Arquivo para - ppmec-pós

Transcrição

Universidade de Brasília
Faculdade de Tecnologia
Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica
Uma proposta de modelagem ontológica para a NCM
Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul
Charles Henrique Gonçalves Santos
Brasília

Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial
para conclusão do Mestrado em Sistemas Mecatrônicos
Orientador
Prof. Li Weigang
Brasília

Universidade de Brasília — UnB
Mestrado em Sistemas Mecatrônicos
Coordenador: Prof. Carlos Humberto Llanos
Banca examinadora composta por:
Prof. Li Weigang (Orientador) — ENM/UnB
Prof. Carlos Humberto Llanos (Membro interno) — ENM/UnB
Prof. Díbio Leandro Borges (Membro externo) — CiC/UnB
CIP — Catalogação Internacional na Publicação
Gonçalves Santos, Charles Henrique.
Uma proposta de modelagem ontológica para a NCM: Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul / Charles Henrique Gonçalves Santos. Brasília : UnB, .
 p. : il. ; , cm.
Dissertação (Mestrado) — Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, .
. Ontologia, . web semântica, . Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul,
. comércio eletrônico
CDU [004.8]
Endereço:
Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro — Asa Norte
CEP 70910-900
Brasília–DF — Brasil
Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial
para conclusão do Mestrado em Sistemas Mecatrônicos
Prof. Li Weigang (Orientador)
ENM/UnB
Prof. Carlos Humberto Llanos Prof. Díbio Leandro Borges
ENM/UnB
CiC/UnB
Prof. Carlos Humberto Llanos
Coordenador do Mestrado em Sistemas Mecatrônicos
Brasília,  de agosto de 
Agradecimentos
Aos que tornaram possível a conclusão deste trabalho: professor e orientador Li Weigang, que
con ou, apoiou e me guiou na produção deste trabalho; Pedro Ilton, colega de pesquisa carismático com uma mente criativa; Alessandro Leite, mesmo em outra área de pesquisa forneceu
dicas valiosas; professores Carlos Llanos e Díbio Borges, com dedicação apresentaram correções e sugestões que tornaram este trabalho mais claro e objetivo. Existem pessoas fora do meio
acadêmico que merecem agradecimentos, mas para não correr o risco de ser injusto e esquecer
nomes, limitar-me-ei a desejar ‘muito obrigado’ a todos vocês.
iv
Resumo
A Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul (NCM) é uma taxonomia utilizada pelo Brasil para a
classi cação de produtos, classi cação esta considerada de grande importância no processo de
importação e exportação de mercadorias, assim como nas operações de mercado interno. No
entanto a NCM, da forma que está, não permite que a classi cação de mercadorias seja uma prática simpli cada, pois a atual nomenclatura utilizada no Mercosul encontra-se com os nomes
dos produtos desatualizados, os quais acabam por gerar sentidos dúbios. Uma forma de solucionar o problema seria com utilização do conceito de web semântica, que propicia a coleta de
dados automáticos pela internet, e a ontologia, instrumento capaz de conceber novos sentidos
aos termos existentes na NCM. Assim, a proposta de ontologia deste trabalho tem por objetivo
fornecer novos domínios de interesse aos produtos da NCM, o que inclui sinônimos, línguas
adicionais, restrições de comercialização dos produtos (importação e/ou exportação) bem como
a possibilidade de correlacionar as leis existentes com os respectivos produtos. O estudo de caso
realizado comprovou a e ciência da ontologia, uma vez que forneceu respostas esperadas a todos
os questionamentos até então pendentes. Desta forma, comparando a atual taxonomia utilizada
pelo Mercosul na classi cação de seus produtos com a proposta deste trabalho, pode-se a rmar
que a utilização da ontologia otimizou a forma de uso da Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul.
Palavras-chave: Ontologia, web semântica, Nomenclatura Comum do Mercosul, comércio eletrônico
v
Abstract
e Mercosur Common Nomenclature (NCM) is a taxonomy used for product classi cation by
Brazil, being considered of great importance in the process of importing and exporting goods, as
well as in internal sales operations. However, as the way the NCM is so far, it does not allow the
classi cation of goods to be a simpli ed practice, as the current nomenclature used in Mercosur
is with outdated product names, which ultimately generate dubious interpretations. One way to
solve the problem would be to use the concept of semantic web, which provides automatic data
collection via the Internet, and ontology, an instrument capable of conceiving new meanings to
existing terms from NCM. us, the proposed ontology of this dissertation aims to provide new
areas of interest to the NCM products, including synonyms, additional languages, restrictions
on product sales (import / export) and the possibility to correlate the existing laws with their
products. e case study proved the efficiency of ontology, since it provided the expected answers
to all pending questions. Hence, comparing the current taxonomy used by Mercosur in their
products classi cation with the purpose of this work, it can be argued that the use of ontology
improved the ways on how to use the Mercosur Common Nomenclature.
Keywords: Ontology, NCM, Mercosur Common Nomenclature, e-commerce
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Posição 12 13 . 00
Palhas e cascas de cereais, em bruto, mesmo picadas,
moídas, prensadas ou em "pellets"
O quinto e o sexto dígitos, sendo zero, indicam que não
houve subdivisão da Posição
Décima terceira Posição dentro do Capítulo 12
Capítulo em que se encontra a Posição
UV
Posição 40 12 . 20
– Pneumáticos usados
Segunda Subposição de um travessão (quinto dígito = 2)
Décima segunda Posição dentro do Capítulo 40
U#V
Posição 29 15 . 30
– Ésteres do ácido acético
Terceira Subposição de um travessão (quinto dígito = 3)
Décima quinta Posição dentro do Capítulo 29
29 15 . 34
– – Acetato de n-butila
Quarta Subposição de dois travessões (sexto dígito = 4)
U+V
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Posição 00 00 . 00 . 0 0
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Subposição (idêntico ao SH)
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Capítulo (idêntico ao SH)
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Código NCM
Posição e
Subposição
Mercadoria
Itens e
Subitens
1704
1704.10
00
1704.90
10
20
30
PRODUTOS DE CONFEITARIA, SEM CACAU (INCLUÍDO O CHOCOLATE
BRANCO)
– Gomas de mascar, mesmo revestidas de açúcar
– Outros
Chocolate branco
Caramelos, confeitos, dropes e pastilhas
Outros
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Influência do RDF
OWL Full
OWL DL
OIL
DAML+OIL
OWL Lite
DAML
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PqG@6mHH Ĝ +QM7Q`K2 BM/B+/Q T2H 6B;m` jXRRX 1bib 7Q`K +QM+2#B/b T` biBb7x2`
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Q +QMi``BQ M½Q û p2`//2B`Q (d3)X
jXRX9XR PqG@GBi2
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jXRX9Xj PqG@6mHH
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TQ` mK ȹMB+Q T/`½Q (de)X
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!T`27Bt tb/,
!T`27Bt +K2` ,
!T`27Bt +MQM ,
!T`27Bt MBFQM ,
!T`27Bt T2Mit ,
+MQM , *MQM1Pajyy.
+MQM , *MQM1Pajyy.
+MQM , *MQM1Pajyy.
MBFQM , LBFQM.dy
MBFQM , LBFQM.dy
MBFQM , LBFQM.dy
T2Mit , S2MitERyyy
T2Mit , S2MitERyyy
I?iiT ,ff ?iiT ,ff rrrXrjXQ`; fkyyRf sJGa+?2K O=
I?iiT ,ff rrrX Kv+K2` XQ`;f T?QiQ O=
I?iiT ,ff rrrX Kv+K2` XQ`;f +MQM O=
I?iiT ,ff rrrX Kv+K2` XQ`;f MBFQM O=
I?iiT ,ff rrrX Kv+K2` XQ`;f T2Mit O=
+K2` , KMm7+im`2`
+MQM , *MQMAM+ X
+K2` , ?b"+F
+K2` , .B;BiH"+F X
+K2` , `2bQHmiBQM
]eXj] tb/, /2+BKH X
+K2` , KMm7+im`2`
MBFQM , LBFQM*Q`TQìBQM X
+K2` , ?b"+F
+K2` , .B;BiH"+F X
+K2` , `2bQHmiBQM
]eXR] tb/, /2+BKH X
+K2` , KMm7+im`2`
T2Mit , S2Mit*Q`TQìBQM X
+K2` , ?b"+F
+K2` ,j8 KK X
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aS_ZG,
a1G1*h \t
q>1_1 & \t I?iiT ,ff rrrX Kv+K2` XQ`;f T?QiQ O?b"+F =
I?iiT ,ff rrrX Kv+K2` XQ`;fT?QiQ O .B;BiH"+F = '
jk
R
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ǳ\ǴX bő/ / +QMbmHi Mi2`BQ` b2`B
\t 4 +MQM , *MQM1Pajyy.
MBFQM , LBFQM.dy
jX +QMbmHi Mi2`BQ` TQ/2 b2` QiBKBx/ +QK miBHBxÏ½Q /2 MK2bT+2X P K2bKQ
`2bmHi/Q TQ/2`B b2` Q#iB/Q +QK Q +Ʀ/B;Q aS_ZG,
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a1G1*h \ t
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a1G1*h
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6_PJ I? i i T , f frrrX KvT?QiQKì X +QKf +K2`b X ` b b =
q>1_1 & \MK2 \ ` 2 H i B Q M \ p H m 2 '
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pBbiQ M a2Ï½Q 3XjX9XR,
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a1G1*h \ t
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Sistemas que pensam como seres humanos
Sistemas que pensam racionalmente
“O novo e interessante esforço para fazer os computadores
pensarem … máquinas com mentes, no sentido total e
literal.” (Haugeland, 1985)
“O estudo das faculdades mentais pelo uso de modelos
computacionais.” (Charniak e McDermott, 1985)
“[Automação de] atividades que associamos ao pensamento
humano, atividades como a tomada de decisões, a
resolução de problemas, o aprendizado …” (Bellman, 1978)
“O estudo das computações que tornam possível perceber,
raciocinar e agir.” (Winston, 1992)
Sistemas que atuam como seres humanos
Sistemas que atuam racionalmente
“A arte de criar máquinas que executam funções que
exigem inteligência quando executadas por
pessoas.” (Kurzweil, 1990)
“A Inteligência Computacional é o estudo do projeto de
agentes inteligentes.” (Poole et al., 1998)
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+QKTH2tQb (8e)X
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a2;mM/Q _mbb2H M/ LQ`pB; (8e)- mK ;2Mi2 û H;Q [m2 ;2- Kb 2K bBbi2K +QKTm@
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TQ/2 i2` +K2`b bQM`2b +QKQ b2MbQ`2b 2 KQiQ`2b +QKQ im/Q`2bX LQ +bQ /2 ;2Mi2
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[B, Limpo]
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[A, Limpo] [A, Limpo]
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Orientação
Definição de uma ontologia
Processo e orientação do fluxo de trabalho
Personalização de software
Relevância da comunicação
Ontologia
Informação semântica
Taxonomia
Informação sintática
Especialista no domínio para a estruturação
e criação da gramática
(estrutura de árvore e diretório)
Vocabulário de controle
Palavras buscadas pelo domínio
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Gratuito
(free)
Padrão
(standard)
Maestro
Carregar, editar e salvar arquivos RDF/XML, N3 e N-Triplas
Sim
Sim
Sim
Definir ontologias utilizando formulários
Sim
Sim
Sim
--
Sim
Sim
Criar e executar consultas SPARQL
Sim
Sim
Sim
Criar e executar regras SPARQL (SPIN)
Sim
Sim
Sim
Criar e executar SWRL e regras Jena
--
Sim
Sim
Importar e converter para RDF de XML, UML, planilhas, RSS/Atom e BDs
--
Sim
Sim
Gerar XMLS de RDF/OWL
--
Sim
Sim
Relacionar XML e RDF/OWL (importar - exportar)
--
--
Sim
Trabalhar com bases de dados RDF
--
Sim
Sim
Trabalhar com diferentes racionadores e configurar as inferências
--
Sim
Sim
Sim
Sim
Sim
Consultar banco de dados relacionais em tempo real
--
Sim
Sim
Visualizar dados RDF usando gráficos, diagramas, mapas e matrizes
--
Sim
Sim
Básico
Sim
Sim
Executar aj plataforma TopBraid Live
--
--
Sim
Gerar documentos arbitrários por meio do JSP
--
--
Sim
Definir e executar dados RDF de regras (SPARQLMotion)
--
--
Sim
Gerar inteligência de negócio (relatórios) nas páginas web
--
--
Sim
Converter e-mails em OWL, com análise semântica
--
--
Sim
Característica
Definir ontologias utilizando editor gráfico
Validar a entrada do usuário usando regras SPARQL (SPIN)
Unir e refatorar dados RDF de diferentes origens
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89
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88
Que domínio se deseja
cobrir com a ontologia?
Com que propósito(s) será
utilizada a ontologia?
Para que informações a ontologia
deve fornecer respostas?
De cima para baixo
Passo 1: Determinar o
domínio e escopo da
ontologia
Passo 4: Definir classes e a
hierarquia de classes
De baixo para cima
Combinação
Passo 5: Definir as propriedades das classes
Cardinalidade
Quem vai utilizar e
manter a ontologia?
Metodologia 101
Tipos de dados
Passo 6: Definir os valores
das propriedades
Ontolingua
Domínio
Passo 2: Considerar o
reuso de outras ontologias
daml.org
Lista de termos
Escopo
Passo 3: Enumerar os
temos importantes da
ontologia
Passo 7: Criar instâncias
Atribuir valores
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/ QMiQHQ;Bc ``MD` 2bib +Hbb2b M 7Q`K /2 mK itQMQKBc /2}MB` b T`QT`B2//2b
2 Qb pHQ`2b TQbbőp2Bb T` 2Hb 2- TQ` }Kc T`22M+?2` Qb pHQ`2b /b T`QT`B2//2b T`
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T`Q+2bbQ Bi2ìBpQ [m2- M2+2bb`BK2Mi2- bQ7`2` Km/MÏb 2K iQ/Q Q +B+HQ /2 pB/ /2 mK
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kX S` [m2 MƦb pKQb miBHBx` QMiQHQ;B\
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Ryk
Categoria
Tipo
Conhecimento procedimental
regras, estratégias, agendas, procedimentos
Conhecimento declarativo
conceitos, objetos, fatos
Meta conhecimento
conhecimento sobre o conhecimento
Conhecimento heurístico
regras com base em experiências
Conhecimento estruturado
regras, relacionamentos, objetos
Conhecimento incerto
probabilidades, relações, evidências, Fuzzy
Conhecimento comum
regras, padrões, conceitos, analogias
Conhecimento ontológico
conceitos, relações, axiomas, restrições
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TBox
(ontologia)
ABox
(Base de conhecimento)
Terminologia
Afirmativas
Interface
Pergunta
Resposta
6B;m` 3XRy, oBb½Q 7mM+BQMH / HƦ;B+ /2b+`BiBp U/Ti/V (de)V
RyN
Mulher
≡
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Homem
≡
Pessoa ∧ ¬Mulher
Mãe
≡
Mulher ∧ ∃ Filho.Pessoa
Pai
≡
∃ Filho.Pessoa
Pais
≡
Mãe ∨ Pai
Mulher(Flávia)
Mulher(Lázara)
Homem(Charles)
Mãe(Flávia, Lara)
Avó
≡
Mãe ∧ ∃ Filho.Pais
Pai(Charles, Lara)
MuitosFilhos
≡
Pessoa ∧ ≥3 Filho.Pessoa
Avó(Lázara, Lara)
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