1. working with poetry

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2
LÍNGUA INGLESA
SUMÁRIO
1. Working with Poetry
1.1 Poetry - The art of writing poems
1.2 Must and Shall
1.3 Should, ought to, had better
2. Working with the text
2.1 Linking Words
3. Relative Pronouns
4. Asking Questions
4.1 Indirect Questions
4.2 Tag Questions
5. Extension: Check your progress
DO
VOLUME
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Língua Inglesa
SUMÁRIO COMPLETO
VOLUME 1
• Working with Poetry
• Working with the text
• Relative Pronouns
• Asking Questions
• Extension: Check your progress
VOLUME 2
• Working with a magazine article
• Working with the text
VOLUME 3
• Developing Vocabulary
• Coloquial English
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4
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1. WORKING
WITH
POETRY
Poetry or Poem?
The use of the words poetry and poem often generates doubt. People tend to consider both words as
synonyms. However, there is a difference between these two terms, although they are connected.
Poem refers to a physical, formal, textual, concrete, palpable and observable element. It differs from
other kinds of texts because it presents a unique form of expression that usually follows some structural
patterns: stanza, verse, rhythm, rhyme (which produce its musical effect), and the use of subjectivity,
metaphorical language, figures of speech to approach a topic whose content can be profound, original or
ordinary.
Poetry refers to an abstract element which can be described as the capacity of a text or any other type
of art (painting, sculpture, cinema, etc.) to be the expression of the poetic persona and arise emotions,
such as a sentiment of beauty and the aesthetic enchantment; suggest flavor and images through its
metaphors, musicality, personification, etc.
Língua Inglesa
Familiarizing with the Elements of Poetry – A brief introduction
1
Complete the definitions below using the words in the box:
stanza rhythm
narrative poem
metaphor meter free verse rhyme lyric poem
elegy epic simile quatrain tercet sonnet
a) A ____________________ is used to compare things that are essentially unlike. It is one of the most
important of literary uses of language.
b) A ______________________ is characterized by brevity, compression and the expression of feeling.
c) A _____________________ is a division or unit of a poem that is repeated in the same form – either
with similar or identical patterns or rhyme and meter, or with variations from one to another.
d) A ____________________ is a four-line stanza in a poem.
e) __________________ refers to the measured pattern of rhythmic accents in poems.
f) ____________________ poetry doesn’t follow a regular pattern of meter or rhyme. Modern and
contemporary poets of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries often use it.
g) __________________ refers to the recurrence of accent or stress in lines of verse.
h) ___________________is a figure of speech involving a comparison between unlike things using like,
as, or as though. An example: “My love is like a red, red rose.”
i) The matching of final vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words characterizes the
___________________.
j) A __________________ is a fourteen line poem. E.g. The Italian or Petrarchan, the English and the
Spenserian.
k) A _______________________ tells a story.
l) ________________is a three-line stanza. When all three lines rhyme they are called a triplet.
m) A long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero is _____________.
n) A lyric poem that laments the dead is an ________________.
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Quoting...
m time to time
Poetry may make us fro
the deeper, unnamed
a little more aware of
ing,
e substratum of our be
feelings which form th
e
ar
es
liv
r
trate; for ou
to which we rarely pene
s.
lve
on of ourse
mostly a constant evasi
)
Reading
1.1 Poetry - The art of writing poems
d critic
can - British poet an
(By T.S. Eliot, Ameri
The following poems were written by some of the most
popular and important English speaking writers of the 19th and
20th centuries. Read them and do the activities which follow.
About the Author - Robert Frost (1874 - 1963)
Robert Frost is considered one of the greatest American poets of the century. He was a farmer in New
Hampshire and New England was the theme of most his poems. Expressing feelings and ideas of a countryman,
his poems are simple but full of open possibilities for the reader to extract deeper meanings from them.
The Road Not Taken
By: Robert Frost
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I –
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference
2
Using the reading tips given, judge the following statements.
a) ___The author wished he could have taken both roads.
b) ___ He didn’t make considerations to choose any of those roads.
c) ____ He chose the least grassy road.
d) ____ He regrets his choice.
e) ____ Choosing that road didn’t make any difference.
Image available at: en.wikipedia.org. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.
Língua Inglesa
ce
Acceptaonbert Frost
ud
rays on clo
s
it
p
u
s
w
thro
w,
spent sun
e gulf belo
th
to
in
When the
g
nin
aloud
down bur
ard to cry
And goes
e
h
is
e
r
tu
na
No voice in appened.
as h
At what h
must know
st
a
sky
le
t
a
s,
ess in the
Bird
n
k
r
a
d
to
east
ange
t in her br
ie
u
q
It is the ch
g
in
g someth
eye
Murmurin
se a faded
lo
c
to
s
in
g
be
is nest,
One bird
far from h
o
aif
to
n
e
k
e, some w
v
o
r
g
Or overta
e
th
tree.
low above
membered
e
r
is
Hurrying
h
to
'Safe!
st in time
ters softly,
it
Swoops ju
tw
r
o
s
of me.
e think
rk for all
At most h
a
d
e
b
t
h
e nig
e to see
Now let th
ark for m
d
o
to
e
e
b
ht
e, be.'
Let the nig
hat will b
w
t
e
L
.
e
r
tu
Into the fu
by R
Helping Vocabulary
gulf: golfo.
overtaken: levado; varrido.
grove: pequeno grupo de árvores.
waif: pálido, magro, fatigado, sem casa.
swoops: voar diretamente para baixo, como para atacar.
twitters: quando o pássaro produz vários sons agudos.
3 About the poem Acceptance, it's correct to state that,
I)
II)
III)
IV)
it's written in rhyme.
It is the change to darkness in the sky. – refere-se à chegada da noite.
the underlined words in the text refer to bird.
o pássaro quer saber como será seu futuro.
a) C - E - E - E
b) C - C - C - E
c) E - C - E - E
d) E - E - C - C
e) C - C - E - C
4 O que o poeta descreve na frase a seguir?
When the spent sun throws up its rays on cloud
And goes down burning into the gulf below, (...)
a) Queimada em um campo de golfe.
b) O céu e o sol ao entardecer.
c) O céu ao amanhecer.
d) As nuvens nas primeiras horas da manhã.
e) O derretimento das nuvens pelos raios de sol.
5 Por que o pássaro diz – 'Safe'?
a) Por causa da noite que é muito escura.
b) Porque ele não consegue ver o futuro.
c) Porque o que será, será.
d) Porque ele encontrou o seu ninho.
e) Por sentir fome na noite escura.
6 A frase que melhor corresponde ao título Acceptance é:
a) When the spent sun throws up its rays on cloud.
b) No voice in nature is heard to cry aloud.
c) One bird begins to close a faded eye.
d) Or overtaken too far from his nest.
e) Let what will be, be.
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ABOUT
THE
AUTHOR - EMILY DICKINSON (1830 - 1886)
Emily Dickinson led a life of isolation. Hardly ever had she visitors
nor left her home in Massachusetts, New England. Yet, she would exchange
letters with some of her friends, and spend most of her time writing poems.
In her lifetime, she wrote 1700 poems and refused to allow them to be
published. She attended Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in South
Hadley but severe homesickness made her return home after one year(...).
With a flower
ne
If I can stop o
eaking
heart from br
ing,
reak
e heart from b
If I can stop on
in vain;
I shall not live
g,
e life the achin
If I can ease on
in,
Or cool one pa
inting robin
Or help one fa
gain,
Unto his nest a
in vain.
I shall not live
I hide myself within my flo
wer,
That wearing on your brea
st,
You, unsuspecting, wear
me too –
And angels know the rest.
9 What metaphor does she use to refer to her
feeling of love?
______________________________________
______________________________________
10 Is she loved back? Justify.
______________________________________
Answer these questions:
______________________________________
7 What is the poet’s condition for not living in vain?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
8 What is the robin’s situation? Why does he need
help?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Helpful Vocabulary
dreary(adj) – not interesting or cheeful
livelong(adj) – (here) meaning, all june,
used when this seems a long time to you.
robin – pintarroxo
nest – ninho
I’m Nobody!
Who are you?
I’m Nobody! Who are you?
Are you – Nobody – too?
Then there’s a pair of us?
Don’t tell! They’d advertise
– you know!
How dreary – to be – Some
body!
How public – like a Frog –
To tell one’s name – the liv
elong June –
To an admiring Bog!
11 Why are the words Nobody and Somebody in
capital? What do they mean in context?
______________________________________
______________________________________
12 O que Dickinson considera importante nesse
poema – ser Nobody ou Somebody? Jusitifique a
sua resposta a partir do texto.
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Image available at: en.wikipedia.org. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.
Língua Inglesa
About the Author - Walt Whitman (1819 - 1892)
Walt Whitman was the great innovator of American poetry. In his
vision, we are all the same due to our divine origin. To him love is the
basis to the harmony which governs the relations between man and
nature, between man and the universe, between man and God. Love
of man, and love of God, who is present everywhere, ‘in every object’,
as well as in the divine soul of man, who thus becomes God’s equal.
Highroads of English and American literature, Part 1.
Reconciliation
Word over all, beautiful as the sky,
Beautiful that war and all its
deeds of carnage must in time be utterly lost,
That the hands of the sisters Death and Night
Incessantly softly wash again, and ever again,
this soil’d world;
For my enemy is dead, a man divine as myself is dead,
I look where he lies white-faced and still in the coffin I draw near,
Bend down and touch lightly with my lips the
white face in the coffin.
Questions 13 to 16 refer to Reconciliation.
13 Para o autor, a guerra,
a) limpa o mundo.
b) é bela e necessária.
c) dará lugar à reconciliação.
d) é uma irmã como a noite.
e) é incompatível com a reconciliação.
14 Judge the statements below.
I) ( ) Utterly is a synonym for completely.
II) ( ) For is a conjunction and introduces the
idea of reason.
III) ( ) White face conveys the idea of death.
IV) ( ) Utterly – incessantly – softly – lightly
are adverbs.
V) ( ) its – myself – I – he are pronouns.
Sometimes with One I Love
Sometimes with one I love I fill myself with rage
for fear I effuse unreturn'd love,
But now I think there is no unreturn'd love,
the pay is certain one way or another,
(I loved a certain person ardently and
my love was not return'd,
Yet out of that I have written these songs.)
Questions 17 to 18 refer to Sometimes with One I
Love.
17 Why does the poet sometimes fear unreturned love?
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
18 O que o poeta pensa sobre o amor não
correspondido?
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
15 Check the alternative which best illustrates the
title.
a) Beautiful that war and all its deeds of carnage.
b) The hands of the sisters Death and Night
incessantly softly wash again (...).
c) For my enemy is dead, (...).
d) I look where he lies white-faced in the coffin.
e) I bend down and touch lightly with my lips the
white face in the coffin.
16 All the adjectives below describe the enemy,
except:
a) dead.
c) white-faced.
e) still.
b) divine.
d) lost.
Image available at: www.showtheangelthings.com. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.
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About the Author - Edgar Allan Poe
(1809-1849)
Poet, critic, writer of prose - tales, Allan Poe
had fame and influence first in France and only
later in America and Britain.
Alone
By Edgar Allan Poe
From childhood’s hour I have not been
As others were; I have not seen
As others saw; I could not bring
My passions from a common spring.
From the same source I have not taken
My sorrow; I could not awaken
My heart to joy at the same tone;
And all I loved, I loved alone.
Then - in my childhood, in the dawn
Of a most stormy life - was drawn
From every depth of good and ill
The mystery which binds me still:
From the torrent, or the fountain,
From the red cliff of the mountain,
From the sun that round me rolled
In its autumn tint of gold,
From the lightning in the sky
As it passed me flying by,
From the thunder and the storm,
And the cloud that took the form
(When the rest of Heaven was blue)
Of a demon in my view.
19 TRUE or FALSE?
A. ____ The author sees himself as a happy
and friendly person.
B. ____ This poem is about childhood.
C. ____ The author’s life has been just as
anybody else’s.
D. ____ His life changed when he became an
20 This poem is about:
a) a happy and friendly person.
b) the art of making friends.
c) somebody’s unhappy adulthood.
d) being lonely throughout life.
e) prejudice against lonely people.
21 Check the alternative which presents only
nouns.
a) passions – joy – drawn – childhood – alone
b) spring – source – good – dawn – lighthing
c) sorrow – awaken – tone – same – life
d) heart – torrent – demon – binds – depth
e) torrent – fountain – view – flying – cliff
22 A palavra stormy, em: ...of a most stormy life,
pode ser compreendida como:
a) chuvosa.
b) fria.
c) perigosa.
d) turbulenta.
e) demoníaca.
adult.
E. ____ Sorrow and joy are synonym words.
F. ____ Depth, mystery and thunder are all
nouns.
Image available at: es.wikipedia.org. Access on: Sept. 12, 2013.
Língua Inglesa
Focus on Grammar
1.2 Must and Shall
I shall be telling this wish a sigh (...)
I doubted if I should ever come back.
Birds, at least must know.
If I can stop one heart from breaking.
The sentences above were taken from the poems we have just read. The highlighted words are modal
verbs. Let’s focus on some of them.
MUST
Expressing necessity – obligation
Must expresses necessity/obligation. You have to do something because the situation forces you, because
of a rule or law, or because you feel that you should. It’s always emphatic.
You must see a doctor if you feel siek.
Must is also used when you guess that something is true or that something has happened because there
seems to be no other possibility*.
Birds at least must know.
Podemos substituir must por: have (got) to, has (got) to ou need to. No passado, usamos apenas had to
ou needed to.
There isn't anything in the frigdge. We need to
buy some food.
have got to
have to
must
Observe que, após must, o verbo é empregado no infinitivo sem o to – must buy.
MUST NOT
Expressing prohibition or a duty not to do something
We must not be guilty of wrongful deeds → duty not to do something
We must not smoke in the hospital. → prohibition.
You must not drive without a licence. → prohibition
Nos exemplos seguintes, podemos também usar can’t.
They cannot (or can't) be guilty of wrongful deeds → They cannot permit this to happen.
We cannot (or can't) smoke in the hospital. → not allowed or permitted.
You cannot (or can't) drive without a licence. → not allowed or permitted.
*Definition by Longman Contemporany English Dictionary.
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Don’t / Doesn’t have to - need to
Expressing lack of obligation / necessity
Para expressarmos a ideia de que algo não é necessário, usamos don’t/doesn’t have to - need to.
There is plenty of food in the fridge. We don’t have to buy anything else.
need to
She must work to make a living, but she doesn’t have to work at night.
need to
Shall
Expressing the Future
Used to express what you will do in the future, or to describe what will happen, especially when you
are saying that it is very definite. Shall is used to express the Simple Future for first persons I and we:
I shall not live in vain.
I shall be telling this with a sigh.
Will, though, is used in the Simple Future for all persons, including I and we.
In American English, we seldom use shall for anything other than polite questions (suggesting an
element of permission) in the first persons.
Shall we?
Expressing suggestion
Shall we? is also used to make a suggestion or ask a question that you want the other person to decide
about.
Let’s go to the movies, shall we?
Shall I open the door?
Shall we start the discussion now?
Shall I go and ask for help?
Check your comprehension
23 Remember that Must is used for GENERAL NECESSITY – things which are absolutely necessary to be
done. When you lose weight, there are some important things to remember. Sort out the jumbled list, and
begin each one with You must or You mustn’t:
work out
for forty minutes.
cut down
junk food.
go jogging
alcoholic beverages.
eat
lots of water.
drink
on meat.
drink
at least three times a week.
Língua Inglesa
a) ________________________________________________________________________________
You must work out at least three times a week.
b) ________________________________________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________________________________________
d) ________________________________________________________________________________
e) ________________________________________________________________________________
f) _________________________________________________________________________________
24 Write five things people must or mustn’t do when they go to the movies. The first one is already done for you.
They must not use the cell phone during the film.
a) _______________________________________________________________________________
b) _______________________________________________________________________________
c) _______________________________________________________________________________
d) _______________________________________________________________________________
e) _______________________________________________________________________________
25 In speech, we often say things like Don’t leave the window open!, but a formal notice would probably say:
This window must not be left open.
What notices would you write about these things? – use must be or must not be.
a) Return the key after use.
b) Don’t keep DVDs for more than two days.
c) Students are not allowed to use this room.
d) Turn off all lights by ten.
e) Leave your mobile with the teacher.
The key must be returned after use.
a) ________________________________________________________________________________
b) DVDs ___________________________________________________________________________
c) This room ________________________________________________________________________
d) All lights _________________________________________________________________________
e) Mobiles__________________________________________________________________________
Making suggestions
Shall I/we... is a common way of making suggestions. With this meaning, it is not at all formal:
Shall we invite the Johnsons to dinner?
Shall I lay the table?
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