Marcelo dos Santos Maciel

CIGR - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
XXXVII Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Agrícola
Brazil, August 31 to September 4, 2008
WATER EROSION AND LOSS NUTRIENTS IN COFFEE CULTURE, PARAIBA DO
SUL WATERSHED: DIRECTION TO MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
PRACTICES
MARCELO DOS SANTOS MACIEL1; ANA CLAUDIA GOMES DA SILVA2, LEANDRO
BARRETO SILVA2; VICENTE DE PAULO SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA3
1
Researcher, Master, UPEA/CEFET/Campos – Brazil. e-mail: [email protected]
Researcher, Graduate, UPEA/CEFET/Campos – Brazil.
3
Researcher, Doctor, UPEA/CEFET/Campos – Brazil.
2
Presented at
CIGR INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
XXXVII CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DE ENGENHARIA AGRÍCOLA – CONBEA 2008
Brazil, August 31 to September 4, 2008
ABSTRACT: The erosive processes cause the soils and water curses degradation by dryer,
salinization and eutrofization. The soil erosion be a question of a natural process, however the human
activity contribution is potential by the intensive and inadequate use of the same. The study intends to
characterize the water erosion during the rainy period in the coffee culture (Coffea arábica L.), portray
the nutrients loss and to encourage the population participation in the management and preservation
practices adoption in Paraiba do Sul Watershed in Varre-Sai, RJ. In this área, january 2008, were
introduced three experimental parcels of 22 x 3.5 m to quantify the water, soil and nutrient (Ca, Na, K)
losses after the rain. The nutrients losses were more evident at the beginning of the rainfalls period.
The element Ca presented larger highlight by the variability among parcels studied experimental
maybe the cumulative effect of its loss can at the same be identified in the element concentration in the
water course nearest. The knowledge of the traditional culture and the utilization of experimental
parcels were fundamental to identify the need to management and preservation practices adoption in
Paraiba do Sul Watershed.
KEYWORDS: water erosion, coffee, nutrients, Paraiba do Sul
INTRODUCTION: The erosive processes cause the soils and water curses degradation by dryer,
salinization and eutrofization. The soil erosion be a question of a natural process, however the human
activity contribution is potential by the intensive and inadequate use of the same (PRUSKI, 2006).
This is one of the main factors responsible for declining soil yield potential, due to losses of
sediments, nutrients and organic carbon by runoff (HERNANI et al., 1999).
The timing of fertilizer application in relation to rainfall events, as well as the form of placement of
fertilizer in soil affects nutrient losses by runoff (CASSOL et al.,2002).
Runoff nutrient concentrations are, in general greater under soil conservation management systems
than under conventional tillage (BERTOL et al., 2006). This is caused by the direct contact of runoff
water with both crop residues and nutrient-rich soil surface. The topsoil layer under conservation
systems is enriched by many elements, due to the almost absence of soil mobilization in these systems
(BERTOL et al., 2007).
The fertilizers applied in agricultural areas increase nutrient status in the topsoil layer, especially when
they are applied on the soil surface, as is the case in areas managed under no-till systems. Thus, the
soil management system has a strong influence on the concentrations of nutrients in runoff (BERTOL
et al., 2004).
The Paraiba do Sul river importance for the local population is invaluable: Public supply, electric
power production and irrigation. Along your course is clear the resultant degradation of the erosive
CIGR - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
XXXVII Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Agrícola
Brazil, August 31 to September 4, 2008
processes. The coffee culture (Coffea arábica L., “Catucaí Vermelho and Catucaí Amarelo”) for being
community's main economic activity in Varre-Sai (RJ) Watershed will be target of the study.
METHODOLOGY: The study local met in the Panorama II ranch situated in the municipal district of
Varre-Sai in the Northwest of Rio de Janeiro State. The studied area it situated about for Paraiba do
Sul Watershed (that owns about 1 km2). The culture area of studied coffee presented about 1 ha with
4522 graves on a spacing of 1.75 x 1 m with an average altitude of 640 m and inclination of about
27%. In this area were introduced 3 experimental parcels, in january 2008, of 22 x 3.5 m (done of
board pinewoods) with distance from 2 m each other, that to quantify the water, soil and nutrient
losses after the rain. The parcels had a rectangular format and at the bottom of the same are put
coupled gutters collectors to the pipe CVP of diameter of 0.10m with length of 6m to lead the torrent
until the three gallons CVP coupled, with capacity of 200 L each one, that in the gallon mouth of the
half has a structure pre-adapted with a screen plastic art associate to Biddin, of form to retain the
sediment and only allow the water input in the gallon.
For the analyses physical chemistries, the soil samples dried in stove (~60ºC/72h) and a posterior
submission to the stainless sieve of mesh 2mm. Among the physical properties of the soil was
obtained for texture and electric conductivity. The chemical characterization of the soil and water was
with base in pH, Ca, K and Na.
Since of December 2007 was collected weekly, of form to aggregate value to the project, water
samples in a dot in the water course that raisin next the coffee culture (revealing the nutrient
contribution of the soil for the course), these will be submitted jointly with the water samples drained
in the parcels for the same proposed chemical analyses previously.
Of form to optimize time and resources, all the water analyses physical chemistries and necessary soil
during the research project were subcontracted by the laboratory of the Fundenor, juridical company
of non profitable private right, that follows criteria of analytic references of EMBRAPA.
Thematic Meetings have happened since of February 2008 and involves local community's
participation (proprietary of land and rural producers) with the adhesion of about 60 people in a shed
in the Ranch Panorama II. The meetings are led in the form of feeding the debate on the water and soil
use in the coffee culture. The Meetings develop in 4 stages: Knowledge of the Traditional Culture
Local; Problem perception (Water Erosion) in the region; Results presentation obtained in Water and
Soil Losses Experimental Parcels; And Direction on the Practices Adoption possibilities of
Management and Preservation. The next meeting will be in april end.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The first thematic meeting occurred on February 23, 2008 in VarreSai with the community relied on about 40 people. In this first moment, they were collected referring
information to water and soil use, perception of the erosive processes, coffee culture, at the same time
in which it was presented the study proposal that is being applied in experimental watershed of the
ranch Panorama II. The opportunity relied on the politics participation of Varre-Sai, technicals of the
EMATER, rural producers, proprietaries of land and civil society.
During the previous characterization and drained soil was verified that the soil is predominantly clay
(~ 45%), what favors the nutrients and water retention. The nutrients concentrations results in the
drained soil still are being generated in laboratory analyses.
According to methodology USLE 73 % of the rainfalls that occurred during the study are considered
erosive. The average precipitation was 16.8 ± 13.7 mm. The loss water normalized by ha for all the
parcels detected the following distribution during the study: Parcel 3 (2562 ± 2997 L.ha-1, with interval
from 28 to 11299 L.ha-1) > Parcel 2 (1700 ± 2162 L.ha-1, with interval from 12 to 9278 L.ha-1) > Parcel
1 (1111 ± 1451 L.ha-1, with interval from 28 to 5541 L.ha-1). The difference among flows of the three
coffee areas can be assigned maybe to the terrain particularities, accumulation regions or flow
channels that were formed favoring carries it of water or even the coverage distribution dead itself
about the soil. The terrain inclination was similar between the three parcels studied (~ 27%). In rainy
events detected during the study, 33% were able of produce loss soil. The loss soil normalized by ha
for all the parcels detected the following distribution during the study: Parcel 2 (7.03 ± 11.0 kg.ha-1,
CIGR - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
XXXVII Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Agrícola
Brazil, August 31 to September 4, 2008
with interval from 0.09 to 35.5 kg.ha-1) > Parcel 3 (4.20 ± 2.76 kg.ha-1, with interval from 1.21 to 9.77
kg.ha-1) > Parcel 1 (2.91 ± 2.69 kg.ha-1, with interval from 0.30 to 8.13 kg.ha-1). The differences in loss
soil detected among parcels can be assigned maybe the same reasons cited above. During the biggest
precipitations were detected the biggest runoff water (Figures 1, 2 and 3), similar with other studies
(AMADO et al., 2007).
FIGURE 1. Pluviometric Regim and Runoff Water in Parcel 1.
FIGURE 2. Pluviometric Regim and Runoff Water in Parcel 2.
FIGURE 3. Pluviometric Regim and Runoff Water in Parcel 3.
CIGR - International Conference of Agricultural Engineering
XXXVII Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Agrícola
Brazil, August 31 to September 4, 2008
Among the arguments physicist-chemists determined were presented the next behaviors: The runoff
water in parcel 1 presented pH 6.56 ± 0.42 varying from 5.80 to 7.40, conductivity 0.17 ± 0.41 dS.m-1
varying from 0.01 to 2.25 dS.m-1, K 7.37 ± 2.75 mg.L-1 varying from 2.74 to 16.6 mg.L-1, Na 0.76 ±
0.84 varying from 0.23 to 4.37 mg.L-1, Ca 11.9 ± 4.92 varying from 5.89 to 26.3 mg.L-1. The parcel 2
presented pH 6.53 ± 0.38 varying from 5.90 to 7.40, conductivity 0.07 ± 0.07 dS.m-1 varying from 0.01
to 0.31 dS.m-1, K 11.7 ± 3.94 mg.L-1 varying from 5.47 to 18.9 mg.L-1, Na 0.43 ± 0.35 varying from
0.23 to 1.61 mg.L-1, Ca 7.35 ± 4.03 varying from 3.70 to 24.3 mg.L-1. The parcel 3 presented pH 6.51
-1
-1
± 0.28 varying from 6.10 to 6.90, conductivity 0.08 ± 0.18 dS.m varying from 0.01 to 0.86 dS.m , K
-1
-1
9.47 ± 18.4 mg.L varying from 1.95 to 94.6 mg.L , Na 0.40 ± 0.45 varying from 0.23 to 2.30 mg.L-1,
Ca 8.17 ± 3.95 varying from 4.14 to 20.7 mg.L-1. The water course next coffee culture (~200m)
presented pH 6.98 ± 0.17 varying from 6.80 to 7.30, conductivity 0.02 ± 0.01 dS.m-1 varying from 0.02
to 0.03 dS.m-1, K 1.24 ± 0.16 mg.L-1 varying from 1.17 to 1.56 mg.L-1, Na 1.57 ± 0.09 varying from
1.38 to 1.61 mg.L-1, Ca 7.52 ± 3.33 varying from 5.07 to 15.6 mg.L-1. The nutrients losses were more
evident at the beginning of the rainfalls period. The K loss was similar in previous study realized by
Bertol in Santa Catarina with other culture (2007). The element Ca presented larger highlight by the
variability among parcels studied experimental maybe the cumulative effect of its loss can at the same
be identified in the element concentration in the water course nearest.
CONCLUSION: The knowledge of the traditional culture and the utilization of experimental parcels
were fundamental to identify the need to management and preservation practices adoption in Paraiba
do Sul Watershed. Thus, it becomes necessary the continuation and socialization of the generated
results, that are foreseen for May, where will be presented the proposals as the terraces measurement
to are setuped, the application differentiated in time and space of the fertilizers, besides another
practices glimpsed until the work terminus.
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