PED in the USA Experience and Update

PED in the U.S.A.
Experience and Update
2014 PorkExpo
VII International Congress on Swine
Iguassu Falls, Brazil
Dr. Tim Loula
Swine Vet Center
St. Peter, Minnesota
U.S.A
Swine Vet Center Veterinary
Consultants
SVC Research Team
19 months into the disease epidemic
Past visits to Asia…
• Positive farms
– Hog Cholera
– Pseudorabies
– PRRS
– APP
– Mycoplasma
But they just wanted to talk about PED
NOW, I get it.
3 Coronaviruses
• PED
• InDel strain
• Delta coronavirus
PED
0 hour
12 hours
24 hours
48 hours
D.Goede: 10/24/14
Dane Goede
Present Day – 4/26/2014
Dane Goede
PED Clinical Signs
• Piglets
– Diarrhea
•
•
•
•
Severe
Rapid onset
Very watery
Distinctive odor
– Vomiting
– High mortality (100%) less than 2-3 weeks of age and for the next 2
weeks of farrowing.
PED Wean to Finish
•
•
•
•
•
Clinical signs
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Slower growth
Low mortality
(unless under 2 weeks in barn)
Wean to Finish Effects
• Nurseries
– Clinically see scours for 2-4 days with an increase of about 1%
mortality.
• Finishers
– Clinically see scours for 1-2 days and lose 5-7 days worth of gain.
Diagnostics
• PCR
• Serology
– IFA
– ELISA (still perfecting)
• No VI
– Virus is difficult to grow
• Bioassay to prove infectivity/viability
– Time consuming
– Expensive
– Lacks sensitivity
Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns
PED S Gene Real Time PCR - rectal swab
Case#
D14-014884
D14-017511
WEEK 1
WEEK 3
WEEK 5
WEEK 7
WEEK 9
WEEK 11
WEEK 13
3/27/14
4/10/14
4/24/14
5/8/14
5/22/14
6/5/14
1
32.09
negative
negative
negative
negative
2
34.24
negative
negative
negative
3
34.38
negative
negative
4
32.6
negative
5
33.07
36.61
6
34.27
negative
negative
negative
7
26.35
negative
negative
negative
8
33.8
negative
negative
negative
9
34.33
negative
negative
negative
10
35.12
negative
negative
negative
11
32.36
negative
12
32.52
negative
negative
13
32.14
negative
negative
14
31.66
negative
negative
15
31.56
negative
negative
15/15 +
1/5+
D14-020386
D14-037165
D14-042115
WEEK 15
WEEK 19
WEEK 23
6/19/14
7/3/14
8/1/14
8/29/14
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
0/5+
D14-023078
0/5+
D14-025518
0/5+
D14-027710
0/15+
D14-030326
0/5+
D14-032450
0/5+
0/12+
0/8+
J.Feder, Swine Vet Center
Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns
PEDv (Elisa) - serum
3/27/14
4/10/14
4/24/14
5/8/14
5/22/14
6/5/14
6/19/14
7/3/14
8/1/14
8/29/14
1
0.659
1.084
1.161
0.838
0.35
0.508
0.296
0.867
0.583
0.269
2
0.098
0.116
0.12
0.114
0.034
0.067
0.055
0.153
0.139
0.273
3
0.432
0.906
1.076
0.764
0.329
0.421
0.349
0.892
0.706
0.487
4
0.155
0.134
0.328
0.237
0.049
0.097
0.042
0.561
0.267
0.073
5
0.123
0.122
0.262
0.191
0.049
0.228
0.179
0.142
0.1
0.04
6
0.079
0.185
0.511
0
0
0
0.002
0.007
0.097
0.001
7
0.164
0.109
0.365
0.255
0.037
0.098
0.053
0.898
0.418
0.1
8
0.253
0.179
0.337
0.301
0.044
0.113
0.078
0.452
0.265
0.477
9
0.377
0.188
0.058
0.433
0.108
0.12
0.109
0.36
0.169
0.06
10
0.242
0.123
1.08
0.803
0.188
0.336
0.228
0.331
0.203
0.081
11
0.244
12
0.305
0.742
0.439
0.321
0.114
0.076
0.118
0.177
0.27
0.047
13
0.298
0.167
0.271
0.125
0.08
0.083
0.037
0.224
0.753
0.197
14
0.484
0.233
0.705
0.564
0.11
0.209
0.146
0.749
0.445
0.318
15
0.065
0.013
0.017
0.057
0
0.029
0.014
0.065
0.083
0.058
>0.2
9/15+
4/14+
11/14+
9/14+
0/14+
5/14+
3/14+
9/14+
9/14+
5/14+
>0.4
3/15+
3/14+
6/14+
5/14+
0/14+
2/14+
0/14+
6/14+
5/14+
2/14+
J.Feder, Swine Vet Center
Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns
PEDv IFA Titers
3/27/14
4/10/14
4/24/14
5/8/14
5/22/14
6/5/14
6/19/14
7/3/14
8/1/14
8/29/14
negative
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
negative
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
negative
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
negative
negative
negative
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
negative
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
@ 1:40
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:80
@ 1:80
@ 1:160
@ 1:80
@ 1:40
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:80
@ 1:40
@ 1:40
@ 1:160
@ 1:40
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:160
@ 1:320
@ 1:40
@ 1:40
@ 1:40
@ 1:40
@ 1:40
@ 1:80
@ 1:160
@ 1:320
@ 1:160
@ 1:80
@ 1:80
@ 1:160
@ 1:320
@ 1:80
@ 1:40
@ 1:160
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:320
@ 1:160
@ 1:80
@ 1:320
@ 1:40
J.Feder, Swine Vet Center
Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns
PED - Saliva (ropes)
3/27/14
4/10/14
4/24/14
5/8/14
5/22/14
6/5/14
6/19/14
7/3/14
8/1/14
8/29/14
Rope 1
26.41
30.58
31.82
38.56
36.81
37.74
negative
negative
negative
negative
Rope 2
28.28
24.13
31.17
37.12
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
Rope 3
28.48
31.59
32.31
0
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
negative
3/3+
3/3+
3/3+
2/3+
1 suspect
1/3+
0/3+
0/3+
0/3+
0/3+
J.Feder, Swine Vet Center
Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns
PED PCR - Pit
3/27/14
4/10/14
4/24/14
28.44
28.17
POSITIVE
POSITIVE
5/8/14
5/22/14
31.15
POSITIVE
6/5/14
6/19/14
7/3/14
8/1/14
8/29/14
30.60
POSITIVE
10/2/2014
33.58
negative
POSITIVE
J.Feder, Swine Vet Center
Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns
Feces - PCR
PED
PED
6/19/14
8/29/14
1
negative
4
negative
2
negative
5
negative
3
negative
12
negative
4
negative
14
negative
5
negative
15
negative
13
negative
J.Feder, Swine Vet Center
Diagnotics of PEDv positive pigs placed in wean-to-finish barns
• Naïve Sentinals
– PEDv negative pigs placed into PEDv positive barn 2 weeks prior to
marketing (6 months post arrival of positive pigs).
– These animals remained negative.
J.Feder, Swine Vet Center
• It took most Swine Vet Center clients 7 weeks to get back to
normal production.
Results: Aggregate
Usual severity
n = 60 herds
Avg TTBP = 7.4 wks
95% CI TTBP = 1.7-13
Pigs/1000 sows = 2501
95% CI pigs/1000 sows = 64-4939
60/86 herds achieved baseline production
Dane Goede
Results: A, B, C Presentations
19%
31%
50%
Dane Goede
Time to Baseline Production
Dane Goede
Time to Baseline Production
Dane Goede
Much has been learned.
There is much MORE to learn.
The coming 6 months
(winter) will tell us a lot.
Colostral SN titers
• 8 months post PED break on an 8000-sow farm
– 6 of 6 samples positive (the higher the number, the more antibodies)
•
•
•
•
•
•
1:64
1:64
1:128
1:64
1:128
1:32
J. Branstad
Current status
Very quiet since April, 2014
• Does this mean:
– U.S. swine industry has figured out how to limit virus movement?
OR
– Did so much of the national herd become infected that herd
immunity is holding the virus in check?
• This was NOT the case in some regions during the summer of 2013
OR
– Is it just that warm weather has prevailed in its ability to stop virus
transmission?
PED Epidemiology
• Different geographies
experienced different area
spread patterns
Unanswered Questions
• How did PEDv get into the U.S.A.?
• How did it break in 5 states
almost simultaneously?
• How did it move around so
quickly?
Origin of the Virus
• Matches with virus from China
• Pathway Analysis ????
Initial Veterinary Survey
• Concern: How did this virus come into the U.S.?
• Objective: Identify any risk factors potentially associated with the
introduction and spread of the PEDv into the U.S. swine herd
• Survey designed by AASV, NPB, NPPC & USDA-CEAH
• Administered by practitioners, data transferred to CEAH via link
designed by FAZD at Texas A&M
• Data analyzed by CEAH
• Questionnaire examined > 100 variables
• 25 case herds, 18 matched control herds
Survey Results
• Only seven variables were considered significantly likely to
have some association with the introduction of PEDv
• These seven risk factors were associated with the process of
feeding the animals.
• Did not implicate any specific finished feed, feed ingredient,
feed manufacturer or ingredient supplier.
Epidemiology – Observational Study
Question topic
How many pelleted rations were fed to sows
during the last 90 days
Origin of sow feed used in the last 90 days
Type of Variable
Odds
Ratio
p value
Continuous
0.45
0.001
When the number of pelleted rations fed to sows goes up
by 1, the odds of being a case goes down 55%.
0.002
When sow feed was custom mixed off farm compared to
being purchased complete, the odds of being a case goes
up 2.3X.
Categorical
2.33
Interpretation
What grain was mixed with in sow feed in the
past 90 days.
Categorical
0.44
0.002
When grain was mixed with an amino acid source, salt,
calcium, phosphorus and a premix in sow feed compared to
only an amino acid source and a base mix, the odds of being
a case goes down 56%
How many meal/mash rations were fed to
nursery pigs during the last 90 days
Continuous
1.65
0.05
When the number of meal/ mash rations fed to nursery
pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 65%.
How many meal/mash rations were fed to
finishers during the last 90 days
Continuous
1.51
0.004
When the number of meal/ mash rations fed to finishing
pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 51%.
Total number of rations fed to finishers during
the last 90 days
Continuous
1.36
0.04
When the total number of rations fed to finishing pigs goes
up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 36%.
What grain was mixed with in finisher feed in
the past 90 days.
Contents of premix in the most recent finisher
diet
Categorical
Categorical
0.50
3.50
When grain was mixed with a supplement in finisher feed
<0.001 compared to with an amino acid source and a base mix, the
odds of being a case goes down 50%
0.02
When vitamin and trace mineral premix was in the same
premix in the most recent finisher diet the odds of being a
case goes up 3.5X.
Sows PED Positive- Swine Vet Center
600.000
500.000
400.000
300.000
200.000
100.000
0
total sows
PED +
PED Positive Sow Farms by Month – Swine Vet Center
20
18
16
14
Farms
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Large Swine Vet Center Client
% PED positive sow farms in system (>6 herds)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
The Current Plans (Options)
• Eradication
– Load, close, homogenize
OR
– Begin continuous exposure to replacement gilts at 20-50 lbs.
(9-23 kg.)
OR
– Continuously expose prefarrowing 1 time per month, 4 groups
• Weeks 4, 5, 6, 7 prefarrowing
Number of sow herds- exposure vs elimination
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
exposure
elimination
All Swine Vet Center Client herds are
producing PEDv negative piglets today.
PED Basic Biosecurity Measures
• Isolation of incoming breeding stock
– Vet-to-Vet
– Isolation
– Post arrival testing
– Clinical observation
PED Basic Biosecurity Measures
• Feed
– No porcine products
– Biosecurity of feed mills
– No grain from outdoor piles (too many birds)
PED Basic Biosecurity Measures
• Transportation
– Clean – baked?
•
•
•
•
Trucks and trailers
Load chutes
Drivers
Clean/dirty line established
PED Basic Biosecurity Measures
• Mortality
– No rendering
– Do:
• Composting
• Incineration
• Bury
PED Basic Biosecurity Measures
• People
– Down time
– Showers
PED Basic Biosecurity Measures
• Equipment and supplies
– Quarantine
– Fumigation
How Is It Moving Around?
• Slaughter house study
– Packing plants contaminating market trucks
Slaughter Plant Study
July, 2013
• 7 plants
• 100 trucks per plant
– In and out (i.e., 1400 samples)
• Lairage floors
PED Plant testing Project
PED Plant testing Project
Slaughter Plant Study RESULTS
11 of every 100 negative trailers left plant PEDv positive
28 of 100 trailers left the plant PEDv positive
This was middle of July
Huge risk for trailers leaving plant
Repeated at cull sow buying stations (NC)
Truck Unloading Process
• Step 1 take documents to scale
Truck Unloading Process
• Step 2 Unload the truck fill the first pen and close the gate
Truck Unloading Process
• Minimum of 5 times walking in and out of the
plant to the truck
• Have to walk through the entire truck
– Washing back compartment is a waste of time
Results of test at Packing Plant
• Removed the packing plant with very high number of positives
– 6.6% of trucks at arrival were Positive
– 5.0% of trucks negative at arrival were positive after unloading
Results of test at Packing Plant
• If the packing plant employee enter the truck
– 4.15 times more likely to be contaminated
• If the trailer followed a positive trailer
– 3.35 times more likely to be contaminated
Conclusion
• Packing plant and cull buying stations are major risks.
Synergize Foamer
Assume trucks are dirty
• It is hard to get them
CLEAN!
– 160 degrees F for 10
minutes
– 68 degrees F for 7 days
• Disinfected with contact
time before freezing.
– Propylene Glycol
– Windshield washer fluid
• Dry
New truck washes
Inside heated storage
Inspection
Testing
FEED
• We learn from our clients
– Our clients today are very experienced and actually
know more than most young veterinarians.
• Many have eradicated PRRS and Mycoplasma.
• In the past:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Pseudorabies
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Swine Dysentery
Atrophic Rhinitis
Mange
Etc.
– They are experienced “on farm epidemiologists”.
– They feel strongly that nursery feed “brought” PED
Feed Ingredients
• Significant concern right now in industry
– Contamination at grain storage/elevators (road slush?)
– Ingredient contamination (birds/corn or DDGs piles)
– Animal byproducts (remember - all from packing plants)
• Meat and bone meal
• Porcine peptide (Heparin manufacturing)
• Plasma
Epidemiologic investigation
• National rapid response teams
• 5 investigations have been conducted in the U.S.A.
– 3 have implicated feed as a likely cause of the disease
USDA investigation report
• Feed
–Porcine products
• Plasma
• PEP/DPS
• Blood meal
–Have had PCR positive tests on all
of the above products on retained
samples at the mill
Higher Risk Ingredients
• Porcine plasma
• Meat & bone meal
• Peptides
– PEP
– DPS
• *Product of packing plant & rendering
• *Found primarily in early nursery diets
Porcine Derived Proteins
Courtesy Tech Mix
Fat
• AV blend
• Choice white
• Etc.
• Feed (Fat)
–Porcine products
• AV blend
• Choice white grease ?
• Etc.
–Starting to do more testing
Perception
• There is virus getting through in feed ingredients or
contamination of the feed mill.
• The feed is making my pigs sick.
• We have a lot to learn about making feed mills biosecure.
?
Confusion
• PCR positive
– Is it alive??
– Can it infect??
Migrating birds
Corn pile in Pierre, South Dakota
Bird Congregating Corn Pile – PEDv Risk? Probably…
Winter
Frozen Road Slush
Feed mill cross contamination
• How do we protect
and prevent this?
– Dairy lactation bypass
protein
– Poultry use of porcine
meat and bone
Known high risks in need of fixing
• “Clean” feed
Aerosol
• Aerosol?
U of MN Swine Health Monitoring Project: 3-7-14: D.Goede
Preliminary Analysis of OK Farms
• Spatial analysis of 93 PEDv positive sites out of 242
total sites
– Provides some support to the hypothesis of airborne
spread since direction of disease spread appears to
correlate with wind direction
– Proximity to a positive site increases the risk of becoming
positive for PEDv
– A 5 day delay between the first case and subsequent
cases
– During week 3 a case appeared far from the other cluster
of cases which may indicate transmission via truck
movement
Dane Goede
Oklahoma lagoons
Pig density in Oklahoma
Preliminary Analysis of NC Farms
• Spatial analysis of 274/1797 PEDv positive farms as
of 10/25
– There is one significant cluster where nearly twice the
number of positive farms expected is present (44 km
radius)
– Cases immediately following other infections occur 20
degrees NE on average
– Proximity to a PEDv infected farm increases odds of
becoming infected:
• Within 1 mile – 8.4 times higher odds
• Within 2 miles – 6.3 times higher odds
• 3 or more miles away – no greater odds
– Odds of infection decreased 27% / mile away from a
positive farm
Dane Goede
???
• Is this true in the Midwest?
Nursery Feed Concerns
• Started happening in
January 2014.
• Nurseries (15) in good
locations became
infected from negative
sow farms.
• Those sow farms
remain negative today.
Another system broke
10 nurseries in a row.
Creep feed ?
Nursery Feed Concerns
• GDU turns positive sow farm stays negative
• 5 finishing barns
all received feed
and broke with
PEDv on the same
day.
• The 2nd barn on
some sites did not
break.
+
Will filtration stop PED?
• We know it is highly
effective on PRRS
– 52.2% before
– 9.8% after
• PED in filtered farms
–
–
–
–
15 PED sow farm breaks
1 stud break (Nebraska)
93 farms in database
17% since April
Dr. Darwin Reicks
• Lagoons
–Recharge
Lagoons
U of MN Swine Health Monitoring Program
January 22, 2014
Oklahoma lagoons
Study by Swine Vet Center’s Dr. Steve Tousignant
PEDv survivability in manure
• In the study, he sampled wean to finish sites that were
filled from PEDv positive sow farms, or had laboratory
confirmation of presumed lateral infection (ie related to
feed, or accidental contamination during transport) to
ensure the pit would have had PEDv in them. Manure
was collected from pump outs, pooled together and
tested by PCR and bio-assay.
RESULTS
• Tested manure pits under barns that have been infected 6
months or 4 months previously
– All samples tested PCR positive for PEDv.
– Only the 4 month samples had bioassay positives.
Confusion
• What to do next after a positive PCR test?
– Washed trailer
– Washed farrowing rooms
– Feed
– Ingredients
– Vehicles
– Front offices
– Offices
– ETC!!!!!!
Many cold weather concerns
• Heat kills, so we lost this
further means of
disinfection this year
(November  March)
• Difficult to clean chutes
• Trailers sit outside
• Feed ingredients sit in a
frozen environment
– At plant/warehouse 
Distribution  In mill  In bin
Known high risks in need of fixing
• Packing plants
Known high risks in need of fixing
• Cull sow buying stations
Known high risks in need of fixing
• Not enough truck washes
Feedback
• Questions
– Prefarrowing
• Yes / No
• Old style or juice collected
during the break
Feedback (Regular)
• Weeks 4, 5, 6
• 1x per month, weeks 4, 5, 6,
7 (with outbreak juice)
• Whole herd every other
month (with outbreak juice)
PED and PRRS
• Has PED helped PRRS??
S. Tousignant
PED and PRRS
• Has PED helped PRRS??
– Hole in farrowing = Yes
Batch Farrowing
• Break in farrowing seems to significantly improve recovery.
• Can wean all out
PED and PRRS
• Has PED helped PRRS??
– Shut down = Yes
PED and PRRS
• Has PED helped PRRS??
– Increased biosecurity = Yes
Biosecurity
• Shower in – shower out works
– Research sites
– Large sow farm
– Danish entry
People Down Time
• This farm previously tried to infect the unexposed farm with
people from the breaking farm.
– Work 6-8 hours on “hot” farm (5 workers)
– Shower out
– Drive 18 miles in their own vehicles
– Shower in new farm – work 1 hour in GDU rooms with pigs
– Repeat for 5 days
– Farm never broke!
Eradication
• Load – Close – Homogenize
• Start testing piglets at 70-90 days post break
PED Eradication
• We challenged Canadian veterinarians and
epidemiologists to go for eradication in Canada.
• It would be a great example for us to learn from.
PED Eradication
• North Carolina is trying to take negative.
+
-
Swine Vet Center Trial
Conclusion
• The first 6-8 tons of feed would have been bioassay negative
BUT…
• The bin infected the farm (bioassay positive)
Client Preparation
PED Fire Drill
Control
•It’s so complicated, it’s actually
SIMPLE.
Basic Disease Control
• Sow immunity
• Transfer of immunity to piglets
– Colostrum
– Lactogenic immunity
• Sanitation
Done well, it works!!
Basic Disease Control
• Feedback
Done well, it works!!
Basic Disease Control
• Reduction of exposure dose
– Sanitation
• “Surgical suite” clean
Done well, it works!!
The government became
involved on June 5, 2014.
USDA Mandatory Reporting of
New Detections of Swine Enteric Coronaviruses
• Federal order issued on June 5, 2014 requiring producers, vets and diagnostic labs
to report presumptive or confirmed positive cases of PEDV, PDCoV, or other novel
swine enteric coronaviruses (collectively referred to as swine enteric coronavirus
diseases = SECD).
– Presumptive positive herds are those that have tested PCR positive for SECD but do not have
clinical signs or a history of SECD.
– Confirmed positive herds are that that have PCR positive test results and have clinical signs or a
history consistent with SECD infection.
PED vaccine
• We have tried 1 of 2 vaccines on 4 herds that seemed to want
to go chronic
– 2 producers are quite satisfied with results.
SUMMARY
• Much has been learned.
• We are hopeful that there will be far fewer cases of PED this
winter.
PED in the U.S.A.
Experience and Update
2014 PorkExpo
VII International Congress on Swine
Iguassu Falls, Brazil
Dr. Tim Loula
Swine Vet Center
St. Peter, Minnesota
U.S.A