps9ihf wùmfp>
fwùmf ,ff9cs> feff pajp kfrey> ks[w`s
le ks6`9cfy> flumsk b6`cefy vf k7`f7`f
b6`sy ku`s]`9 le6`f> eb bkskijy
fvf0`f[`6`f hcf[mf6`f hs9cf[hf> feffb>
f9cffn`b bksh[`f]èfy. F,fc b7fp f0fref;`
bks[`kf,utbn $$ Yfh0ff> Cfchs7`fums ec
b[mefy bkf {`lsi frevpfh. Fajkmrkjh f7ys
Fhegfg pys psykf fash[fqf lbw[hffetbn
(fash[fqf bkifys ku`s]`9s lpfw]fh
vf b[s ku`s bpflbqfh). Cfvshpf7fyhtb>
F,;mseffb f9ceff hu`ffyfufhf> fhegfgff
hsvxhf fkf 8s\mfhfys bt7ìfy> fbqshf
e. qavSbaia. àrupapi~
T. ^fdi,fbf. `Fhegfg~
Tagvebze, katebze da bayayebze msxdomni,
ufrosebi ki _ meliebze, turebze, mglebze,
SaSvis mamlebze mjdarni. maTi Tavdasxmis
asacileblad adamianebi sxvadasxva zomebs
mimarTaven (dgamen jvrebs, Tmebze sanTlebs
iwebeben, isvrian Tofebs da fxizloben
maSin, roca maT gamoCenas elian).
arupapi qarTuli jadosnuri zRaprebis
borot
dedabers,
gansakuTrebiT
ki
dasavlur qarTuli folkloris demonur
arsebebs _ ropaps, rompaps, roSapsa da
rokaps Camohgavs. afxazebis monaTesave
kavkasielebis xalxuri Semoqmedeba am
saxelis (arupapi) matarebel personaJs
ar icnobs. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom igi
afxazurSi samegrelodan aris Sesuli
(saubaria mxolod terminze da ara
personaJze, romelsac araTu qarTulafxazuri da kavkasiuri, aramed msoflios
TiTqmis
yvela
xalxis
folklori
icnobs).
pvfp f]`syf96`tb> fwsu`6`tb> flf/m6`tb
bhs6`nèfy> tb]f6`fp> f,uf6`tb> f,ufkf\6`tb>
f6`s\mvf6`tb> fhl`syfh,f/m6`tb bhs6`n`jy.
Eh0 h6`skfhf6`f h=fuskfhfps feff tbetb9isvp fec6`f v8f9shujy (f\mfh rslshqjy>
blshuskjy> h[sf[`s fw`fims f[mshimjy>
fi`f6m fkf b[scefy> eh0 bffbetbn ]`f bfyhsp9isp bw`fojvpn).
Fhegfg f6sh0ef fkfr`6`f h7ys f0fref;`
fwùmf ,ffcs kjeg> tb]fhfofr fvhf0fi`fhfn`b
f6`sh0ef fajkmrkjh f7ys f\mysi6`f> Hjgfg>
Hjvgfg> Hjimfg> Hjrfg bhtb9ieg. F9ceff
bhpffbu`je Rfdrfpn`b fvbkf0n`b f]`fv0f6`f
h=s fhb f[mso (Fhegfg) ys7`spuj lhsvfofv. }fp[`swsh 7fkjbn eb F9cys7f
Ushn`skfyn`b bbfcbn (]fpkfw`f;`j fnthvby
fvwfhf feg> f[f-s frev> eb f6sh0ef> f9cef>
Rfdrfp> hslfums fleytb bfrsvref fvbkf0n`b
fajkmrkjh6`f h7ys bfh,jeg).
125
s C
a-sabSaxu _ SabaTis rigi. micvalebulis
FCF<IF{~S> _ F9cs b9chf byfhrys
sikvdilidan meore an mesame SabaTs f8,fn`b vf f[9fn`b fcf,if f9ceff fw`> fefcf
afxazebi klaven xars, cxvars an batkans, vf lf-f imn`fr himefy> bf[`0je fafn`6`f
sxva kerZebTan erTad amzadeben tkbileuls, hslfums blshvfptbefy f[`ffn` hfw`fys> fcfcw`f
iwveven stumrebs da umaspinZldebian. am bhs9[mjy> f9i`svfhf hpshefy> rhsh=fhqjy>
dRidan Wirisufals ufleba aqvs saxsnilo f,hb fvi byfhrys fu`sh8f bf6ì`fp f0ffw`f
sakvebi miiRos (Sdr. megruli `kileSi f[`ffn` fafhf bf6`b0sy (=sh9. Fushi`fkf
gonwyuma~ da `pijiSi morsxinua~).
“rbktib ujyq7evf“> „gb\mbib vjhc[mbyef“).
a-sadaya (arab. sadaka, Turq. sadayaTi:
`gulmowyaleoba~) _ nebayoflobiTi mowyaleba, mosakiTxi muslim afxazebSi. sadaka
yuraniT dadgenili normaa da erT-erTia
xuTi islamuri gadasaxadidan. misi gacema
mTavari
muslimuri
dResaswaulebis
ritualis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens.
aseTi mowyalebis gaReba Temis Rataki
wevrebis sasargeblod SeZlebuli muslimebis wminda movaleobas warmoadgens.
islamur samyaroSi sadaka ekuTvniT agreTve
mogzaurebs, romlebmac raime mizeziTGver
SeZles gzis gagrZeleba, saRvTo omis
(jihadis) monawileebs da im moxeleebs,
romlebic kreben da anawileben mas. sadakas
gacema xdeboda rogorc fuladi saxiT, ise
naturiT (kvebis produqtebi, tanisamosi da
sxv.).
FCFLF&F _ Fu`f9[fhfkf fu`s]fkfkhf
fv8f9ufhf> f9ceff f9cskvfyw`f h7ys.
Cflfrf f7èh7fy fkf bimf6`shuskje
yfuofhjeg> eb byfuofnè [e,f f9cskvfyn`b
fqfc6`f bhefreg. Eb f0fhf f9cskvfyn`b
fviys]`f b[flje f[e0f feg. Fc tb9i
b7je fu`s]fkfkfhf fv8f9ufhf f;`kf/
fh6`f lffhfof fw[shffhf hyf0jy> b,tbfp
f9cskvfyn`b f0ffw`fhf6`f h7ysn` b9imfp efksy. F9cskvfn`b f6`9ishf=s
Cflf7f bfhf e,fc fys7`f8w`f
bhnèg>
vpsp6`fr hsvifkf psv8f fyfuofhf pksvifp> b9imje fb,fimhf (\mb]fl) fkf[`htb>
fefc0fw`f tbpspujpb> bpijpb hps. Cflf7f
f0`fimfhf 7fkjy f9fhfktb bfhf e,fc fimfhfktb (fafn`b> fvf0`tb).
saTanei-gvaSa _ narTuli eposis
afxazuri versiis centraluri personaJi,
asi narTisa da erTaderTi qaliSvilis _
gundas deda; momajadoebeli silamazis
qali,
romelic
imavdroulad
didi
fizikuri ZaliT gamoirCeva: SeuZlia
quslis dartymiT xis waqceva, TiTiT _
uzarmazari lodis gaxvreta. narTebis
deda aris winaswarmetyveli da jadoqari:
grZnobs safrTxes, romelic mis Svilebs
elodeba da mudam Svelis maT; SeuZlia
CF)FYTB-U~FIMF _ Yfh0ff htgjc
b[flje f[f=s> i`8sr Yfh0ff ftimw`tb>
hf]ìmfpfq`s> U`sylf 9iotb hfy> fkf9i
[`sprefp f9iofhf pvfp 9]`scsy> bfhf e,fc
fvx le pvfp kfrey> ksim[`fkf fqkf lfcys
fq[hf kskijy> kyfq`rmsckf f[f f[`f]`le
rskskq`jy Yfh0ff hfy lqff8sy> bk]`jp 7fkjy>
kszreyw`f fi`fh0f bfy0fuskjp fw`fyshhf
kjefy> tcyfum lhsw[hffefy> fvi f9cf[hf
kskijy. Ftgjc s7tb;m0tb frshis6`cf6`f
amindis
Secvla.
eposis
xangrZlivi hs,;mfhf Cf0fytb U`fimf k[f=ums frsh
arsebobis manZilze saTanei-gvaSas saxem ff9cf[bn. Effyofn`b f]`fv0f f7ys Cf0fytb
mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi
ganicada. U`fimf psvx vfze> pimfehf bfim0je> b-tbv
gadmocemis gviandel variantebSi saTanei- 9]`sceg> Yfh0ff eb kf;`f bfpsos8hefvpn.
gvaSa aris susti, SurismaZiebeli da cbieri
Cf0fytb U`fimf ,fifof lfim0fy ks9]f lsqali, mis sityvas narTebi ukve ar usmenen.
saTanei-gvaSa
amaod
cdilobs
Tavisi vqfpshcsp (bu`. „Yfh\m[mje“) f[ì`b0fys
qaliSvilis gamtaceblis (ix. `narjxeu~) bimhf> bkshvfptbp f[ì` pvfp f8s kfhf
mowamvlas, iZulebuli xdeba Tavad dalios bk;`sh fre[tbn> bfhf eb fkfums ls9cjbn.
Cf0fytb U`fimf k[skqim0hf f[msvn`ffef
Sxamnarevi Rvino, ris gamo kvdeba kidec.
saTanei-gvaSas warmomavlobaze gadmo- fps tbetb9isvp fu`ffyfufhf6`f s7jeg. Eb pys
cemebi sxvadasxva monacemebs iZleva. igi Tklspff> pys[ V]`svp0ff> pys[ }`skvspff
xan eldizis, xan mihvmizTis, xanac hvilm- hs;`kf
lflshrskjy> eb bffyfh9ijbn
izis gvaridanaa, rac Sedegia imisa, rom fvhfuskfhfn`b Rfdrfp f7ysn` tbetb9isv
CrdiloeT kavkasiidan afxazeTSi Camosaxfvbkf06`f F9cys7f y[fhf bffp Yfh0ff hfy
lebul sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebs narTelsp[skqsp tbetb9isv flshhf6`f ys7`shujy
bis dedis warmoSobis Taobaze sxvadasxva
(fhf7f b]`fnèg> Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f7ys bffcnobebi CamohqondaT (aqve
h9ieg
futjuhfabfn`b
unda iTqvas, rom narTul
f6`9ishf> fnjgjybv6`tb>
gadmocemebSi
asaxuli
f]blhjybv6`tb
f[flfhf
geografiuli sivrce, toponimTa da hidronimTa
pvje
f[`0f>
Yfh0ff
mniSvnelovani
nawili,
hsvf0`fn`b
frekmnehtb>
narTebis
materialuri
fy[fv8fn`b f0fuskfpffimtb
kultura da sameurneo
fy9ijbn> fhb ftgjc f9cef
yofa imaze metyvelebs,
dthcbf fhf[m bffujeg> eb
rom eposis afxazuri verF9cysn`b fqfrshflumsk
sia Semotanilia da saf7ys bf9qfvpn).
kuTvriv afxazeTis teriBiff,j fkf Cf0fytb
toriaze ar Seqmnila).
U`fimf k[sf=s bfimfu`s0eg
rogorc Cans, saTaneiYfh0ff htgjc> vf eb fvxgvaSas
saxe
efuZneba
hf
fimf6`shuskfhffyof
narTuli eposis an Tundac misi birTvis Camoyfrsh
pff
bimf6ùskfp
alibebamde
gacilebiT
fvfnhbfh[hfn`b
adre Seqmnili matriarqi
hf9[mfn`bf
f[`skqhfn`
pirvelwinapris miTopofvba;`tbyhffkfhfn` [f=eg.
etur saxes. eposis afxaFtgjc f9cef dthcbf f7ys
zur versiaSi ver Sevxlf]9skjv Cf0fytb U`fimf
vdebiT
saTanei-gvaSaze
b. jopua. `saTanei-gvaSa~
ktb]f fvbajkjubfhf pspee
metad miTologizirebul
<. |mjgef. `Cf0fytb-u`fimf~ f[f=s (bu`. „Yfh0ff‘).
personaJs (ix. `narTebi~).
a-salerti
_ zogierT daavadebaTa
(Tavis tkivili, Sakiki, cxviridan sisxldena,
uneblie Sardva) mfarveli suli abJuis
afxazebSi.
mis
saxelze
sruldeboda
specialuri msxverplSewirva da locva (ix.
à-girtnihva~); swiravdnen Romis fqvilisagan
momzadebul kverebs (akvakvarebs), Savi
feris qaTams da erT sanTels. mlocvel
FCFKTHN _ fxsvfpfhf6`f (f[`s[mhf>
f9syqf f7ysn` fimffhf> fw`sh0f6`x[`hf)
bh[skf9ief fyw`f[`s> F,;mseff h7ys. Eb
b[mso fkf bzslje f9cf0fn` himefy> fys]`fhf
v8f9shujy (bu`.“Fushn`ys]`f“) blshvfptbefy f\m6`htb iskf bfk[sp fr`fr`fh6`f>
frens tb6`fq`tb> fw`svpf6`tb. Bys]èfp
f0ffw`fhf Fcfkthn b[mofkf fvhfufkfhf[mn`b
ojaxSi asalertis saxelze hqondaT ara
Cveulebrivi sazedaSe qvevri, aramed mcire
zomis brtyelZiriani ayubari _ yvibari
(aseTive qvevri hqondaT kuWis daavadebaTa
mfarveli sulis _ anafras saxelzec).
termini àsalerti~ megruli `saalerto~
formidan
momdinareobs, àlertisaTvis
gankuTvnils~
niSnavs da alertis wm.
giorgisaTvis
mimarTul
locvasa
da
msxverplSewirvas gulisxmobs (alertis
wm. giorgis xati ramdenimea samegreloSi),
Tumca am ukanasknels afxazebi ar icnoben.
127
fufy f7ys ec b,fifp f]f9imf frevref>
psqf qf7mfp f7`,fh hsvfy (f,fcw`7mf b7fp
f]f9imf hsvfy f6mfvcf[mff bf[skf9iefp>
Fyf9hf b[mofkfums).
Fnthvby „fcfkthn“ fushi`f „cffkthnj“ fajhvf f7ysn`b bffetbn> „fkthnf
bpre“ ffyfujbn> Fkthnf> Umfhum fw6mf bpre
fys]`f9[motb>
f9cf0fn`b
fpu`fyf0jbn
(Fkthnfn`b Umfhum fw6mf bys[f bfrsvref b7jeg Ushn`skf)> f[f eb f9ceff lhsplshefvpn.
CFVF&~F _ fcf[mfhrshfn`b ffh9ihf>
romelic
wlisTavis
wina
saRamos fis6`c ffbffyof fe[`f> f\mf,fhf pvje f0ffw`f
Wirisuflis ojaxSi ewyoba. warmodgenis byfhuojbn. Fhb fcf[mfhrshfn` f6`shuskfhf
erT-erTi monawile micvalebulis rolSi tb9ie f7ys> b9csp bhjkm yfbuojbn fo`s> eb
taxtze wveba, danarCenebi iqve sxedan fnf[nf ls6èg> tumsh0 ef7f breifys bn`jeg>
da mis ganvlil cxovrebas ixseneben; eb b[`bufp ffv0f hu`fkflshi`jbn> bfhfpyfr
moulodnelad Semodis kaci da warmodgenis lff8yfkjbn [fqfr> eb fhb fv8f9ufhf bfkf[è
monawileebs wyals asxams; yvela garbis, ptums fos hs6`b0`jbn> ptums tb,fhs8etbn>
maT Soris `micvalebulic~. aRniSnuli
„f9cums“ eh0 lhskjeg. Fhb fqfc b;`snòje
Cveuleba uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebidan
flby[fqfhf f7ysn` bffetbn> bfl]`fkjeg
momdinareobs,ukavSirdeba winaparTa kults
da saxumaro xasiaTs mxolod mogvianebiT f,im0hf frekmnb> f[`vfhhfn`b f7fpimf fbetbn frsh is6`c6`f hffvsim0f[m.
iZens.
B9csp brekmn bfl]`fkje b\mjeimfif
micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli
ffh9ishjeg>
bfpffbu`jeg> frsh tb9ieg
es saintereso movlena paralels poulobs
zogierTi
xalxis
wes-Cveulebebidan fvbkf06`f imjers hqfcv8f9ufhf6`f> tbcnobili micvalebulTa oreulebis saxiT. wlshe f9cw`f hs8,fhf ffpsh9ie fcf[mf6`f.
es oreulebi, Cacmulni gardacvlilTa Fb9iyskf ltbkf]`jeg b9csp bvf0`fkf>
tanisamosSi, hyvebian Tu rogor cxovroben tb0tb]`jbn y[fimfc bhsvje> hsefw`tb> bhisini
da
maTi
axloblebi
saiqioSi, pffbuje feffb \mffyf0 f7ys> f[is8hf hsrCevebs
aZleven
cocxal
naTesavebs b0jbn ps9cs 0je bsefw`f> pyspsykf b9cda
a.S.
zogjer
oreulis
rolSi sp bhjkm yfbuojy eb lspref,fp. F,fc tb9i
micvalebulTa ganmbanvelebi gvevlinebian.
bff,jbn fvhfuskfhfn`b ^sh0n`skf fim[f]
am rigSi dgas aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
hfrshf6`f h7yums tbwlshe vtcek0fy (fb9imTielebSi cnobili mesulTane (oreulis
transformirebuli saxe) _ piri, romlis yskf bnhfycajhvfwbfn`b f[f=s) b[f=s>
saSualebiTac
adamianebi
àxerxeben~ eb bw[shffhfkf feff9cshf „bhskijbn“
micvalebulTa
survilebis
gagebas, b9csp bb0f[è fbkrffhf> f9cw`f hs7ysn`
f,;mfufhf6`f hbehf.
sulebisagan rCeva-darigebebis miRebas.
samayva _ Teatralizebuli warmodgena,
sarTagala
epizoduri personaJi, narTebis dedis
–
saTanei-gvaSas
`rCeuli~, sasriyvas
biologiuri mama (genitor).
CFH)FUFK _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f 7ìfrn`b
f[f=s>
Yfh0ff
hfy
Cf0fytb>U`fimf
„kw`s,pf“ Cfchs7`f b,w`7mf (genitor).
CFCHS&~F _ Yfh0ff htgjc fash[fw`f
_ narTuli eposis erT–erTi
h7ysn`
ptums htb]fof b[`flje f[f=s> Yfcentraluri personaJi, narTebis mease ,
sasriyva
yvelaze umcrosi Zma, romelic kulturuli
gmiris
saxes warmoadgens. uwinares
yovlisa, mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli
promeTeuli gmiroba – zeciuri da miwieri
cecxlis mopoveba. sasriyvas qvaSi Casaxvisa
da misgan dabadebis Sesaxeb Tqmuleba,
romelsac eposis adiReuri da osuri
versiebic icnobs, uZvelesi miTologemaa.
qvisgan naSobi sasriyva narTebis mWedlis
h0ff hsi`8srn`b> ftimw`f ptums bhtbq,e>
eb f[sv8f9ufhf ,pbf plshef ash[fqfys lffh9ieg. Ptum hf9[mfof> eb b[mso fkf bffh9ieg
Ghjvtntb bash[fqfhf> [`s[m f;`8fyn`bb> qf7f
flumskn`bb fvwf f9iffhf. Cfchs7`f f[`f]`
bfkfi`fp> eb f7ysn` bbp bfpre f]`fv0f> ftgjc
flsun`bb> fef9cn`bb fdthcbf6`fums bhlshetbn> b;`snòje fvbajkjuw`f. F[`f]` bkbffp
e. qavSbaia. `sasriyva~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “Cfchs7`f”
129
– ainar iJis quraSi gamoiwrTo da Tavisi
goliaTuri siZlieriT, simamaciTa da
moxerxebulobiT gamoirCeva,ris gamoc Zmebi
mas SuriT uyureben. Zmebs Soris frTxili,
magram aSkarad mtruli damokidebulebis
sxva mizezia maTi urTierTobis poblema
(ix.“gunda“) da is faqti, rom sasriyvas
narTebi nabiWvrad Tvlian (ix.“anSfa“).
sasriyvas
sikvdilic
swored
Zmebis
mondomebis Sedegia.
Cfchs7`f Yfh0ff h;mb8s> Fbyfh f;mb b;mbh0f
f7ys losh;èg> eb bvxleb> bash[fqfhtb>
bu`svi`fhtb bu`tbkufhtb hskf lhskerffefy> e,hb fps bfimw`f bqfimswefy. Ftimw`f
hs,;mfhf> fu`-fyspffhtb f[f kf,=f,f fb/fw`f
htbps7fpffimf lf-f vpspr fvfy (bu`.“Usylf“)
yfcums Yfh0ff Cfchs7`f fyi9f ]`f bim0fy
(bu`.“Fyi9f“). Cfchs7`f b0f[fhfums fbimw`f
hf6ìf]f0hfkfjeg bis7fkfp.
saunau (siusana,saurou) _ marcvleulis
xeliT fqvis mfarveli suli. misi saxeli
ixsenieba
e.w.
`dolabis
simReraSi~.
dolabTan
mdgari
qalebi, romlebic
marcvleuls xeliT fqvavdnen, mosawyen da
mZime Sromas simReras aayolebdnen:
`saunau, saunau,
Tavwmindad aris dafquli,
mogawvdi savse jamiT da
agarTmev gobiT TavdgmuliT~.
`sau-nau~ (siu-sana, sau-rou) iseTive
xmabaZviTi sityvidan warmomdgari terminia,
rogoric cexvis dros guriaSi xmarebuli
termini `san-sav~ (samegreloSi am mZime
samuSaos dros icodnen daTvla: àrTi~,
`Jiri~, `sumi~ da a.S.).
CFEYFE (Cbecfyf>Cbehje) _ Fhsw yfgskf fkfufhf bf[`skf9ief f9cs]f. Eb b[mo
ffh9ieg „Fokfufhf fi`f f=s“. Fokfufhf
bfluskje f]`cf6`f> eh0 fhsw hyfgfkf bh[efy>
fu`s9q`fufn`b> b[msy0sp hecehf fi`f yfkfhqjy>
„Cfeyfe>cfeyfe>
Buòfys bkfujeg
Fcffy ffpyf ec0jbn>
Besvc[jbn fu`s,kff yfh0`ys“.
„Cbe-yfe“>
(Cbe-cfyf>
Cbe-hje)
eb
f,;mstb9ihfn`b f;`f6`f hskf tb6`shi`je
nthvbyeg>
U`hbf
f7ys
bfysrefi jp bh]`jp fnthvby „cby-cfd“ (Ushn`skf
f,hb fec [msy0f ffy bhlshefy f9[mfofhf>
„fh0b“>“;mbhb“>“cevb“> ...).
seliqu
_
narTul
gadmocemaTa
personaJi, narTebis mwyemsi, wamoudgeneli
Zal-Ronis
gmiri;
zogjer
figurirebs
rogorc
narTebis
dedis – saTanei-gvaSas
`rCeuli~, biologiuri
mama (genitor).
CTKB^~ _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s> Yfh0ff
hs[mxf8> fvx/`/`f pvfp fash[fqf> pyspsykf
lffh9ieg>
Yfh0ff
hfy>
Cf0fytb>U`fimf>
„kw`s,pf“>
Cfchs7`f
bf,q`7mf ]`f (genitor).
siTi
_
narTul
gadmocemaTa personaJi,
narTebis
ufrosi
Zma
(zogi
variantiT
igi
narTebis
mamad
moiazreba),
vaxsiTis
mama; narTebis grZel
skamze _ arimzze igi
TavSi zis da `mamacad~
iwodeba.
narTebis
laSqrobebSi mkrTalad,
magram mainc Cans siTis
rogorc
winamZRolis
e. qavSbaia. `siTi~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “Cb0”
CB)
_
Yfh0ff
fbtimw`f htb]f,s (dfhbfynr f7ys Yfh0ff hf,
]`f lfh,jeg)> Ef[cb0
bf,> Yfh0ff hn`fh0f> fhsvo f7ys f[`fys bn`jp>
„fu`svi`f“ ]`f bim0fy.
Yfh0ff
htb,simhf6`f
h7ys [szsr bw`sieg
f[f ptums frjeg be,jbn
eb bv8f9bujp f9spf8
bcf[mf. Eb b]`fv0fkf
ftimw`f hs9cs himjy>
saxe. mis naTqvamze isveneben Zmebi; misi
miTiTebiT iwyebs naSbaTayva narTebis
gmirul warsulze Txrobas; saTanei-gvaSas
Semdeg siTs, rogorc Zmebs Soris ufross,
ekuTvnis pirveli sityva.
siTi iTvleba narTebis mTavar meRvined
(sxva variantiT ufrosi meRvine xniSia).
igi
moZalade
narjxeus
mosawamlad
gankuTvnili Rvinisgan kvdeba.
siu
_ narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi
qali, romelic vinme axuSbas Seuyvarda da
misi colad SerTva gadawyvita. siu Tanaxma
iyo colad gahyoloda im SemTxvevaSi Tu
saqmro orTabrZolaSi daamarcxebda. axuSba
siusTan SeWidebisas Tavad marcxdeba da
hkargavs sacoles.
eb blqfhfkf Yfi,f0f7`f lfkfujy Yfh0ff>
bh[`shuf[mfp
hash[fqfhf6`f
ffpsh9ijp f;`f,;m fb0f]`fhf> Cf0fytb>U`fimf
kffvsim0f[m> Cb0> ftimw`f htb]f,s bfrey
hf9[mfn`b f;`f f]`fhf f,;ms pvfp.
Cb0 ls9[mfojeg Yfh0ff h7ys b[flje
f8s7fqf8sc (lf-f dfhbfynr fkf f8s7fqf8sc
lfh,jeg {ysim). Eb fvqfhc8s Yfh\m[mje
f[ì`b0fhfps blshvfptbp f8s> b;`sy lfubn.
CBE _ Yfh0ff htgjc f9]`sc [f=s> eb
F[ì,fr ,pbf lb,fy> 9]`scc lbufhw bo,bn.
Cbe eb 9]`scc bwwfhf lf6ìf]f0sy> hs8\mfums tb6`9fys bfhf lfbffbh. F[ì,f
Cbe lfykf6`9f lfqf[bn> f9]`sp,fums
lbw`sobn.
v. vouba. `siusa da axuSbas orTabrZola~
D.Dje,f. “Cb8b> F[ì,tb htb6`9fhf”
a-sunatra _ winadacveTis Cveuleba
muslim afxazebSi. marTalia, winadacveTas
bavSvobis asakSi mimarTavdnen, magram iyo
SemTxvevebi, roca Turqi molebi am wesis
Sesrulebas axalmoqceul asakovan da
moxuc mamakacebsac aiZulebdnen,rac xSirad
seriozuli garTulebebiT mTavrdeboda.
termini à-sunatra~ momdinareobs amave
Sinaarsis Turquli sityvidan `sunnet~ (←
arab. `sunna~). ritualuri winadacveTis
Cveuleba gacilebiT adre, pirvelyofili
sazogadoebis wiaRSi Caisaxa da iniciaciis
Tanmxlebi wesi iyo. islamsa da iudaizmSi
man
axali
interpretacia
miiRo
da
religiuri mikuTvnebulobis garegnuli
maxasiaTebeli gaxda.
131
FCEYFNHF _ f[fw`f hs9[fimfhf6`f
f6`w`f f[q`fhf fqfc f9ceff f9cskvfyw`f
h7ys> bbfijeg eb fef8s lfys[`ze feg bfysv8f9shujp> f[f b7fy f0fuskfpffimf> f0sh6`f
f[`f\mfw`f fhb fqfc fv8f9ufhf hslshqjy
plby ps9cf[sp> f=fhb> ps6`hf ytb[mfp f0f]
vflfw`fums> eb lffhfof b-tbvp fkqi`f6`fums
fwsy.
Fnthvby „fceyfnhf“ bffetbn> fv8f9ufhfn`b
fqfc ffpsh9ief „ceeyytn“ (fhf,. „ceyyf“).
Fhb fqfc fv8f9ufhf lffhfof b;`snè>
hf9[mfn`b feff;`kfhn`b hsqffekfhf f7ysn`
bffetbn> eb bzslfp fqfc6`f fvfy. F9cskvfyhtb> fbeltbffb h7ys fqfc =sw fv8f9ufhfkf bfkfutbn> eb flby[fqfhf pye,ffkj
lshufys bimf6ùskn.
t N
FN~FHF _ „F9cs fn`fh0f“. B9csp b[mofkf
saxelze did gzebsa da gzagasayarze, fv8fle6`tb> fv8f tb[`shc6`tb> feff;`kfh
sazogadoebrivi
TavSeyris
adgilebSi htbpfh0f f0s96`tb> fqkf6`f hsq7f blshuskj
xeebqveS gamarTuli grZeli skami. afxazebma b[`[`je f7`fhl`. Bfhf e,fc f9ceff bhlshefy
aseve icodnen micvalebulis saxelobis b9csp b[mofkf fqtb\m6`tb> fos[mffbh0f6`tb
Webisa da wyaroebis mowyoba (Sdr. qarTuli h7ys f7`fhl` fhuskfhf (=sh. F6sh0efn`b
`sulis wyaro~).
„f9cs fos[m“).
a-tvara _ `sulis skami~. micvalebulis
a-tivi _ urCxuli, uzarmazari zomis
demonuri arseba, zogi variantiT, mfrinavi
gveleSapi, romelic mzesa da mTvares
dasdevs, maT Caylapvas cdilobs da
amitomac xdeba mnaTobTa dabneleba. roca
ativi mnaTobebs aefareba da daabnelebs,
xalxi iaraRs caSi isvris, raTa misi
keTilismyofelni daRupvisagan ixsnas. g.
Cursinis Canawerebis mixedviT, adamianebma
am dros rom ar isrolon, mnaTobebi
urCxuls ver gaeqcevian da ativi maT an
SeWams an misgan daRrRnilebi zecis TaRs
moswydebian da Zirs Camovardebian.
mnaTobTa dabnelebis Sesaxeb msgavsi
warmodgenebi gavrcelebulia qarTvelebSi,
kavkasiisa da sxva xalxebis miTologiaSi.
n.
janaSia
uSvebs
SesaZleblobas,
rom termini àtivi~ gaiSifros, rogorc
àdamiani-bu~ (afx. a-t¥ _ bu da uaÂ¥ _
adamiani), rac saeWvo Cans.
FNS* _ Fusui`su leoof> f\mysi 9ihf
pvje> lf-f dfhbfynr fkf b9shef fu`skimfg>
eb fvptb> fvhtb bfim0jeg> eh0 hsk,fflfhf
f0f[eg> e,hb fpjeg bpskfimwf[j. Fvhf
fn`s8 bfrjbn> ec7fy feg bfyskfimwf[j> feff
fi`f6m fkf f;`8fy f[m b[scetbn> eh0 hsvhfkfifhf f0f[fhf f7ysn`b tb6`lsh[fhw.
U. Xehcby b8sv0f6`f byhs6`shi`fy>
feff f,hb ffv0fps bv[scsh> hskfifhf
fu`sui`su bpfw`wjv> Fns8 eb vf bfajbn vf b7f7fp f;`8fy brsli`fys flumsk
b6`9cjbn.
Fkfifhf> fb6`skfimwfhf bfprys> eb
tb9ie fu`ffyfufhf fkfhq`jeg f6sh0w`tb>
Rfdrfp> tumsh0 feff;`kfh h7yums.
Y.|mfyfimbf
bfpu`tb0jbn>
fnthvby
„fns8“> „fns fef8s“> eb fu`hfufhf wùmjeg.
133
u *
uaZamaqiaTi
*FOFVFRMFN _ Yfh0ff lffhfof bleesp
_ narTebis giganturi
zomis jadosnuri qvevri. igi mudam savsea h]f9imf. Eb tcyfum b0`sy bzslfys bfkrffp
gansakuTrebuli Zalis RviniT, romlis da- 8skf> eb fysh;`kfum ffvsim0f[m Yfh0ff hsvx
levis Semdeg narTebi ufro Zlierebi xde- bfwkjy> b/`/`f[jy. Eh0 f]f9imf fvf0 7f9ims
bian. isini qvevrSi wiTeli gvelis daWril tb=shiì`fys b0fhqjy> eb fkf eh0 hf/fw`f
nawilebs deben, raTa Rvino mtris mosawam- f[ì`hs0fhf f7sn` h[`s bflsh[`jy (-yfr pys
lad gamoiyenon (erT-erTi aseTi cdis dros fo`s f[ì` bh0fh fysh0f[`[fp Yfh0ff h[f0f
Tavad narTebi dazaraldnen). gadmocemis
fwùmfhf bf6ì`tbn). F]`fv0f byf6`sh9iys>
Tanaxmad, uaZamaqÁaTi Camarxuli iyo qlux*fofvfrmfn f[msqfp ^ks[`hf frfq`fhf (lf-f
oris (sxva variantiT, naxaris) uReltexdfhbfynr fkf Yf]fh f7ys) f7ys feg. Yfh0ff
ilTan. narTebisaTvis igi imdenad wmindaa,
rom Zmebi qvevrTan deben fics. saswaulmo- hps eb e,hsc7fr b9imfy> ftimw`f f]f9imf
qmed WurWels narTebs Soris upirvelesi f7ys f=f0f[ms im0fhqjy. F\mfimf[`hf
gmiris gamovlenac SeuZlia (Rvinis duRi- f7fqfhf pskijp f]f9imf Yfh0ff fash[fw`f
lis gamowveviT). qonebis gayofis dros, bhskerffefp bffh9ihf fkijy (f8s fbkfhihf ffy). Fvfk fyshij
ZmaTa Soris umamacffy> ftimw`f ptums
esi raindis rangSi
htb]fof bu`svi`f8sp
cvicvis
gamovlenis
fash[fqf W`sw` bvgamo,
gabrazebulma
ifkf> bu`ffp Cfchs7`f
sasriyvam qvevri uRef]f9imf f[hf tb0bn>
ltexilidan afxazeF9cysn`b fufy f[m
Tis
mimarTulebiT
bhr`shsy>
b9s[[f
daagora da daamsxvrbim0bn. Eb fqf f7ys
ia. mis fskerze darCebffy[fp f;mu`f/ F9cys
nili wi pwidan ixara
pt[msy\mfhf bkf9ctafxazeTSi narTebis
bn> e,hb bf[`skqbn
vazma, romelic
aw
F9cys> Yfh0ff hof[`f
ukve
gadaSenebulia
]`f bfim0fy. Bf[mfps
da arsad ar xarobs.
eb
f;`kf
F9cys
termin
ùaZab6`sooffbn.
maqÁaTs~ ornawiled
Fnthvby
„8fofvsityvad miiCneven da
frmfn“ 87ìfr hskf
Sifraven
rogorc
bijbn ]`f fu`ffyfufhf
`maWaris WurWels~ [as7jeg>
„fvfzfh
Âiz _ tkbili (Rvin0f0`fh0ff f0s9“. F[f
isa), mqÁaT _ saTavsi,
b7jeg
fu`ffyfufhf
risame adgili]. Tumca,
„8fofvfrmfn“
frn`b
a.
beliukini.
`narTebi
jadosnur
WurWelTan~
aris cduneba ùaZaf[`0f Yfh0ff h]`fv0f
maqÁaTis~
pirveli
F. <tkberby. “Yfh0ff flje]fn` f]f9imf=s” fef9cn`b fdfhbfyn f\-
elementi davukavSiroT narTul gadmocemaTa osuri versiis saswaulmoqmedi Tasis
_ Wacamong-is (sityvasityviT `RvTaebrivi
mimaniSnebeli~) pirvel nawils _ Wac, rac
`RvTaebrivs~ `wmindas~ niSnavs (am sakulto termins mxolod miTologiasa da eposSi vxvdebiT).
mfimf[`hf v8f9spuj f[vfzsh> Wacamongn`b (f;`f> f;`fkf bffyfujbn „bf][skf9ij blshuffh9ihf) frn`b f[`0f _ Wac,
eb „fyw`fbn`hf“> „f9imf“ ffyfujbn (f,hb
frekmnn`b fnthvby fvbajkjubtb> ftgjcb
h7ys vfwfhf feg bf[m]9skj).
a-uriCra (Turq. uraza) _ ocdaaTdRiani
FEHSXHF (f0h6`. ehfpf) _ 8f;`b;`f,f
vis byfuoj fehsxhf f9ceff f9cskvfyw`f
h7ys. Epfhf (fhf,. Fc.cfdv> fcgfhc. Hept)
f9cskvfyn`b b[`flje f0fr9[s6`hf6`f [`,f
h7ysn`> f9cskvfyn`b b[`flje f,eh\m6`f
b[`flje hefrs> eb fyfuofhf flby[fqf8w`f
hps
hfvflfy
fvpfps
b[`sv9fljeg
(f9cskvfyw`f b[`flje fvpfh $n`b fvp).
Fxufhf bqfkjebn bfh,je fvp fyuskj> fvpf
=sw fyffw`shqkfum flby[`fqf8w`f ifh9fps byfhrys bytbkfiì`ffyof fpby hsvfv frhsafhf> frhs;`hf> f0f0sy f[`fhf>
f[`fqf9]`schf e,fc bqtums. Eh0 hsyfuofhf
hskijn bfyffbkfiì`fkfum byfhrys.
Fehsxhf byfh0,ffys bfkfhq`fy F9cysn`b
f9cskvfyw`f h=s. Fxufhf ffy> tccs 9imfib>
hfvflfy vpf frn`bb> fqs[`n`fyn`b fvi6`f
hps> f9cef f9cskvfyw`f b0fr9[s6`hfys
byfhuojy hs9cw`f hps fxuf[ms fhuskfhtb>
fw`svpf fhrhtb> f9cw`f hps blsh[`bjp
fbi`f f7ys byfwqfys 87`fhl`r lshuskjy>
0sy[f lspvfvp f9cw`f hps> eh0 cfchf bhpffbh fkijy. Fxufhf fvi6`f hps f9ceff
f6mfifyf6`f lhsw6mjy> lf-f ffv0fr fps
f6mfifyf6`f h7ys bfh,fy ecpffkfum fyfuofhf
7fkjvpn.
marxva muslim afxazebSi. uraza (arab. assavm, spars. ruze) muslimis xuTi ZiriTadi
movaleobidan, islamis xuTi ZiriTadi
burjidan (ruqn) erT-erTia, romlis dacva
morwmuneTaTvis savaldebuloa ramadanis
TveSi (muslimTa mTvaris kalendris me-9 Tve).
marxva iwyeba aRniSnuli Tvis dadgomisas;
axali mTvaris gamoCenisTanave morwmunes
ganTiadidan dabindebamde kategoriulad
ekrZaleba Wama-sma, Tambaqos moweva, colqmruli kavSiri da sxv. akrZalvebi ixsneba
dabindebisTanave.
auriCra farTod iyo gavrcelebuli
morwmune afxazebSi. marxvis ganmavlobaSi
yovel xuTSabaTs da ramadanis Tvis pirvel
da ukanasknel dReebSi afxazis ojaxi Tavs
valdebulad Tvlida micvalebulTaTvis
sakurTxi daedga da sanTeli daenTo;
gardacvlilTaTvis gaSlil magidasTan
daedga
ori
skamiT
meti
upatrono
mkvdarTaTvis,
romlebic
SeiZleboda
stumrad
swveodaT.
marxvis
dReebSi
afxazebma saflavebis movla icodnen; sxva
dros sasaflaoze yovelgvari samuSaoebi
ikrZaleboda.
f
faTara _ narTul gadmocemaTa
epizoduri personaJi, romlis vaJi, an
SesaZloa faTaraTa gvaris warmomadgeneli
(faTar-ifa) narTebis msaxurTa jgufs
ganekuTvneba.
faTrazi
_
narTul gadmocemaTa
gmiri, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina gumbivis
cixe-simagrisaTvis brZolaSi.
rogorc Cans, saxeli `faTrazi~ narTuli
eposis osuri versiis erT-erTi centraluri
personaJis – baTraZis da yabardouli
versiis _ baTrezis saxecvlili formaa.
am ukanasknelTa ti pologiur paralels
afxazur versiaSi cvicvi (ix. `cvicvi~)
warmoadgens.
135
(
(F)FHF _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f b[`flfv
f[f=s> eb bzrey> vf b7fkfh 7fkjbn (f0fhff hs;`kf f[f0syhfr ((f0fh>b9f) Yfh0ff
hsvfqe8w`f lhs[9[mfofkjeg.
(F)FHFP> Yfh0ff h]`fv0f fash[fqf> eb
b[s ffbh9ibn Usv,sp f,ff bfyf,fimefp.
Biff,j fkf> f[mso „(f0hfp“ Yfh0ff htgjc
fef9cn`b fdfhbfyn f7ysn` b[`flje fash[fw`f
hefo`s b[mso> <f0hfob> &f,fhlffn`b fdthcbf> <f0htpb hs[mso9cf[hf6`f bhbeeg. Fhb
fqs[`n`fyn`b> fnbgjkjubfn`b fgfhfktkm
f9cef fdthcbf f7ys W`sw` (bu`. „W`sw`“)
by9iskjbn.
F( _ Flsl -vfw`sc f[f=cf[mfn`b
f9ffbv,fh
f9cef fvbajkjubf f7ys> f9cRvTaeba afxazur miTologiaSi. afxazTa
warmodgeniT afi zecaSi cxovrobs, zis eff hu`ffyfufhfkf F9 f;`8fy f7ys lsy[jbn>
frTosan TeTr cxenze da marjvena xelSi lf6`n`jeg fvq`s;`8f pvje f-s ir`fr`f>
daklaknili maxvili upyria. igi zecidan bfh/mf yfgs f7ys breg tbkfhq`fie f7fvf.
cecxlovan isrebs (ix. à-firxi~) esvris Eb f;`8fy f7ysn` fvwf ps=7mj f[`svgfk6`f
xeebqveS damalul demons (ix. à-jniSi~), (bu`.“F9sh[
hu`slbqjbn fqkf fq7f pmagram arasodes avnebs rcxilas (axiacas), spw`f[sp f\mysi6`f (bu`. „F\mysi“) f[f
romelsac
RvTismSobeli
mfarvelobs
pysrums 9sh[fuf fpbvebn f[mfwf> eb fyw`f
(afxazTa azriT, RvTismSobeli axiacas _
xecias gvaridan aris). am rwmenis gavleniT, bfy lf[`skf9ietbn (f9ceff hu`ffyfufhfkf
afxazebi TavianTi sacxovreblis garSemo fyw`f bfy f[mfwf> [mtwbff hs;`kf lfnèg).
rcxilis xeebs rgavdnen, sacxovrebeli F,hb fp[`sqfhfkf f9ceff hs8ys ffbu`fhf
Tu sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobis f[mfwf qkf tb0fh]fjy> f8ys fevf vf ec fy[fhf
aSenebisas cdilobdnen am xis Tundac bfnè huskfhfr fys7fhqjp f9ceff bpkfefkf
mcire
nawilis
gamoyenebas.
RvTaebis r`fv7mfr frepfhums f]mfwf h[`s bflsh[`jy
saxelze locva icodnen mexis dacemis fhuskfhf=s. }fpifp b[mofkf fys]`fhf
an Weqa-quxiliT SeSinebuli adamianis hlshefy fflsl fchf ffy vf flsl vfw`sc
daavadebis SemTxvevaSi; swiravdnen TeTri bfhi`fp fef8s bxsvfpfhf ffy> f9cf0fn`c f\feris Txas, mexis dacemis adgilze mvf ir`fr`f himefy> flsl f[fcsp f0s9 f7ys
mRerodnen àfraSvas~ _ afis simReras (ix.
fi`f h]`jy> „F9hfi`f“ (bu`. „F0kfhxjgf“).
àTlar Copa~). xSirad afi gaigivebulia
F9 ]fpifp fyw`f lblshrskjy.
a-fi _ Weqa-quxilis personificirebuli
umaRles RvTaebasTan
_ ancvasTan.
RvTaebis saxelSi
asaxulia
uZvelesi
msoflmxedveloba,
roca jer kidev ar
hqondaT warmodgena
bunebis sulier da
materialur aspeqtebad dayofis Taobaze. am TvalsazrisiT
termini à-fi~ srul
semantikur
SesabamisobaSia adiReur da
yabardoul terminTan `Sible~, romelic aRniSnavs Weqaquxilis
RvTaebas
da sakuTvriv `quxils~, rogorc aseTs.
aSkaraa, rom
Weqaquxilis Tayvaniscema gacilebiT Zvelia,
vidre warmodgenebi
Weqa-quxilis RvTaebaze.
F9ffbv,fh bcf[mf
f7ys
bfy9iskjbn
bleoojefleytb[`f9ihf>
f[f=sffufhf
fyhs vfvp f9cf,fhf ps9cs
0jeb> b0fvb> fvf0`fhn`b
fcgtrn6`f
hskf
htb7ìfhf
f,im0hf
e,hffyn`
lffetbn
fhb f9ffbv,fh. Eb
fu`ffyfufhfkf fnthvby
„f9...“
fctvfynbrhf
bif6`yfuj fkf flsun`bb>
f7f,fhlfn`b
fnthvby
„ib,kt“>
eb
flsl
-vfq`sc f9ffbv,fhb>
b[fn`s
„flslhf“
tb9i.
Bkf,=f,jeg>
f l s l v f w ` s c
fvqf[sh[`fhf lffhfof
b;`snèg> flsl -vfw`sc
f9ffbv,fhw`f bffh9ie
ptums hfqrmsc.
g. xubua. àfi~
U. {e,ef. “F9”
a-firxi
F(SH{ _ Flslvfw`sc
f9ffbv,fh F9 b[svwf
<ps9ff h[fqfhfkf (F,;meff F9 b[svwf
]`f
bhs9[mfojy
f,hpfk).
Feff9cshf
hu`ffyfufhfkf> biff,j fkf f[svwf ]`f
bfim0fy fvtnbjhbn6`f bhs=7mjp fvwf,p> eb
flsl f[mfcep f0s96`f h7ys brf9cjy. F9cef
bu`ffyfufhfkf> eb tb7hfvp (fyfw`s bfhrys>
f0fzr`sv f7ysyo) bums;msp> f9in`s
tb6`fw`f pvfp f[`f]`> vf fb[f> f\sh tb9isp
f[`f]`6`f hfrey> eb fkf F9 bf/fw`f> vf
b]`fn`s [fpsvqjp> bf[mbh[`sh bb0f[`sp
bhu`slbqjy. Feff F9 b[svwf6`f fybhi`f
fvwf pswhsqef f[`svgfk6`f bhtb9ieg ]`f
fu`ffyfufhf hsvjeg.
a-fsaTatvi
F(CF)FN~ _ B9csp by8f;`fvib>
bis6`cs hpf fefw`tb> f0sy[fw`tb b9csp
bgfne6`qfhfps bhimef fhf[` (fefcf> fcsc>
f;`> fw`)> fimn`s f9c[`fhf f9sy fe[f byfhujbn f0ffw`fhf h7ys feffhfw`f fys7je>
f9cf0fn` fu`fi` f7ys f0fufkfhf bf]`jbn eb
_ Weqaquxilis
RvTaebis
afis tyvia bzifis afxazebis rwmeniT
(abJuis
afxazebSi
ki
afis
iaraRia
abrzali). xalxuri warmodgena, rogorc
Cans, afis tyviebs uwodebs im meteoritul
warmonaqmnebs, romlebsac igi namsxvrevebis
saxiT mexis dacemis adgilebSi poulobs.
afxazis azriT, es aris sxvadasxva zomis
(TiTis sigrZidan erT wyrTamde) mrgvali
Savi feris kenWis (qvis), rkinis, Tujis an
sxva masalis tyviebi, romlebsac afi Tavis
mtrebs (mag. ajniSs) an im urCebs uSens, visi
dasjac surs. xalxs afis tyviebi srolis
procesSi cecxlovani isrebis saxiT aqvs
warmodgenili.
_
micvalebulis
wlisTavze naTesavebisa da axloblebis mier
Wirisuflis dasaxmareblad dayenebuli
saklavi (cxvari, batkani, xari da sxv.);
saklavi mohyavT wina saRamos, roca ojaxSi
xalxmravlobaa;
afsaTatviT
WiSkars
moaxloebuli
piri
ezoSi
Semosvlas
moiTxovs da Tanxmobis miRebisTanave
Semohyavs
saqoneli,
romlis
rqebi
vercxlisferi an sxva mbzinavi masaliTaa
Sexveuli, tani _ nairi feris morTulobiT
Semkuli, zurgze gadagdebuli aqvs e.w.
àxÁanafi~ _ grZel Zafze monacvleobiT
asxmuli wabli, msxali, vaSli, zogjer
krendelic. ase morTuli afsaTatvis
win da ukan damxvdurebi da mosulni
sanTliT xelSi ganlagdebian da saklavs
ezos samjer Semoatareben samgloviaro
moTqmis e.w. `haiuas~ (àious~) TanxlebiT.
am wesiT SemohyavT danarCeni saklavic.
Semdeg afsaTatvis momyvanni gardacvlils
mis niSanTan itireben. saklavis naxevari
xorci da tyavi mis momyvans ekuTvnis.
137
ffpufp> fpby fyhsh0fkfum hs9cf0fn` fu`fh9
b0fhufkjbn> eb fn`s8f6`f fhsoys 9in`s
vf lf-f 9in`sr fkf bh9iojeg> fw`f ptums
tbetb9isv frfcs;`kf b8sxjeg> f7`f7`
b6èg> fhf[`sw f7ys bhs9[e f[mf> f]f> fq`f
pyspsykf fxfoums „f[mf9fy“> f,fc tb9i
b8sxje fimn`f ef7f b7je ptums fw`svpf6`f
fhrys fu`fh9 [svn` bfrelshijbn> fvsnrvf
]`j> „]fbe8“ („ffb8s“) hswys. F,hb fqfc fkf
byfhujbn tumsh0 fimn`f6`fums. Yfc f9cf0fn`
yfpufp b9csp bysi`sy0hf f7ys lytbys
lw`setbn. Bhimsp f,;tb> fw`tb fimn`f ffpufp bnèg.
b. jopua. `xari~
<.|mjgef. “Fw`”
a-fsua _ afxazi. narTul gadmocemebsa
da zRaprebSi dasaxelebuli erTaderTi
xalxi [mag., goliaTi mxvneli _ bJaiua-bJaZa
narTebis umcros Zmas _ sasriyvas `sawyal
afxazs~ (afsua CCia) uwodebs; zogjer
devebi gmirs ver xedaven, magram grZnoben
àfxazis suns~].
F(CEF _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f=sb> fkfr`6`tb
h7ys p[mo ]`je fvbkf0 pfq`s (=sh. Flfe
<;f8f _ <;fof Yfh0ff hfimf tbq,s
Cfchs7`f „f9cef xxbf“ ]`f tb]`jbn).
Pyspsykf fljew`f fash[fw`f h,jvpn f[f
f9cef ba8s hf]fefy.
b. jopua. àfxazi~
<. |mjgef. “F9cef”
139
a-fscvaha _ sikvdilis RvTaeba,
romlis sabrZanisia saiqio (ix. `narcvi~).
afscvaha
adamianisa
Tu
cxovelis
sikvdilis moaxloebis Jams an Tavad midis
momakvdavTan da sasTumalTan ujdeba an
agzavnis Tavis warmomadgenlebs (erTs an sam
suls), romlebic ufro xSirad momakvdavis
naTesavTa sulebi arian (Sdr. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos mTielTa
warmodgenebi
e.w. mgebrebze). am `gamcilebel sulebs~
micvalebulTa moxseniebis dRes msxverplad
swiraven Romis naWerSi Cadebuli saqonlis
gul-RviZlis
Rvinomosxmul
nawilebs,
romlebsac mlocveli gareT yris Semdegi
sityvebiT: ès Tqven, Cveno Tanamyolo
(Tanamdevo) da gamcilebelo sulebo~.
afxazTa rwmeniT, afscvahas msxverplni
sustni an avadmyofni xdebian. folkloruli
masalebiT adamiani masze xSirad eSmakobiT
imarjvebs.
F(CW~F}F _ F9chf f9ffbv,fh> eb b0s9
yshw` feg (bu`.“Yshw`“) f9cw`f]f lef8evf>
b9cnèvf fo`s b9chf fyffbu`f[j bfhf b[`fkf
lytbetbn ps9cs p[`spuj bf[m ef ls9ieg vf
bvfq pef (fo`s vf [8sr) fo`s lyfbim0jbn>
kfccs eh0 b9cef b6è b0sy[fw`f> bpfbu`je
hjeg (=sh. Fvhfuskfhfn`b ^sh0n`skf fim[f
by[j hu`ffyfufhfkf vut,ht,b). F,fh0 „Fyfcrmfuf8s f9c6`f“ f9cs lfyshu`fkflshi`j
fvi f-ys fimn`f fyshimkfum> eb f,sc0f
bfu`skfqfys f8s f6`0`fys fys]`f8 fl`f[ms
brfbs;mjbn „fhb i`fhf bi`n`jeg b]fwe> ]
yfcrmfpuj f9cs“ ]`j.
F9ceff hu`ffyfufhfkf f9cw`f]f bujbn> bhsw]fe> bxsvfpf8e. Fajkmrkjh6`f
hffh9ihf6`f hskf feff hf[m eb uspvfkhfkf
bfbffbetbn.
fsxunixa _ afxazuri gvarebis _ adleibas,
bagafSis, aSubas, arisTaas, Cxufias, xvatiSis,
qiaxirifas,simsis,CiCbas,saZbas,cimcis,benias,
amiWbas,kviwinias,Cegemis,marSanias,emuxvaris,
inal-ifas, wanbas, zuxbas, arZinbas, trafSis,
akabas, aZinaas, ptiSis da sxvaTa `Ziri xati~,
salocavi (a-nixa). fsxunixa mdebareobs
Tanamedrove afxazeTis centralur mTian
nawilSi (soxumis raioni). sakuTvriv fsxu
aris saerTo saxelwodeba im adgilebisa
(donbexi, Zonga, viRZu
muqurza da sxv.),
romlebic md. bzifisa da misi Senakadebis
(baviu, reSavi) xeobebs moicaven. kavkasiis
wyalgamyofi
qedis
samxreT
kalTaze
ganlagebuli fsxu odiTganve iyo CrdilodasavleT
kavkasiidan
afxazeTisken
midrekil mTielTa pirveli samosaxlo
[S. inal-ifas, l. akabas da sxva avtorTa
mixedviT, zemoCamoTvlili gvarebis (da
aramarto maTi) warmoSoba, garda marSanias,
kviwinias da beniasi (es ukanasknelni,
rogorc Cans, qarTuli warmomavlobis,
mogvianebiT gaafxazebuli gvarebi arian),
CrdiloeT kavkasias ukavSirdeba]. fsxuSi
damkvidrebuli, aqedan
ki
afxazeTis
sxvadasxva mxareSi gadasaxlebuli da
sabolood afsuebad qceuli kavkasielebis
`Ziri xati~, bunebrivia, fsxusTan aris
dakavSirebuli (fsxudan gadasaxlebulebi
adgilebze
fsxunixas
`wilebs~
afuZnebdnen). amitomac aris, rom afxazTa
da Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis xalxTa
msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi gaWrili
(C}~YS{F _ F9cef ;`k6`f> Flktbff>
<fuf9imff> Fi`ff> Fhbc0ff> X[q9ff> }`fnsimff> Rmf[mb9fw`ff> Csvcff> Xsxff> Cfoff>
Wsvwff> <tybff> Fvzff> R`sqybff> Xtumtvff> Vfhimfyff> Fbv[ff> Byfkb[ff> Qfyff>
P[`ff> Fhosyff> )hf9imff> Frf,ff> Fosyff>
}`nsimff efc bqtums „bhimfu`s0e fys[f“.
(c]`s f7ys b7jeg> ef;`n`b F9cys fu`0fn`b
fim[f [`0f=s (F7`f fhfbjy). (c]`s bhptb9ie [moeg> ef7f b7je f0s96`f (Ljy,f[`s>
Osyuf> *s/o> Vs6`sho) <ps9b> Vscb bhskfkj (<f8>Htimf) fobfc6`tb> f8[ff6`tb
tblyfrskjbn. Rfdrfp fos tb8spij f8[ff>
fkflfn`b fr`frm f7ys b7je (c]`s yf[myfn`
ff[sc F9cys7f bffbefp fim[feff hf9[mfn`b
hsy[fh0f 0s9eg (I> Byfk>b9f> K. Frf,f
tumsh0 [`s[m bfh,je f;`kf6`f hf,im0hf feg>
Vfhimfybffb> R`sqybffb> <tybffb hslf>
fh0 f;`kf6`f f6`sh0ef [`skqim0hf hsvjeg>
f9ceffhf f[m bbfcbn> tumsh0 fvhfufkfhfn`b
Rfdrfp bfl]`fkjeg)> (c]`s fy[fhf bfkfufp
fhffyn` yfc F9cys tbetb9isvp f0s96`f
hf[m y[fhf bbfcbn> bf9csef[fp Rfdrfpff
hps „b[`fle ys[fys“> (c]`ys[f bfl]`fkjeg
((c]`s f7ysn` b6`qsp bf[mytbp f0s96`f
hf[m (c]`sys[f „f7`[6`f“ imf6`lshuskjy).
E,hb fpjeg f9ceffb> fvhfufhkfhfn`b Rdrfpn`b
feffb fleytb[`f9ishfn`b h[`fqfhf fqf`
bf8shifp tb9i tb9ieg (bu`. „Fys]`fh0f“).
vaSliviT gvanan erTmaneTs (ix. à-nihvarTa~).
Tumca sakraluri sivrcisa da sakulto
adgilebis
formirebis
TvalsazrisiT
afxazur realobas erTi mniSvnelovani
movlena
axasiaTebs.
dRevandeli
afxazebis Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiidan
Camosaxlebul
winaprebs,
romlebsac
afxazuri
eTnosis
CamoyalibebaSi
lomis wili udevT, marTalia, CamoyvaT
iqauri miTosuri azrovneba, magram axal
samSobloSi isini sakuTar `religiur
sivrceebs~ ki ar qmnian, aramed adgilobriv
mkvidrTagan iTviseben `mza~ sakralur
sivrces, romelic qristianul sakulto
adgilebs ukavSirdeba. es,upirveles yovlisa,
qarTuli
saxelmwifo
(qristianuli)
kultebisadmi maTi gauTviTcnobierebeli
gansakuTrebuli SiSiT aixsneba. ase mag.,
fsxus, didrifSis an laSkendaris mTebi
maTTvis wminda mTebi xdeba imitom, rom iq
qristian wmindanTa saxelobis taZrebia
dafuZnebuli.
Camosaxlebulebs
aqvT
am kultebis SiSi, magram ar esmiT da
mogvianebiTac, ukve mkvidrad damjdarni
axal samosaxloSi, bolomde ver iazreben
ra qristianobis arss, mTaze asvlas
da eklesiaSi locvas ekrZalvian da
F[f fcfrhfkn`b f6`9ishtb> frekmnn`b
f0s96`f hsimf6`shuskfhf f[`f9ishfkf
f9ceff hs,pfpfhf b[`flje 7fpimfr fvjeg.
Bf[mfn`b f9ceff fvhfuskfhfn`b rfdrfpsyn`
b[`sqys yf[fhf bffp f9cef ftnyjc
fimf6`sh/`/`fhf=s f[flfhf le fkfhqbn>
bbfijeg bf[msvn`ffp hf,im0fhf htgjc6`f
hswsy f[f h=sw y[fh0f f7ys eh0 bh[fn`sp
„hlby 6`s9iskfhf“ imf6`lvshusktbn> eb
fqrmscums eh0 fimfu`s0eff bhswys bvfptbsp
fcfrhfkn`b 6`s9ishf> ptums hf9[mfof eb
^sh0n`skfn`b (f6mshcbfyn`b) f]`sy06fhhf
frekmn6`f hf[m eh0 bhptbksvrffefp fi`fhf
fy9iskjbn. Bf]]`jpfh (c]`s> Lslhs9im>
Kfimrmsylfh fim[f6`f b0s9 9imfys
b7fkjbn> bp,fypfh ef7f f6`shcbfy f9imfw`f
hs[msofkf fys[f6`f huskfy. Fhf[m y[fhf
bbfcsp hps fhb frekmn f[m fi`fhf hsvfy>
f[f bhptbkrfefvpn> frsh is6`cf fim0f[mums
fhb f0s9 bfn`ys bfys7fkfpums> fqs[`n`syof
tbkshrffh
h0f[`svpn
f6mshcbfyhf
pfr`sp> fim[f f[m b[fkfys ef7f fys]`fhf
bfwì`jy> e,hb f7ysn`b fim[f fimfgf=s
fsxu
(c]`
141
kavkasieli moZmeebis darad mxolod mTis
ZirSi loculoben. sainteresoa aseve is
faqti, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSic ki
afxazebi biWvinTis RvTismSoblis taZris
ezoSi mdgar xeebSoris loculobdnen
da ara sakuTvriv taZarSi (ix. ànan
lZaanixa~). msgavsi magaliTebis motana
mravlad SeiZleba. vfiqrob, rom fsxunixas
kulti dakavSirebulia fsxuSi arsebul
qristianul taZarTan.
bys]`jy. B\mjeimfhfn` b7jeg fafrnums>
2%n`b fi`sis6`cf fkfufv0fpsums f9ceff
Gbweylfn`b fyw`flps[ifp fys[f f7ys
fl`f[mf frey fys]`fhf f[msv8f9shujp>
fys[f b8yfvkfref> fu`fh9 f7ys buskfp
fqkf6`f hs,;mfhf (bu`. „Fyfy Koffys[f“).
Fc tb9i b7je f=sh9in`s bvfzsvref b7jeg.
Fu`ffyfufhfkf (c]`ys[f frekmn bfl]`fkjeg
(c]`s b7je f6mshcbfyn`b fys[f6`f.
a-fsha _ afxazeTis mTavari. afxazur
eTnogenetur gadmocemebSi pirveli afshasa
da mis warmomavlobaze ramdenime Tqmuleba
arsebobs. am TqmulebaTa erTi versiiT,
abisiniaSi cxovrobda oTxi arabuli
tomi, romelTagan erTi, afxazTa winapari
abaas tomi, vinme aublaas meTaurobiT jer
yubanispireTSi dasaxlebula,Semdeg ukeTesi
miwa-wylis ZiebaSi qarTvelebis qveyanaSi
damkvidrebula. aublaas qaliSvils vaJi
SesZenia da afsha daurqmeviaT. igi axal
samSobloSi dabadebuli pirveli afxazi
iyo da mogvianebiT qveynis mTavari gamxdara.
droTa ganmavlobaSi abaas tomis saxeli
afsuaTi Secvlila. aris gadmocemaTa sxva
variantebic, romelTa mixedviT afsuebi
afxazeTSi eTiopiidan,egvi ptidan,afrikidan,
mesopotamiidan gadmosaxlebulan.
yvelze popularuli legendis mixedviT,
afsha warmoSobiT berZeni iyo, saberZneTSi
cxovrobda da erTi ubedureba sWirda _
axalSeZenil Svils Rame uxilavi Zala
stacebda. aseTi ram araerTxel SeemTxva
da
mravlismcodneTa rCeviT Soreul
mxareSi dasaxleba gadawyvita. berZeni
iseTi adgilis Zebnas Seudga, sadac
kacisSvils fexi ar daedga da zRviT
afxazeTs moadga. maSin afxazeTi udaburi
tye iyo. moewona berZens aqauroba, dabrunda
samSobloSi, wamoiyvana coli, msaxurebad
Svidi saxleuli da isev afxazeTs moaSura.
isini gagris axlos, alaxaZeSi gadmosxdnen
da iqve dasaxldnen. male berZenis coli
daorsulda. am dros mTebSi qedsgaRmeli
aCba nadirobda. man gadmoixeda da zRvis
danaxvisTanave am didi wylis (aZ-du)
fonis moZebna gadawyvita, daeSva mTidan
da berZnebis dasaxlebas miadga. berZenma
stumari didi pativiT miiRo da Tavis
cxovrebazec uambo. imave Rames orsuli
qali samSobiarod dawva, stumari ki
gamoemSvidoba maspinZels da gaecala,
magram Sors ar wasula, iqve bardnarSi
daimala. RamiT berZens vaJi SeeZina, Zalze
F(C}F _ F9cys fb]f,shf. F9cefn`b
ftnyjutytnbrfn`b
f]`fv0f6`f
h7ys
hf9[mfn`b f9cf]f> eb bf,im0htb bhspre
bfrsvref f]`fv0f6`f s7jeg. Eh0 hefrs
f7ys F,bcbyfbf f7ys by[jy 9ims,f
fhf,w`f hs;`kf> eh0 h7ysn` fo`s> f9ceff
hf,im0hf f,ffcn`b fnjv> f7ysn` fo`s
fe,kff hyg[ufhfkf pys &`,byf fcntg
f7ys fy[fhf lfkfubn f[f yfc flumsk ,pbf
lifim0fp fhb f0s9 b,bn. Fe,kff h0s9]f
fzrey lsk[skqbn eb F9c]f b[moshqbn. Eb
fhb flumsk f7ys bbsp hf9[mfn`b f9cefy>
yfc eb fn`skf lf]`sy06fh[tbn. Frsh fyqs
eb F,ffc f;`kf f[mso f9cef ]`f bs9cf[bn.
B7jeg lf-f ]`fv0fr> eb fkf f9ceff
F9cys7f Tabjgbfyn`> Tumsgnsyn`> Fahbrf>
Vtcjgjnfvbf f7ysn` bffbn.
Ptums htb]f bfkfhw`je f]`fv0fkf F9c]f
f,im0kfhf l,shptyeg> <shptyn`skf lsy[jy
f[f hsw]fhfr bvfy b[skw bbefp bhpsvlshefp vxsr lsvqfhcys lfujy. F,fc frsh
is6`cf byfojy yfc f[ìs8 pvfp blshusktbn ls6`qys [fhf lwfhw y[fhf. F,shpty
flumsk f9iffhf lfkfutbn effyof fhb flumsk
fef8s bimfgs p6`svufkfwsp> fvisykf eb
F9cys lyflusktbn. Ec7fy F9cys ptums
,yfhfy> bu`f9[tbn f,shpty fhf bb,fp>
bim0f[m7f l[`sy]`sy b9]`scb> bvfq hsehfps ,s;m8sr feff bvfys F9cys7f lytbn.
Eh0 Ufuhf fpffbu`fhf Fkf]fos b[`sqbn> ef
fy[fhf bfkfutbn. Bffhkfcys f,shpty b9]`sc
kw`fkn`svref l7fkbn. E,hb ffv0fps fim[=s
Fx,fr li`fhfwjy> eb fim[f [s[m f7ysn`b
lfy9is fvisy b,tbn> fklf lks,ffbn
gaixara, mSvidad dawva da daiZina. diliT,
roca gaiRviZes, bavSvi ar daxvdaT, sadRac
gamqraliyo. usazRvrod idardes, magram
raRa unda eRonaT, bedisweras versad
gaeqceodnen.
am SemTxvevis Semdeg bevrma wyalma
Caiara. bavSvi Turme im RamiT stumrad
myof aCbas wauyvania da Tavis sam ZmasTan
erTad gauzrdia. ukve davaJkacebuli biWi
aCbebs wamouyvaniaT da mamasTan afxazeTSi
mosulan: ès biWi Seni vaJia, igi me mogpare,
radgan gagonili mqonda, sadac amisTana
ambavi xdeba, bavSvi unda moi paro da
gazardoo. Seni Svili oTxma Zmam aRvzardeT;
verc eg moiTmens Cvens unaxaobas da verc
Cven gavZlebT mis gareSe, amitom SenTan
axlos, Sens miwaze gvsurs davsaxldeT~, _
uTqvams berZenisTvis aCbas.
mamam Svilis danaxvaze gaixara, magram
aCbebis naTqvami ar moewona, ar isurva isini
Tavis miwa-wyalze da uari uTxra. Svilma
aCbebs dauWira mxari, miwas Tu ar miscem, Cems
aRmzrdelebTan erTad wavalo. berZenma ra
naxa, Svili wasvlas ar daiSlida, daTanxmda:
xval adeqiT da is adgili airCieT, romelic
mogewonoTo, moiniSneT da dasaxldiTo.
asec qnes aCbebma: erTma Zmam soWis axlos
CaarWo isari, meorem _ sofel aWandaraSi,
mesamem _ sofel lixnSi, meoTxem _ abJuaSi
im adgilas CaarqiTi rom hqvia.
Tqmulebis mixedviT,swored es aCbebi iyvnen
pirveli afxazebi, romlebic dRevandeli
afxazeTis teritoriaze dasaxldnen. Tavad
berZeni col-SvilTan erTad samSobloSi _
saberZneTSi dabrunda; wasvlisas aCbebs erTi
msaxuri dautova, wyals mainc mogitanTo.
aCbebi didxans fiqrobdnen, ra gvari miecaT
msaxurisTvis, bolos gadawyvites: raki mas
aCbebisTvis puri mohyavs, Cveni gvaris msgavsi
gvari _ CaCba mivceTo. marTalia, CaCbam
SemdegSi mTavroba miiRo, e.i. afsha gaxda,
magram es gvian iyo, _ naTqvamia gadmocemis
erT variantSi.
àfsha~ Sedgenili terminia, romlis
pirveli segmenti (a-fs) warmomdgaria
afxazTa avtoeTnonimis (afsua) Ziridan,
xolo
meore
ukavSirdeba
afxazurSi
`batonis~,
`mbrZaneblis~,
`mTavris~
aRmniSvnel sityvas àh~.
a-fshaTgara
_
micvalebulis
sulis
gamowvevis
wesi,
romelic
wyalSi damxrCvalTa, kldidan an xidan
CamovardnilTa, saxlidan moSorebiT, ucxo
mxareSi gardacvlilTa sulebis TavianT
gvamebTan `SeerTebis~ mizniT sruldeba.
f7`fhf f[m lytbn ef7f eb f,shpty lb6ìtbn>
f,thpty eb cfchf lblbrsktbn> b0jehs[ums
tb]`tbn. Eb fe[s f,shpty 9]`sc f[iffhf
kjhf lfkfutbn> Fx,fums effyn` ls6`qbn f[f
[fhf lsvwtbn> eb fe[f fh9sc lbbn> f, lffhfof lu`sh/tbn> f[f ims;ms lfyuskf b[iffhf
ls7fvpn> b7fbqf[efpb fc tb9i fkf[msyqf
csvjeg b]`fy ef lffyuskn.
F,hb ffvsim0f[m frsh is6`c qbn Fx,f>
bfimw`f [8srb bfhtb bvqfhcys bhufp fh9sc bp]fbn> lhsvfys f,shpty bf[m bffbn
bfumbfh]`tbn> „ fhb efhf ezrey bjeg> cfhf
bpkfcf]f[mfp fkf f,fc tb9i f0fuskfpffimf
f[ms7je f[skq le/msxsh ltb6`[jbn ]`f
e,hb fps lsvqfhcys lspubn cfimw`tb cfhtb
l]ffotbn ef;ìm0f efhf lef]0jbn ezrey>
f[f efhf effbu`fhf fy[fhf 0s9 ]f0“ ]`f
bfh]`tbn ftimw`f.
F,shpty ef0 ptums bh0f[sp f0s96`f
hb0tbn> ftimw`f fo`s Ks[ys f0s9 fkb[bn>
fo`s I`fxf ffbu`fhf> lf-fo`s Fzfylfhf>
tumb F,;mseff fksb[bn .
F,shpty frsh ffv0f fim0f[m b0ffw`f
bvfys ls6`qbn. Lfywjp eb bvq pefp fo`s
lshpffyb;mbn> osr vf bi`pffbufkfg ]`f>
Fxff ftimw`f fhb f,shpty frsh is6`cf
hsvq pefp f;`kf b0fhf hso,bn> frsh
b[`swbn bfh,fy ;`kje bh0fhsp ]`f yfc
tb6`sif]f0[tbn> fhb fef8s frsh is6`cf
]fhf ]ps fxf ffbhs[jbn eb bf[shikfys
f;`kf bf]0fg ]`f> Xfx,f b;`kfhqtbn. F,fc
b7je f]`fv0f fvjeg Xfx,ff hs;`kf.
Fnthbvy „f9c]f“ 8imfu`s0r fvjeg>
hf9[mfn`b f9cefhf ffpsh9ij fdnjftnyjvhf>
f9c> tums f,;fhf f]> fb]f,s fgfne pvje.
B7je f]`fv0f byf6`sh9iys f,fh0 Fx,ff
ftimw`f hfrey hf9[mfn`b f9ceff.
F(C}F)UFHF _ b9csp b9cs ff9[mfhf
fqfc> fos bfufp> f[hf bf=s8hsp> fqkf bfks8hsp> f8ys bflufys> [`fhf fn`sv 0s9
f7ys b9csp b9cs f8ys7`f bff9[mfhf>
b,8f f[m fyfufhf fps bv8f9shujbn. F9ceff
afxazuri
warmodgenebis
Tanaxmad,
adamiani saiqio cxovrebas agrZelebs iq,
sadac damarxulia
micvalebuli. es ki
warmoudgenelia micvalebulis gvamisa da
sulis erTad yofnis gareSe. amitom sakmarisi
ar aris, magaliTad, wyalSi damxrCvalis
mxolod gvamis dasaflaveba; wylidan unda
àmoiyvanon~ misi sulic da saflavSi unda
`CauSvan~. am mizniT, micvalebulis sulis
wamosayvanad wasuli axloblebi mdinaris
orive napirze mopirdapired ganlagdebian
da gaWimaven Toks, romelzedac hkidia
boloebgaxsnili guda _ ahaTa. gudasTan
axlos imyofeba micvalebulisaTvis yvelaze
axlobeli adamiani. xalxi Congurisa da
afxiarcas TanxlebiT iwyebs simReras;
gudasTan mdgari piri ki micvalebulis
suls gudaSi iwvevs. `nu geSinia Cemi, _
ambobs igi, _ xom ici, rom me Sen miyvarxar
da arasodes giRalateb; mende, Sedi gudaSi
da daamSvide xalxi, romelic simReriTa
da cekviT gegebeba. erTad wavideT Sens
saflavze~. suli `Sedis~ gudaSi, romlis
boloebs Sekraven matylis ZafiT da cekvasimReriT miemarTebian saflavisken, sadac
gudas gaxsnian da suls gvamTan `CauSveben~.
amave wesiT sruldeba sulis dabinaveba
zemoaRniSnul sxva SemTxvevebSi, mxolod
Toks micvalebulis sikvdilis adgilze
Wimaven.
micvalebulis sulis gamowvevis msgavs
wess icnoben qarTvelebic (svanebi,megrelebi).
rogorc Cans, igi arc Zveli berZnebisTvis
yofila ucxo. pindares mixedviT, iasons
oqros sawmisis wamoRebasTan erTad aiaSi
gardacvlili friqses suli TesaliaSi
unda gamoewvia. `Cveuleba iyo, roca vinme
ucxo mxareSi mokvdeboda, Tu sxeuli ara,
misi suli mainc gamoewviaT zogierTi
wminda
saidumloebebis
aRsrulebis
gziT da viTarca isic xomaldze myofi
samSobloSi gadmoeyvanaT. es homerosmac
icis~ (pindares sqolioebi). SesaZloa,
micvalebulTa sulebis gamowvevis mizniT
`wminda
saidumloebebis
aRsruleba~,
afhaTgaras msgavs wess iTvaliswinebda.
fSarnihva
_
qaris
salocavi;
saamisod amzadeben didi zomis xaWapurs,
romelsac saxlidan moSorebiT waiReben
da loculoben `qalbatoni qaris~ saxelze,
SesTxoven sikeTis motanas da yovelgvari
143
hu`ffyfufhfkf> fef8s yshw` b9c0fpffhf
fyfuofhf lfkfujbn fysi` lf[mfh0fp f0s9
f7ys. Eb fyfuofhfps b9csp b9cb b,8tb
tbwspfhjeg. E,hb fps> bf]]`fg fos bfufp
b9cs flf fysi` bf0fhf> fos f7ysn`b
“b0shufh” frey eb b9cs yfc fysi` “bfh0jy”.
E,hb fps b0f[fp b9cs ffufhfps bwjp feff
fos f[`s6` yshw` -ffhw` b6ùskjy fifi`f
fos bf[`sufys tbqs[ys bhrys> fifi`f f7ys
b[ìmsy p[s ffhnsp f]f0f> f]f0f ffbu`fhf
luskjy f9cs ptums htb]fof bpffbu`fp fo`s>
feff fxfvu`shb> f9[mfhwtb fh]`j fi`f]`fhf
bfkfujy> f]f0f f7ys bu`kje fef8s f9cs f]f0f
f[m lb9[mjy> “ecw`svi`fy cfhf> bevlshetb>
cfhf efhf ,pbf ep,jbn e,hb f7ysn`b f[ffyums
ec9cf[efv> ec0befv> csu`hfuf> e0fk f]f0f>
feff h0syx> eh0 fi`f]`fhfkf be9skjbn> ]
fbwys ]wfg e6mfifyf f[m”. F9cs f]f0f
“b0fkjy”> eb yfc b=fh]`jy fkfcf hf[`sw
fkf> fi`f]`fhtb> frfifhftb fkf bl`s6`kjy
f6mfifyf f[m> ef7f f]f0f flshnjy f9cs b,8f
f[m “bhsim0efy”. F,hb fqfc v8f9shujy
f9cs fh[sy]`hfps> [`s[m bfh,je frs fkf
l0f[fh f[f ec7fy fifi`f lf[m0f[fp byfhrys
tbqsh[jy.
B9csp b9cs fh[`sy]`hf tb9ie fqfc
^sh0n`skfums (fièffb> fushw`tb) bhlshjy.
Biff,j fkf eb f;`sn` f,shptyw`f hspums
bn`svspn. Gbylfht b]`fv0fkf> Bfpjy> f[mn`s
w`f fufhf flfums Fbf f7ys b0f[fp (hbrc
b9cs Ntcfkbf7f fufhf
b-fpbrbn. “B7fy
fqfc> fo`s fn`sv lumsk f7ys ls9csh> b,8f
hpsvufhumf b9cs lsh[`sy]`jy> bhlshefp
f;`sn` qfc6`f hsyfuofhf fv8fkf> b9csp f/,f
f7ys ls7fy b9cflumsk f[m lsh[`sy]`n`sy.
Fhb Ujvthums blshefy” (Gbylfh bf;`f[`s).
B7fkfh 7fkjbn> b9csp b9cs ff9[mfhf fvpsp
fkf “b9imje fvfofhf6`f hsyfuofhf”> f9cs0ufhf tb9ie fqfc fpu`fyf0jpshums.
(IFHYS}~F _ f9if fys]`f9[mof>
e,hb fps blshvfptbefy f[fzfgsh leoof>
f8ys f7ysn`b frsh byfcrmfufys bys]`jy
“f]`r`f;` f9if” ks[mofkf> bks]`jy f,pbfhf
f6`shi`fhf> fwùmfhf h[`skufhw> fhsw]fhf
borotebisa da ubedurebis Sors waRebas.
locvis Semdeg amoWrian xaWapuris Sua
nawils da tyeSi muxis xis wveroze
dakideben. meore dRes vinc pirveli
mividoda muxasTan SeeZlo SeeWama.
bf6`skvshi`shw bhsdufys bkufhw. Fys]`fhf
ffvsim0f[m f[fzfgsh fu`s 0sh[efy> fy,f
f7ys f\mqkf f6`w`sy bryfh]jy. Flsh8f-ys
fhb fqkf f[m hf9[mf bytbp eb fafhf fpby
bvfy.
145
q ^
qeTuani
_
narTul
gadmocemaTa
personaJi,misas ufrosi Zma (zogi variantiT
misi dedis saxelia eriuara), narTebis
mwyemsi; uebro meomari da monadire,
romlis isari mizans arasodes cdeba; aris
amtani da muxlmagari, kamaTSi pirdapiri
da marTali. vaJkacoba vaJkacobad, magram
danarCeni narTebisagan qeTuani mainc
gansakuTrebuli
musikaluri
niWiT
gamoirCeva. igi saukeTeso momRerlad
iTvleba da laSqrobebSi pirveli iwyebs
simReras. afxazuri simRerebis refrenis
(ùa, rarira, ua, raida, ua, raSa~) warmoSoba
swored qeTuanis saxels ukavSirdeba.
^MT)FEFY _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s>
Vsc bfimf tb]f,s (lf-f dfhbfynr fkf Vsc
bfy ks[ms feg Thbefhf)> Yfh0ff hs[mxf8s>
fb,fim8s ,pbf> fi`fhfwf8s> eb b[`svgfk
fq`7mf pysrums bfdscswspn> frsh psx]fef>
fimfv[s/`/`f> fbvfrhf f7ys fbfif ffhnys
b]`jbn. Fash[fw`f hash[fqf> f[f tumsh0
Yfh0ff hfwrmsc bzslje fu`shq7`sk bvfy.
Eb fi`f]`f8w`f bhtb/msp ]`f ls9[mfofy>
f6`skfhf bywjp ptums hf9[mf fi`f bfhf
bw`shbujy. F9cef fi`f6`f (“ef> hfhbhf> ef>hfblf>ef>hfimf”) bf9spqfp ]`f
^mf0fefy ls9[mfojeg. F]`fv0fkf> fvs0
v. vouba. `qeTuani~
D. Dje,f. “^mf0fefy”
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gvelnakbenma mwyemsma
simwrisgan pirvelma waimRera es misamReri,
mas Zmebic ayvnen da ase gavrcelda igi mTel
afxazeTSi. qeTuanis saxels ukvaSirdeba
aseve àfxazuri simRerisa da cekvis
saukeTeso megobris~, salamuris msgavsi
sakravis _ aWarpinis gamogonebac. narTma
qeTuanma aWarpinis TanxlebiT gundasTan
da xaniasTan erTad imRera qaliSvilebis
mier SeTxzuli simRera àzari~.
narTebis
cxovrebaSi
zemoaRniSnul
siaxleTa Semotanis gamo, qeTuans eposis
erT-erT uZveles personaJad miiCneven da
kulturtregerad saxaven.
psw]fp f[mxf> b[mffwùmf f7ysn` hf9[mfof
fi`f]`fhf lfkfutbn> eb bfimw`f bwlsh/
pbn> f,fc bfkfq`tbn fi`f F9cys pt[msy\mfhf. ^mt0fefy b[mso> bfhf e,fc fl]`skjeg
“F9cef fi`f6`tb> fr`fifhtb bhtb/moje
h8spf”> fh]`fuf f=fhgsy fhvfptbhfums. Yfh0
^mt0fefy f=fhgsy fwsh[`vfhys> U`syltb>
{fybtb bfhtb bh]`fp> b9]fw`f bf9shqfp
fi`f “fpfh”.
Yfh0ff hs9c0fpffhf=s
[`s[m bfh,je
f=swhf fps> ^mt0fefy ftgjc b;`snòje
f[f=6`f lhso`reg > frekmnehf9qf8s ]`f
ls9[mfojeg.
^~S^~SY _ f,f pksh[e f]fcrmsn`b frek_ safeiqro mcenareuli kulturis _ selis mfarveli suli. qviqvinas, mnehf> f0`f bf[`skf9ief f9cs. ^ms6msyf>
iseve rogorc bamf,fv,tb>
f,shasyb
bisa da abreSumis
bh[`skf9ief f9cw`f]
mfarveli sulebis, mif feg> eb bf[re
marT locvas qalebi
fys]`fhf
f]`cf6`f
orSabaTobiT an xuTbv8f9shujy fi`f[ms
SabaTobiT aRavlendvf f[fif> ffufks[
nen da mosavlis baraq,pbf hjehfw bf]`jy.
ianobas SesTxovdnen.
F0`f fysh[efp ffv0fps
selis aRebis dros
fimf
rfv0`fref
qviqvinas
usisxlo
f9cw`f]f b[`s bh0jy>
msxverpls _ kverebs
fr`fr`fh lshvfptbefy.
(akvakvarebs) swiravdnen. varaudoben, rom
Fu`ffyfufhfkf
fnthtermini
`qviqvina~
vby “6`s6`syf” f0`f
selis
aRmniSvneli
ffpsh9ief>
f9cef
afxazuri sityvidan
f;`f (f6`ys) f7ysn`
(a-qunˆ) momdinareobs.
bffetbn. Bfpu`f0fnèg>
aRsaniSnavia, rom svafièff
h,spi`fkf
nurSi kanafis (qan)
fif[f (6fy) tbrshZafisagan
daxveul
ifys
rer..
(6e6)
gorgals kukŸ (quqŸ)
f[moeg.
hqvia.
qviqvina
qialamaTi
_
awanebis
miTiuri
modgmis warmomadgeneli, romlis epiTetia
`brZeni~. man iwinaswarmetyvela ubedurebis
moaxloeba,roca ciT movlenili da awanebis
mier aRzrdili ymawvili gauCinarda.
rogorc Cans, igi asakiT yvelaze ufrosia,
radgan awanebs ase mimarTavs: `Svilno
Cemno!~
&MFKFVF) _ Fqfyff fvban`b feff
h[`f0syhfr> eb fzslf [moys bvfy “f7`s/f”.
Eb fwùmfhf phsp9isp pff blshefy> bhn`svp
[szsr lhslyfufkfy> lhffotbn> -yfr pys
lysqfi`ref lwtbn> eb f-ys fqfy n`skf
s6`soofbn> &fkfvf0 fqfyeff ptums htb]f tb]
f,sp bfrey eb beff;`kfh “cfhf c[`sz6`f”
]`f frey lsphsim0fp.
qirsa _ qristeSobis dResaswauli.
Sobis gaTenebamde afxazebma icodnen
`dilis locva~ (ix. `Sarfnihva~), romelic
ufro xSirad `goTanuas~ (ix. `goTanua~)
saxeliT iyo cnobili da `gulis locva~
(ix. àgunihva~); Soba dRes aucileblad
daklavdnen Txas da winaparTa sulebis
pativsacemad sakurTxs dadgamdnen. es iyo
da es, Sobaze sxva arafers akeTebdnen. aqve
unda iTqvas, rom XX s. dasawyisisaTvis
afxazebma araferi icodnen macxovris
Sesaxeb zogadad da kerZod qristeSobis
Sesaxeb. TviT termini `qirsa~ nasesxebia
megrulidan (`qirse~) da qristes garda
aRniSnavs dekembris Tves da qristeSobis
dRes,25 dekembers iseve rogorc es kolxuri
enis megrul dialeqtSia (Sdr. aseve megruli
`qirsiani~ _ qristiani da misi afxazuri
Sesatyvisi _ à-qÁrsian~). aRsaniSnavia,
rom qristianuli sakulto terminologia
afxazebs
nasesxebi
aqvT
megrulidan,
ar icnoben bibliuri warmomavlobis
frazeologiur-ideomatur gamoTqmebs, rac
afxazebSi qristianuli religiis Zalze
sust poziciebze metyvelebs.
147
^MSHCF
_
Fyw`fbbhf fviys]`f.
Fyw`fbbhf fvi fims;m ffbffyof f9ceff bhlshey “Ifh9ys]`f” eb tb]f blshsy
“u`0fyef” f[mofkf> “fu`ys]`fhf”. Fviys]`f
f-ys [sv0flf bhimefy f\mvf> hf,im0hf b9csp
feff hu`fkflshi`jy> fbi`f lshuskjy. F,hb
frey ef]f frums 7fhqjvpn. Bfhf fhf b]`fnèg
2%n`b fi`sis6`cf fuskfv0fps f9ceff frums
hsplshefvpn ]fpifp bps> zslfkf fyw`fbbhf
fvi. Fnthvby “^mshcf” (^mshct) fushef
f;`jeg> eb Tcf ^mshcf blfums 6mshcfvpf
ffyfujbn> ^shcf lfybp fvi> 9[syzr`sr 25>
e,fcq`7mf Frjk[ff h,spi`f fushefn` fltfktrn f7ys (=sh. Bfhf e,fc “6bhcbfyb”> 6hbcnbfyb> eb bf6`yfuj f9ci`fkf “f6mshcbfy”).
Bfpu`f0fnèg> f6mshcbfyn`b frekmnn`b fnthvbyjkjubf f9ceff feff bhubn fush6`f h7ysn`>
bhsplshefv f,b,kbfn`b fim0hf[`skqhf
fahfptjkjubfn`b> fbltfvfnehn`b f]`fv0f6`f>
eb bffyfuj f9ceff h7ys f6`shcbfyn`b flby
lffhfof breflfy.
R ?
RvinTviTvi
mixedviT,
miuwvdomeli
cixe-simagre
afxazeTis dasavleTSi. cixe-simagreSi iyo
ganZi, romlis xelSi
Cagdeba mravali cdis
miuxedavad
narTebma
ver SeZles. misi aReba
da
ganZis
mopoveba
Zmebma dedis _ saTaneigvaSas
darigebiTa
da cvicvis gmirobiT
moaxerxes.
eposis zog variantSi
RvinTviTvis
cixes
baTalaklas
simagre
cvlis.
a-Ruquxra
?~SY)?~S)
_
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f
byf6`sh9iys> pytbimf v8f pvfvp fi0f,ff
F9cys fvhf0fi`fhf[mn`b fufy. F,ff r`shif
f7ys fvfk s7fy> eb hyfgs f=s bfhufhw frsh hshi`tbn Yfh0ff f[f bhsksvitbn. F,ff fufhtb>
fvfk f9iffhtb ftimw`f
hfy Cf0fytb U`fimf
ks[ìs8 w[`shffhfktb>
W`sw` bash[fqfhtb fkf
bhskitbn.
Ftgjc
fdfhbfyn6`f
hefrs f7ys ?ey0/ey
f,ff <f0fkf7`f f,ff
bf9cf[etbn.
F?~S^~{HF _ B9c_
micvalebulis kultsp bprse f;`sn` qfc> eb
Tan
dakavSirebuli
fqfc fkf b9csp b0ffw`f
Zveli
wesi, romlis
fpby bh0jy bhpffbu`fp
Tanaxmad Wirisufali
ojaxis axlobels nefo`s f9cs;hf bfl]`fkje
bas rTavda Tavis Tavf]fh\m6`f ptums b[s
ze aeRo dakrZalvasTan
flqfhf. F,hb fqfc fv8dakaSirebuli xarjebi.
am wesis Sesrulebis
a. beliukini. `RvinTviTvis cixesTan~ f9ufhf p0f[`sp fu`sh8f
msurveli Wirisufals
bf6ì`fp
b0ffw`f
F.<tkberby. “?`sy0/`s0 b,ffu`fhf=”
sTxovda: `neba momeci
lhs]`jy>
“b7fkjpmicvalebuli Camovasveno
(sityvasityviT
fh fpby csi`0 f9cs
`gadmoviRo~) ficridan~. es, erTi SexedviT,
ucnauri gamoTqma da TviT Cveuleba ukav- f/`sb6`[hf”. Fhb ef[mf[`f9ie b\mjeimfif
Sirdeba haers mibarebuli [xeze Camokideb- f]`fhjeg> fqfc bl]`fkjeg f]fef bfvje (fqkf
uli an e.w. aSvamkÁTze (oTx boZze Semdgari f7ys bryf]fe vf bzslfys 9imu`fimr fhcys
da zemodan daficruli mcire arqiteqturuli forma) dasvenebuli] micvalebulis fhuskfhf blshvfptbefp f7ys f/`s b6`qfhf)
meoradi damarxvis wess.
f9cs ltb0fufys fysi` bf0fhf.
149
y &
a-yaTvara
_ zogierTi frinvelisa da
cxovelis `Zlevis~ magiuri Cveuleba maTgan
danavsvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT. afxazTa
rwmeniT, gazafxulze, savele saqmianobis
dawyebis win,roca buneba iRviZebs da Citebic
gamoCndebian, uzmoze samuSaod gasvla
ar SeiZleba; sxva Tu ara, marili mainc
unda mokvnito, radgan uzmoze zogierTi
frinvelisa da cxovelis xmis gagonebiT
`Zleul~ ar iqna. mag., Tu uzmoze gugulis
xmas gaigeb _ cudi mosavali iqneba, mousmen
molaRurs an bulbuls _ Seni bednierebis
nawils waiRebs, mousmen mercxals _ mawoni
gadagesxmeba; Tu axalSobili xbos an ciknis
xmas gaigeb, wlis ganmavlobaSi ualago
laparaki dagCemdeba. adamiani ase rom ar
iyos `Zleuli~, midis cikanTan an xbosTan
da etyvis: `me Sen gajobe~, e.i. dagaswari, ukve
SevWame. Tu gazafxulze pirvelad moismen
bayayis yiyins wina mxridan, araferia, Tu
uknidan _ daavaddebi. zemoaRniSnulis gamo
afxazi niadag imis cdaSia, rogorme uWmeli
ar darCes da ar dainavsos.
msgavsi rwmena farTod iyo gavrcelebuli
qarTvelebisa da kavkasiis xalxebis yofaSi.
aRniSnul Cveulebas magiur warmodgenebTan
erTad wminda praqtikuli gamocdilebac
udevs safuZvlad (mag., inguSebs swamT,
rom savse kuWs SeuZlia adamianis dacva
avadmyofobisagan, mojadoebisagan da sxva
ubedurebisagan).
F&F)~FHF _ F9cffn`6`tb> f9cn`6`tb
“hskifhf” flje]fn`b fqfc> eh0 hs7ysn`
fkf9i frhf f[ùfhf. F9ceff h[`fqfhfkf>
ff9sy fps> fv[s ec6`f bfkfuffyof> f9cf,fhf
fy=s[j> fqsc6`f fyw`shqef> ims;m[ms svafref fecehf fkfufhf 7fkjv> f\msr[sipfhums
h=s frs y0flshiètbn> bp,fypfh ims;m[ms
svafref b7je f9cn`s vf f9cffn` lf7f0`fh
]`f li`jbn. Bf]]`jpfh fims;m frere f,;ms
ef]fh> effks[
-tb[efv> bef]fh fvkf/`sh
vf f7fhvfqsc ,;ms> eyfcs9 f,;f fujbn>
f;`qsc f,;ms ef]fh e[fhq`s rf0`jbn>
f]`sc vf foc f,;ms ef]fh> fis6`c ptums
bf[`0fv e]`fkjbn. Fef8s “lsv7f0`fhw” fps
eb foc vf f]`sc f[m lytbys tb]`jbn> “cfhf
efhf cefbffbn”> eb bffyfuj ef9[mf rhscabn
feg. Ff9sy ptums hf9[mfof flf/m f,;ms ef]
fh e9[mf7fkf> eb frsvpfhfrums> eim0f[mn`b
fufy fkf bef]fh> exvsps8[jbn. {s[m bfh,j
ptums fpu`f0fys f9cef fvkf b-fbhrefv>
lsv7f0`fhw.
Fc tb9i b7je f[`fqfhf6`f byfh0,ffys
b7fy ^sh0n`sktb> Rfdrfpn`b fvbkf06`f
h7ys. Fc tb9i b7je fqfc flje]fn`b f[s
fpsim0hf flfums> f9c0fpffhfn`b f9si`fhf
q6mf imfu`s0c bfvjeg (bf]]`j. fbyu`siw`f
b[`fhqjbn> b0è fvu`fw`f fef8s b[mxfhf
fkijbn fxsvfpfhf > fkf9i h7ysn`).
a-yanWi (megr. yanWi _ yaWi) _ abreSumis
Wiis personificirebuli suli. abJuis
afxazebSi mas àkvakvarebs~ _ yvelian
kverebs swiraven da locvas aRuvlenen:
`dido RmerTo ayanW, Cveni winaprebis
darad gwiravT àkvakvarebs~, miiRe igi
da umorCilesad gTxovT uxvad mogvce
abreSumis parki!~ ayanWis wyalobazea
damokidebuli mosavlis siuxve.
F&FYZ _ (ushi`. 7fyzb) f,shasy
f[efw f[`s=cf[mfn`b f9cw`f]f. F,;mseff
eb fr`fr`fh f0`fhimjbn> fys]`fhf v8f9shujbn> “ fyw`f le ]fpifp f7fyz> ]f,im0hf
h7ysn` bef0`f]imjbn fr`fr`fh> belrsk eb>
]e]`jbn bhfw`fys b]fe0fhw f,fu`f”> f7fyz
feg bps,pje f,fu`f hfw`f fbehf.
S I
a-Sara _ adamianis an cxovelis saxelis
FIMFHF _ fef8s vf f9cn`s f[mso
xsenebasTan
dakavSirebuli
akrZalva, fv]`fhf bfpre f9rshf> eb fqfc6`f f9cefn`b
romelsac tradiciuli afxazuri tabuaciis f9rshf fcbcntvf f7ys bzslje f0s9 ffyymyar sistemaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili frskjy. Fimfhfkf f9]`sc k[fqf b8ys
eWira. aSaras Tanaxmad, qals qmris saxlSi
axal saxels arqmevdnen, qaliSvilobis f[mso =sw ksh0jy> ks9]`sp,fhfn`b ks[mso
saxeliT, mas mxolod Tavis naTesaoba Tu ksefw`f hfrey bkfp]`jp. {`fqtb9]`scb
mimarTavda. mesame piris TandaswrebiT fo`s bibf]j hs[mso6`f tb,sh]`jvpn.
col-qmars
erTmaneTisTvis
saxeliT Fimfhf fqfc [`fqtb 9]`scs [`sv9 mimarTva ekrZalebodaT. aSaras wess col- flf byfhuojy hsefw`f hspums. Bf]]`jpfh>
qmari mtkiced icavda naTesavebis mimarTac.
ase magaliTad: rZali mamamTils `dads~, f0fwf kf,[`f “lfl”> “lflf]”> kfy[`f “yfy”
`dadahs~ (mama), xolo dedamTils `nans~ ]`f kfk]`jy> kf,[`sylf fb]f,s “]fh9sc”>
(deda) uwodebda; ufros mazls _ `Cvens kfy[`9]f “]f09]f”> f;`kf fb]f,s “]f]”
batons~, ufros muls _ `Cvens qaliSvils~ e,fc tumsh0ums.
(`Cveni ojaxis qaliSvili~), gvarSi ufross
Fimfhf lffhfof bfkfhw`fy fi`fhswfw`f
`hahs~ anu `Cvens mTavars, batons~ da a.S.
aSara
mtkiced
iyo
fexmokidebuli h7ys> eh0 bzslfp f,spi`f “fi`fhswfhf
monadireebSi, romlebTanac specialuri f,spi`f” h[s bflsh[`jy. Fi`fhswf8w`f
`samonadireo ena~ gamoiyeneboda. garda hs,;ms f[mso zskf fkf frey bihs9[mjp>
imisa, rom monadireebi erTmaneTs mxolod f9cn`s> f9cffn`> fvf0`f[`6`f> f9cf,fhfn`b
metsaxeliT mimarTavdnen, cxovelebi, sagnebi
da bunebrivi movlenebic ki gansakuTrebuli fv8f9schf6`f ptums bzslfp f[mso6`f hsterminebiT aRiniSneboda. aSaras afxazebi vfy. Fimfhf fqfc f9ceff bf[mfums byfnawilobriv dResac icaven.
huojbn.
Sarvani
_ `SurismaZiebeli~. narTul
gadmocemaTa mixedviT eldizTa saxelovani
gvaris warmomadgeneli (sxva gadmocemiT,
Sarvani haixuzTa Tu hvilmizTa gvaridanaa),
narTebis dedis Zma.
eldizebis gvars uxsovari droidan
mtroba hqonda kaciWamia goliaTebTan,
romlebic Rrma xeobidan spilenZis xidis
gavliT modiodnen da Tavs esxmodnen
eldizebs. erT-erTi aseTi Tavdasxmis
dros kaciWamiebma mTeli gvari amowyvites,
gadarCa mxolod erTi fexmZime qali
– Sarvanis momavali deda. rogorc ki
davaJkacda Sarvani, aisxa mamiseuli iaraRi,
moajda cxens da Suris saZieblad spilenZis
IMFHEFY _ “Fimfehf”. Yfh0ff h]`fv0f
byf6`sh9iys Tklspff f[mosh]`fhf pvfp
f;`kf lf[`f0syhfreg (lf-f ]`fv0fr fkf> Imfhefy> }fb[`spff vf }`skvspff hs;`kfim0hf
lfnèg)> Yfh0ff hfy kfimf.
Tklspff hs;`kfim0hf yf[myfn` ff[sc
fljew`f hf/fw`f hfrey> eh0 f9c0f qffekf6`f
h7ysn` f,8fn` fw]f b6`cys bffefy> Tklspff
bhs6`kjy. F,fc f6`skfhfr ffy flevgtb6`f
Tklspff hs;`kf ptums ylshq`tbn> ks9cs
0fys lffy[bn pw`fpn`svp 9]`sc pfq`sr> eb
Imfhefy bfy kfrey. Imfhefy lfyfh9sc[f>
bf, bf,\mfh b7`ybqbn> f-s lyf6`n`fy> bimf
beshw f,8fn` fw]f[m ll`s6`ktbn. Ef7f eb
151
v. vouba. `Sarvani da goliaTi~
D.Dje,f. “Imfhefyb> flevgtbb”
xidisken gaswia. iq Causafrda igi kaciWamia
goliaTebs da gaanadgura isini. mxolod
SurisZiebis Semdeg gaecno Sarvani Tavis
disSvilebs – narTebs.
Sarfnihva
abJuis
_ dilis locva, romelsac
afxazebi
Sobiswina
RamiT
lsh[`f8tbn fljew`f> lhf,fimsy bybhq`tbn.
Bimf fybe ffvsim0f[m feg Imfhefy
bf]ìmf9fw`f> Yfh0ff blshshw lfyhspytb.
IFH(YS}~F _ ims;mn`b fys]`fhf> eb
f,;mseffn`b f9ceff 6mshcf fviys]`f fe[`f
asrulebdnen; adredawolilebi SuaRamisas
adgebodnen da locvis damTavrebisTanave,
mamlis pirvel yivilamde,kvlav dawvebodnen,
raTa gaTenebas mZinareni Sexvedrodnen.
`dilis locvisTvis~ iwveba wiwilebi
(SeiZleba beRurebic an maT nacvlad erTi
cikani) da mzaddeba yveliani kverebi
(akvakvarebi). ojaxis TiToeuli wevrisTvis
cal-calke TefSebze aTavseben dauWrel
wiwils da oTx cal akvakvars (kvers);
TefSebze cvilis sanTlebs miakraven da
win nakverCxlebs daudeben. Semdeg yvelani
magidis garSemo muxls moiyrian; ojaxis
ufrosi
quds
moixdis, nakverCxalze
sakmevels dadebs da RvTaebriv Zalas _
goTanuas (ix. `goTanua~) SesTxovs daicvas
ojaxi muclis tkivilisagan (sisxliani
faRaraTisa da kuWis tkivilisagan). locvis
damTavrebisTanave aRmosavleTis mxares
Sebrundebian da qeds moixrian, Semdeg
TavianT ulufas SeWamen da narCenebs
cecxlSi dawvaven.
Sarfnihva igivea, rac qarTuli yofidan
cnobili `muclis locva~, muclis tkivlis
sawinaaRmdego locva, romlis drosac
xangrZlivi
saSobao
marxvis
Semdeg
pirvelad miirTmeven saxsnilo kerZebs, e.w.
`xacics~ [arqanjelo lambertis es locva
moxseniebuli aqvs òxvameris~ (salocavis)
saxelwodebiT].
byfhuojy> pff bim0fkjy> fw[ fu`0fys buskjy>
fys]`fhf bfyfkufkfum> fh,f/m f,;ms hf]
ffyof tb0f im0fkjy> fims;m bisw`je bf9skfhw. “Ims;mys]`f” fps f0ffw`f hsw9[mfof
frezfh6`f bimys> bhojy> blshvfptbefy fi`
pu`skje fr`fr`fh6`f> fw`svpf6`f> frezfh6`f
tb=sv[r`f [`fps>[`fps fxfyf[ bfyshqjy>
[`fps 9im r`fr`fhr eb fxfyf[ fw`fim6`f
flshqjy> hf9[mf f9sh/ms im0fhqjy. Yfc
ptums fbi`f bfrìfys bimfv[`siuskjy>
f0ffw`f htb]f,s b[sk9f b[`b[efy> f9sh/ms
fhas [`sbqjy> [s[m f9ffbv,fh U`s0fy (bu`.
“U`s0fy) lb]`jy> f0ffw`f fvu`f[mff (fimf
f7`sqhf> fvu`f tbkfchf) f7ysn` b[mxfhw.
Fys]`fhf bfyfkufkfum ffvsim0f[m fvhfuskfhf f[m h[s h[fys b[sh[`jy> yfc lfce
b[`0f bajy> bffy[fp hw`sy[f fvwf bf6`qfys
bh,kjy.
Ifh9ys]`f f6sh06`f bhlshefp fys]`fhf
“fvu`fn`b fys]`fhf” fvu`f f[mff hsdpufif bfpre fys]`fhf> lffhfof tb9ieg. Eb
ffv0fps frsh byfuojp fxufhf ffvsim0f[m
hf9[mfof f=sf fhnhfn`b fafn` hajy> “[fwbw”
f[mosy [Fh[fy\mtkj Kfv,thnb fhb fys]`fhf
brms9[mbn “j[dfhvthb” (fys]`fhf) f[mofkf].
Saurdini _ narTul gadmocemaTa epizo-
IMFEFHLSY _ Yfh0ff htgjc f[`0frn`b
f[f=s> fwùmf[`sw8s &fkfesh bf,.
duri personaJi, boroti yalauris mama.
SaSvi (SasSu, SesSu) _ mWedlobis
mfarveli RvTaeba, romelic samWedlo
saqmis gamomgoneblad da am xelobis
adamianebisTvis gadamcemad iTvleba (ix.
àJia~, `xnapiki~). zogierTi gadmocemiT, igi
calTvalaa, magram yovlismxedveli. SaSvis
epiTetebia `didi batoni~ (ahadu) da òqros
mbrZanebeli~ (xiah). xalxis warmodgeniT,igi
SvidZalovani RvTaebaa, rasac ukavSirdeba
SaSvis kidev erTi epiTeti _ àbJnixa~ (Sdr.
yabardouli Svidrqovani anu SvidZalovani
TlefSi _ mWedlobis RvTaeba), romelsac
Svid sanTels unTeben (ricxvi Svidi
afxazebisTvis sakraluri ricxvia da
SaSvis epiTetiT _ àbJnixa~ _ xazgasmulia
am RvTaebis gansakuTrebiT didi Zala).
SiSi SaSvis risxvis mimarT imdenad didi
iyo, rom yvelaze mZime wyevla mis saxels
ukavSirdeboda (`SaSvis risxva dagatydes!~),
IMFIM
_
f;mbhf bf[`skf9ief
f9ffbv,fh> eb f;mbhf fec p[swspb> feff
blpshqfpb ]`f ls9[mfojeg (bu`.”F;mb”>
“{yfgsr”). F]`fv0f6`f hefrs fkf> eb f,kf
pfq`sr pvje f[f ptums p,j bjeg. Imfim
b[mso zslf6`f hjeg> “f[le”> “f[msf]”. Feff
h[`fqfhfkf> eb ,;mvxs pvje 9ffbv,fheg> eb
bffysh9ijbn Imfim bvfp lf-f zslf [mosr
“f,s;mys[f” (=sh9. &f,fhlff ,;mn`s8fr>
,;mxvs pvfp )kt9im> f;mbhf f9ffbv,fh)>
eb bps ,;mw`svpfr flshrefy (fhsw[`
,;m,f f9ceff hps blje]fn`b hsw[eg> Imfim b[mozslfums “f,;mys[f” fw`f]`f fqyfimetbn fhb f9ffbv,fh fvx le pbvje). Imfim bf[m bhsvfp fi`fhf e,hsc7fr bley>
ptums htb]fof b,ff9csp fi`bhf eb b[mso
bfl]`fkfy (“Imfim bi`bhf e6ì`ffbn”)> eb
bys6`hf f6`hf6`f ptums htb]fof b/`/`fp ]`f
misi daficeba ki ficis umaRles formad
iTvleboda.
afxazebs
SaSvi
uzenaesi
RmerTis _ ancvas (ix. àncva~) Semdeg yvelaze
Zlier RvTaebad hyavdaT warmodgenili. mis
saxelze weliwadSi erTxel, axali wlis
wina saRamos loculobdnen (ix. `xeCxvama~);
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi (ix. àJiaizaku~, àxnirxura~) icodnen erTjeradi
locva da msxverplSewirva. RvTaeba SaSvis
samsxverplod iTvleboda dakodili Txa
da mamali. misi sabrZanisi _ saRvTo saxli
iyo samWedlo (ix. àJira-nixa~), romelic
Tayvaniscemis
gansakuTrebul
obieqts
warmoadgenda.
RvTaeba
SaSvisa
da
àJira-nixas~
aseTi Tayvaniscema afxazebSi farTod
gavrcelebul rkinis kults ukavSirdeba
(rkina rogorc magiuri Zalis matarebeli
liToni araerTi afxazuri wes-Cveulebis
atributia). RvTaebis epiTeti _ òqros
mbrZanebeli~ (oqros feri am liTonis
mziuri simbolikis ganmsazRvrelia) da
is garemoeba, rom yovelma mlocvelma
mas aucileblad mamali (mzis frinveli)
unda
Seswiros,
miuTiTebs
SaSvis
kavSirze solarul kultTan (is faqti,
rom afxazuri folkloris demonuri
personaJebis satransporto saSualebas
`SaSvis mamali~ warmoadgens, mianiSnebs
RvTaebis ambivalentur bunebaze). zogierTi
warmodgenebis mixedviT,SeiZleba vimsjeloT
SaSvis kavSirze Weqa-quxilis miTebTanac
[Sdr. samWedlo rogorc mexis namsxvrevi, e.i.
meteorituli warmonaqmni; aseve Weqa-quxilis
RvTaebis _ afis samWedloSi damzadebuli
iaraRi _ foladis orkapa isrebi anu
boZalebi (ix. àbrzali~),romliTac,rogorc
Cans, TviT SaSvic sargeblobs (Sdr. wyevla
_ `SaSvo, Tavi orad gaupe Cems mters!~)].
auxsneli rCeba RvTaebis saxeli _ `SaSvi~
(SasSu, SesSu). am termins xedavs zogierTi
mecnieri (s. bRaJba, n. abakelia) axali
wliswina dReobis, svanuri `SuSxuamis~
saxelwodebaSi [(savaraudoa, rom sakuTvriv
svanuri terminisaTvis amosavali iyos
misi paraleluri forma `ÁSxuam~, èSxuam~,
rac `taxis locvas~ unda niSnavdes (Sdr.
Zv. qarTuli eS, eSu _ taxi). unda iTqvas,
rom SuSxuamisa da RvTaeba SaSvis saxelze
gamarTuli ritualebis Sedareba warmoaCens
am wes-CveulebaTa naTesaobas da afxazuri
153
b9[mfofy. F9ceff Imfim> [s[m fyw`f ]fpifp
(bu`.”Fyw`f”) bfvsim0f[m ptums htb]fof
fvx /`/`f pvfh ]`f lhs9[mfojy. Eb b[mofkf
fi6`c pysr> fi6`c =sw ffbffyof> ef[`sykf
bys]`jy (bu`.”{msx[efvf”)> bzslje f0fuskfpffimf ffy (bu`.”F;mb>bpre”>”F[mys[`fhf”)
pysr frey bfyys]`jp> f9cf0fn` himefy.
Imfim b9cf0fn`sc bh9[mfojy bh[`fp f\
mvf> fh,f/m. Eb b0s9]`f b9[mfofy f;mbhf
(bu`.”F;mbhf>ys[“)> eb bzslfp fgfne6`qfhf
fvfy.
F9ffbv,fh Imfimb> “F;mbhfys[tb” hf[m
bhsvfp fgfne6`qfhf F9cys f7ys> fkfhq`fhf
le pvfp byfh0,ffp fb[f frekmn bfl]`fkjeg
(fb[f flje]fn`b fvx v8f9spuj fvf0`fh feg
]`f f9ceff bfrsvref hlby> qfc6`f h7ys
h[s bflsh[`jbn). F9ffbv,fh b[msozslf
“f[msf]” (f[ms f9in`s f,hb fb[f fkfifhf
flshuf ffh9isuf feg.) bfhf e,fc bys]`j
ptums [sv9flf fh,f/m (fvhf f9cffn`) fimhf>
bffysh9ijbn fkfifhf frekmn lifl]`fkje
f9ffbv,fh Imfim (b7je fqf,shuhf> F9cef
fajkmrkjh f7ys f\mysi6`f hsytb - ffbhfps h[s bflsh[`jp “Imfim bh,f/m”>
bf]yfh,jbn
f9ffbv,fh
bv,bdjktynn`b
b,pfpfhf). Fu`ffyfufhf6`f imjers hskf> ]fkfw`f;`fh ]fkijbn Imfim> Flsl -vfq`sc
fvba6`f lsihsl]`fkfp fkf [=sh9. f;mbhf0f
flsl f[`vshif> fvtnbjhbnn`b f[`sq[sh0f>
bfhf e,fc flsl -vfw`sc f9ffbv,fh> F9>
f;mbhf f7ys bhvfptbp fvf0`f[`> f\shn`b
8ws f[sw6`f vf f,shpfk6`f (bu`.”F,hpfk”)>
biff,j fkf Imfim b[f0fums b[s bfbsh[`jy
(=sh9. fi`bhf “Imfim cf/f b[s 8s\mfhf
tb7`shi`f”)].
Tbksvrffref b7jeg f9ffbv,fh b[mso
“Imfim” (imfcime> imtcime). Fhb fntvby
fqfhf0qff8w`f imjers bpkfh,j fkf (C.</
f;`,f> Y.F,frtkbf) fis6`c =sw ffbffyof>
fièff “Iei[`fv” f[msofkf (u`ffyfufhfkf>
fièff hnthvby ffpsh9ij frey> eb
byf6`sh9ie fajhvf “Im[`fv”>”Tim[`fv”>
eb “f,sy]`f fys]`fhf” ffyfujpfh feg> (=sh9.
F;`sn` 6sh0i`fkf ti> tie>f,sy]`f)>
b]`fnèg> iei[svn`b> f9ffbv,fh Imfimb
hps bv8f9shujp fqfc6`f htb=sh9ihf bffysh9ijbn fh0 fqfc6`f htb9ihtb F9cef
RvTaebis kavSirs astralur kultTan (ix.
`xeCxvama~)]. ufro marTebuli Cans sityva
`SaSvis~ (`SasSu~, `SesSu~) dakavSireba
XVIII
saukuneSi giuldenStedtis mier
dafiqsirebul terminebTan _ Sach (samxreTdasavluri afxazuri) da Suchoch (CrdiloaRmosavluri afxazuri, aseve yabardouli)
_ ùfali~.
f9ffbv,fh fcnhfkn`b frekmn lifl]`fkjeb
(bu`. “{msx[`fvf”). Tb]f bbfijeg f;`f “Imfim” fl]`fkfhf 1#n`b fi`si6`cfps Ubekltyintlnb bkf bfpu`f0je fnthvby6`f Sach
(fvhf0fi`fhfn`b fkflfn`b f9ci`f) Suchoch
(fvhfuskfhfn`b f8flfn`b f9ci`f bfhf e,fc
7f,fhlfn`b)> “f9ffbv,fh”.
a-Sacva-Cafacva _ `bedis mwerelni~,
adamianTa bedis winaswarmetyveli sulebi.
afxazuri warmodgenebiT,isini an orni arian,
an mravalni; gansazRvraven axalSobilis
momavals, mis bednierebasa Tu ubedobas,
sicocxlis xangrZlivobasa Tu sikvdilis
Jams da yovelive amis Taobaze bavSvs
Sublze waaweren (ix. `laxinwara~). zogi
avtoris cnobiT, maT msverplad swiravdnen
Zroxas (ix. à-Zatvi~).
s. janaSias ganmartebiT, termini àSacva~
iseve, rogorc uzenaesi RvTaebis afxazuri
saxelwodeba àncva~ mravlobiT ricxvSi
dgas, RmerTis epiTets warmoadgens da
qarTuli `gamCenis~ identuria. termin
`Cafacvas~
ornairad
ganmartaven:
`mkeTebelni~
da
`gamomWedelni~
(marTebuli Cans meore ganmarteba). sityva
`Cafacva~ momdinareobs terminidan à¶Cafara~ (Wedva, kverSi gamoyvana), rac sagnis
gamoyvanis, gamosaxvis cnebas ukavSirdeba
da semantikur paralels qarTuli `weras~
saxiT poulobs.
FIFW~F-XF(FW~F _ “Fyfcs9 ps8ef”>
feff9cshf hsyfcs9 pff bplshef fyw`f[`s.
F9ceff h[`fqfhfkf> eh0 vf 8s\mf s7jeg>
vf bhfw`f8eg> =sw bbsp f9i6`f fyfcs9
b6`shqjbn>
ebfbyfcs9b>
fyfcs9lfhtb>
b9c0fpffhf fyfuofhtb vf b9chf ffv0tb>
f,fh06`f ptums f9i6`f bkf[m bfyshqjbn
(bu`. “Fkf[msyqfhf”). Fdnjhw`f imjers
hlshhfkf> eh0 hps f9cf0fn`c f;` himefy
(bu`. “Fofn`”).
C> |mfyfimbf tbkbhujbn> fnthvby “fifw`f”>
f9ceff bhtb]foje f9ffbv,fh b[mo “Fyw`f”
tb9i f[`s9[mfofhf hfw`fkf bffh9ieg>
fyw`f b[mozslf feg> f6sh0efn`b “ufvxtyb” (]
fpifp) tb9ieg. Fnthvby “fxf9fw`f” 8[`0fr
hskf bffh9ieg> “b7fpqjbn”> “bpxf9jb” (tb]f
bbfijeg f8,fn`b ffh9ihf). F;`f “fxf9fw`f”
ffetbn fnthvby “fxf9fw`f” f=syn`b (f;mbhf>
fxf9fhf)>
eb
ffpsh9ief
bfl]`fkjeg>
fctvfynbrn`b fgfhfktkmums fvjeg f6sh0ef
“qthf” (f8hf) f[mokf bff9ijbn.
a-SvamkiaTi
_
saxeldaxelo
ritualuri tabla, romelic gamoiyeneba
saxlsgareT (tyeSi, mindorSi xis qveS)
locvis dros. es aris miwaSi Rrmad Camjdar
oTx boZze diagonalurad an Cveulebriv
gadebuli latanebisagan Sekruli magida,
romelic xis (gansakuTrebiT muxis,rcxilis
da tyis Txilis) foTlebiT ifareba da masze
samsxverplo kerZebi lagdeba. locvisa
da ritualuri Wamis Semdeg aSvamkÁaTis
sam fexs erTi dartymiT Wrian, meoTxes ki
adgilze toveben. n. janaSia fiqrobs, rom
swored am wesidan momdinareobs tablis
saxelwodeba, romelic megrul `sumkets~
(sami joxi) an megrulsave `sumkvaTs~ (sami
napobi) ukavSirdeba.
termini
àSvamkÁaTis~
etimologiis
sxva cdac aris. v. kvarCias mixedviT, am
FI~SVRMF) _ Fqfcv8f9ufhf bfpre
fbi`f> eb h[s bflsh[`jy f8ys byl`skufys
(f,yf> fl`> fqkf fq7f) fys]`fhf fysv8f9shujp. Flumsk frsh bkfcrmfufys bqfp
9imw`sr> [s[mb> fufy6`tb f,swiif fkf
tblrskfp> [s[mums f,swiif s6eg> fqkf fq7f
(f\m> f[mfwf vf f,yf fhfcf fq7f blshuskjy)
f,/ms f6`shqjy> ef7f f9cf0fn`hf fv8f9ufhf fps blshvfptbefp fafn` s6`shqjy.
Fys]`fhf fysv8f9shufkfum> frhsafys bfyfkufkfum ffvsim0f[m> fi`fvrmf0 fimfg6`f
[9f pysrn`b fchfkf b9shw`jy> frs ef
bffyhs;mefy. Y. |mfyfimbf bu`ffyfufhfkf >
bbfifw`7mfys f,hffyn` feg biffp f7`fhl`
f[mso. Eb fushi`fkf “cevrmtn” ([[imfgsr pqje)> vf fushef tb9ie “cevrdf0” ([9f
fv=s[`q`f[f6`f) bfl]`fkjeg.
155
sityvis pirveli nawili afxazurSi yvelis
(aSÁ) aRmniSvnel cnebas gamoxatavs, xolo
meore (mkÁaTi) SesaZlebelia, ukavSirdeba
narTebis
Rvinis
WurWlis
(qvevris)
saxelwodebis
_
uaZamaqÁaTis
bolo
nawils _ `maqÁaTs~, rac `saTavss~, `risame
adgils~ niSnavs. SeiZleba am ukanasknelis
gaazrebaSi mecniers daeTanxmo, magram
CvenTvis saintereso terminis pirveli
elementis yvelTan dakavSireba marTebuli
ar Cans, radgan swored aSvamkÁaTi erqva im
saTavssac,romelzedac afxazebma mexnakravi
micvalebulis dasveneba icodnen.
Fnthvby “fi`svrmf0” ftnbvjkjubfn`b
lf-f tbkrffhfrums bfl]`fkjeg ]`f b9[mfojbn
P. Rdfhxbf> fhb f;`f frn`b f[`0f f9csi`fkf
fi` ffyfujbn> f8,fn`b f[`0f “vrmf0” b7fkfh
7fkjbn bfl]`fkfpfh Yfh0ff h8s p0fh0`jp f]
f9imf “8fofvfrmf0” f8,fn`b f7ìf “vfrmf0”>
eb frs p0fhqj f0s9 bf[mosy f;`sn`fy. F,hb
f0qff8s bffh9ihf ef6ìf]f0[h 7fkjbn>
f[f ]fhf ]ps fbynbhtc pvje fnthvby frn`b
f[`0f> fi` bfl]`fkje bbfifys bffh9isv>
bp,fypfh fi`svfrmf0 f[mosy> f9ceff flsl
pff[fys b9csp lsp0fhqjp f0s9ums.
Svaqvazi
_
nadirobisa
da
nadirmfarveli RvTaebis (ix. à-JveifSaa~)
mosamsaxure. zogierTi gadmocemiT aris
yru da Tavisi patronis naTqvami _ `mieci,
visTvisac ar migicia~ esmis, rogorc `mieci
mas, visTvisac migicia~, da isic nadiris
mokvlis SesaZleblobas erTi da imave
monadires aZlevs. amis gamoa, rom zog
monadires mudam umarTlebs, zogsac ara.
sxva variantiT, Svaqvazi yvela monadires
mfarvelobs, xSirad xvdeba maT da mihyavs
aJveifSasTan, raTa am ukanasknelisagan
monadireebma sasurveli nadiris mokvlis
nebarTva
miiRon.
Svaqvazi
aJveifSas
ojaxs sadil-vaxSams umzadebs, SeWmuli
nadiris Zvlebs missave tyavSi axvevs, raTa
batonma kverTxis dartymiT nadiri kvlav
gaacocxlos.
I~F^~FP _ fi`fhswfhtb> fi`fhswf8w`f
bh[`skf9ief
f9ffbv,fh
(bu`.
„F;`tb9imff“) bvfqe8s. Fb0f]`fhf6`f
imjers
hskf
eb
llfu`jeg
b9i`vf
tb]`jp>“bpev0fw b0“ eb bf]fjy “bpe0fw b0“>
bfhums fi`fhswf8w`f fi`fhf[ fimhf fkifhf hb0jy effyof bptb0f[mfp. Fi`fhswf8w`f
tcbyfum bpb0jp tb0f[ flsh8fn` ,pbf hfefy>
tumsh0 frums hjefvpn> e,hb fpjeg bf[mfums
fi`fhswf8w`f ptums tb9iys flsh8fn` pshvjef. Lf-f dfhbfynr fkf eb fi`fhswf8w`f
ptums lhsw[`hffefy> kfccs lhs6ì`fkjy>
F;`tb9imff hf[m bufky> eb b7ysn`
fi`fhswf8w`f fi`fhf[ fimhf fpby hjehw.
I`f6`fp F;`tb9imff bps fafn` f;`n` bhvfptbefy> bhajp fi`fhf[ f,8f6`f f,yf f7ys
brtb9cjy> b9i`vf bkf,fim fkf eh0 tb0f[
hs9cs h[`tbqfhw fps.
a-SviraRi
FI~SHF?M _ fxsvfpfhf6`f hefrs
(f7fpimf ,ff9cs> fw`fafhf) bf[`skf9ief
f9cfw`f]f f,;mseff h7ys> blshvfptbefy fr`fr`fh6`f. Fxsvfpf8s fef\mf7 vf
f[ì0ffhf ffbu`fhf llshuskjy Fi`shf/m
ljeb;m0shw b]`jy.
a-Sisla
FIMSCKF
(fikfvcb> fxkfvcb)
_
fw`sefhf bytbefp f[fw`f hps bzslfp
fvf0`f[` (fqkf fryf]
fh0f f7ys b[ìmsp ff
7mf7mf)> f7`svxs> eb fkf
fw`sef8s f9cs lf[msu=fp
lfyytbefp b7`f7` lfcefy> pf7f f,;ms lep e,hb
_ zogierT daavadebaTa
(avizne, gamonayari) mfarveli suli abJuis
afxazebSi; swiraven akvakvarebs (kverebs).
avadmyofs buxris an keriis pirze dayeneben
da aSviraRs mis `gaSvebas~,ganTavisuflebas
SesTxoven.
(aSlamsi, aClamsi) _ motiral
mamakacTa specialuri iaraRi (xis xelsaWidze farTo eniT
gamobmuli Rvedi) _
maTraxi,
romelsac
micvalebulTan
miaxloebulni
kefaSi
gametebiT irtyamdnen.
rac ufro Zlieri iyo
dartymis xma, miT ukeTes motirlad CaiTvleboda igi. aseTi qmedeba anu sxeulis
TviTdamaxinjeba, rac afxazma qalebma sxva
formiT icodnen (pirisaxis xokva, sxeulis
dakawvra, Tmebis dagleja da sxv.), micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebul uZveles
rwmena-warmodgenaTa rigs ganekuTvneba da
mkvdris sulis mimarT SiSiT aris nakarnaxevi (damaxinjebuli anu saxeSecvlili
Wirisufali sulisTvis Seucnobi unda yofiliyo, raTa misTvis ziani ar mieyenebia).
f7hf fw`sef8s ,pbf ]`f ls9[mfofy. F,fc
tb9i f[`sv8f9ufhf vfvpfhums fw`f f;ms
f[mff f0fhf> f9cef f]`cf6`f lf-f frs fkfums
bhlshefy (hso/s> hw`fh;ms hw`sr`r`jy>
h[sf[`s rslsh[efy)> fhb f9cs brekmn bfpre
b;`snòje hqfc bfl]`fkjeg> b9csp b9cs
fps bhsvfp fwì`fhf le bfprsy (h[`f=cf[mf
f,fc fpehfkf eh0 hu`s bffyfujy f9cs eb lbplshhsv> fwùmfhfums bpbehsv).
a-Sxaincvaxu _ mTis RvTaeba,romelic
FIM{FYW~F{~S _ Fim[f f9ffbv,fh>
eb fim[f6`f ptums> f8[ff6`f> f9c0f6`f> ef7f
b7je fi`fhf[ lsh[`skf9ijbn. F,;mseffb>
yvela mTas, uReltexils da mis binadarT
ganagebs. abJuis afxazeTsa da samurzayanoSi
b. jopua. `lamazi mTa~
<. |mjgef. “Fim[f 9iof”
mTis RmerTis rolSi sxvadasxva RvTaebebi
gamodian (ix. àiTari~, à-qamgaria~, à-ergi~).
gazafxulze, roca ialaRebze saqonels
mierekebian (Sxa¶can) da Semodgomaze, ukan
mobrunebis Jams, mwyemsebi aSxa incvaxus
msxverpls swiraven da saqonlis dacvasa
da gamravlebas SesTxoven. mTis RmerTs ar
uyvars, roca mis kamkama wylebSi banaoben.
amitom afxazi mwyemsi,SiSveli sxeuliT rom
ar daenaxvos mTis RmerTs da ar wabilwos
misi wminda wyali, mTaSi arasodes banaobs.
erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad, mTis RmerTma
nadiris dacva kakabs daavala. rogorc
ki SeniSnavs monadires, kakabi maRla
iwevs da Tavisi kakaniT nadirs safrTxis
moaxloebas amcnobs.
mTis
kults
afxazTa
cxovrebaSi
gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira. am mxriv
gamorCeulia didrifSis `wminda mTa~,
romlisadmi Tayvaniscemas afxazebi dResac
inarCuneben.
Zveli
afxazuri
rwmenawarmodgenebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,
didrifSi kosmosis sivrciTi struqturis
centria
da
amdenad
msoflio
mTaa
(gansakuTrebiT bzifis afxazebisaTvis).
Sxanihva
_ futkris locva, romelic
mefutkreobis mfarveli RvTaebis (ix.
ànana-gunda~) saxelze weliwadSi orjer
_ gazafxulze da zafxulSi imarTeboda.
gazafxulze, roca futkari nayrianobs
ojaxis ufrosi qali (aucileblad `sufTa~)
fetvis fqvilisagan amzadebs Taflnarev
fafas, romelsac skas Seasxureben da
Tavadac SeWamen. garda amisa, diasaxlisi
fetvis marcvlebiTa da kvercxiT xelSi
safutkreSi Sedis, fetvsa da kvercxs
skebs samjer Semoavlebs da anana-gundas
SesTxovs daicvas futkari yovelgvari
avadmyofobisagan, gaamravlos isini da
misces bevri Tafli; fetvis marcvlebsa da
kvercxs iqve dahkidebs. aqedan moyolebuli,
SabaTi dRis garda (SabaTi dRe, xalxis
azriT, futkrebisTvis sazeimo, uqme dRea),
SeiZleba Taflisa da cvilis gayidva an
gasaCuqreba.
gazafxulze
anana-gundas
zogierTi ojaxi yveruls an batkans
swiravda.
zafxulSi, 15
ivlisidan
agvistos
bolomde, xuTSabaTs an SabaTs, Taflis
pirvel amoRebamde acxoben yvelian mWads _
157
Vshpf7fyffb fim[f f9ffbv,fh6`f tb9isvpn
(bu`. „Fb0fh“> „F6fvufh“> „Fthum“). Ff9sy fps fim[f]`shf6`f hf[m fhf[` fyrfhwjp (im[fwfy) ff9sy[f fim[f bfyks,ffefp>
f[mxfw`f fim[f fyw`f[`s f9cf0fn` bpshimefy> b]`jy hshf[` b[mxfhw> bh=bfhw.
Fim[f fyw`f ,pbf b,jvpn eb bos[m w6mf6`f
h7ys h-fyshref,jp. E,hb fps f9cef f[mxf>
b-tbks[ys> l7mfynfpof lbv,fhw fim[f fyw`f
bos9imf6`f bv7mimshw> fim[f lfys7je
psyof b-bref,jvpn. B7je f]`fv0f6`f hefrs fkf> fim[f fyw`f fimfhf[ f[mxfhf
f,yfrens bflbqtbn. F,yfrens fi`fhf[ fps
fi`fhswf8w`f fyf,fkfum> eh0 fi`fh0f bi0fuskje hfyf]`fhw [s[m b[fkjy effvn` f,;ms
fhufhf bfkfujy.
Fim[f frekmn f9ceff hs9c0fpffhf f7ys
bzslje f0s9 ffyyfrskjbn. F,hb fufy fkf
Lslhs9imys[f „fim[f 9imf“> eb fys[f
bf[mfums bf[sh[`jbn f9ceff. F;`sn` f9cef
flby fqfc6`f byhs6`sh9iys> ]fp[`swsh>
Lslhs9im frjcvjcn`b f6`9ishf fcnhernehf fu`0f feg> e,hb fkf fleytbn`b fim[f feg
(zslfkf <ps,n`b fufy f9ceff hps).
IM{FYS}~F _ fim[svpf fys]`f> fim[f
pffoj bh[`skf9ij f9ffbv,fh (bu`.“FyfyfU`sylf“) b[mofkf is6`csr 8svn`> ff9syb>
f9[syhtb hps bv8f9shujbn.
Ff9sy fps> fim[svpf ffufhf ,pbf fyfvje> f0ffw`f htb]f,s f9]`sc ([`sv9flf
„lsw6m-fpfhjeg“) f[i> fiskf> fw[f fkfqfys f6mfim kshvfptbetbn> eb fim[f0s9
bf6`sh0`jy> lfhf h[fkfums bhajy. Eb flfums f9i`vf 9]`sc fiso fhswktb> frenf/
mb brys fim[fu`fhf l0fkjbn> fisob> frenf/b
fim[f0s96`f [svn` bhsr`kshijbn> FyfyfU`sylf lks]`jbn ksim[f fxsvfpfhf f7ysn`
bks[mxfhw> bksh=bfhw f,hf6mf0hf hsk0fhw>
fr`nf/m bfhf efw`7mf bryfk]fjbn.
F,hb byfhrys> fcf,i vif flf (fcf,i
vis> feff hu`ffyfufhfkf> fim[svpf6`f hps
bys]`fhje> b9cimfhje visy) fw[tb> fw`tb
hs0bhtb> vf ]fv0fc fo`s b0bhtb 7fkjy. Ff9sy fps Fyfyf-U`sylf k[mo fkf foc vf fcsc
ks9cs bfh0jy.
F9[sy> 9[syu`s 15 byfhrys> yfy]`fvpf
ffyw`ffyof> f9imfi vf fcf,i> hf9[mfn`b fw[f
aSÂimgÁls (WviStars), romelsac kvercxTan
erTad erT-erT skaze deben (zogi cnobiT,
oTxi qali acxobs oTxkuTxa mWads, Semdeg
saxlis oTxive kuTxeSi zurgSeqceviT
dgebian da ase loculoben); mTeli ojaxi
muxls moiyris da diasaxlisi anana-gundas
baraqian mosavals SesTxovs. locvis
Semdeg aSvimgÁals daWrian da TaflTan
erTad
miirTmeven;
narCenebs
CanTaSi
Cayrian da safutkreSi toveben. gamvlelebi
valdebulni arian Sevidnen safutkreSi,
mimoabnion fetvi, SeWamon mWadis natexi da
patrons xvaviani mosavali usurvon. swamT,
rom anana-gunda erT-erT skaSi kvercxs
debs da ramdenic ar unda amoiRo am skidan,
Tafli mainc ar daileva.
termini à¶-Sxa~ futkris garda mTasac
aRniSnavs; Sxa ZiriT aris nawarmoebi
afxazur
enaSi
mefutkreobasTan
dakavSirebuli
sxva
terminebic, rac
miuTiTebs imaze, rom tyiuri mefutkreoba
afxazTaTvis bolo dromde mefutkreobis
ZiriTadi forma iyo.
a-Sxuafyara
_
`quslis
gaWra~.
es magiuri xasiaTis qmedeba sruldeba
im SemTxevaSi, roca bavSvi fexis adgmas
agvianebs. abJuis afxazebi Tvlian, rom
bavSvisTvis fexebi Sekruli aqvs raRac
Zalas, ris gamoc igi fexze gavlas ver
axerxebs. imisaTvis, rom bavSvi am Zalisagan
gaanTavisuflon anu fexebi `gauxsnan~,
gamoacxoben e.w. aSvimgÁals (WviStars),
romelzedac bebiaqali abreSumis an Salis
lentiT fexebSekrul bavSvs daayenebs,
lents gaWris da ityvis: `quslebi gaWra
(e.i. fexebi gagixsna _ n.a.) da gagiSva
Sen~; Semdeg WviStars daunawileben iqve
myof bavSvebs, romlebmac igi sirbilsa da
ancobaSi unda SeWamon.
0shuffyof> fi` fkfqfys fvumfk> fi`svumfk
7fhqjy> eb frenf/m yflrskfys fim[f0s96`f
frs f7ys b6`shqjy (lf-f lshhfr hskf>
9im8sr f]`cf bhojbn 9imufyr pvje fvumfk>
yfc f8ys f9im refrmr bffh]`ys bim0fhqjy>
yfc bys]`jy) f0ffw`f ptums bimfv[`siuskjy>
f9i`vf 9]`sc Fyfyf-U`sylf f-f8hf ,pbf
f0`fimfhf lf]`jy. Fys]`fhf ffvsim0f[m>
fi`vumfk hs[[efy> fw[f bflrskfys bhajy>
bffy[fp fi`shf b0fhqjy> fim[fu`fhf f7ys
bffyhs;mjy. Fim[fu`fhf bfdcefp bhefksy>
fiso frf9cfhtb> fvumfk fafhtb> f9i`vfw`f
f,hf6mf0hf hf0`fimfhtb.
Fu`hf hujy> Fyfyf-U`sylf fim[f0s9 hefr
f7ys frenf/m s6`skqjy> fim[f0s9 f7ysn`
fw[f tumf 0e[shums b0s[kf eb 9svrhslf
b7fy tcyfum.
Fnthvby fim[f> fim[svpf flfums fim[f
bfl]`fkjeg eb bffysh9ijbn f,yfn`b
fim[svpf ys7ùfhf f9ceff hps ;`sn`yfn`
bffetbn> ef;`s ffbu`fyofums b7fy.
FIM{~F(&FHF – Fim[`f f97fhf flje]
fn`b fqfc v8f9shujbn f9ceff f[`zs bffv0fys bimfgs lfyps6`svuskjp. F,;meff
bhs9[mfojy> f[`zs bimfg6`f =f]`jeg vxsr
fkf> eb fvifkf f[`zs fys7`fhf bkijv> f[`zs
eb fvx f7ysn` b[s lf6b0nèg> „l9shnnèg“
blshvfptbefy fi`vumfk> f0fr`s;`> f[`zs
f,shasy vf fkfcf fwf[s fkf pimfgs =f]`je
ls6`kshuskjy> fwf[s 9sk7jy yfc bk]`jy
„eimfgs 9shneg> eje;m0eg efhf“> yfc fvumfk
9sh-efy ef7f b7fp f[`z6`f ptums bifys
bhsh0y> eh0 bis[`vfhep> bis8jp bhafh
frsy h=fqf6`f.
159
C _
a-CiSaSana
_ cxenebisa da saxedrebis
mfarveli suli, RvTaeba aiTaris erT-erTi
wili, romlis saxelze didmarxvis pirvel
orSabaTs gamarTuli locviT mTavrdeba
e.w. àiTarnihva~ (aiTarisadmi miZRvnil
msxverplSewirvaTa rigi). mlocveli ojaxis
ufrosi mamakaci xelSi iRebs saamdRisod
gamzadebul cxenis gamosaxulebis kvers
da didi RmerTis _ aiTaris did wils
_ aCiSaSanas cxenebisa da saxedrebis
gamravlebasa da mfarvelobas SesTxovs.
aCiSaSanas saxelze loculobdnen mxedrebi
doRis, marulasa da sxva sacxenosno
Sejibrebis dawyebamde.
cxenebis mfarvel RvTaebas da mis
saxelze gamarTul locvas afxazebis
monaTesave
xalxebis
miTologia
da
ritualuri praqtika ar icnobs. aCiSaSanas
da aiTarnihvaSi Semavali sxva RvTaebebis
(aliSkˆntiri, Jvabrani, jabrani, anafanaga)
saxelobis
dReoba
farTo
agraluri
xasiaTis qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulis
_ Tedorobis eqvivalenturia (aqve Semodis
osuri TuTiric). Tedoroba, iseve rogorc
aiTarnihva, saaRdgomo dReobaTa ciklSi
Semavali moZravi dResaswaulia da emTxveva
didmarxvis pirveli kviris _ Tedorobis
kviris SabaT dRes. saeklesio kalendriT
es dRe eZRvneba wm. Tedore tirons,
romelic qristianul (maT Soris qarTul)
ikonografiaSi cxenosania da xalxuri
rwmeniT cxenebis mfarvelad iTvleba.
TviT afxazuri ritualis forma zustad
imeorebs megruli `Terdobis~ (Tedorobis)
rituals.
a-Ciqurgilara
cxenis,
e.w.
`sulis
_
micvalebulis
cxenis~ dayenebis
F_SIFIFYF _ f-6`tb> f-flf6`tb
bh[`skf9ief fyw`[`s> F9ffbv,fh Fb0fh b[`0fr feg> eb b[mfofkf fxufhf le frn`b
f8fi bv8f9shuj fys]`f9[mfof yq`jbn
f,hb f;`fkf „fb0fhys]`f“ fkf (fb0fh bpre
f9cf0fn` yfuofhf6`f bhefreg). Bys]`f
f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s f[fqf byfgs f7ys breg
fys]`fhfps bhvfptbp f-s fcf[mf pvje
fr`fr`fh fyw`f le Fb0fh b[`0fle F-sifify >
f-6`tb> f-flf6`tb hsh=bfhtb> h[`skf9ihtb
lf]`jbn. F-sififh bps bys]`jbn f-s;`w`f>
f-shs88hf6`f> f-sh[`vfhhf6`f fbvqfrmfxf
fchf ffy e]`f e,fc bqtums> fbwkf,hf6`f
bhskfuffyof.
F-s bf[`skf9ief f9ffbv,fhb> eb b[mofkf
fys]`fhf f9ceff bhpffbu`je fvbkf06`f
hvbajkjumbf6`tb>
hqfc6`tb
h7yums
bf]9skjbn. F-ififyb> Fb0fhys]`tb bhskfkjbn tumsh0 f9ffbv,fhw`fums („Fksimrmfynfh“> „:`f,hfy“> „|mf,hfy“> „Fyf9fyfum“)
hs[mofkf fvi6`f byfh0,ffys fy[fv8fn`b
f7fpimf fvfys f6sh0ef f;`kfhn`b fys]`f>
tljhj,f tb9ieg (bfhf e,fc fef9cn`b e0bnums).
)tljhj,f> Fb0fhys]`f tb9i> vif9sys]`f
fvi6`f hwbrk bfkfkj tb0fcef fviys]`jeg>
bf6mi`jbn fxufhf le hf9[mfn`b fv-si> )tjljh bvxs,;m fcf,if f-ys. Fef[efvfn`b
fvpfyqfkf fhb fvi bpreg )tjljh fw6mf
Nbhjyn`b> eb f6mshcbfyn`b (eh0 bhefreg
f6sh0efnùms) fys[f0s[hf f7ys l-s;`kf8eg>
f;`kfh h[fqfhfkf f-6`f h[`skf9i8eg ]`f
ls0[mfojeg. F9cef fqfc fv8f9ufhf fajhvf
bbfifw`7mfys bf6ì`jbn fushefn`b „)tjljhj,f“ ()tljhj,f) fqfcv8f9ufhf.
F_^~SHUSKFHF _ b9csp b-s> „f9cs
b-s“ f[mofkf fhuskfhf fqfc. Breflshe>
e. qavSbaia. `sulis cxeni~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “F-6`shuskfhf”
wesi. Sekazmuli da fafaridan Zuamde
Culgadafarebuli cxenis dayeneba icodnen,
erTi cnobiT, micvalebulis dasaflavebis
dRes,
meoreTi
_
gardacvalebidan
dakrZalvamde. dReSi erTxel `sulis cxens~
ezos garSemo Semoatarebdnen,SeCerdebodnen
da Tavze lentwakruli naTesavi mamakacebi
Tavsa da mkerdze xelis cemiT samgloviaro
simReras, e.w. àuous~ ityodnen; Semdeg
kvlav am simReriT cxenTan erTad samjer
Semouvlidnen ezos. ase akeTebdnen yoveldRe
micvalebulis dasaflavebamde.
f9hf6`w` byfhrys fqs[` f7ysyof f6`shi`
f6`shi`ys fhuskfhf hlshefy> lshhfr fkf>
f9cs fysi` lfyfh0jp f-ys> lf-frs fkf
b9chf f-ys byfhrys lsh;ffyof. _yfr
pysr „f9cs b-s“ fu`fh9 bfrelshijy>
bffby=fcefy> pskf[m wf[skf b=f]`fp fefw`f>
f[`fw`f> hu`sb> h[sb bffcef fvsnrvf „feje“
h]`jy> yfc tb0f[ fvsnrevf ]`j fu`fh9 [svn`
bfrelshijy. F,fc 7fhqjy tccsvif f9cs
fysi` lfh0ffyof.
Curgurnixi _ qurdobisa da yaCaRobis
XHSU~YS{F _ F/msxhtb> f6`skfhtb
bh[`skf9ief fys[f > F9cys> <ps9n`b fufy.
Fim[feff (fe,kff> fif9csu`w`f) f6`skfhf
mfarveli xati (a-nixa) bzifis afxazeTSi.
mTielebTan (ubixebTan, SafsuRebTan da
sxv.) saTareSod mimavali yvela afxazi
mis saxelze gagris cixis ukan mdebare
kldesTan axlos loculobda. Curgurnixas konusis formis purebs da nayaCaRar
nivTebs an moparuli cxenisa Tu saqonlis
balnebs swiravdnen. abJuis afxazeTSi am
xats èirig-aacnixi~ erqva.
Curgur-nixi
(Cugur-nihi,
Cuguh-nixi)
sof. jirxvaSi md. Cuguris maxloblad
iyo da, rogorc Cans, wm. giorgis kults
ukavSirdeboda
(ix.
à-ergi~,
èirigaacnixi~).
161
bwjp f9ceff ptums eb b[mo fkf> Ufuhfn`b f,ff
fim0f[m b7fp f=7mfhf fpffbu`fhf bys]`jy.
Xhu`sh>ys[f b6`fwòf b7fp fxtb> bh/msxsp fvf0`f[`b vf bh/msxsp f-sb> fhf[esb
h[f[`s f0`fhimjy. F,;meff h7ys fhb fys[f
„Tbhsum>ffwys[f“ f[mosy.
Xhu`sh-ys[f (xhu`sh-ys[f> xhu`sh-ys[f)
f6s0f |msh[`f fobfc Xu`sh ffbu`fhf b7fy>
biff,j fkf eb Umfhum fw6mf brekmn bfl]`fkjeg
(bu`. „Fthum“> „Tbhsum>ffwys[f).
c W
a-cvayua-elia _ `cisartyela-elia~.
amindisa da zogierT daavadebaTa mfarveli
RvTaeba, romelic RrublebSi borialobs,
wvimas agzavnis dedamiwaze da yvelas,
vinc mis winaSe Sescodavs, mkacrad sjis
_ zogs sikvdiliT, zogsac avadmyofobiT.
misi risxva rom ar daimsaxuros, caze
cisartyelis gamoCenisas,afxazi wyals xels
ar axlebs. visac acvayua-elia gauwyreba
_ gaayviTlebs da Camoaxmobs, valdebulia
(mkiTxavis miTiTebiT) msxverpli Seswiros
da ilocos mis saxelze. xuTSabaT dRes
asakovan qalebs avadmyofi mdinareze mihyavT,
Tavze Semoavleben Wreli CiTis ramdenime
naWers da asakiT ufrosi dailoceba:
`dido RmerTo, Seigno ra Tavis codva
(ityvian daavadebulis saxels _ n.a.), movida
SenTan da gTxovs miiRo es lamazi CiTebi
niSnad imisa, rom igi, awaavis (mkiTxavis
_ n.a.) miTiTebiT, droulad mogiZRvnis
Sesawirs~. momaval xuTSabaTs sam an Svid
qals (mamakacTa gareSe) TeTr samosSi
gamowyobili avadmyofi kvlav mdinaresTan
mihyavs,Tan miaqvT asakiT ufrosi mlocvelis
mier dakluli da moxarSuli yveruli da
dedali, Svidi Cveulebrivi da Svidi mcire
zomis Rvezeli (aCa-Rvazali), Romi, kverebi.
qalebi Tavad gamarTaven saxeldaxelo
magidas _ àSvamkiaTs~ da zed Sesawirs
daalageben,daanTeben Svid sanTels,romlis
win muxlmoyriT avadmyofs daayeneben;
ufrosi qali acvayua-elias daavadebulis
`ganTavisuflebas~
SesTxovs.
locvis
Semdeg Sesawiris Svid-Svid mcire ulufas
wyalSi gadayrian, danarCens TviTon SeWamen,
saxlSi raimes waReba ikrZaleba. bolos
vazisgan gakeTebul gvergvs Svid sanTels
SemounTeben
da
mdinareSi
CauSveben;
avadmyofi ukanmouxedavad mihyavT saxlSi.
abJuis afxazebi acvayua-elias `wiTel
FW~F&~F-TKBFIM
_
fvib>
fxsvfpfhf6`tb bh[skf9ief f9ffbv,fh> eb
f90f6`f lhskjeg> f6`f kfbim0jbn flumsk
f[m> b]`fn`s [`fpsvqfp ptums b,ff9cys
bf[mbh[`jbn> imjers f9chfkf> imjers fxsvfpfhfkf. Eb fi`bhf hs6`svi`fhwfp>
fw`f7`f f;`8fy bfyrsle f9cef fos byfgs frmbhcefv. Fw`f7`f>tkbf pspu`ffp>
lfh8f;mjbn> lfh88jbn> b9[s6èg (flsh8s
blufkfhfkf) f=f0f[ms fyfuofhtb> fys]`fhtb
eb b[mo fkf. F9imfi fvi f-ys ps6`hf
bytb[mje f]`cf6`f fxsvfpf8 fos f[`s6` f[m
lshujbn> b[s bfrelshijbn b/mf/mje fxs0
f,f6`f hfw`fys> 6`hfkf bhtb]f,e lys]`jbn>
„fyw`f le ]fpifp> tbkbrffbn fu`yf]fhf6`f
b7fbqfp> lepffbn efhf> le]`jbn belerskfhw
fh0 fxs0 9iof6`f> lshufc> fqff8s bk]`fp
fkf bffv0fys byf]fuojbn ]=f0f[ms“. Bffbef f9imfi [8sr vf ,;m8sr f]`cf6`f
(f[`fw`f hslf) fir`fr`f6`f hsi`qfys fxsvfp8s tb0f[ lshujbn fos f[6` f[m> bfhf e,fc
ef[m bhujbn> bhtb]f,e fys]`f8s bimys>
bk;`sp fh,f/mb> frensb> ,;m,f bff;swè>
,;m,f b[ezs fxf\m6`f> f,sc0f> fr`fr`fh6`f.
F]`cf6`f ef7f fbi`f „fi`fvrmf0“ lshvfptbetbn> blshvfptbp ef b6`shqjbn> bflshrjbn
fw`svpf6`f ,;m,f> eh0 h=f9[mf fxsvfpf8s limfv[`siuskjbn> f]`cf6`f bhtb]f,e
fw`f7`f>tkbf fxsvfpf8s „b[sf6`b0n`hf“
lf]`jbn. Fys]`fhf ffvsim0f[m byfhufp ptums
h7ysn` ,s;m,f ,s;m,f =fqf fos bfk0jbn>
bffy[fp lfhf bhajbn> f8ys7f bffy[fp fufhf 7fkfojv. Fqs[`n`fy fwf[f vf[`s bfk[e
fhums;m f7ys fw`svpf6`f hs,s;m,fums
fhrys fos b[`shqjbn> fxsvfpf8s bim0f[m7f
l[mfvsh9isref f8ys7f lshujy.
163
eliasac~
(eliafSi)
F,;mseff fw`f7`f>
uwodebdnen. zogierT
tkbf
„fbkf7f9im“
kuTxeSi
zemoaRwer]`fums
bfim0fy.
ili wesebisagan ganFr`frm6`fr
hs7ys
sxvavebuli rituali
[s[m bfh,je fys]`fhf>
icodnen:
salocavad
tb9isvp
fqfcums
wylispirze
gasulhlshefy> fys]`fhf fobni
erTi
napiridan
fc
f[m bytbp yshw`b>
meoremde
abreSumis
ffyhw`b
f,shasy
Zafs gaWimavdnen, mdinaris orive napirze
hf[`sw
tbqsh[efy>
sxvadasxva
nivTeufobfc yf7 ff7 tbetlobas daalagebdnen;
b9isvp
fvf0`f[`s
mlocveli
dedakaci
im0fhqjy>
fys]`f8s
xelSi iRebda feradi
f0fr`s;` kyfgs fkf
naWrebiT morTul mabim0sk[efy
f/mf/
makacis saxis Tojimf 9in`skf b8sxfp>
nas, muxlmoyril da
f[fqf cf[mf pvfp frmfy\
mitkalgadafarebul
mf> bimfv[siuskfys
avadmyofs Tavze Sebuskfp
fxsvfpf8s
moavlebda da eliafs
b[s
bfr`kshijy>
mis `ganTavisuflebas~
SesTxovda.
locvis
fbkf9im
lb]`fy
damTavrebis
Semdeg
„b[slf6`b0bn`shw“.
Tojinas
TavwaWril
Fys]`fhf
bfyfkufkfum
n. TolomaSvili. `wm. ilia~. minanqari
ayiroSi
Caamagrebda,
frmsy\m f[s [w`fys
irgvliv
anTebuli
Y. )jkjvfidbkb. “Bkbf fw6mf”. ftvfkm fhums;m bflshqjy bfhf
sanTlebiT gaaCiraRdef fw`svpf6`f flshrenebda da mdinareSi
Caagdebda sityvebiT: àvadmyofis nacvlad fy fos b[`shqjy> b]`j> „fxsvfpf8s bwsy[`hfc
amas Seeqcie, eTamaSe, amasTan gaerTe!~ am fhb evfp> efkf[`vfh> f,hb fkf eu`s e[fhi0“
salocavis aRsrulebas, afxazis azriT, f,hb fys]`fhf fv8f9ufhf ffvsim0f[m [`sv9aucileblad wvima mohyveboda.
flf f6`f ktbefy.
àcvayua-eliaSi~ mocemuli èlia~ aris
f7ys
„tkbf“
„Fw`f7`f-tkbfim“
qarTvelebisaTvis (da aramarto maTTvis) f6`sh0ef ,spi`f f7ys b,pbfys blshe
kargad cnobili wm. elia _ atmosferul Tkbf fw6mf> fnvfcathfn`b fv8f9schf6`f
movlenaTa ganmgebeli da rig daavadebaTa bh[`skf9iefp> bfrsvref fxsvfpfhf6`f
mfarveli RvTaeba.
ps[mxjp 9ffbv,fheg.
a-cunihva _ saerTo sasoflo locva,
romelsac afxazebi didi gvalvebis dros
wvimis gamoTxovis mizniT asrulebdnen.
mTeli sofeli (qalebisa da bavSvebis
gamoklebiT) mdinarispirze Seikribeboda da
msxverplSewirvas gamarTavda: samsxverplo
cxovels _ xars Tavs aRmosavleTisken
miuqcevdnen, zurgs
_
CrdiloeTisken
(zogan xars wminda xes Semoatarebdnen) da
dakvlis win soflis uxucesi mamakacebi
(sami, xuTi an Svidi) uzenaesis (ancvas)
an Weqa-quxilis RvTaebis _ afis saxelze
locvas
aRavlendnen:
RmerTs
wvimis
FWEYS}~F _ f6s0f fbkfkfhf bhptb9ie fys]`fhf. F9ceff eb ffh8fhf ,ff9cs
ffy f6`f fktbhf fvpsp fkf bv8f9shujbn.
F6s0f ptums lle> ls[zs> ls9]`sc> l[fqf
fobfc f[`s6` f7ys tbpjbn f9cf0fn` himjbn>
hsimn`f f[s fvhfuskfhf f[m bh[fys> f7`f7`
f8flf blsh[jy> bhimffyof ps6`hf ytb[mje
f[fw`f ([8sr> [`8sr vf ,;m8sr) bhtb]foje
[s[m fyw`f> flsl>fvfw`sc f9fbv,fh> F9
b[mofkf fys]`fhf v8f9shujbn> fyw`f f6`f
fkfim0htb> f6s0f fps f=bfhtb> fu`s,pbfhftb
bf]`jbn. Fw` imys frew fysh;`kfum>
acunihva sof. balaburxvaSi.
Fweys]`f. f6s0f <kf,sh[`f
gamogzavnasa da soflisTvis keTildReobis
motanas SesTxovdnen. zvarakis dakvlisa
da xorcis moxarSvis Semdeg, mlocvelebi
gulRviZlwamocmuli SamfuriTa da WiqaRviniT
xelSi
kvlav
dailocebodnen.
msxverplSewirvis dasrulebisTanave mrevli
àncvaraSvas~ (RmerTis simReras), àfraSvas~
(afis simReras),àergaSvas~ (aergis simReras)
an e.w. àTlar Copas~ (ix. àTlar Copa~)
ityoda. Semdeg yvela mlocvels samsxverplo
xorcs
gaunawilebdnen
(avadmyofebs
saxlSi gaugzavnidnen); irCevdnen momavali
msxverplSewirvis xelmZRvanelebs, romelTa
Soris ufross àrahaxus~ gadascemdnen (ix.
à-rahaxu~).
fys]`f8w`f fu`sb> fu`fq`tb fq`s bf[fqfys
fq`swfr f8sb hskf tb0f bys]`jbn. F=f0f[ms
fyfuofhf
ffvsim0f[m
„fyw`fhfi`tb“>
„f9hfi`tb“> „fthumfi`tb“> vf „f0kfh xjgtb“
h]`jbn. Yfc ptums ef7f bhvfptbe fbi`f
bf[`fn`fys frhshajbn> f,sc0tb> fr`fwb> f\
msr[sib hslf frums yfhujv> ef[m bpsvytbp h[s ifys f8ys7f bhpshim0jbn. Bffbef
fis6`c fhb fv8f9ufhf yfpsuofhfys b7je
fksh[jbn eh0 bhtb]f,e „fhf[mf[`“ bh0jbn.
(bu`. „Fhf[mf[`“).
cvicvi (burbuSela) _ narTul
gadmocemaTa
erT-erTi
centraluri
personaJi, narTi kunisa da miTiuri juja
xalxis _ awanebis asulis _ zilxas vaJi,
saTanei-gvaSas aRzrdili [zogi variantiT
gmiri gazarda aTalikma, romlis cxenis
saxelia xniSi (Sdr. cvicvis yabardouli
versiis oreulis mamis saxeli _ ximiSi)].
zogierTi gadmocemiT, igi aris 49 wlis
an iTvleba narTebis rigiT 49-e Zmad.
cvicvi
anu
`burbuSela~
imis
gamo
Seerqva, rom kerasTan mjdari mTeli dRis
ganmavlobaSi joxebis TliT erToboda
W~SW~ _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f b[`flje
f[f=6`f hefo`s> Yfh0 R`syb fqsyff h0s9]
f Pbk[tb hszr`y> Cf0fytb-U`fimf kffof
(fdfhbfyn6`f hefr h=s> fash[fqf lbffotbn
F0fks7> eb b-s bf[mosy {ysim> lf-f ]`fv0fr
fkf eb vf 4$ is6`cf b[`sqetbn vf Yfh0ff
hfimw`f 4$n`b bjeg> W`sw` pb[moshqfpums
fos f[`s6` ls6`n`fys fvi ptums fkf,f6`f
w`b9ccjy> ffv0f b[tbujy> biff,j fkf eb
b[mso zslf feg> eb b[msoq`f frepfh 7fkfg>
lf-f dfhbfynr fkf (f0hfp> eb tb9ie f[mso
fef9cn`b fdfhbfyn f7ys b7jeg> <f0hfo>
165
f7f,fhlffn`s fkf <f0htp). _sykf> frums
7fpsvqjp> ps-pshufojp W`sw`> ef[`sykf
fhfim lf6`n`fys Yfh0ff hsw[`shffhf lwjy.
Ftimw`f lshpsvlshsw> bash[fqfhfn` ec6`f
vfofkf bffy[fhw> eb b[f=b> b[f[`sb> bvf0`tb>
b-b ufyr fkf bir`fr`fys bi`jy> tumb fufy
tb6`fq`fys (e,hb bfl]`fkjeg f[mso zslf
„<;t6`f <;fikf“). W`sw` bash[fqfhf6`f
ptums bhskerffetbn <f0fkf7`f b,ffiif
fufhf> Yfh0ff eb bfumf hehums bhpsvutbn.
F9ceff bhs9[mfojbn> feff hps fi`shqkf
Yfh0ff bhslspufkfp> W`sw` b,pehf fkjeg>
eb bjeg effyof fljew`f bhsvgsqfrys bhrsp
fi`shqkf6`f (fq`f> f]f> fwf> fkf]f> f;m
e,.tum.) bps9iffp.
W`sw` fir`fr`tb> fb6`fw`f 9in`6`f hskf
b-pbièfp bfpre b7jeg f9cef b;`snòje
f]`fv0f6`f
h[`f0syhfrw`f
bhfy9iskj>
fash[fqf b8[f=shf fpu`f0jeg. Eb Psk[f
kszrey tb9i> fb6`fq`f \mf]fysv fnsif
e. qavSbaia. `cvicvi~ ffyfh9ijbn> (feffccf \mf]fysv by[jbn>
T. ^fdi,fbf. “W`sw`” eb b,pbfys bfh,jeg Yfh0ff h]`fv0f
fef9cn`b fdfhbfyn f7ys> eb byf6`sh9iys
(`cvicvi~, rogorc Cans, gmiris metsaxelia. feffccf fisirkfvc6`f hufy f7ys by[jy.
misi namdvili saxeli unda iyos iSviaTi Fisirksvc6`f f;`sn` bylbftdhjgfn`b
variantebiT cnobili faTrazi, romlis ffh9ihf6`f hskf f\mf]fysv6`f hs,;mfhf
fecv8f9ufhf6`f
yfhuojy.
ti pologiuri paralelebia osuri versiis fbvflfhfn`b
baTraZi da yabardouli versiis baTrezi). Feffccf \mf]ysv fnsif bps7je b,pbfys
dRisiT
uqnarobiT
Tavmosulelebuli bffh9ieg tumsh0 vbkf06`f hvbajkjubf6`f
cvicvi, RamiT raSs moajdeba da narTebis h7syums> W`sw` \mf]ysv fnsif lpfl]`fkje
dasaxmareblad
miemarTeba.
ZmebisTvis ffysh9ijbn eb ef[sykfn`b bash[fqfhf
Seucnobi rom iyos da misi sagmiro saqmeebi
hps)> fir`fr`f 9in`s f;`8fy q`8fyq`s
saidumlod darCes, igi Tavisi saxis, Tmis,
(bkijn fviwùmtb> f9ifnkfr`b ff9[mfhf).
tansacmlisa da cxenis erT mxares TeTrad
„bb6`fq`fir`fr`fhf“
bpbvje
Rebavs, meores ki Savad (amas ukavSirdeba W`sw`
ftimw`f
lshpsvlshw
feg>
eb
b;`snòje
gmiris
metsaxeli
`bJeiqva-bJaSla~
_
ffh9ihf6`f
hs9cf[hf
`naxevradSavi-naxevradWaRara~).
cvicvis fvbajkjubfn`b
sagmiro saqmeTagan mTavaria RvinTvinTis fkqi`jeg. Ftgjc hf9[mfn`b fvbajkjubfn`b
(sxva variantiT baTalaylas an gumbivis) f,\mfhys fash[fqf fb6`fq`f> fir`fr`f
cixe-simagris aReba, rac narTebma vera f9in`6`f eb hf9[mfn`b bohf (W`sw` [svin`b
da ver SeZles. afxazebi Tvlian, rom bw`fhf f-s fvu`f0f f7ys) fnsif qffekfhf6`f
adamianebs xe-xili pirvelad narTebma
hs,;mfhf fytbffbhf> F9cf,fhf f9chtb>
moutanes, raSic sagangebo wvlili cvicvis
miuZRvis. swored am gmiris wyalobiT iqna, fuskfhtb ffpsh9ief flshuf frepfh 7fkjbn
manamde devebis xelSi arsebuli xe-xili (f,hb fu`ffyfufhf tb]f bimf6`yfh/`/`jbn
(vaSli, msxali, bali, leRvi, vazi da sxv.) W`sw` f9cf,fhf bfpffbu`fhf> e,hb fufy fkf
mopovebuli.
]f[ef9ishjeg tcyfum bbw`sw`jp fkf,f6`f)>
is faqti, rom cvicvi Sav-TeTrad iRebeba eb b,pbfys bffyfh9ijbn W`sw` bhfim fps
aris afxazTa uZvelesi miTologiuri b[s bfbsh[`jp f9in`6`f [9f (fir`fr`f>
warmodgenebis
anarekli
da
gmiris
orbunebovnebiT
Cans
ganpirobebuli.
igi, rogorc zilxas Svili, Savi feriT
qvesknels ganasaxierebs (jujebi qvesknelis
binadrebi arian, rac kargad Cans narTuli
eposis osuri versiidan, romlis mixedviT
bcenTebi
miwisqveSeTSi
WianWvelebis
mezoblad saxloben. WianWvelebi ki Zveli
indoevropuli
SexedulebiT
sknelTa
Soris
sakomunikacio
saSualebebs
warmoadgendnen. is, rom jujebi qvesknelis
binadrebi arian kargad Cans sxva xalxebis
miTologiidanac.
qvesknelTan
cvicvis
kavSiri imiTac gamoixateba, rom igi Ramis
gmiria), TeTri feriT ki zesknels (SeuZlia
avdrisa da qariSxlis gamowveva). cvicvis
`Sav-TeTroba~ saimisod, rom ZmebisTvis
Seucnobi iyos, aris uZvelesi miTologiuri
warmodgenebis gadaazrebis Sedegi. eposis
Tavdapirvel miTologiur birTvSi gmiris
Sav-TeTri feri misi perioduli gauCinarebis
(Sdr. cvicvis samdRiani Zili cxenis
faSvSi), sknelTa Soris gadaadgilebis,
bunebis kvdoma-aRorZinebis gamomxatveli
niSani unda yofiliyo (am azrs ufro
aZlierebs cvicvis kavSiri mcenareul
samyarosTan; am poziciidan unda SevxedoT
mis mier joxebis Tlasac), rac kargad Cans
iseT atributebSi, rogoric aris cvicvis
sami feris (TeTri, Savi, wiTeli) raSi da
sami feris (TeTri, Savi, wiTeli) Coxa. es
ferebi, Zveli qarTuli warmodgenebis
msgavsad, afxazuri
SexedulebiT
sam
sknels _ zesknels (TeTri), qvesknels
(Savi) da Suasknels anu saaqaos (wiTeli)
Seesabameba. bunebasTan misi kavSiris
gamo aris cvicvi narTebisaTvis baraqis
momtani, rasac narTebi SecdomiT adouhas
_ uzenaesis wyalobas miaweren.
vfiqrob, rom cvicvi da misi, kerasTan
mjdari
nacriTmoTxvrili,
kavkasiuri
oreulebi qarTuli folkloris personaJis
_ nacarqeqias Soreuli winaprebi arian.
g. xubua. `cvicvi~
U. {e,ef.“W`sw`”
fb6`fq`f> f7s9im) br`sv;`s f9in6`f
[9tb
(fir`fr`f>
fb6`fq`f>
f7s9im).
Fh0 f9in`6`f f;`sn` 6sh0ef fh,fhf6`f
htb9i> f9cef fu`ffyfufhfums [9f> f;`8fy
q`8fyq`bb (fir`fr`f) flumsk fqf7fn`b
(fb6`fq`f)> f,;mfhfn`b fqtb> vfvpfhumf
fhffn`b (f7f9im) bhs6`yfujbn. Eb f9cf,fhf
bfl]`fkfhf fvpspfkf W`sw` Yfh0ff hps
f,hf6mf0hf ffpuj bjeg> Yfh0ff bbfifvr`f
flje]f> [s[m bf][skf9ief b6`shqjy.
}u`s ffyfufhfkf> W`sw`> eb f[ìf0ffhf
f7ys
f[`f
b=shfnfnfhf>
Rfdrfpn`b
fb9yskf6`f f6sh0ef fajkmrkjh f[f=s> Yfwfh6mt6m (f[`fhggf8s) byfcrmfuje bf,im0hf
bjeg.
167
Z O
a-Zatvi
_ Svilierebis momniWebeli
qal-RvTaebis _ anana-Sacvasa (ix. ànanaSacva~, ànana-gunda~) da `bedis mwerlebis~
(ix.
à-Sacva
_
Cafacva~)
saxelobis
uSobeli,
romelsac
axalgaTxovil
qaliSvils mSoblebi Cuqnidnen (mziTevSi
ar Sedioda). qmris ojaxSi gadasul Svils
jer gamougzavnidnen uSobelis marjvena
yursa da vercxlis monetas, romlebic mas
tyavSi Sexveuli mTeli cxovreba unda
etarebia an saguldagulod Seenaxa. mcire
xnis gasvlis Semdgom mohyavdaT uSobeli,
romelic gaTxovili qalis aZatvi, misi
sakuTreba iyo (aZatvis moyvanis dRes
ojaxi ramdenime yveruls daklavda, sufras
gamoawyobda da asakiT ufrosi qali ananaSacvas ojaxis gamravlebas SesTxovda).
aZatvi wminda cxovelad iTvleboda da misi
arc dakvla da arc gayidva ar SeiZleboda.
Tu Zroxa (aZatvi) mokvdeboda an daberebis
gamo daklavdnen, misi monagebidan romelime
safure xbos yurs gauWridnen da aZatvad
gauSvebdnen. aZatvis monageb boColebs
yovelwliurad monacvleobiT anana-Sacvas
da aSacva-Cafacvas swiravdnen. Tu Zroxa
safure xbos moigebda, im weliwads mis
nacvlad batkanTan an cikanTan erTad
ramdenime
yveruliT
da
akvakvarebiT
(ritualuri kverebi) ilocebdnen. afxazis
ojaxSi imdeni aZatvi iyo, ramdeni rZalic.
Tu gaTxovili qali oboli iyo, aZatviT
mas naTesavebi uzrunvelyofdnen.
rogorc Cans, garda imisa, rom qals
qmris ojaxSi aRniSnuli Zroxis monagebiT
Tavad SeeZlo ewarmoebia kultmsaxureba,
aZatvi mziTvad moyolil sxva saqonelTan
erTad
colis
sakuTrebaSi
Semaval
mniSvnelovan faseulobas qmnida da misi
qonebrivi damoukideblobis garantsac
warmoadgenda.
FOFN~ _ f[iffhf hsp0j f9ffbv,fh FyfyfImfw`f (bu`. „Fyfyf-Imfw`f>“Fyfyf-U`sylf“)
„fyfcs9 ps8ef“> (bu`. „Fifw`f-Xf9fw`f“)
hs[msofkf bv[mfw> =sw [fqf bwfp k0ffw`f ]fv0fc bksh0jbn (fb[hfqfhf bfwsvpn). K[fqf
b0ffw`f hf[m bbfcsp hs9]f bkpsyfhsim0jy
bv[mfw fh/mfhf[mn`b fksv]f qrefysb> fhoys
9fhtb> eh0 fw`f b0fqfys ks9c0fpffhf ptums
bys7`skufh vf by[`sqfhi`ys bkw`f[sh
frey. Ffv0f rmf= fybfckfum ffvsim0f[m
bffhujy bv[mfw> [fqf bwfp f9]`sc kofn`>
eb kfhf k[fn`hf frey (fofn` fyyfhujp fvi
f-ys bfrsvr`f f7`sk0fc6`f pvfp himefy>
fbsi`f lsh[bjy> psi`6`c ytb[mfp f9]`c
Fyfyf-Ifw`f f0ffw`fhf hps f=bfhf lf]`jy).
Fofn` flje]fn`b 9cn`ys bh9[mfojy> fimhtb
vf f0bhtb 7fkfojvpn. F;` fofn` b9csh vf
fi6`cf fvifkf bhimsh> eb fwsy[hfc lf-f
]`scr fksv]f hqrjy> ofn`c bfehs;mefy.
Fofn`b bfhbp f]`sc6`f tccs is6`c FyfyfIfw`tb> Fifw`f-Xf9fw`tb hs9cs bfh0jy.
Fofn` fw`qsc fwsy[`hfc f-if fhbsh> eb
fwsy[`hfc fi6`csy fcsc vf foc f7`sk0fc6`f
pvje imn`fr yflrskfys bhimefy> fr`fr`fh6`f
shvfptbys bys]`jy. F9cef b0ffw`f h7ys
if7f8s f0fwfw`f s7fp e,hsc7fr fofnùms
hsvfy. {fqf bwjp f9]`sp,f lbf0svpfh> fofn`
eb ksefw`f bksh0jy.
Biff,j fkf> f9]`sc k[fqf b8ys bffh9ie
f;` bf[skqefp fkf bkskijy byfksuofh
fys]`fhf> fofn` ktb[hfqfhf ffy bksh0fp
vf0`f6`f byhswqfys frsh bf9cfp k[fn`s
vfpfhf ksvfy> eb kvfk frmsvchf fufhfynbfums ksvfy.
a-ZTixra _ wyalTa ufalis (ix.
`ZiZlani~) saxelze locvis wesi, romelsac
Cvili bavSvis ciebis dros mimarTavdnen.
avadmyofi mihyavdaT mdinaresTan, sadac
bebiaqali wylis dedas bavSvis Sewyalebas
da `gaSvebas~,e.i. ciebisagan ganTavisuflebas
SesTxovda. amasTan igi spilenZis TasiT
iRebda wyals,Sig mdinaris sam kenWs Cayrida
da saxlSi dabrunebisTanave am wyliT bavSvs
dabanda, kenWebs ki Seinaxavda. ramdenime
dReSi
kvlav
midiodnen
mdinaresTan,
klavdnen varias, romlis sisxls mdinareSi
Rvridnen; bebiaqali zemoaRniSnul kenWebs
kvlav mdinareSi yrida da ZiZlans bavSvis
Sewyalebas SesTxovda Semdegi teqstiT:
`wyalTa dido mbrZanebelo, gauSvi is
da
gaanTavisufle
avadmyofobisagan~.
Tvlidnen, rom mxolod ZiZlans SeeZlo
bavSvis ciebisagan gankurneba.
FO)S{HF _ fo6`f h9ffbv,h (bu`. „Ospkfy“) b[mfofkf fys]`fhf fqfc> eb f9i6f [ezs
f,f]0 fyb[mkfum bv8f9shujy. Fxsvfp8s
fobfc f[s6` f[m lshujy> ef7f f0fr`f;`> fobfc
fy lks]`jy lhsw]fkimfhw> „ljeks;m0shw“>
vfvpfhums f,f]`0hf f7ysn` b[s f6`b0n`hf
lf]`jy. F,8fn` f]f fkf fos 0skujy f[`f]`6`f
[9f fkfk9cjy> f8ys7f bfys[sy]`kfum fhb fos
fkf lshref,jy f[`f]`6`f hw`f[jy. Vi6`fr
hffvsim0f[m tb0f wjy fos f[s6` f[m> frens
himjy> fimf fobfc bfkfh0`jy> f0fr`f;` [s[m
bfh,fp f[`f]`6`f tb0f[m fobfc bfkfk9cjy>
Ospkfy f[ezs bhsw]fimfhf lf]`jy> f,fh0
f;`f6`f hskf> „fo6`f bh[`skf9ij f9ffbv,fh
le> lje;m0 eb> b[s lf6`b0n`s fxsvfpfhf
f7ysn`“. Eh0 bh9[mfojy Ospkfy kfrey f[ezs
f,f]0hf f7ysn`b b[ì`n`hf pskijp.
a-ZirgaxuaSa _ matylis msxvili
Zafis fexze Semoxvevis wesi, romelic,
rogorc saxelwodebidan Cans, Zvelad
paraskevs, mogvianebiT ki bzobiswina an
vnebis kviris oTxSabaT Rames icodnen.
am dRes ojaxi adre vaxSmobda da adreve
dawveboda dasaZineblad ise, rom marjvena
fexi sabnidan yvelas gamoSverili hqonda.
diasaxlisi uxmaurod daarTavda Zafs da
ojaxis wevrebs fexze Seabamda butbutiT:
`RmerTma asi weli mogaswros am dRes~
(Zafebs aRdgomis dRes keraze xorcis
mosaxarSad Sedgmuli qvabis qveS cecxlze
dawvavdnen). rogorc ki Zafis Semoxveva
morCeboda, daiwyeboda e.w. quab-RÁarRÁari.
pirveli diasaxlisi Semohkravda spilenZis
qvabs an taSts da mTeli xmiT daiyvirebda:
`Cven gavimarjveT! Cven gavimarjveT!~ amis
gagonebaze yvelani aiSlebodnen da gareT
gavidodnen ZaxiliT: `Cven dagaswariT
Tqven!~ dagvianebuli mezoblebi maTken
gaiwevdnen
da
daiwyeboda
SexlaSemoxlis inscenireba (Zvelad ubani ubans
`daereoda~ qvabebsa da taStebze rkinis
sagnebis cemiT); Semdeg dilamde cekvaTamaSSi iyvnen.
zustad aseTive Cveuleba farTod
iyo
gavrcelebuli
samegreloSi
`goxarWalafas~ saxelwodebiT. igi did
FOSHUF{~FIF _ fkfcf hf[`sw i`gf
fimfgs frèhifhf fqfc> eb f[mo biffysh9ij fkf f;`sn`sy f[efif> yfc frsh
i6`c6`f hffvsim0f[m fiswn`b fvi> vf
fu`fps]`fhf fvxf,;m> f[fif fe[f bv8f9shujy. Eb fvi f-ys f0ffw`fhf pff rhsafys bim0fkjy bw`fhfps> eh0 ptums hfh/
mf imfgs f[spf brsk]`]`j fl`f[ms b7fy.
F0ffw`f f9i`vf 9]`sc fimims]`f fkfcf
hf[`sw fkf f0ffw`fhf ptums hfh/mf imfg6`f
=fk]`jy b]`j> „fyw`f i`si6`cf f,hb fvi
ef9skffbn“ (fhf[`sw6`f vif9s f-ys
f]`fhf f=s frefw p0f;èfp fxefy fqf7f fvwf
bf6`qfys bh,kjy). Fhf[`sw fqfc bfyfkufkfum ffvsim0f[m „f6`f,/mfh/mfhhf“ bfkfujy.
Hf9[mfof f9i`vf 9]`sc f,8fn` f6`f, vf fcff
lyfcys f,;ms kshujy> kfhums ks,;ms hleys
bk]`jy> „]fhf ]fbffbn> ]fhf ]fbffbn“ f,hb
f,;ms pf]fp fu`skfw`f fl`f[ms bl`skqefy
=0ef „]fhf ]i`fbffbn> ]fhf ]i`fbffbn“>
ptums tb,fhs88ef hu`skfw`f hf[m bytbefy
ef7f> h-tbvlsh[`[`ji`f (f;`sn`fy> bkfhf> fbkhf „bf=fuskjy“ f6`f,6`f> f\mfv6`f>
fb[fn`s vf0`[`6`f tbu`slqj> tbkfkjy) bfkfujy> yfc iffyof fi`f]`fhfkf> fr`fifhfkf
bh[fhujy fw[.
F,fcw`7mf b7fp fqfc byfh0,ffys bhlshefy Ushn`skfums „uj[fhzfkf9f“ f[moys. Eb
f9imfif le bfkfujy> feff fu`hfufhf hsv-
169
xuTSabaTs ewyoboda da xalxs swamda,
rom am wesis Sesrulebis Semdeg avsulebi
(mzakvrebi, kudianebi da sxv.), gveli da
rwyili adamianebs verafers daaklebdnen.
fy> f,hb fqfc fysv8f9shufkfum ffvsim0f[m
fwùmfhf vswùmfhf6`f (fkf9iwùmf> f\mysi6`f) fvf0 vf fqfgf=6`f feff9cshf
fwùmfhf pshpshefvpn.
Ziuou, Zivou _ rituali da saweso
simRera, romelsac qalebi gvalvis sawinaaRmdegod asrulebdnen. gvalvis dros
sazeimod gamowyobili qaliSvilebis erTi
nawili midioda mdinaresTan, xis totebisagan tivs Sekravda da Calas moagrovebda, meore nawili akeTebda TiTqmis adamianis sididis Tojinas (xis bars qalis
formaSi gamoawyobda), romelsac grZel
joxze, cxenze an virze dasvamda da `Ziuous~ moZaxiliTa da saTanado teqstis Semcveli simReriT mdinarisken msvlelobas
awyobda. am procesias gzadagza soflis
axalgazrdoba aedevneboda da mdinaresTan misulebi Tojinas tivze mjdomare
mdgomareobaSi moaTavsebdnen, iqve Calas
cecxls waukidebdnen da tivs mdinaris
mimarTulebiT gauSvebdnen; virs an cxens
mdinareSi Seagdebdnen
da Tavadac banaobdnen
da wuwaobdnen. qalebma
icodnen mdinaris fskeris kaviT xvna, bavSvebma _ bayayis mokvla.
wvimis
gamowvevis
mizniT msgavsi rituali da magiuri qmedeba,
Tavisi genezisiT dakavSirebuli samiwaTmoqmedo kultTan, cnobilia
qarTul-kavkasiuri da
mravali sxva xalxis
eTnografiuli yofidan,
magram afxazuri masala met siaxloves avlens Crdilo-dasavleT
kavkasiis mkvidrTa Sesabamis wes-CveulebebTan. magaliTad, adiReeli
da yabardoeli qalebi
gvalvis
SemTxvevaSi
xis barisgan akeTebdnen
qalis
gamosaxulebis
Tojinas _ `xance guaSes~ (`baris qalbatons~),
romelsac mTel sofelSi Semoatarebdnen, Semdeg wyliT daasvelebdnen da mdinareSi an
zRvaSi CaZiravdnen. am
OBEJE – f]`cf ffh8fhf f=fuskfhfps
bv8f9shujp fqfcb> fqfcn` fi`tb. Ffh8fhf
ffy f9]`sp,fw`f b9iofys h-tbkf]`fys eh0
hs[`0fr fos f[`s6` f[m bwjy> fqkf vf[`6`f
hskf fysimf lshvfptbefy> f0`f 0fhqjy> tumb
f[`0f f]`cf[ez6`f fef8s bi`fhf b7fp frmfy\
mf lshvfptbefy (f9]`sc 9ihf f0fy)> eb fkf,f
le bf[`fqfys
f-s vf f-flf bf6`lshn`jy
„objee“ ]`j eb bf9e f;`f6`f fwqfys fys7`fhf
v8f9shujy fobfc f[m. F6s0f bf[mfkcj fv8fy
bh9skjp f=fh ptums eh0 bhswys fobfc f[m
bwjy ef7f frmsy\m fysimf bf6`lshn`jy>
bfhf ef f0`f fvwf fwhfhqjy> fysimf fobfc fwfh0fkf bl`s6`shqjy> f-s vf f-flf
fobfc bfkfhs;mefy> lfhums f-sref,fhtb>
fostb6`0`fhtb
bfkfujy. F]`c6`f f6`f0fyf
fkf bhw`f/mjy fobfc
fqf> f[ez6`f> flf/m6`f
himjy.
F6`f fkfim0hf fvpsp
fkf fc tb9i b7fp fqfcb>
flje]fyfuofhtb> f[fn`s
utytpbc fkf bfl]`fkjeg
flumskf6`sy[fhfn`b
frekmn> blsheg F6sh0ef>
Rfdrfpn`bb
e,fc
bhfw`fys
fvbkf06`f
ftnyjuhfan`b f,pfpfhf
f7ysn`> f[f f9cefn`b
frsh f=swhf6`f fkfyfqjbn
f8flfn`b>
fvhf0fi`fhf Rfdrfpn`b
fvbkf0 bhs6`yfuj fqfc
v8f9ufhf6`f. Bf]]`jpfh>
flsuffb>
7f,fhlffn`b
f]`cf6`f frmsy\m fcf[mf>
„[fywt uefit“ („f;suf
f]r`f;`“)> eb f6s0f
ptums bfrelshijy> yfc
`xance-gvaSe~ oskf blsh,ffojy> yfc
“}fyw`f-U`fimf” fobfc vf fvisy bfh0jy.
ritualis monawileni Tavadac banaobdnen. aqve unda iTqvas, rom megrelebi yanaSi
mdgar SavebSi gamowyobil safrTxobelas
`Zivavas~ uwodebdnen da gvalvis dros
wyliT asvelebdnen.
Fhb fqfc fkf[`w`fums h-shref,jy. Bfhf
f,hf b]`fnèg> fush6`f fv[s f7ys buskfp
fb6`fw`fkf b8sxfp fhi`fuf „obdfdf“ ]`f
bfim0fy> ffh8fhf ffy foskf blsh,ffojy.
_ `wylis deda~, wylis
stiqiis ufali, romlis epiTetia àxi
ZahkuaJvi~
(wylis
oqrosmbrZanebeli);
hyavs meuRle da mosamsaxure qali (ix.
à-bzahav _ abzaCavi~). xalxis warmodgeniT,
igi
mzeTunaxavia, romelic
koWebamde
dasuli oqrosferi Tmebis gamudmebul
varcxnaSia (Sdr. wylis ali da tyaSi
mafa); aqvs TeTri kani da almasiviT
elvare Tvalebi, ukanSeqceuli terfi (Sdr.
warmodgenebi oCokoCze). wyalTa meufes
xelTupyria jadosnuri sarke, romelic
mTel qveynierebas aireklavs; xSirad
amodis xmeleTze, nusxavs an orTabrZolaSi
amarcxebs sasurvel mamakacs da, aJveifSaas
qaliSvilebis msgavsad (ix. à-JveifSaa~),
masTan intimur kavSirs amyarebs. Tu
adamianma SeZlo ZiZlanis Tmis an frCxilis
nawilis xelSi Cagdeba, mas mosamsaxured
gaixdis, magram wyalTa ufali maleve
ibrunebs maT da midis. Tvlidnen, rom wylis
dedas SeeZlo adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT
qalebs
Casaxleboda
da
fsiqiurad
aeSala isini. ZiZlanisagan avadmyofis
ganTavisufleba
xelewifeboda
awaavs
(mkiTxavs, naTelmxilvels) an im adamians,
romlis droebiTi mosamsaxure iyo wylis
deda. ZiZlanis saxelze locva icodnen
avadmyofobisa da wylispirze patarZlis
pirveli gayvanis Jams (ix. à-ZTixara~), aseve
mSobiarobis Semdeg (ix. à-gilaxÁa~).
ZiZlanis ti pologiuri paralelebia
adiReuri `fsiguaSe~ (wylis qalbatoni) da
`fsixeguaSe~ (mdinaris qalbatoni), masTan
siaxloves avlenen qarTuli `wylis ali~,
megruli `wyariSi dida~ (wylis deda) da
òsurtofu~ (qal-Tevza).
OSOKFY _ „Fos fy“> fos f,ff9chf
f9ffbv,fh> kf[mso zslf „f[ms osf]ref;`“>
lksvjeg f[fqf> f9]`sc fvfqe8sb (bu`.
„F,pf]f;` _ f,pfzf;`“). Feff hu`ffyfufhfkf
eb vhfvpf lrfzzjbn> eb ksim[`f f7ysyof bktbef f[mn`s k[f[`s tcyfum bk]`jbn (=sh. Fos
fkb> n7fim vf9tb)> kw`f k;ms ir`fr`jeg>
f,shksi tb9i b0s\m\mfef f,kf6`f ksvjeg>
ksim[`f6`f kfim0f[m7f b9ietbn (=sh.
ffh9ihf6`f Jxjrjx bps). Fo6`f hf] bkreg
flje]fn`b fcfhrmf> eb fleytb ptums fy9iskjbn> kfccs f=s6` f[m ls6`kjbn> l[sk[jbn>
vf lbf6`9fys lbfbffbetbn bku`f9[fp
f[fqf> F;`tb9imff b9]fw`f htb9i (bu`.
„F;`tb9imff“)> lbrefbjbn. Fef8s bkifys
Osokfy ks[w`s vf kyfg[sw [ezsr bpsufh
eb bfhf bvfqef8sc ls7fpffetbn> f[f fos f]
r`f;` eh0 bhkfcys bkhums;metbn> yfc lwjbn.
B7fy f[fqfhf> fos fy bkskijy feff> zslfkf
f]`cf hs6`n`fhf> yfc eh0 h[s tbkfkujy. Osokfy kxsvfpfhf f7ysn` f[`f6`b0n`hf v8f9skujy fqff8s vf fos fy ksvfq effyof bpefp
fo`s. Osokfy ks[mofkf fys]`fhf hlshefy fxsvfpfhtb> f0fwf=sw fos f[m hf9[mfof lfyyfhujp (bu`.“Fo0s[hf“) ffy> bfhf e,fc f[iffhf
fbehf ffvsim0f[m (bu`.“Fu`sk[mf“).
Osokfy
bktb9ie
f[f=6`f
flsun`b
„(cbu`fit“ (fos f]ref;`) „(cf[mtuìt“
(fobfc f]ref;`)> eb kffbu`fhf ffyfh9ijbn
f6sh0ef „fosn`b fkb“> fushefn`b „o7fhbib
lblf“ (fos fy ) „jcehnj9e“ (f9]`sc9cso).
a-Zixagara _patarZlis saweso gayvana
wyalze.
aRniSnul
rituals
mxolod
gaTxovili qalebi eswrebian. saamdRisod
mowyobili specialuri sadilis Semdeg
ojaxis axlobel qalebs axal tansacmelSi
morTuli patarZali gahyavT mdinareze
an wyaroze. aq erT-erTi asakiT ufrosi
monawileTagani iwyebs locvas da wyalTa
ufals (ix. `ZiZlani~) SesTxovs mowyaleba
ar moaklos ojaxis axal wevrs, iyos misi
FOS{MFUFHF _ f0fwf [ezs fos[m f[m
kyfufhf fqfc. Fhb fqfc bfkf[`sy [fqf bwf[mfp
f]`cf6`f. Fhb fvi fps zslfkf fafn` lshvfptbefy> yfc f0ffw`fhf bhpffbuje f]`cf6`f
f=sw vf0`f ksi`qfys f0fwf fosbc vf fos[m
f[m lyfhujy. Fhf7f f]`cf6`f is6`cskf
bhtb]fp> fys]`fhf lfkfujy> fos f9ffbv,fh
(bu`. „Osokfy“) lks]`jy> fk9[f ksusv[fhw>
f=sw f0ffw`fhf lhsusv[fhw> lsk[skf9ishw
ZiZlani
171
e. qavSbaia. `ZiZlani~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “Osokfy”
mfarveli mSobiarobis dros, saojaxo
saqmianobaSi da sxv. amasTan axalrZlis
romelime
kabas
wyliT
asvelebdnen
da wyalSi kvercxs agdeben. am wesis
Sesrulebis Semdeg qals SeuZlia wyalze
gasvla.
aZixagara
inkorporaciuli
xasiaTis
ritualia da kargad aris cnobili
mravali xalxis (maT Soris qarTvelebis)
eTnografiuli sinamdvilidan.
kw`fkn`svref lfys7je> f[iffhf lfykjef.
Eb ffvsim0f[m f0fwf kswrs =sw fos fkf
blsh,ffojy> fos frenf/m fkflshièfy. F,hb
fqfc fv8f9ufhf ffvsim0f[m f0fwf fpby ksvjeg fos f[m fytbhf.
Fos[mfufhf fbyrjhgjhfwbfn`b f7spimf
fqfc b,pbfys blsheg fvbkf0 hfw`f h7ys
(f6sh06`f)
ftnyjuhfabfn`b
fkf,=f,fhf
f7ysn`.
l. buTba. seriidan àfxazuri miTebi da legendebi~
K. <s0`,f. “F9cef fvba6`tb> fktutylf6`tb” fcthbf f7ysn`
173
w Q
a-waavi
FQFF*S _ eb kw`fyshhfkf bkskijbn flje]fkfn`b fbvflfhf [s[m fyw`f b7ys>
eb feffb fyw`tb hs,;mfhf fw]fhf;`]`fhf
v8f9skujbn. F,fc tb9i b7fp feff F9cys
fyshhf le hsvfy> fgfne hs6`shqjy. Eh0
h]`fv0f zslfkf bfpytbefy> [sv9flf byfhuojby. Eh0 bhspytbefy fpqffhf6`f ptums
hps> f8ys =sw fhuskfhfps f0s9 fk[hf>
fxfhfehf> fxsvfpfhf> f9chf> f/msxhf e]`f
e,fc bhfw`fys fhsw]fhf6`f hfy. Fqff8s
bkso,jy lfh,fy 9ffbv,fhe vf fys[f vxe
eb lf[mpsh[`sp> bfh,fy u`yf]fhje b7fbqfp
eb fvifkf fxsvfpfhf vf f9chf f6ì`fhf
bps[7mfp> bfpu`fk0jy bu`yf]fhf b6`[hfps
bv8f9bufif f]fh\m6`f> (f9cf0fn` fimhf>
eb f6`hf> f9in`s). Fqff8s feff hlsh8sb>
p]`fn`s7fkjpb kfrey ]`f ls9[mfofy> bkfpqffefy fis6`c =sw fvi6`f hsv8f9ufhtb>
fec fkfufhtb. Eb feflf kfimwf f7ys ln`fy>
fb0fuf8 lksvfy> eb bkf frey fbvflfhf isv8f9skujp. F9cys b7fy ps]hfrshf kf7`sp
fqff8w`f> f7`slh9f8w`f> eh0 f7`slb> f\m6`fhtb hsw6`tb> fhf[`s h;`bi`f7mtb
bf[`f9iey.
a-wangvara
FQFYU~FHF _ Fvban`b feffccf> fqsyff
hsy[fh0f> eb bfw`sy[fp hfw`fys bf[mfums
F9cys fim[f f]`shf6`f h7ys bf]9skjbn.
Biff,j fkf> fqfyu`fhf6`f> bhn`sy fhb fnthbnjhbf f7ys f9ceff s6`yfufkffyof by[jp
f;`snòfn`b fvban`b fhf[e hfw`f pvfp
feff.
Fqsyu`fhf 15-3% vtnh b7fp f[f]`6`f
bhsk[sp fhuskfhf6`f 9imrermr pvfp vf
bums;msp> bkf7`sp fhuskfhf6`f hfrey. Eb
fysimf6ùskfp ffv0tb> bpsprspb> bhspre
fqfhf0qff8w`f h7ys bhptb9ie fu`ffyfufhf
_
`naTelmxilveli~,
`winaswarmetyveli~, romelic aRgznebul
mdgomareobaSi moCvenebiT kontaqts amyarebs
RvTaebriv
ZalebTan
da
warmoadgens
Suamavals adamianebsa da RmerTs Soris. am
ti pis mkiTxavebs afxazebSi didi gavlena
hqondaT. maT naTqvams gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da uapelaciod
iRebdnen;
mimarTavdnen
sacxovrebeli
adgilis SerCevis, qorwinebis, avadmyofobis,
sikvdilianobis,
qurdobis
an
sxva
ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi. awaavi adgenda Tu
romeli RvTaebis an anixas (xatis, Zalis)
risxviT an sxva ram codviT (mag., qurdobiT)
iyo gamowveuli avadmyofoba Tu sikvdili;
gansazRvravda codvis gamosasyidi xarjis
saxesa da odenobas (Sesawiri saklavis
asaksa da fersac ki). awaavi xalxs
naTelmxilvelad da winaswarmetyvelad
miaCnda (ekiTxebodnen rCevas axali wlis
dReebSi, saqmis wamowyebis win). igi bnel
oTaxSi ijda da Suamavlis _ aiTagavis
meSveobiT amyarebda kontaqts klientebTan.
afxazeTSi iyvnen ufro dabali rangis
marCielebi _ ayudirfavebi, romlebic
simindisa da lobios marcvlebiT aseve
saqonlis beWze da Zvlebze mkiTxaobdnen.
_ miTiuri juja xalxis
_ awanebis sacxovrebeli nageboba, romlis
mravali naSTi afxazeTis alpur saZovrebs
dRemde SemorCa. rogorc Cans, awangvarebi,
ekuTvnodaT am teritoriaze afxazebis
gamoCenamde
mcxovreb
Zvel
mTiel
mesaqonleebs.
awangvara saSualod 15-30 m2 daumuSavebeli
qvebisgan nagebi oTxkuTxa an wriuli
formis dabali sadgomia. misi warmoSobis
periodisa
da
daniSnulebis
Sesaxeb
mecnierebaSi erTiani azri ar aris. zogi mas
sakulto daniSnulebis obieqtad miiCnevs,
zogic _ zvavisgan damcav sagzao nagebobad.
ufro marTebuli Cans mosazreba, romlis
Tanaxmad awangvaras nagebobaTa kompleqsi
aris dawinaurebuli mesaqonleobis mqone
xalxis sezonuri (sazafxulo) xasiaTis
sameurneo
daniSnulebis
droebiTi
binebi alpur saZovrebze. Tavisi sawyisi
formebiTa da daniSnulebiT awangvaras
kompleqsi SeiZleba SevadaroT aWaris
alpur zonaSi sazafxulo saZovrebze
arsebul iailebs xis moruli zRudegalavnebiTa da droebiTi sacxovrebliT.
mesaqonleobasTan dakavSirebuli msgavsi
tradiciebi damowmebulia saqarTvelos
mTianeTSi,
samegreloSi,
guriaSi.
i.
adamia awangvaras paralelad miiCnevs
e.w. `Sennhtten~-s, romelic samxreT evropis
alpur
zonaSia
ganTavsebuli.
rac
Seexeba awangvaraTa daTariRebis sakiTxs,
erTi azriT isini agebulia Zv.w. II-I
aTaswleulSi, xolo meore azriT, adreul
SuasakuneebSi.
legendas jujaTa tomze _ ispebze
adiReelebic icnoben. maTi azriT, ispebi
cxovrobdnen iq arsebul dolmenebSi _
`spunebSi~ _ jujaTa saxlebSi (adiR. une
_ saxli), romlebic maTTvis goliaTma
iniJebma aaSenes.
s7fv. Imjers eb fqfc fv8f9ufhf bfnèg
]`f
bhs9[mfojbn>
imjers[
f=s8hhf
bf=fuskj fv8f f[mxfhf fhuskfhf6`f hjeg
]`f bhs9[mfojbn. Ptums htb]f bbfije
u`ffyfufhfeg ]`f b]f9[mfojbn> fqfyu`fhfn`b
fhusfkfhf6`f [s6`rsc bhsvfy ec7`fyn`b
ffv0fps f9[mfuskfhf pvfp fhf[`ffofhf
fy[fv8f pyfgs fkfrsp feff ffv0fkfn`b
(f9[sy)
f7fpimf
pvfp
fhf[`ffof8w`f
hsy[fh0f6`f fkgn`b f]`sh0f6`f h7ys.
H9[mfn`b
fajhvf6`tb>
f[sfh[`fhf6`tb
byhs6`sh9iys fqfyu`fhf frjvgktrc bf=f]
fh9ish 7fkjbn Fzfhfn`b fkgn`b f0s96`f
f]`sh0f6`f h7ys b7fp f;ù`fhf6`f> f/`skf
brshifp> ffv0fkfn`b fy[fh0f6`f pvfpb.
Fhf[`ffofhf bfl]`fkje fhb tb9ie fqfc6`f
0qffeg ^sh0n`skfn`b fim[f 0s96`tb>
Ushn`sktb> U`hbtb h7ys. B. Flfvbf fqfyu`fhf
bfwn`fhfys b9[mfojbn e,.p[m. `Sennhtten~n`b> eb fkflfn`b Tdhjgfn`b fkmgn`b fpjyf6`f
h7ys b0fojeg. Fqfyu`fhf fhuskfhf6`f
bhffv0je fpqffhf frepfh> u`ffyfufhfr fkf eh0
huskfy 2 n`b 1n`b fi`sis6`cf6`f ]ffv0f
ffbffyofn`b f9[mfofhfkf. Lf-f u`ffyfufhfr
fkf b;`snòje fi`si6`cf6`f hps.
F]`fv0f fqsyeff hf,im0hf fps> fbcgw`f
hps flsuffums bhlshefy. Eh0 hu`ffyfufhfkf>
fbcgw`f y[jy ef7f b7fph fljkvty6`f>
„cgey6`f“ feffccf hs8y6`f h=s> eh0 hps fh0
f8y6`f lshusktbn flevgtbw`f Byb;mff.
awangvara
Fqfyu`fhf
a-wanebi _ miTiuri juja xalxi,
afxazeTis
pirveli
binadarni
(sxva
variantiT narTebis Tanamedroveni; narTi
cvicvis dedis Zmebi).
awanebi TiTistolani iyvnen da gvimraze
ise adiodnen, rogorc xeze. im dros arc
Tovli icoda, arc qari, ar iyo wvima da
setyva. isini udardelad cxovrobdnen,
SiSi arafrisa hqondaT; arc RmerTi
swamdaT; ambobdnen, Cvens garda sulieri ar
arsebobso. erTxel SuadRisas, roca awanebi
awangvaraSi isxdnen, zecidan oqros akvani
CamoeSva, Sig Cvili bavSvi iwva; gakvirdnen
awanebi, veraferi gaiges, bavSvis naxviT
ki gulwrfelad gaixares da gazardes;
rogorc ki wamoizarda, awanebs hkiTxa:
`Tqven arafris geSiniaT da ra Zalaa iseTi
rom dagamarcxoTo~; erTma samasi wlis
awanma upasuxa: `bambis Tovli Tu mova
da cecxli waekideba, gadavibugebiT, sxva
veraferi mogverevao~. es iyo da es, biWi
uecrad gaqra, mas Semdeg aravis unaxavs.
cota xanSi qarma dabera. es pirveli qari
iyo awanebis mxareSi da cudad eniSnaT. qari
TandaTan gaZlierda, daiwyo bambis Tova da
or saJenamde dado; male bambas cecxli
waekida da uklebliv yvelani amoibugnen.
175
FQSYFF _ fvban`b feffccf> F9cys
hf9[mfof b6`sy[jp (lf-f u`ffyfufhfr fkf Yfh0ff bhswsy[jp> Yfh0 W`sw` bfy kfimw`f).
Fqsyff yfw`rmscr bf7hfy> f0shfc fqkf
tb9i b6`kjy. Ec7fyn`b ffv0fps fcsb>
f9itb> f6`tb> frshw[b s7fvpn. Eh0 u`sh8f
hsvfvref by[jy> frums bfwì`jvpn> fyw`fums
l[fhqjvpn> bh]`jy> ]fhf ]flf f9cs p[je ls7fv ]`f. _yfr ims,;mjyr> fqsyff fqsyu`fhf
f7ys bfyn`fp> f;`8fy f7ysn` fufh ks,ffbn>
ef7f f9i6`f [ezs lufhfy> efvfi`f bh,bn
fqsyff> frums hptbksvrffbn> f[f f[ezs bh,fp
hu`s lff[`tbn> lhffotbn> eb fybp]f> fqsyff
lhfpqffbn> „i`fh0 frums i`fwì`jv> bfh,fy
vxe i`fhf bi`bffbef“ ]`f> [siì6`cf
p[sqefp fqfy8sr f0fr bb0tbn> f,sv,f fcs
ktbys fvwf frsh ][`f-etbn> eb flf frums
]bffbefv“. F,hb f]`fhf lfyffkufw`7mf fzrey lysqfi`ref lwtbn> eb ffvsim0f[m ef]
f foùms lbv,bn. {ezsr fyqs> f9if fchf
bfkfutbn. Fhb hf9[mfn`b 9ify fqsyff hufy
f[m> eb -tbv ]`f bfpu`fh0tbn. F9if [ezs
[ezs b/`/`f[jy> f,sv,f cs fktbhf bfkfutbn>
8cf;fyr bim0fktbn> bffhkfcys f,sv,f fvwf
frbn> fo`s lffysv[fr`f ptums [`f-bn. F,fc
v. vouba. `kuni awanebis samosaxloSi~
D. Dje,f. “R`syb> fqfyffb hsy[fh0f”
ase uZirod amowydnen awanebi, romlebic hsim0hfr lffysv[fref b6`soofbn fqsyff>
àrc arasodes ibadebodnen da arc arasodes eh0 „f[ffy bbefvpn> f[ffy b9cefvpn“> b]`jeg
kvdebodnen~, _ ambobs Tqmuleba.
f;`f,;m]`fv0f f7ys.
dro, romelSic awanebi cxovroben aris
Fqsyff fysy[jp ffv0f> fvban`b ffv0jeg>
miTosuri dro, òqros xana~, roca yve„f]mn`s ffv0f“> ec7fy ptums fblbfk [fhqjy.
laferi idiliasaa damorCilebuli. isini
Eh0 0syx by[jy> f[m0f bfrefvpn> fo,f bfrefvpn>
cxovroben mSvidad, ar civaT, ar wyuriaT,
ar hyavT mteri, arc aravis awuxeben da arc f/fw`f hsvfvpn> foùms bu`s lflshujvpn> lfaravin awuxebT, Sromoben TavianTTvis; ar- hums foùms bhu`ffefvpn> h[s fps fec hefy>
ian kargi mesaqonleebi (ZiriTadad wvril- fhf[`ffofhf ,pbf bhlshefy (tb]fhfr f9cfcf>
fexa mesaqonleobas misdeven; erTi gadmo- b7je ]`fv0fr fkf bbfifw`7mfys fqsyff
cemiT, swored awanebma gamoiyvanes Txis hjeg bpffofp f\mvf bht/me f[rs) bi`fhswjy
saukeTeso jiSebi) da monadireebi (arcTu (fi`fhswfhf f7ys eh0 Yfh0ffums bhtb/
iSviaTad nadirobaSi narTebsac jabnian). msy). Fqsyff flumsk fec flshekjvpn (]`fv0awanebi ar icnoben miwaTmoqmedebas (zogi fr fkf eh0 fxfhsw hffojy)> bhsplshefvpn
variantiT mohyavT pureuli), ar ician ra fi`shqkf pfrep> fvwf (frefw pfofp bhajy).
aris xe-xili, cecxli (xorcs umad Wamen).
Fef9cn`b feffccf> ,qty0ff bpkfhtb9isvp>
gansxvavebiT osi jujebisagan _ bcenTebieh0 flumsk f7ys> fisirkfvc6`f hs0hf fqf7f
sagan, romlebic miwaSi, WianWvelebis budis
dabla cxovroben da Cerqezi ispebisagan by[jy> fxth6mtpn`b bcgff (fljkvty6`f h7ys>
(dolmenebSi. e.w. spunebSi mobinadre juja fcgey6`f h7ys by[jp feffccf)> fqsyff fim[f
arsebebi), awanebi mTis velebze, saZovre- fl`6`f h7ys by[jy> f]`shf6`f h7ys. Eh0
bze saxloben. maT karvebsa da saqonlis h6`fw`6`tb> hs;ù`fhf6`tb h[s fvhfufkfhf f[m b[fy. Yfh0ff
sadgomebs piri aRmosavleTisken
aqvT
h]`fv0f fdfhbfyn6`f
miqceuli.
narTul
frs
fkf>
fqsyff
gadmocemaTa
erTi
y[jy fw` f;`bi`f7mf
variantiT,
awanebi
f7ys>
f[mimsr
saxloben xbos beWze,
Cfchs7`f b,kf b0fyromelic arwivma sasfritbn> fash[fqf eb
riyvas TvalSi gaurfl`s7mfi f[m bhi`bn
Wo da gmirma mindor(fhb
f;`bi`f7mf
Si moisrola (am beWs
pyspsykf
f6`s\mf
xandaxan melia ejabf7f7jbn>e,hb
fps
jgureba saxravad ise,
fqsy hs8y6`f h[f=s
rom jujaTa saxlebi
pirs
aRmosavleTifvhfuskfhf
f7ysn`
dan
dasavleTisken
fvhf0fi`fhf
f[m
iqceven). rogorc Cans,
bbfcefy).
Cerqezi moZmeebis msBiff,j fkf> fxsh6gavsad awanebis samfp ]fimw`f htb9i
transporto saSualefqsyff hsyfbffbufc
ba aris kurdRlebi.
bhsvfp f;mf6`f hfrey.
jujebi
kurdRlebs
Feffccf f;mf6`f f-6`f
cxenebiviT Sekazmavdhtb9i bhreflshefy>
nen da micvalebulis
b9csp
bgfne6`qfhf
sulis
pativsacemad
fps f-sh8hhf v8f9doRs awyobdnen.
narTul
gadmoceshujy.
maTa mixedviT, awanebi
g. xubua. àwanebis ciuri stumari~
Yfh0ff
h]`fv0f
narTebis TanamedroU. {e,ef. “Fqfyff [s[msyn` bh0ffpfcfc” byf6`shiys fqsyff
177
veni arian. es ori miTiuri xalxi erTmaneTs megobrobs da moyvrobs kidec. awanebis asuli zilxa aris narTi kunis (sxva
variantiT sasriyvas) coli, romlisganac
ibadeba eposis erT-erTi centraluri figura (cvicvi). awanebi ampartavnebi, amayebi da
jiutebi arian. swored aseTi xasiaTis gamo
gacilda zilxa Tavis qmars, aseTi Tvisebebis gamo gawira isini RmerTma, romelsac
ar cnobdnen.
Yfh0ff fysy[jp ffv0fps by[jy. Fh0 f8,f
fvban`b feff tb8spw`fy> tbefw`fy. Fqsyff
hs09]f Psk[f> Yfh0 Rey b9]`sc kjeg> eh0
lsh[`skqbn> 9[mf7f ftgjc b[flje [f=[jbn>
lash[fqf[jbn (W`sw`). Fqsyff f[sim0[w`f>
f9fumf8w`f> f[msimsh[[f8w`f hfrey. F,hb
f7fpimf fvifkjeg Pbk[f k[fqf lspbkqspums> f,fh0 f7fpimf6`f hsvifkf feg eh0
fyw`f bps6`b[sp> eb l[`fhqjvpn lfhf.
a-wanjazeixa _ miTiuri juja xalxis
FQFY|MFTB{F _ Fvban`b fef8sccf>
fqsyff htb[f f9csef fu`ffyfufhf6`f hskf.
F9cysn`b fqfrshflumsk f7ys> eh0 bhefreg
Fqsyu`fhf f7ys feff kfccs kfccs bh9ifjy
f,8fn`b f;`sn` tb[f6`f> eb fqsyff hf,\mfh
]`f bhs9[mfojy. Fbfif fps eb ptums tbwshlshef Frjk[n`b fb[f feg.
_ awanebis culi afxazuri warmodgenebis
mixedviT. afxazeTis teritoriaze,maT Soris
e.w. awangvarebSi xalxi xSirad poulobda
brinjaos Zvel culebs, romlebsac awanebis
iaraRad miiCnevda. realurad es aris
sayovelTaod cnobili kolxuri culi.
a-waCxur mardÁan TargÁalazi _
Zala, romelsac, abJuis afxazTa rwmeniT,
ojaxSi
sikvdilianoba
(gansakuTrebiT
bavSvebis) moaqvs. mis saxelze aRdgomis
kviris xuTSabaTs aucileblad muxis
xis qveS loculobdnen; diliT adre
acxobdnen Rvezels, amzadebdnen kverebs
(akvakvarebs), mogvianebiT mTeli ojaxi
axlomdgar muxasTan moiyrida Tavs; piriT
aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT muxlebze
dadgebodnen da ojaxis ufrosi `did
waCˆxur mardÁan TargÁalazs~ SesTxovda,
Seendo yvela codva, Cadenili nebsiT
Tu uneblied, ekmara maTTvis sasjeli
da
daefara
sikvdilisagan.
locvis
dasrulebis Semdeg muxas morTavdnen
sxvadasxva
feris
naWrebiT, romelTa
nawils lursmniT aWedebdnen, nawils ki
cviliT miamagrebdnen. saRamos amave Zalas
kargad nasuq yveruls da axalgamomcxvar
Rvezels
swiravdnen.
zogierT
ojaxs
mis saxelze zedaSec hqonda. n. janaSias
cnobiT, abJuis afxazeTSi waCˆxur mardÁan
TargÁalazis msaxurad iTvleboda kamkias
gvari, romelsac am Zalis sabrZanisi
specialuri facxac ki hqonia. erT-erTi
kamkias TqmiT, Zvelad waCˆxur mardÁan
TargÁalazs samsxverplod Tavad mohyavda
gareTxa iseve, rogorc xari iloris wm.
giorgis. aqve unda iTqvas, rom sof. lixnSi
mTirgÁalazis
saxeliT
cnobili
iyo
FQFX{~SH vfhl`fy 0fhumfkfp _ Vxeg>
eb f,;mseff h[fqfhfkf> f0ffw`fhf f9chf
(tb]fhfofr f[ez6`f) hpffyfujbn. Eb b[mofkf
fvif9s fvxs,;m f[fif [sv9flf f\mqkf
fq7f bys]`jy> ims;ms pff blshvfptbefy fr`fr`fh6`f> yfc f0ffw`f ptums hs8ys
ffbu`fhf buskfp f\mqkf fq7f bytbefy> h[f=s
fvhfuskfhf f[m bh[fys> bimfv[siuskfys
f0ffw`f htb]f,s „bleeoje qfx[`sh vfhl`fy
0fhumfkfp“ lb]`jy> hsu`yf]fhf6`f ptums
hf0`tbimfhw> bh0f[s> bh0f[sv bv8f9shuf[mfp
fhsw]fhf6`f> hf[msh[`hf hfp[tbqfhw> f9chf
f7ysn`b b[mxfhw. Fys]`fhf ffvsim0f[m
f\m lsh9iojy tbetb9isvp frfcs;`6`f
hskf> eh0 hs[`0fr fq`svf/m fkf bfkfhqjy>
imjers[ fwìmskf brslshqjy>. {`sk,s-[fy
[fh pvfvp fimn`f himjy> =sw fr`fr`fh6`f
lshvfptbefy. Eb b[mofkf f0ffw`fhf6`f
imjers [s[mb7jeums hsvfy. Y. |fyfimbf
bu`ffyfufhfkf> f,;mseff Qfx[eh vfhl`fy
0fhumfkfp bvfqe8w`f ]`f b9[mfofy Rfvrbff
hs;`kf> eb bvfqehf bfprys bzslfp f9fw[fums
huskfys bhsvfy. Rfvrbfr b]`fv0fkf>
f;`sn`sy Qfx[eh vfhl`fy 0fhl`fkfp b9cs
f0fhfps bfhf b[fkf bytbujy f,yf\mvf> Tkshf
fys[f Umfhum fw6mf b[mso fps byfhujp tb9i.
Bfhf f,hf b]`fnèg> f6s0f Ks[ys f7ys
muxnari adgili,sadac gumbebis sagvareulo
loculobda. is, visac TeTri cxeniT surda
sadme wasvla an roca patrons eSinoda
avi Tvali ar scemoda mis TeTr cxens,
am ukanasknels muxasTan miiyvandnen, Sav
qsovils gadaafarebdnen da mTirgÁalazs
mis mfarvelobas SesTxovdnen.
v0shumfkfp b[mofkf blshsy fo,hf 0s9> ef7f
U`sv,ff hs;`kf hys]`fh0f frey. Fo`s f-s
ir`fr`f lf6`n`fys \mfhf fwfhf b0f[`spfh>
f,hb f\mhf f[m lyfhujy> f,f tb6`fq`f
b6`lshi`jy> v0shumfkfp eb b[skf9ihf[s
b]`jy.
a-wlanihva _ xis locva; icodnen
weliwadSi
orjer:
aRdgomis
kviraSi
da mariamobis dResaswaulze. pirvel
SemTxvevaSi awla-incvaxus (xis RmerTi;
ix. àliaSva~ da `xiZiri~) msxverplad
swiravdnen
yveruls
da
namcxvrebs,
SesTxovdnen
daecva
bavSvebi
xidan
Camovardnisa da daSavebisagan; mariamobaze
ki bavSvebi mindorSi gahyavdaT, marjvena
fexs
romelime
xeze
miadebinebdnen,
marcxena
xelSi
kvers
(akvakvars)
daakavebinebdnen da ase idgnen vidre
ojaxis ufrosi awla-incvaxus saxelze
locvas
ar
daasrulebda
(SesTxovda
bavSvebis
dacvas
Tavbrusxvevisagan,
Camovardnisa da daSavebisagan). mozardebi
amave mdgomareobaSi SeWamdnen kverebs da
daiSlebodnen.
awlanihva icodnen aseve adamianis xidan
Camovardnisa da zogierTi avadmyofobis
SemTxvevaSi (Tu mkiTxavma avadmyofoba
`xis sulis~ risxvas miawera). xidan
CamovardniT sikvdilis dros asrulebdnen
sulis gamowvevis gansakuTrebul rituals
(ix. à¶fshaTgara~), romlis drosac awlaincvaxus micvalebulis sulis `gaSvebas~
sTxovdnen.
FQKFYS{~F _ is6`csr fkf 8syn`
bv8f9shujy> fvif9s fvsib> yfy]`f
fviys]`fpb.
Hf9[mfn`b
f0fuskfpffimf
f7ys fqkf>fyw`f[`s (bu`. „Fkfi`f“> „Fqkflfw“)> f9cf0fn`c bhimjy fw`> blshvfptbefy f[ffn`> fys]`fhf v8f9shujy f[ez6`f
fqkf bfkfvs8hshw> f[mff hvjeshw. Yfy]`f
fps f[ez6`f fl`s f[m byfhujy> hfh/mf imfgs qkfr byflshrskjy> bfhvf yfgs f7ys
fr`fr`fh blshrjy> f,fc luskfy f0ffw`f htb]
f,s Fqkf>fyw`f b[mofkf fys]`fhf lfkuffyof
(f[zs b[mxfhf f,sk[fqums;mhtb> fks8hhtb>
f[mffb hps b]`jy). F[z6`f f,fc bpuskfp
hr`fr`fh6`f hajy yfc tblsqefy.
Fqkfys]`f bfhf e,fc bhlshefy fo`s fqkf
lfkf8hsh> bzslje xsvfpfhfr ffyb (fqff8s
eb bple „Fqkf f9cs“ bk9[f fksh,fh). Fqkf
bfks8hsp fef8s ls9csh f9cs f0sufhf fqfc
yfhsuojy (bu`. „F9c]f0sufhf)> ec7fyums
Fqkf>fyw`f[`s b9csp b9cs „bje;m0hf“
bpf]`jy.
179
W Z
Wapi, Wapu
_ keriis mfarveli suli.
tanad dabal, keris zesadgaris simaRlis
Waps mimarTaven im SemTxvevaSi, roca
bavSvi fexis adgmas agvianebs da saamisod
Sesrulebuli sxva locva (ix. à-Sxuafyara~)
ver Svelis. Svidi gamdinari wylidan
iReben wyalsa da kenWebs, Svidi sxvadasxva
ezodan TiTo bRuja balaxs, iwveven sam an
Svid dedabers da daanTeben Svid sanTels;
keraze moaTavseben saamdRisod gamomcxvar
mWads, romlis win bavSvTan erTad bebiaqali dadgeba da Waps mimarTvs: `dido Wap,
Tu es bavSvi Sen daiWire wyalSi _ gauSvi,
Tu qvaze daiWire _ gauSvi, Tu mezobelTan
_ gauSvi; sadac ar unda dageWira _ gauSvi,
fexebi gauxseni da gauSvi! Seni gulis
mosagebad SevkribeT Svidi dedaberi, Svidi
mdinaris wyali SevaerTeT, Svidi mdinaris
kenWi da Svidi ezos balaxi erTmaneTs
SevuerTeT, gTxovT, fexi gauxsna bavSvs!~
termin `Wapis~ axsna afxazuri eniT ver
xerxdeba. SesaZloa igi dakavSirebuli
iyos qarTul `WapTan~ (`bandulTa da waRTa
Sesakravi~ _ sulxan-saba) _ TasmasTan,
miTumetes, rom locvis teqstSi bavSvis
Sekruli fexis gaxsnazea naTqvami.
a-WafSara _ avadmyofTan an dakrZalvis
ZFGB>ZFGE _ f[ì0ffhf ps[mxj fyw`f[`s.
Bi`fhf vfxeg> f[ì0ffhf f[xs lf7hje Zfgb
bf[m h[s lsh[jy> f[ezs bimfgs fhuskfhf
lf[s9fh> eb fps bv8f9shuf[mfp
lf-f
ys]`fhfr (bu`. „Fim[`f97fhf“) bvsw[hffh.
<;m,f fobfc6`f h7ysn` fos> f[f]`6`f>
,;mu`fhr h7ysn` fef9ifq` ffpyf f]fcrmsy>
bffhs9[mjy [8sr vf ,;m8sr f0fref;`w`f>
bflshrefy ,;mw`fimsr> f[ì0ffhf b-]`fhwjy
fhb fvi fps bosp fvumfk> eb f9[mf f[`zs
lksvfys f0fre;` luskjy> Zfgb bimfgs
krjy> „Zfgb le> fhb f[`zs efhf lerspfh fos
f7ys> ljeim0> f[f]`f f7ys lerspfh>ljeim0>
fu`skfhf lerspfh> ljeim0> lf[mserkfums>
ljeim0. Bimfgs 9shns> eu`s ffyf]rskfh
fps tbpf]utbn ,;m8sr f0fre;`w`f> ,;mobfcr
hos tbkf]0`tbn> ,;mobfc f[f]`6`tb> ,;muefhr h]fqrmsy tbkf]qbn> ]e]`jbn f[`zs bimfgs 9shnshw“.
Fnthvby „zfgb“ fbkshufhf f9cef ,spi`fkf
b7fv. B7fkfh 7fkjbn eb bfl]`fkfpfh f6sh0ef
„zfg“
(f;`w`tbvff f=f]`fuf) f7fbnfy>
bp,fypfh fys]`fhf ffy f[ezs bimfgs f9shnhf bf]`jbn.
ZF(IMFHF _ Fxsvfpf8 vf f9cs;hf
Rames micvalebulis niSanTan (anSanTan) fe[f f9cs b7ys fw[ f[fufhf. Fzf9imf
RamisTevis Cveuleba. aWafSaraze ZiriTadad tb]fhfofr f=fh hjeg bfkf[e. Fxsvfpf8s
axalgazrdebi ikribebian; Tu avadmyofs lshzf9imjpfh> ffiffyof fkfa> fi`f h]`jbn
uTeven
Rames, dilamde
mxiaruloben, fh]`fuf6`f hskf b[`vfhetbn (fxfvu`sh>
mRerian, ukraven sxvadasxva instrumentze f9[mfhwf> f=fhgsy) fkfreb> fweafhf6`tb
(Congurze, afxÁarcaze, aWarpinze), yvebian
h]`jbn> bxxjbn> ffv0f ,pbfys bh[fhujbn.
zRaprebsa da sxvadasxva gasarTob ambebs;
F9cs lfyshzf9imj 8us9ys h-shijbn>
ician mkiTxaoba. micvalebulis niSanTan
or gundad mRerian e.w. àmerTas~ (saxumaro bh]`jbn „fvth0f“ (efw`7mf bf9shqefp
simRera
eqspromtad
Tqmuli
teqstiT, f;`f6`f hskf bimf6ùskje f6mfxf6mhfn`b
riTac mopirispire mxares axasiaTeben). fi`f> us9r bh]`jbn> tumb fu`s9 f0fr
im SemTxvevaSi Tu gardacvlili moxucia,
àmerTas~
cvlis
mkiTxaoba, zRaprebi,
gamocanebi da mogonebebi micvalebulis
cxovrebaze.
TiTqmis yoveli aWafSara axalgazrdebs
Soris sasiyvarulo kavSirebis gabmiT
mTavrdeboda.
marTalia,
avadmyofisa
Tu
micvalebulisaTvis
(dakrZalviswina
dReebSi)
RamisTeva
farTod
aris
gavrcelebuli
dasavleT
saqarTvelos
mosaxleobaSic, magram sakuTvriv afxazuri
termini
àWafSara~
da
am
sityviT
aRniSnuli Cveuleba aSkarad enaTesaveba
adiReelebSi `WafSis~ da yabardoelebSi
`SafSakos~
saxelwodebebiT
cnobil
wesebs, romlebic mWedlobis RvTaebis _
TlefSis kultTan arian dakavSirebulni
da gacilebiT arqaul niSnebs avlenen.
WafSi (SafSako) sruldeba daWrilis an
travmirebulis
(gansakuTrebiT
Zvlis
motexilobis
SemTxvevaSi)
avadmyofis
sawol oTaxSi. Ramis saTevad Sekrebili
naTesavebi da axloblebi mxiaruloben,
cekvaven da niRbebiT morTulni awyoben
warmodgenebs; sxvaTa Soris umRerian
RvTaeba TlefSs da Wrilobis Sexorcebasa
Tu Zvlis gamrTelebas SesTxoven. yoveli
Semomsvleli avadmyofis oTaxSi mdgar
grdemlze kvers dakravs, naxSiriTa da
nagviT savse WurWelSi CaafurTxebs da
mxolod Semdeg uerTdeba RamismTevlebs.
WafSSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebda
dediserTa qaliSvili,romlis monawileobiT
gamarTul
TamaSSi
sqesobrivi
aqtis
imitireba xdeboda (Sdr. XV s. avtoris _
interianos cnoba CerqezebSi micvalebulis
dakrZalvis dros qaliSvilis ritualuri
defloraciis Taobaze).
7fhqjbn). B9csp fef8s ps6`hf[m bytb[mfp
bfrepfh „fvth0f“ f7`slsh9fhfkf bh9cf[efy>
fkfr`6`tb> f;`f97f6`tb> b9csp b9c0fpffhf
fu`fkfhi`fhtb fkf bh[`shujy fw[.
Fzf9imfhf6`f hffy> ef7f =sw tb,flshsp
fh9scb>
f9]`sp,tb
htbu`f9[fkfhfkf
byq`jy.
Bbfijeg> fxsvfpf8b> vf b9cspb fzf9imfhf fv8f9ufhf fqfc frsh byfh0,ffys
bfkfhq`jeg fvhf0fi`fhfn`b ^sh0n`skfn`b
feff;`kfh hs=ums> f[f f9cefn`b fnthvby „fzf9imfhf“ fhb f;`f bffyfuj fqfcb>
kf,=f,f bfpffbujeg flsuw`f h7ys „Zf9imb“
f7f,fhlfw`f hn`s „If9ifrjb“ f[mo6`f hskf
blshe fqfc6`f> eh0 f;mbhf f9ffbv,fh> )kt9im brekmn bfl]`fkjeg> frshof b;`snè
flshuf6`f ffys9ijbn.
Zf9im v8f9shujy b[`sp vf ff[f pfesp
(tb]fhfofr f,f8 9q`fhf ffy) fxsvfpf8s
bbfh0f fef0f[ f7ys. Fw[ fhifhf fps bytbp fefw`tb> f0sy[fw`tb f[`vfhhfxxfhfkf
bh[fhujy ffv0f> brefijy> h[f=s q`f[suf6`f
h[fhqfys f6ùskfhf6`f v8f9shujy> eb
fi`f bpsh]`jy f9ffbv,fh )kt9i> f[`hf f/
mfhtb> f,f8 fb6ì`fhtb bf]`jy> =sw bytbefp
ptums fxsvfpf8 beflf f7ys buskfp f;mbhf
f7ys fr`fr`fh ys6`hqjy> f[`tb> f7mfvcfhb hskf b0`sp fxscvf0`f b0f/mw`jy> eb
ffvsim0f[m frey fw[p[`fpujp hf[m bfyytbefp. Zf9im b=s bzslfp fhjkm yfkuojy f9]fpfq`s> eb kfkf[`hfkf bv8f9scefp f[evfhhf
f7ys f[fqf>9]`schfn`b f6n fbvbnfwbf
fflsh9iefy (=sh9. 15 fi`. f9qf8s> Bynthbfy blshhfkf fxsh6mfpw`f h7ys f9cs
fysi` lfyfh0jp ffv0fps f9]`sp,f kltakjhfwbf bfprys b8efy).
181
x {
xania _ narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi,
aergebis _ rimcasa da rariras qaliSvili,
radisa da raSis da (sxva variantiT Svidi
Zmis erTi da); sasriyvas coli (sasriyva
mas irTavs rogorc aergebis asuls. am
epizodSi misi saxeli cnobili ar aris).
xania cxovrobs erT miuval mwvervalze
frinvelTa Zvlebisgan agebul sasaxleSi.
aergebis
asuli
mzeTunaxavia,
saxe
mTvaresaviT unaTebs, tani arCvs miugavs,
siaruli _ irmis sirbils; arc berdeba da
arc axalgazrdavdeba, mudam gazafxuliviT
hyvavis. misi neka TiTi mzis sxiviviT
anaTebs sibneleSi, rac xanias solarul
warmomavlobaze mianiSnebs (rogorc Cans,
arc is aris SemTxveviTi,rom yvavilbatonebis
mfarveli solaruli bunebis afxazuri
RvTaebis _ oqros zosxanis cols xania
hqvia).
xania araCveulebriv silamazesTan erTad
araCveulebrivi
jan-RoniT
gamoirCeva,
rac mas qarTul-kavkasiuri da msoflios
sxvadasxva xalxebis folkloridan cnobil
goliaT qalTa rigSi ayenebs. salaSqrod
mimaval Zmebs zogjer xaniac mihyavT. igi
orTabrZolaSi amarcxebs berzeq xuaSas,
borkavs mis cxens da gaSoltavs; zogierTi
variantiT, narTebis dasTan _ gundasTan
erTad Txzavs simReras Seborkil cxenze
_ azarze. am simReras dResac mRerian
afxazebi
micvalebulis
xsovnisadmi
miZRvnili jiriTis dros.
aergebis asuli saocrad moyvaruli
da erTguli colia. igi Tavis neka
TiTiT wyvdiads unaTebs Rameul gzebze
moarul sasriyvas. aboboqrebul yubanSi
gadavardnili sasriyva meuRles damxrCvali
hgonia, Tavadac xteba mdinareSi da
iRupeba.
{FYBF _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s> Fthumff>
Hbvwtb> Hfhbhtb hs9]f> Hflb> Hfimb hf]ìmf
(lf-f dfhbfynr fkf ,;m8sr ft]ìmw`f
hf]ìmfpfq`)> Cfchs7`f b9]`sc (Cfchs7`f
eb 9]`scc lbujbn Fthumff lf[mhs9]fe fps.
Fhb f[`0f f7ys eb b[mso lshsv).
{fybf lsy[jbn pspytbhf wùmfp> fim[f
f6`w`sy> f9cffn` ,f8 fkf bhuskfp f[fy f7ys.
Fthumff hs9]f vhflf lrfzzjy> k[sk=s fvpf
tb9i bkfijy> ks6ùskfhf f6`fcf, tb9isy> kys7`fhf f,sy-fw` f8hf> lfumf;`jv>
lfum=f[jv tcyfum f9[sy tb9i lsi`0jbn.
Eb kyfq`rmsc [ezs fvpf tb9i brfzzjbn
fkfimwfhf=s> f,fh0 ptums {fybf fcjkbfhn`b
kf,im0hf ffysh9ijbn (biff,j fkf eb
,fif tb6ì`fhfv> f,zs fxsvfpfhf ps[mefp
bh[skf9iefp fcjkbfhn`b f9cf,fhf f9cef
f9ffbv,fh> f[mn`s Pjc]fy b9]`sc {fybf
ks[mosy).
{fybf
brffvt0sp
ks9iofhf
fl fums> fuef,pbfhtb fvxb hskf lfkerffefy>
eb F6sh0ef> Rfdrfpn`bb> fleytb tumsh0
fvbkf06`tb hajkmrkjh6`f h7ysn` blshe f]`cf
levgtbw`f lhf7yfhn`jbn. Fb,fimhf bwjp
kfimw`f> pyspsykf {fybfums lshufkjy. Eb
fb6`9fhf f7ys lfqfksh[jbn <thpt6 {`fif>
bk]`syzjbn eb b-s b7mfynfpof brfks;mjbn.
Lf-f dfhbfynr fkf> Yfh0ff hf]ìmf U`syltb>
kfhtb fi`f f9shqjbn b]`syzfp f-s fps>
Fpfh. Fhb fi`f bf[mfums bh]`jbn f9ceff
f9cs bgfne6`qfhfps bv8f9scef f-s8hhf
f7ys.
Fthumff hs09]f lffhfof bu`f,ps/e>
bu`sre 9]`sceg> Eb kyfw`s [ezs fkf fv8f
bpskhkfijbn flumsk w`8fyw`s lfysqje
k[fqf Cfchs7`f. Tbkfiefp &`,byf bfkf]fp
Cfchs7`f> b9i`vf eb fos lfup \mskimfy
kfhums fos lfkf9kjbn> l0f[jbn.
xania
Sqvaqva
_ TeTri xania,
yvavilbatonebis mfarveli qal-RvTaeba,
infeqciur daavadebaTa RvTaebis (ix. àxi
zosxani~) meuRle. igi saweso teqstebSi
`ZiZad~ iwodeba, avadmyofs sasTumalTan
uzis da qmris mier dafenil yvavilebs nazi
xelebiT hkrefs. col-qmris sadideblad
Tqmuli simRerebi mxolod muxlmoyriT
sruldeba; swiraven TeTr Txas an cxvars
da avadmyofis gankurnebas SesTxoven.
xanifha
_
zogierT
daavadebaTa
(muxlebis tkivili, uxasiaToba da saerTo
sisuste) mfarveli suli. am avadmyofobebs
afxazi `yurebze Camokidebul qaliSvilebs~
uwodebs. avadmyofs yurebze sayureebis
msgavs Rilebs hkideben da mihyavT Txilis
xesTan, aCoqeben iq da mis garSemo miwaSi
arWoben Txilis Svid joxs, romlebzedac
sanTels miakraven da xanifhas _ kldeze
moarul arsebas, avadmyofis gankurnebas
SesTxoven.
{FYBF IR~FR~F _ f,zs fxsvfpfhf f9]`sc 9ffbv,fh> f=rs xsvfpfhf6`f
h9ffbv,fh (bu`. „F[ms Pjc]fy“) b9]`sc. Eb
fqfcn`b f;`f6`f h7ys „ffof8s“ ]`f kfh]`jbn.
fxsvfpf8s bbfh0f f7ys ln`jeg> k[fqf brfb9cj fi`06`f kyfgs 7`svi`si`6f hskf
tbpskujbn. {fqtb9]`scb bhspre fi`f6`f
ptums bifv[simu`kfys feg bisyfhuoj>
f9cf0fn` f\mvf ir`fr`tb vf fefctb himjbn>
fxsvfpf8 b,pbf[fhf bf]`jbn.
{FY(}F _ fxsvfpfhf6`fr (fimfv[s [mff>
fu`fkf7fvkfhf> f9csvfzhf) bh[skf9ief
f9ffbv,fh. F,fh0 fxsvfpw`f f9cef „pksv]
fkf bryf]fe f9]`sp,fw`f“ ]`f lhsim0jeg.
Fxsvfpf8s bksv]f fksv]fhtb tb9ie
f]`syq`hf6`f rysh]jbn> lshujbn fhfcf fqkf
f7ys> limfv[siuskjbn> bffbrehifys bqfhqjbn ,;m,f fhfcf q`6`f> eh0 fw`svpf6`f
flshzf,kjbn> {fyb9]f> f[hf bys7`j> fxsvfpf8s b[ì`n`hf bkpf]`jbn.
a-xaxubilara
_ Tmis Setrusvis wesi,
F{F{~S <SKHF _ f[f[`s f[,skhff
romelsac mcirewlovani bavSvis mWedlad
kurTxevis dros asrulebdnen (ix. àJira fqfc> eb ps6`hf vfze f[ezs l;mb[fhw b9imizaku~).
fhf ffy byfhuojb (bu`.„F;mbhfbfpre“).
F{F{~RF(CFHF _ f[f[`s frf9cfmicvalebulis saxelze moSvebuli Tmisa hf fqfc> b9csp b[mofkf bfe;m0sp f[f[`s>
da wveris tareba afxazebma erTi wlis f;frmf f9ceff is6`csr bys7`shujy. Eh0
ganmavlobaSi icodnen. isini Tvlidnen, rom bh9[mfojy> fhb f[f[`s b9csp \mffyf07f
es Tmebi micvalebulTa sulebs saiqioSi bv8f[m fiìmshf bpsv8f9shujbn ]`f.
gril
Crdils
uqmnidnen.
wlisTavze Fis6`c fps fhb f[f[`s fvb[efy zslfkf
mgloviares Tmas SeaWrida is pirovneba, f0ffw`f bfks[efp fo`s> hf9[mf7f eb b9csp
romelic
gardacvlilis
`monacvled~ „bwsy[`hfc“
lhsvfy. Bu`sh8jpb> f[f[`s
hyavdaT
SerCeuli.
mgloviaresa
da
fvsp[jpb hs,;mfhf fbefhf hs,;mfkjy>
Tmis Semkvecs Soris naTesauri kavSiri
fbefhf bf6`sp f0fr9[s6`hfums [sv9flf
myardeboda da urTierTvaldebulebebiTa
byfhuojy.
da movaleobebiT iyo ganmtkicebuli.
F[f[`s frf9cfhf fyfuofhf fqfcb> f,hb
axaxu kafsaras Sesrulebis wesi da
fv8fkf
fbefhfn`b
fbps7fpffimf6`tb
am gziT danaTesavebulTa urTierTobebi
samegreloSi gavrcelebuli Cveulebis Ushn`skfums bfkfhq`je qfceg „0evfim
_ `TumaSi mukooTamas~ (Tmis Camogdeba) verjj0fvf“ (f[f[`s frf;`hf). Eh0 lffhfof
tb9ieg.
identuria.
a-xaxukafsara _ Tmis Camogdebis wesi.
{<BYS{F _ F[,ff hs;`kf bf[skf9ief
_ axbas gvaris mfarveli xati,
romelic didrifSnixas `moZmed~ iTvleboda. fys[f> eb Lslhs9im „ftimf“ ]`f b9[mfojeg.
xbinixas adgilsamyofeli iyo aWandaras {,bys[f f0s9 f6s0f Fzfylfhf fim[f6`f
xbinixa
mTebSi, didrifSis aRmosavleTiT. es iyo
ùfrosi anixa~, xolo misi ganayofi anu
ùmcrosi anixa~ mdebareobda sakuTvriv sof.
aWandaras Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi,
sadac
weliwadSi
erTxel
msxverpls
swiravda da loculobda axbas gvari.
ufrosi xbinixas siaxloves mikvleulia
qristianuli taZris naSTebi.
xeCxvama
_ mWedlobis mfarveli
RvTaebis _ SaSvis (ix. `SaSvi~) saxelze
axali wlis wina saRamos,mzis Casvlis Semdeg
gamarTuli locva, romelSic abifaraSi
_ saZmoSi (patronimia) Semavali yvela
ojaxi monawileobda. Tavisi gavrcelebis
masStabiTa (dResaswaulobdnen da uqmobdnen
mTel
afxazeTSi)
da
mniSvnelobiT
xeCxvamas afxazTaTvis cnobili vercerTi
dResaswauli ver Seedreboda, rac, rogorc
Cans, ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom SaSvi
uzenaesi RmerTis _ ancvas (ix. àncva~)
Semdeg yvelaze Zlier RvTaebad iTvleboda.
RvTaebis Sesawirad ikvleboda dakodili
Txa (iSviaTad cxvari; abJuis afxazeTSi
zogierTebi Rors an goWs swiravdnen),
ojaxis TiToeul wevrze mamali (zogi
cnobiT qalebisTvis dedali). garda amisa
xorblis fqvilisagan acxobdnen didi
zomis (daaxl. 1 arSinis diametris) mrgvali
formis àCaSvs~ (SaSvis purs) da SedarebiT
mcire
zomis
naxevrmTvarisebur
purs
ojaxis ufrosisaTvis; Romis fqvilisagan
mzaddeboda patara ritualuri purebi
e.w. àkvakvarebi~ (kverebi). mWedlis an
SaSvis
kultmsaxuris
_
ànixafavis~
saxlSi Sekrebilebi ojaxis ufrosis
xelmZRvanelobiT samWedloSi mividodnen,
grdemlTan muxls moiyridnen; mWedeli
aanTebda Svid sanTels an imdens, ramdeni
monawilec iyo da daiwyebda locvas: `dido
RmerTo, SaSvo, romelsac geqvemdebareba
(gemorCileba) Svidi xati da romelsac
enTeba
Svidi
sanTeli, gesmis?
Cveni
winaprebis msgavsad SesawirTan erTad
morCilad
vdgevarT
Sens
winaSe
da
SegTxovT miiRo Cvengan es msxverpli da
iyo Cveni mfarveli ojaxSi, saxls gareT,
gzaSi, tyeSi, wyalsa da xeze... nu mogvakleb
wyalobas!~ Semdeg grdemlze kvers dakravda
da daayolebda: `gesmis?~ (locvis teqsti
moyvanilia n. janaSias mixedviT), amasTan
moxarSuli
Txis
gul-RviZls
Rvinos
moasxamda, mamliT, àkvakvariTa~ da Rviniani
TasiT xelSi yvela monawile ilocebda;
locvis damTavrebisTanave grdemlze kvers
183
h7ys> Lslhs9im fvhfuskfhfn`b fufy fkf. Eb
„fys[f tb]f,s“ frey> eb b7ùfp vfvpfhums
„fys[f [ezs“ s7fy Fzfylfhf f6s0fy f8flfn`b>
fvhfuskfhfn`b ufy f[m> ef7f is6`csr fkf pys
f9cf0fn` himefy bys]`jy F[,ff hs;`kf. Fb]
f,s {,bys[f ffbu`fhf b9iffeg f6mshcbfyn`b
fef[`fvf fh,ufhf6`f.
{MFX{EFVF _ F;mbhf bf[skf9ief
fyw`f[`s> Imfim (bu`.“Imfim“) b[mofkf
fis6`c =sw fe[f> fvhf fy0fi`fkfum
ffvsim0f[m bv8f9shuj fys]`fhf> eb
f,b9fhf> ftimfhf bfn`sp ptums fkf[`sy. Eb
fkfhq`fhtb> fv8f9ufhtb f[flfhtb fkf f9ceff
hps ptums htb]fof blee ys]`jeg> biff,j fkf
fyw`f[es Imfim [s[m bf][skf9ij fyw`f
le (bu`. „Fyw`f“) bffvsim0f[m ptums htb]
fof b[flfp 9ffbv,fheg. F9ffbv,fh b[mofkf
f9cf0fn` bhimefy> bh[`fp f\mvf (pys psykf
fefcf> f,;mseffn`b f9ceff bhlshefy f]`f>
vf f]`fqsc)> f0ffw`f hsw9[mfof fh,f/m. Eb
flfums fxfiskf bfk[ys bumf;me blee fxfi`
(Imfim bxfi`) hoefy> eb fqrmsc frsh tbqsp
fvpf tb9ie fxfi` f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s bps>
fiskf bfksh[jy b[eze fr`fr`fh6`f. F;mb
vf Imfim bvfqef8s> fys[f9ff8 b8ys tbpfp
f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s byfg[ufhfkf f;mbhf f[m
bytbefy. Ef7f bimfv[siuskjy> f;mb bfbhrefy ,;mw`svpfr vf if7f8s ffbp hsw9[mfof>
fys]`fhf lfkfujbn „fyw`f le Imfim> pyfgs
fqf7f b7je ,;mys[fr> ,;mw`svpfr ppfhre>
bef]fvf> ]f,im0hf htb9i f9cf0fn` ]fvfys ef9[mf ]uskjeg> ]e]`jbn belerskfhw
]fhf ]=syn`b fhb f9cf0fn`> e7fp ]0ffw`f
h[skf9is8> f8yeq7f vf fl`f[ms> fv8fy> f,yf=> fof=s ek9[f ]fuevs;msy“ Yfc
f;mbhf lyfrmscefy b,;ms yfbhujy „bef]
fvf“> f\mvf fu`sb> fu`fq`tb f8s yf6`b0`jy>
fh,f/mb> fr`fr`fhb> fw`swfr f8b hskf
fys]`fhf bfkf[e ptums [fps [fps bys]`jy>
lfyfkufkfum ffvsim0f[m f;mbhf fr`fr`fh
ys6`bqjy b,;ms bhujy „bef]fvf“ f9cf0fn`
f8s yf6`b0`jy fafn` fumfv h,jy> f8s byf[jy>
ef[[ms afhf f;mb bf[m bwjy ptums.
F;mbhf f9ffbv,fh> Cjkjvfy (bu`. Cjkjvfy fw6mf) b[mofkf fys]`fhf v8f9shujbn
dakravdnen da SesZaxebdnen _ `gesmis?~
Sesawirs Rvinos daasxamdnen, wailukmebdnen
da Rvinos daayolebdnen; savaxSmod yvela
mWedlis ojaxSi wavidoda.
mWedlobis mfarvelis _ solomos (wm.
solomoni) saxelze locvas 31 dekembers
mWedlebi
samegreloSic
asrulebdnen;
es dRe da TviT locva cnobili iyo
`xexunjobis~ (xel-mxarobis) saxelwodebiT.
rogorc Cans, termini `xeCxvama~ megrulidan
momdinareobs da `xeSxvamas~ (xelis locva)
an `xexujxvamas~ (xel-mxaris locva) afxazur
formas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom
saamdRiso Sesawiri Txa da mamalia da
termini `xeCxvamas~ paralelurad afxazurSi
damowmebulia sityva `xe-xuji~ (s. baxia),
zogi mecnieri mas megrul `RejxvamasTan~
(Roris locva an RoriT locva) akavSirebs.
asea Tu ise, aSkaraa, rom termini `xeCxvama~
megruli warmomavlobisaa.
meore mxriv, xeCxvamas Cveuleba garkveul
siaxloves avlens SuSxuamis saxeliT cnobl
svanur dReobasTan. orive SemTxvevaSi
rituali axali wlis wina Rames sruldeba.
SuSxuamis dros acxoben `Ramis kverebs~
(SuSxuam leTi lemzir), e.w. `lawdaS
lemzirs~ da `kirkadus~ anu `kirkals~,
romlebic damkvidrebuli azris Tanaxmad,
Ramis mnaTobs _ savse mTvares gamosaxavdnen.
amave warmodgenebs unda ukavSirdebodes
xeCxvamas ritualuri purebic _ savse
mTvaris formis yveliani àCaSvi~ da
mWedlisTvis an SaSvis kultmsaxurisTvis
gamomcxvari
naxevarmTvaris
formis
yveliani puri. Tu SuSxuamisa da xeCxvamas
ritualuri purebis daniSnuleba identuria,
aseve identuri funqciis matarebeli unda
iyos orive dReobisaTvis aucilebeli
atributebi _ mcire zomis afxazuri
àkvakvari~ (kveri) da SuSxuamSi ciskris
varskvlavis (mTiebis) gamomsaxveli kveri
_ `kuanWili~ anu ànWi-kuanWi~, romelTanac
dakavSirebuli rituali sisxam diliT,
mzis amosvlamde unda Sesrulebuliyo. Tu
es dakvirveba sworia, maSin RvTaeba SaSvis
kavSiri astralur kultTan eWvs ar unda
iwvevdes.
xvaJarfisi
personaJi, dasavleTSi mcxovrebi gmirTagmiri, narTebis dis _ gundas saqmro, romelmac orTabrZolaSi daamarcxa Tavis sacole
da saTanei-gvaSasa da asi Zmis sasurveli
sasiZo gaxda. gundas gamtacebelTan _
narjxeusTan brZolaSi xvaJarfisi orjer
9[syzrey 31 hps> f;mbw`f Ushn`skfums>
fhb fvib> fys]`fhtb blsheg „{mt[ey\mj,f“
(fyfgb> fufyb) f[mofkf. B7je fu`ffyfufhfkf
fnthvby „[mfx[efvf“ fushi`f f7ysn` bffetbn> „[mtim[dfvf“ (fyfgs fys]`fhf) vf
„[mt[e\m[dfv“ “(fyfgb> fufyb) f9cef fajhvf
ffysh9ijbn. Fhb fviys]`f f9cf0fn` f\mvf vf fh,f/m feg f[f fnthvby „[msx[efvf“
bfwn`fhje f9ceff h7ys b0qffeg f;`f
„[mt>[e\mf“ (bu`. <f[bf) f0qff8w`f imjers
eb fushefn`b „ktx[dfvf“ (f]`f fys]`fhf vf
f]`fkf fys]`fhf) bfl]`fkjeg. Fc fre vf fyc
fre> bkf,=f,jeg> fhb fnthvby „[msx[efvf“
fushef fimfu`s0 ifvje.
Lf-f ufyr fkf> [msx[efvfn`b fqfc6`f
bfpffbu`fhf fvjeg iei[efv f[mofkf b7je
fi`fyn`b fys]`fvif. Hs8,fums hffy fqfc
v8f9shujbn fis6`c =sw fef[f. Iei[efv
ffy blshvfptbetbn „ef[sykfn`b fr`fr`fh6`f“
(iei[efv kt0b ktvpbh)> „kfqlfi ktvpbh“
„rbhrfle“ vf „rbhrfk“ eb bfkfhw`je
fu`ffyfufhfkf byf6`sh9iys> ef[sykfn`b
fkfifhf> fvpf0`hf ffysh9ijy. F,hb
fu`sffyfufhf bfl]`fkjpfhjeg [msx[efvf
fqfcn`b fxf6`fums> fvpf0`s tb9ie „fxfi`“
f;mb bpsb vf Imfim bvfqef8s bps
bhvfptbe fvpf f9ihf pvje fxf. Iei[efvb>
{msx[efvtb
fqfc6`f
bhspre
fxf6`f
tb9ispfh ec fyfre[f tb9ispfhjeg eb
pspre fviys]`f6`fums> bfhf e,fc tb9ieg
faeyrwbf6`f bv8f9shuj f8,f fys]`fvifp
b[sv9flje fvf0`f[`6`fums> b[eze f9cef
r`fr`fh6`tb>
iti[ev f7ys fims;mn`b
ftw`f tb9ie fr`fr`fh „refyzbkb“ vfvpfhums
„fyzb>refyzb“> eb bpspre fqfc v8f9shujbn
fims;m ish9fps> fvhf uskffyof byfhuofh
frey. Fhb fb=fh9ihf6`f bfifpsh> ec7fy
f9ffbv,fh Imfim fbvflfhf fcnhfkn`b
frekmn f7ys bifvje b[sv9flfhf[jbn.
{~F:~SH(SC _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s>
fvhf0fi`fhfn`b fufy f7ys by[jp ff[fqf
ash[fqf> Yfh0ff hf]ìmf U`sylf lsp]`fp>
bb]`fp lkf6`9fy lkfbffbn> Cf0fytb-U`fimtb>
i`8sr fbimw`tb hps vf]`sc lshu`f9[tbn.
U`sylf lsvqfpshcsp> Yfh\m[je lfybf,fimefp
8syn` l[`sy> hs8ynùms hffy Yfh0ff h;mb
daiWra da orivejer
Tavis
qala
narTebis mWedelma ainarma
spilenZis firfitiT
SeukeTa. narjxeus mier
nasroli mesame isari
gundas
saqmrosTvis
sasikvdilo aRmoCnda.
momakvdavi gmiris kvnesa gaigo misma dedam,
romlis wyevlam narjxeu gaaqvava, xolo
Selocvam xvaJarfisi
Sqerad aqcia (zogi
variantiT es saTaneigvaSas
grZneulebiT
moxda). swored xvaJarfisia is SqerWabuki, romelic mdinareebisa da nakadulebis
pirad hyvavis da romlis drekadi wknelisagan adamianebi TavianTi facxebis kedlebs
wnaven.
xvaJarfisi
afxazur
gadmocemaTa
originaluri gmiria,
romelsac paraleli
kavkasiis xalxTa arcerT versiaSi ar eZebneba.
b.
185
Fbyfh f,8fn` tb[fkf
b6`bhi`bn
b[s.
Yfh\m[je
bhi`sp
f[9fn`b
f[evgfk
U`sylf ,pbf bk,jp
b9cs b[yf[bn. F9chf
bf=sp b/p,;ms bfy
bkf]fbn> eb ksi`bhf
Yfh\m[mje lfh[`f]`bn>
kys]`fhf {`f;`h9sc
l f h [ ` f ; ` b n
(fdfhbfyn6`f
imjrs
h=s eb 7fpqfp Cf0fytbu`fimf kjeg). Bbfifys
{`f;`fh9scb>
f[`s;`zreyb>
eb
fobfc6`tb> foszzf6`tb
h[s6`fy bi`0jbn> eb
fvf[` nsh6`f hskf
bh9jy feff h9fw[f
f0so6`f.
{`f;`fh9sc f9ceff
h]`fv0f=s
efvfi`f
jopua. `damarcxebuli xvaJarfisi~ be,fif
ash[fqjeg>
<. |mjgef. “Bfqf[fp {`s;`sh9sc”
Rfdrfpn`b fvbkf06`f
hdthcbf6`f f7ys eb
bfwyfim0e foùms lfh,fv.
a-xvarTlaRi
_
micvalebulis
moxetiale, daubinavebeli suli, romelic,
afxazis warmodgeniT, cocxlebSi xom
ara, magram
arc
mkvdrebSi
iTvleba.
amitom wyalSi damxrCvalTa, kldidan an
xidan CamovardnilTa da ucxo mxareSi
gardacvlilTa sulebis TavianT gvamebTan
`SeerTebis~ mizniT, afxazebi asrulebdnen
sulis gamowvevisa da saflavSi misi
`CaSvebis~ rituals (ix. àfhaTgara~). Tu
es wesi ar Sesrulda anu micvalebulis
suli ar iqna `napovni~, suli daubinaveblad
iTvleba; igi gadaiqceva axvarTlaRad,
romelic RamRamobiT ymuis, amaod daeZebs
Tavis gvams da vnebs adamianebs. misi saxelis
warmoTqmac ki cocxlebs SiSis zars scems.
demonur arsebebad qceuli moxetiale
sulebi afxazur zRaprebSi sisxlismsmel
da kaciWamia dedabrebs _ axvarTlaRebs
(bzifuri
dialeqtiT
àyvarTlaxebs~)
ganasaxiereben.
F{~SH)KF?M _ b9csp 0s9 pvjep
b9cs> f9ceff h[`fqfhfkf eb fhf[mums ls7fv
yf7ums 0s9 bvfv> e,hb fps fos bfufp > f[hf
b=f8hsp> fqkf bfkf8hsp> n`sv \mfhf b9csp
b9cs b,f8 f[m „f[`sy]`hf“ f6mfifyf f[m
„fyfim0htb“ fqfc v8f9shujy> (bu`. „f9c]f0ufhf“). Fhb fqfc v8f9ufvpfh vfvpfhums
b9csp b9cs „hpsv9iffh“> f9cs [`ysv]`bn
]`f b9[mfofy> eb [`sh0kf/m[jy> ef[sykf
leejy> b,8f f9iffhf lfim0jeg> feff9cshf
fwùmfhf hpbetbn. Eb b[mso f]`fhf ps9cs
0je h[`s- h;ms fhuskjbn. B\mysi[fp
bu`tbu`tbef f9cs> f9cef hkfr`6`f h7ys
fimf p;èf> feff paj f0f]vflf f[`sh0kf/mw`f (,ps9ff eb „f7`sh0kf/m“ ]`f bim0jeg)
htb9i bfh9ieg.
Y.|mfyfimbf blshhfkf> uehbff h7ys
bfkfhw`fy flshhf [pfh0kfk6`f> fdfvgbhw`f
n. janaSias cnobiT, gurulebSi gavrcelebuli yofila rwmena xvarTlalebis
_
vampiri
sulebis
Sesaxeb.
vampir
suls `xvarTalis~ saxeliT icnobdnen
samegreloSic.
megruli
warmodgenebiT,
xvarTali
gardacvlili
mzakvris
(mazakvali) sulia, romelic periodulad
gamodis saflavidan da ZilSi axrCobs
an gul-RviZls aclis adamians. imisaTvis,
rom es aRekveTaT sicocxleSi kudianad
miCneuli adamianis (ZiriTadad qalis)
saflavze Rrmad arWobdnen grZel wvetian
joxs (Sdr. evropis xalxebSi gavrcelebuli
rwmena vampirebze da maT winaaRmdeg
brZolis meTodebi). rogorc Cans,xvarTalis
Sesaxeb rwmenas Seicavs leCxumuri Tqma _
`ras xvarTaleb~ (etyvian bavSvs, romelic
loginSi trialebs da ar iZinebs).
micvalebulis mavne suls `xorTlakis~
saxeliT icnobs Turquli miTologiac.
Turqebis rwmeniT, micvalebulTa sulebi
gardacvalebidan
5-10
dRis
Semdeg
gardaiqmnebian
xorTlakebad,
gamodian
saflavebidan
da
aSineben
Sinaurebs;
xorTlakiT ufrosebi bavSvebsac aSineben.
xorTlaki azerbaijanelebSi `xortanis~
saxeliT aris cnobili.
rogorc Cans, afxazuri a-xvarTlaRi
(ayvarTlaxi),guruli xvarTlali da megruli
xvarTali erTi wyarodan momdinareobs da
igi, ueWvelad, Turquli demonologiiT aris
nasazrdoebi.
hs9cs bfprys. Fdfvgbhn`b f9cs „[dfh0fk“ f[mofkf bhlshefy ushn`skfums. Fush6`f
hu`ffyfufhfkf> [dfh0fk> b9csp fe8s u`sv[f
b9cs feg> eb bysi`sy0hf f7ysn` luskjbn>
lisw`fe lb[`s-etbn vf bu`s bu`fq`f
0b[jbn. Eb fqs[ 9q`fhw fps f9c0fpffhf f7ys fqs[` pvje ef8sg ]`f bh9[mfojp
lfy9ckfum bysi`sy0hf bqfhqjy fw`s le
(=sh. Tdhjgfn`b fvbkf06`f h7ys bfkfhq`jeg
fdfvgbh> eb b=fuskfys f6`9fhf fqfc6`f).
Biff,j fkf> [dfh0fk bprys f[`fqfhf ffysh9ijbn Ktx[`svff h]`fv0f „hfc [dfh0fkt,“ (epshu`f0tbetb> bfh]`jbn f[ezs fbfh0f
f7ys b0syxsv> bpvsw`j).
B9csp b-tbv b9cs „[jh0kfr“ f[mofkf
bhlshetbn
)hs6`n`skfn`b
fvbajkjubf
f7yums. F0hs6`w`f h[fqfhfkf> b9csp hs9cs
lfys9csp byfhrys 5> 1% vis hffvsim0f[m
[jh0kfr f[m bbfcetbn> fysi`sy0hf f7ysn`b
bqqetbn f0ffw`fhf fhi`jbn> [jh0kfr bkf fb]f,w`f f[`z6`f lshi`jbn. {jh0kfr Fpfh,fb\mffyf h7ys „[jhnfy“ f[mofkf bhlshetbn.
Biff,j
fkf
f9cef
f[`sh0kf/m
(f7`sh0kf/m)> fu`hbfn`b [dfh0fkb> fushefn`b
[dfh0fk [sw[sh0fr f7ysn` bffetbn> eb
[sv9flf f0sh6`fn`b fltvjyjkjubf f7ysn`
bffujeg.
xvaSa
berzeqi
_
narTul
gadmocemaTa personaJi, aergebis asulis
_ xanias gatacebis msurveli. xaniam igi
orTabrZolaSi daamarcxa da narTebis
dasTan _ gundasTan erTad Seborka da
gaSolta xvaSas cxeni _ zari.
{~FIF <THPT^M _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s
Fthumff h09]f> {fybf lsvqfbhcsh b0f[sy.
{fybf eb f6`9fhf f7ys lfqfksh[tbn> Yfh0ff hf]ìmf U`syltb kfhtb> bh]`syztbn>
f7mfwf]`f brfhs;mbn {`fif b-s Pfh.
a-xibavi _ `Tavis qala~. ase uwodebdnen afxazebi gvaris ufross, àbifaras~
(patronimiis) winamZRolsa da mrCevels,
gamocdilsa da brZen mamakacs. es metad
saintereso da ucnauri sityva, rogorc Cans,
uZvelesi terminia da ukavSirdeba rwmenas,
romlis Tanaxmad adamianis sulis sabudars misi Tavi warmoadgens. aqedan momdinareobs Tavis qalis, rogorc adamianis
sxeulis gansakuTrebuli nawilis, Tayvaniscema (Tavis qalaSi saxlobs micvalebulis suli). Tavis qalis kulti universaluri movlenaa da ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
safexurze myofi xalxebis (maT Soris ev-
F{S<F* _ F,fc bfh]`fbn f9ceff f;`kf
fb]f,s> „f,b9fhf“ f9sptb> f,;mfuf8b>
b7`s/je f[fqf. Fhb f;`f lffhfof b\mjeimfif nthvbyeg> bfl]`fkjeg flby[fqfhf> eb
byf6`sh9iys fef8s b9cs f0s9> b[s feg.
Fhffyn`b bwjbn f[s,f8> fef8s bw`tb;m
h=s bzslje [e0jeg> bfvqf[sh[`jbn (f[s,f8
f7ys b0jeg b9csp b9cs). F[s,f8 frekmn
beybdthcfke w`shqhjeg> f=bfhf fv8f f7ys
tbetb9isv f]hfrshf f7ys bfys7fp feff9cshf (eh0 bhefreg tdhjgffums) f,pfpfhf ffy
b0qffp afrneg. Fhb frekmn fnhfycajhvfwbf
187
ropelebis) cocxal
yofaSi damowmebuli
faqtia. am kultis
transformirebul
saxes vxvdebiT miTebsa (Sdr. orfeosis,
mimiris,
osirisis
mokveTili Tavebi) da
folklorSi
(Sdr.
`mkvdari Tavi~, aseve
qarTuli
`xokeri
Tavi~, `Tavis goxa~ da
sxva). Tavis qalas nayofierebis Zalac miewereboda (Sdr. afxazuri epikuri gmiris
dabadebis erTi versia, romlis Tanaxmad
qalwulma dafqvili
Tavis qala Wama, daorsulda da abrskili
gaaCina.
dafqvili
Tavis qalis Wamisgan ibadeba aWaruli
rokapic. es motivi
mravali xalxis jadosnur zRaprebSic gvxvdeba).
termin àxibavs~ afxazur enaSi winapris
mniSvnelobac aqvs.
fcf[mf
]9skjbn
fvba6`tb
(=sh.
„b9ce f[s“> bfhf e,fc
f6sh0efn`b „f[jrtn`
f[s“ „f[s
uj[f“).
F[s,f8
f=bfhfn`b
fvxums ffysh9ijy ]`f
b9[mfofy (=sh. F9cef
ftgbrehn`b fash[fqf
bbhf dthcbfr fkf> eb
byf6`sh9iys f0s9]
f b[[sp f[s,f8 kabn>
kw`fkn`svref l7fkbn>
F,hcrmsk lsk[skqbn.
B[[sp
f[s,f8
fafhfkf bbn fzfhn`b
Hjrfgb. Fhb fvjnbd
bfrsvref fvbkf0n`b
m. eSeri. `Tavis qala~ f \ m f i m f [ ` s h f n ` b
V. Tith. “F[s,f8”
fkfr`6`f
h7ys
bf]9skjbn).
Fnthvby „f[s,f8“ f9cef ,spi`f f7ys
f,b9fhf ffh9ihfums fvjeg.
xixi _ saqonlis mfarveli RvTaeba,
romlis mimarT gazafxulze, ialaRebze
pirutyvis garekvis win aRvlenil locvas
qalebi ar eswrebian. saxls gareT, xis
qveS muxis, rcxilis an tyis Txilis
foTlebiT dafarul saxldaxelo magidaze
(aSvamkiaTze) wablis xis qerqiT xaWos,
aseve elarjsa da rZis fafas deben da
qudmoxdili mamakaci xixs saqonlis dacvasa
da matebas SesTxovs; locvis procesSi
fafas xan zRvis, xanac mTis mxares Rvris
da ZaxiliT _ `voocv~, saqonels uxmobs.
locvis dasrulebis Semdeg leRvis CxiriT
xaWoze jvars gamosaxavs. bolos magidas
sam fexs daaWris da saWmlis narCenebTan
erTad iqve tovebs.
sityva `xixˆ~ (`xix-iqou~ _ zemoT myofi,
zecieri) Tavisi semantikiT megruli `Jinis~
(zecieris) identuri Cans da, rogorc amas
n. janaSia varaudobs, megrelebisaTvis
cnobili RvTaebis _ Jini anTaris msgavsad,
adre RvTaeba aiTaris epiTeti unda
{MS{M
_
f]fbefy
bh[skf9ief
f9ffbv,fh> eb bps ff9syhf> f]`sh0f6`f
hf[m fhf[` fyrfhwj fys]`fhf yfhsuojbn>
f]`cf6`f fkf[`sv. F8ys byf7`sufys fqkf
fq7f> f[mfwtb vf f,yfhfctb h,s/m6`f hskf
bfhf ef blshvfptefy fbi`f (fimfvrmf0)
f[mf fw`f bfk[e f[fztb> fbkf\mb> f[i 6fimb
s6`shqjy> f[fw`f h[sk9f6`f h[s[ys {ms[m
fhf[e h[skf9ihtb> hs=bfhtb bf]`jy>
fys]`fhf ffy f6fim fvisy fufyf[m vf
fim[f fufyf[m brfh0`jbn b]`j> „ejjw`“> f]
fbefy f6`=sh0etbn> fys]`fhf bfyfkufkfum
ffvsim0f[m fkf]f fvfw`f fkf f[fzf f7ys
f\mfh fyshqjbn. Fqs[`n`fy fbi`f [imfgsr 9shw`jbn bffy[fp fafn`6`tb fbi`tb ef
byhs;mjbn.
{ms[m> [s[m-b7je f[fn`s fctvtynbr fkf
fushefn`b „;mby“ (f;`8fyn`b) tb9ieg> eb
Y. |mfyfimbf bu`ffyfufhfkf> fush6`f hps
blshe f9ffbv,fh> :msy Fy0fh tb9i> effyof f9ffbv,fh Fb0fh b[mso frepfh frey
yofiliyo (am RvTaebaTa identuroba ki
eWvs ar iwvevs). sainteresoa, rom locvis
teqstSi xixˆ ixsenieba, rogorc `didi
RmerTis _ aiTaris didi wili~.
(fh0 f9ffbv,fhw`f htb9ihf [sv9fljeg).
Efvfi`f be,fif> fys]`fhf fntrcn f7ys
{ms[m lshu`fkflshi`jbn> „fyw`f le“> Fb0fh
b[`0fr tb9iys.
xiZiri _ wminda, keTilismyofeli
xeebis mfarveli suli, romelic xis
saxiT hyavdaT warmodgenili. afxazebis
rwmeniT, keTilismyofel
anu
wminda
mcenareebs ganekuTvnebian: muxa, urTxeli,
kopiti, rcxila, cacxvi, wifeli, xeWreli,
kaklis, Txilis, leRvis, vaSlis, msxlis
(gansakuTrebiT panta msxlis) xeebi, aseve
Sqeri, bza, askili da sxva. swored wminda
xeebis (ZiriTadad muxis, cacxvis, rcxilis,
kaklis, Txilis) qveS sruldeboda saojaxo,
sasoflo Tu saTemo locvebis didi nawili,
aqve xdeboda sazogadoebrivi Sekrebebic.
wmindad miCneul mcenareTagan (mag., xeWreli,
Txilisa da kaklis xeebi, askili, mJavela)
keTdeboda avi Tvalisagan, mexisa da
sxva ubeduri SemTxvevebisagan adamianis
(gansakuTrebiT bavSvis), saqonlisa Tu
naTesebis damcavi avgarozebi; mwyemsebi
da monadireebi, rogorc wesi, mxolod maTi
masalisagan damzadebul mujrebsa da danis
Casadeb budeebs xmarobdnen. afxazebis
aseTi azrovneba maT rwmena-warmodgenebSi
daleqil xis kults ukavSirdeba. rom
araferi vTqvaT didi xeebis kultze,
saamisod panta msxalTan dakavSirebuli
warmodgenebic ikmarebda (panta msxlis
kulti
kavkasiis
xalxebSi
farTod
gavrcelebuli movlena iyo). xis kulti ise
Rrmad iyo fesvgadgmuli afxazebSi, rom
igi, zogierTi avtoris azriT (g. Cursini, S.
inal-ifa, l. akaba), religiuri azrovnebis
iseT Zireul formas ukavSirdeba, rogoric
totemizmia (mag., rcxila _ a-xÁaca _ xecias
gvaris mfarvelad iTvleboda).
aseTi ganviTarebuli kultis obieqti
iyo xiZiri, romelsac xalxi saTanado
pativs miagebda. mis saxelze loculobdnen
mariamobis wina dRes: acxobdnen WviStars
da sanTliT xelSi ezoSi mdgar romelime
xesTan mividodnen. ojaxis ufrosi xis
suls (awla-incvaxus) wyalobas, yanisa da
bostnis karg mosavals, ojaxis wevrTa
janmrTelobasa da bednierebas SesTxovda.
xeze asvlis win afxazi aucileblad
mimarTavda xiZirs, Sens xelSi var da
damicavio; Camosvlisas madlobas etyoda.
xis mfarvel qal-RvTaebas Jig-guaSasa
{MOSH _ fw6mf> fu`s]fkfkhfn`b fqkf6`f
ps[mxj fyw`f[`s> eb fqkf fcf[mfkf lffh9ieg. F9ceff h[`fqfhfkf> fus]fkfkhfn`>
vfvpfhums fqkf 9imf6`f bh[s9[mfofkjeg>
f\m> f;f> f[mfwf> fi`qkf> frfrfy> fhfcf> fkf]
f> fq`f> f]f> f,fh0 fqkf6`f> bfhf e,fc f[`f;`>
fiso> f,yfefhl. F,fh0 fqkf 9imf6`f (zslfkf> f\m> f]f> f[mfwf> frfrfy> fhfcf) hsq7f
frey bf[msv8f9shujp> f0ffw`f> f;`kf>
f6s0f fys]fhf6`f htb]fhfr> fhf7f bv8f9scefy feff;`kfh htbpfhf6`f. B9ime ]`f
bh9[mfojp fi`f9s\mf9 (f;f> fhfcf> frfrfy>
f,yfefhl> fi`x) h[s bflsh[jy fkf9i> flsl
tumsh0 fhsw]fhf6`f h7ysn` feffb (zslfkf
f[ez6`f)> f]fbefyb vf fkfqfn`s hs[mxfhfps.
F[mxfw`tb> fi`fhswf8w`tb> bif9sp tb9i
fh0 fqkf6`f hfrey bpksh[efp> f]`sp,f
0hf6`f> f7fy0hjp6`f e]`f e,fc tumsh0ums.
F9ceff fc tb9i b7fp hqfc -hu`ffyfufhf
bfl]`fkfy bqffn`skjp fqkf frekm. Fqkf
le6`f hrekmn fps frums ]fv]`fhums> f]fccf
f[m bhsvfp frekmn vfwfhf fp[jbn (f]fccf
frekmn Rfdrfpn`b fvbkf0 h7ys byfh0,ffys
bfkfhq`fy). Fqkf frekmn flfw6`f F9cys
[f,fkfum bfkfhq`fy> fdnjhw`f imjers
hu`ffyfufhfkf eb (U.Xehcby> I.Byfkb9f>
K.Frf,f)> flby[fqfhfn`b f[`swhf6`f lffhfof bqffekfp fajhvf bfl]`fkfy bf]]`jpfh
fnjntvbpv (=sh9. F[mfwf> {mtwbff hs;`kf
f[mxf8 ]`f b9[mfofy).
F,fc b=bfp frekmn fj,trn frey {mosh> eb
feff bf[`0fp fgfne f6`shqjy. Eb f[mofkf
fys]`fhf v8f9shujy yfy]` fviys]`f
fbffyof> blshvfptbefy fxf]fh;`6`f> fw`fims
hsvfys fu`fh9 f7ys buskfp fqkf f[m bytbefy. F0ffw`f htb]f,e fqkf f9cs lf]`jy
(fqkf>fyw`f[`s) fv[b> fe0htb h7ys f-f8hf
,pbtb > f0ffw`f hu`f,pbfhf> fyfcs9 ,pbtb
7fkfhw. Fqkf ls6`kffyof f9cef [sv9flf
{mosh lb]`jbn> efhf eyfgs cfyeg ec[skf9i>
lfyks,ffef b0f,eg fb]`jbn.
Fqkf f[skf9i8s f9]`sc>fyw`tb> Xbub
189
da Cigi-guaSas saxelwodebiT afxazebis
mezobeli
adiReelebi,
Cerqezebi
da
yabardoelebic icnoben.
termini `xiZiri~ SesaZloa, qarTuli
enidan momdinareobs (Sdr. `xis Ziri~).
uefimf f[msoys F9ceff huskfw`f flsuff>
fxsh6mtpw`tb bhlshetbn.
Fnthvby „[mosh“ b7fkfh 7fkjbn f6sh0ef
f7ysn` bffefpfh (=sh.“[bc obhb“ fqkf
fq7f).
a-xianafi _ micvalebulis kultTan
dakavSirebuli simbolo, romelic ormocze an ufro xSirad wlisTavze gamarTuli
doRis (marulis) erTgvar prizs warmoadgens. axÁanafi aris
ovaluri formis xis
karkasi, morTuli Zafze asxmuli wabliT,
kakliT, TxiliT, kanfetebiT
da
Tavze
wamocmuli
vaSliT.
doRis dros axÁanafi
uWiravs erT mxedars,
romelsac danarCenebi
misdeven da cdiloben
xelSi Caigdon igi an
morTulobis nawili
mainc aacalon (Sdr.
à-TarCei~).
rogorc
Cans, es aris magiuri xasiaTis qmedeba,
romelic, Zveli warmodgenebis Tanaxmad,
`micvalebulis
xis~
an misi nawilis mopovebiT
gardacvlilis gamanayofierebel ZalasTan ziarebas
iTvaliswinebs.
axÁanafis paralels
warmoadgens micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli
rogorc
sakuTvriv afxazuri simboloebi (ix. àkÁalantari~, à-kÁani~, à-okumi~), ise megruli `kilantari~, svanuri `kamarai~ da osuri
ìleni~ (am ukanasknelSi v. abaevi inguSur
òlom-bexos~ da qarTul `CiCilaks~ xedavs).
F{MFYF(F _ F9cs bgfne bfl]`fkje
lshujeg> eb 8y8f;`fvi> f[f tb]fhfr fis6`c
fps bv8f9shujp f-shs8hhf (vfhekf) f]fv0f feg. F[mfyf9f
tbws[[je>
fv=s
bfk[e fb=fh9f feg>
fhf[`sw f7ys bhs9[e
f[mtb> frfrfyb> fhfctb> frfyat0b fkf
b8sxjeg > f6`w` f7ys
fq`f fkfqjeg. Fsh8hhf ffy f[mfyf9f
-s6`n`f8sr
breg>
tumsh0 eb bim0jeg
bvsh[sh
h0f[èg
vf ef bryf]fe frs
fvsh[shw bfim0jeg
(=sh. „F0fhxtb“).
Biff,j fkf fhb
flje]fn`b
f7fpimf
pvje
yfuofhfjeg>
f;`snèff h[fqfhfkf
„b9csp bqkf“ vf eb
b[`0f
f9iffhfkf
axianafi b9csp bpt8ifp bvx
F[mfyf9f flshhf ffyfujbn.
F[mfyf9f fbwn`fhf
ffysh9ijbn b9csp brekmn bfl]`fkje
f9ceff vfwfhf hlshuf (bu`. „Frmkfynfh“>
“Frmfy“> “Fjrev“)>
Fushefn`b
„Rskfynfhb“>
fi`fyn`b
„Rfvfhfb“> fef9cn`b „Bktyb“.
a-xkuxSara
_
windis
(aSasis)
dadebis
wesi.
afxazebi
yovelgvar
avadmyofobas RvTis an winaparTa sulebis
(ix. à-dviniqou~) risxvas miawerdnen da
codvis
moxsnis
mizniT
aucileblad
msxverplSewirvas Caatarebdnen; manamde
F{~RE{IFHF _ f6`sk9fl f6`qfhf fqfc.
F9ceff bfh,fy xsvfpfhfpffkfum fyw`f vf
f,im0hf f9cs (bu`. „Fl`syb6è“) f[msh[`fhf
flshqjy> hsu`yf]f hs6`[hf fvpsp fkf
[sv9flf f9cf0fn` himey fqfc v8f9shujy>
ki avadmyofs Tavze Semoavlebdnen oqros
an vercxlis monetas, iaraRs, spilenZis
qvabs an spilenZisave sxva raime sagans da
`damWer-dammizezebels~ (mkiTxavis mier
miTiTebul romelime RvTaebas an winaparTa
sulebs) msxverplis Sesawirad anu codvis
gamosasyidad da risxvis `mosaxsnelad~
drois
micemas
SesTxovdnen.
Tavze
Semovlebul sagans _ aSass (uwodebdnen
aseve àxinirhˆvi~, sityvidan a-xˆnˆhira¶
_ dabruneba) an avadmyofis sasTumalTan
(SeiZleboda sawolqveS) debdnen an kedelze
hkidebdnen da msxverplSewirvamde xels ar
axlebdnen.
effyof fxsvfpf8 b[s bfrlsh[ijy f[mn`s vf
fhsoysn` vjytnf> fb[f> f,8fn` 6`f, vf f,8f
bfk[e lf-f vf0`f[`sr „lsprsp> bp[fhje“
(fqff8s bihfk]`jp tb9i vf 9ffbv,fhr vf
f,im0hf fo`s b9cs) f=f0f[mf hs6`shqjy
fimn`f
fimhfps>
hsu`yf]fhf
bhs6`s
hs6`[hfps ffv0f bf]`jy. B[s bfrelsh[ifp
fvf0`[` (eb „f[mysh]`f“ bfim0fy> f;`f
f[mys]`hf f7ysn`)
fxsvfpf8 lf[mu=fp
fbfh0f vf f0os f7ys bryfh]fjy h=f0f[ms
yfhsuoffyof bfrscefvpn.
xnapiki
{YFGSR _ f,fc bfim0fy f9ceff f;mbhf
fvf0`f[`> f;mf]`tb> f[`f;`b> f9csyumfhbb. Feff h[`fqfhfkf> [yfgsr f;mbhf
bf[`skf9iefp f9fffbvf,fh (bu`. „Imfim“)
bfhf bhvfptbp vf0`f[èg (bu`. “F;mb“) eb
blje]fn`be vf0f[`ys b9[mfojeg. „f;mbhf
ys[f f8ys“
bv8f9scefp fys]`fhf f=s>
f;mbh0f b9imje 0s9eg (kfccs f;mf]`tb>
f[`f;`b> f9csyumfhbb bvfze f[f frekmnn`b
f[flfhf fvjeg). F;mbhf ys[f byfyfuojbn
tbetb9isv fqfc v8f9uff6`f (f9ffbv,fh
b[mofkf fys]`fhf> f0je,f im0fqfhf> „bre>
f[mffpvje“ b[f6`b0n`hf) -sykfn`b f;mbhf
f[`s;` fhrhf f9ffbv,fh Imfim bf[m
f=ksv]fhf
ffh9ihf> eb bk9[tb vf
f6`hf>
fi`bhf
fimf6`sh/`/`fhtb>
fh/`/`fhtb flshuf feg.
F9cef bps fhf bfh,je
fvf0`f[6`f hf[m bzsdaniSnulebis grdemlebi
Fqfcv8f9ufhfn` fvf0`f[` lje fi`fhf hsvfy> gfnekf bhspys7`jy.
a-xnirxura
F{MYSH{~FHF _ vwkf b6`sp bps
f9ffbv,fh bf[mbh[`sp (bf]]`. f/msxhfp
fu`hfvufhf pvje)
vf eb b0ffw`f hefo`s
bxsvfpfhf ffy> f9sh[fuf pfep (fys[f lfp0fp) „bffyrskje> bf[msh[`je“ b[sf6`b0n`hf
fvpsp fkf byfhsuoj fqfc. Fwùmfhf pesp
f0ffw`f hs9[sc0f bhsb0fp fybh[`sy]`kfum
(bb/msxsp vf b9[fc0tbn`s[ [svn` tb]fys
_ `sami xeli~. ase uwodeben
afxazebi samWedlo iaraRebs _ grdemls,
kversa da marwuxs. xalxuri rwmeniT, xnapiki samWedlo saqmis mfarveli RvTaebis (ix.
`SaSvi~) mier Seqmnili iaraRebia (ix. àJia~)
da wminda, `nawilian~ sagnebad iTvleba.
àJira-nixaSi~ (samWedlo samlocveloSi)
gamarTul ritualebSi grdemli sakurTxevlis funqcias asrulebs (xSirad grdemli, kveri da marwuxi Zalze mcire zomisaa
da mxolod sakulto daniSnuleba aqvs).
aJira-nixaSi Sesrulebuli sxvadasxva wesCveulebebis (RvTaebis saxelze locvis,
daficebis, gadacemis, `daWeril-damizezebulis ganTavisuflebis~) dros grdemlze
kveris dakvra RvTaeba SaSvis yuradRebis
misaqcevi, misi risxvis
gamomxatveli
an ficisa Tu wyevlis ganmtkicebis, gaZlierebis niSani iyo.
afxazs
aRniSnuli
sagnebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli
SiSi
sakulto
hqonda da maT pativiT epyroboda.
_ yalbi ficis gamo
RvTisgan Serisxuli piris (mag., qurdobaSi
eWvmitanilis)
an
misi
ojaxis
erTerTi wevris avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi
dazaralebulis (xatze gadamcemis) mier
`daWeril-damizezebulis~ ganTavisuflebis
mizniT Sesasrulebeli wesi. mas Semdeg
rac damnaSavis ojaxi daakmayofilebda
dazaralebulis moTxovnebs (naqurdalis
191
ormagi, sammagi an xuTmagi odenobiT
anazRaureba), es ukanaskneli specialuri
miwveviT
midioda
avadmyofTan, Tavze
samjer Semoavlebda mis kuTvnil iaraRs
(Tofs, xmals, xanjals) da samWedlo saqmis
RvTaebas (ix. `SaSvi~) pirobas miscemda, rom
avadmyofis gamojanmrTelebisTanave mis
saxelze damnaSavis xarjiT locvasa da
msxverplSewirvas Caatarebda (daavadebulis
Tavze Semovlebul iaraRs Tan waiRebda da
mxolod danapirebis Sesrulebis Semdeg
daabrunebda).
Serisxulebs
mkiTxavis
_ awaavis an ayudirfavis miTiTebiT
(danaSaulis simZimis gaTvaliswinebiT)
RvTaeba SaSvisTvis garkveuli asakisa
da feris erTi, ori an sami dakodili
Txa unda Seewira. axnirxura samWedloSi
sruldeboda; dazaralebuli RvTaeba SaSvs
`daWeril-damizezebulis~ ganTavisuflebas
SesTxovda. am wuTidan damnaSaves RvTis
risxva exsneboda.
bzifis
afxazeTSi
`damizezebulis~
ojaxSi
mWedelTan
erTad
misuli
dazaralebuli,saTanado SeTanxmebis Semdeg,
patiebis niSnad qamars Seixsnida; mWedeli ki
avadmyofis gamojanmrTelebisTvis locvisa
da msxverplSewirvis pirobas dadebda,
avadmyofs Tavze samjer Semoavlebda
rkinis sagans (culs, walds an Toxs) an
mcire zomis spilenZis qvabs, romelsac an
samWedloSi waiRebda an naWerSemoxveuls
avadmyofis sasTumalTan an sawolqveS
dadebda.
am
wesis
SesrulebisaTvis
mWedeli saTanado gasamrjelos miiRebda.
avadmyofis
gamojanmrTelebisTanave
daklavdnen
Sepirebuli
raodenobis
dakodil Txas, gamoacxobdnen e.w. àCaSvs~
(SaSvis purs) da akvakvarebs (kverebs)
da samWedloSi saTanado locvas Caatarebdnen; avadmyofi SaSvis risxvisgan
ganTavisuflebuli iyo. damnaSavis ojaxi
am dRes akrZalul dRed iwesebda (ix.
àmSSara~) da weliwadSi erTxel RvTaeba
SaSvis saxelze loculobda.
bh[`sy]èfy) fpfhfk pfesp zslfkf bffb9[mjy
xsvfpf8 bf[m> byfgs [svn` fxsvfpf8 b[s
bfr`bhijy f9i`vf bf,\mfh (f7fvf> fi`f6m>
f]`f) f;mbhf f9ffbv,fh (bu`. „Imfim“)
f=f0f[ms bb0jy> fxsvfpf8 ls,pbf[fh> eb
fwùmfhf pep b]fh\m fkf fys]`fhtb> fimn`tb
ibimefp fkf (fxsvfpf8 b[s bfrbh[ify bvfys lwjy> f=f0f[ms fyfuofhf ffvsim0f[m
bhums;mjy). F[msh[`hf pjep> fqff8s vf
f7`slsh9f8 k]`fv0fkf (fwùmfehf ptb9ihfp fkf) f9ffbv,fh Imfim b[mofkf frs> 8,f
vf [9f fis6`cb f9in`b fpu`f0fys bh[`fp
f\mvf himefy. F[`ys]`fhf f;mbhf f7ys
bv8f9scefy> f9sh[fuf pfep f9ffbv,fh Imfim „bffyrskfp> bf[msh[`fp“ b[`f6`b0n`hf
lf]`jy. E,hb byfhrys fwùmfhf pesp b[fhf
b6`[sy.
<ps9ff „bf[mlsh[`sp“ f0ffw`f h7ys f;mb
bwys f9[fc0f pfep> bf[`0je fb6ìf]f0hf
imf6`lshuskjy> f0fvpffhf f0fhf flshufc
bvf7f 9bhnjy> f;mb fxsvfpf8s fu`f,pbfhf
bjehfw lys]`jy> f9cf0fn` fimhf f-f0f[ms
im0tbqjy> fxsvfpf8 [svn` fb[f vf0`f[`s
(fb[f> fbu`si`> e,.tum.) vf b[`szsp f,8f
ks[r b[s bfrebh[ijy eb vf f;mbhf f[m bhujy vf fxsvfpf8s bu=s8hf fq7f vf fw`sh0f
bfqfhqjy> fqfc v8f9shuffyof foùms lfrmscefvpn. Fhb fqfc fv8f9ufhfps f;mb f[`9cf
bh0jy. Fxsvfpf8s bimfgs lfys6ùskfkfum
f=f0s[ms bhs6`sp yfhuojy> f9cf0fn`c f\mvf
himefy> fr`fr`fh6`f lshvfptbefy> bhoefy
„fxfi`“ (Imfim bxf) f;mbhf f7ys bf[`0fp
fys]`fhf v8f9shujy. Fxsvfpf8 Imfim
bu`yf]fhf f7ysn` b[s lf6`b0sy. Fwùmfhf pep
b0ffw`f fhb fvi> fviimfhf ]`f bf9shqjy
(bu`. „fviimfhf) is6`csr pysr f9ffbvf,h
Imfim b[mofkf bys]`jy.
xniSi _ narTul gadmocemaTa personaJi,
narTebis mama (zogi variantiT, narTebis
ufrosi Zma da meRvineobis didostati).
rogorc
narTebis
mama, igi
eposSi
umniSvnelo rols TamaSobs.
{YSIM _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f f[f=s> Yfh0ff hf, (fdhbfynr f7ys Yfh0ff hfimf
tb]f,s> f8ys fhufkfhf f7fpf le) Yfh0ff
hf, bps eb ftgjc f7ys ec7fr b/`/`fv fhjkm
yfbuojbn.
a-xoJvkini, a-xuaJvkira (yvelieri)
_ garda yvelierisa, abJuis afxazebSi am
F{~F:~RSY> F{~F:~RSHF _ fi`
fafhf fvxs,;m flfums f9ceff fhb fvi
saxeliT iwodeboda gazafxulze pirveli
fxaleulis
Wamis
wesi.
saamdRisod
mzaddeboda konusis formis ritualuri
kverebi _ axampalebi (acxobdnen fetvis,
Romis an simindis fqvilis Taflnarevi
comisgan) da nigvziani an Txilnarevi
WinWris fxali. Wamis win dailocebodnen
da ityodnen: `Seni tyavi _ Sen, Cemi tyavi
_ me!~ aseve ambobdnen bzifis afxazebi
gazafxulze pirveli mcenareuli kerZebis
Wamis win (Sdr. Taros angelozis _ `gaZRis~
misamarTiT samegreloSi gavrcelebuli
erT-erTi Tqma _ `Sen _ Seni, me _ Cemi!~
saintereso
damTxvevaa,
rom
gaZRis
saxelobis locva _ `gaZRikoba~, megrelebma
gazafxulze WinWris fxaliT icodnen).
xudiSi
(`TeTrkisera~, `TeTryela~) _
narTul gadmocemaTa erT-erTi mTavari
gmiris – sasriyvas ZaRli, romelic
gmiris cxeniviT (ix. `bzou~) erTguli
mrCeveli da damxmarea. narTul eposSi
ZaRli gansakuTrebuli Tvisebis arsebaa.
zogjer igi gmirTan erTad ibadeba,
gadaiqceva lamaz Wabukad da megobars ar
scildeba. yvela narTs hyavs ramdenime
ZaRli, romelTa gareSe isini sanadirod
Tu `saSiS laSqrobebSi~ ar dadian, magram
maTgan gansxvavebiT xudiSi ufro Zlieri
da gonieria. swored xudiSma ixsna Zmebis
dasaxmareblad wasuli sasriyva jadoqari
dedabrisagan, romlmac oTxmocdacxrameti
narTi cxenosani TavianT ZaRlebTan erTad
Caylapa. narTebs sasriyvas mokvla undaT,
magram masze aranakleb gmiris cxenisa da
xudiSis eSiniaT.
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravT ZaRlebs
narTuli eposis sxva erovnul versiebSic.
kavkasiis xalxTa folkloridan kargad
aris cnobili gmiris erTguli megobari
ZaRlebi. xudiSis ti pis ZaRls hgavs
qarTuli sagmiro da samonadireo eposebis
personaJi ZaRlebi (yurSa, maTikoCi da sxv.)
narTul
gadmocemebSi
personaJi
ZaRlebis rolis mniSvneloba unda aixsnas
eposis SemqmnelTa meurneobis xasiaTiT
(monadireoba da mesaqonleoba). swored
meurneobaSi
Tavisi
gansakuTrebuli
rolis gamo xdeba ZaRli kultis obieqtic,
romlis garSemoc Tavs iyris afxazTa (da
aramarto maTi) rwmena-warmodgenebis mTeli
wre (is. àlˆSkingiri~). am warmodgenaTa
Tanaxmad, ZaRli saiqioSic ki misi patronis
hlshefy ff9sy hf9[mfn`b frfksf fafhf bfqfcys. Fhb fvi fps blshvfptbefy tbws[`[`fp
(f[s;`> vf f\m6`htbfiskf fw[f fkfqfys
f;`f lshvfptbefy) f[`f;`6`f> frfrfy vf
fhfcf bfk[ys frfksbf lshvptbefy. Fafhf
bfkfuffyof bys]`jy> „efhf ew`f efhf bevfp>
cfhf cw`f cfhf bcsvfp“> f,fc h]`jy ,ps9ff
ff9syhf hf9[mfn`b fofvsof fyshajp (=sh.
F6`qfhf f9ffbv,fh „ufo/“ b[mofkf ushn`skf
bfkfhq`jeg ]`fv0fr „efhf> efhf en`s> cfhf>
cfhf cn`s> efvfi`f be,fif tb9ishjeg> Ufo/
b[mofkf fys]`fhf „Ufo/brj,f“> fushw`f ff9syhf f[`fw fyshajp bhlshefy).
{~LSI _ Yfh0ff h]`fv0f b[flje f[f=s>
Cfchs7`f bkf> eb fash[fqf b-s tb9i
bpu`frmfp> f[ìs8 bp0jp> bw[hffefp frey.
Yfh0ff htgjc f7ys fkf bzslje f,8f[fn`hf
fvfy. Pyspsykf eb fash[fqf bwbjbn> fzrey
9iof tb9i[jbn> b8spf bli`skjv. Yfh0ff
ptums fkfhfw`f hsvfy> eh0 hslf i`fhfwfhf
vf bi`fh0fp 6`skfhfr bl`s6`kjvpn f[f eh0
hfqrmsc {`lsi b7`s/fy> b/`/`fy. Pfimw`f
bhsw[hffhw bwfp Cfchs7`f f7`sh0kf/m
k7ysn` eb feg ltb6`psh[fp> f7`sh0kf/m
9imsy8f;`pt;`8sr ftimw`f hkf6`f hswys bk,ffkltbn. Yfh0ff Cfchs7`f lshimsh
h0f[sy f[f eh0 hfqrmsc tb/sp fash[fqf
b-b> {`lsib bhswì`jy.
Bzslje f0s9 ffyfrskjbn fkf Yfh0ff htgjc tumsh0 fdfhbfyn6`f h7syums. Rfdrfpn`b
fvbkf06`f hajkmrkj6`f h7ysn` b,pbfys
bffh9ieg fash[fqf bpu`sre fkf6`f. {`lsi
tb9ie fkf f6sh0ef fash[fqfhfn`bb>
fi`fhswfhfn`bb ftgjc6`f bh[f=eg fkf6`f
(&ehif> Vf0brjxb).
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f=s
fkf6`f h[f=6`f> ftgjc f9spqfp bfflsh9ish
h0f[sy f6s0fy[fv8fn`b fcf[mf (fi`fhswfhf>
fhf[`ffofhf). Bbfifys f6s0fy[fv8f f7ys
bzslje fhjkm fvpsp fkjeg fkf frekmn
fj,trnums> eb bffr`shifys h-tblshrskjbn
f9cef (eh0 hslfums) hqfc ffh9ihf
[`s9[mfofhf hfw`f (bu`. „Fksimrmsynfh“).
Fhf fh0 ffh9ihf6`f byhs6`sh9iys> fkf
e. qavSbaia. `sasriyva da xudiSi~
T.^fdi,fbf. “Cfchs7`tb> {`lsib”
193
gamcilebelia, rac
micvalebulisaTvis
ZaRlis Catanebis amsaxveli arqeologiuri
masaliTac dasturdeba.
yshwùms b9i`vf bwys7`jbn> eb f9i`vf
bdfhqjp bkf ffpsh9ief fh[mtjkjubfn`b
fq[hf6`fums bimf6`lsh/`/`jbn.
a-xricqiara _ modave mxareTa mier
samWedloSi ficis dadebis Cveuleba (Tu
aucilebeli gaxda ficis dadeba iseT
pirobebSi, sadac samWedlo ar aris, miwaSi
CaarWoben or joxs,romelzedac Camohkideben
datenil iaraRebs da maT winaSe dadeben
fics). winaswar daniSnul dRes danaSaulSi
eWvmitanili
piri
da
bralmdebeli
TanamoficeebTan
(braldebulisa
da
bralmdeblis momxreebi) erTad samWedloSi
mividodnen, qamrebs moixsnidnen da mWedlis
TandaswrebiT grdemlis win kveriT xelSi
udanaSaulobisa
da
braldebis
fics
dadebdnen; ficis warmoTqmisTanave grdemls
kvers dakravdnen. Tu dazaralebuls
damnaSaved miCneuli piris ficSi eWvi
Seepareboda, e.i. mainc damnaSaved CaTvlida,
dawyevlida da xats gadascemda (ix.
àbRara~). yalbi ficis dadebis SemTxvevaSic
ki, eWvmitanili Tavis marTlebis mizniT,
wyevlas pasuxobda sityviT àmin!~ Semdeg
aiRebda kvers da ityoda: `Tu me damnaSave
var da yalbi fici davde, de, damatydes
RvTis risxva, da radgan udanaSaulo var,
dambralebels risxavdes SaSvi-abJnixa!~
(ix. `SaSvi~). amis Semdeg eWvmitanili
gamarTlebulad
iTvleboda.
mxareebi
erTmaneTTan urTierTobas wyvetdnen da maT
Soris myardeboda mdgomareoba, romelsac
afxazebi ànixaribJoups~ (mxareTa Soris
RvTaeba SaSvis Cadgoma) uwodebdnen. Tu
yalbi ficis damdebs RmerTi dasjida
(avadmyofobiT an ojaxSi sikvdilianobiT)
da danaSaulSi gamotydeboda, sruldeboda
`daWeril-damizezebulis ganTavisuflebis~
wesi (ix. àxnirxura~).
axricqÁaras
wesis
Sesruleba
ar
SeiZleboda
didmarxvaSi, aseve
ficis
damdebis colis fexmZimobis periodSi
(Tvlidnen, rom es naadrev mSobiarobas
gamoiwvevda).
F{SHSW^MFHF _ tb=s[j fufy6`f hskf
f;mbhf=s bim0fqje f6`hf fqfc (f;mbhf
f[ms7fvp f0s9 f7ys f6`hf fim0fqfhf
hs6ì`fh> flumsk 8kf,fr bqfhqjy eh0 h7ys
bryfh]jy tbqfqfp f,\mfh6`f yfc b6èfy). Pff
bfpu`f0je fvi f-ys tb=s[j> f[fhf ple f[fhf
f6`qfhf pef fif]f0w`f hsvfys f;mbhf f[m
bytbefy> hvf7f6`f 9lshnefy f;mb b=f9[mf
fkf,fimf6`f rys f9[fc0f pfepums> f[fhf
p6`shqjpums b6èfy> f6`hf bfyfkufkfum
fkf,f6`f f;mbhf b6`shrijy. F9[fc0f pfep
f[fhf plsp b6`hf fbfifhf b,fhums ptums
frsjeg ls,/jy> fys[f lfb0jy (bu`. „F,/
fhf“). Vwkf f6`hf ffyums> f[fhf ple> b[s
fhbfifhfps lfyshi`befpums f0frc „fvby“
b]`jy> yfc fkf,fimf 8sim0[ys b]`jy „cfhf
f[fhf cs6`ys> vwkf c6`spfh> bcs6ì`ffbn
fyw`f cf[mbh[`ffbn> f[f f[fhf csvfv> cbfijeg> f[fhf cs6`spqj Imfim>f,;mys[f
lf[mbh[`ffbn
(bu`.
„Imfim“).
F,hb
ffvsim0f[m eb lbfijeg ]`f ls9[mfofy.
Fufy6`f
htbps7fpffimf6`f
9shw`jy>
eh0 hs,;mfhf f9ceff h]`fv0fkf „fys[f
hs,;mfy“ eb fvi byfhrys. Bbfifvref
b6`sp fyw`f lf[mbh[`sh (xsvfpfhfkf vf
f9chfkf) ec7fy frey b[s fyffbh9ijp>
bv8f9shujy „bre> f[fhfple b[sf6`b0n`hf“
fqfc (bu`.“f[mysh[`hf“).
F[shsw6mfhf fqfc fyfuofhf 7fkjvpn fxufhf le ffy> bfhf e,fc f6`hf im0fpqjp b9]`sc
kw`f fyskn`svp ffv0fps (bh9[mfojy kffv0f
ffbffyof l[mjbn ]`f).
xuxu WiTanaa _ afxazuri folkloris
popularuli gmiri. abJuis abxazTa rwmeniT,
swored am mamacma mwyemsma gaanadgura
adamianTa modgmis dauZinebeli mteri _
abnauau (ix. à-bnauau~) sof. aZiubJasTan
axlos, urayis erT uRran tyeSi. bzifis
afxazeTSi ukanaskneli abnauau gmirma
mard-ifam mokla.
{~S{~ ZB)FYFF _ F9cef fajkmrkjh
tbwlshe fash[fqf. F,;mseff hu`ffyfufhfkf
f,hb fash[fqf bjeg ls6`sp[sp fef89cs bf/f
/`/`fof> f,yfef8s (bu`.“F,yfef8s“) f6s0f
Fo8,;mf fpffbu`fhf Ehf7n`b f8[ff6`f hefrs
f7ys. <ps9ff hu`ffyfufhfkf fqs[`n`fyn`b
f,yfef8s fash[fqf Vfhlb9f lbimbn.
195
j |
jabrani
_
wvrilfexa
saqonlis
mfarveli suli, RvTaeba aiTaris erT-erTi
wili, romelic Txebis gamCenad iTvleba.
jabranis saxelze msxverplSewirviT iwyeba
e.w. àiTar-nihva~ _ aiTarisadmi miZRvnili
locvis sagazafxulo cikli. saamdRisod
maraka _ xeze Sedgmuli saTxe
|MF<HFY _
f9cfcf bh[skf9ief
fyw`f[`s> f9ffbv,fh Fb0fh b[`0f6`f hefo`s>
eb f\mvf pifp ]`f ls9[mfofy. |mf,hfy
b[mofkf fimn`f fimhf bfkfujy „Fb0fh
ys]`f“ bfprsp fys]`fhf6`f ff9syn`b fwbrk
ffy. Eb fvi fps f[`fo iskf bfksh[efy lffhfof bleep fvumfk> eb |mf,hfy bvumfk ]`f
bfim0fy> bfhf e,fc blshvfptbefy „fw6mfi`“>
fxf fps b7mfnfp f;`f pffyfqf blshvfptbefy> vif9sn`b fi`vxf,;ms (fi` fafhf fpby
vxs,;ms) fps> fi`svxs,;msn`b f9imfi
f;`f fiskf fwqfys bh;`jy> yfc f;`f fu`0f
fi` fu`skfqfys bhojy. F0ffw`fhf f9i`vf
9]`sc bffy[fp f;`f7mf fvisy fufy[m
fktb> fim[f fufy f[mb brfk0`jy> f\mvf6`f
hs6`=sk0jy „hhtn>hhtn“ f[`f;` qkfr fvfq`f
fkf f;`f f8ys f0so6`tb> f0efyb bh[mskimjy.
{`sk9fps
f\mvf6`f
fys[`sy]`kfums>
f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s f[fqf fbi`f lyfluskjy>
„|mf,hfy bvumfkb“ „fw6mfi`b“ f[ms6`sp>
F]hfrshf b6ùskje f\mvf0hf
keraze acxobdnen didi zomis fetvis purs,
romelsac `jabranis puri~ (ajabran mgali)
ewodeboda; aseve amzadebdnen `wminda yvels~
(acqÁaSvs). purisaTvis Txevadi comi jer
kidev xorcielis bolo dRes mzaddeboda;
yvelieris
xuTSabaTs
coms
fqvils
daamatebdnen da aduRebdnen, Semdeg comis
Sua nawilSi yvelis naWers aTavsebdnen da
ase acxobdnen. ojaxis diasaxlisi Txevadi
comis narCenebs xan zRvis, xanac mTis
mxares Rvrida da Tan Txebs uxmobda: `reiT,
reiT!~ Sqeris totebiT coms sacxovreblis
kedlebsa da Wersac wascxebda. saRamos,
roca Txebi Sin dabrundebodnen, ojaxis
ufrosi mamakaci dadgeboda magidasTan,
romelzedac `jabranis puri~ da àcqÁaSvi~
e. qavSbaia `Txa~
T.^fdi,fbf. `F\mvf~
ido da dailoceboda: ò, jabran, didi
aiTaris dido wilo, nu mogvakleb Seni
Tvalisa da gulis siTbos, daifare Cveni
saqoneli zianisagan, gaamravle isini!~
locvis damTavrebis Semdeg xan zRvis,
xanac mTis mxares gaixedavda da Txebs
mouxmobda: `reiT, reiT!~ bolos purs
daWridnen da Seeqceodnen.
lys]`jy> „jj>\mf,hfy> Fb0fh le> b[`0f le> b]fusevs;msy efhf e,kf6`tb> eu`sb hs9[fhf>
b[mxf ]f9cfcf fwùmfhf f7ysn`> bh=bf eh0“>
fys]`fhf lfyfkufkfum ffvsim0f[m fvisyb>
fim[tb hf[m lyf9is ff9iefy> f\mvf6`f
hs6`=b0jy> „hhtn>hhtn“> fqs[`n`fy fvumfk
fafhf bfkfujy.
jangeri _ avi suli abJuis afxazTa
rwmeniT. igi Tanabrad vnebda adamianebsa
da cxovelebs. jangeris sawinaaRmdegod
mariamobiswina saRamos an agvistos Sua
ricxvebSi selisa da kanafis (maTi arqonis
SemTxvevaSi Tivis, Calis an gvimris)
konebisagan kocons gaaCaRebdnen (Tvlidnen,
rom Svidi gzis gasayarze danTebul kocons
gansakuTrebuli Zala hqonda); zogjer
cecxlSi
marilsac
yridnen.
marils
cecxlSi tkacatkuci gaudidoda da masTan
erTad, afxazis rwmeniT, avsulic skdeboda.
didian-patariana yvela unda gadamxtariyo
koconze,
raTa
ganwmendiliyvnen
da
ganTavisuflebuliyvnen
boroti
Zalebisagan; gadaxtomisas ambobdnen: `Cven
vwvavT jangers!~ swamdaT, rom am RamiT
modioda jangeri xalxisTvis zianisa da
mavneblobis mosatanad.
|MFYUMSH _ f9cs ,ff9cs> f,;mseff
h[fqfhfkf. Eb tb7hfys f9[fc0f 7fbqjy feffb>
f9cn`sb hps. |mfyumsh b=fuskfhfps yfy]`f
f9sy fe[f vf yfy]`fvpf fu0fn` fhsw[6`f
hps> f0`tb> f]`frfvtb u`sl6`f hskf fvwf
tb6`shqjy (fv8ftb[fuskf f7ys tb6`shqfp
fvwf bzslfp fvx fvjeg ]`f bhs9[mfojy). F\msr[si f6`sh9cjy> fvwf f7ys f\msr[si
f[sc,;ms f[skqefy eb f[schf f9cs ,ff9c6`f
fhi`jbn ]`f bhs9[mfojy. Fvwf f[`zs bybfhrys flefw`f h7ysyof ptums f[s9fh frey>
eb fkf eh0 bw6mf[jy> f[f6`b0hf hjefy f9cs
wùmf6`f h7ysn`. Fvwf byf[s9jp bh]`jy
„]fhf l]f,kjbn |mfyumsh“> fu`hf hujy fhb
fes[f [sv9flf |mfyumsh fwùmfhf behfps
liffbefp.
jaja (jmuxi, koJriani) _ memindvreobisa da mebostneobis mfarveli qal-RvTaeba;
dabali,
mxarbeWiani
da mkvrivi agebulebis
arseba, romelic simindis yanebis xSiri
stumaria. Tu jaja
yanis patronis madlieria, simindis did
taroebs usurvebs da
miscems kidec, Tu ar
umadlis
nekistola
taroebs uwinaswarmetyvelebs.
RvTaebis
saxelze
weliwadSi
orjer
–
sagazafxulo
samuSaoebis
dawyebis win da Wirnaxulis dabinavebis
Semdeg
loculobdnen. did xuTSabaTs
– `CaCxadils~ (Sdr.
megruli caSxa didi
|MF|MF _ fl`]`s9i6`tb> fe0hf6`tb
bh[skf9ief f9ffbv,fh 9]`sc. Brmf=sp>
ps;`8f[sh \fh\fhsp>
l;s7of b7fp kfrey>
eb f\m6`shtb fv[6`f
kfccs
lhspytbkjy.
|mf\mf fv[s f9i`vf
bf[m fu`s]fkfkhf ksvfpfh ec7fy fv[s
f-f8hf ,pbf bfefy>
bk0f[svp bfrepfh f\m6`shtb
fkfg7mf6`f
ccf[jy f-f8hf ,pbf
bfefvpn. F9ffbv,fh
ks[mofkf
is6`csr
8svn`
fys]`fhf
v8f9shujy> ff9syn`b
fecehf6`f bfyhskfujp
fkfv0fkfps> bfhf e,fc
g. xubua. `jaja~ f-f8hf 0fufkfys bfyU. {e,ef. `|mf\mf~ fkufkfum ffvsim0f[m.
197
_ `didi xuTSabaTi~) jajas saxelobis
locvisaTvis momzadebuli samarxo kerZebi (aucileblad unda yofiliyo kvaxi)
yanaSi mihqondaT, ojaxis ufrosi locvas
aRavlenda: `dido jaja! rac Cven mogveTxoveboda SevasruleT da movitaneT SenTan,
umorCilesad gTxovT ar mogvaklo Seni wyaloba, yanasa da bostanSi xvavi mogveci!~
locvis Semdeg mcire xniT gaCumdebodnen,
xels arafers axlebdnen, TiTqos jaja
Wamso; did xuTSabaTs, jajas saxelobaze
locvis Semdeg, pirvelad gamohqondaT Tesli bostanSi.
F9imfif le „Xfx[flsk (=sh. Fushefn`b
wfim[f le „f9imfi le“) Xfx[f ks[mofkf bhvfptbp fxufhf afn`s (f7f,f6 [sv9flf b7fpfh frey) fv[s f[m bhujy> f0ffw`fhf htb]f,s fys]`f9[mfof v8f9sbujy> „|mf\mf le>
b]f6`sp ptums shvfptbys b,pff]ubn> lffhfof ],s]`jbn ,sfk9[f ]fu,vs;mshw> fv[b
fe0hf6`tb -s8hf ,pbfkf bh0`s“. Fys]`fhf
ffvsim0f[m [szsr =sv0 buskfy> frums bfrmscefvpn> |mf\mf frhskajpi`f> f9imfif le
ffvsim0f[m> hf9[mfof fe0hf f[m byfhujy
f;`kf fkfqfhfps.
a-jniSi _ satana, eSmaki. rogorc
yovelgvari borotebis sawyiss, ajniSs
RmerTi (ancva) devnis, ufro xSirad ki
Weqa-quxilis RvTaeba _ afi da amitomac
aris xolme Weqa-quxili. afi Tavis
tyviebs _ mexs isvris im adgilebSi, sadac
eSmaki eguleba. es ukanaskneli cdilobs
ra gaeqces RvTis risxvas, xeebqveS an
sacxovrebel da sameurneo nagebobebSi
imaleba, etmasneba adamianebs (Tu afxazi
quxilis dros gareT aris, aucileblad
gadayris masrebs, romlebSic ajniSma
icis Tavis Sefareba) da cxovelebs
(uZvreba balanSi an qvemodan amoekvreba).
xalxuri warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, ajniSi
RvTaeba afis disSvilia da amitomac ar
klavs mas, mxolod aSinebs. misi saboloo
ganadgureba qveynierebis aRsasrulis Jams
moxdeba.
narTul gadmocemebSi ajniSi kudianTa,
jadoqarTa modgmaa, romelsac narTebi
ebrZvian. isini mWedlobis RvTaebis _ SaSvis
mamalze sxedan da ise dadian; maTi uzangi
ekalia, maTraxi ki _ wiTeli gveli.
ajniSisa da RvTaeba afis urTierToba
uZvelesi
miTologemis
_
Weqaquxilis RvTaebisa da gvelis brZolis
gamoZaxilia.
F|MYSI _ f,ff9cshf6`f ptums v8f9spuj ]`f b9[mfojeg> e,hb fps fyw`f eb
pt[msy\mfhfyn` ls6`bwjbn> ptums htb]fof
flslvfw`sc f9ffbv,fh> F9 e,hb fps feg
flslvfw`schf psv8f9scef. F9 b[fn`s f,\mfh> fvfw`sc bhiètbn f8c0ff ls7jeg ]`f
fu`hfvufhf f[mbvje f0s9 f[m. F8c0ff fyw`f
bf[msh[`hf b[bh9fh f0f[èg> e,hb fps fqkf
fq7f> f8y6`f> f6s0fy[fv8fn`b fhuskfhf6`f
h7ys f-fq`f[jbn> feffb (flslvfw`sc ffy
f9cef fl`f[ms ls7fpfh eb fgfnhjy6`f rfb9cjy ef7f f\mysi f-fq`f[jbn ]`f bh9[mfojy)
f9cn`b (f[sf[`s bfkfkjy> vf fu`sq f=s
f-fq`f[jy) hs-hslyfrskjbn. Feff9cshf
bpkf[fqhj byf6`sh9iys F\mysi f9ffbv,fh
F9 bf]ìmf9f feg> e,hb fps bfimefv>
bfhi`jbn feg. Eb b6`[hf v8f9uf[jbn fleytb
fys6`sooffef ffy ]`f b9[mfojeg.
Yfh0ff h]`fv0f=s f\mysi fqs[` pvje>
fqff8htb> fwùmfhfef8sb ]`f ls9[mfojeg> eb
Yfh0ff bf,fimetbn. Eb f;mbhf f9ffbv,fh>
Imfim bfh,f/m lf6`n`jbn> e,fc fkf bytbffbetbn> f/`hf fvf/ feg> 7syxsc> fvf0 ir`fr`f
freg.
F\mysib> f9ffbv,fh F9b htbps7fpffimf b;`snòje f]`fv0f6`f> flslvfw`sc
f9ffbv,fhb> fvf0 f,fimhtb f6`=0hf feg.
e. qavSbaia àjniSi~
T. ^fdi,fbf. “F\mysi”
199
h }
a-hvsarimSafi
_ `qalebis aRdgoma~
(Sdr. megruli òsurfiSi Tanafa~ _
qalebis aRdgoma), aRdgomis momdevno
kvira. es dRe eZRvneboda garTobebsa da
TamaSebs. diliT adre, sauzmis Semdeg,
TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris
adgilze ikribeboda; TamaSebs Soris doRs
centraluri adgili eWira, axalgazrdebi
cekva-simReriT erTobodnen,icodnen burTis
TamaSi. saamdRiso sadilis momzadebas
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen.
ahvsa-rimSafis
Semdeg
xalxi
SromiT
saqmianobas ubrundeboda da orSabaTidan
yanis samuSaoebs iwyebda.
F}~CF HSVIF(S _ fvif9s bfwytbef fvxs,;m (=sh. fushefn`b „jceh9bib 0fyf9f“ f]`cf hsvif9s). Fhb fvi
f[evfhhtb> fvi b,pbfys f[`fufhtb bfpreg>
ims;m[ms fafhf ffvsim0f[m> feff;`kfh
htbpfh0f f0s9 f7ys tbpjbn> f[evfhhf6`f
ptums htb]fof b[flfp f-shs8hhf frey>
f=fh fi`f]`fhtb> frefifhtb fkf ffv0f
h[`fhujy> fvgsk fchf hlshefy. Fhb fvif
fps bzslfp fafn` lshvfptbefy. F]`cf hsvif9s ffvsim0f[m eh0 hecehf6`f hf[m
b[`sy]èfy> fi`f[mf byfhrys fv[s f7ys
fecehf6`f hsv8f9ufhf bhskfujy.

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