Boletim eletrônico do LAE/FMVZ/USP, ed. 34, 15 fev.. 2011

Transcrição

Socioeconomia & Ciência Animal
Boletim Eletrônico do LAE/FMVZ/USP
Edição 034, de 15 de fevereiro de 2011
EDITORIAL
Nos dias 24 e 25 de março próximo acontecerá
em Pirassununga o III Simpósio Internacional
“Avanços em Técnicas de Pesquisa em Nutrição
de Ruminantes”, promovido pelo Departamento
de Nutrição e Produção Animal da FMVZ/USP.
Este é o evento que trazemos em destaque nesta
34ª edição do boletim eletrônico “Socioeconomia
& Ciência Animal”.
A listagem das 44 teses e dissertações
defendidas no ano passado, nos programas de
Zootecnia da FMVZ/USP e da FZEA/USP, é
apresentada nesta edição.
Através de nosso acompanhamento periódico de
publicações indexadas selecionamos artigos da
Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e
Zootecnia, Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola,
Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária Equina,
Journal of Animal Science, Poultry Science,
Journal of Dairy Science, Animal Feed Science
and Technology, Meat Science, Small Ruminant
Research, Aquaculture, Animal Behaviour,
Animal, dentre outras.
Na seção de notícias há uma série de
informações interessantes que destacamos. Os
avanços das pesquisas de sequenciamento
genético seguem a passos largos para diversas
espécies, como o orangotango, a formiga
argentina a pulga d´água etc. A polêmica do uso
de antibióticos em animais – tanto humanos
quanto não humanos – continua em evidência.
Um importante evento ocorrido recentemente na
Índia apontou para o sério risco de disseminação
de doenças, incluindo zoonoses, a partir das
regiões menos desenvolvidas do mundo,
especialmente na África e em parte da Ásia. As
novidades relacionadas ao bem-estar animal,
como sempre, também recebem destaque em
nosso boletim.
Uma boa leitura a todos.
ARTIGOS PUBLICADOS
AUTONOMIC REACTIONS
INDICATING POSITIVE AFFECT
DURING ACOUSTIC REWARD
LEARNING IN DOMESTIC PIGS
Cognitive processes, such as stimulus appraisal,
are important in generating emotional states and
successful coping with cognitive challenges is
thought to induce positive emotions. We
investigated learning behaviour and autonomic
reactions, including heart rate (HR) and its
variability (standard deviation (SDNN) and root
mean square of successive differences (RMSSD)
of a time series of interbeat intervals). Twenty-four
domestic pigs, Sus scrofa, housed in six groups of
four, were confronted with a cognitive challenge
integrated into their familiar housing environment.
Pigs were rewarded with food after they mastered
the discrimination of an individual acoustic signal
followed by an operant task. All pigs quickly
learned the tasks, while baseline SDNN and
RMSSD increased significantly throughout the
experiment. In reaction to the signals, pigs
showed a sudden increase in HR, SDNN and
RMSSD, and a decrease in the RMSSD/SDNN
ratio. Immediately after this reaction, the HR and
SDNN decreased, and the RMSSD/SDNN ratio
increased. During feeding, the HR and the
RMSSD/SDNN ratio stayed elevated. The pigs
showed no cardiac reaction to the sound signals
for other pigs or their feeding pen mates. We
concluded that the level of cognitive challenge
was adequate and that the observed changes in
the autonomic tone, which are related to different
dimensions of the affective response (e.g. arousal
and valence), indicated arousal and positive
affective appraisal by the pigs. These findings
provide valuable insight into the assessment of
positive emotions in animals and support the use
of an adequate cognitive enrichment to improve
animal welfare.
Zebunke, M.; Langbein, J.; Manteuffel, G.;
Puppe,B. Autonomic reactions indicating positive
affect during acoustic reward learning in domestic
pigs. Animal Behaviour. v. 81, I. 2, p. 481-489,
2011.
Os editores.
Universidade de São Paulo
Coordenadoria do Campus de Pirassununga
Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - Departamento de Nutrição e Produção Animal
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Produção Animal - Laboratório de Análises Socioeconômicas e Ciência Animal
1
THE EFFECT OF BENZOIC ACID
CONCENTRATION ON NITROGEN
METABOLISM, MANURE AMMONIA AND
ODOUR EMISSIONS IN FINISHING PIGS
A complete randomised block design experiment
was conducted to investigate the effects of
benzoic acid inclusion level on nitrogen (N)
metabolism, and manure ammonia (NH3) and
odour emissions in finishing pigs. Sixteen boars
(64 kg live weight ± 1.5 kg) were assigned to one
of four dietary treatments (T) varying in benzoic
acid concentration: (T1) 0 g benzoic acid/kg (as
fed); (T2) 10 g benzoic acid/kg; (T3) 20 g benzoic
acid/kg; (T4) 30 g benzoic acid/kg. Animals were
housed in individual metabolism crates and feed
was provided ad libitum. All diets were formulated
to have similar concentration of digestible energy
and ileal digestible lysine with benzoic acid
replacing wheat in the diet. There was a linear
decrease in NH3 emission (P<0.001), as the
dietary benzoic acid concentration increased
(141.4 mg/g versus 40.5 mg/g N intake (S.E.M.
12.1) over the 240-h storage period). However,
there was no effect (P>0.05) of benzoic acid on
odour concentration. Urinary nitrogen (N)
excretion, total N excretion and the urinary:faecal
N ratio were linearly reduced (P<0.05) with
increasing benzoic acid inclusion. Furthermore, N
retention increased linearly (P<0.05) as benzoic
acid concentration increased from 0 g/kg to
30 g/kg in the diet. In conclusion, the inclusion of
benzoic acid in the diet of finishing pigs has the
potential to reduce total and urinary N excretion
and the urinary to faecal N ratio. This was
mirrored by reductions in manure NH3 emissions
in the benzoic acid supplemented treatments.
Murphy, D.P.; O’Doherty, J.V.; Boland, T.M.; et al.
The effect of benzoic acid concentration on
nitrogen metabolism, manure ammonia and odour
emissions in finishing pigs. Animal Feed Science
and Technology. v.163, I.2-4, p.194-199, 2011
THE EFFECT OF NESTING MATERIAL ON THE
NEST-BUILDING AND MATERNAL BEHAVIOR
OF DOMESTIC SOWS AND PIGLET
PRODUCTION
Nest building is an important part of maternal
behavior in domestic pigs. The aim of the study
was to assess the effect of nesting material
sawdust vs. straw on sow behavior 24 h before
and after birth of the first piglet (BFP) and piglet
production. Sows, housed in farrowing crates,
were randomly divided into 2 treatments: sawdust
(n = 12) and straw (n = 13). Sawdust and straw
were provided during the pre- and parturient
period; after parturition, straw was given to both
experimental groups. The prepartum nesting
period (the time interval between the first and last
nest-building records, including all other activity
and resting before BFP), the nesting records
(number of nesting records), nesting duration
(duration of all nesting records), the start and
termination of nesting, and the frequency of
prepartum postural changes were collected 24 h
before BFP. After BFP, number of nesting records
and time to first sucking of the litter were
collected. Frequency of postural changes and
duration of udder access were collected 24 h after
BFP during 3 time periods (during parturition, from
the end of parturition to 12 h after BFP, and 12 to
24 h after BFP) and the frequency of nursing
during 2 time periods (from the end of parturition
to 12 h after BFP, and 12 to 24 h after BFP). Piglet
BW gain and mortality were estimated 24 h after
BFP. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED
and the probability of the piglet mortality using
PROC GENMOD in SAS. Nesting material did not
affect (P > 0.10) most of sow prepartum nesting
behavior and had no effect (P > 0.10) on the
prepartum frequency of postural changes. Sows
from the sawdust treatment had a longer nesting
period (P < 0.05), and nest building tended to start
sooner (P < 0.10) than in the straw treatment.
Nesting material had only a small effect on later
maternal behavior. Sows from the straw treatment
tended to have more nesting records after BFP (P
< 0.10). The frequency of postural changes was
affected by the interaction (P < 0.01) between
treatments and time period: sow from the straw
treatment had more postural changes during
parturition compared with other time periods and
sawdust treatment. (…) The results suggest that
sawdust compared with straw as nesting material
provided to sows before and through parturition
does not negatively affect maternal behavior
during the 24 h before and after parturition or
piglet production. Therefore, sawdust can be
recommended as a suitable nesting material for
farrowing sows when straw is not available.
Chaloupková, H.; Illmann, G.; Neuhauserová, K.;
Simecková, M.; Kratinová, P. The effect of nesting
material on the nest-building and maternal
behavior of domestic sows and piglet production.
Journal of Animal Science. v. 89, p. 531-537,
2011.
2
RISK FACTORS IDENTIFIED
ASSOCIATED WITH
TUBERCULOSIS IN CATTLE AT 11
LIVESTOCK EXPERIMENT
STATIONS OF PUNJAB PAKISTAN
The study was carried out in cattle kept at 11
livestock experiment stations of Punjab by using
single comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin
(SCCIT) test. Sahiwal was the main breed kept at
these farms. Sixty three percent of animals were
between four and 10 years of age. Seventy-six
percent of animals weighed between 300 and
400 kg and 66% produced 5–10 l of milk/day.
Animals other than cattle were present at about
64% of these farms. The positive SCCIT test was
recorded in 7.6% of animals at the 11 farms.
However, the prevalence of tuberculosis varied
from 2.0% to 19.3% at these farms. Bivariate
frequency analysis showed that the chances of a
positive SCCIT test were higher in older animals,
in cattle with higher number of calving and those
produced up to 1800 l of milk. However, the
chances of positive SCCIT test decreases with
further increase in milk production. Results of
bivariate and/or multivariate logistic regression
analysis after controlling for the farm showed a
significant association of age of cattle, numbers of
calving, total milk produced, per day milk, lactation
length, presence of sheep at the farm and total
numbers of animals at the farm with a positive
SCCIT test. It can be concluded from the study
that herd prevalence of tuberculosis was 100%,
while animal prevalence was about 8% at these
farms. The stronger risk factors identified by
logistic analysis were the age of cattle, numbers
of calving, total milk produced and lactation
length, while the presence of sheep at the farm
has protective effect.
Javed,M.T.; Irfan, M.; Ali, I.; Farooqi, F.A.; Wasiq,
M.; Cagiola, M. Risk factors identified associated
with tuberculosis in cattle at 11 livestock
experiment stations of Punjab Pakistan. Acta
Tropica. v. 117, I. 2, p. 109-113, 2011.
RESFRIAMENTO ARTIFICIAL COMO
ALTERNATIVA PARA AUMENTAR O BEMESTAR DE NOVILHOS SOB ESTRESSE
TÉRMICO
Avaliou-se um sistema de resfriamento para
aumentar a eficiência produtiva e o bem-estar de
novilhos durante o verão. Utilizaram-se 60
animais em fase de acabamento, distribuídos
aleatoriamente em dois grupos: os do grupo-
controle permaneceram somente sob sombra
(grupo não resfriado) e os do grupo sob sistema
de
resfriamento,
sob
área
sombreada,
diariamente, das 9 às 18h, durante 69 dias de
estudo. As médias registradas de temperatura
ambiente e umidade relativa foram 35,4°C e
35,3°C, respectivamente, com índice de
temperatura-umidade de 81,4 durante o período
de estudo. O peso individual foi anotado a cada
duas semanas, e a temperatura da superfície
corporal e a frequência respiratória foram
registrados três vezes por semana. Amostras de
sangue foram tomadas da veia coccígea duas
vezes por semana para determinação de T 3 e T4.
O ganho médio diário no grupo sob resfriamento
(1,46kg/dia) foi similar (P=0,21) ao do grupocontrole (1,37kg/dia). A temperatura da superfície
corporal (35,9°C versus 38,7°C) e a frequência
respiratória/minuto (77 versus 104) foram mais
baixas (P<0,01) no grupo sob resfriamento do que
no grupo-controle (P<0,01), respectivamente.
Níveis de triiodotironina foram similares (P=0,30)
em animais com resfriamento (0,80ng/mL) e sem
resfriamento (0,87ng/mL), enquanto o nível de
tiroxina foi mais baixo (P<0,01) no grupo com
resfriamento (44,0ng/mL versus 56,6ng/mL). O
sistema de resfriamento não afetou parâmetros
produtivos, porém o bem-estar dos animais do
grupo com resfriamento foi melhor.
Correa-Calderon, A.; Morales, M.; Avendaño, L.;
Leyva, C.; Rivera, F.; Díaz, R.; Soto-Navarro, S.
Resfriamento artificial como alternativa para
aumentar o bem-estar de novilhos sob estresse
térmico. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina
Veterinária e Zootecnia. v.62, n.5, p. 1199-1205,
2010.
EFFECTS OF FLOORING AND
RESTRICTED FREESTALL ACCESS
ON BEHAVIOR AND CLAW
HEALTH OF DAIRY HEIFERS
Claw health, locomotion, feed intake, milk yield,
body weight, activity, and lying and standing
behavior of dairy heifers were monitored in a
single dairy herd during the first 3 mo after
calving. During the first 8 wk after calving, 2
treatments were applied: restricted freestall
access by closing the stalls between 2300 h and
0500 h (yes or no) and alley flooring (concrete or
rubber topped slatted floors). Apart from
treatments, housing was identical. The animals
were kept in small groups (n = 4 to 6) in adjacent
barn pens. Thereafter, the animals were kept in 1
group in a freestall section with concrete slatted
floor and unrestricted access to the stalls for 5 wk.
3
All animals were fed the same partial mixed
ration. We hypothesized that (1) hard flooring
causes high mechanical load of the claws and (2)
restricted freestall access causes prolonged
standing bouts and reinforced effects of hard
flooring on claws. The heifers had only minor claw
lesions before first calving, and the prevalence
and severity of sole hemorrhages increased
during the first 3 mo after calving (from
0.24 ± 0.08 to 1.18 ± 0.14 and from 0.04 ± 0.01 to
0.24 ± 0.02, respectively), particularly in the outer
hind claws. Animals kept on rubber alley flooring
had lower average hemorrhage scores in wk 9
(0.13 ± 0.03 vs. 0.21 ± 0.03) and wk 14
(0.20 ± 0.03 vs. 0.27 ± 0.03) after calving, had a
slower feed intake (3.05 ± 0.14 vs. 3.46 ± 0.14
g/s) and spent more time feeding than animals
kept on hard concrete alley floors. Restricted
freestall access resulted in fewer standing bouts
per day (14.4 ± 1.0 vs. 17.9 ± 1.0) and more
strides per hour (99.8 ± 5.4 vs. 87.2 ± 5.4) without
changing overall standing time (15.0 ± 0.3 vs.
14.7 ± 0.3 h/d) and did not affect the occurrence
of sole hemorrhages. The animals with no
overnight freestall access spent more time
standing (55.9 ± 0.9 vs. 35.8 ± 0.9 min/h) and
feeding (7.8 ± 0.3 vs. 4.3 ± 0.3 min/h) between
2300 and 0500 h and less during the rest of the
24-h period (31.3 ± 0.8 vs. 37.0 ± 0.8 min/h and
6.8 ± 0.3 vs. 7.6 ± 0.3 min/h). Thus, the animals
adapted to restricted freestall access, that caused
increased overnight standing, by additional lying
down during the day and used part of the extra
standing time at night for feeding. The restrictions
probably had only a minor effect on the
mechanical load of their claws. Therefore, the first
part of the hypothesis was confirmed and the
second part was rejected.
Ouweltjes, W.; van der Werf, J.T.N.; Frankena, K.;
van Leeuwen, J.L., Effects of flooring and
restricted freestall access on behavior and claw
health of dairy heifers. Journal of Dairy Science.
v. 94, I. 2, p. 705-715, 2011.
ENTERIC AND MANURE-DERIVED METHANE
AND NITROGEN EMISSIONS AS WELL AS
METABOLIC ENERGY LOSSES IN COWS FED
BALANCED DIETS BASED ON MAIZE,
BARLEY OR GRASS HAY
Ruminant husbandry constitutes the most
important source of anthropogenic methane
(CH4). In addition to enteric (animal-derived) CH 4,
excreta are another source of CH4, especially
when stored anaerobically. Increasing the
proportion of dietary concentrate is often
considered as the primary CH4 mitigation option.
However, it is unclear whether this is still valid
when diets to be compared are energy-balanced.
In addition, non-structural carbohydrates and side
effects on nitrogen (N) emissions may be
important. In this experiment, diet types
representing either forage-only or mixed diets
were examined for their effects on CH 4 and N
emissions from animals and their slurries in 18
lactating cows. Apart from a hay-only diet,
treatments included two mixed diets consisting of
maize stover, pelleted whole maize plants and
gluten or barley straw and grain and soy bean
meal. The diets were balanced in crude protein
and net energy for lactation. After adaptation, data
and samples were collected for 8 days including a
2-day CH4 measurement in respiratory chambers.
Faeces and urine, combined proportionately
according to excretion, were used to determine
slurry-derived CH4 and N emissions. Slurry was
stored for 15 weeks at either 14°C or 27°C, and
temperatures were classified as ‘cool’ and ‘warm’,
respectively. The low-starch hay-only diet had
high organic matter and fibre digestibility and
proved to be equally effective on the cows’
performance as mixed diets. The enteric CH 4
formation remained unaffected by the diet except
when related to digested fibre. (...). Feeding the
hay diet resulted in the highest slurry-CH 4
production after 7 weeks of storage at 14°C and
27°C, and after 15 weeks at 14°C. CH 4 emissions
were, in general, about 10-fold higher at 27°C
compared with 14°C but only after 15 weeks of
storage. Urinary N losses were highest with the
barley diet and lowest with the maize diet. There
was a trend towards similar differences in N
losses from the slurry of these cows (significant at
14°C). However, contrary to CH4, slurry-N
emissions
seemed
to
be
temperatureindependent.
In
conclusion,
energetically
balanced diets proved to be widely equivalent in
their emission potential when combining animal
and their slurry, this even at a clearly differing
forage : concentrate ratio. The variation in CH 4
emission from slurry stored shortly or at cold
temperature for 15 weeks was of low importance
as
such
conditions
did
not
support
methanogenesis in slurry anyway.
Klevenhusen, F.; Kreuzer, M; Soliva, C.R. Enteric
and manure-derived methane and nitrogen
emissions as well as metabolic energy losses in
cows fed balanced diets based on maize, barley
or grass hay. Animal. V. 5, I. 03, p. 450-461,
2011.
4
GOAT MILK ALLERGENICITY AS A FUNCTION
OF αS1-CASEIN GENETIC POLYMORPHISM
Cow milk allergy is the most frequent allergy in the
first years of life. Milk from other mammalian
species has been suggested as a possible
nutritional alternative to cow milk, but in several
cases, the clinical studies showed a high risk of
cross-reactivity with cow milk. In the goat species,
αS1-casein (αS1-CN), coded by the CSN1S1 gene,
is characterized by extensive qualitative and
quantitative polymorphisms. Some alleles are
associated with null (i.e., CSN1S1*01) or reduced
(i.e., CSN1S1*F) expression of the specific
protein. The aim of this work was to obtain new
information on goat milk and to evaluate its
suitability for allergic subjects, depending on the
genetic variation at αs1-CN. Individual milk
samples from 25 goats with different CSN1S1
genotypes were analyzed by sodium dodecyl
sulfate PAGE and immunoblotting, using
monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine α-CN
and sera from children allergic to cow milk. A
lower reaction was observed to 2 goat milk
samples characterized by the CSN1S1* 0101 and
01F genotypes. Moreover, a fresh food skin prick
test, carried out on 6 allergic children, showed the
lack of positive reaction to the 0101 milk sample
and only one weak reactivity to the 01F sample.
The risk of cross-reactivity between cow and goat
milk proteins suggests the need for caution before
using goat milk for infant formulas. However, we
hypothesize that it can be used successfully in the
preparation of modified formulas for selected
groups of allergic patients. The importance of
taking the individual goat CN genetic variation into
account in further experimental studies is evident
from the results of the present work.
Ballabio, C.; Chessa, S.; Rignanese, D.; Gigliotti,
C.; Pagnacco, G.; Terracciano, L.; Fiocchi, A.;
Restani, P.; Caroli, A.M. Goat milk allergenicity as
a function of αS1-casein genetic polymorphism.
Journal of Dairy Science. v. 94, I. 2, p. 9981004, 201
EFFECT OF GRASS SILAGE HARVESTING
TIME AND LEVEL OF CONCENTRATE
SUPPLEMENTATION ON GOAT MILK QUALITY
Milk fat lipolysis giving high concentrations of free
fatty acids (FFA) and off-flavor in the goat's milk is
a challenge for the dairy industry in Norway. This
has been considered to be caused by
underfeeding of the goats and thereby energy
mobilization in early and mid lactation. Energy
intake can be improved by feeding silage of early
harvesting time (HT) and supplementation with
concentrate. In the present experiment, 18 goats
in early lactation were fed grass silages prepared
from the primary growth at a very early, early or
normal stage of maturity (HT 1, HT 2 and HT 3,
respectively), supplemented with a low (LC; 0.6 kg
per goat daily) or normal (NC; 1.2 kg per goat
daily) level of concentrate. The experiment was
conducted as a cyclic change-over design with
four periods of 28 days using three blocks of
goats according to their initial body condition
(poor, medium or high). Milk and blood samples
were collected at the end of each period. Milk
yield and yields of milk constituents decreased
with delayed harvesting time and with LC.
Sensory milk taste quality was not affected by
dietary treatment, and milk FFA was highest when
NC was fed. The proportion of short and medium
chain fatty acids in milk fat decreased with
postponed harvesting time and LC, while most of
the long chain fatty acids (including C18:1c9)
increased with postponed harvesting time and LC.
The calculated energy balance decreased and the
serum concentration of non-esterified fatty acids
(NEFA) increased with decreasing energy content
in the diet (postponed harvesting time and low
level of concentrate). Goats with initial poor body
condition had higher milk FFA concentrations than
goats in higher initial body condition. High milk
FFA concentration was correlated to poor milk
taste quality, low serum NEFA concentration, low
C18:1c9 proportion and high energy balance. Our
findings suggest that increasing energy intake and
energy balance during the first 4 months of
lactation does not reduce FFA concentration in
goats’ milk.
Dønnem, I.; Randby, Å.T.; Eknæs, M. Effect of
grass silage harvesting time and level of
concentrate supplementation on goat milk quality.
Animal Feed Science and Technology . v. 163,
I. 2-4, p. 118-129, 2011.
STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE
OF AWASSI AND ASSAF DAIRY
SHEEP FARMS IN
NORTHWESTERN SPAIN
Data of 69 dairy sheep farms (70% Assaf and
30% Awassi crossbred), located in the Spanish
Autonomous Community of Castilla y León and
grouped for receiving technical advice, were used
to study their structure and performance. Farm
5
surface was 55.4 ha, on average. Approximately
25% of the farms did not have cultivation land,
and the other 75% had, on average, 73 ha (from
which 67% were devoted to forage). Farms used
2.1 annual work units (familiar, 90%), 493 ewes,
and yielded 147,000 L/yr of milk. Farmers were
tenant (84%), younger than 45 yr (70%), had new
houses, and were grouped in cooperatives (83%).
Sheep were fed indoors (occasional grazing only)
in modern loose stalls and had machine milking.
Planned mating (summer to fall) was done in 91%
of farms (hormonal treatment, 54%) but artificial
insemination was scarce (23%). Annual milk sales
averaged 309 L/ewe (fat, 6.5%; protein, 5.3%;
log10 somatic cell count, 5.7), and milk was sent to
local dairy industries for cheese production, and
1.35 lambs/ewe were harvested as milk-fed lambs
(lechazo). Artificial lamb rearing was done in 38%
of farms (automatic, 81%; manual, 19%). Total
mixed rations were used in 33% of farms, and the
rest used rationed concentrate (including selfproduced cereals) according to physiological
stage of the ewes (0.45 to 1.97 kg/d) and ad
libitum forage (dehydrated, 70%; hay, 68%; fresh,
25%; silage, 12%). The concentrate-to-forage
ratio ranged between 32 and 61%. In total, 68% of
farms bought more than half of the forage, and
87% of them bought more than half of the
required concentrates. According to structural,
productive, and managerial traits, 4 types of farms
were
differentiated
by
using
multiple
correspondence analysis and cluster analysis.
Type groups were: 1) large-surface farms,
devoted to cereal and forage production,
predominantly with Awassi crossbreed sheep and
a high level of self-consumed commodities (12%
of the farms); 2) large flocks with intermediate
farm surfaces devoted to forage production and
predominantly with Assaf sheep (30% of the
farms); 3) high-yielding farms, with intermediate
sized flocks of Assaf sheep and very intensive
management (42% of the farms); and, 4) no-land
farms predominantly with Assaf sheep (16% of the
farms). In conclusion, the dairy sheep farms
studied showed more adoption of intensive
production systems than traditional farms, which
resulted in higher milk and lamb yields. Despite all
of them being based on familiar units, as
traditional farms, they were highly dependent on
external resources and became more vulnerable,
faced with future uncertainties of the market.
Milán, M.J.; Caja, G.; González-González, R.;
Fernández-Pérez, A.M.; Such, X. Structure and
performance of Awassi and Assaf dairy sheep
farms in northwestern Spain. Journal of Dairy
Science. v. 94, I. 2, p. 771-784, 2011.
ASPECTS OF QUALITY RELATED TO THE
CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION OF LAMB
MEAT. CONSUMERS VERSUS PRODUCERS
The purpose of this study was to identify and
compare the different evaluations made by the
agents at either end of the lamb meat chain, i.e.
producers and consumers, in relation to the
parameters that consumers use when purchasing
lamb meat and the factors that affect the
production of quality lamb meat. In addition,
consumer segments that can be targeted for
action by the different agents in the chain were
examined. The study was carried out in Aragón, a
region in north east Spain that is a producer and
consumer of lamb meat. 371 surveys were carried
out on purchasers of lamb meat and 49 surveys
on sheep farmers. Bivariant analyses and a
cluster analysis were performed. The results
suggest that there are certain congruencies and
divergences between producers and consumers.
Also, a segment of consumers for whom the
hygiene and sanitary conditions on the farm,
animal welfare and the environment are of great
importance were found.
Sepúlveda, W.S.; Maza, M.T.; Pardos, L. Aspects
of quality related to the consumption and
production of lamb meat. Consumers versus
producers. Meat Science. v. 87, I. 4, p. 366-372,
2011.
INCISOR DEVELOPMENT, WEAR AND LOSS
IN SHEEP AND THEIR IMPACT ON EWE
PRODUCTION, LONGEVITY AND ECONOMICS:
A REVIEW
The review investigates the use of permanent
incisor wear and loss by farmers culling sheep
from flocks, summarises investigations into incisor
development, factors affecting incisor wear and
loss, impacts on production and economics and
practices designed to prolong incisor life and
makes
suggestions
for
future
research.
Periodontal disease is outside the scope of the
review. Sheep farmers place considerable
emphasis on the soundness of their ewes’ mouths
and cull sheep for a wide range of faults in their
incisors. The length of the productive life in sheep
is essentially determined by the state of their
permanent incisors. It is normal for there to be a
range in the number of incisors present at
different ages probably related to maturity and live
weight, but most reports fail to quantify these
factors. Incisor wear and loss (“broken mouth”)
6
are affected by stocking rate, soil ingestion, farm
of origin, breed and gender of sheep, pasture
type, internal parasites, mineral nutrition,
supplementary feeding and age at first mating of
ewes. Incisor wear and loss affects feed intake of
sheep, and in most studies reduces live weight
gain, milk and wool production. Under certain
conditions sheep are not affected by worn or lost
incisors. Premature culling of sheep, as a result of
incisor wear and loss, increases overhead and
replacement
costs
and
reduces
lifetime
productivity, genetic gain and income from sheep
sales thus reducing profitability of sheep farming.
A number of practices have the potential to
increase longevity of ewes in flocks by reducing
incisor wear and loss including: genetic selection;
increasing dietary calcium intake during growth
and lactation; and supplementary feeding during
periods of short pasture. The evidence suggests
the mechanical shortening of incisors provides no
benefits. Incisor wear and loss in sheep has been
accepted as an inevitable outcome of advancing
age. There has been little investigation of these
issues during the past 20 years. Suggestions are
made for future research including: quantification
of economic benefit/cost ratio of different farm
practices including mineral nutrition, on incisor
condition and animal production; genetic selection
to improved incisor retention and wear; and
development of interactive economic models
related to different culling strategies based on
incisor condition. Suggestions are made on ways
to improve the design and conduct of research in
this field including adequate controls, size,
duration and statistical power.
McGregor, B.A. Incisor development, wear and
loss in sheep and their impact on ewe production,
longevity and economics: A review. Small
Ruminant Research. V. 95, I. 2-3, p. 79-87,
2011.
ESTIMATION OF WASTE OUTPUTS
BY A RAINBOW TROUT CAGE
FARM USING A NUTRITIONAL
APPROACH AND MONITORING OF
LAKE WATER QUALITY
Nutrients released by cage fish farms to the
aquatic environment are an issue of concern since
these can result in deleterious environmental
changes. In the present study, a mass balance
model was used to calculate nutrient loadings
from an experimental rainbow trout cage farm
located in a freshwater, oligotrophic lake.
Detection of these nutrient loadings using water
quality monitoring was then investigated. The
loading of total solids of faecal and feed origin
(TS), solid phosphorus (SP) and nitrogen (SN),
and dissolved P (DP) and N (DN) wastes from the
farmed fish were estimated over two production
cycles. Waste outputs were estimated using the
Fish-PrFEQ feed requirement and waste output
model using measured inputs including diet
composition, nutrient digestibility, intake and
retention by the fish, and water temperature.
Nutrient loading predictions were compared with
measured nutrient concentrations of lake water. In
2003, TS, SN and SP and DN and DP waste
outputs were 236.0, 12.8, 5.3, 41.3, and
3.4 kg tonne− 1 of fish produced, respectively. (...)
Over 60% of the P waste output from the cage
was predicted to be solid for both years while over
65% of the total N waste from the cage farm was
predicted to be excreted as ammonia.
Concentrations of ammonia and of dissolved and
particulate phosphorus were not reflective of
waste loading of cage origin, suggesting efficient
removal through uptake by biota and/or in the
case of ammonia by nitrification. Fish-PrFEQ
model is a valuable cage management tool that
allows realistic estimation of waste outputs for
cage farms and can be used to examine effect of
management and feeding practices on waste
outputs. However, the model is of limited use as a
lake management tool, as it does not consider
effects and fate of wastes released by fish.
Similarly, reliance on periodic water quality
monitoring at stations near cage farms may not be
protective of the environment, as our results
demonstrate that rapid diffusion, uptake,
transformation and removal of nutrients resulted in
water quality measures that were relatively
insensitive to cage loading. Combining the FishPrFEQ model with a consideration of assimilative
capacity of the system in addition to the
monitoring of chemical and biological variables of
the lake is recommended for environmental
impact assessment of cage culture operations.
Azevedo, P.A.; Podemski, C.L.; Hesslein, R.H.;
Kasian, S.E.M.; Findlay,
D.L.; Bureau, D.P.
Estimation of waste outputs by a rainbow trout
cage farm using a nutritional approach and
monitoring of lake water quality. Aquaculture. V.
311, I. 1-4, p. 175-186, 2011.
SOUND, STRESS, AND SEAHORSES: THE
CONSEQUENCES OF A NOISY ENVIRONMENT
TO ANIMAL HEALTH
We examined stress responses to chronic noise
exposure in a popular aquarium fish, the lined
7
seahorse (Hippocampus erectus). Thirty-two
animals were housed individually in either loud
(123.3 ± 1.0 dB re: 1 μPa total RMS power at midwater, 137.3 ± 0.7 dB at bottom) or quiet
(110.6 ± 0.58 dB at mid-water, and 119.8 ± 0.4 dB
at bottom) tanks for one month. Weekly
behavioral observations were scored and
compared between treatment means, as well as
treatment
variances,
because
stressed
populations often exhibit increased variance in
measures. At the end of each trial, animals were
euthanized, assessed, and means and variances
of the following measures were compared
between treatments: weight change (ΔWt),
change in Fulton condition factor (ΔK),
hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index,
leukocyte count and differential, packed cell
volume, heterophil to lymphocyte (H:L) ratio,
blood glucose concentration, plasma cortisol
concentration, parasite presence/absence and
number of organs infected, and presence/absence
of bacterial infection. Among behavioral results,
tail adjustments and reduced or variable
percentage of time spent stationary were
interpreted as irritation behaviors. Animals in loud
tanks were more variable in the number of tail
adjustments made; this difference was especially
significant in week one, when loud tank animals
also made significantly more adjustments.
Animals in loud tanks also demonstrated greater
variation in the percentage of time spent
stationary in the first week. Variability in these
measures subsided after the first week,
presumably due to habituation. Piping and clicking
were considered pathological and distress
behaviors (respectively). Animals piped and
clicked more variably in loud tanks; this variability
was especially pronounced in week 4. Other
behaviors
were
unremarkable.
Among
physiological results, animals in loud tanks
declined
in
morphological
indices
more
precipitously; these differences were significant in
ΔWt and ΔK. Animals in loud tanks demonstrated
significant and variable heterophilia and
significantly higher and more variable H:L ratios.
Plasma cortisol concentrations were higher
among animals in loud tanks. Kidneys were
significantly more affected by parasites in loud
tanks. Other physiological measures were
unremarkable. Seahorses exposed to loud
ambient noise in aquaria exhibit primary,
secondary, and tertiary stress responses at
behavioral and physiological levels, necessitating
allostasis at costs to growth, condition, and
immune status. Aquarists and aquaculturists are
thus advised to incorporate soundproofing
modifications during design and set-up of facilities
to improve fish health, and growth in culture.
Anderson, P.A.; Berzins, I.K.; Fogarty, F.; Hamlin,
H.J.; Guillette Jr., L.J. Sound, stress, and
seahorses: The consequences of a noisy
environment to animal health. Aquaculture. V.
311, I. 1-4, p. 129-138, 2011.
DOES ACCESS TO OPEN WATER
AFFECT THE HEALTH OF PEKIN
DUCKS (ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS)?
Access to open water is considered good for the
welfare of Pekin ducks. These studies investigated
the effect that the type of water resource, provided
over either straw bedding or a rubber mesh, had
on measures of duck health. Pekin strain
ducklings (n = 2,600) were managed in pens of
100 on straw over a solid concrete floor. In study
1, one of two water resources (nipple, n = 5 pens;
wide-lip bell drinker, n = 5 pens), was located
directly over the straw. In study 2, one of three
water resources (narrow-lip bell drinker, n = 6
pens; trough, n = 5 pens; and bath, n = 5 pens)
was located over a rubber mesh. On d 16, 24, 29,
35, and 43, (study 1) or d 21, 29, 35, and 43
posthatch (study 2), 10 birds were selected from
each pen and weighed, and then feather hygiene,
footpad dermatitis, eye health, gait score, and
nostril condition scores were taken. Treatment
had no effect on BW in either study, but in study 2,
ducks in the open water treatments had higher
scores (P < 0.001) than those in the narrow-lip bell
drinker treatment by d 43. In study 1, treatment
had no effect on hygiene scores, but scores
increased over time (P < 0.001). In study 2, ducks
in the narrow-lip bell drinker treatment were dirtier
than those in the bath treatment (P = 0.01), with
those in the trough treatment being intermediate.
In both studies, ducks with bell drinkers had worse
gait scores than those in the other treatments
(study 1, P < 0.01; study 2, P < 0.05). Treatment
had no effect on eye health scores. However,
ducks were less likely to have dirty nostrils when
provided with more open water resources in both
studies (P < 0.01), or were less likely to have
blocked nostrils in the trough and bath treatments
than in the narrow-lip bell drinker treatment in
study 2 (P = 0.01). Provision of open water,
particularly over a properly constructed drainage
area, improved some aspects of duck health
(improved feather hygiene and BW, and fewer
dirty and blocked nostrils). However, further work
is needed to investigate these treatments on a
commercial scale.
8
O’Driscoll, K. K. M.; Broom, D. M. Does access to
open water affect the health of Pekin ducks ( Anas
platyrhynchos)? Poultry Science. v. 90, I. 2, p.
299-307, 2011.
POULTRY DISEASES – THEIR CONTROL AND
EFFECTS ON NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Poultry disease and its control require effective
co-operation and communication between the
poultry producer, their veterinary surgeon and
other professional scientists and experts. The
most effective way to ensure health and welfare
requires a three-way dialogue between all the
interested parties. This paper sets out to discuss
ways in which poultry veterinarians approach
disease diagnosis, treatment and control, together
with the important role liaison with nutritionists can
have in resolving problems and ensuring optimal
flock performance.
Lister, S.A. Poultry diseases – their control and
effects on nutritional requirements. World’s
Poultry Science Journal. v. 66, I. 04, p. 633-638,
2010.
PRODUCTION AND EGG QUALITY IN LAYERS
FED ORGANIC DIETS WITH MUSSEL MEAL
The first limiting nutrients in typical laying hen
diets are the sulphur-containing amino acids and,
in particular, methionine. To fulfil the birds’
recommended requirement, conventional diets are
supplemented with synthetic methionine. As this is
not allowed in organic production it becomes very
important to have access to alternative highquality protein feed ingredients. An experiment
was performed to evaluate the possibility to
compose a diet with 100% organically approved
feed ingredients using mussel meal as a major
source of methionine. The experiment included
678 Lohman Selected Leghorn (LSL) and 678
Hyline White, W-98, layers during 20 to 72 weeks
of age. There were 12 aviary pens with 113 birds
in each. The birds were fed one of the two
experimental diets containing either 3.5% or 7%
dried mussel meat meal or a commercial organic
diet from a Swedish feed manufacturer for
comparison. Production and mortality were
recorded daily per group, and egg weight was
recorded once weekly. At 33, 55 and 70 weeks,
10 eggs from each treatment group were collected
and analysed for internal egg quality. Diets had no
significant effect on laying percentage, egg mass,
feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality, bird
live weight or proportion misplaced, cracked or
dirty eggs. Egg quality, that is, shell deformation,
shell breaking strength, albumen height, shell
percentage and proportion of blood and meat
spots were also unaffected. There was a
significant difference in egg yolk pigmentation,
that is, the egg yolk was more coloured when
feeding 7% mussel meal compared with the other
diets. Hyline hens had lower feed intake and
laying percentage, and higher egg weight, but
lower egg mass production than LSL birds. The
age of the birds influenced all egg quality traits
except for meat and blood spots. The dry matter
of the excreta was significantly lower for both
genotypes fed the 7% mussel meal diet. These
results indicate that mussels may be a highquality protein source and may replace fishmeal in
organic diets for layers.
Jönsson, L.; Wall, H.; Tauson, R. Production and
egg quality in layers fed organic diets with mussel
meal. Animal. V. 5, I. 03, p. 387-393, 2011.
ESTIMATING MORTALITY IN LAYING HENS
AS THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
INCREASES
Layer mortality due to heat stress is an important
economic loss for the producer. The aim of this
study was to determine the mortality pattern of
layers reared in the region of Bastos, SP, Brazil,
according to external environment and bird age.
Data mining technique were used based on
monthly mortality records of hens in production,
135 poultry houses, from January 2004 to August
2008.
The
external
environment
was
characterized according maximum and minimum
temperatures,
obtained
monthly
at
the
meteorological station CATI in the city of Tupã,
SP, Brazil. Mortality was classified as normal (£
1.2%) or high (> 1.2%), considering the mortality
limits mentioned in literature. Data mining
technique produced a decision tree with nine
levels and 23 leaves, with 62.6% of overall
accuracy. The hit rate for the High class was
64.1% and 59.9% for Normal class. The decision
tree allowed finding a pattern in the mortality data,
generating a model for estimating mortality based
on the thermal environment and bird age.
Pereira, D.F.; do Vale, M.M.; Zevolli, B.R.;
Salgado, D.D. Estimating mortality in laying hens
as the environmental temperature increases.
Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola . v. 12, I.
4, p. 265-271, 2010.
9
AVALIAÇÃO HEMATOLÓGICA E
BIOQUÍMICA DE EQUINOS
SUPLEMENTADOS COM ÓLEO DE
ARROZ SEMIRREFINADO, RICO EM
GAMAORIZANOL
Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com óleo
de arroz sobre o peso e perfil hematológico de
equinos submetidos a exercício físico moderado.
Foram utilizados 14 equinos machos, com peso
aproximado de 411kg, distribuídos entre o grupo
tratado (GT; n=7), suplementado com óleo de
arroz
adicionado
diariamente
à
dieta
(0,5ml/kg/PV), e o grupo-controle (GC; n=7),
tratado com óleo de soja (0,5ml/kg/PV). Foram
feitas três avaliações: antes do início e aos 20 e
40 dias após o início do tratamento, as quais
consistiram de determinação do peso, exame
clínico e coleta de amostras de sangue dos
animais, antes e após o exercício, para
hematócrito, hemograma, dosagem de glicose,
lactato e proteína total. Não houve diferença entre
grupos e nem entre avaliações quanto às
variáveis peso e proteína total. A glicose
aumentou significativamente após o exercício na
segunda coleta no GC e na terceira no GT. No
GC, o lactato aumentou nas coletas após o
exercício, enquanto no GT, os valores foram
semelhantes antes e após. A suplementação com
óleo de arroz na dieta foi determinante para
impedir o aumento de lactato em equinos
submetidos a exercício, o que pode ser relevante
para aumentar o seu desempenho atlético.
Oliveira, R.N.; Marques Jr, A.P.; Xavier, P.R.;
Alves, G.E.S.; Paes, P.R.O.; Gobesso, A.A.O.
Avaliação hematológica e bioquímica de equinos
suplementados com óleo de arroz semirrefinado,
rico em gamaorizanol. Arquivo Brasileiro de
Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. v.62, n.5, pp.
1043-1047, 2010.
AVANÇOS TECNOLÓGICOS RELACIONADOS
COM O CRESCIMENTO DA
EQUIDEOCULTURA NO BRASIL
É conhecido que a criação dos animais de
produção está baseada no tripé nutriçãogenética-sanidade, onde a alimentação e saúde
são essenciais para a expressão de sua genética.
Com a evolução tecnológica destes setores nas
últimas décadas, ocorreu significativa melhora do
plantel nacional, principalmente daqueles cavalos
voltados para a prática esportiva. A medicina
veterinária evoluiu consideravelmente, com
exames diagnósticos que seriam impensáveis
alguns anos atrás. A melhora na qualidade dos
equinos tem reflexo direto na economia nacional,
seja pela geração de empregos diretos e
indiretos, exportação, comercialização em leilões,
ou mercado de rações e insumos veterinários.
Gonzaga, I.V.F.; Gil, P.C.N.; Françoso, R.; Taran,
F.M.P.;; Etchichury, M.; Gameiro, A.H.; Gobesso,
A.A.O. Avanços tecnológicos relacionados com o
crescimento da equideocultura no Brasil. Revista
Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária Equina. Ano
6, n.32, Nov./dez. 2010. p.4-7
ROAD TRANSPORT OF FARM
ANIMALS: EFFECTS OF JOURNEY
DURATION ON ANIMAL WELFARE
Transport of farm animals gives rise to concern
about their welfare. Specific attention has been
given to the duration of animal transport, and
maximum journey durations are used in legislation
that seek to minimise any negative impact of
transport on animal welfare. This paper reviews
the relatively few scientific investigations into
effects of transport duration on animal welfare in
cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and poultry. From the
available literature, we attempt to distinguish
between aspects, which will impair welfare on
journeys of any duration, such as those
associated with loading, and those aspects that
may be exacerbated by journey time. We identify
four aspects of animal transport, which have
increasing impact on welfare as transport duration
increases. These relate to (i) the physiological and
clinical state of the animal before transport; and –
during transport – to (ii) feeding and watering; (iii)
rest and (iv) thermal environment. It is thus not
journey duration per se but these associated
negative aspects that are the cause of
compromised welfare. We suggest that with a few
exceptions, transport of long duration is possible
in terms of animal welfare provided that these four
issues can be dealt with for the species and the
age group of the animals that are transported.
Nielsen, B.L.; Dybkjær, L.; Herskin, M.S. Road
transport of farm animals: effects of journey
duration on animal welfare. Animal. v. 5, I.03, p.
415-427, 2011.
IMPACTS OF ANIMAL WELL-BEING AND
WELFARE MEDIA ON MEAT DEMAND
This article provides the first known examination
of how animal welfare information provided by
media sources impacts beef, pork and poultry
10
demand. Results suggest that media attention to
animal welfare has a small, but statistically
significant impact on meat demand. Long-run pork
and poultry demand are hampered by increasing
media attention whereas beef demand is not
directly impacted. Loss in consumer demand is
found to come from exiting the meat complex
rather than spilling over and enhancing demand of
competing meats. An outline of economic
implications is provided for the broader discussion
of animal welfare.
Tonsor, G.T.; Olynk, N.J. Impacts of animal wellbeing and Welfare media on meat demand.
Journal of Agricultural Economics. V. 62, I. 1.,
p. 59-72, 2011.
PRO-POOR ANIMAL
IMPROVEMENT AND BREEDING:
WHAT CAN SCIENCE DO?
Livestock provide a wide variety of goods and
services that generate income and support the
livelihoods of millions of poor people in the
developing world. Natural and human selections
have shaped existing livestock genotypes
throughout the estimated 12,000 year history
since the first animal domestication. The result, in
many production systems in the developing world,
is a livestock genotype adapted to its environment
and capable of meeting the needs of smallholder
farmers. However, this adaptation is unlikely to be
optimal and the rapid changes currently affecting
the livestock sector, including policy and market
changes, movements of germplasm frequently
involving the importation of exotic breeds, and the
increasing impacts of climate change are affecting
the livestock genotype-environment optimum. This
is challenging livestock production systems of
smallholder farmers. (…) Underlying all these is
the general lack of strategies for genetic
improvement of livestock in smallholder systems
and poor livestock infrastructure in developing
countries. (…) This paper (…) concludes that one
of the highest priority interventions for the
smallholder systems is the development of
innovative approaches for the strategic use of
appropriate genotypes from the available range of
global breed resources. The analysis strongly
suggests that the highest priority ‘breeding
intervention’ should be the provision of
appropriate genotypes in a sustainable manner,
underpinned by a good understanding of what
breed resources exist that have demonstrated
potential, where else they could be used, and how
they would be delivered to smallholders. Efforts to
improve/refine breeding skills of smallholders
should
proceed
in
parallel.
Institutional
arrangements and enabling policies are critical for
the success in identifying and applying
appropriate genetic technologies, improving
access to input services and facilitating access to
markets in order to translate productivity gains
into incomes.
Rege, J.E.O.; Marshall, K.; Notenbaert, A.;
Ojango, J.M.K.; Okeyo, A.M. Pro-poor animal
improvement and breeding — What can science
do? Livestock Science. V.136, I. 1, p. 15-28,
2011.
THE ROLE OF REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES IN BREEDING SCHEMES
FOR LIVESTOCK POPULATIONS IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
The world is faced with the challenge to meet the
increasing demand for livestock products while
conserving animal genetic resource diversity and
maintaining environmental integrity. Genetic
improvement of local breeds can help to improve
the livelihood of the livestock keepers, to increase
the production of animal products and to conserve
genetic diversity. Implementing breeding schemes
in developing countries has proven to be very
difficult. The objective of this paper is to discuss
the role of reproductive technologies for the
creation
and
dissemination
of
genetic
improvement
in
livestock
populations in
developing countries. In the paper opportunities
are discussed for implementing breeding schemes
which minimize the need for extensive pedigree
and performance recording. It is shown that
genetic progress can be generated in a small
population. Community-based breeding schemes
offer a good starting point for involving farmers in
improving local breeds. Artificial insemination to
exchange genetic material between communities
offers an opportunity to increase the rate of
genetic improvement while restricting the rate of
inbreeding. Furthermore, artificial insemination is
a promising technique for dissemination of genetic
gain to producers at a relatively low cost.
Opportunities to use semen sexing in a
crossbreeding scheme are presented. It is
concluded that tailor-made solutions and longterm commitment are needed in order to meet the
needs of farmers to increase their livelihoods and
to meet the needs of the growing population of
consumers.
11
van Arendonk, J.A.M. The role of reproductive
technologies in breeding schemes for livestock
populations in developing countries. Livestock
Science. V.136, I. 1, p. 29-37, 2011.
THE FATE OF AMAZONIAN FOREST
FRAGMENTS: A 32-YEAR INVESTIGATION
We synthesize findings to date from the world’s
largest and longest-running experimental study of
habitat fragmentation, located in central
Amazonia. Over the past 32 years, Amazonian
forest fragments ranging from 1 to 100 ha have
experienced a wide array of ecological changes.
Edge effects have been a dominant driver of
fragment dynamics, strongly affecting forest
microclimate, tree mortality, carbon storage,
fauna, and other aspects of fragment ecology.
However, edge-effect intensity varies markedly in
space and time, and is influenced by factors such
as edge age, the number of nearby edges, and
the adjoining matrix of modified vegetation
surrounding fragments. In our study area, the
matrix has changed markedly over the course of
the study (evolving from large cattle pastures to
mosaics of abandoned pasture and regrowth
forest) and this in turn has strongly influenced
fragment dynamics and faunal persistence. Rare
weather events, especially windstorms and
droughts, have further altered fragment ecology.
In general, populations and communities of
species in fragments are hyperdynamic relative to
nearby intact forest. Some edge and fragmentisolation effects have declined with a partial
recovery of secondary forests around fragments,
but other changes, such as altered patterns of
tree recruitment, are ongoing. Fragments are
highly sensitive to external vicissitudes, and even
small changes in local land-management
practices may drive fragmented ecosystems in
markedly different directions. The effects of
fragmentation are likely to interact synergistically
with other anthropogenic threats such as logging,
hunting, and especially fire, creating an even
greater peril for the Amazonian biota.
Laurance, W.F.; Camargo, J.L.C.; et al. The fate
of Amazonian forest fragments: A 32-year
investigation. Biological Conservation. v. 144, I. 1,
p. 56-67, 2011.
ASSISTED COLONIZATION: INTEGRATING
CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN THE FACE
OF CLIMATE CHANGE
Global climate change poses an immense
challenge for conservation biologists seeking to
mitigate impacts to species and ecosystems.
Species persistence will depend on geographic
range shifts or adaptation in response to warming
patterns as novel climates and community
assemblages arise. Assisted colonization has
been proposed as a method for addressing these
challenges. This technique, which consists of
transporting species to a new range that is
predicted to be favorable for persistence under
future climate scenarios, has become the subject
of controversy and discussion in the conservation
community due to its highly manipulative nature,
questions about widespread feasibility, and
uncertainty associated with the likelihood of
translocated species becoming invasive. We
reviewed the discussion and criticism associated
with assisted colonization and sought to identify
other conservation techniques that also display
potential to promote the colonization and
adaptation of species in response to climate
change. We propose an integrated conservation
strategy that includes management for habitat
connectivity, conservation genetics, and when
necessary, assisted colonization of species that
are still unable to shift their ranges even given
implementation
of
the
above
standard
conservation approaches. We argue that this
integrated approach will facilitate persistence for a
larger proportion of species than is possible by
solely using assisted colonization. Furthermore, a
multi-faceted approach will likely reduce the
uncertainty of conservation outcomes and will
become increasingly necessary for conservation
of biodiversity in a changing climate.
Loss, S.R.; Terwilliger, L.A.; Peterson, A.C.
Assisted colonization: Integrating conservation
strategies
in
the
face
of
climate
change. Biological Conservation. v. 144, I. 1, p.
92-100, 2011.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES: A REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
In the past few decades, solid waste management
systems in Europe have involved complex and
multi-faceted trade-offs among a plethora of
technological alternatives, economic instruments,
and regulatory frameworks. These changes
resulted in various environmental, economic,
social, and regulatory impacts in waste
management practices which not only complicate
12
regional policy analysis, but also reshape the
paradigm of global sustainable development.
Systems analysis, a discipline that harmonizes
these integrated solid waste management
strategies,
has
been
uniquely
providing
interdisciplinary support for decision making in this
area. Systems engineering models and system
assessment tools, both of which enrich the
analytical framework of waste management, were
designed specifically to handle particular types of
problems. Though how to smooth out the barriers
toward achieving appropriate systems synthesis
and integration of these models and tools to aid in
the solid waste management schemes prevalent
in European countries still remains somewhat
uncertain. This paper conducts a thorough
literature review of models and tools illuminating
possible overlapped boundaries in waste
management practices in European countries and
encompassing the pros and cons of waste
management practices in each member state of
the European Union. Whereas the Southern
European Union (EU) countries need to develop
further measures to implement more integrated
solid waste management and reach EU directives,
the Central EU countries need models and tools
with which to rationalize their technological
choices
and
management
strategies.
Nevertheless, considering systems analysis
models and tools in a synergistic way would
certainly provide opportunities to develop better
solid waste management strategies leading to
conformity with current standards and foster future
perspectives for both the waste management
industry and government agencies in European
Union.
Pires, A.; Martinho, G.; Chang, N. Solid waste
management in European countries: A review of
systems analysis techniques. Journal of
Environmental Management. v. 92, I. 4, p. 10331050, 2011.
2500 YEARS OF EUROPEAN CLIMATE
VARIABILITY AND HUMAN SUSCEPTIBILITY
Climate variations influenced the agricultural
productivity, health risk, and conflict level of
preindustrial societies. Discrimination between
environmental and anthropogenic impacts on past
civilizations, however, remains difficult because of
the paucity of high-resolution paleoclimatic
evidence.
We
present
tree
ring–based
reconstructions of central European summer
precipitation and temperature variability over the
past
2500
years.
Recent
warming
is
unprecedented,
but
modern
hydroclimatic
variations may have at times been exceeded in
magnitude and duration. Wet and warm summers
occurred during periods of Roman and medieval
prosperity. Increased climate variability from ~250
to 600 C.E. coincided with the demise of the
western Roman Empire and the turmoil of the
Migration Period. Such historical data may provide
a basis for counteracting the recent political and
fiscal reluctance to mitigate projected climate
change.
Büntgen, U.; Tegel, W.; Nicolussi, K.; McCormick,
M.; Frank, D.; Trouet, V.; Kaplan, J.O.; Herzig, F.;
Heussner, K.U.; Wanner, H.; Luterbacher, J.;
Esper, J. 2500 Years of European Climate
Variability and Human Susceptibility. Science,
v.331, n.6017, p.578-582, February 2011.
MEASURING ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE,
SOCIAL PROGRESS AND SUSTAINABILITY
USING AN INDEX
The energy crisis and a greater awareness among
the general public regarding the issue of climate
change have, between them, led to a notable
increase in the interest shown by governments in
relation to the problem of environmental
sustainability. An example has been the initiative
taken by the President of France to set up a
commission, known as the Sarkozy Commission,
named after the President, bringing together
renowned economists to study and propose forms
of economic performance measurement related to
social progress. This article aims to propose a
methodology to establish a quantitative definition
of sustainability structured on the principles of
minimum and maximum entropy production, and,
based on this, outline a way of organizing the
many sources of, and kinds of energy, we have
available to us in order of the intensity of their
respective environmental impacts. Based on this,
we could produce an Environmental Sustainability
Index, linked to existing statistical indicators of
human development, and thereby arrive at a
Sustainable Human Development Index, which
would be positively or negatively influenced by
parameters linked to environmental sustainability
and quality of life. In order to ensure that this
index can produce practical results, the WTO
(World Trade Organization) would have to
establish a scale of increments, to be applied to
export tariffs on products originating in countries
with different indexes.
13
Carvalho, J.F. Measuring economic performance,
social progress and sustainability using an index.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
v.15, I.2, Feb. 2011, p.1073-1079.
TESES E DISSERTAÇÕES
GRÃO DE SOJA INTEGRAL E MOÍDO NA
ALIMENTAÇÃO DE VACAS LEITEIRAS1
Anaí Bacci Naves
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da
utilização de grão de soja integral e moído em
diferentes peneiras, sobre o consumo e
digestibilidade da matéria seca e nutrientes;
fermentação e síntese de proteína microbiana
ruminal, produção e composição do leite, perfil de
ácidos graxos do leite, concentrações de
parâmetros sangüíneos e balanço de energia e
nitrogênio. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas da raça
Holandesa, agrupadas em três quadrados latinos
balanceados e contemporâneos 4x4, alimentadas
com as seguintes rações: 1) controle (C); 2) grão
de soja integral (GI), 3) grão de soja moído em
peneira de 2 mm (G2), e 4) grão de soja moído
em peneira de 4 mm (G4). Nas rações GI, G2 e
G4 foram utilizados 20% de grão de soja na
material seca. As amostras utilizadas para análise
da composição do leite foram coletadas no 16°
dia de cada período experimental, sendo
provenientes das duas ordenhas diárias. As
amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos
vacuolizados por punção da veia e/ou artéria
coccígea. As amostras de líquido ruminal foram
coletadas com a utilização de sonda esofágica
três horas após a alimentação matinal. A
digestibilidade foi determinada por meio de
indicador interno FDAi. Houve redução no
consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica e
FDN nas vacas suplementadas com as rações
contendo grão de soja em relação à ração
controle. Foi observado efeito no consumo de EE
onde as vacas que receberam as rações
contendo grão de soja apresentaram maiores
valores de consumo deste nutriente. Houve
diferença na digestibilidade aparente total dos
nutrientes entre as rações experimentais, sendo
que as dietas com grão de soja apresentaram
aumento da digestibilidade do EE e o
processamento do grão também influenciou a
digestibilidade, pois foi observado maiores
valores para o grão processado em relação ao
grão integral. Não houve diferença das rações
experimentais para os valores de pH ruminal e
concentração de N-NH3 ruminal entre as rações
utilizadas. A produção e composição do leite, bem
como o perfil de ácidos graxos do leite não foram
influenciados pelas rações experimentais. As
concentrações de colesterol total e colesterol HDL foram maiores para as vacas alimentadas
com rações contendo grão de soja em relação à
ração controle. As rações utilizadas não
influenciaram a síntese de proteína microbiana. O
balanço de energia e nitrogênio não foram
influenciados pelas rações experimentais. A
utilização de grão de soja integral ou processado
nas rações altera o consumo, sem contudo
influenciar
o
desempenho
produtivo
e
metabolismo de vacas em lactação.
UTILIZAÇÃO DE FONTES NITROGENADAS
COM DIFERENTES TAXAS DE
DEGRADABILIDADE EM DIETAS À BASE DE
CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR PARA VACAS LEITEIRAS2
Julianne de Rezende Naves
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar fontes com
diferentes taxas de degradabilidade em rações de
vacas leiteiras, utilizando volumoso à base de
cana-de-açúcar,
sobre
o
consumo
e
digestibilidade dos nutrientes, fermentação
ruminal e síntese proteica microbiana, produção,
composição do leite e frações proteicas do leite, e
parâmetros sanguíneos. Foram utilizadas 12
vacas da raça Holandesa, agrupadas em três
quadrados latinos balanceados 4x4, com período
experimental de 21 dias, sendo nos 7 últimos dias
a realização das coletas. Os animais foram
alimentados com rações isoproteicas (15,7% de
PB) contendo dietas: a) Controle - farelo de soja e
ureia; b) Alta degradabilidade – farelo de soja e
alta concentração de ureia (1,71% da MS); c)
Média degradabilidade - soja crua em grão como
fonte proteica e d) Baixa degradabilidade –farelo
de glúten de milho como fonte proteica. As
amostras utilizadas para análise de composição
do leite foram coletadas nos quatro últimos dias
consecutivos de cada período experimental. As
amostras de líquido ruminal foram coletadas por
1
Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação
em Nutrição e Produção Animal (FMVZ/USP), orientada pelo
2
Prof. Francisco Palma Rennó.
Prof. Marcos Veiga dos Santos.
14
sonda esofágica três horas após a alimentação
matinal. A digestibilidade foi determinada por
meio de indicador interno FDAi. Houve aumento
de consumo de extrato etéreo nas vacas
alimentadas com a ração contendo grão de soja,
fonte nitrogenada com média degradabilidade, em
relação aos demais tratamentos. Houve redução
na digestibilidade aparente total das proteínas
nas rações de média degradabilidade. Não houve
efeito das rações utilizadas nos valores de pH
ruminal, três horas após a alimentação. Neste
mesmo tempo, a concentração de nitrogênio
amoniacal ruminal foi menor para as vacas que
receberam grão de soja nas rações. Entre as
rações nitrogenadas controle e as que possuem
diferentes degradabilidades, a ração com grão de
soja resultou em redução da produção de leite
corrigida para 3,5% de gordura e produção de
gordura. Houve aumento no teor e produção de
proteína para a ração controle, dentre as demais.
Os teores de proteína bruta no leite, nitrogênio
não caseinoso e proteína verdadeira foram
maiores para vacas alimentadas com ração
controle. As concentrações de colesterol total e
colesterol-HDL foram maiores para as vacas
alimentadas com rações contendo grão de soja.
As concentrações de ureia e nitrogênio ureico no
soro foram menores nas dietas com grão de soja.
Estas concentrações quando no leite foram
semelhantes entre as rações utilizadas.
Os parâmetros de síntese proteica não foram
alterados com as rações experimentais. A
utilização de fontes nitrogenadas com diferentes
degradabilidades nas rações de vacas leiteiras,
com volumoso cana-de-açúcar, não altera o
consumo e o desempenho produtivo, mas altera o
teor de proteína bruta e verdadeira do leite. O uso
do grão de soja como fonte proteica reduz a
digestibilidade aparente total da proteína.
AVALIAÇÃO DE BÚFALAS DA RAÇA
MEDITERRÂNEO DURANTE O PERÍODO DE
TRANSIÇÃO E INÍCIO DE LACTAÇÃO E DE
BEZERROS LACTENTES ATÉ O DESMAME3
Lenita Camargo Verdurico
Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar búfalas da raça
Mediterrâneo durante o período de transição e
início de lactação e bezerros lactantes até o
desmame. O experimento foi conduzido na área
de produção de bubalinos junto com o
3
Prof. Francisco Palma Rennó.
Departamento
de
Nutrição
e
Produção
Veterinária, pertencente à Faculdade de Medicina
Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), da Universidade
de São Paulo (USP), localizada no município de
Pirassununga/SP. Foram utilizadas 17 matrizes
mestiças da raça Mediterrânea. A produção de
leite foi registrada diariamente durante todo o
período experimental. As amostras utilizadas para
análise da composição físico química e perfil de
ácidos graxos do leite foram coletadas
semanalmente, sendo provenientes da única
ordenha diária. Para avaliação do suplemento
vitamínico foram utilizados 17 bezerros búfalos
divididos em dois grupos, o primeiro o grupo
controle (aleitamento artificial) e outro grupo foi
administrado aditivo vitamínico-mineral (Metacell).
Para avaliação do desenvolvimento ponderal os
bezerros foram pesados semanalmente e foram
mensurados o perímetro torácico (PT), a altura
(ALT) e o comprimento corporal (COPM). Os
bezerros foram avaliados até completarem 120
dias e alojados em piquete com silagem de milho
e concentrado ad libitum. Houve efeito das
semanas no período de transição e início de
lactação para a produção de gordura e para o
peso vivo das búfalas em lactação. Entretanto
não houve efeito das semanas em lactação para
os valores de PL, PLC, MPC, porcentagem de
gordura e composição dos ácidos graxos da
gordura do leite. Quando avaliado o perfil
bioquímico das búfalas foi observado efeito das
semanas do período de transição e início de
lactação para as concentrações no soro de uréia,
NUS, colesterol total, AST, BHB e AGNE.
Entretanto as concentrações de glicose, PT, CHDL, GGT e albumina não foram influenciadas no
período de transição e inicio de lactação. Entre
todos os resultados de parâmetros hematológicos
avaliados para as búfalas somente foi observado
efeito de tempo para as concentrações no sangue
da concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular
média. Os bezerros suplementados com aditivo
apresentaram maior desenvolvimento ponderal de
forma geral em relação ao grupo controle. Os
bezerros bubalinos tratados com aditivo
vitamínico-mineral,
apresentaram
maiores
concentrações de colesterol total, uréia e
proteínas totais. Entretanto não houve efeito do
aditivo sobre os valores de glicose, albumina e
beta hidroxibutirato. Os valores de leucócitos,
neutrófilos,
eosinófilos,
linfócitos
típicos
aumentaram com a utilização do aditivo oral em
relação ao grupo controle. Porém a quantidade de
plaquetas diminuíram com a adição do
suplemento. Este estudo permite definição de
valores padrões de referência para avaliação
fisiológica bioquímica e hematológica de búfalas
15
no período de transição e inicio de lactação. A
utilização de aditivo para bezerros da espécie
bubalina melhora e desempenho ponderal com
respectiva melhora no perfil metabólico.
ESPECIAL: Teses e dissertações na área de
Produção Animal defendidas em 2010 na
FMVZ e na FZEA
FACULDADE DE MEDICINA
VETERINÁRIA E ZOOTECNIA
(FMVZ)
Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Nutrição e Produção Animal
Utilização de fontes nitrogenadas
com diferentes taxas de
degradabilidade em dietas à base
de cana-de-açúcar para vacas
leiteiras
Aluno: Julianne de Rezende Naves
Orientador: Marcos Veiga dos Santos
Nível: Mestrado
Grão de soja integral e moído na alimentação
de vacas leiteiras
Aluno: Anaí Bacci Naves
Orientador: Francisco Palma Rennó
Nível: Mestrado
Avaliação de búfalas da raça Mediterrâneo
durante o período de transição e início de
lactação e de bezerros lactantes até o
desmame
Aluno: Lenita Camargo Verdurico
Nível: Mestrado
Grão de soja cru e integral na alimentação de
vacas leiteiras
Aluno: Rafael Villela Barletta
Nível: Mestrado
Controle de infecções intramamárias no gado
leiteiro usando as propriedades
antibacterianas e cicatrizantes do muco de
escargots Achatina sp no pré e pós dipping
Aluno: Eugênio Yokoya
Orientador: Maria de Fatima Martins
Nível: Mestrado
Avaliação da contagem de células somáticas
do leite como indicador da ocorrência de
mastite em vacas Gir
Aluno: Carolina Barbosa Malek dos Reis
Orientador: Marcos Veiga dos Santos
Nível: Mestrado
Viabilidade econômica de um
sistema de produção pecuária de
bovinos sob alta lotação: uso na
pesquisa e na pecuária comercial
Aluno: Rinaldo Rodrigues
Orientador: Augusto Hauber Gameiro
Nível: Mestrado
Efeito da leptina e da nutrição sobre o perfil de
expressão de genes hipotalâmicos em
novilhas zebuínas (Bos taurus indicus) no
início da puberdade
Aluno: Juliane Diniz Magalhães
Orientador: Luis Felipe Prada e Silva
Nível: Mestrado
Efeito da combinação de
probióticos na dieta de leitões
desafiados com Salmonella
Typhimurium
Aluno: Larissa José Parazzi
Orientador: Anibal de Sant Anna Moretti
Nível: Mestrado
Minerais orgânicos na prevenção
hiperparatireoidismo nutricional
secundário em equinos
Aluno: Henry Wajnsztejn
Orientador: Alexandre Augusto de
Oliveira Gobesso
Nível: Mestrado
Uso da maltodextrina na substituição do
amido em dieta para eqüinos
Aluno: Paulo César Nunes Gil
Orientador: Alexandre Augusto de Oliveira
Gobesso
Nível: Mestrado
Qualidade dos ovos e desempenho
de codornas japonesas
alimentadas com dietas contendo
diferentes níveis de fósforo e
suplementadas com fitase
Aluno: Paula Duarte Silva Rangel Garcia
Orientador: Ricardo de Albuquerque
Nível: Mestrado
16
FACULDADE DE ZOOTECNIA E
ENGENHARIA DE ALIMENTOS
(FZEA)
Programa de Pós-Graduação em
Zootecnia, Área de
Concentração “Qualidade e
Produtividade Animal”
Avaliação do uso de leveduras
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
inativas e hidrolizadas nas dietas
iniciais de leitões
Aluno: Claudia Cassimira da Silva
Orientador: Lúcio Francelino Araújo
Nível: Mestrado
Diferentes alternativas no controle da diarréia
pós-desmame em leitões
Aluno: Thais Roberta Canteli
Orientador: Lúcio Francelino Araújo
Nível: Mestrado
Desenvolvimento e teste de protótipos de
brincos para identificação eletrônica em
suínos
Aluno: Camila Cristina Machado da Silva
Orientador: Ernane José Xavier Costa
Nível: Mestrado
Placas planas à base de cinza de cama
sobreposta de suínos e fibra de sisal para piso
de escamoteadores com diferentes fontes de
aquecimento
Aluno: Melissa Selausim Di Campos
Orientador: Holmer Svastano Junior
Nível: Doutorado
Métodos de transporte e períodos
de descanso pré-abate sobre nível
de estresse e qualidade de carne de
ovinos
Aluno: Thays Mayra da Cunha Leme
Orientador: Evaldo Antonio Lencioni Titto
Nível: Mestrado
Desempenho de novilhas Nelore
submetidas a diferentes níveis de
proteína bruta, no período de
transição água-seca
Aluno: André Luís de Moraes
Orientador: Valdo Rodrigues Herling
Nível: Mestrado
Níveis de complexo enzimático em dietas para
ruminantes
Aluno: Fernando de Oliveira Brito
Orientador: Jose Carlos Machado Nogueira Filho
Nível: Mestrado
Efeitos da suplementação mineral injetável em
bezerros Nelore na fase de desmama
Aluno: Carolina Yumi Cascão Yoshikawa
Orientador: Marcus Antonio Zanetti
Nível: Mestrado
Desempenho, característica de carcaça e
parâmetros fecais indicativos da digestão do
amido e suas relações com a eficiência
alimentar de bovinos Nelore
Aluno: Tiago Roberto Stella
Orientador: Paulo Roberto Leme
Nível: Mestrado
Influência do hormônio folículo estimulante na
via da óxido nítrico sintase em complexos
cumulus-oócitos bovinos
Aluno: Pedro Ratto Lisboa Pires
Orientador: Cláudia Lima Verde Leal
Nível: Mestrado
Influência da disponibilidade de sombra a
pasto sobre as características seminais e
tolerância ao calor em touros da raça
Brahman (Bos taurus indicus)
Aluno: Paulo Fantinato Neto
Orientador: Evaldo Antonio Lencioni Titto
Nível: Mestrado
Efeito de aditivos no metabolismo ruminal e
parâmetros sanguíneos em bovinos
Aluno: Josiane Hernandes Ortolan
Nível: Doutorado
Interação genótipo x ambiente via correlações
genéticas entre rebanhos e normas de reação
utilizando abordagem bayesiana em bovinos
de corte
Aluno: Sandra Ribeiro
Orientador: Joanir Pereira Eler
Nível: Doutorado
Estudo da estrutura genética populacional e
dos efeitos do programa de melhoramento
genético em um rebanho Nelore
Aluno: Heloise Patrícia Quintino de Oliveira
Orientador: Joanir Pereira Eler
Nível: Doutorado
17
Desenvolvimento ponderal, características da
carcaça e eficiência da nutrição energética e
proteíca no metabolismo ruminal de búfalos e
produção de gases in vitro
Aluno: Teresa Cristina Alves
Orientador: Raul Franzolin Neto
Nível: Doutorado
Efeito da inclusão de leite em pó e
açúcar sobre a viabilidade de
bactérias probióticas em leite
fermentado desnatado
Aluno: Luciana Cecília Maganha
Orientador: Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira
Nível: Mestrado
Efeitos de diferentes fontes e níveis de cobre
no desempenho, "status" de Cu, fermentação
ruminal, metabolismo e oxidação de lipídios
em bovinos
Aluno: Lisia Bertonha Correa
Nível: Doutorado
Estudo da interação da alga Prototheca zopfii
com neutrófilos recuperados de leite bovino e
ação do sistema AIA/HRP sobre este patógeno
Aluno: Luciane Tavares da Cunha
Orientador: Mariza Pires de Melo
Nível: Doutorado
Estudo genético e quantitativo e molecular de
características de crescimento e carcaça em
bovinos da raça Nelore usando inferência
bayesiana
Aluno: Diego de Cordova Cucco
Orientador: José Bento Sterman Ferraz
Nível: Doutorado
Lipídios e ácidos graxos nos
desempenhos reprodutivo e
zootécnico de lambaris (Astyanax
altiparanae)
Aluno: Ligia Uribe Gonçalves
Orientador: Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas
Nível: Doutorado
Efeitos deletérios de microcistina em matrinxã
(Brycon cephalus) e tilápia nilótica
(Oreochromis niloticus)
Aluno: Maria Angélica Rosa Ribeiro
Orientador: Elisabete Maria Macedo Viegas
Nível: Doutorado
Desenvolvimento de modelos
matemáticos envolvendo níveis
nutricionais, desempenho e
rendimento de carcaça para
otimização de resultados
econômicos de frangos de corte
Aluno: Raquel Bighetti Araujo
Orientador: Douglas Emygdio de Faria
Nível: Mestrado
Ocorrência de aflotoxinas e fumonisinas em
sistema de produção de frangos de corte no
Estado de São Paulo
Aluno: Estela Kobashigawa
Nível: Doutorado
Respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais em
vacas holandesas lactantes mantidas em
estabulação climatizada e submetidas ao teste
de tolerância ao calor
Aluno: Cristiane Gonçalves Titto
Orientador: João Alberto Negrão
Nível: Doutorado
Ocorrência e caracterização sorológica e
genotípica de Listeria monocytogenes em
indústrias de queijo do Estado de São Paulo
Aluno: Giovana Verginia Barancelli
Nível: Doutorado
Efeito do tempo de resfriamento do
leite de cabra in natura sobre a
qualidade e a estabilidade do leite de
cabra em pó
Aluno: Carolina Rodrigues da Fonseca
Nível: Doutorado
Robô autômato para
monitoramento de rebanho e
medição da forragem do pasto
Aluno: Luiz Arthur Malta Pereira
Orientador: Ernane José Xavier Costa
Nível: Mestrado
Estudo da produção de gases pela
digestibilidade in vitro do Capim-marandu
[Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex A. Rich)
Stapf], submetido a intensidades de pastejo
Aluno: Wilson Aparecido Marchesin
Orientador: Valdo Rodrigues Herling
Nível: Doutorado
18
Eficiência de fertilizantes com nitrogênio e
enxofre sobre a composição quimicobromatológica e algumas caracterísitcas
agronômicas da cultura da cana-de-açucar
Aluno: Felipe Barros Macedo
Orientador: Pedro Henrique de Cerqueira Luz
Nível: Doutorado
Ocorrência de aflatoxinas e
fumonisinas em produtos à base de
milho e milho utilizado como
ingrediente de ração para animais
de companhia, comercializados na
região de Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo
Aluno: Juliana Victorino da Silva Cruz
Nível: Doutorado
Avaliação do microclima interno de
abrigos escamoteadores com
diferentes tipos de pisos
Aluno: Débora Caroline Gonçalves de
Oliveira
Orientador: Holmer Savastano Junior
Nível: Mestrado
Influência da depleção e suplementação
mitocondrial no processo de apoptose
embrionária
Aluno: Lígia Garcia Mesquita
Orientador: Flavio Vieira Meirelles
Nível: Doutorado
então, uma
definição
quantitativa
sobre
sustentabilidade. Esta definição qualitativa
estabelece que um projeto é sustentável quando
não contribui para degradar o meio ambiente e o
mantém capaz de fornecer recursos para as
gerações futuras. (...) Entropia: A metodologia foi
baseada em conceitos de um ramo da Física
denominado Termodinâmica do não equilíbrio e
está estruturada a partir dos princípios de mínima
e máxima produção de entropia. Segundo o
dicionário Aurélio, entropia “é uma grandeza que,
em termodinâmica, permite avaliar a degradação
da energia de um sistema: a entropia de um
sistema caracteriza o seu grau de desordem”.
Clique aqui para acessar.
Leite de cabra
Por Heloísa Carneiro, Juliana S. B. Faria e
Marcela M. Martin, disponível no boletim
“Panorama do Leite”, n.50 de janeiro de 2011,
publicado pela Embrapa Gado de Leite.
O leite é um dos alimentos mais consumidos no
mundo, fornecendo boa parte dos nutrientes
essenciais à vida. Além disso, é um produto
essencial na lista de compras dos brasileiros. O
tipo de leite mais utilizado no consumo dos
brasileiros é o de vaca, porém o leite de outros
mamíferos, como o de cabra e o de ovelha está
se popularizando nos pontos de venda.
SUGESTÕES DE LEITURA
Método mede sustentabilidade de modo
quantitativo
Por Valéria Dias, da Agência USP.
A partir de uma tese de doutorado apresentada
ao Instituto de Eletrotécnica e Energia (IEE) da
USP, o pesquisador e professor Joaquim
Francisco de Carvalho desenvolveu um estudo
onde propõe uma metodologia para medir a
sustentabilidade
ambiental
de
maneira
quantitativa. Um artigo sobre o tema acaba de ser
publicado na Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews. Carvalho explica que a definição de
sustentabilidade geralmente aceita, baseada no
chamado Relatório Brundtland, de 1.987, é
adequada para o debate político, por levar em
conta apenas o lado qualitativo, não existindo, até
Produção de ovinos em sistemas integrados Sistema silvipastoril
Por Carina Simionato de Barros, Alda Lúcia
Gomes Monteiro, César Henrique E. C. Poli e
Hugo von Linsingen Piazzetta, disponível no site
Farm Point.
A adoção de sistema silvipastoril com a criação
de ovinos é uma importante alternativa para a
sustentabilidade econômica, social e ambiental da
propriedade. Conforme Porfírio da Silva (1999),
uma pastagem com 200 árvores por hectare,
manejadas para produzir madeira para serraria
poderia adicionar R$ 300,00/ha/ano, além de
promover melhor conforto térmico para o animal
que vai impedir o decréscimo de produção por
estresse.
19
Programa Nacional de Fomento às Boas
Práticas Agropecuárias - PRÓ-BPA
Por Roberta Züge, disponível no site Farm Point.
Os processos de produção agropecuária, de
diversos países europeus, já utilizam as BPA, são
notórias e aceitas pelo setor. Muitos destes
processos são as bases para as certificações de
qualidade e denominações de origem, bastante
utilizadas e reconhecidas como fator de
agregação de valor aos produtos na Europa. No
Brasil estas práticas, apesar de já serem
divulgadas há vários anos, com alguns programas
vigentes, não são utilizadas a contento pelos
produtores. No campo, percebe-se grande
desconhecimento destas, aliadas a descrença
que de fato serão benéficas.
The Economist
In their attempts to explain the global epidemic of
obesity, researchers have often taken to fingering
culprits beyond people’s direct control. It is now
believed that increased levels of stress, climate
change and even artificial light at night may
contribute to expanding waistlines. However, if
such factors affect humans, they ought, in
principle, to have similarly nefarious effects on
other creatures. This should hold especially true
for species that are physiologically similar to
people and live in proximity to them. Pet owners
have long fretted that this may, indeed, be
happening.
Click here to access the original text.
More complicated than you think: a new, giant
virus is confounding old certainties
The Economist
Caprinocultura leiteira combate desnutrição
infantil com eficiência
Por Camila Raineri e Augusto Hauber Gameiro,
disponível no site Farm Point.
Como comentamos em artigo anterior, ocorreu
em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, entre os
dias 25 e 28 de julho do ano passado, o 48º
Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de Economia,
Administração e Sociologia Rural (SOBER). As
reuniões anuais da SOBER são um importante
fórum de discussões entre pesquisadores,
técnicos e formuladores de políticas, contribuindo
para divulgar o conhecimento sobre a economia
do setor rural. O tema do congresso de 2010 foi
"Tecnologias, Desenvolvimento e Integração
Social", refletindo a importância do debate sobre
os desafios de se desenvolver novas alternativas
tecnológicas para conciliar a produção de
alimentos, o desenvolvimento científico, a
geração de energia renovável e a preservação
ambiental. Da mesma forma que discutimos
anteriormente os artigos relativos à ovinocultura
laneira apresentados no evento, trazemos agora
uma visão geral de três trabalhos que discutiram
a caprinocultura no Brasil.
The fat cat cometh: It is not just human beings
that are getting fatter. Animals are, too
Biodiversity is not just a matter of tigers and
whales, or butterflies and trees, or even coral
reefs and tuna. It is also about myriad creatures
too small to see that live in numbers too large to
count in ways too numerous to imagine. It is easy
to forget, especially at meetings like the one to
discuss the Convention on Biological Diversity
that has been taking place in Nagoya under the
auspices of the United Nations, that most of
biology is in fact microscopic. Indeed, the more
microscopic biology gets, the more diverse it
becomes.
How changing farming habits threaten public
health
The Economist
You can be killed by an exotic variety of diseases
in India. But until recently Congo fever was not
one of them. A tick-borne virus, endemic to parts
of Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere, it
passes easily from livestock to man, and then
between humans. Horrible symptoms include
fever, internal bleeding and liver failure. Some
30% of infected humans die, usually within a
couple of weeks.
The authorities in Gujarat,
western India, were therefore alarmed when in
January a medical intern died of the disease,
formally known as Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic
fever. Earlier in the month it killed three others: a
20
patient, plus a doctor and nurse who had cared for
her. These appear to be the first recorded deaths
in India from the illness. On February 5th doctors
reported two more cases in Gujarat. The fever’s
arrival is a mystery.
Cândido Ferreira da Silva Filho, Gideon Carvalho
de Benedicto e José Francisco Calil (orgs.)
Alínea
SUGESTÕES DE WEBSITES
Alínea
Dinâmica das Relações Interpessoais
Rafael Crivelaro e Jorge Tukio Takamori
Weeds: how vagabond plants gatecrashed
civilisation and changed the way we think
about nature
Richard Mabey
Ecco
Water Footprint
People use lots of water for drinking, cooking and
washing, but even more for producing things such
as food, paper, cotton clothes, etc. The water
footprint is an indicator of water use that looks at
both direct and indirect water use of a consumer
or producer. The water footprint of an individual,
community or business is defined as the total
volume of freshwater that is used to produce the
goods and services consumed by the individual or
community or produced by the business.
http://www.waterfootprint.org/?page=files/home
HealthMap
HealthMap brings together disparate data sources
to achieve a unified and comprehensive view of
the current global state of infectious diseases and
their effect on human and animal health. This
freely available Web site integrates outbreak data
of varying reliability, ranging from news sources
(such as Google News) to curated personal
accounts (such as ProMED) to validated official
alerts (such as World Health Organization).
Through an automated text processing system,
the data is aggregated by disease and displayed
by location for user-friendly access to the original
alert. HealthMap provides a jumping-off point for
real-time information on emerging infectious
diseases and has particular interest for public
health officials and international travelers
http://healthmap.org/pt/
LIVROS
Ética, Responsabilidade Social e Governança
Corporativa
The Climate Fix: what scientists and
politicians won´t tell you about global warming
Roger Pielke Jr.
Basic Books
PRÊMIOS E HONRARIAS
Ensinando e Aprendendo a Tratar com as
Diversidades Através de Animais
O Ministro de Estado Chefe da Secretaria de
Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial,
Senhor Eloi Ferreira de Araújo concedeu
condecoração “Menção Honrosa” à pesquisadora
Maria de Fátima Martins, do Departamento de
Nutrição e Produção Animal da FMVZ/USP, pelo
trabalho de sua autoria intitulado “Ensinando e
Aprendendo a Tratar com as Diversidades
Através de Animais”, apresentado no I Simpósio
“A População Negra na Ciência e Tecnologia”,
realizado na cidade de Pirassununga, em parceria
com a Secretaria de Políticas de Promoção da
Igualdade Racial e a Universidade de São Paulo.
Consta no diploma: “Seu trabalho representa
pesquisa de altíssimo nível, que visa promover a
compreensão das questões étnico-raciais e o
desenvolvimento social com equidade”.
Fomento à Paz entre os Povos
A Fundação Rotária do Rotary International
conferiu à Profa. Maria de Fátima Martins o título
de
“Companheiro
Paul
Harris”
em
reconhecimento à prestação de tangíveis e
significantes serviços com o objetivo de fomentar
a compreensão e as relações amistosas entre os
povos do mundo. O diploma é assinado por Ray
Klinginsmith, presidente do Rotary International.
21
CLIPPING
MG: produtores do leste investem
em
caprinocultura:
Uma
boa
alternativa de renda e diversificação é
como os cafeicultores dos municípios
de Santa Margarida e São João do
Manhuaçu, no Leste do Estado, estão vendo a
caprinocultura leiteira. A atividade começou a ser
desenvolvida há dois anos por dez produtores e
em pouco tempo, eles conseguiram uma boa
produção e espaço no mercado. Todo o leite
produzido pelo grupo é comercializado com um
laticínio do Rio de Janeiro e a ideia de trabalhar
com leite caprino foi dos próprios cafeicultores,
para diversificar a produção. Os produtores se
organizaram e buscaram informações sobre a
atividade antes de tomar a decisão. "Nós
visitamos algumas propriedades para ver de perto
como era o trabalho e conversamos muito com
pessoas da área", diz o produtor Rivanildo
Moreira (Farm Point).
Goat rearing – the fastest income earner for
rural communities: The rearing of goats as part
of agricultural activities by farmers in rural
communities is fast becoming a lucrative
business. Most farmers in the Moyamba District,
Southern Sierra Leone are now concentrating on
raising goats for commercial purposes. The high
demand for goats by members of the public has
had a corresponding increase in farmers to rear
this specie as a way of making money. For most
communities in the Moyamba District and beyond
goat is a coveted commodity and a farmer can
pay a whole year school fees for a child attending
primary or Junior secondary school from the
proceeds of a single goat sold (William
Freeman/Awoko).
Vacas leiteiras podem ajudar na
produção de biocombustíveis: Elas
dão o leite do café da manhã,
alimentam
os
carnívoros,
são
endeusadas na Índia e, no futuro,
aparentemente, também podem ter papel
importante na produção de biocombustíveis. É o
que diz uma pesquisa da Universidade da
Califórnia, em Berkeley (EUA). No trabalho, os
cientistas conseguiram identificar e mapear
geneticamente dezenas de micro-organismos que
habitam o sistema digestivo dos ruminantes e são
capazes de produzir enzimas para quebra da
celulose. O que motivou o estudo, com artigo
publicado na revista científica “Science”, foi um
dos obstáculos para a produção em massa de
biocombustíveis com 100% de pureza: o
rendimento relativamente baixo das reações
bioquímicas de quebra da celulose pelas enzimas
utilizadas até o momento. Para obter os microorganismos
desejados,
os
pesquisadores
utilizaram duas vacas. Cirurgicamente, eles
inseriram no rúmen dos animais – o primeiro
“compartimento” do seu estômago -, uma espécie
de gramínea, a Panicum virgatum. Os microorganismos que aderiram aos vegetais retirados
após a incubação foram, então, analisados e
mapeados geneticamente, graças a técnicas
computacionais desenvolvidas pelos cientistas. O
computador determinou diversas sequências de
RNA (uma cadeia produzida a partir do próprio
DNA do indivíduo e responsável pela fabricação
de proteínas) correspondentes à produção de
enzimas específicas para a quebra da celulose.
Segundo os autores do estudo, o mapeamento
genético desses micróbios abre portas para
futuras pesquisas para produção em massa de
novas enzimas que degradam a celulose,
aumentando a eficiência e reduzindo o custo do
processo (Luiz Gustavo Cristino/Folha/Ambiente
Brasil).
Casinhas oferecem proteção a bezerros:
Abrigos são adaptados ao clima tropical e, por
isso, são abertos, ao contrário dos modelos
utilizados em países do hemisfério norte com
apenas uma entrada. O sistema de criação de
bezerros leiteiros em abrigos móveis já é uma
tecnologia difundida há mais de 15 anos e
consolidada entre os produtores. Para aperfeiçoar
essa ferramenta de manejo, a Embrapa Pecuária
Sudeste investe na difusão da chamada casinha
tropical, um aperfeiçoamento das técnicas
conhecidas até então. Desenvolvida para oferecer
mais conforto aos animais, a casa reduz a
incidência de doenças e barateia os custos para o
pecuarista (Breno Fonseca/Portal Dia de Campo).
Dairy emissions: After the NAEMS study,
what’s up, and what’s next? In 2005, more than
600 U.S. dairy farmers voluntarily entered into the
Air Emissions Consent Agreement and Final
Order (Agreement) with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA). In this Agreement, EPA
promised not to sue participating farms for alleged
violations of air emissions regulations if the dairy
industry would pay for research to monitor the
regulated emissions [ammonia (NH3), hydrogen
sulfide (H2S), volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), and particulate matter (TSP, PM10 and
22
PM2.5)] from select dairy cow housing facilities
and long-term manure storages. The overarching
goal of the study is for EPA to use the collected
data to develop sound, science-based emission
estimation methodologies (EEMs) for regulated
emissions for all dairy farms. The benefit for
industry is to help dairy producers to know if they
fall into a regulated category and potentially
reduce the risk of lawsuits for non-compliance.
Once developed and released by EPA (targeted
for June 2012), the EEMs will be the recognized
method for all dairy farmers and their advisors to
determine if farms’ regulated emissions exceed
thresholds for reporting, additional permitting, and
possibly mitigation (…) So, what’s next? The
Agreement requires EPA to develop EEMs for
each species from the provided data within 18
months of receiving the research reports. The final
EEMs will be posted on the EPA web site and an
announcement of their posting will be make in the
Federal Register (www.gpoaccess.gov/index.html)
(Dairy Business).
UK - Feed Efficiency Only Answer To High
Feed Costs: Beef farmers faced with rapidly
diminishing forage stocks and limited access to
other feed options are being warned to ensure
feed stocks last through the rest of the winter by
maximising feed conversion efficiency (FCE).
According to Keenan nutrition specialist Seth
Wareing, to counter the rise in feed costs, and still
maintain the same margin as last year, FCE has
to increase by 30 per cent. “And that’s just what’s
needed to stand still. Anyone wanting to improve
their margin will have to lift FCE considerably
more.” Trials have shown that a switch to the
Keenan Mech-Fiber system from any other mixed
ration system will improve FCE by 15 per cent,
adding Keenan’s PACE system to this has been
shown to improve FCE by a further 14 per cent,
offering a total 29 per cent improvement on
current FCE, he adds (The Herd Site).
Eliminating Castration to Reduce
Boar Taint Offers Advantages: An
animal science professor of the
University of Guelph says eliminating
the need for castration to reduce the
potential for boar taint in pork promises a range of
advantages. Boar taint, a potential off-odor and
off-flavor that affects the meat of intact male pigs,
is typically prevented by castration at an early
age. A number of alternatives to castration are
either available or under development including
the use of dietary additives to bind the compounds
that cause boar taint, the use of an
immunocastration vaccine or through the genetic
selection of boars less prone to the problem. Dr.
James Squires, an animal science professor with
the University of Guelph, says pressure to
eliminate castration is building (…) Dr. Squires
says eliminating the need for castration will
improve pork quality and consistency and animal
welfare, reduce the environmental impact of pork
production and boost producer profitability (Farm
Scape).
University of Illinois study confirms glycerin
as a feasible feedstuff for swine: An increased
interest in biofuel production and a growing need
to
find
cost-effective
livestock
feedstuff
alternatives has led University of Illinois
researchers to further evaluate the use of glycerin
in swine diets. This study, led by U of I graduate
research assistant Omarh Mendoza, was
published in the Journal of Animal Science and
reports that swine diets may include up to 15
percent glycerin and achieve similar performance
to a conventional corn:soybean diet. "Glycerin is
not a new product, but little is known about its role
as a feed ingredient for swine," said Michael Ellis,
U of I professor in the Department of Animal
Sciences. "Previous studies have shown variable
results." Glycerin is a major co-product of
biodiesel production. This resulting liquid energy
source is sweet and palatable, Ellis said. While it's
more commonly used by humans, it has the
potential for greater inclusion in livestock diets
(EurekAlert).
Livestock producers must build consumer
trust: When it comes to animal care, farmers
should do what consumers want, but within
reason, a leading expert in animal welfare told
producers at the 92nd annual meeting of the
American Farm Bureau Federation. "We don’t
always know what consumers want, but research
shows that they are concerned about how animals
are treated," said Janice Swanson, an animal
welfare specialist at Michigan State University.
Surveys by the Center for Food Integrity have
found consumers believe animals raised for food
have emotions and can feel pain, Swanson said.
And when they consider agriculture, "consumers
evaluate the animal production system according
to their ethics, not yours," she emphasized. One
of the best ways farmers can help build the
public’s trust in the way they care for animals is
through industry standards or guidelines. For
example, the National Pork Producers created the
Pork Quality Assurance program, which requires
producers to undergo training on how to care for
their animals using scientifically sound practices.
"Creating industry standards for animal care is a
23
major step in understanding your industry; what
you do, how you do it, why you do it and why you
should do it," Swanson said (The Farm Press).
Researchers Investigate High Interferon
Response to H5N1 Infection: Scientists based in
Switzerland and France have observed and
explained high interferon responses during H5N1
influenza infection in chickens. Hervé R. Moulin
from
Agroscope
Changins-Wädenswil
in
Switzerland and co-authors from the Swiss
Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI)
in Mittelhäusern and the INRA PharmacologyToxicology Unit in Toulouse, France, have
published a paper investigating the interferon type
I response in the organs of chickens infected with
the H5N1 sub-type of the highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) virus. Their paper is published in
the journal, Veterinary Research (…) (The Poultry
Site).
US - Animal welfare rating system for pork
meat: Whole Foods Market Inc. announced an
animal welfare rating system in order to assist
shoppers in finding out more about where their
meat originates from and also the conditions in
which the animal was raised. The system provides
information and a ranking for beef, pork and
chicken. With the system, independent, thirdparties audit farms and give a rating to the animal
welfare practices which occur during the farming
process – these ratings are between ‘1’ up and ‘5plus’. Each set of tiered standards - from Step 1 to
Step 5+ - has its own requirements that must be
met before certification to that particular Step level
is assigned, if appropriate. Producers have the
freedom to aim for any Step level they choose.
Each Step rating has its own distinct label that
identifies the particular Step level achieved (…)
The animal welfare rating system was designed
by the nonprofit Global Animal Partnership (Pig
Progress).
Pork traces found in Halal Nestle products,
production halted in France: Following a lab's
discovery of traces of pork in products, Nestle
suspended production of its Herta halal products.
A spokeswoman stated, "We have decided to
carry out DNA tests so this will delay deliveries.
As a result we are suspending production in
France until we find a new production process."
Following the announcement made on Tuesday,
retailer Casino, removed halal sausages of the
brand from its shelves (Reuters/Pig Progress).
Antimicrobial resistance and virulence in pig
E.coli isolates: Studies of multi-drug resistant
(MDR) E.coli in Australia indicate a high
probability of strain and plasmid diversity. The
outcome reflects various selection pressures at
the individual farm level rather than emergence
and lateral spread of MDR resistant/virulent
clones. This was the conclusion of research at the
School of Veterinary Science, University of
Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. This study
aimed to characterise antimicrobial resistance and
virulence
genes
in
multi-drug
resistant
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates collected
from porcine post-weaning diarrhoea cases in
Australia, between 1999 and 2005. (…) The study
was carried out by M.G. Smith, D. Jordan, T.A.
Chapman, J.J. Chin, M.D. Barton, T.N. Do, V.A.
Fahy, J.M. Fairbrother, D.J. Trott DJ and was
called
Antimicrobial resistance and virulence
gene
profiles
in
multi-drug
resistant
enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from pigs
with post-weaning diarrhea. It was published in
Veterinary Microbiology, October 2010 (Pig
Progress).
Dutch study low-cost detection of subclinical
PRRS in pig herds: Dutch scientists have found
that pigs between nine and 16 weeks old pigs are
the preferred age group to detect PRRS virus, in
herds without clinical signs of PRRS. After the
trials, held in the Netherlands, they concluded that
the circulation of Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) could be detected
in eight out of nine of the study-herds, with a
relatively low number of blood samples. They
continued to say that testing 12 blood samples in
both rt-PCR and ELISA, with six samples in pigs
nine weeks of age and six samples in pigs 16
weeks of age, will lead to a cost-efficient first
evaluation of the PRRSV infection-status in herds
without clinical signs of PRRS. A cross-sectional
study was conducted to find the most effective
diagnostic approach to detect circulation of
PRRSV. The study was performed in ten swine
herds, with sows and fattening pigs or breeding
stock. (…) The scientists, T.F. Duinhof, G. van
Schaik G, E.J. van Esch and G.J. Wellenberg,
were published in Veterinary Microbiology, 2011.
The study was called Detection of PRRSV
circulation in herds without clinical signs of PRRS:
Comparison of five age groups to assess the
preferred age group and sample size (Pig
Progress).
Brazil to increase pork shipments to China
and Japan: Brazilian Agriculture Ministry officials
late last week made their way to Beijing, China
with the aim of doubling the amount of companies
that are certified to export pork to China and
24
Japan. The officials are also pushing to export
more chicken to China. Currently, the companies
which are allowed to sell poultry meat to China
are located in the Brazilian states of Goiás, Mato
Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraná, Rio Grande
do Sul, Santa Catarina and São Paulo. China is
seen as the largest customer of Brazilian agrilivestock products. Last year exports saw
revenues of US$11 billion, which represented
year-on-year growth of 23.4%. Discussions,
involving officials, regarding exports from Brazil to
China and Japan continues (Macauhub/Pig
Progress).
Denmark:
handbook
on
organic
pig
production published: A new publication has
appeared in Denmark giving in-depth information
about the organic pig farming. Although the
organic pig farmers in Denmark belong to a
minority, it is very dynamic, sector. The farmers
themselves are very enthusiastic to carry out
different ways to practice their production. Along
with this the research and the advising
organisation too show the sector a great interest.
This means that there exist quiet a big volume of
results, experiences and legislation about organic
pig production in Denmark. Most of it now is
available from the homepage. The content of the
book,
called
Rådgivning,
Økologisk
svineproduktion, is literature written by different
authors during approximately the last ten years. It
is organised in 14 chapters: Introduction – How to
start – Legislation – Behaviour – Area and
environment – Stables, fields and huts, Feed –
Water – Breeding – Health and sickness –
Management – Economy – Projects – Others. The
Handbook is edited by Knowledge Centre of
Agriculture, The Organic Department, Skejby and
financial supported by the Pig Research Centre,
Copenhagen (both part of the Danish Agriculture
& Food Council). The aim is that everyone with
interest in organic pig production will find valuable
information here, whenever the reader is
established farmers, potential farmers, staff or
students. Also conventional farmers with an
outdoor pig production can find inspiration in most
the literature provided. For now, the book is only
available in Danish (Pig Progress).
French pig slaughterhouses blame Germans
for low prices: The French pig meat industry, hit
hardly lately, is no longer prepared to sit and
watch German slaughterhouses use low-cost
foreign workers. German agricultural title Top
Agrar reports that the trade union SNIV-SNCP
has complained at the European Commission in
Brussels. The trade union said many German
slaughterhouses are applying extremely low-cost
foreign workers, from Poland, Hungary, Romania,
Bulgaria, Ukraine and even Russia. Their income
would be substantially lower than those from
German workers. Pierre Halliez, general director
at the trade union, said this has led to a strong
competitive advantage in the meat market, in
favour of the Germans. Halliez continued to say
that the French business had been in favour of a
collective approach against social dumping. This
approach has been launched as Germany would
not always be pushing hard for local companies to
adjust to new legislation, although they are linked
to European legislation (Pig Progress).
Germany agrees to enforce higher standards
in animal feed production: In the light of the
dioxin crisis which has made media headlines
recently, Germany has confirmed yesterday that it
will enforce higher standards in animal feed
production. In the dioxin scandal, the toxic
chemical was discovered in animal feed which
affected German pork and eggs and caused the
temporary closure of over 4,760 farms, most of
which have now reopened. With the new
enforcement there will be a new licensing system
for producers of oils and fats which are intended
for animal feed use plus a mandatory separation
of oils and fats output for use in industrial and
animal feed, said the Ilse Aigner, the German
Farm Minister (Reuters/Pig Progress).
16% of Spanish pigs is infected with
Toxoplasma gondii: About 16 percent of pigs in
Spain carry the cat parasite Toxoplasma gondii,
according to researchers in Spain and the US.
The work is published in the journal Parasitology
International. Toxoplasma gondii can be
transmitted to human via inadequately cooked
pork. This is of particular importance for pregnant
women; an infection during the pregnancy can
lead to abortion. The researchers showed that the
parasite was present in 24.2% of the sows and
9.7% of the fattening pigs. The added that farms
with a rodent problem or many cats have a higher
risk of carrying the parasite. Besides Spain,
Toxoplasma gondii is also common in other
countries: Italy (16.3%), Portugal (15.6%) and
Germany (16.5 -18.5%). Considering that the
annual German production is 45 million pigs, this
means that each year about 7.5 million infected
carcasses enter the food chain (AHO/Vetsweb).
Waitrose duck supplier accused of
cruelty: Waitrose, which prides itself
on its high animal welfare standards,
has suspended a contract with a free-
25
range duck farm after under cover filming
revealed "inhumane" conditions. The video made
by Hillside Animal Charity showed farm workers
mistreating the ducks. The filming appeared to
show workers swinging live ducks by their necks
and kicking the birds. The filming took place at
Hall Farm in Hingham, Norfolk, which is
contracted by a firm called Green Label, which
supplies free-range ducks to Waitrose. It is one of
16 contract farms that supply Green Label. Hall
Farm, which reared 8,000 birds, only supplied
Waitrose, though Green label supply many other
supermarket chains and produces birds under its
own Gressingham duck label (The Telegraph).
Welfare code will push up price of eggs,
farmers say: The National Animal Welfare
Advisory Committee is calling for public
submissions on the draft, which was released
yesterday. The draft proposes that cages be
phased out, meaning up to 155 egg farms would
need to upgrade their housing for hens. The
Green Party says the proposed changes do not
go far enough and that cages should be abolished
altogether. The proposed enclosures allow 60
hens to live in one area. The draft code states that
in the new enclosures, hens would be able to
express their natural behaviour by being able to
flap their wings and lay eggs in a discrete nesting
area. Egg farmers are asking for a 20-year phasein so they can keep using the smaller cages,
upgrading to the more spacious "colony"
enclosures as the old ones need replacing. The
upgrades would cost $150 million for the $280
million-a-year industry, said Egg Producers
Federation president Michael Guthrie (NZ Herald).
Poultry organisation releases statement on
antibiotic use: The Poultry Science Association
(PSA) has released the following policy statement
outlining the organisation’s views on the benefits
and risks of the use of antibiotics in food animal
agriculture. PSA developed the statement in
conjunction with a number of individuals and the
other member organisations of The Federation of
Animal Science Societies (FASS) to provide
scientific-based guidance on the regulation and
usage of antibiotics in animal agriculture amidst
concerns about the growing problem of antibioticresistant pathogens. “The Federation of Animal
Science Societies (FASS) strongly supports the
judicious use of antibiotics in food animal care
consistent with the health and welfare of the
animals, with preserving the value of antibiotics in
protecting human and animal health, and with
efficient use of the earth’s resources in food
production.” (World Poultry).
US - Sustainability is Important to Poultry
Industry: The key message from Tyson Foods'
president, Donnie Smith, is that sustainability
touches every part of the poultry business. He
was speaking at the Animal Agriculture
Sustainability Summit held at the International
Poultry Expo (IPE) last week. "When you borrow
something you need to return it in at least as good
a shape or better," said Donnie Smith, CEO and
president, Tyson Foods Inc., at the Animal
Agriculture Sustainability Summit held as part of
the IPE and International Feed Expo. He said that
returning what you use in as good a shape or
better is how Tyson approaches everything and
part of how it defines sustainability. “For Tyson,
sustainability touches every part of our business,"
he commented. For example, Smith said Tyson
"borrows" its team members when they arrive at
work and that the goal of their safety programs is
to return team members to their families at the
end of the day in the same condition in which they
came to work (The Poultry Site).
US researchers develop new vaccine
developed for Newcastle disease: A new
vaccine for Newcastle disease (ND) in poultry has
been developed by US Department of Agriculture
(USDA) scientists in Athens, Ga. Using reverse
genetics technology, the new vaccine is made
from part of a virus that is similar to the wild-type
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) circulating in the
environment today. Agricultural Research Service
(ARS) scientists in the agency's Southeast Poultry
Research Laboratory in Athens developed the
vaccine, which not only reduces mortality and
severity of NDV symptoms in poultry, but also
decreases the amount of virus spread as well
(ARS/Vetsweb).
UK farmers warned about oversupply of eggs:
“We are facing oversupply of eggs in the UK.
Without doubt there has been a degree of overconfidence throughout the entire egg industry,
from the producer to the packer and the retailer.
There has been over-investment which has left us
as a packaging company with a very weak
negotiating position with the major retailers,” was
the message conveyed to NFU Cymru poultry
farmers by Richard Kempsey, Agricultural Director
for the Stonegate egg packaging company.
Speaking at the annual NFU Cymru Poultry
Conference, Kempsey said, “Don’t underestimate
the uncertainty and volatility of the egg market.
The storm can and will undoubtedly continue.
Wheat price increased by 78% in the last six
months of 2010 and compound feed increasing by
41%. Cost of production prices in terms of feed
26
and energy, remain extremely unsettled for the
foreseeable future” (World Poultry).
Japan: Thousands of chickens culled in bird
flu outbreaks: Japan has begun slaughtering
thousands of chickens in the country's largest
poultry farming area in an effort to contain an
outbreak of bird flu. Japan's agriculture ministry
confirmed on Wednesday, outbreaks of bird flu in
a poultry farm in Kagoshima Prefecture, after
Miyazaki reported cases of the flu last week.
8,600 chickens have been culled in Kagoshima
prefecture with the two earlier outbreaks in the
adjacent prefecture of Miyazaki, leading to a total
of 420,000 being slaughtered. This is Japan's third
bird flu outbreak at a poultry farm this year with
authorities and farmers now worrying the disease
may spread further. Authorities have banned any
movement of 5.22 million chickens and eggs kept
in the area within 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) from
the outbreak point in Kagoshima prefecture,
authorities said (World Poultry).
US egg farmers launch new national
advertising campaign? America's egg farmers
are introducing "You Do Everything," a new
national advertising campaign for the incredible
edible egg. "Eggs are often a part of weekend
breakfasts, but there is an opportunity to make
eggs a bigger part of Americans' weekday
breakfast routines," says Kevin Burkum, senior
vice president of marketing for the American Egg
Board, a nonprofit marketing organisation funded
by America's egg farmers. "This new advertising
builds on a universal truth that parents will do
whatever it takes to help their child succeed in
school, sports and beyond. We want to remind
parents that success starts with an all-natural,
high-quality protein breakfast, like eggs, to give
kids the energy they need to perform their best
throughout the day" (American Egg BoardWorld
Poultry).
Ovinocultura ganha reforço nas
Alagoas: Programa visa distribuir
animais a pequenos produtores de
baixa renda para estabilizar a
produção de carne no Estado e
diminuir as importações. Com o objetivo de
promover melhoramento genético e aumento do
rebanho em território alagoano, o programa
Alagoas Mais Ovinos é uma oportunidade para os
pequenos produtores que estão interessados em
adquirir animais para suas criações. Para
estabilizar a qualidade da carne oferecida,
requisito exigido pelo mercado, reprodutores da
raça Santa Inês são oferecidos aos pecuaristas.
Cerca de 400 famílias já foram atendidas no ano
passado e, a partir do mês de março, outras 350
receberão exemplares a partir de um edital
lançado pela Secretaria do Estado de Agricultura
e
do
Desenvolvimento
Agrário
(Breno
Fonseca/Portal Dia de Campo).
RS: Plano busca a revitalização da
ovinocultura: O processo de retomada da
ovinocultura no Estado ganhou mais um aliado
com a proposta de criação do programa de
Desenvolvimento da Ovinocultura do Rio Grande
do Sul, que deve ser lançado em breve pelo
governo do Estado. Entre os benefícios do projeto
está a implantação de uma linha de crédito
especial para retenção de matrizes e de um fundo
que atuaria como equalizador dos juros e
garantidor dos pagamentos (Farm Point).
A
importância
do
manejo
reprodutivo
para
bubalinos:
Fêmeas devem ser controladas no
que diz respeito à produção de leite e
machos, em provas de ganho de peso, para a
geração de animais melhorados e selecionados.
No mundo, em 2002. No Brasil, há cerca de três
ou quatro anos. Iniciada em Belém do Pará, um
dos pólos produtores do país, a reprodução in
vitro de búfalos é, atualmente, a mais utilizada
entre os criadores. A técnica atinge taxa de
maturação de 80%, de clivagem de 50% e de
formação de blastocisto de 20%, o que demonstra
a modernidade da tecnologia, introduzida na
bubalinocultura a partir de experiências com
bovinos e como consequência da concentração
desses animais em cultivo extensivo na região
Amazônica (Breno Fonseca/Portal Dia de
Campo).
Cavalos mais resistentes para os
criadores:
Cruzamento
entre
espécies resulta em animais que
favorecem a doma, o que facilita o
trabalho dos peões em fazendas e pequenas
propriedades. Dóceis e de doma mais fácil que os
animais crioulos. Suportam mais peso, apesar de
não serem tão ágeis para os trabalhos campeiros.
Destacam-se por serem mais largos do que altos
e são cerca de 20% mais pesados que uma das
espécies
que
lhe
deu
origem.
Essas
características são heranças do cruzamento entre
machos da raça percheron e éguas crioulas, que
deu origem a cavalos mais resistentes, com
grande poder de tração, o que diminui o uso de
máquinas e tratores nas lavouras, principalmente
27
de
pequenos
produtores
Fonseca/Portal Dia de Campo).
rurais
(Breno
Equine Welfare: One European Perspective:
The horse industry in the United States is not the
only one dealing with an equine welfare problem.
Some European countries are also facing
challenges in assuring all horses have a good
quality of life, according to Joe Collins, MVB, PhD,
MRCVS, CertEP, CertVR, who recently conducted
his PhD study at University College Dublin's
Veterinary Sciences Center. Collins discussed
equine welfare in Europe during a presentation at
the 2010 American Association of Equine
Practitioners Convention, held Dec. 4-8, 2010, in
Baltimore, Md. Collins traveled around the island
of Ireland to analyze and expose the equine
welfare situation in those areas. Collins and his
colleagues visited specific locations where poor
equine welfare was evident, including horse fairs
and sale venues, horse farms and horse dealer
premises, animal sanctuaries and rescue centers,
and horse competition events. As in the United
States, some horses were found to be
malnourished, living in less-than-ideal conditions,
or even dead (Horse.com).
Sumiço
de
abelhas
intriga
apicultores em Santa Catarina: O
sumiço das abelhas, que há anos
intriga os produtores de mel nos
Estados Unidos, pode ter chegado ao Brasil. Em
Santa Catarina, cientistas criaram um grupo para
investigar o mistério que ficou conhecido como
‘colapso das colmeias’. Há seis anos, apicultores
americanos ficaram intrigados com um fenômeno.
As abelhas produtoras de mel estavam sumindo
sem deixar vestígios. O problema ficou conhecido
como o ‘colapso das colmeias’. “Nos Estados
Unidos, simplesmente as abelhas abandonam as
colméias. Não se veem abelhas mortas nessas
colmeias. Então, elas abandonam deixando mel,
pólen e, às vezes, até as crias”, diz a médica
veterinária Mara Rúbia Pinto. Os cientistas
investigam
várias
hipóteses:
mudanças
climáticas, o uso de agrotóxicos, novos tipos de
vírus ou parasitas poderiam estar afetando as
abelhas. Até agora, o colapso das colmeias
permanece um mistério. Estaria o mesmo
fenômeno se repetindo no Brasil? O fato é que,
de meados do ano passado para cá, muitos
apicultores de Santa Catarina, o segundo
produtor de mel do país, vêm relatando casos e
mais casos de colmeias abandonadas pelas
abelhas (Globo Natureza/Ambiente Brasil).
Camarões marinhos em cultivos
alternativos: Criações devem ser
iniciadas com métodos tradicionais
para depois o produtor avançar para
as técnicas mais apuradas que os
sistemas exigem. A pesquisa começou com o
objetivo de reduzir a incidência de doenças no
cultivo de camarões marinhos. Assim surgiu a
linha de trabalhos para métodos alternativos da
carcinicultura há cerca de 30 anos. O sistema
chamado heterotrófico modifica as formas
convencionais e aumenta a produtividade em até
10 vezes. Por isso, o projeto da Universidade
Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) receberá
recursos da Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
(FINEP) através da Rede Nacional de
Carnicicultura (Breno Fonseca/Portal Dia de
Campo).
Viveiros de fundo natural para tambaquis:
Sistema sustentável é adaptado às regiões Norte
e Nordeste devido às condições climáticas
favoráveis e ao mercado já conquistado. No
Estado do Piauí, o cultivo de tambaquis em
viveiros cavados é uma possibilidade para a
geração de renda. Parte de uma rede nacional de
sustentabilidade da aquicultura, que conta com a
parceria da Embrapa, o sistema de tanques de
fundo natural fomenta a produtividade de peixes
na região e pode ser comparado com outros
empreendimentos
realizados
por
outras
instituições e implantados em outras áreas, como
o cultivo de camarão marinho e de tilápias. Com
um negócio lucrativo nas mãos, os pequenos
criadores devem buscar informações técnicas
antes de qualquer coisa e se atentar para a
qualidade da água e a alimentação que será
oferecida aos peixes (Breno Fonseca/Portal Dia
de Campo).
O maior peixe do mundo pode ser ainda
maior, dizem cientistas: Os cientistas que
estudam o maior peixe do mundo descobriram
que ele pode ser bem maior do que imaginavam.
Utilizando uma câmera com raios laser, os
estudiosos da Universidade de Queensland
conseguiram encontrar uma forma mais precisa
para verificar o tamanho do tubarão-baleia, que,
segundo eles, pode alcançar mais de 20 m de
comprimento. As informações sobre a pesquisa
foram divulgadas nesta terça-feira (8), no site do
jornal britânico Daily Mail. Utilizando os lasers,
posicionados a 50 cm de diferença em ambos os
lados da câmera, a distância projetada nas
imagens permite analisar o tamanho com maior
precisão,
segundo
os
especialistas.
Os
pesquisadores pouco conhecem sobre o peixe
28
misterioso, que não é uma baleia, apesar de seu
nome. A partir dessa nova tecnologia, os
especialistas acreditam que vão poder aprender
mais sobre o desenvolvimento da espécie. Os
tubarões-baleia estão ameaçados por causa da
pesca comercial (Portal Terra/Ambiente Brasil).
New soybean meal sources “are good fish
meal alternatives”: A new study has suggested
that fermented soybean meal and enzyme-treated
soybean meal may replace fish meal in weanling
pig diets. “The price of fish meal has exploded
and is causing producers to search for new
options for weanling pig diets. Pigs are
traditionally fed diets containing relatively large
amounts of animal proteins such as fish meal from
weaning up to 40 pounds when they can digest
traditional soybean meal,” said Hans H. Stein of
the University of Illinois. The fermentation and
enzyme treatment process helps remove some of
the antigens found in traditional soybean meal
and other compounds that are not easily digested
by weanling pigs. Stein said these new sources of
soybean meal might be the answer producers are
looking for to keep costs down without sacrificing
digestibility of important amino acids. “In our
study, we measured the digestibility of amino
acids in these two new sources of soybean meal
in comparison to fish meal, casein and soy protein
isolate (…) The findings have been published in
the Journal of Animal Science (B4Uindia).
Chile taps into researcher’s aquaculture
expertise: A Southern Illinois University
Carbondale fisheries researcher is helping a
South American country bring a popular ocean
game fish to more plates by farming them. Brian
C. Small, associate professor of animal science,
food and nutrition in the College of Agricultural
Sciences, is working with a government-private
research partnership in Chile to domesticate the
San Pedro, a strikingly striped, flat-bodied rock
fish, a foot or more in length and up to a couple of
pounds in girth, that serves as a popular guest on
that region’s dinner list. “We really didn’t know
anything about these fish,” said Small, who
recently returned from a related research trip to
Chile. “It’s a wild fish that has been caught
recreationally. It’s got a good flavor, and people
really like it. But how it tolerates living in tank
environment nobody knows yet” (The Saluki
Times).
Using Soy In Aquaculture Feeds: A market for
over six million metric tons of soybean meal has
been successfully created over the past 15 years
through the development, field testing, and
demonstration of all-plant protein, soymeal-based
feeds to fish farmers in China, says Dr Michael
Cremer, from the American Soybean Association.
Opening this market to alternative feeds has
helped boost China’s freshwater aquaculture
production from less than five million metric tons
to more than 20 million metric tons (5.5 to 22.0
million US tons) by alleviating the necessity for
traditional animal protein sources, such as fish
meal, in most freshwater fish diets. In the process,
it has helped the Chinese aquaculture industry
advance from traditional manure-fertilized to
modern, feed-based production of the majority of
carp, tilapia, catfish and other freshwater fish
species farmed in China. This new approach to
feed has provided domestic and international
consumers with ready access to higher quality
farmed seafood from China at reasonable prices,
while providing a growing market for US grown
soybean products (The Fish Site).
South Africa - Inland Fishing Could Help
Reduce Poverty: The country is missing out on
the opportunity to develop its inland fisheries
industry which could help poverty alleviation and
food security. Based on a nw report from the
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation
(FAO), Business Day of South Africa reports that
at the moment, most inland fisheries focus on
recreational fishing, rather than commercial
production. In its report, State of World Fisheries
and Aquaculture 2010, released this week, the
FAO said that fishing for pleasure or competition
contributed to local and national economies
through employment in secondary sectors.
However, a lot more could be achieved if there
were policies to encourage modern small-scale
fisheries to produce high-value products for local
and international markets. The report said the
supply of fish as human food hit a record high in
2008, "underlining its significance in contributing
to food security and nutrition as a source of highquality, affordable animal protein" (The Fish Site).
Fish Consumption Reaches All-time High: The
contribution of fish to global diets has reached a
record of almost 17 kg per person on average,
supplying over three billion people with at least 15
per cent of their average animal protein intake.
This increase is due mainly to the ever-growing
production of aquaculture which is set to overtake
capture fisheries as a source of food fish,
according to the State of the World's Fisheries
and Aquaculture, released today. The report also
stressed that the status of global fish stocks has
not improved. Overall, fisheries and aquaculture
support the livelihoods of an estimated 540 million
29
people, or eight per cent of the world population.
People have never eaten as much fish and more
people than ever are employed in or depend on
the sector (The Fish Site).
Global Guidelines To Reduce Fish Discards:
The first global guidelines for bycatch
management and reduction of fishing discards
were released today by the UN's Food and
Agriculture Organisation. They now go to the
Committee on Fisheries for endorsement when it
meets in Rome at the end of the month. The
guidelines were agreed by fisheries experts from
35 countries who met at FAO last month. The
guidelines cover all types of bycatch including
discards, that is, fish that are caught accidently
and then thrown back into the sea either dead or
dying. Unmanaged bycatch and discards threaten
the long term sustainability of many fisheries and
adversely affect the livelihoods of millions of
fishers and fishworkers. Bycatch may also include
endangered species, juvenile fish, turtles,
seabirds, dolphins and so on. Depending on the
definition used, current bycatch may be in excess
of 20 million tonnes a year. In some countries,
bycatch has an economic value and is consumed,
making it hard to estimate the scale of the
wastage (The Fish Site).
UK - Consumers Misled By Seafood Labelling:
Major retailers including Tesco, Asda, The Cooperative, Lidl, Marks & Spencer, Sainsbury’s,
and Waitrose have been found to have misleading
environmental claims on stocked products such
as tinned tuna, haddock, cod, and farmed fish,
according to an environmental organisation. A
report by the leading environmental law
organisation ClientEarth, Environmental claims on
supermarket seafood, shows that claims such as
‘sustainably sourced’; ‘protects the marine
environment’; and ‘responsibly farmed’ were
misleading or unverified on 32 products out of 100
examined. ClientEarth says 22 of these claims are
misleading, based on information provided by the
retailers on the source of the products. For the
further 10 no evidence has been provided to allay
ClientEarth’s concerns that they are misleading
(The Fish Site).
UK - Important To Replace Fish Oil In Future
Feeds: The Marine Conservation Society (MCS)
is urging the UK aquaculture supply chain, from
feed producers to retailers, to cooperate in
reducing the heavy reliance on fish oil prevalent in
the industry. The global availability of fish oil is
limited and the continued growth in the farming of
carnivorous fish such as salmon will be dependent
on increased levels of replacement of fish oil with
plant oil in diets. A MCS hosted recent event in
Edinburgh sponsored by the three main feed
manufacturers – EWOS, Biomar and Skretting,
highlighted issues in the supply of marine
ingredients, the regulatory position in relation to
use of animal by products as well as the advances
that have been made in reducing fishmeal usage.
A recent report from Norway predicts a serious
shortage of fish oil possibly within the next 2 to 3
years. Both the MCS event and the recent
Channel 4 “Big Fish Fight’ fish week series of
programmes highlight the need to use our
precious marine resources in a responsible way
which means looking to alternative ingredients to
supplement fish oil (The Fish Site)
Aumento das criações de animais
traz novas doenças, diz estudo: A
expansão da criação comercial de
animais como vacas e porcos está
provocando novas epidemias de
zoonoses em âmbito mundial, e gerando
problemas mais graves nos países em
desenvolvimento, por ameaçar a segurança
alimentar, segundo um estudo divulgado nesta
sexta-feira (11). Epidemias como a síndrome
respiratória aguda grave (Sars, na sigla em
inglês) e a gripe suína H1N1, ambas com origem
animal, causaram prejuízos de bilhões de dólares
nos últimos anos. Cerca de 700 milhões de
pessoas criam animais nos países em
desenvolvimento, e essas criações representam
até 40% das rendas familiares, de acordo com o
estudo do Instituto Internacional de Pesquisas da
Criação Animal, com sede no Quênia. “Os países
ricos estão lidando de forma efetiva com as
doenças nas criações animais, mas na África e na
Ásia a capacidade dos serviços veterinários para
monitorar e controlar surtos está ficando
perigosamente para trás da intensificação da
criação”, disseram os pesquisadores John
McDermott e Delia Grace em nota que
acompanha o estudo (G1/Ambiente Brasil).
Improving food safety with bacteriophages:
(…) Cristina Saez,an employee working at Purdue
University, Animal Science department, on a
Master’s with a focus on microbiology, did her
thesis project involving the use bacteriophages
specific to lysing the bacteria salmonella.
Bacteriophages are natural killers of bacteria.
They attack specific pathogenic bacteria that
would otherwise harm you. The best part about
these bacteriophages is that our bodies make
these. Her research serves as a preventative
measure to increase food safety. So how are
30
these bacteriophages used? As our animals are
shipped around the country for processing, they
become stressed. This stress lowers their immune
system thus making the animal susceptible to
infection. Antibiotics are commonly used to fight
off an infection. However, if antibiotics were to be
administered to the animal just before slaughter
they would transfer to the human consuming that
meat product. “Bacteriophage therapy is safe
enough that it can be given to the animal prior to
transport. It is effective enough that it can protect
the animal from infection or reduce colonization of
an ongoing infection,” states Saez. Her research
easily replaces the need for antibiotics when this
critical time point becomes an issue with food
safety (Examiner).
ILRI report says Africa’s veterinary services
inadequate to deal with new disease threats:
Nigeria’s Vanguard newspaper reports on warning
given by scientists about the insufficient capacity
of Africa’s current veterinary services to deal with
new disease threats. ‘According to new
assessments, reported yesterday at the
International
Conference
on
Leveraging
Agriculture for Improving Nutrition & Health in
New Delhi, India, “Wealthy countries are
effectively dealing with livestock diseases, but in
Africa and Asia, the capacity of veterinary
services to track and control outbreaks is lagging
dangerously behind livestock intensification,” said
John McDermott, deputy director general for
research at the International Livestock Research
Institute (ILRI), which spearheaded the work (ILRI
Clippings).
Close the gaps between agriculture, health
and nutrition: During the inaugural session of an
international conference in New Delhi that is
closing today, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh called for greater investments to close the
gaps in knowledge of how agriculture, nutrition
and health are linked. The conference is
organized by the International Food Policy
Research Institute. The CGIAR in Action blog
reports that one of these gaps ‘involves complex
connections between livestock diseases and
human well-being, as reported in the Economist
magazine. The article warns that, as food
production is intensified in Asia and other regions,
this could “create ‘hotspots’, where a huge
amount of germs circulate among thriving
livestock and human populations, especially near
cities” (ILRI Clippings).
Growing number of farm animals spawn new
diseases? From Hong Kong comes this report
from MSNBC about research conducted by the
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).
‘A growing number of livestock, such as cows and
pigs, are fuelling new animal epidemics worldwide
and posing more severe problems in developing
countries as it threatens their food security,
according to a report released on Friday.
‘Epidemics in recent years, such as SARS and the
H1N1 swine flu, are estimated to have caused
billions of dollars in economic costs. ‘Some 700
million people keep farm animals in developing
countries and these animals generate up to 40
percent of household income, the report by the
International Livestock Research Institute said.
‘”Wealthy countries are effectively dealing with
livestock diseases, but in Africa and Asia, the
capacity of veterinary services to track and control
outbreaks is lagging dangerously behind livestock
intensification,” John McDermott and Delia Grace
at the Nairobi-based institute said in a statement
on the report (ILRI Clippings).
USAID creates online mapping tool to track
animal diseases? A new online mapping tool will
enable scientists and the public to track outbreaks
of animal diseases that might jump to humans.
The tool, known as Predict, will be at
www.healthmap.org/predict. Created with a grant
from the United States Agency for International
Development, it is being produced by experts on
human and animal diseases from a few
institutions, scientists announced on Monday at a
conference here on emerging diseases (New York
Times/ILRI Clippings).
Livestock, climate change, and nutrition:
Leveraging livestock to improve livelihoods:
The Livestock-Climate Change CRSPs latest
program brief, “Livestock, Climate Change, and
Nutrition: Leveraging Livestock to Improve
Livelihoods,” describes how livestock research in
West Africa, East Africa, and Central Asia is
contributing to improving nutrition and health for
families and communities. While agricultural
production throughout the world has increased,
malnutrition and poor health remain a problem for
many in the developing world. This “hidden
hunger” affects one in three children in developing
countries, causing stunting and reducing cognitive
abilities. Livestock can be a tool in the fight
against hunger and malnutrition. Animal-source
foods provide essential vitamins, minerals, and
protein important for people of all ages. Livestock
can also serve as a “pathway out of poverty”–a
pathway to greater income and security that can
also bolster householder resources and enable
31
investment into a more diversified diet and higher
quality foods (ILRI Clippings).
Veterinarians in Australia on standby – animal
disease a major concern: It has been reported
that veterinarians in Australia are on standby as
animal diseases have become a huge concern
across the country. The Australian Veterinary
Association has gathered a team to advise vets in
flood zones. The advisors include those who deal
with livestock, wildlife, horses and animal
behaviour. President of the Australian Cattle
Veterinarians, Dr Robert Bonanno, has said that
there major potential for many mosquito spread
viruses. "The conditions have probably never
been better, certainly in my living memory, for the
spread of things like Akabane, three day sickness
and those types of viral diseases spread by
mozzies," he says. Livestock owners are also
being warned about feeding livestock mouldy
feed, and of botulism (ABC Rural/Pig Progress).
Antibiotic use: Reduction needed in both
livestock and human medicine: In his PhD
study, veterinarian Davy Persoons from Belgium
showed that antibiotics are used on 75% of the
Belgium broiler farms. On average, the broilers
receive antibiotic treatment during 1/8 of their life.
But antibiotics are also still used too much in
human medicine, he stated. Persoons also
showed that over 58% of the bacterial isolates
were resistant against four or more antibiotics.
The alternative for preventive use of antibiotics is
biosecurity and hygiene, he said. In his work, the
Belgian researcher showed that E. coli showed
the most resistance against antibiotics on Belgium
poultry farms. "Over 50% of the E. coli was
resistant against five different antibiotics. Only
4.8% was sensitive against all 14 tested
antibiotics" he concluded. Persoons noticed a
worrying high resistance against ceftiofur and a
considerable increase compared to several years
back (5% in 2002 to 28% in 2006 to 37% in 2008).
Ceftiofur belongs to an important group of
antibiotics, both for human as veterinary use (…)
Davy Persoons PhD defended his work on
January 20 at the Veterinary Faculty from the
Universiteit Gent, Belgium (Vetsweb).
European Parliament worried about antibiotic
use in livestock: The European Parliament has
raised great concerns about antibiotic use in
livestock and the possible threats for bacterial
resistance in animals and humans. The
agricultural commission of the European
Parliament has raised additional questions about
what the call "a gigantic problem to tackle".
However, they still acknowledge the need to be
able to treat animals with animals when needed.
In May last year, the Parliament already asked the
European Commission to tackle the antibiotic
resistance issue. The agricultural commission now
wants to know what has been done so far and
which measures are being taken on the short
term. Around 50% of the antibiotic use in the
European Union is said to be traced back to
livestock antibiotic use (Vetsweb).
Salaries of large animal veterinarians declined
due to crisis: Veterinarians are feeling the impact
of the recession, and it's hitting many with salary
decreases, according to the 2011 American
Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) Report on
Veterinary Compensation. "It's important to note
that average salaries did decline in some types of
private practice, including equine and large
animal, but these declines clearly could have
been worse," says Dr. Karen Felsted, CPA, MS,
CVPM, chief executive officer of the National
Commission on Veterinary Economic Issues. "We
know that veterinary visits have declined due to
the recession. Veterinarians are not recession
proof." While many veterinarians did see salary
losses, the AVMA study shows that average
salary for private practice veterinarians increased
from $115,447 in 2007 to $121,303 in 2009,
largely due to the fact that companion animal
exclusive veterinarians saw salary increases from
$113,373 to $124,768. Those practices that saw
decreases included mixed animal practices-which
had average salaries of $117,201 in 2007 and
dropped to $107,064 in 2009-companion animal
predominant-$120,462 in 2007 to $117,524 in
2009-and
equine-$131,195
to
$126,641
(American
Veterinary
Medical
Association/Vetsweb).
New rules for online animal medicine retailers
in the UK: As from next year farmers in the UK
can only buy their animal medication online from
approved websites. As from April 1st, 2012
veterinary drugs from online retailers can only be
purchased on websites registered with VMD so
they know the medicine is correctly prescribed
and dispensed. Online pharmacies will also be
issued with a logo to display, which will contain a
unique number that links back to the VMD
website. Websites selling veterinary medicines will
be monitored by the VMD and action will be taken
against those found to be operating illegally. The
new regulations announced by the Veterinary
Medicine Directorate (VMD) are designed to
reassure people that the medicines they buy for
their animals are safe to use. John Fitzgerald,
32
VMD director of operations, said: "Some
veterinary products (drugs) are being sold by
'rogue' traders and without any advice being
provided. This irresponsible retailing of medicines
risks animals' health, which is why these new
controls are crucial" (Vetsweb).
DNA markers speed up animal breeding,
increasing cattle health: Animal breeders have
recently been able to speed up the process of
establishing the breeding value of a bull by using
DNA know-how. "This opens up new possibilities,
such as breeding dairy cows with a small
ecological footprint and a lot of unsaturated fats"
says Dutch researcher Sander de Roos, who
defended his thesis on this topic on January 21.
Sunny Boy the bull is considered by Dutch animal
breeders as the ideal bull. He had a gene
combination which resulted in female offsprings
capable of very high milk production. However, it
took some time before the value of Sunny Boy
became clear. In the past, while animal breeders
knew the potential of the father and mother of a
newly born calf, they did not know whether the
newborn had inherited its parents' traits
(WUR/Vetsweb).
Canada introduces biosecurity standards to
minimise diseases: The Canadian Food
Inspection Agency (CFIA), in collaboration with
the Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC), is developing
a voluntary national farm-level biosecurity
standard for the dairy sector. An advisory group
will guide the development of the standard. This
group will be composed of representatives from
DFC, large animal vets from the Canadian
Veterinary Medical Association, academia, and
provincial and federal governments. "Canadian
producers have a long-standing commitment to
creating and implementing effective biosecurity
programs on their farms," said Agriculture Minister
Gerry Ritz. "The standard will build on this
foundation by providing goals, objectives and
measurable targets. Sound farm-level biosecurity
protects cattle health and maintains consumer
confidence in Canadian products" (Canadian
Food Inspection Agency/Vetsweb).
Gado em pé: australianos buscam
melhorar bem-estar: A indústria de
exportação de gado em pé da
Austrália pretende fazer melhorias na questão de
bem-estar animal em seu maior mercado de
exportação, a Indonésia. Esse anúncio foi feito
após um estudo independente, feito pela Live
Trade Animal Welfare Partnership com o Governo
australiano, ter sido divulgado ((Beef Point).
Cães de aluguel - Justiça julga procedente
ação contra empresa de locação de cães: O
Juízo da 17ª Vara Cível de Curitiba julgou
procedente ação civil pública proposta pela
Promotoria de Justiça do Meio Ambiente, em
2008, referente à locação de cães de segurança.
O Juízo da 17ª Vara Cível de Curitiba julgou
procedente ação civil pública proposta pela
Promotoria de Justiça do Meio Ambiente, em
2008, referente à locação de cães de segurança.
A Justiça determinou que a ré da ação, a
empresa Dog Seg Serviços de Segurança Ltda,
está proibida de prestar este serviço, sob pena de
multa diária de R$ 10 mil. A decisão é de outubro
de 2010, mas o Ministério Público só foi notificado
nesta semana. Na sentença, o Juízo destaca: “A
atividade econômica não pode ser exercida em
desarmonia com os princípios destinados a tornar
efetiva a proteção ao meio ambiente” (Olhar
Animal).
Mais de 300 ativistas protestam contra
touradas no México: Mais de 300 ativistas
seminus protestaram neste domingo (6) no
México contra as touradas, um dia depois que a
Praça Monumental da cidade lembrou seus 65
anos de existência, declararam à Agência Efe
representantes da ONG Anima Naturalis. O local
escolhido para os protestos foi a esplanada
localizada diante no Palácio de Belas Artes da
capital do país, onde os ativistas gritavam: “Basta!
Não às touradas”. A presidente da ONG, Leonora
Esquivel, afirmou que a esplanada do
emblemático palácio, um dos principais recintos
culturais da cidade, foi o lugar escolhido para
deixar claro que a tortura “não é arte nem
cultura”. Leonora ressaltou que o protesto deste
domingo foi o mais numeroso realizado pela
ONG, o que demonstra que no México “o
movimento contra as touradas está avançado”
(G1/Ambiente Brasil).
Animal welfare committee keeps up work on
indoor farming: The National Animal Welfare
Advisory Committee is moving ahead with the
development of guidelines for indoor dairy
farming. The Minister of Agriculture asked it to
investigate housing systems for dairy cows
following the debate about proposals for largescale farms in the Upper Waitaki region.
Committee chair Dr John Hellstrom says a draft
report on the indoor systems being used here and
overseas has strengthened the case for
guidelines in the welfare code for dairy cattle. He
says the advisory committee expects to release a
public discussion document on indoor housing for
dairy cattle later this year (Radio New Zealand).
33
The Cost Of Animal Care Is Sometimes Too
Much? Since 2007, the Massachusetts Society
for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals has seen
a dramatic shift toward financial constraints as a
primary reason people give up pets. In 2007, 111
animals were surrendered to the Boston shelter
due to owner cost concerns, spokesman Brian
Adams told me. In 2010, that figure more than
doubled — to 258. Across the MSPCA’s four
shelters, the trend was similar: 278 animals
surrendered due to cost concerns in 2007; 456 in
2010. The organization keeps detailed records
about why owners give up their animals, including
moving to housing that isn’t pet-friendly, divorce
and allergies. But in 2008, with the recession first
striking, the MSPCA felt compelled to create a
new category: foreclosure. “Prior to 2008, we
would hear that people were being foreclosed on,
but it was very rare,” Adams said. “However, in
2008, much like the entire nation, foreclosures
became much more prominent, and people
started citing foreclosure to us more, at which
point we decided, ‘We need to add a category for
this.’ ” (Benjamin Swasey/Hub Bub).
producers by promoting continuous improvement
in farm animal welfare. For shoppers, the rating
system provides a way to make more informed
choices at the meat counter (Farm and Dairy).
More welfare work to be done in Indonesia: A
FEDERAL Government report into animal welfare
conditions for Australian cattle in Indonesia has
highlighted that more work needs to be done to
improve practices, sparking outrage from the
RSPCA. The report, an independent study into
animal welfare condition for cattle in Indonesia
from point of arrival from Australia to slaughter,
was one of three released on projects funded
under the 2009-10 round of the Live Trade Animal
Welfare Partnership (LTAWP). It was conducted
by a panel led by Professor Emeritus in Veterinary
Science at Melbourne University Ivan Caple and
assessed 17 Indonesian facilities to rate the
effectiveness of the industry's animal welfare
programs (Farm Weekly).
Micro-organismos de fertilizante
ajudam na adubação do café: Um
fertilizante
contendo
microorganismos, usado principalmente
em laranjais, pode colaborar no
desenvolvimento das plantações de café se
devidamente implantado, como confirma estudo
da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz
(ESALQ) da USP, em Piracicaba. O autor da
pesquisa, o engenheiro agrônomo Rafael Tadeu
de Assis, testou em cafeeiros um adubo que
auxilia a planta na obtenção de fósforo. Trata-se
de um produto comercializado por uma empresa
de fertilizantes da cidade de Barretos, no Estado
de São Paulo. Produto se mostrou eficaz quando
usado junto com o adubo convencional “A
pesquisa utilizou o fertilizante para cafeeiros e
verificou sua viabilidade para mudas e plantas
adultas de café”, comenta Assis sobre o principal
objetivo do estudo. (...) A pesquisa é fruto
dissertação de mestrado de Assis pela Esalq,
com orientação do professor José Laércio
Favarin. No trabalho, o engenheiro comparou
uma fonte normal de fósforo para o cafeeiro com
o produto novo (Felipe Camargo, Agência USP).
Whole Foods Market adopting animal welfare
rating system: Whole Foods Market is providing
shoppers with a new level of transparency about
how farm animals are raised by now offering beef,
pork and chicken certified under 5-Step animal
welfare rating system. The rating system is the
signature program of Global Animal Partnership, a
nonprofit organization that facilitates and
encourages continuous improvement in animal
agriculture. Independent, third-party certifiers
audit farms and rate animal welfare practices and
conditions using a tiered system that ranges from
Step 1 (no crates, no cages, no crowding) to Step
5+ (animals spend their entire lives on one farm).
The system provides a way to engage and reward
Ohio woman arrested after dog dies in
freezing temperatures: A concerned individual
reported a potential case of animal cruelty to
police on Sunday morning. The Vermilion Police
arrived to the Morton Road home of Sandy
Hayslett, 38, and asked if they could do a welfare
check on the woman's dogs. What the officer
discovered was tragic - a dog that appeared to
have frozen to death, lying in the backyard. There
was another dog there too - both dogs were
lacking in adequate shelter - especially in light of
the frigid temperatures. Hayslett told the
responding officer that the deceased dog was a 23 yr old Shih Tzu and that both dogs resided full
time outdoors. Hayslett was arrested on a second
degree misdemeanor charge of cruelty to a
companion animal. She was released on bond
and will appear in the Vermilion Municipal Court
on Thursday (Examiner).
Estudo associa dinâmica de bacia hidrográfica
e vegetação: Estudo realizado na Escola
Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” (Esalq)
da USP, em Piracicaba, detectou as variações do
balanço hídrico e da cobertura vegetal do solo,
bem como a influência da atividade humana
34
nesses indicadores, na bacia hidrográfica do Rio
Verde (Goiás). O pesquisador Ronaldo Antonio
dos Santos analisou a dinâmica da precipitação,
vazão e evapotranspiração e verificou se o
crescimento da área com solo exposto, devido a
colheita de cereais nos meses de junho e julho,
influenciou esses dois últimos componentes do
balanço hídrico da região. Evapotranspiração é a
perda de água do solo por evaporação e a perda
de água da planta por transpiração (Agência
USP).
Estudo
verifica
método
de
levantamento da avifauna urbana:
Projeto realizado na Escola Superior
de Agricultura Luis de Queiros (Esalq)
da USP, em Piracicaba, financiado
pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de
Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) comprovou a
aplicabilidade do método de ponto fixo — um dos
mais utilizados em levantamento de aves — para
avifauna em regiões urbanas. “O estudo
comprovou que o método de ponto fixo realmente
pode ser aplicado na cidade, desde que o
pesquisador esteja altamente preparado para a
função. Também demonstrou que dependendo do
local a ser pesquisado dentro da cidade o número
de aves pode ser diferente, evidenciando a
necessidade de direcionar esforços de acordo
com a variação na quantidade de materiais
urbanos encontrados em diferentes pontos”,
avalia o biólogo Eduardo Roberto Alexandrino, da
Esalq (Caio Albuquerque/Agência USP).
USP e MIT levam inovação tecnológica à
comunidade carente: As primeiras ações de
uma parceria envolvendo o Laboratório de
Sustentabilidade (LASSU) da Escola Politécnica
(Poli) da USP e o MIT D-Lab (Design Lab), do
Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts (MIT,
na sigla em inglês), acabaram de ser entregues
para os moradores da comunidade Zé Mineiro,
em Embu, na Grande São Paulo. O projeto tem
por objetivo desenvolver tecnologias apropriadas
para o atendimento de necessidades de
comunidades de baixa renda e de projetos
sociais. Os moradores da comunidade Zé Mineiro
receberam, no último dia 15 de janeiro, tampas
para os poços de água que servem a
comunidade; bombas d’água; arquibancada
coberta para o campo de futebol e um playground
para crianças. Partindo da idéia original do projeto
– a de oferecer inovações tecnológicas que não
necessitem de muito investimento – os
pesquisadores implementaram essas ações
utilizando materiais de baixo custo e recicláveis,
facilmente encontrados na comunidade, como
pneus velhos, plástico PVC, madeiras, baldes e
canos (Valéria Dias/Agência USP).
Anúncio de alimento não saudável predomina
na televisão: Na Faculdade de Saúde Pública
(FSP) da USP, uma pesquisa mostra que peças
publicitárias de alimentos na televisão induziram
diversas crianças a acreditar que esses produtos
eram bons e saudáveis. O estudo também
acompanhou os anúncios exibidos e aponta que
nenhum deles mostra alimentos saudáveis. O
nutricionista Alexander Marcellus, que realizou o
trabalho, defende que o Congresso Nacional
regulamente a publicidade de alimentos para
crianças, que não possui lei ampla sobre esse
assunto no Brasil. Entre as crianças, 40%
assistem mais de 6 horas de televisão nos fins de
semana. Participaram do trabalho 15 crianças de
10 a 12 anos e 15 mães, entrevistados para
avaliar a maneira como percebem a publicidade
de produtos alimentícios na televisão. Também foi
analisada a programação dos dois canais de
maior audiência para o público infantil, de
segunda à sexta-feira. “Entre as crianças
pesquisadas, 26% viam mais de 3 horas de
televisão durante a semana, e 40% assistiam 6
horas ou mais no final de semana”, conta
Alexander (Júlio Bernardes, Agência USP).
Alteração em gene de rato aumenta
agressividade: Para alguns genes, a versão
ativa é ou da mãe ou do pai, mas não ambas. A
versão funcional do gene é determinada antes da
fecundação, quando o espermatozoide e o óvulo
estão se desenvolvendo, num processo chamado
“imprinting genômico”. Ao imitar esse processo
em laboratório, e desativando um gene em ratos,
cientistas produziram uma alteração no
comportamento de dominância social. Em testes
laboratoriais, ratos com a versão paternal do gene
conhecido como Grb10 desativada demonstraram
comportamento mais agressivo, segundo uma
nova pesquisa na revista “Nature”. Os
pesquisadores perceberam que ratos com o gene
desativado se envolviam em mais conflitos
sociais, arrancando mais pelos e bigodes de
outros ratos. E quando dois ratos eram colocados
num tubo e se aproximavam um do outro, aqueles
com o gene inativo eram menos inclinados a
ceder. “Tanto machos quanto fêmeas com o gene
paternal desligado estão adotando esse
comportamento socialmente dominante”, disse
Andrew Ward, geneticista do Centro de Medicina
Regenerativa na Universidade de Bath, na
Inglaterra. (...) Os humanos também trazem o
gene Grb10, e diferentes manifestações dele
35
também afetam a dominância social, explicou
Ward (Folha.com/Ambiente Brasil).
Cientistas desvendam segredo do salto da
pulga: Cientistas da Universidade de Cambridge,
na Grã-Bretanha, resolveram o mistério de como
pulgas saltam tão longe e tão rápido. Estudos
anteriores já haviam revelado que a energia
necessária para catapultar uma pulga a uma
distância 200 vezes maior do que o comprimento
do seu corpo tinha sua origem em uma estrutura
elástica, semelhante a uma mola, presente no
organismo do inseto. Mas os especialistas não
entendiam como as pulgas transferiam esta
energia para o chão de forma a poder saltar.
Filmagens feitas com câmeras capazes de
capturar objetos se movendo em alta velocidade
revelaram que o segredo está na forma como as
pulgas usam suas pernas traseiras – como
alavancas de múltiplas partes. Esse ‘efeito
alavanca’ permite que as pulgas pressionem suas
patas no chão e a liberação repentina da ‘mola
enrolada’ projeta o inseto para a frente e para
cima, afirmam os cientistas na revista científica
“Journal of Experimental Biology” (G1/Ambiente
Brasil).
Lista de animais em risco de extinção exclui
morsas: As morsas do Pacífico precisam de
proteção extra, no caso de aquecimento global,
mas não podem ser adicionadas à lista de
animais ameaçados porque outras espécies são
prioridade. A informação é do Serviço de Pesca e
Vida Selvagem dos Estados Unidos. A elas, são
reservadas outra lista. A que indica os animais
cuja proteção é justificada, mas está impedida,
explica o relações públicas Bruce Wood. A
medida é legal e prevista pelo Ato de Espécies
Ameaçadas. “As ameaças a morsas são bem
reais”, diz Geoff Haskett, diretor regional do
Serviço de Pesca e Vida Selvagem na região do
Alasca. “Mas seu grande número populacional e a
habilidade para se adaptar a migrações [para
terra ou para regiões com gelo] são bem menos
terríveis do que outros animais em risco como é o
caso dos ursos-polares”, explica. O Serviço de
Pesca e Vida Selvagem tem até o próximo dia 31
para recomendar ou não a inclusão das morsas
na lista de animais em risco, que será revista
daqui a um ano. Haskett salienta, entretanto, que
os animais não estão em um ranking muito
favorável para constar entre os ameaçados. Por
causa do aquecimento, as morsas têm buscado
refúgio em terras russas, no mar de Chukchi
(Folha/Ambiente Brasil).
Cientistas curam HIV de camundongo: Eis um
enunciado científico muito aguardado: cientistas
curaram uma doença similar à Aids, em
camundongos. Há, porém, um grande entretanto:
os bichos ficaram sem uma variação do HIV que
atinge a espécie, mas tiveram tantos efeitos
colaterais após o “tratamento” que quase
morreram. Os cientistas não utilizaram antivirais.
Forçaram o próprio sistema imunológico dos
animais a lutar contra o vírus – e,
surpreendentemente, ele conseguiu vencer. Eles
sabiam que o sistema imunológico dos
camundongos, assim como o dos humanos, tem
uma espécie de disjuntor. Quando ele se depara
com um inimigo muito forte, como o HIV, e atinge
um estado crítico, o disjuntor “desliga” o sistema,
para evitar danos permanentes. É como se o
sistema imunológico estivesse se rendendo. (...)
O líder do estudo, o médico Marc Pellegrini, do
Instituto Walter e Eliza Hall, na Austrália, pensou:
e se tirarmos esse disjuntor e deixarmos o
sistema imunológico prosseguir defendendo o
organismo até as últimas consequências, o que
acontece? Foi como se Pellegrini estivesse
disposto a pagar para ver o preço de um
“superaquecimento” do organismo – para manter
a analogia, ele apostou que, após o cheiro de
queimado e até incêndios terem destruído
permanentemente a “estrutura” do sistema
imunológico, o corpo ao menos se livraria do vírus
(...) Como a técnica não é específica para o HIV,
os cientistas acreditam que ela funcione também
com outras doenças, como as hepatites B e C e
também a tuberculose. O trabalho foi publicado
na
revista
científica
“Cell”
(Ricardo
Mioto/Folha.com/Ambiente Brasil).
Cães soltos ameaçam vida selvagem, diz
bióloga: A bióloga Julie Young e mais quatro
cientistas afirmam que cães soltos representam
uma ameaça à vida selvagem, especialmente as
espécies em risco de extinção. A introdução de
animais não nativos em um ecossistema coloca-o
em perigo, mas até então os cães não eram
vistos sob esse mesmo prisma. “Temos a
tendência de negligenciar o impacto dos cães na
vida selvagem porque os vemos como nossos
companheiros”, diz Young, coautora do estudo
publicado no jornal “BioScience”. A bióloga cita
um exemplo no estado norte-americano de Idaho,
onde a presença de cães soltos diminuiu a
população de veados. No Colorado, outro estudo
indica que linces estão se distanciando de suas
trilhas, que passaram a ser usadas por humanos
e seus cachorros de estimação. Na reserva de
Navajo, no Arizona, os cães perseguem o gado
local e reduzem o número de pequenos
36
mamíferos como os coelhos, além de disseminar
doenças entre animais e seres humanos
(Folha.com/Ambiente Brasil).
Ataques de tubarão aumentaram 25% no
mundo, mostra levantamento: O número de
ataques de tubarão pelo mundo no ano passado
aumentou 25% em relação a 2009, de acordo
com levantamento da Universidade da Flórida
divulgado nesta segunda-feira (7). Ao todo, 79
ataques ocorreram em 2010, o maior número
desde 2000, quando o total foi de 80. Seis
pessoas morreram em decorrência, número
pouco acima da média da última década. Em
2009, houve 63 ataques, número próximo da
média anual durante a última década, que é de
63,5. Os pesquisadores apontam que, apesar da
alta em 2010, o número médio da última década
indica que tem havido uma diminuição deste tipo
de incidente nos últimos anos. (Globo
Natureza/Ambiente Brasil).
Cientistas produzem vacina para todos os
tipos de gripe: Cientistas da Universidade de
Oxford, no Reino Unido, constataram a eficácia
de uma vacina contra a gripe que poderia
funcionar contra todas as variações do vírus. A
pesquisa é inovadora porque o tratamento, ao
contrário dos empregados até agora, ataca
diferentes partes do vírus, o que faz com que não
seja necessário produzir a cada temporada novas
variações da vacina. Segundo os detalhes
adiantados nesta segunda-feira pelo jornal “The
Guardian”, a equipe dirigida pela doutora Sarah
Gilbert, do Jenner Institute da Universidade de
Oxford, centrou seu trabalho nas proteínas do
interior do vírus da gripe – que são as mesmas
em todas as cepas – e não nas da camada
externa, que podem sofrer mutações. “O
problema com a gripe é que tem uma grande
quantidade de variantes que mudam de maneira
constante”, manifestou Adrian Hill, diretor do
Jenner Institute, que lembrou que quando
aparece uma nova cepa à qual os seres humanos
não são imunes os cientistas não conseguem
produzir
a
tempo
uma
vacina
eficaz
(Folha.com/Ambiente Brasil).
Brasil cumpre poucas metas de preservação
de seus biomas, segundo ONG: O Brasil
cumpriu poucas metas para a proteção de seus
biomas estipuladas na Convenção das Nações
Unidas (ONU) sobre Conservação da Diversidade
Biológica. É o que mostra levantamento da
organização não governamental (ONG) WWFBrasil em parceria com a Conselho Nacional
Reserva da Biosfera da Mata Atlântica. Das 51
metas nacionais que deveriam ser atingidas até
2010, o país cumpriu duas na totalidade; cinco
não foram executadas, e o restante encontra-se
em estágios intermediários de cumprimento. De
acordo com o levantamento, o país não cumpriu a
meta de recuperar no mínimo 30% dos principais
estoques pesqueiros com gestão participativa e
controle de capturas. Também não colocou em
ação planos de manejo para controlar, pelo
menos, 25 das principais espécies exóticas
invasoras que mais ameaçam os ecossistemas
(Bruno Bocchini/Agência Brasil/Ambiente Brasil).
Energias renováveis podem atender 95% da
demanda em 2050, diz WWF: A demanda
energética mundial poderá ser suprida em 95 %
por energias renováveis até 2050, segundo
relatório divulgado nesta quinta-feira (3) pela
organização não governamental (ONG) WWF, em
conjunto com a consultoria energética Ecofys. O
relatório também afirma que, até 2050, a
demanda energética total poderá ser 15 % à de
2005, graças a medidas ambiciosas de economia
de energia. Isso apesar da previsão de aumento
para a população, a produção industrial e o
transporte de cargas e passageiros. Atualmente,
mais de 80% da energia global vem de
combustíveis fósseis, mas o relatório diz que a
energia nuclear, os combustíveis fósseis e a
biomassa poderão ser praticamente abandonados
nas próximas quatro décadas. Para isso, será
preciso reduzir em pelo menos 60 % gastos com
calefação de edifícios, por meio da melhora na
eficiência energética e do uso de energia solar e
calor geotérmico (G1/Ambiente Brasil).
Animal com mais genes já estudado, pulga
d’água tem DNA seqüenciado: A dáfnia, um tipo
de crustáceo aquático minúsculo e translúcido
que se reproduz por via assexuada e vive em
lagos e lagoas tem mais genes do que qualquer
outra criatura estudada e alguns deles,
desconhecidos em outras espécies, podem ser
adaptações a desequilíbrios ambientais, afirmam
os cientistas que conseguiram sequenciar o
genoma do animal. Também conhecido como
pulga-d’água, o crustáceo cujo nome científico é
‘Daphnia pulex‘, inspirado na ninfa da mitologia
grega que se transforma em árvore para escapar
do apaixonado Apolo, tem 31 mil genes, enquanto
os seres humanos têm cerca de 23 mil, destaca
estudo publicado na revista científica americana
“Science”. (...) “O alto número de genes da dáfnia
deve-se, em grande parte, a que seus genes se
multiplicam, criando cópias a uma taxa mais
elevada do que outras espécies”, disse
37
Colbourne, diretor de estudos genéticos do
Centro de Genoma e Bioinformática da
Universidade de Indiana em Bloomington (...) O
Consórcio do Genoma da Dáfnia, chefiado pelo
departamento de Genética e Bioinformática da
Universidade de Indiana em Bloomington e pelo
Departamento americano de Energia em conjunto
com o Instituto Genoma, incluiu mais de 450
cientistas
em
todo
o
mundo
(Globo
Natureza/Ambiente Brasil).
Cientistas descobrem como chimpanzés
sentem a morte de filhotes: Um vídeo de cinco
minutos gravado numa reserva de chimpanzés na
Zâmbia mostra que o luto de uma mãe ao
descobrir a morte de seu bebê pode ser de cortar
o coração, não importa a espécie. O vídeo,
gravado em maio de 2010 por cientistas do
Instituto Max-Planck de Psicolinguística no
Orfanato de Vida Selvagem de Chimfushi,
Zâmbia, registrou o comportamento de luto de
uma fêmea à morte de seu filhote de 16 meses.
Depois de carregar o corpo do bebê por um dia
inteiro, ela o deixa no chão, e durante uma hora
ela se alterna em se aproximar dele, tocando no
pescoço e rosto, e se afastar, observando-o à
distância. Depois ela carrega novamente o bebê o
leva para um grupo de chimpanzés, e os
acompanha enquanto eles investigam o corpo. No
dia seguinte, ela não estava mais carregando o
corpo do filhote. Um dos vínculos mais fortes
entre os chimpanzés é o de mãe e filho: as
fêmeas costumam carregar os filhotes durantes
os primeiros dois anos de vida, e os amamentam
até os quatro ou seis anos de idade. Mesmo após
o desmame, ambos continuam próximos. Outros
cientistas já haviam observado outras fêmeas
carregando filhotes mortos durantes semanas, o
que mostra que a perda deste vínculo é muito
difícil para a espécie. Os cientistas do Max Planck
acreditam terem captado o momento em que a
mãe descobre a morte do bebê, um feito inédito,
que pode colaborar para o entendimento de como
os primatas reagem à morte de um ente próximo
e o que eles entendem por morte. Mas alguns dos
pesquisadores envolvidos no estudo se recusam
a interpretar as informações (Portal iG/Ambiente
Brasil).
Genoma de formiga argentina é decifrado por
cientistas: O genoma da formiga argentina
(Linepithema humile) foi completamente mapeado
por cientistas da Universidade Estadual de São
Francisco e da Universidade da Califórnia, em
Berkeley, ambas nos Estados Unidos – avanço
que pode melhorar as técnicas para evitar a
praga. Os resultados do sequenciamento foram
divulgados na publicação científica “Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences”. A pesquisa
também ajuda a ciência a compreender como
embriões com o mesmo código genético se
desenvolvem para formar formigas operárias,
com até 3 milímetros de comprimento, ou rainhas,
com até 6 milímetros. Também foram decifrados
os genomas de um tipo de formiga lava-pés
(Solenopsis invicta) e da colhedora-vermelha
(Pogonomyrmex barbatus). Conhecida como um
invertebrado violento, a formiga argentina ameaça
a existência de outros insetos. Ela se espalhou
por países de clima mediterrâneo nos últimos
cem anos, destruindo outras espécies e
protegendo pragas nocivas a plantas. É capaz de
carregar objetos com até 14 vezes o seu peso, a
espécie se adapta muito bem a novos ambientes
Cão é capaz de farejar câncer de intestino,
indica pesquisa: Um cão labrador conseguiu
detectar um câncer de intestino pelo cheiro do
hálito e de amostras de fezes em uma pesquisa
realizada no Japão. O estudo, publicado pela
revista especializada “Gut”, indicou que o animal
foi capaz de identificar a doença mesmo em suas
fases iniciais. Outras pesquisas já haviam
sugerido anteriormente que os cães são capazes
de farejar câncer de pele, de bexiga, de pulmão,
de ovários e de mama. Acredita-se que a biologia
do tumor inclui um cheiro distinto, e uma série de
estudos já usou cachorros para tentar detectá-los.
Os pesquisadores da Universidade Kyushu, no
Japão, dizem que seria difícil e custoso usar
cachorros em testes de rotina para detectar
câncer, mas que o estudo poderia levar ao
desenvolvimento de sensores eletrônicos no
futuro. Amostras – Na pesquisa, o labrador
Marine, de oito anos, foi apresentado a cinco
amostras, uma das quais era de um paciente com
câncer e quatro de pessoas saudáveis. Nos
testes com amostras de hálito o animal detectou a
amostra com câncer em 33 de 36 vezes. Com as
amostras de fezes, o cachorro acertou 37 das 38
vezes (G1/Ambiente Brasil).
Cientistas estudam luminosidade produzida
por caracol marinho: Cientistas do Instituto de
Oceanografia da Universidade da Califórnia, em
San Diego (EUA), revelaram recentemente
detalhes das luzes produzidas pela espécie de
caracol marinho Hinea brasiliana, que geralmente
se agrupa em litorais rochosos. Os pesquisadores
descobriram que esses animais, em vez de
produzir um foco de luz, usam suas conchas para
espalhar uma luz bioluminescente verde em todas
as direções. A luz parece ser uma forma de
38
defesa, provavelmente usada para afastar
predadores ao dar a ilusão de que o caracol tem
um tamanho maior que suas dimensões reais,
explicam os cientistas Dimitri Deheyn e Nerida
Wilson na versão online do periódico
“Proceedings of the Royal Society B” (Biological
Sciences). Em experimentos, Deheyn percebeu
que a luz funciona como um “alarme”: acende
quando o caracol se depara com algum possível
predador, como um caranguejo ou camarão
Mapa incentiva uso de boas práticas
agropecuárias: Melhorar a qualidade dos
produtos agropecuários, garantir condições
adequadas de trabalho nas propriedades rurais e
preservar o meio ambiente. Essas são as metas
do Programa Nacional de Fomento às Boas
Práticas
Agropecuárias.
A
ação
será
desenvolvida pelos ministérios da Agricultura,
Meio Ambiente e Trabalho, Empresa Brasileira de
Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) em parceria
com o setor produtivo. O programa visa o
desenvolvimento de políticas públicas de apoio à
adoção de boas práticas agropecuárias em
propriedades rurais. Busca, ainda, a promoção de
eventos de divulgação e capacitação de técnicos
e produtores (Beef Point).
Boi, soja e eucalipto: uma relação que dá
certo: O cultivo de grãos favorece a recuperação
de pastagens degradadas através da fixação de
nitrogênio e árvores oferecem conforto térmico ao
gado. Da capital do Mato Grosso do Sul a São
Paulo, são cerca de quatro milhões de hectares
de pastagens degradadas em terras de areia
quartzosa. Há 30 anos essas áreas de Cerrado
foram desmatadas e o solo não foi corrigido, o
que gera, hoje, sérios problemas ambientais de
erosão e consequentes prejuízos para a pecuária
local. Para recuperar os terrenos de pastagens, a
Fundação MS investe na integração lavourapecuária-floresta, que foi tema de dia de campo
na Fazenda Modelo II, em Ribas do Rio Pardo
(MS) (Breno Fonseca/Portal Dia de Campo).
Calculating the Exact Water Footprint of
Animal, Plant Products: Many times more water
is needed for the production of meat and other
animal products, such as eggs and dairy produce,
than for the production of plant products. The
University of Twente in the Netherlands has for
the first time calculated the exact water footprint of
both animal and plant products per kilo, per
calorie and per protein. Among the results of the
calculations are that beef uses up twenty times
more water per calorie than grain or potatoes. In
combination with the growing world population,
this is putting pressure on the earth's freshwater
resources: only three percent of all the water on
earth is fresh, and only a small proportion of this is
available for human use. (…) The key
distinguishing factor between the various types of
meat is the type and amount of feed that is
needed to allow the animal to grow. For example,
a cow has to eat much more to put on a kilo of
flesh than a chicken or a pig does. According to
Arjen Hoekstra, professor of Water Engineering &
Management at the University of Twente, "what is
known as feed conversion efficiency partly
determines the water footprint. After all, all animal
feed is produced with the use of water. Irrigation is
therefore needed in large parts of the world
because there is too little rainfall in general or in
particular periods" (Environmental Protection).
New Farming Method Reduces Greenhouse
Gases, Increases Farm Yields: U.S. agricultural
practices create 58 percent of nitrous oxide in the
world, which is the third most prevalent
greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Scientists
believe nitrous oxide contributes to global
warming about 300 times more than carbon
dioxide. New practices and products have been
introduced to address this issue, but farmers do
not have the time or profit margins to experiment
with ideas that may ultimately hurt the "bottom
line." Now, researchers at the University of
Missouri have found methods to help farmers
reduce those emissions while also increasing corn
grain production. At the University of Missouri
Greenley Research Center in northeast Missouri,
Kelly Nelson, a research agronomist and
associate professor in the MU Division of Plant
Sciences, monitored fields of poorly drained
claypan soil that were planted with corn after
soybean. One field was "strip tilled" with nitrogen
fertilizer placed in a band in the soil, while another
field was left untilled with a surface application of
nitrogen fertilizer. The research team found that
strip tillage and banded fertilizer significantly
reduced the amount of greenhouse gases emitted
per bushel of corn grain production, when
compared to that of surface applied no-till
treatments (Environmental Protection).
Growing demand for glycerin to keep up with
supply increases: Glycerin has the potential for
greater inclusion in swine diets if the price
becomes more competitive than traditional feed
ingredients, but feed flowability needs to be
considered. Biodiesel production is expected to
pick up in 2011 and, with the implementation of
the U.S. EPA’s RFS2 requiring petroleum refiners
39
to blend at least 800 million gallons of biomassbased diesel this year, a steady climb in glycerin
volume is anticipated to flood into the
marketplace. While glycerin has long been used in
a variety of pharmaceutical and industrial
applications, multiple research efforts are
underway aimed at exploring other cost-effective
uses of the biodiesel coproduct. One of those
areas being considered in particular is glycerin’s
use as a potentially feasible feedstuff for swine.
According to a study led by University of Illinois
graduate research assistant Omarh Mendoza,
diets for growing-finishing pigs may include up to
15 percent glycerin and achieve similar
performance
compared
to
conventional
corn/soybean meal diets. The research was
published in the Journal of Animal Science. “We
measured the digestible energy content, which is
the gross energy content of the feed minus the
energy lost in the feces of the animal,” Mendoza
said, adding that the swine were fed 97.5 percent
refined USP-grade glycerin. The refined glycerin
was supplied by Evonik Degusa Corp. “In
addition, the energy lost in the urine was also
measured to obtain the metabolizable energy
content, which is the system currently being used
by the U.S. feed industry to measure energy
content of feed in swine,” he said (Biodiesel
Magazine).
São Paulo Leads Brazilian Exports: According
to the Ministry of Development, Industry and
Foreign Trade, despite not having the largest
cattle herd in Brazil, São Paulo maintained its
leadership in the export of Brazilian beef in 2010.
The state, which has a large industrial park for
slaughtering and meat processing, plus excellent
logistics, accounted for 40 per cent of all beef
shipped to foreign markets last year. A survey
conducted by the Scot Consultoria, based on data
from the ministry, shows that beef was the fourth
most exported item by the state, with
representation from 2.3 per cent of revenues from
all sales outside São Paulo. The product was
behind the results of sugar exports (16.5 per cent
considering the total raw sugar and sucrose),
aircraft (5.8 per cent of total) and cars (2.42 per
cent of all exports) (The Meat Site).
US: Farmers unite to combat harmful media: In
the US farm groups have come together in
alliance to combat bad publicity, which they say
has endagered the farmer’s ability to produce
food. The members of the coalition have
expressed concerns regarding the impact videos
showing the mistreatment of livestock are having
on consumers' and about the effect of groups not
in favour of biotech crops.(…) U.S. Farmers &
Ranchers Alliance represents more than 20 of the
leading farmer- and rancher-led agricultural
organizations. These organizations have joined
together to fund programs that bolster the image
of agriculture and enhance public trust in food
supply. U.S. Farmers and Ranchers Alliance:
www.usfraonline.org (Bloomberg/Pig Progress).
Defra offers flood support to farmers in Brazil:
Environment Secretary Caroline Spelman has
offered the support of experts in flood response
and recovery to the Brazilian Government after
flooding devastated parts of the country.
Environment Secretary Caroline Spelman said:
“Our thoughts are with the many people of Brazil
and Australia whose lives have been devastated
by the extreme flooding. We know from our own
experiences of recent years the terrible effect that
flooding can have and the challenges it presents.
Earlier this week my colleague the Foreign
Secretary offered our support to the Australian
Government and yesterday I spoke to the
Environment Minister in Brazil to extend the same
offer of help, such as support from our own
experts in predicting and responding to flood
emergencies at the Environment Agency and the
Flood Forecasting Centre. If there is anything we
can do to make even a small difference we are
ready to do so” (DEFRA/Pig Progress).
A New View Of the Birth of Homo sapiens:
New DNA data from archaic human species are
providing a much higher resolution view of our
past. When compared with the genomes of living
people,
the
ancient
genomes
allow
anthropologists to thoroughly test the competing
models of human origins for the first time. The
DNA data suggest not one but at least two
instances of interbreeding between archaic and
modern humans, raising the question of whether
Homo sapiens at that point was a distinct species.
And so they appear to refute the idea that modern
humans came out of Africa, spread around the
world, and completely replaced the archaic
humans they met. But the genomic data also don't
prove the classic multiregionalism model, which
argues that a single, worldwide species of human,
including archaic forms outside of Africa, met,
mingled, and had offspring, and so produced
Homo sapiens. They suggest only a small amount
of interbreeding, presumably at the margins where
invading moderns met archaic groups. The new
picture most resembles so-called assimilation
models, which got relatively little attention over the
years (Science Magazine).
40
Food Safety Law Will Likely Strain FDA
Science: Contaminated food kills more than 3000
people each year in the United States and sickens
more than 48 million, and recalls can cost the food
industry many millions of dollars. A major food
safety bill signed into lawthis month gives the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration new powers and
aims to shift the focus from response to
prevention of food-borne illness (Science
Magazine).
Turtles Are Not Just Drifters: Biologists have
long assumed that Florida sea turtles simply catch
a ride in the circulating currents of the North
Atlantic Ocean, which takes them north, east,
down along northern Africa, and finally back
around to Florida again. Now seven turtles with
solar-powered satellite transmitters attached to
their backs have demonstrated that they do more
than simply follow the currents, researchers
reported at the meeting (Science Magazine).
The World's Smallest Farmers: A study
published online last week in Nature finds that the
single-celled organism Dictyostelium discoideum
harvests bacteria like farmers harvest crops. An
individual D. discoideum, or “Dicty,” amoeba cell
can live independently, slurping up bacteria in the
soil. When the food is gone, it joins with its
comrades to form a tiny sluglike organism that
wriggles to greener pastures. Once there, the slug
becomes a stalk with a fruiting body (pictured)—a
tiny globe on top that releases spores, each
spawning a single amoeba. Debra Brock, a
graduate student in ecology and evolutionary
biology at Rice University in Houston, Texas, was
studying spores from wild Dicty amoebae when
she saw something she'd never seen before:
bacteria in the fruiting body. To find out whether
the bacteria were just an infection, she gave the
spores antibiotics, then placed them on a fresh
patch of bacteria. The spores that had originally
harbored bacteria picked up the bugs again,
indicating that they were collecting bacteria. Other
experiments showed that the amoebas “planted”
their new environments with bacteria and
harvested them. Several animals are known to
farm; some ant species tend fungi, for example.
But researchers say it's surprising to find the
behavior in such a simple organism (Science)
hibernate alone during the winter. But researchers
have found that female bats, like humans and
elephants, form subgroups that stick together over
long periods of time. In a study published today in
the Proceedings of the Royal Society B,
researchers marked bats from two colonies with
data loggers and tracked their nesting behaviors
over 5 years. They found that it's not just family
members who stay together; a network analysis
showed that these girls' clubs were made up of
bats from many different lineages and age groups.
(Male bats are always solitary.) The researchers
propose that bat society probably benefits from
cooperative behaviors such as grooming and
communication, which are always more fun with
your girlfriends (Science Now).
Orangutan Genome Full of Surprises: The
orangutan, the most sedentary of the great apes,
has unusually stable DNA, too. Researchers have
just completed the sequencing of the entire
genome of our orange-haired relative, and they
have found to their surprise that its DNA has
changed much less dramatically over time than
has that of humans or chimpanzees. "The
orangutan is the odd man out," says Devin Locke,
a structural geneticist at Washington University
School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, who
headed the orangutan sequencing project. The
orangutan genome had one other big surprise.
Locke and colleagues sequenced six Sumatran
and five Bornean orangutans, which are classified
as different species. The apes have been
physically separated for at least 21,000 years—
the last time land bridges between the two islands
existed—and earlier studies estimated that they
became distinct species more than 1 million years
ago. But the new analysis, reported online today
in Nature, rewrites history: it appears they parted
ways just 400,000 years ago. "Most previous
studies used small sets of markers and a limited
amount of DNA sequence," says Locke. "The
statistical power is so much greater when you
have the whole genome at your disposal"
(Science Now).
Bats Are Social Networking Rockstars: They
can't use Facebook, but bats still manage to keep
in touch with their social network. Bat colonies,
which are made up of a few dozen members, split
and reform many times throughout the year as
individuals go off to roost in small groups or
41
EVENTO EM DESTAQUE
4º Simpósio sobre Produção e Utilização de
Forragens Conservadas
Maringá PR – 28 e 29 de abril de 2011
http://www.nupel.uem.br/eventos/programacao.ht
ml
II Congresso Argentino de Reprodução Equina
Mendoza, Argentina – 4 a 6 de maio de 2011
www.congresoreproequina.com.br
38° Encontro Nacional de Estudos Rurais e
Urbanos
São Paulo SP – 17 a 19 de maio de 2011
http://www.fflch.usp.br/ceru/eventos.html
XXI Congresso Brasileiro de Zootecnia
(Zootec)
Maceió AL – 23 a 27 de maio de 2011
http://comuniceventos.com.br/index.php/hotsite/zo
otec
World Aquaculture 2011
Natal RN – 06 a 10 de junho de 2011
http://www.fenacam.com.br/
1ª FAVESU – Feira da Avicultura e
Suinocultura Capixaba
Marechal Floriano ES – 09 a 11 de junho de 2011
www.favesu.com.br
48ª Reunião da Sociedade Brasileira de
Zootecnia (SBZ)
Belém PA - 18 a 21 de julho de 2011
http://www.sbz.org.br/ver.php?id_evento=36
EVENTOS
III Simpósio Internacional Avanços em
Técnicas de Pesquisa em Nutrição de
Ruminantes
Pirassununga SP – 24 e 25 de março de 2011
www.ruminantes.com.br
III Congresso Internacional e X Simpósio
sobre Nutrição de Animais de Estimação
São Paulo SP – 30 e 31 de março de 2011
http://www.cbna.com.br/
Simpósio de Neonatologia Veterinária
Botucatu SP – 1 a 3 de abril de 2011
[email protected]
II Congreso Latinoamericano de Etologia
Aplicada
Ilhéus BA - 21 e 23 de abril de 2011
http://www.isae-la2011.com.br/
III Simpósio Brasileiro de Agropecuária
Sustentável (SIMBRAS)
Viçosa MG – 22 a 24 de setembro de 2011
http://www.simbras-as.com.br/site/
XIV Congresso Brasileiro de Mandioca
Maceió AL – 16 a 19 de novembro de 2011
http://www.sbmandioca.org/ver_eventos_detalhes
.php?id_evento_int=4
EQUIPE
Augusto Hauber Gameiro
[email protected]
Professor da FMVZ/USP
42
Camila Raineri
[email protected]
Doutoranda na FMVZ/USP
Rubens Nunes
[email protected]
Professor da FZEA/USP
CONTATO
USP / FMVZ / VNP / LAE
Laboratório de Análises Socioeconômicas e
Ciência Animal
Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225 - Campus USP
CEP 13.635-900, Pirassununga - SP
Telefone: (19) 3565 4300
Fax: (19) 3565 4295
http://lae.fmvz.usp.br
SOBRE O BOLETIM ELETRÔNICO
“SOCIOECONOMIA & CIÊNCIA ANIMAL”
Trata-se de um projeto de extensão vinculado ao Programa de
Pós-Graduação em Nutrição e Produção Animal da Faculdade
de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ/USP). O projeto
conta com a participação da Faculdade de Zootecnia e
Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA/USP).
O boletim eletrônico tem o objetivo de divulgar os resultados
de pesquisas desenvolvidas e publicadas nacionalmente e
internacionalmente, e que tenham como campo de
investigação, as Ciências Humanas aplicadas diretamente ou
conjuntamente à Ciência Animal.
Portanto, este projeto de extensão procura contribuir para o
desenvolvimento científico baseado na multidisciplinaridade.
O boletim é de livre acesso a todos que tenham interesse,
bastando enviar uma mensagem solicitando a inclusão do email destinatário para o seu recebimento.
Críticas, ideias e sugestões sempre serão bem vindas.
Para solicitar cadastramento na lista de destinatários ou
cancelamento do recebimento, favor escrever para:
[email protected]
Escreva para o mesmo e-mail se desejar receber as edições
anteriores (de no. 1 a 33).
Clique aqui para ter acesso às edições anteriores.
43

Boletim eletrônico do LAE/FMVZ/USP, ed. 34, 15 fev.. 2011

Transcrição

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