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CHARACTERIZATION AND POSSIBLE
UTILIZATION OF BRAZILIAN COALS
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON COAL
TECHNOLOGY
PETROBRAS/ABCM
Rio de Janeiro - Brazil
March 14, 2007
CORREA DA SILVA, Zuleika
GOMES, Cleber J.B.
BRAZILIAN COALS
The origin and formation of coal in the Southern Hemisphere are very
complex and have been discussed by several authors. (Plumstead. 1957;
Mackowsky. 1975; Stach et al.. 1982; Cook. 1981; Marques-Toigo & Correa da Silva. 1984;
Falcon. 1986; Correa da Silva 1989 and 1991 among others).
In southern Brazil the major coal-bearing strata occur in the
intracratonic Parana Basin, in isolated coalfieds located along the margin
of the Precambrian Shield, from the southermost part of the State of Rio
Grande do Sul through Santa Catarina to the north of the State of Parana
(Figure 1).
The coal measures are considered to range in age from the Artinskian
to the Kungurian (Early Permian) and occur in the Rio Bonito Formation
associated with shales, sandstones, para and orthoconglomerates and
clays.
Fig1: Parana Basin and lithostratigraphy of
coal bearing interval
Paleozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary rocks
Back
BRAZILIAN COALS
According to Schneider et al. (1974) continental deposits
predominate in the Rio Bonito Formation in the State of Rio Grande
do Sul, with local influences of rapid transgression episodes.
The sedimentation in the State of Santa Catarina and southern
Paraná is represented by a fluvio-deltaic regressive cycle (Triunfo
Member) followed by a transgression (Paraguaçu Member) and a
new regression with development of line-shaped sand barriers
(Siderópolis Member). Northward (São Paulo and northern Paraná
States) the deposition took place in marine environments
(Paraguaçu Member).
Thus, the peat-forming conditions were not uniform throughout
the basin. WhiIe in Rio Grande do SuI and southern Santa Catarina
peat developed either in limnic or paralic swamps protected by sand
barriers and during a long time-span resulting in thick sequences of
coal and coal-bearing strata, in northern Santa Catarina and Parana
States peat deposition occurred in interdistributary areas of deltaic
systems. In Sao Paulo. the formation of peat was restricted to oxbow
lakes in meandering fluvial plains.
BRAZILIAN COALS
Such variation of depositional conditions caused the
formation of a wide range of coal types and explains why
the thickness as well as the number of coal seams
decreases from the south to the north of the Paraná
Basin. The progressive proximity of marine-influenced
areas from Candiota in Rio Grande do Sul, to Cambuí in
Paraná, accounts for the increasing sulphur content in the
coals.
The peat forming plant communities as well as the
climatic, tectonic and environmental conditions are
important factors that influenced the formation of coal
deposits and their characteristics.
Marques-Toigo & Correa da Silva (1984) discussed
the origin of the Brazilian Gondwana coals on the basis of
palynological and petrographic data and recognized the
existence of four different moor facies as a result of
different types of vegetation and water level variations.
BRAZILIAN COALS
Coal occurs interbedded with such different rock types
as ortho- and para conglomerates with greyish matrix,
white, yellow and pink quartzose sandstones, grey to
yellow and brown carbonaceous shales, shales and
mudstones.
The lithologies of the coal-bearing strata vary from
south-west to northeast and facies changes are
interpreted as caused by the influence of the
paleotopography on the depositional systems that
controlled the peat-forming conditions.
In the State of Rio Grande do Sul the coal seams
were considered as formed mainly in subaquatic
conditions, in open-water and limno-telmatic moors from
arborescent and herbaceous pteridophytic plants, with
subordinate tree-like gymnospermae and associated
algae and algae-like elements (Correa da Silva. 1987).
BRAZILIAN COALS
Despite the fact that several coal beds exist in every
coalfield, just one or two are worth mining. Thickness is
normally about 2 m, with the exception of the Candiota
seam, which in some places is about 7 m thick.
The coals, according to the petrographic analyses,
present high average mineral matter and inertinite
contents, ranging from 16 to 43 % and from 10 to 43%,
respectively, in run-of-mine coals and 80% in washed
coals, and liptinites vary from 1 to 15% in run-of-mine
coals, in microscopic examination under white light, but
can reach more than 20% under ultraviolet irradiation.
The results of proximate analysis confirm those of
microscopic examination. Because the coals are ash-rich
(34 to 67% in as-mined coal samples) the volatile matter is
over estimated.
Sedimentary basins in Brasil
Overlap of Parana
and Pelotas Basin
offshore
80°0'0"W
70°0'0"W
60°0'0"W
50°0'0"W
40°0'0"W
8ª RODADA DE PETRÓLEO E GÁS NATURAL
Pará-Maranhão
MACAPÁ
BELÉM
Barreirinhas
SÃO LUÍS
MANAUS
0°0'0" N
0°0'0" N
BOA VISTA
FORTALEZA
TERESINA
NATAL
JOÃO PESSOA
10°0' 0"S
RIO BRANCO
PALMAS
MACEIÓ
Tucano-Sul ARACAJU
10°0' 0"S
RECIFE
PORTO VELHO
Sergipe-Alagoas
SALVADOR
CUIABÁ
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-
BELO HORIZONTE
CAMPO GRANDE
Blocos exploratórios
# Rodada - Ano
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
SÃO PAULO
Espírito Santo
RIO DE JANEIRO
CURITIBA
FLORIANÓPOLIS
Santos
PORTO ALEGRE
Pelotas
Setores 8ª Rodada
Blocos 8ª Rodada
Bacias Sedimentares
80°0'0"W
VITÓRIA
20°0'0 "S
Legenda
70°0'0"W
0 150 300
60°0'0"W
50°0'0"W
Blocos de Elevado
Potencial
600
900
40°0'0"W
1.200
Kilometers
30°0'0 "S
30°0'0 "S
20°0'0 "S
GOIÂNIA
SÃO PAULO
NW
CURITIBA
FLORIANÓPOLIS
Santos
SE
PORTO ALEGRE
Pelotas
0 150 300
60°0'0"W
50°0'0"W
Back
BRAZILIAN COALS
The predominance of the sub-aquatic
environment enhanced the deposition of significant
amounts of clay along with plant tissues, algae,
spores and/or pollen grains, so that coal is found
intermingled with shales and mudstones and is
liptinite-rich.
Plant debris underwent high oxidation during the
transportation from the vegetation covered areas
towards the sites of deposition which accounts for the
high contents of inertinite. As a result of their
predominant sub-aquatic origin the Brazilian coals
are mainly hypo autochthonous. Subordinately, some
coals which rest on underlay with roots of
pteridophytic plant material, may have an
autochthonous deposition (Correa da Silva. 1987.
1989).
BRAZILIAN COAL RESOURCES
UF
Jazida
Paraná
Cambuí
Sapopema
Santa Catarina
Barro Branco
Bonito
Pré-Bonito
Rio Grande do Sul
Candiota
Leão
Charqueadas
Iruí/Capané
Murungava
Santa Terezinha/Torres
Total (PR, SC e RS)
Recursos (106 t)
%
44
45
89
0,14
0,14
0,28
1.045
1.601
414
3.060
3,29
5,04
1,30
9,64
12.275
2.439
2.993
2.688
3.128
5.068
28.591
38,67
7,68
9,43
8,47
9,86
15,97
90,08
31.740
100,00
Cambuí
Sapopema
PR
SC
Barro Branco
Bonito
RS
Pré-Bonito
Santa Terezinha
Distritos Mineiros
Charqueadas
Leão
Source: Informative of Coal Industry – DNPM / 2000
Candiota
Iruí / Capané
Murungava
Parana Coalfields
Santa Catarina
Coalfield
Jacui Valley
Coalfields
Candiota Coalfield
Eastern Coalfields
Coalfield
Candiota¹
Capané¹
Reflectan
ce
Moistur Ash d.b.
Coal Seam
Rm
e%
%
%
Volatile
Matter
d.b.a.f.
%
Calorific
Value
cal/g
Classification
Superior
0.40 ± 0.04
12.0
11.9
37.8
3,208i
Sub-bituminous A
Inferior
0.40 ± 0.04
15.2
7.6
40.8
3,416i
Sub-bituminous A
Capanezinh
0.57 ± 0.05
o
17.43
5.52
34.4
6,800ii
Sub-bituminous A
Iruí¹
Superior
0.48 ± 0.05
8.2
9.4
36.1
------
Sub-bituminous A
Leão¹
Superior
0.49 ± 0.02
7.35
6.55
37.7
6,000iii
Sub-bituminous A
MB
0.51
6.6
14.0
36.7i
6,579ii
Sub-bituminous A
I1F
0.47
10.2
17.5
36.2i
6,829ii
Sub-bituminous A
I2B
0.46
14.8
19.2
41.9i
5,930ii
Superior
0.52 ± 0.04
5.5
8.8
37.3
------
Média
0.54 ± 0.03
9.5
7.7
37.3
------
Inferior
0.56 ± 0.04
5.6
2.3
37.7
------
M1
0.62 ± 0.04
------
------
------
------
Sub-bituminous A
Bituminous high volatile
C/B
Bituminous High Volatile
C/B
Bituminous High Volatile
C/B
Bituminous High Volatile B
M2
0.62 ± 0.04
------
------
------
------
Bituminous High Volatile B
M3
0.52 ± 0.03
------
------
------
------
Bituminous High Volatile B
Charqueadas
²
Faxinal¹
Morungava¹
Coalfield
Chico Lomã¹
Sta
Terezinha¹
Santa
Catarinaiv
Santa
Catarinaiv
Reflectanc Moistur Ash d.b.
Col Seam
e Rm
e%
%
%
Volatile
Matter
d.b.a.f.
%
Calorific
Value
cal/g
Classification
Bituminous High Volatile
B/A
Bituminous High Volatile
B/A
Bituminous High Volatile
B/A
CL1
0.62
1.79
4.9
42.5
------
CL4
0.69
1.75
7.5
37.5
------
CL6
0.67
1.53
21.5
45.3
------
ST4
0.88
0.70 iv
15.4 iv
36.6 iv
------
Bituminous High Volatile A
Banco
0.80
0.7
12.7
37.6
8,635
Bituminous High Volatile A
0.6
15.2
36.5
8,619
Bituminous High Volatile A
1.1
11.2
37.5
-
Bituminous High Volatile A
Forro
Irapua
0.83
Classification of some Brazilian coals (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina),
according “rank”, chemical analysis of concentrate of vitrain, average reflectance of
vitrinites and calorific value.
1 – Coal Lab. Federal University of Rio Grande i) Dry basis
do Sul State - UFRGS
ii) Dry basis and ash free
iii) 20% ash
2 – Nahuys. 1967 (coal floating in 1.50)
iv) Coal floating in a density of
1.50
Coalfield
Santa
Catarina
Rio
Grande
Do Sul
Parana
Canada
Polonia
South
Africa
China
Colombia
Coal
Products
sulphu
Moisture
r
%
%
Max.
Max.
Ash
d.b.
%
Volatile
Calorifi
Calorific
Calorific
Matter
c
Value
Value
FSI
d.b.
Value
Kcal/Kg
MJ/kg
%
BTU/lb
Back
Fluidity
CE 5200
2.00
10.0
35.0
25.0
5,200
20,600
21.77
<2
-
CE 4500
2.30
10.2
43.0
21.0
4,500
17,800
18,84
<2
-
MET 6800
1.70
6.0
17.5
30.0
6,800
26,900
28.47
CE 5900
1.50
20.0
22.0
30.0
5,900
23,400
24.70
-
-
CE 5200
0.57
19.0
29.0
30.9
5,200
20,600
21.77
-
-
CE 4700
1.50
19.0
35.0
31.0
4,700
18,600
19.67
-
-
CE 4200
1.50
19.0
40.0
29.0
4,200
16,600
17.58
-
-
CE 3700
1.50
15.0
47.0
24.0
3,700
14,600
15.49
-
-
CE 3300
1.50
17.0
54.0
19.0
3,300
13,000
13.81
-
-
CE 3100
1.00
15.0
57.0
-
3,100
12,300
12.97
-
-
CE 6000
3.30
15.0
25.0
36.0
6,000
23,800
25.12
-
-
HV
1.30
8.5
3.5
36.0
-
-
-
7- 8
20,000
MV
0.40
8.0
10.0
23.0
-
-
-
6 - 8 20 – 100
LV
0.45
6.5
7.5
20.0
-
-
-
7- 9
MV
0.75
8.50
8.0
29.0
-
-
-
7- 8
HV
0.80
8.0
7.5
35.0
-
-
-
5
20,000
HV
0.40
8.0
8.0
35.0
-
-
-
35,000
MV
0.80
6.0
8.0
24.0
-
-
-
7
7–
9
4 - 5 >20,000
10
600 –
1,000
100
Candiota Coalfield
Several coal seams occur in the basin, but on
account of rentability just Candiota seam is been
mined.
A cross section along five boreholes drilled in
the area, aligned approximately northwestsoutheast (Fig. 2A) shows the distribution of the
Candiota coal seam as well as the occurrence of
other seams in the sequence.
Detailed data on Candiota coal basin is found
in Correa da Silva (1975 and 1993) and Correa
da Silva & Marques Toigo (1985).
PR
SC
6.560.000
6.560.000
6.552.000
6.552.000
6.544.000
6.544.000
6.536.000
6.536.000
6.528.000
6.528.000
RS
JAZIDA CANDIOTA
Ia
EF
Ib
6.520.000
6.520.000
Ib
Hulha Negra
IIa
III
IIb
6.512.000
6.512.000
272.000
V
VI
6.504.000
6.504.000
V
V
VI
6.496.000
6.496.000
V
III
VI
VI
6.488.000
6.488.000
IV
VI
VI
6.480.000
6.480.000
VII
VI
6.472.000
6.472.000
I
6.464.000
6.464.000
VII
II
UR
UG
U
6.456.000
VI
AI
272.000
6.456.000
Back
Regional Stratigraphy of
Candiota Coalfield
Rochas sedimentares
gondwânicas
Lopes et al. 2003
S
14 k m
HV39RS
6 km
25 km
SC20RS
HV31RS
HN44 RS
13 km
SC80RS
Se dimentos
Ter ciários
3 115´
N
8 km
HN23RS
31 30 ´
Em basamento
Espessura > 0,5m de
carvão contido
HN23 RS
HN44RS
SC8 0RS
Camada Candiota
SC20 RS
50m
CS 4
+6
Camada Candiota
Su perior 4
C
Camada Candiota
Su perior 6
HV 31RS
CS4+6 - Camadas Ca ndiota Superior 4 a 6
C - Camada Candiota
Margas
Carvão e pel itos
car bonosos
Folhelhos
Pelitos
Pelito com acamadamento wa vy e linsen
Arcóseos
Arenito com hummocky
Conglomerado
Quartzo aren ito
Embasamento
Flú viodelt aico
Arenitos
transicionais
HERVAL
SW
Linha de erosão
atual
HV 39 RS
32 00 ´
540 0´
Planicie
costeir a
Marino
raso
C ANDI OTA-HULH A NE GRA -SEI VAL
Gr. Itarar é
Embasamento
320 0´
53 30 ´
Afogamen to
Progradação
B OLENA
NE
B
Candiota Coalfield
Coal Resources by Overburden Range
Coal
Seams
< 50 m
160 ft
CS7
84.4
4.4
-
-
124.8
CS6
95.8
47.3
-
-
143.8
CS5
63.5
12.6
-
-
76.1
CS4
256.4
253.0
-
-
509.4
Candiota
2.272.7
5.326.0
185.0
-
7.783.7
CI2
503.4
1.046.3
153.1
-
1.702.8
CI3
550.0
1.075.6
159.1
-
1.784.7
CI4
104.9
65.4
0.1
-
170.4
TOTAL
3.931.1
7.866.6
497.3
-
12.295.0
Source:
MME: DNPM/CPRM
50 m a 300 m 300 m a 800 m
> 800 m
980 ft
2,600 ft
Thermal coal
TOTAL
in 10 3 metric tons
Banco Louco
Candiota Superior
Candiota Inferior
Back
Jacui Valley Coalfield
To the north of the Precambrian Shield, along
the plan of the Jacui River and associated with
the sedimentary Gondwanic sequence, several
isolated coal basins occur, some of which are
exploited either as open cast or as underground
mines. These basins are here referred to as the
Jacuí Valley Coalfields and are, in a west-to-east
direction, the so-called: Capane, Irui, Butiá,
Charqueadas, Santa Rita and Faxinal coal
basins.
Piccoli et al. (1986); Correa da Silva et al.,
1984; Henz & Dias-Fabricio, 1985; Araujo et al.,
1985 presented detailed data on the formation
and composition of these coals.
Jacui Valley Coalfields -Capané
Coal Resources by Overburden Range
Coal
Seams
Capanezinh
< 50 m
160 ft
50 m to 300 m 300 m to 800 m
980 ft
2,600 ft
> 800 m
TOTAL
78.0
8.4
-
-
86.4
Iruí Sup.
52.9
8.4
-
-
61.3
Iruí Inf.
5.2
1.0
-
-
6.2
Jeribá
73.7
374.0
426.1
-
859.3
TOTAL
209.8
359.5
426.1
-
1.013.2
o
Source:
MME: DNPM/CPRM
Thermal coal
in 10 3 metric tons
Jacui Valley Coalfields - Iruí
Coal Resources by Overburden Range
Coal
Seams
Cordilheira
Capanezinh
< 50 m
160 ft
50 m to 300 m 300 m to 800 m
> 800 m
980 ft
2,600 ft
TOTAL
-
32.9
-
-
32.9
24.0
19.6
-
-
43.6
12.8
50.1
60.3
-
123.2
Iruí Sup.
178.2
991.3
273.3
-
1.442.8
Iruí Inf.
18.0
4.7
-
-
22.7
Jeribá
-
0.7
-
-
0.7
TOTAL
232.2
1.100.3
333.6
-
1.665.9
o
Iruí Sup. 1
Source:
MME: DNPM/CPRM
Thermal coal
in 10 3 metric tons
Jacui Valley Coalfields - Leão
Coal Resources by Overburden Range
Coal
Seams
< 50 m
160 ft
S1
-
19.0
8.9
-
27.9
S2
-
207.0
146.6
-
353.6
S3
-
261.1
180.9
-
442.0
I
-
413.1
296.7
-
709.8
I2
-
47.1
14.1
-
61.2
I3
-
338.2
254.6
-
592.8
I4
-
210.2
44.5
-
254.7
TOTAL
-
1.495.7
946.3
-
2.442.0
Source:
MME: DNPM/CPRM
50 m to 300 m 300 m t0 800 m
> 800 m
980 ft
2,600 ft
Thermal coal
TOTAL
in 10 3 metric tons
Jacui Valley Coalfields - Charqueadas
Coal
Coal Resources by Overburden Range
50 m to 300 m 300 m to 800 m
> 800 m
980 ft
2,600 ft
Seams
< 50 m
160 ft
SB
51.1
322.1
275.6
-
648.8
MB
-
0.9
0.7
-
1.6
I1F
71.7
667.6
594.9
-
1.334.2
I1 FA
-
1.8
-
-
1.8
I2 B
52.6
655.4
267.1
-
975.1
I3F
-
30.7
2.2
-
32.9
TOTAL
175.4
1.678.5
1.140.5
-
2.994.4
Source:
MME: DNPM/CPRM
Thermal coal
TOTAL
in 103 metric tons
Main Map
EASTERN COALFIELDS
The sedimentation of the Rio Bonito Formation in the
Eastern Coalfield is thought to have occurred in lacustrine
and paludal environments. The sequence is composed
essentially of fine -grained rocks and contains several
coal seams. The thickness and number of coal seams
were controlled by the irregular palaeo-topography of the
basement .
In the region of Morungava. tectonic movements
developed “horsts" and “graben”. Ferreira et al. (1978)
recognized sediments of the Rio Bonito Formation in
areas of the Gravatai and Morungava districts. The
deposition of coal occurred in the most subsiding areas in
which peat-forming swamps formed in fluvial plains. The
coals originated in two successive paludal and fluvial
cycles (Bottoluzzi et al. 1980).
EASTERN COALFIELDS
The paludal system formed the main coal
measures whereas black shales,
carbonaceous shales and thin coal layers
were formed in flood plains.
Data on coal composition and rank of
the coals from Morungava. Chico Lomã
and Santa Terezinha basins were
presented by Correa da Silva et al. 1985;
Matos (1984); Correa da Silva (1989) and
others.
Eastern Coalfields - Morungava & Chico Lomã*
Coal Resources by Overburden Range
Coal
Seams
< 50 m
160 ft
M1/CL1
-
10.5
18.2
-
28.7
M2/CL2
10.3
116.4
89.7
-
216.4
M3/CL3
21.2
153.5
112.5
-
287.2
M4/CL4
11.4
423.2
674.9
-
1.109.5
M5/CL5
1.5
65.7
213.2
-
280.4
M6/CL6
94.3
471.6
604.0
-
1.169.9
TOTAL
138.7
1.240.9
1.712.5
-
3.092.1
Source:
MME: DNPM/CPRM
50 m to 300 m 300 m to 800 m
> 800 m
980 ft
2,600 ft
*Coking an thermal coal
TOTAL
in 103 metric tons
Eastern Coalfields - Santa Terezinha*
Coal Resources by Overburden Range
Coal
Seams
< 50 m
160 ft
TOTA
50 m to 300 m 300 m to 800 m
> 800 m
980 ft
2,600 ft
L
ST2
-
-
22.8
18.6
41.4
ST3
-
-
134.7
74.0
208.7
ST4
-
-
1.401.7
461.3
ST5
-
-
287.6
682.1
ST6
-
-
422.9
777.8
TOTAL
-
-
2.269.7
2.013.8
Source:
MME: DNPM/CPRM
*Coking an thermal coal
1.863.
0
969.7
1.200.
7
4.283.
5
in 103 metric tons
Map
JAZIDA
MORUNGAVACHICO LOMÃ
JAZIDA
SANTA TEREZINHA
600000
608000
6 16000
V
6.720.000
V
V
6.712.000
?
V
III
6.704.000
?
II
III
IV
V
V
III
III
6.696.000
(o)
II
II
?
?
II
6.688.000
II
II
IVa
II
JAZIDA I
MORUNGAVA CHICO LOMÃ
IVb
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I
II
I
JAZIDA
I
MORUGAVA
IVb
CHICO
VI
V
6.680.000
JAZIDA
VII
VI
VI
TRAMANDAÍ
SANTA TEREZINHA
II
JAZIDA
II
N ova Tr amandaí
VI
?
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MORUNGAVA CHICO LOMÃ
III
L ag oa d o Gentil
I
L g do
Tap era
O ásis S ul
Jardim do Édem
6.672.000
L agoa d o Manoel
Nunes
S
R
6
1
2
PORTO ALEGRE
Lag oa d a Fortaleza
L g do
L essa
6.664.000
Lg da
Suzana
Cid re ira
7
S
R
86
L agoa d a Cidreira
L agoa da
Rondinha
6.656.000
Pin hal
Lagoa do
Cerqu inho
S
R
0
1
6.648.000
5
Mag itério
L agoa r o Rincão das
Eguas
L g d o Cipó
Quin tão
L g do
L avagem
L agoa da Porteira
6.640.000
Lagoa do Leão
L g. do
P otre ir inho
ga ré
Lago a d o Capão
a lto
P
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S a
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a
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L agoa do
Quintão
R
S
10
Lg. do
Charq ueado
Back
Back
SANTA CATARINA COAL FIELD
In Santa Catarina the coal measures occur in the south-eastern
part of the State in a single coal basin, about 80 km long in the northsouth direction, associated with shales, sandstones, conglomerates
and clay layers of the Rio Bonito Formation, Guata Group.
Bortoluzzi et al. (1978) divide the Rio Bonito Formation in Santa
Catarina in three members: Triunfo. Paraguaçu and Sideropolis, as
suggested by Schneider et al. (1974). Coal occurs in both the
intermediate Paraguaçu Member and the upper Sideropolis Member.
The sedimentation in this basin started under fluvioglacial conditions
(Itarare Group) which was followed by a low gradient fluvial system with
peat-forming swamps (Rio Bonito Formation). At the same time te
shales and fine-grained sandstones of the Palermo Formation were
deposited in a tidal flat environment. Sporadic sea level variations
produced two mega-cyclothems, formed by minor fining upward cycles
(Bortoluzzi et al. 1978). A typical sequence was established for the
formation of coal indicating that the fluvial system evolved into a peatforming paludal environment. Plants growing in the swamps, mainly
PTERIDOPHYTA and ALGAE, were the main source of organic matter
for the formation of coal.
SANTA CATARINA COAL FIELD
Data from more than 200 boreholes showed that about twelve
coal seams may occur in the basin, as follows: Treviso, Barro Branco,
Irapua, "A“, “B”, Ponte Alta, Upper Bonito and Lower Bonito, in the
Sideropolis Member; and Upper Pre-Bonito and Lower Pre-Bonito,
"C" and "0“, in the Paraguaçu Member (Fabricio. 1973). The seams
are irregularly distributed in the basin and some of them occur in
small areas. The most importants and the only extensively mined are
the Barro Branco and Bonito seams, which occurs throughout the
basin.
The main petrographic characteristics of the coals is the
presence of a high average content of trimacerite and carbominerite
and important amounts of exinite (alginite and sporinite) in
trimacerite, clarite and durite (Correa da Silva & Wolf. 1978). Mineral
matter can reach more than 20% in washed coals. and the ash
content of hand-picked vitrain varies from 4 to 8%. These figures
indicate mineral-rich coals formed under subaquatic conditions. The
presence of singenetic pyrite. described by Correa da Silva & Wolf
(op.cit.). together with the occurrence of high liptinite contents and the
microscopic lamination are further evidences supporting this type of
deposition.
Santa Catarina Coalfield*
Coal Seams
Coal Resources by Overburden Range
< 50 m 50 m to 300 m 300 m to 800 m > 800
TOTAL
160 ft
980 ft
2,600 ft
m
Barro Branco
196.6
710.0
292.3
124.4 1.323.3
A
-
-
106.1
61.0
167.1
Ponte Alta
-
-
183.5
357.6
541.1
Bonito Superior
4.0
41.7
250.1
-
295.8
Bonito Inferior
344.7
605.7
354.7
Pré-Bonito Sup.
-
34.7
181.3
-
216.0
Pré-Bonito Inf.
-
-
197.8
-
197.8
TOTAL
545.3
1.392.1
1.565.8
Source:
MME: DNPM/CPRM
*Coking an thermal coal
242.3 1.547.4
785.3 4.288.5
in 10 3 metric tons
Santa Catarina Coalfield*
Coal Seams
Thermal
Main Uses of Coal Resources
Gasificatio
CO 2
Coking
n
Storage
Used in
In Use
A
likely
Unknown unknown unknown unknown
Ponte Alta
likely
Unknown unknown
Very
Unlikely
Likely
Very
Unlikely
likely
Unlikely Unknown
Bonito Superior
In use
Bonito Inferior
In use
Pré-Bonito Sup.
Likely
Pré-Bonito Inf.
likely
Very likely
Likely in
Barro Branco
Past
Probable
Methane
depht
unknown unknown
unknown
unknown
Likely in
depht
Likely in
depht
unknown unknown
Unlikely unknown unknown unknown
Source:
ABCM/SIECESC
Back
PR
SC
JAZIDA DE SAPOREMA
504.000
RS
512.000
520.000
528.000
536.000
JAZIDA DE CAMBUÍ
544.000
552.000
560.000
568.000
576.000
584.000
592.000
600.000
7.400.000
7.392.000
7.392.000
7.384.000
7.384.000
7.400.000
7.376.000
V
J A ZI DA SA P OREMA
IV
V
III
II
7.368.000
CA MB
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II
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A
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7.360.000
I
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SAPOREMA
I
7.352.000
512.000
504.000
520.000
528.000
536.000
544.000
552.000
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568.000
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Back
600 000
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D
IO L A
V -T U
R
a p
é u
R io C h
o
isp
Vila Santa Isabel
i o
R
P e
q u
n o
e
o B
io d
43 8
SC -
A lurê
R
v a
a
L
-T u
d o
rio ula
R io
V ILA VA C AS GORDAS
R IoC
6888000
6888000
RIO FORTUNA
r ro
A
i o M
o ro
ra n
G
e
d
-T U
D O
S u
m id o
u
r o
-4 0
7
R oi
d oB
i spo
R io
C
S
R i
o B
ra ço
R IO L
A V
A
o
d
Vila Pericó
d e
a
t
DI VI SÃO G ERAL DA JAZIDA POR BLOCOS
sq u
E
r
e
a d
e
o
a j
L
i o
R
e lot
P
a s
o
R i
C
R io P
e
q u
n o
e
r ro
A
i
i o
R
T rê
a g
L
in h
o
a
C Ó
E IR
IO P
R
VI IIc
s aB
r ar s
VII Ib
A ro io
GRÃO-PARÁ
VIb
8 2
4
S u
m id
u ro
o
6880000
S
VI IIc
6880000
S C
-
io
R
- 4
C
3 9
IIIa
v e
In
rn a
d
R io
VII Ib
er ra
II Ib
aS
43 8
C S
o d
i
R
Cruzeiro
inh a
ton
Vb
R IO
VIa
An
io
R
P
io
R
ira
La ar
nj eira
s
IV
O
R io M
a tn
iq ue
U E
N
E Q
S C
- 4
3 8
Va
II Ia
t in
h o
o P
o s
Ri
lo tas
ioP e
ri sa
m je
ar a
io L
R
Manti queira
R
I IIb
6872000
6872000
ARMAZÉM
BR AÇ O D ONORTE
S C
- 4
3 8
VII Ia
rte
i ra
S ÃO JOA QUIM
R io
Po
IIb
I Ia
L
T 69
R io C a
n d
fu
ó
K V
o e
h
ira
io C
a c
R
eu s
M at
IV
S ão
io P in
R
h e
iro s
io
R
R
io
a ta
l
G ra v
VIIIb
o
din h
i
p iva r
C a
SÃO J UDGERO
R io
BO M JARDI M DASERRA
on
to
Gravatal
B en
io R
R
6864000
6864000
I Ib
R
IV
S ão
io
VIIIb
SC
- 34
0
te ira
io d
a B a
t a
8
3
S C
-4
R
IV
ORLEANS
ra tó rio
R io O
D espraiado
IIa
IIb
I OT
R
U B
A
à O
R
iv a
p
r s
io C
R
a
Pouso Alto
Ia
R io
a q
T
u ar
P
es s
eg u
e ri
o
a
III
Guatá
VIIa
R IO P E
L O
A S
T
LAURO MULLER
ro io
T 6 9
L
K
A
VIIb
V
III
Ib
F T
E
C
a
cin h
Barro Branco
a R
o
6856000
6856000
EF
iod
i o
R
R
P a
lm
A R
B
à O
e ira s
I II
ur
C ar
TU
Ib
R io
R
IO
S
LO TA
P E
São M artinho
C ap
iv ars
IO
R
z ém
rm a
A
o
R i
PEDRAS GRANDES
EF
io
R
VI Ia
IIa
ri n
d
h a
s
VIIa
SC
ado
RS
Santana
T
L
e d
r a
s G ra n d
e s
P
R io
io
inho
O IO
R R
A
IIa
38
- 4
C
6 9
K V
R
S
L
a jead
e
P
a ge
io L
Ia
VI Ib
R io M ã
e L
u z ia
io
R
R
O S
C O
N T
O S
D
Ib
Ib
1
-1 0
R
EF T
C
B
TUBARÃO
6848000
6848000
IIb
IIa
EF
Ia
IIc
o s
d
C
F T C
E
or e
io s
R io
R io
io
R
P ú
l pilo
-1 0
1
o r e
io
d o
s C
TREVISO
VII
II Ib
R
B
II Ia
IVb
I lh
io
o
ta
s
URUSS ANGA
III
R
io M o
r o
s in
Faxinal Preto
VIII
R
a s
h
S
R
S C
EF
9K V
C
o n
g o
n
T6
L
R
io L
a je
a d
o
R io Deserto
EF
a s
lo d
6840000
6840000
ub ícu
Treze de Maio
R io
Lagoa da
J aguaruna
C
3 0
2
K V
2 )L T
(
I Va
a
o u C
a ip o
r
o S a
d
lt o
I II
F F
S A
IVa
R io
R
EF
Rio Fiorita
S C -4 1
i o
R
EF
R
i o
r u
U
s sa
n g
a
)
a od
a liz
ca n
(
( 2)L
S IDEROPOLIS
g a
sa n
ru s
U
VIII
I Va
Serrinha
T 69
r co
a
M
io d a
R
V
K
I II
Silveira
VIII
R
R io
S C
J AGUARUN A
a D
d
iv isa
II
6832000
NOVA VENEZA
i o
R
S a
n g
o
?
?
-4 43
C
S
C -4
R io S
a
n g
o
ã
K V
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do C
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T 6
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II
R io
S
6832000
EF
L T
2 3
0 K V
S
M OR RO D A
FU MAÇA
a runa
Ja gu
io
R
V
o rto
M
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e
EF
R io Maina
R io
R o
i
d o S
ilv
II
EF
II
S C -4 3
CRICIÚMA
I
v es
el A
l
La g oa Arroio
Co rrente
?
?
EF
a no
i o M
R
EF
II
?
L T
6 9
K V
6824000
6824000
C -4 4
S
3
VIb
V
DEBEN
S.
BAIXO
TO
EF
Lag oa
Bon ita
EF
S C
RS
S C -4 3
-4 8
IÇARA
B
R -1 0
1
cin h
a
r o
d
o d o
C e
i
R
o d
a R
o
R i
S C
VIa
I
io d o
M
R
FOR QU ILH IN HA
io
e
?
?
VIb
VIb
V
R iod
30 K
V
L T 2
?
o d o
B ra ço
A ro i
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o altS
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A
tas
?
a
- F
a c
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A m
lh a
e ra V
e
da S
as A
n
VIb
R io
R io
6816000
6816000
C -4 4
S
9
VIa
VIa
R
noe
R io
ves
lA l
JAZIDA SUL - CATARINENSE
o
M
S C
L a go a da
U ru ssan ga Velha
S -C
4 48
a
M
rto
d o
i o
R
i
R
o
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n d
iá
S C -4 4
6
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io
Morro
Grande
MELEIRO
T IM BÉ DO SU L
CA
TA
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NE
NS
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ha
oc ni
da R
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R
io
R
MARAC AJÁ
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PR OGRESSO
e l
Ma
n o
6808000
V
6808000
L ag oa dos
E ste ves
I O
R
l ve s
A
MÃ
E L
ira
e
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a F ig
u
R
Rincão
L ag oa do
Faxi nal
VIa
L T 6
9 K
V
S C
- 4
4 8
L ag oa Mãe
L uzia
R
IXb
B R
- 2
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io
da
- 28
C
5
R io J u
n d
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R IO
A
R A
R A
N GU
Á
R IO
R
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-1 0
1
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a
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R A
A
ARARANGUÁ
d ou
ngr a
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a
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U P
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Itoupava
ro
S
R
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?
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nhe irn
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R
O
IT
SU
L
6800000
ARARANGUÁ
in h
P
e
Â
TL
A
Morro dos
Conventos
C -4 4
S
9
IO
R
i o
R
NT
IC
O
6800000
La g oa do
Bic ho
irn h
o
SC
K V
9
-4 4
8
T 6
L
?
-1 0
1
L ag o a da
Ser ra
R
B
O
AN
CE
O
II
dra
I Xb
Ermo
JACINTO MACHADO
600000
6 08000
616000
?
C -4 4
S
8
6792000
624000
632000
640000
648000
JA
ZI D
A
e
P
o da
R i
Arroio do Silva
656000
672000
S
C -4
48
S anga da Toca
664000
680000
688000
6792000
696000
Back
600000
608000
616000
624000
632000
640000
SC
-
4
648000
656000
672000
8
664000
Sanga da Toca
Lagoa Caverá
6784000
R io d
a Lag
e
6784000
L
Ri o
R
io
Ca
ve
rá
SOMBRIO
eã
o
RS
SC
R io
do
Rio
C ac
hoei
ra
Ser
tão
650
6776000
6776000
R io
Tr
ês
Irmãos
Lagoa do Sombrio
Rio Caneco
Lago de Fora
I
?
Rio Macaco
PRAIA
GRANDE
SC-450
?
SC
Rio
RS
I
Ma mp
iu
tb a
6768000
6768000
S.João do Sul
?
SC
RS
o
a
rn
Fo
6760000
tu b
o
o d
Ri
Pichirica
I
Sâo Joâo
pi
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ang
d oM
Rio
JAZIDA SUL - CATARINENSE
AR
IN
EN
SE
?
6760000
Ma
m pi t
ub a
CA
T
Rio
M
a
m
II
BR
- 4
5
50MVA
/ RS
3
- 4
9
80
0
8
(2,5MVA)
Rio
?
O
6,25 MVA
5,00 MVA
12,5MVA
NT
12,5MVA
LÂ
Sâo Pedro
P aca s
das
LT
1
38
K
9 50
V
AT
Rio
6752000
IC
SU
L
TORRES
6752000
II
AN
Lageadinho
6 .560.000
Lago de Itapeva
110
0
6744000
E
6744000
O
Rio Seco
ZID
A
O
C
T er a
i do
Ro
JA
Três Cachoeiras
II
10
BR
1
6736000
Rondinha
608000
600000
616000
624000
632000
640000
648000
Back
PR
SC
RS
JAZIDA DE
CHARQUEADAS
JAZIDA
MORUNGAVACHICO LOMÃ
JAZIDA
SANTA TEREZINHA
600000
608000
6 16000
EF
6.728.000
6 .7 28 .0 00
V
2, 5
6 .7 20 .0 00
6 .7 20 .0 00
EF
JAZIDA
DO LEÃO
V
V
6 .7 12 .0 00
6 .7 12 .0 00
?
V
?
III
6 .7 04 .0 00
6 .7 04 .0 00
?
?
II
IV
IV
JAZIDA DO
CAPANÉ
III
V
V
JAZIDA
DO IRUÍ
II
III
.5
2
6 .6 96 .0 00
6 .6 96 .0 00
(o)
II
II
?
IV
II
EF
?
III
1
6 .6 88 .0 00
Ib
6 .6 88 .0 00
II
II
6 .6 88 .0 00
2.5
.5
2
II Ia
1
2.5
II
7 2MV
II
1
I Va
Ia
IIIa
20 MVA
2, 5
II
1
V
IV
IIb
6.680.000
I
EF
IIb
I
I
II
JAZIDA
MORUNGAVA CHICO LOMÃ
IV b
I
I Vb
JAZIDA
IIIb
MORUGAVA
CHICO
1
T RAMA NDA Í
EF
IVa
V IIa
IX
Va
I
V III
V
VI
I
VI
6 .6 80 .0 00
JAZIDA
VI
VI
SAN TA TEREZINHA
II
Vb
JAZIDA
V III
II
IVb
CACHOEIRA DO SUL
Nova Tr amandaí
VI
MORUNGAVA -
?
?
VIII
III
III
CHICO LOMÃ
IVa
IV a
I
Lag oa do Gentil
IVa
Lg do
Tap
era
Oás is S ul
2 ,5 m
V Ia
Jardim do Édem
6 .6 72 .0 00
?
VII
V IIb
IV
MI NADO CALOMBO
M ina do L e ão I I
L agoa d o Manoel
MI NA
DOSRAT
OS
ARROI O
?
?
?
?
IVa
?
Nunes
PORTO ALEGRE
M IN A DO
Mi na d o Le ão
B UT IÁ
V
?
V
MINAS DO LE ÃO
V II
6
1
-2
S
R
?
?
6 .6 72 .0 00
IV
V
IV
La goa d a Fort aleza
V Ia
6 .6 64 .0 00
C
P
A
N
A
É
?
M in a Ale n cast ro
Lg d o
IVa
Lessa
Va
III
L g da
6 .6 64 .0 00
S uzana
IMruiníaCe
dant ral
M in a
III
DO
5
M IN A
DO
RECREIO
Sh u mai kal
Vb
J
Lagoa da Cidreira
Mi na do Recrei o
Cidr eira
786
DA
A IZ
S
R
V Ia
VI
Lagoa da
Rond inha
6 .6 56 .0 00
6 .6 56 .0 00
V
V
V
Miona
d
F axi na l
I
I
III
II
P in hal
MI NA DE
L agoa do
AGUA BOA
IV
Cerq uin ho
IV
I IIb
VI
II
M in a d o I ru í
V
Mag it ério
1
5
S
R
1
0
II
I Ia
6 .6 48 .0 00
6 .6 48 .0 00
III
IIIb
Ib
Ib
L agoa r o Rincão das
?
IIb
?
E guas
?
II Ib
I IIa
?
I Ib
I
?
Lg d o Cipó
?
?
Quintão
?
IIIb
Ia
II
Ib
?
L av
ga
dogem
Lag oa da Porteira
I IIb
IIIa
6 .6 40 .0 00
6 .6 40 .0 00
IIIa
Lagoa do Leão
Min a né
Capa
do
IIIa
Lg. do
Id
I
Pot reirinho
II Ia
L agoa do Capão
é
alto
P
Pinhe iro
nga
Sa
6.632.000
Lg. do
angr
Ic
Ib
6.632.000
L agoa
Q
uin tão
do
Ia
S
R
10
Lg. do
Ch arqueado
DETAIL 1
DETAIL 2
BACK
6 .728.000
2,5
6 .720.000
JAZIDA
DO LEÃO
6 .712.000
6 .704.000
JAZIDA DO
CAPANÉ
JAZIDA
DO IRUÍ
6 .696.000
1
Ib
6.688.000 6 .688.000
IIIa
1
1
Ia
1
IIIa
V
IV
I Ib
IIb
I
II Ib
1
EF
IX
VIII
Va
IVa
VIIa
Vb
VIII
IVb
CACHOEIRA DO SUL
V III
IVa
IVa
IVa
2 ,5m
VIa
VII
V IIb
?
IV
V
M ina do Le ão II
?
?
?
?
IVa
?
MIN A DO
?
?
B UTIÁ
V
Mina d o Leão
V
?
VII
MINAS DO LEÃO
VIa
A
AP
C
NÉ
?
Min a Alen castro
IVa
Va
III
Mina da
Iru í Ce nt ral
DO
JA
ZI D
Min a
Shu ma ikal
A
Vb
MIN A
DO
R ECR EIO
I II
M in a do Recreio
VIa
VI
V
V
V
I
I
III
II
MINA DE
AGUA BOA
IV
IV
IIIb
Min a do Iruí
VI
V
II
IIa
III
IIIb
Ib
?
Ib
IIb
?
IIIb
?
?
IIb
IIIa
I
?
?
IIIb
?
?
Ia
II
?
Ib
II Ib
IIIa
IIIa
Mina do
Capané
IIIa
I
IIIa
Back
JAZIDA DE
CHARQUEADAS
EF
2,5
EF
?
V
?
?
?
IV
. 5
2
(o)
?
IV
EF
III
III
?
II
. 5
2
2.5
72MV
2.5
II
1
Ia
20MVA
2,5
EF
I
Va
I
Vb
IV
IV
M INA DO CA LOMBO
M INA
ARRO IO
DOS RA TOS
?
PORTO ALEGRE
MINA DO
B UTIÁ
?
III
5
MINA
DO
RECREIO
Mina
do Faxinal
I
M INA DE
A GUA BOA
II
5
Back
Project
For Coal Characterization
at
Rio Grande do Sul State
Petrobras/UFRGS
Wolfgang Kalkreuth
Eastern Coalfields – Santa Terezinha
CPRM. 1986
6720000
0.54 - 0.55 Range of mean random vitrinite reflectances (%)
(0.95) Mean random vitrinite reflectance (%) of thermally altered coal
TG-02 Borehole selected for methane isotherm experimentation
6710000
0.94 (4.29 - 5.46)
0.67 - 0.75 (0.95)
(1.44 - 2.68)
0.53 - 0.55
6700000
0.71 - 0.99 (1.00 - 5.15)
0.87 - 0.91
0.67 - 0.92
TG-10
0.79 - 0.92
0.96
0.65 - 0.80
0.54 - 0.55
0.66 - 0.67(0.80)
0.78 - 0.86 (0.98 - 1.20)
0.54 - 0.63
0.83(0.95 - 3.78)
Tramandaí
0.64 - 0.69
0.58 - 0.61 0.57 - 0.63 (0.95) 0.57 - 0.66(1.11)
TG-83 0.59 - 0.76
(3.02 - 5.01)
0.69 - 0.67
TG-02
OC
EA
N
6680000
AT
LA
NT
IC
0.84(1.08 - 1.75)
6670000
0
480000
0.87(2.19 - 4.75)
Osório
0.70 - 0.80(1.57 - 3.70)
6690000
TG-95
0.72 - 0.89
0.58 - 0.63
(0.99 -1.47)
Capão da Canoa
500000
5
10
15
20 km
520000
540000
560000
580000
Vitrinite reflectance variations. Santa Terezinha Coalfield. RS. Brazil
600000
Map showing borehole distribution. vitrinite reflectance values (Rrandom%)
and cumulative coal thickness (m) for structural blocks 1 - 5
Status Report
SURPAC 3D
Suggested CBM
Testwells
Time Frame
Early 2007
Well
Name Depth of coal-bearing
interval [m]
A TG_89
300 - 326
B TG_14
440 - 462
C TG_99
584 - 618
D TG_59
795 - 837
* from coalification map
Total coal
thickness[m]
5.39
5.31
8.99
9.8
Number of
coal seams
26
31
13
45
Max thickness
of coal seam [m]
1.64
0.66
2.15
2.5
Rrandom
(%)
0.75
0.73*
0.85*
0.85
3D Petrel/Schlumberger Geological Model showing correlation of
parasequences . major structural blocks and suggested location of testwell
Modified from Araujo (1990).
CPRM TG - 99
Expected CBM Testwell Characteristics
Depth = 584 - 618 m
Cumulative Coal Thickness = 8.99 m
6 Seams > 0.50 m
Maximum Seam Thickness = 2.15 m
Vitrinite Reflectance = 0.85 % Rrandom
Coal Rank = High Volatile A Bituminous
Drilling System = Wireline Coring
Diameter = 6.3 cm
Trailor for CBM desorption measurements at well
site.
Temperature
controlled box with
desorption canisters.
(Capacity = 9.60 m of
coal)
Burette used for
thedetermination of
desorbed gas volums.
Mobile trailer for
measurements of desorbed
gas volumes
Core description and handling.
Block
Area
Mean
Max Ro Tcoal
Ttotal
du
dl
CBM
Km2
Ro [ % ]
[%]
[m]
[m]
[m]
[m]
[cm3/g]
1
288
0.64
0.99
3.76
5.28
197
397
2.13
2
403
0.66
0.80
3.92
6.49
230
343
2.67
3
574
0.73
0.95
3.80
5.19
305
461
3.14
4
366
0.76
0.92
3.13
4.15
463
625
4.28
5
309
0.84
1.03
5.65
6.77
610
902
5.43
area of each block (given by the geometric model)
mean and maximum vitrinite reflectence Ro
mean of net total coal seam thickness Tcoal
mean of total coal seam thickness Ttotal
depth range of sampled coal seams du. dl
CBM content (estimated from empirical formulas)
Area (km2)
Depth Range (m)
Block 2
473
300-800
Block 3
309
>800
Total
782
--
Coal Resources (10 x 6 t)
Seam
St2
St3
St4
St5
St6
Total
22.8
134.7
1401.7
287.6
422.9
2269. 7
18.6
74.0
461.3
682.1
777.8
2013. 8
41.4
208.7
1863.0
969.7
1200.7
4283. 5
Table 1: Coal resources. depth range and areal extent for the major
coal seams in the Santa Terezinha Coalfield. RS (from CPRM. 1986)
Depth
Range
(m)
Resources
(106 t)
Rrandom
(%)
Methane
Content
(m3/t)
Total
Methane
(106 m3)
400-500
500-650
650-800
800-950
125
1095
730
1920
0,72
0,77
0,82
0,88
3,19
4,14
4,89
5,53
399
4533
3570
10618
Total
3870
19119
Table 2: Estimated total methane volume for seams ST4. ST5 and ST6. Santa
Terezinha Coalfield. RS coal resource data from CPRM (1986).
Summary
9
Coal Resources: 4.328 10 t for the 5 major seams at a depth range
from 400 – 950 m
Coal Rank :
0.53 % Ro near surface (subbituminous)
0.99 % Ro at depth (high volatile A bituminous)
locally thermally altered by intrusiva (anthracite)
CBM Potential: 19 Billion m3 methane estimated from coal rank, coal
volume and depth of deposit for seams ST4, ST5, ST6
Source: KALKREUTH, W., HOLZ, M., KERN, M., OLIVEIRA, T.A.
Implications for CO2 Sequestration
The identification of deep-lying bituminous coal seams.
associated with predicted significant methane volumes
in the Santa Terezinha Coalfield. RS has direct
implications for CO2 sequestration considerations:
- Studies on the relative adsorption capacities of gas
mixtures in wet bituminous coals have shown that in
general CO2 is adsorbed by a factor of 2 when compared
with CH4 adsorption capacity. whereas the adsorption
capacity of N2 is very low
(Chaback et al.. 1996; Xiaojiun Cui et al.. 2004; Ozdemir et al.. 2004; Busch et
al.. 2003;2006)
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