Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline

62
Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline
December 2015
Volume 18 Number 6
Official Research Journal of
Editor-in-Chief
Tommy
the American
Boone, PhD,
Society
MBA
of
Exercise
Physiologists
Review
Board
Todd Astorino, PhD
ISSN 1097-9751
Julien Baker,
PhD
Steve Brock, PhD
Lance Dalleck, PhD
Eric Goulet, PhD
Robert Gotshall, PhD
Alexander Hutchison, PhD
M. Knight-Maloney, PhD
Len Kravitz, PhD
James Laskin, PhD
Yit Aun Lim, PhD
Lonnie Lowery, PhD
Derek Marks, PhD
Cristine Mermier, PhD
Robert Robergs, PhD
Chantal Vella, PhD
Dale Wagner, PhD
Frank Wyatt, PhD
Ben Zhou, PhD
Official Research Journal
of the American Society of
Exercise Physiologists
ISSN 1097-9751
JEPonline
Acute Hypotension Effect of a Single Bout of
Anaerobic Power Exercise (30-Sec Wingate Test)
Hernesto I. Rosa2, Frederico L. Pantoja2, André S. Rabelo1,
Herikson A. Costa1, Flávio O. Pires1, Antônio C. Silva-Filho1,
Cristiano L.M. de Barros3, Guilherme M. Puga3, Thiago T. Mendes1
1
Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil,
University Center of Belo Horizonte – UniBH, Belo Horizonte, Brazil,
3
Federal University of Uberlândia - UFU, Uberlândia, Brazil
2
ABSTRACT
Rosa HI, Pantoja FL, Rabelo AS, Costa HA, Silva-Filho AC, de
Barros CLM, Puga GM, Pires FO, Mendes TT. Acute Hypotension
Effect of a Single Bout of Anaerobic Exercise (30-Sec Wingate test).
JEPonline 2015;18(6):62-69. The aim of this study was to verify the
acute effects of a single bout of a 30-sec anaerobic power exercise
session (Wingate Test) on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP)
responses. Ten sedentary subjects (one male and nine females)
22.6 ± 3.8 yrs old, 60.7 ± 9.8 kg, and 162 ± 8 cm participated in the
study. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood
pressure (DBP) were evaluated before and after an anaerobic
exercise bout. Subjects remained seated for 5 min for HR and BP
measurements at rest and, then, they performed the 30-sec Wingate
Test with a 7.5% of body mass load. HR and BP were measured just
after the test and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the test during
which all subjects remained seated. The results were analyzed by an
ANOVA with repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test (P<0.05).
The post-exercise 120-min SBP of 95.0 ± 12.5 mmHg was
significantly lower than the resting value of 110.5 ± 6.0 mmHg. The
post-exercise 120-min DBP (64.0 ± 5.2 mmHg) was not significantly
lower than the pre-exercise value (71.5 ± 9.4 mmHg), and the postexercise 120-min HR (83 ± 16 beats·min-1) was significantly higher
than the resting value of 71 ± 10 beats·min-1. We concluded that a
single short power anaerobic exercise (such as the 30-sec Wingate
Test) resulted in a post-exercise hypotension response that may
contribute to a better control of blood pressure.
Key Words: Hypertension, Blood pressure, Physical exercise
63
INTRODUCTION
Hypertension affects approximately one-third of world’s population. It is one of the most
common risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (36), and it is the first cause of death related
to cardiovascular disease in the world (14,22). Many factors contribute to hypertension. Age,
sex, body mass index, cholesterol, diabetes (23), and obesity are well-recognized risk
factors. In fact, obesity, in particular, is highly related to hypertension (2,5,26,27).
Despite the common use of drug treatment for hypertension, some studies demonstrate that
a single exercise session can decrease blood pressure, which may last for hours (10,19).
This phenomenon is called post-exercise hypotension (PEH). It has been shown to occur in
normotensive and hypertensive individuals exposed to aerobic exercises of different
durations and intensities (6,9,11,18,24) as well as different types of strength training
programs (20,29). Hence, the use of physical activity and regular exercise appears to be an
effective non-pharmacological antihypertensive strategy (12,14,18,28,34) that can decrease the
needs for anti-hypertensive drugs in hypertensive patients, which is beneficial both for the
patients and the public health institutions (37).
Recently, Rossow and colleagues (31) investigated the effect of 30-sec anaerobic power
exercise (the Wingate Test) on blood pressure response. Their findings indicated that a
single cycling sprint reduced the subjects’ carotid artery compliance immediately after
exercise. Performance of a second identical cycling sprint further compounded this vascular
change, reducing carotid artery compliance beyond levels seen following the single cycling
sprint and decreasing the blood pressure levels 25 min after the second cycling sprint.
However Gouloupolou et al. (13) and Stuckey et al. (35) did not find the same patterns of
post-exercise hypotension after a single bout of the Wingate Test. Thus, the effects of short
anaerobic power exercise, such as the Wingate Test on post-exercise blood pressure
remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the acute effects of a
30-sec anaerobic power exercise session (the Wingate Test) on blood pressure responses.
METHODS
Subjects
Ten sedentary (less than 150 min·wk-1) normotensive subjects (9 women and 1 man; age,
22.6 ± 3.8 yrs old; height, 161.9 ± 8.0 cm; and body weight, 60.7 ± 9.8 kg) volunteered to
participate in this study, which upheld the rules established by Helsinki’s declaration, by the
National Health Council, and was approved by UniBH Human Research Ethics Committee
(protocol 016/2011). The subjects signed an informed consent form in which the potential
risks and benefits of their participation were explained. All subjects were instructed to avoid
any physical activity 48 hrs prior to the study, and they were asked not to drink or eat foods
with caffeine or alcoholic content.
Procedures
The subjects’ body mass and height were measured by a digital scale using a stadiometer
(Filizola). All subjects performed one 30-sec Wingate Test of which blood pressure and heart
rate were measured before and after the test. The Wingate Test (also known as
the Wingate Anaerobic Test) consisted of a maximal exercise power output with 7.5% of
64
subject’s body mass workload using a mechanically braked bicycle ergometer (Ideal,
Hidrofit®) (33).
Blood pressure was measured by one experienced evaluator using Korotkoff’s auscultatory
method (Becton Dickinson’s® sphygmomanometer). After a 5 min seated rest, the subject’s
blood pressure and heart rate (Polar® S610i) were determined. Then, following the
completion of the Wingate Test, blood pressure and heart rate were measured immediately
and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min while the subject remained sitting. Ambient conditions were
also controlled and evaluated by dry-bulb thermohygrometer (Inconterm® 5203).
Statistical Analyses
The results were analyzed by an ANOVA with repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test
(P<0.05) with the SigmaPlot (11.0). All results are show as mean ± standard deviation.
RESULTS
Immediate post-exercise systolic blood pressure was significantly increased after the Wingate
Test compared to the rest condition prior to the test (144.0±15.1 vs. 110.5±6.0, respectively,
P<0.05). The 120-min post-exercise systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased
compared to the rest condition prior to the test (95.0 ± 12.5 vs. 110.5 ± 6.0 mmHg,
respectively, P<0.05) (Table 1). No differences were found in the diastolic blood pressure
when comparing the rest condition prior to the test with the post-exercise blood pressure
responses. The subjects’ post-exercise heart rate responses at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min were
significantly higher than the rest condition prior to the Wingate Test. The Wingate Test
workload was approximately 4.42 ± 0.43 kg and the mean power output was 343.4 ± 73.5
Watts and maximal power output of 473.5 ± 116.6 Watts. The environmental conditions were
kept at 21.4 ± 3.8º C at a relative humidity of 69.7 ± 4.8%.
Table 1. Systolic (SBP) and Diastolic (DBP) Blood Pressure and Heart Rate (HR)
Before and After a 30-Sec Wingate Test.
Conditions
SBP
Rest
110.5±6.0
Post
30 min
60 min
90 min
120 min
144.0±15.1* 107.0±8.2# 105.5±6.9# 102.5±11.1# 95.0±12.5*
(mmHg)
DBP
71.5±9.4
74.5±11.8
71±10
168±13*
66.5±5.8
66.5±4.7
64.5±8.3#
64.0±5.2#
97±13*#
89±11*#
84±12*#+
83±16*#+
(mmHg)
HR
-1
(beats·min )
*Different from rest (P<0.05); #Different from post (P<0.05); +Different from +30 (P<0.05).
65
DISCUSSION
This silent killer (hypertension) often causes no symptoms, yet it remains a leading cause of
cardiovascular disease (CVD). It’s called the “silent killer” for a reason, and that is because
hypertension can cause a person to have a stroke, a heart attack, or some other related
complication (such as peripheral artery disease). As a widespread health problem, it is
important to emphasize exercise as a necessary and positive lifestyle modification to lower
high blood pressure and the risk of health complications and/or death.
While many aerobic exercise prescriptions for hypertension include an exercise duration of
20 to 60 min at 40 to 70% VO2 max 3 to 5 times·wk-1, for some people anaerobic exercise is
more enjoyable than aerobic exercise. In other words, what if 30 sec of anaerobic is just as
good as spending an hour in the gym? To address this point, the purpose of this study was
to verify the acute effects of a single bout of a 30-sec anaerobic power exercise session
(Wingate Test) on post-exercise blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR).
The major finding of the present study is that the 120-min post-exercise systolic blood
pressure was significantly decreased compared to the rest condition prior to the test (95.0 ±
12.5 vs. 110.5 ± 6.0 mmHg, respectively, P<0.05). This finding is not in disagreement with
Goulopoulou et al. (13), but probably because the authors’ research design was restricted to
10 min after the Wingate Test. Then, too, Rossow and colleagues (31) described a blood
pressure reduction at 25 min after the second Wingate Test, which corresponded to ~50 min
from the first session. This point argues for the interpretation that a decrease in blood
pressure after a Wingate Test occurs only with longer time periods after the exercise.
Interestingly, Stuckey et al. (35) reported a decrease in diastolic blood pressure between 15
and 30 min after the Wingate Test, but did not observe the same in the subjects’ systolic
blood pressure. While the systolic blood pressure response differs with the findings in the
present study, there is the hint of agreement with the diastolic blood pressure. For example,
the post-exercise diastolic blood pressure was significantly decreased at 90 min (64.5±8.3
mmHg) and 120 min (64.0±5.2 mmHg) versus the Wingate post-test response of 74.5±11.8
mmHg, P<0.05. Perhaps, the different response pattern between the two studies can be
partially explained by the subjects. Stuckey et al. (35) studied males while the present study
and Rossow and colleagues’ (31) study used females and males. This difference in gender
may have influenced the results because females can manifest a higher degree of SBP after
a high intensity exercise compared to males (12% vs. 7%) (30).
A number of mechanisms including hormonal to humoral are involved in post-exercise
hypotension. Yet, the neural mechanism led by the autonomic nervous system is crucial in
blood pressure regulation in the first hours after exercise (4,7,15). Aortic baroreceptors
recognize blood pressure changes and generate an afferent signal to the caldoventrolateral
region on the bulb, which inhibit the pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons activity on the
rostroventrolateral area in the bulb, resulting in decreases in heart rate, blood pressure, and
peripheral vascular resistance (7). To Haliwill et al. (15) this baroreflex response is more
active during the first hours after the exercise. Rossow et al. (31) also detected reduction in
66
aortic complacency after the Wingate Test, which further contributes to post-exercise
hypotension.
The greater concentration of metabolic products (such as lactate, hydrogen, and adenosine)
from exercise may also be involved in the blood pressure attenuation after exercise. There is
also the likelihood of nitric oxide production, increased adrenaline concentration, and atrial
natriuretic factor contributing to post-exercise hypotension (17).
The subjects’ heart rate at 120 min of the recovery period was 83±16 beats·min-1 versus the
resting heart rate of 71±10 beats·min-1 prior to the Wingate Test. This statistically significant
increase appears to be related to the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) due
the high-exercise intensity (21). The first post-exercise reduction in heart rate is commonly
due to the subjects’ diminished sympathetic activity (36). The later reduction in post-exercise
heart rate is due to the increased parasympathetic activity, which is under the control of the
baroreceptors and metaboreceptors (following changes in the subjects’ metabolic products,
core temperature, catecholamines, and other hormonal factors) (4,32).
In this way, a short and high intensity exercise (such as the Wingate Test) exhibits the
predisposition to produce similar benefits of aerobic endurance exercise (e.g., decrease in
resting blood pressure) (20). However, it is important to point out that this study did not
evaluate the subjects’ blood pressure responses over a 24-hr period, as is frequently the
case in studies using aerobic exercises (10).
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study indicate that a short power anaerobic exercise (such as the 30-sec
Wingate Test) resulted in a post-exercise hypotension response that may contribute to a
better control of blood pressure. Hence, these results suggest that other types of exercise in
addition to aerobic endurance exercise may be important in the prevention of cardiovascular
diseases related to hypertension.
Address for correspondence: Thiago T. Mendes, MS, Department or Physical Education,
Federal University of Maranhão, Portugueses Avenue, 1966 – Bacanga, São Luis,
Maranhão, Brazil, 65080-805, Email: [email protected]
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