Electronic Supplementary Material 1. Summary of interaction

Electronic Supplementary Material 1. Summary of interaction

Electronic Supplementary Material 1. Summary of interaction records among Phaethornis ruber and plant species from the Literature Survey. References were searched in the databases Google Scholar® and ISI
Web of Science ®. Following Wilson et al. (2004) and Dalsgaard et al. (2009), flower color visible to human eyes was coded from 1 to 4, with increasing association to specialized hummingbird-pollinated syndromes:
1) blue-violet colors representing short-wave length Hymenoptera pollination syndrome; 2) purple, yellow, white, green; 3) pink/salmon or bi-colored red/yellow or red/white and 4) long-wave length Ornithophilous
syndrome colors, i.e. orange-red. In cases where the bracts (Bromeliaceae, Costaceae and Heliconiaceae) or stem (some Rubiaceae species) were the entire or a major part of the color display, we included these in the
assignment of the color category, and where no clear distinction could be made into different categories, we assigned intermediate scores. We also coded the spectrum of pollinators according to specialization to
hummingbird pollination from 1 representing only insect pollinators and 4 representing a flower pollinated only by hermit hummingbirds
Species
Behavior
Family
Corolla
(cm)
Color
Secondary
color
Color
score
Nectar
Volume (ul)
%
Visitor
score
Insects
Bats
Non-hermits
Hermits
Reference
Yes
Coelho 2013
Geissomeria macrophylla
Both
Acanthaceae
3.35
Orange
4
Geissomeria schottiana
Pollinate
Acanthaceae
3.20
Red
4
3
Yes
Yes
Abreu & Vieira 2004, Braz et al. 2000
Justicia scheidweileri
Pollinate
Acanthaceae
3.20
Magenta
3
3
Yes
Yes
Abreu & Vieira 2004, Braz et al. 2000
Mendoncia velloziana
Pollinate
Acanthaceae
2.75
Red
4
3
Yes
Yes
Buzato et al. 2000, Braz et al. 2000, Abreu & Vieira 2004, This study
Ruellia affinis
Robber
Acanthaceae
3.11
Red
4
Yes
Coelho 2013, Gava 2012
Ruellia brevifolia
Pollinate
Acanthaceae
2.80
Red
4
6.8
23
3
Yes
Braz et al. 2000, Abreu & Vieira 2004, Araújo et al. 2013
Ruellia cearensis
Robber
Acanthaceae
4.18
Pink
3
15
24
4
Yes
Lopes 2002
Ruellia elegans
Robber
Acanthaceae
3.19
Red
4
20.3
20.3
4
Yes
This study
Ruellia subsessilis
Pollinate
Acanthaceae
4.91
Pink
3
Stenostephanus
lobeliiformis
Both
Acanthaceae
1.80
Red
4
5.5
17.09
2
Bomarea edulis
Pollinate
Alstroemeriaceae
1.22
Pink
3
19.5
25.1
Hippeastrum stylosum
Pollinate
Amaryllidaceae
4.90
Pink
3
97.4
15.1
Tabernaemontana
heterophylla
Pollinate
Apocynaceae
1.95
White
Mutisia speciosa
Pollinate
Asteraceae
2.91
Pink
Impatiens walleriana
Pollinate
Balsaminaceae
1.43
Pink
Adenocalymma comosum
Robber
Bignoniaceae
6.79
Yellow
Lundia cordata
Robber
Bignoniaceae
4.56
Red
Pink
4
Aechmea chantinii
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
2.47
Red
White
Aechmea contracta
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
4.63
Red
Aechmea distichantha
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
1.62
Aechmea fulgens
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
Aechmea miniata
Pollinate
Aechmea muricata
Pollinate
Lilac
Pink
13.5
Only P. ruber
47.7
24.9
4
Yes
Yes
2.5
Yes
Abreu & Vieira 2004, Braz et al. 2000
Yes
Yes
Stein & Hensen 2013
3
Yes
Yes
As B. salsiloides in Lopes 2002, This study
3
Yes
4
Lopes 2002
Yes
3
9.2
24.4
2
Yes
3
3.7
23.3
1
Yes
Dados próprios
30.33
1
Yes
Coelho 2013
51.9
10.4
3
Yes
Yes
Lopes et al. 2002
3
35.7
23.8
3
Yes
Yes
Lasprilla 2003
Yellow
3
10.9
27.1
4
Yes
Lasprilla 2003
Red
Purple
3
27.9
26.6
2
Yes
This study
2.00
Red
Lilac
3
10.6
29.8
3
Yes
Lopes 2002
Bromeliaceae
1.68
Red
Lilac
3
20.2
26.5
3
Yes
Coelho 2013
Bromeliaceae
3.17
Lilac
White
2
41
36.5
4
Red
2
Yes
Yes
Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005
Yes
Abreu & Vieira 2004, This study
Yes
Lopes 2002
Aechmea pectinata
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
3.00
White
Pink
2.5
21.5
30
2
Aechmea tomentosa
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
3.09
Red
Yellow
3
65
28.5
Aechmea viridostigma
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
1.70
Yellow
White
2
Billbergia morelii
Robber
Bromeliaceae
5.51
Red
Billbergia pyramidalis
Robber
Bromeliaceae
4.26
Pink
Bromelia antiacantha
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
2.00
Bromelia karatas
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
Canistropsis seidelii
Pollinate
Canistrum aurantiacum
Yes
Yes
Yes
Canela & Sazima 2003
3
Yes
Yes
Lopes 2002
3
Yes
Coelho 2013
4
16
32.5
4
Yes
Lopes 2002
Red
4
50.4
25.1
4
Yes
This study
Purple
Red
2.5
73
31.6
2
Yes
Yes
Canela & Sazima 2005
5.49
Lilac
Red
3
46
32
3
Yes
Yes
As B. plumieri in Lopes 2002
Bromeliaceae
2.32
White
Yellow
2
28.7
26.3
2
Yes
Yes
Yes
This study
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
2.50
Red
Yellow
3
29.1
31
2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Siqueira-Filho & Machado 2001
Lymania brachycaulis
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
2.60
Red
White
3
59
22.9
Aechmea leptantha
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
2.45
Orange
4
23.9
29.1
Tillandsia gardneri
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
1.64
Purple
2.5
5.64
22.5
Tillandsia geminiflora
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
1.31
Pink
3
7.6
18.9
2
Tillandsia stricta
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
1.80
Purple
Blue
1.5
3.2
26.5
3
Vriesea carinata
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
3.49
Red
Yellow
3
13.8
18.8
Vriesea ensiformis
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
4.14
Red
Yellow
3
67
Vriesea procera
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
3.77
Red
Green
3
Vriesea rodigasiana
Pollinate
Bromeliaceae
3.10
Yellow
Red
Canna paniculata
Robber
Cannaceae
5.01
Costus arabicus
Robber
Costaceae
Costus scaber
Pollinate
Costus spiralis
Pink
Yes
Yes
2
Yes
Yes
Coelho 2013
As Portea leptantha in Lopes 2002
Yes
Yes
Buzato et al. 2000, Lopes 2002, Fonseca 2012
Yes
Yes
Buzato et al. 2000, This study
Yes
Yes
Buzato et al. 2000, Lopes 2002
4
Yes
Coelho 2013, This study
30.5
4
Yes
Coelho 2013, This study
39.5
19.5
3
Yes
Yes
Coelho 2013, This study
3
12.5
27.2
3
Yes
Yes
Buzato et al. 2000, This study
Orange
4
59.1
20
3
Yes
This study
6.06
White
2
107.2
23.6
2
Costaceae
3.10
Red
4
9.8
21.6
3
Pollinate
Costaceae
4.53
Red
4
51.1
21.1
4
Gurania acuminata
Pollinate
Curcubitaceae
1.16
Yellow
Orange
3
13.8
6.25
3
Caesalpinia echinata
Pollinate
Fabaceae
1.38
Yellow
Red
3
2.9
29.5
2
Yes
Canavalia brasiliensis
Robber
Fabaceae
2.25
Lilac
2
3.5
44
1
Yes
Dioclea ucayalina
Pollinate
Fabaceae
1.00
Purple
2
Erythrina speciosa
Pollinate
Fabaceae
1.32
Red
4
Pueraria phaseoloides
Robber
Fabaceae
2.03
Lilac
2
Chelonanthus alatus
Thief
Gentianaceae
2.86
White
Green
2
Besleria longimucronata
Both
Gesneriacae
2.21
White
Yellow
Besleria melancholica
Both
Gesneriacae
2.25
White
Yellow
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Feinsinger et al. 1982, Lasprilla 2003
Yes
Lopes 2002, Araújo et al. 2007, Coelho 2013
Yes
Yes
Coelho 2013
Yes
Borges et al. 2009
Guedes et al. 2009,
http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/gbase/data/canbras.htm
4
13.1
P. Bergamo personal comm.
21.4
3
Yes
30.8
2
Yes
31.5
10.8
2
Yes
2
8.75
17.9
2
Yes
Yes
2
33.7
14.7
2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005
Yes
This study
Yes
Coelho 2013
Yes
As Irbachia alata in Machado et al. 1998
Yes
San Martin-Gajardo & Freitas 1999, This study
Stein & Hensen 2013
Nematanthus corticola
Robber
Gesneriacae
6.33
Red
4
8.5
21.5
4
Nematanthus fissus
Both
Gesneriacae
2.81
Red
4
12.4
28.2
3
Nematanthus fluminensis
Robber
Gesneriacae
5.00
Yellow
2
17.3
26.4
4
Sinningia nordestina
Pollinate
Gesneriacae
2.40
Red
4
Heliconia angusta
Pollinate
Heliconiaceae
2.21
Red
White
3
44.55
19.6
2
Heliconia psittacorum
Robber
Heliconiaceae
5.21
Red
Orange
4
67.3
22.9
3
Heliconia richardiana
Pollinate
Heliconiaceae
2.54
Yellow
Red
3
24.5
22.3
3
Heliconia spathocircinata
Pollinate
Heliconiaceae
2.42
Yellow
Red
3
46.9
24.7
Heliconia farinosa
Thief
Heliconiaceae
2.56
Red
Yellow
4
51.7
24.9
Souroubea guianensis
Thief
Macgraviaceae
2.00
Yellow
Red
3
13.5
37.9
Calathea altissima
Pollinate
Marantaceae
2.12
Yellow
White
2
38.9
10.4
Calathea contrafenestra
Pollinate
Marantaceae
2.96
White
Lilac
2
Calathea crocata
Pollinate
Marantaceae
2.33
Yellow
Red
4
9.5
Ischnosiphon gracilis
Robber
Marantaceae
3.70
Lilac
2
Ischnosiphon lasiocoleus
Pollinate
Marantaceae
3.17
White
2
Ischnosiphon puberulus
Pollinate
Marantaceae
4.00
Yellow
Red
3
Monotagma secundum
Pollinate
Marantaceae
2.13
Pink
Red
3
3.7
19.7
3
Saranthe klotzschiana
Pollinate
Marantaceae
0.80
Pink
3
1.56
27.7
2
Stromanthe porteana
Pollinate
Marantaceae
0.69
Pink
3
4
20
Aspidogyne longicornu
Thief
Orchidaceae
2.50
White
2
Rodriguezia bahiensis
Pollinate
Orchidaceae
1.01
White
2
0.4
Sternorrhynchos
lanceolatus
Pollinate
Orchidaceae
1.93
Red
White
3
Passiflora kermesina
Pollinate
Passifloraceae
0.90
Pink
Purple
2.5
Rubus rosifolius
Pollinate
Rosaceae
0.10
White
2
Hamelia patens
Pollinate
Rubiaceae
1.15
Red
4
2.5
14
Palicourea crocea
Pollinate
Rubiaceae
2.32
Yelow
Red
3
7
19.5
Palicourea
longepedunculata
Pollinate
Rubiaceae
1.01
Orange
Red
4
Palicourea quadrifolia
Pollinate
Rubiaceae
1.04
Yellow
2
18.6
Psychotria bahiensis
Pollinate
Rubiaceae
1.22
Yellow
2
Psychotria nuda
Pollinate
Rubiaceae
1.86
Yellow
Psychotria nemorosa
Pollinate
Rubiaceae
1.19
Yellow
Red
Yes
Coelho 2013
Yes
Buzato et al. 2000, This study
Yes
Buzato et al. 2000, This study
Yes
Yes
Yes
Chatems et al. 2000
Yes
Stein & Hensen 2011, This study
Yes
Lopes 2002
Yes
Yes
Coelho 2013
3
Yes
Yes
Missagia & Verçoza 2011, This study
3
Yes
Yes
This study
Yes
1
Yes
2
Yes
18.4
2
Yes
8
32
1
Yes
0.9
31
2
Yes
Machado & Lopes 2000
Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005
Yes
Yes
Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005
Yes
Coelho 2013, Nolasco et al. 2013
Leite & Machado 2007
Yes
Lasprilla 2003
Yes
Rodriguez-Flores & Stiles 2005
Yes
Yes
Lasprilla 2003
Yes
Yes
Yes
Locatelli et al. 2004
2
Yes
Yes
1
Yes
16.5
2
Yes
9.9
23.4
3
44
34
2
Yes
2
Yes
3
Yes
1
Leite & Machado 2007
Singer & Sazima 2001
Yes
Caravalho & Machado 2006
Yes
As Sternorrhynchos lanceolatus in Lopes 2002
Yes
Abreu & Vieira 2004, Benevides 2006, Farinazzo & Salmena 2007
Yes
Yes
Abreu & Vieira 2004
Lopes 2002, Lassos & Naranjo 2003
Yes
Costa & Machado 2009, 2010
3
Yes
Yes
Silva et al. 2010
22
3
Yes
Yes
Lasprilla 2003
0.9
27.1
2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Lasprilla 2003
3
10.9
17.9
2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Buzato et al. 2000, Castro & Araujo 2004, This study
2
4.2
25.5
2
Yes
Yes
As P. pubigerain Buzato et al. 2000; Castro & Oliveira 2002
Retiniphyllum schomburgkii Thief
Rubiaceae
0.88
White
Retiniphyllum speciosum
Pollinate
Rubiaceae
3.16
Sabicea cinerea
Pollinate
Rubiaceae
Sabicea grisea
Pollinate
Erythrochiton brasiliensis
Pink
2.5
5
21.9
1
Yes
Pink
3
23.5
12.3
2
Yes
2.75
White
2
20
24
2
Yes
Yes
Teixeira & Machado 2004
Rubiaceae
1.44
White
2
16.7
21.6
2
Yes
Yes
This study
Pollinate
Rutaceae
4.13
White
3
67.7
24.6
3
Acnistus arborescens
Pollinate
Solanaceae
0.82
White
2
7.9
11.9
2
Helicteres macropetala
Both
Sterculiaceae
1.07
Red
Orange
4
7.7
20.3
3
Lantana camara
Pollinate
Verbenaceae
1.00
Orange
Yellow
3
2.8
14.6
2
Stachytarpheta cayennensis
Pollinate
Verbenaceae
0.77
Blue
1
1.4
14.4
2
Paypayrola hulkiana
Pollinate
Violaceae
1.33
Yellow
2
4.7
29.3
3
Hedychium coronarium
Robber
Zingiberaceae
6.09
White
2
24
17.6
2
Renealmia sp
Pollinate
Zingiberaceae
3.85
Yellow
2
9.5
11
Red
Schwade 2010
Yes
Yes
Yes
Schwade 2010
Yes
Lopes 2002
Yes
This study
Yes
Yes
Lopes 2002
Yes
Yes
Yes
Abreu & Vieira 2004, This study
Yes
Yes
Yes
This study
Yes
Yes
Lasprilla 2003
Yes
Yes
This study
Yes
Lasprilla 2003
Electronic Supplementary Material 2. A scatter plot of corolla length in communities with at least more than five plant species interacting with Phaethornis ruber. White points represent species in which nectar
robbing was recorded and black points not. Note that for communities in which robbing was observed, this tended to occur for longer corolla flowers.
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Electronic Supplementary Material 3. Map of the study areas showing the Serra do Mar State Parke in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Data
collected mostly at Picinguaba is compared to the nearby site Santa Virgínia. Distance between the sites is approximately of 21 km. Image source
Google Earth ®