Ciência

Transcrição

Ciência

I
S
C
International Science Center
Home – Index – Space – Earth – Ocean – New Tech. – Eng’g. – Colleges – Health – Medicine – Environment – Gallery
Nosso Futuro Aguarda
**
.
.
Gateways
Matriz Ciência
de Espaço
. Início
. Índice
. Bem-vindo
. Índice de Gateway
. Missão
. Portal Índice de Mestr
. Espacial Ciência
. daTerra Ciências
. Oceano Ciência
. Nova Tecnologia
. Engenharia Matriz
. Faculdades e
Universidades
. Sistemas de Saúde
. Médicas Ciências
. Ambiental Ciência
. Galeria de Fotos
. Espaço
. Terra
. Oceano
. Galeria de Vídeos
. Space Science Matrix
Línguas Planned :
. English
. Français
. Deutsch . Español
. Mandarin . Russian
. Portuguese
Bem-vindo
ao Mundo
da Ciência.
Matriz Ciência Espaciall
Viagem ao Fim do Universo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ufl_Nwbl8xs&feature=related 6.31 min.
Astronomia Imagem Picture do Dia
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/
Incrível Astronomy Picture História
1995 – 2012
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html
1
Copyright 2012 © A public service of The American Millennium Foundation, Inc.
I
S
C
**
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Terra - Lua
Regiões
Solar
Regiões
Deep
Espaço
Bem-vindo
ao Mundo
da Ciência.
Índice
Nota: Horários International Launch na pág. 66 '
Capa do livro ........................................................... 1
Índice ........................................................................2
Bem-vindo................................................................ 3
Gateway Master Index ............................................ 4
Missão Ddeclaração ............................................... 5
Espaco Ciência Matriz ............................................ 6
Terra, Lua, Solar & Deep Espaço Regiões ........... 7
Terra, Lua Regiões ................................................. 8
Terra / Lua Ciência áreas ....................................... 9
Amosférica Ciência áreas ..................................... 10
Thermosphere – ISS Solar Arrays ........................ 11
Low Earth Orbita .................................................... 12
Medium Earth Orbita (MEO) pg. 1 ......................... 13
Medium Earth Orbita (MEO) pg. 2 ........................ 14
Geoestacionário Orbit (GEO)................................ 15
Alta Terra Orbita (HEO) .......................................... 16
Lunar Orbita (LOI) ................................................... 17
Matrix Ciência Solar ……………………………….…18
Solares Regiões Enderecos ....................................19
Solares Ciência áreas ............................................. 20
Ciência do Espaço Profundo - Objetos Cósmicos 21
Deep Space Ciência - Corpos Espaciais ………... 22
Corpos Espaciais - Asteroids …………………….. 23
Corpos Espaciais - Cometas ………………………. 24
Unidades Astronômicas de Medição ……………. 25 - 26
Principais Astrophysical Organizações …………. 27
Agências Espacial Internacional ........................... 28 - 30
Principais sites Astrophysical ,…………………. 31 - 33
Centros de Educação da NASA ……………………. 34
Space News Ciência ……………………………….… 35
Orion Nebulosa - Hubble ………………………….... 36
Recomendados sites de Ensino ……………....….. 37 - 40
Espaço Vistas Ciência para o Futuro …...........…. 41 - 42
Maravilhas do Espaço - Media Gallery …................ 43 - 47
NASA Goddard Space Dicionário de Terminologia 48
NASA JPL Espaço Dicionário de Terminologia …. 49 - 62
ISSI - Instituto Internacional de Ciência Espacial … 63-64
ÍNDIA - ISRO indiano Organização de Pesquisa Espacial . 65
Lançamento Horários Internacionais e História ...... 66-67
USGS Astrogeology Science Center ......................... 68
O Galaxy Maior no Universo: IC 1101
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UE8yHySiJ4A 5.40 min
Uma Viagem Espacial (HD)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un5SEJ8MyPc&feature=related 8.59 min
2
I
S
C
**
Gateways
Matriz Ciência
de Espaço
. Início
. Índice
. Bem-vindo
. Missão
. Espacial Ciência
. daTerra Ciências
. Oceano Ciência
. Nova Tecnologia
. Engenharia Matriz
. Faculdades e
Universidades
. Galeria de Fotos
. Espaço
. Terra
. Oceano
Bem-Vindo
Um recurso para todas as Ciências da Informação
a
ISC Ciência da Informação Projeto
é um projeto conjunto de participar
Indivíduos e organizações
com o único objetivo de permitir
acesso rápido a
Conhecimento do Mundo
em
Ciência, Tecnologia e Engenharia
Línguas Planned :
. English
. Français
. Portuguese
Bem-vindo ao
Mundo da
Ciência
Projeto oferece links diretos para visualizar os dados da ciência da NASA,
NOAA, DOE, EPA, DEP, DOI, NPS, USDA, ED, USGS, NIH, Centros de
Investigação SI, et al.,
No setor governamental, de universidades, faculdades e laboratórios, de
sociedades técnicas em todo o mundo (AGI, AGU, GSA, Nesta, etc), e de
ciência / engenharia da informação / técnico disponível através de nossos
parceiros internacionais e pesquisas independentes e organizações de
teste.
| English | Français | Deutsch | Español | Nihongo | russkiy yazyk | Mandarin |
. (Nota: Você pode salvar este arquivo PDF e usá-lo para acesso direto à Internet a qualquer URL
assunto escolhido.) * Role a página e clique no link de Internet ao vivo listados para cada assunto de
interesse.
Astronomia Imagem do Dia - Beleza Pura
.
3
I
S
C
**
**
Gateways
ISC
Ciência da Informação Projeto
Portal Índice de Mestre
Matriz Ciência
de Espaço
. Início
. Índice
. Bem-vindo
. Missão
. Espacial Ciência
. daTerra Ciências
. Oceano Ciência
. Nova Tecnologia
. Engenharia Matriz
. Faculdades e
Universidades
. Galeria de Fotos
. Espaço
. Terra
. Oceano
Overview
I
Espaço Ciência
..
Matriz
Engenharia
informações Matriz
VI
II
Colleges & Universities
Overview
VII
Ciências da Terra
Matriz
Sistemas de Saúde
Matriz
III
VIII
Ciência Oceano
Matriz
Ciências Médicas
Matriz
IV
IX
Nova.. Tecnologia
Matriz
Ambiental
Matriz ciência
V
X
..
Línguas Planned :
. English
. Français
. Portuguese
Bem-vindo ao
Mundo da
Ciência
..
4
I
S
C
**
Gateways
Matriz Ciência
de Espaço
. Início
. Índice
. Bem-vindo
. Missão
. Espacial Ciência
. daTerra Ciências
. Oceano Ciência
. Nova Tecnologia
. Engenharia Matriz
. Faculdades e
Universidades
. Galeria de Fotos
. Espaço
. Terra
. Oceano
Línguas Planned :
. English
. Français
. Portuguese
Bem-vindo ao
Mundo da
Ciência
ISC
Ciência da Informação Projeto
Missão
A disseminação rápida do conhecimento científico neste século 21 é crucial para os
objectivos comuns de melhorar a vida ea saúde de cada cidadão, preservando o
planeta para as gerações futuras e continuar a nossa jornada para explorar o
universo.
A disseminação rápida do conhecimento científico neste século 21 é crucial para os
objectivos comuns de melhorar a vida ea saúde de cada cidadão, preservando o
planeta para as gerações futuras e continuar a nossa jornada para explorar o
universo.
Acesso rápido ao conhecimento existente é o primeiro passo no sentido de garantir
que a informação científica pode ser efetivamente apresentados e utilizados por todos
os habitantes deste frágil biosfera que chamamos de Terra.
O projeto foi concebido como um esforço participativo, especialmente no que diz
respeito à comunicação dos novos e inovadores desenvolvimentos que ocorrem
todos os dias em engenharia, ciência e tecnologia.
Continuação do desenvolvimento de cada um dos principais sistemas mostrados no
índice principal ISC está em processo. Suas sugestões e comentários são mais bemvindas.
Internet Open Source participação da equipe no site está disponível /, incluindo os
animais das interfaces mundo, são dedicados ao prazer da visão dos cidadãos de
qualquer idade.
O site ISC Internet Projeto Ciência da Informação é aqui apresentada para sua análise
e pesquisa. As ISC Galerias de Fotos fornecido e outros links de mídia, incluindo os
animais das interfaces mundo, são dedicados ao prazer da visão dos cidadãos de
qualquer idade.
O Projecto ISC é apoiada pela The American Millennium Foundation, Inc. 501 (c) (3).
Governo, indústria e educacionais patrocínios instituição são bem-vindas.
ISC Ciência da Informação Project - Um serviço público de Ronald B. Morgan Editora
© 2011
Terra do Espaço
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxs970FMYIo&feature=related 2.54 min
5
I
S
C
**
ISC
Espaço.
Ciência
Matrix
Espaço
Matrix
Ciência
ISC
Espaço Ciência Matrix
Terra / Lua
Regiões
Solar
Regiões
Deep
Space
Regiões
Terra /
Lua
Regiões
Solar
Regiões
Deep
Space
Regiões
O "olho" of Jupiter - um "gigante gasoso" tomado by Voyager 1.
Diâmetro de Júpiter é 11 vezes o diâmetro da Terra e 20% maior do que os de Saturno.
http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/jupiter/jupiter.htm
NASA Sons dos Planetas - Incrível 7:01 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MmWeZHsQzs&feature=related
6
I
S
C
**
ISC
Espaço
Ciência
Matrix
Terra /
Lua
Regiões
Solar
Regiões
Deep
Space
Regiões
7
Terra
Regiões
==== - Lua
====
Atmosférica
Baixo Terra Orbita (LEO)
Órbita média (MEO)
Órbita geoestacionária (GEO)
Orbita Alta Terra (LEO)
Órbita Lunar (LEO)
==========================================================
Solar Regiões
Live Links
Sun
Earth
Mars
Mercury
Venus
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Pluto
Asteroids
Meteors
Comets
Dwarf planets
Objetos Astronômicos
==========================================================
Deep Space Regiões
. Regiões - 1 objetos cósmicos
. Regiões – 2 objetos cósmicos
Corpos espaciais Regiões
. Região de Dados - Asteroids
. Região de Dados – cometas
Agências Espacial Internacional
. Centros de KSC e NASA
. Space News Ciência
. Profundos Fotos do Espaço
. Recomendados sites de Ensino Ciência Espacial
I
S
C
**
ISC
Espaço
Ciência
Matrix
Terra - Lua
Regiões
ISC
Terra - Lua
Regiões
Solar
Regiões
Deep Space
Regiões
Terra / Lua áreas da Ciência
. Terra / Atmosférica
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Atmospheric_sciences
. Baixo Earth Orbit (LEO)
. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit
. Orbita Geoestacionária (GEO)
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970408d.html
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/g/geosynchronous_orbit.htm
. Orbita Alta Terra (HEO)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Earth_orbit
.
Lagrangian Points Orbitas (LPO)
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/Lagpoint.html
Orbita Lunar (LOI)
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Lunar_orbit
Pursuit De Luz - Explosões Solares
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tE5XJzZ-Rw 6.37 m.
8
I
S
C
**
ISC
Terra - Lua Regiões
. Atmosférica
====
====
Espaço
Ciência
Matrix
. Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
http://www.universetoday.com/85322/low-earth-orbit/
. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit
. Órbita Geoestacionária (GEO)
Terra - Lua
Regiões
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970408d.html
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/g/geosynchronous_orbit.htm
. Órbit Alta Terra (HEO)
. Pontos de Lagrange Órbitas (LPO)
http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/L/Lagpoint.html
. Órbita Lunar (LOI)
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Lunar_orbit
www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/
Uma Viagem Espacial (HD)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un5SEJ8MyPc&feature=related 8.59 m
.
..
* Apollo 8: Earthrise [Photo number(s): AS08-14-2383, 68-HC-870]
*
9
I
S
C
**
====
====
Atmosféricas
áreas
da Ciência
ISC
. Limites Região
Espaço
Ciência
Matrix
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/layers_activity_print.html
. Troposfera (Tempo)
http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wxfacts/Troposphere.htm
. Mesosfera
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/mesosphere.html
. Termosfera (ISS)
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Atmosphere/thermosphere.html
Atmosféric
as áreas da
ciência
. Exosphere
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Exosphere
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/jetstream/atmos/layers.htm
.
.
.
Vista de África e da Arábia Saudita de Apollo 17.
Provavelmente a imagem mais solicitados da Terra.
NASA | Dê um "Swift" Tour da Galáxia de Andrômeda 3.06 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWxBTHVhc3I
**
10
I
S
C
ISS Painel de painéis solares
ISC
Espaço
Ciência
Matrix
Atmosféric
as áreas da
ciência
Termosfera
(ISS)
..
Atmosférica Região - Thermosphere
Início da Estação Espacial Internacional (ISS)
.. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html
Um recurso em ISS pela NASA. Inclui notícias operacional, ampla gama de material
de fundo, arquivos, galeria de imagens e missões planejadas. (ISS)
AlaTest ISS Notícias
www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station
Visita guiada no interior da Estação Espacial Internacional
http://www.youtube.com/embed/doN4t5NKW-k 25.05 min.
ISS Flyaround Animação
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t69smjwU1wc

11
I
S
C
ISC
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) áreas da Ciência
. Classes de órbitas
Espaço
Ciência
Matrix
Low Earth Orbit
(LEO)
Ciência
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OrbitsCatalog/page2.php
. Locus
(Nominal - 160 - 2,000 km (100 - 1250 milhas) acima da
Terra superfície.)
http://www.brighthub.com/science/space/articles/114687.aspx#ixzz1MgMVZEL5
Intervalo: Atmosfera abaixo do interior
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/970228 a.html
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Van_Allen_radiation_belt
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/rbsp/main
. LEO Subsets
http://www.geo-orbit.org/sizepgs/geodef.html
Intervalo: Atmosfera abaixo do interior. Muito órbita baixa da Terra (VLEO)
. Baixa Equatorial orbita a Terra (Eleo)
. órbita Polar
. Molniya Orbit (ver também entrada órbita média.)
. Os parâmetros da ciência arrasto atmosférico
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/STP-H2-ANDE.html
Os Constelações
www.iau.org/public/constellations/
12
I
S
C
ISC
Órbita Média (MEO) Áreas Ciência
Page 1
▪
Espaço
Matrix
Ciência
. Classes de Órbitas
. Locus
(Nominal - 2000 – 35,786 km (1250 – 22, milhas) acima da Terra superfície.)
Terra Lua
Regiões
Ele inclui a órbita semi-síncrono ea órbita Molniya.
A órbita semi-síncrono é uma órbita quase circular (baixo
excentricidade) 26.560 km do centro da Terra
(cerca de 20.200 quilômetros acima da superfície).
. MEO Subsets – Page 1
. aka Circular Intermediate Orbit (ICO)
http://www.argospress.com/Resources/satellite/intermcirculorbit.htm
. Orbit Sun-síncrona e Órbita Polar
Órbita
Média
(MEO) (2)
Ciência
http://gcmd.nasa.gov/User/suppguide/platforms/orbit.html
. Região por satélite GPS para todos os sistemas GNSS.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
. GNSS – Global Navigation Satellite Systems
http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gnss/
Excelentes FAA - Gráficos e Vídeos GNSS
Page 2 -. . US – NAVSTAR Russia - GLONASS
. EU – Galileo
. China – Beidou
. India – IRNSS
.
*
Figure 3-2. ETS-8 satellite (courtesy of JAXA)
http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/ets8/index_e.html.
KIKU-VIII completes support for 2011 quake disaster measures
13
I
S
C
ISC
Órbita Média (MEO) Áreas Ciência
Page 2
Espaço
Matrix
Ciência
Terra Lua
Regiões
. Classes de Órbitas
. Locus
(Nominal - 2000 – 35,786 km (1250 – 22, milhas) acima da Terra superfície.)
Ele inclui a órbita semi-síncrono ea órbita Molniya.
A órbita semi-síncrono é uma órbita quase circular (baixo
excentricidade) 26.560 km do centro da Terra
(cerca de 20.200 quilômetros acima da superfície).
. MEO Subsets – Page 2
. US – NAVSTAR
http://usmilitary.about.com/library/milinfo/affacts/blnavstarglobalpositioningsystem.htm
. Rússia – GLONASS
http://www.glonass.it/eng/glonass-story.aspx
Órbita
Média
(MEO) (2)
Ciência
. EU – Galileo
http://www.esa.int/esaNA/galileo.html
. China – Beidou
http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/01/china-opens-2010-with-beidou-2-satellite-launch/
. Índia – IRNSS
http://isro.org/
http://www.domain-b.com/aero/space/satellites/20110107_indian_irnss_2.html
.
Cosmic Distâncias & Light Speed Comparação 7.33 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g1N-4PxItA4&feature=related
14
I
S
C
Geoestacionários (GEO) Áreas da Ciência
ISC
. Órbita Geoestacionária
Espaço
Matrix
Ciência
Os satélites que orbitam 42.164 quilômetros do centro da
Terra (cerca de 36.000 quilômetros da superfície da Terra) entram
uma espécie de "sweet spot" em que sua órbita corresponde a da
Terra rotação. Porque o satélite orbita à mesma velocidade que
a Terra está girando, o satélite parece ficar no lugar mais
um único longitude, embora possa derivar
. Órbita Geoestacionária
Terra - Lua
Regiões
Satélites em órbita geoestacionária circular diretamente sobre
do equador (excentricidade e inclinação no zero) terá
uma órbita geoestacionária que não se move em tudo em relação
ao o solo. É sempre diretamente sobre o mesmo lugar no
Superfície da Terra. A órbita.
See Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)
http://www.satsig.net/sslist.htm
Geostationary
Orbits
(GEO)
..
Ciência
.
GOES operados pela Administração Nacional Oceânica e Atmosférica (NOAA)
Além do Nosso Sistema Solar: Overview
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Beyond
15
I
S
C
ISC
Órbita de Altitude Elevada (HEO) Áreas Ciência
. High Earth Orbit - A geocentric orbit cujo apogeu
encontra-se acima de uma geosynchronous orbit
Espaço
Matrix
Ciência
(35,786 kilometres (22,236 milhas)).
. Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEO) são um subconjunto de alta
Orbita a Terra. A órbita altamente elíptica (HEO) é uma
elliptic orbit com uma baixa altitude perigee e um alto
altitude (mais de 35.786 quilômetros (19.323 milhas náuticas) apogee.
Terra Lua
Regiões
. Molniya orbit É nomeado após o Molniya soviética Satélites
. Tundra orbit é um tipo deles.highly elliptical geosynchronous orbit com um
elevado inclination (geralmente próximo de 63,4 °) e um orbital period de um
sidereal day (quase 24 hours). a ground track de um satélite em uma órbita
tundra é uma "figura oito" fechado lemniscate. O único usuário atual de
órbitas tundra é Sirius Satellite Radio, que opera uma constellation de três
satélites.
.
*
*
High Earth
Orbit
(HEO)
Ciência
..
Astronomia 101 - Posto Incredible
Astronomia Classe Online - O nosso Sistema Solar - Os 8 planetas
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBzmz1Adg2o&feature=player_detailpage
ESA/ Live Streaming Video Sentinal http://www.esa.int/spaceinvideos/
ESA_Live ESA live streaming video http://www.livestream.com/eurospaceagency
16
I
S
C
Lunar Orbit (LOI) Science Areas
ISC
Espaço
Matrix
Ciência
. Selenocentric orbit (aka Lunar)
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/yss/
http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/articles/space-geodesy-facility-locatessatellite-in-lunar-orbit
. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) da NASA
http://lunar.gsfc.nasa.gov/
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html
. Robotic Lunar Exploration Program (RLEP) NASA
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/leag/documents/03LunarRoboticStatusGarvin.pdf
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/news/releases/2005/05_62AR.html
Terra Lua
Regiões
Lunar Orbit
(LOI)
. NASA Lunar Science Institute (NLSI)
http://lunarscience.arc.nasa.gov/about
. Scanning Raman Lidar (SRL) - NASA
http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/about_ilrs/history/slr_history.html
http://ramanlidar.gsfc.nasa.gov/instruments/scanning%20raman%20lidar/index.htm
. International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) –
NASA http://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/
..
Ciência
..
Galileo spacecraft image of the Moon
Beethoven_et_la_lune.ppsm
Incredible Power Point
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/viviana7777-257272-la-lune-magnifiquemoon-magic-travel-places-nature-ppt-powerpoint/
17
I
S
C
ISC
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Solar
Regiões
Internet Ciência da Informação Projeto
ISC
Terra / Lua
Regiões
Ciência
Solar
Solar
Regiões
Deep
Space
Regiões
Ciência Solar
Corpos Solares
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sun
Mars
Venus
Saturn
Neptune
Asteroids
Comets
. Earth
. Mercury
. Jupiter
. Uranus
. Pluto
. Planetas Anões
. Meteors
Objetos Astronômicos
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-astro.html
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html
18
I
S
C
Regiões solares Endereços
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn
Uranus Neptune Pluto Dwarf Planets Comets
Meteors Asteroids Objects
Endereços na Web
Solar
Regiões
. All
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/
. Sun
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun
. Mercury http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mercury
. Venus
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus
. Earth
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Earth
. Mars
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Mars
. Jupiter
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jupiter
. Saturn
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Saturn
. Uranus
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Uranus
. Neptune http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Neptune
. Pluto
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Pluto
. Asteroids http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids
. Planetas Anões http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Dwarf
. Comets http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Comets
. Meteors http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Meteors
. Objetos Astronômicos
Solar
Corpo
Endereços
. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-astro.html
http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ . http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html
.
..
..
*
Distâncias no Espaço
Hollyfield Physics tv 6.29 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bmb0YE9VGM&feature=endscreen&NR=1 6.31 min.
19
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Solar
Regiões
Regiões solares Endereços
Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn
Uranus Neptune Pluto Dwarf Planets Comets
Meteors Asteroids Objects
Áreas de Ciência solares
(Todas as regiões)
Coordenadas celestes
. Astronomical, Geocentric, Geodetic
Solar
Corpo
Endereços
http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~rfisher/Ephemerides/earth_rot.html
. Gravitational and
Magnetic Fields
http://solarsystem.dlr.de/TP/gravmag_en.shtml
. Mass (Me)
http://www.physics247.com/physics-tutorial/mass-planet.shtml
Solar
Ciência
áreas
. Planet / Moon Chemistry
http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Mar10/PlanetConstruction.html
. Atmosphere, Gas /Ice
http://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/k-6/uc/solar_system/5/ucss5_3a.html
. Surface Mapping
http://planetpixelemporium.com/earth.html
20
I
S
C
*
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
ISC
Terra / Lua
Regiões
Deep Space
Regiões
Solar
Regiões
Deep
Space
Regiões
Ciência Deep Space - 1
Ciência
Deep
Space - 1
Cosmic Objetos
. Galáxias Ativas
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/active_galaxies.html
. Os Quasares Ativos
Cosmic
Objetos
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/active_galaxies.html
. Buracos .black & White Dwarfs
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/black_holes.html
. Cosmic Rays e Nêutrons Estrelas
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/cosmic_rays.html
. Dark Matter
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/dark_matter.html
. Background Difusa
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/diffuse_background.html
. Explosões de Raios Gama
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/bursts.html
..
Cassiopeia A: Death Becomes Her - Hubble
Cosmologia 101 – Dark Matter
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttpkto9Cm5c
21
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Sistemas de espaço profundo
Ciência Deep Space - 2
Deep Space
Regiões
Space Bodies
Ciência Deep
Space - 2
Asteroids, Cometas, Meteoros,
& Near Earth Objects (NEO)
. Sitio Principal
Space
Bodies
http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/pathfinders/aster.htm
Asteroids
Cometas
Meteoros
. Cometas Listagem
. Asteroid Listagem
There are literally millions of asteroids.
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/asteroidfact.html
A partir de janeiro de 2011 não estão relatados 4.185 ometas conhecidos.
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/cometfact.html
. Dwarf Planets
(IAU - http://iau.org/ - 1919)
IAU atualmente reconhece cinco planetas anões. - Ceres,
Plutão, Haumea, Makemake e Eris como membros de
Nosso Sistema Solar. IAU estima 200 planetas anões no
Cinturão de Kuiper e 2000 fora do cinturão.
Os planetas do anão
NEO do
. Nuvens de Gás
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-161
. Meteor Listing
(ref. NASA MEO Office)
http://fireballs.ndc.nasa.gov/
. Objetos próximos da Terra (NEO)
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/
.*
Telescópio Espacial Spitzer da NASA detectou minúsculos
cristais verdes, chamado olivina, que se pensa ser a chover
para baixo em uma estrela em desenvolvimento.
*
22
Image credit: NASA/JPL--Caltech/University of Toledo.
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-161
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Deep Space Regiões
Deep Space
Regiões
Corpos Espaciais
Asteroids
Space
Bodies
Asteroids
25 Asteroids Nomeados Principais
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/asteroidfact.html
Asteroids
Asteroid
There are literally Millions of asteroids.
Diameter
~Mass
Rotation
Number and Name
(km)
1015 kg
Period
---------------------------------1 Ceres
960 x 932
870,000
9.075 hrs
2 Pallas
570 x 525 x 482 318,000
7.811 hrs
3 Juno
240
20,000
7.210 hrs
4 Vesta
530
300,000
5.342 hrs
45 Eugenia
226
6,100
5.699 hrs
140 Siwa
103
1,500 18.5
hrs
216 Kleopatra
217 x 94
5.385 hrs
243 Ida
253 Mathilde
66 x 48 x 46
103.3 417.7
hrs
433 Eros
33 x 13 x 13
6.69
5.270 hrs
951 Gaspra
19 x 12 x 11
10
7.042 hrs
1566 Icarus
1.4
0.001
2.273 hrs
1620 Geographos
2.0
0.004
5.222 hrs
1862 Apollo
1.6
0.002
3.063 hrs
2060 Chiron
180
4,000
5.9
hrs
2530 Shipka
2703 Rodari
3.25 yrs
3352 McAuliffe
2 - 5
2.57 yrs
3840 Mimistrobell
3.38 yrs
4179 Toutatis
4.6 x 2.4 x 1.9
0.05
130. hrs
4769 Castalia
1.8 x 0.8
0.0005
4979 Otawara
5.5
0.2
3.19 yrs
5535 AnneFrank
4.0
3.29 yrs
9969 Braille
25143 Itokawa
1.52 yrs
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/image/planetary/asteroid/gaspra.jp
Asteróide 951 Gaspra obtida pela sonda Galileo.
*
.
. Dwarf Planets
23
IAU currently recognizes five dwarf planets—Ceres, Pluto, Haumea,
Copyright 2012 © Makemake,
A public service
of Eris
The American
Millennium
Foundation,
and
(Estimates
40 to 2000
Dwarf Inc.
planets.)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planets
. Meteor Listing
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Deep Space Regiões
Space Bodies
Deep Space
Regiões
Cometas
Space
Bodies
Cometas
20 Principal Named Cometas
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/cometfact.html
A partir de janeiro de 2011 não estão relatados 4.185 cometas conhecidos.
Cometas
Orbital
Perihelion
Perihelion
Number & Name
Period
--------------------1P Halley
76.1 yrs.
Hale-Bopp
4000. yrs.
2P Encke
3.30 yrs.
6P d'Arrest
6.51 yrs.
9P Tempel 1
5.51 yrs.
19P Borrelly
6.86 yrs.
21P Giacobini-Zinner
6.52 yrs.
26P Grigg-Skjellerup
5.09 yrs.
27P Crommelin
27.89 yrs.
45P Honda-Mrkos
-Pajdusakova
5.29 yrs.
46P Wirtanen
5.46 yrs.
55P Tempel-Tuttle
32.92 yrs.
67P Churyumov
-Gerasimenko
6.57 yrs.
73P Schwassmann
5.36 yrs.
-Wachmann 3
75P Kohoutek
6.24 yrs.
76P West-Kohoutek
-Ikemura
6.46 yrs.
81P Wild 2
6.39 yrs.
95P Chiron
50.7 yrs.
107P Wilson-Harrington
4.29 yrs.
Hyakutake
~40000. yrs.
Hyakutake
~40000. yrs.
Date
---------1986-02-09
1997-03-31
2003-12-28
2008-08-01
2005-07-05
2001-09-14
1998-11-21
1992-07-22
1984-09-01
Distance
---------0.587 AU
0.914 AU
0.340 AU
1.346 AU
1.500 AU
1.358 AU
0.996 AU
0.989 AU
0.743 AU
1995-12-25
2013-10-21
1998-02-28
0.528 AU
1.063 AU
0.982 AU
2002-08-18
2006-06-02
1.292 AU
0.937 AU
1973-12-28
1.571 AU
2000-06-01
2003-09-25
1996-02-14
2001-03-26
1996-05-01
1996-05-01
1.596
1.583
8.46
1.000
0.230
AU
AU
AU
AU
AU
.
Cometa Hale-Bopp (1997), possuindo duas caudas distintas - uma cauda de
poeira (branco) e uma cauda de íons (azul).
http://www.tivas.org.uk/solsys/tas_solsys_comet.html
24
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Profundo
Espaço
Distâncias
Unidades Astronômicas de Medição
Ordem de superioridade Matemática
Megaparsec - Mpc
1
1
1
1
1
1
Mpc =
Mpc =
Mpc =
Mpc =
Mpc =
Mpc =
1000000 Parsec (pc)
3261563.7769443 Light Years (Ly or ly)
2.062648062e+11 Astronomical Units (AU)
1.917341158e+19 miles (INT)
1.666132603e+19 nautical miles (INT)
3.085677581e+19 Kilometers (Km)
Parsec - pc
1 Parsec = .000001 Megaparsec (Mpc)
1 Parsec = 3.26156 Light Years (Ly or ly)
1 Parsec = 206264.80624538 Astronomical Units (AU)
1 Parsec = 1.917351158e+13 Miles (INT)
1 Parsec = 3.085677581e+13 Kilometers (Km)
Light Year - Ly or ly
1 Light Year = 0.000000307 Megaparsecs
1 Light Year = 0.306601394 Parsecs
1 Light Year = 63241.077088066 Astronomical Units
1 Light Year = 5.878625373e+12 Miles
1 Light Year = 9.460730473e+12 Km
AU - Astronomical Unit
1 AU = 4.848136811e-12 Megaparsecs
1 AU = 0.000004848142402969934 Parsecs
1 AU = 0.0000158125073358306 Light Years
1 AU = 92955807.267433 Miles
1 AU = 149597870.691 Km
M - Mile
1 Mile = 5.215534744823067e-14 Parsecs
1 Mile = 1.7010779502325107e-13 Light Years
1 Mile = 1.0757800228038006e-8 Astronomical Units
Km - Kilometer
1 Kilometer = 3.2407830425459485e-14 Parsecs
1 Kilometer = 1.0570008340246153e-13 Light Years
1 Kilometer = 6.684587153547039e-9 Astronomical Units
Caculators Conversão - Sites de Referência
http://www.unitconversion.org/unit_converter/length.html
http://www.onlineconversion.com/astronomical.htm
http://converters360.com/astronomy/
25
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Profundo
Espaço
Distâncias
e
Espaço
Ciência
Vídeos
Unidades Astronômicas de Medição
http://converters360.com/astronomy/
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
light
light
light
light
light
light
light
second = 0.002 003 988 804 2 astronomical unit [1996]
minute = 0.120 239 328 25 astronomical unit [1996]
hour = 7.214 359 695 2 astronomical unit [1996]
day = 173.144 632 68 astronomical unit [1996]
year [Julian] = 63 241.077 089 astronomical unit [1996]
year [tropical] = 63 239.726 349 astronomical unit [1996]
year [traditional] = 63 197.790 93 astronomical unit [1996]
Espaço Ciência Visão geral e Vídeos
IAU - Defining Our Place in the Cosmos – the Universal Frame of
Reference
www.iau.org/public/place_in_cosmos/
ICRS - International Celestial Reference System (ICRS)
http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/astronomical-information-center/icrsnarrative?searchterm=ICRS
http://www.usno.navy.mil/astronomy
The Constellations
www.iau.org/public/constellations/
Our Solar System
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Display=Facts&Object=Moon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System
Beyond Our Solar System: Overview
http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Beyond
Distances in Space **
Hollyfield Physics tv 6.29 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3bmb0YE9VGM&feature=endscreen&NR=1
Cosmic Distances & Light Speed Comparison 7.33 min.
Nat Geo Program ****
Journey to the End of the Universe 6.31 min.
American Museum of Natural History ****
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ufl_Nwbl8xs&feature=related
The Speed of Light Problem 7.21 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jx52Z9DrFeY&feature=related
NASA | Take a "Swift" Tour of the Andromeda Galaxy 3.06 min.
26
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Principais Astrophysical Organizações
SAO - Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (Harvard-Smithsonian)
www.cfa.harvard.edu/sao/
HCO – Harvard College Observatory
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hco/
Major
Astro
Agências
CfA – Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/sed/
HITRAN Data Base
http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hitran/
AFCRL – Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory
www.astronautix.com/mfrs/afcrl.htm
IAU – International Astronomical Union
http://www.iau.org/
ICSU – International Council for Sxcience
http://www.icsu.org/
ARC – Ames Research Center www.arc.nasa.gov/
ARC - NAI Ames- NASA Astrobiology Institute
http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/about/
GSFC - Goddard Space Flight Center http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/
Ferramentas Lambda - Conversões de coordenadas
http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/toolbox/
JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/au.html
Perto Programa Objeto Terra - ASTRONOMICAL UNIT (AU)
LARC – Langley Research Center
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/science/index.html/
Terra Atmosfera - Solar Flares - Martian Plane Atmosfera
MSFC - Marshall Space Flight Center
http://discoverynewfrontiers.nasa.gov/index.cfml
Novo Programa Fronteiras - Controle Ambiental e Life Support Systemsss
GRC - Glenn Research Center
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/index.html
Propulsão Espacial - Comunicações - Estruturas
27
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Internacional
Agências
Espaciais
Página 1 de 3
Internacional Agências Espaciais
( Página 1 de 3 )
AEB
Brazil
Brazilian Space Agency
www.aeb.gov.br
AEB
Brazil
www.aeb.gov.br
AEXA
Mexico
Mexican Space Agency
http://agenciaespacialmexicana.org/
AEXA
Mexico
Agencia Espacial Mexicana http://agenciaespacialmexicana.org/
ANAS Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
http://www.science.az/en/index.phpl
ANGKASA Malaysia Malaysian National Space Agency www.angkasa.gov.my
ANGKASA Malaysia Agensi Angkasa Negara
www.angkasa.gov.my
ASA
Austria
Austrian Space Agency
www.ffg.at ( see also FFG)
ASI
Italy - ESA Italian Space Agency
www.asi.it
ASI
Italy - ESA Agenzia Spaziole Italiana
www.asi.it
BELSPO
Belgium Belgian Science Policy
www.belspo.be/belspo/home/port_en.stm
BIRA-IASB Belgium Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy – ESA www.aeronomie.be
BIRA-IASB Belgium Belgisch Instituut voor Ruimte- Aeronomie
www.aeronomie.be
BNSC
United Kingdom British National Space Centre - ESA www.bnsc.gov.uk
BNSC
United Kingdom UK Space Agency - ESA
www.bnsc.gov.uk
CBK
Poland – ESAP Space Research Centre - ESA PECS www.cbk.waw.pl
CBK
Poland – ESAP Centrum Badan Kosmicznych
www.cbk.waw.pl
CCE
Colombia
Colombian Space Commission
www.cce.gov.co
CCE
Colombia
Comision Colombiana del Espacio
www.cce.gov.co
CCO
Colombia
Comision Colombiana del Oceano
www.cco.gov.co
CEP
Portugal – ESA Portugal Space agency GPE
www.cep.pt
CEP
Portugal
see http://alfa.fct.mctes.pt/index.phtml.en
CNES
France - ESA National Center of Space Research
www.cnes.fr
CNES
France
Centre National d'Études Spatiales
www.cnes.fr
CNSA
PRC
China National Space Administration
www.cnsa.gov.cn
CONAE Argentina
National Commission for Space Research
www.conae.gov.ar
CONAE Argentina
Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales www.conae.gov.ar
CONIDA Peru
Peru Space Agency
www.condia.gob.pe
CONIDA Peru
Agencia Espacial del Peru
www.conida.gob.pe/index.php
COPUOS United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space www.unoosa.org
COSPAR International Committee on Space Research
http://cosparhq.cnes.fr/
CSA / ASC Canada
Canadian Space Agency
www.space.gc.ca
CSIRO
Australia Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation
www.csiro.au
CSO
Czech Republic Czech Space Office - ESA
www.czechspace.cz
DLR
Germany - ESA German Aerospace Center
www.dlr.de
DLR
Germany
Deuschen Zentrums fur Luft-und Raumfahrt
www.dlr.de
DNSC
Denmark - ESA Danish National Space Center
www.spacecenter.dk
DRC
Denmark - ESA Danmarks Rumcenter
www.spacecenter.dk
DTU
Denmark
Danish National Space Institute
http://www.space.dtu.dk/
EI
Ireland – ESA Enterprise Ireland (for the OST of the DETE)
www.enterprise-ireland.com
ESA
18 Nations
European Space Agency – HQ. – Paris, France
www.esa.int
ESA – ASA
Austria
European Space Agency - ASA
www.esa.int
ESA – BIRA
Belgium European Space Agency - BIRA-IASB
www.esa.int
Cosmic Distâncias & Light Speed Comparação 7.33 min.
Nat Geo Programa ****
28
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Internacional
Agências
Espaciais
Página 2 de 3
( Página 2 de 3 )
ESA – PECS
Czech Republic
European Space Agency - CSO www.czechspace.cz
ESA – DNSC
Denmark European Space Agency - DNSC
www.esa.int
ESA – TEKES
Finland
European Space Agency - TEKES
www.esa.int
ESA - CNES
France
European Space Agency - CNES
www.esa.int
ESA - DLR
Germany European Space Agency - DLR
www.esa.int
ESA – ISARS
Greece
European Space Agency - ISARS
www.esa.int
ESA – EI
Ireland
European Space Agency - EI
www.esa.int
ESA - ASI
Italy
European Space Agency - ASI
www.esa.int
ESA – Luxi
Luxembourg
European Space Agency - Luxinnovation www.esa.int
ESA – NIVR
Netherlands
European Space Agency - NIVR
www.esa.int
ESA – NSC
Norway European Space Agency - NSC
www.esa.int
ESA – CEP
Portugal European Space Agency - CE
www.esa.int
ESA – INTA
Spain
European Space Agency - INTA
www.esa.int
ESA – SNSB
Sweden European Space Agency - SNSB
www.esa.int
ESA – SSO
Switzerland
European Space Agency - SNSB
www.esa.int
ESA – BNSC
United Kingdom European Space Agency - BNSC
www.esa.int
ESA – PECS 4 Nations
European Space Agency – HQ. – Paris, France www.esa.int
ESA – PECS
Hungary
ESA's Plan for European States – CSO www.esa.int
ESA – PECS
Poland
ESA's Plan for European States – CBK
www.esa.int
ESA – PECS
Romania
ESA's Plan for European States – ROSA www.esa.int
ESA – PECS
Slovenia
ESA's Plan for European States –
www.esa.int
ESTMP
ESA
European Space Technology Master Plan (ESTMP) www.esa.int
FFG
Austria – ESA
Austrian Space Agency
www.ffg.at
FFG
Austria Die Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft
http://www.ffg.at/content/ueber-die-ffg
GISTDA Thailand Geo-Informatics & Space Technology Development Agency
www.gistda.or.th/gistda_n/
FMI (ref.) Finland
Finnish Meteorological Institute and TEKES - ESA
HSB
Hungary Hungarian Space Board - ESA PECS
www.hso.hu
HSO
Hungary Hungarian Space Office - ESA PECS
www.hso.hu
IPE
Brazil
http://www.inpe.br/
INTA
Spain - ESA Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial
www.inta.es
ISA
International
International Space Agency
www.isa-hq.com
ISA
Iran
Iranian Space Agency
www.isa.ir
ISARS
Greece – ESA
Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing
www.space.noa.gr
ISA
Israel
Israeli Space Agency
ISA
Isreal
http://www.most.gov.il/English/Units/Israel+Space+Agency/
ISRO
India
Indian Space Research Organization
www.isro.org
JAXA
Japan
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
www.jaxa.jp
KARI
South Korea
Korea Aerospace Research Institute
www.kari.kr
LAPAN
Indonesia National Institute of Aeronautics and Space
www.lapan.go.id
LuxInnovation
Luxembourg
National Agency for Innovation and Research
http://www.luxinnovation.lu/site/index.jsp
MUI
Hungary Magyar Urkutatási Iroda - MUI
www.hso.hu
N tbd
North Korea
North Korean Space Agency
tbd
NACA
United States
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 1915-1959
NASA
United States
National Aeronautics & Space Admin. www.nasa.gov
NASRDA
Nigeria
National Space Research and Development Agency
http://www.cstd.nasrda.gov.ng/
Sinfonias dos Planetas 2 - NASA Voyager Recordings
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAPNfKADA7Y&feature=related
29
I
S
C
*
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
( Página 3 de 3 )
NIVR
Netherlands – ESA Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes www.nivr.nl
NSAU
Ukraine
National Space Agency of Ukraine
www.nkau.gov.ua
NSC
Norway – ESA Norweigan Space Centre - ESA
www.spacecentre.no
NSC
Norway – ESA Norsk Romsenter
www.spacecentre.no
NSPO
Republic of China National Space Organization
www.nspo.org.tw
NSPO
(Taiwan)
National Space Organization
www.nspo.org.tw
RI-BAS
Bulgaria
Bulgarian Aerospace Agency
www.space.bas.bg
RKA / RSA Russia
Russian Federal Space Agency
www.roscosmos.ru
ROSA
Romania - ESAP Romanian Space Agency - ESA PECS
www.rosa.ro
ROSA
Romania
Agencia Spatiala Romana
www.rosa.ro
SGCP
Bulgaria
Scientific Group of Space Physics - now merged www.space.bas.bg
SNSB
Sweden – ESA Swedish National Space Board
www.snsb.se
SPARRSO Bangladesh
Space Research Remote Sensing Organizationwww.sparrso.gov.bd/
SANSA
South Africa
South African Space Agency
www.sansa.org.za/
SRON
Netherlands – ESA Netherlands Institute for Space Research
www.sron.nl
SSO
Switzerland- ESA Swiss Space Office
www.sso.admin.ch
SUPARCO Pakistan
Pakistan Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
www.suparco.gov.pk
TEKES
Finland – ESA National Technology Agency of Finland
www.tekes.fi
TUBITAK Turkey
Turkiye Bilismel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu www.tubitak.gov.tr
UNOOSA United Nations United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
www.unoosa.org
Internacional
Agências
Espaciais
Página 3 de 3
..
NASA A Cabeça de Cavalo Nebulosa B33 Nebulosa de Orion
30
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Principais
Sites
Astrophysical
Página 1 de 3
Principais Sites Astrophysical
Nosso Sistema Solar
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/sss.html
Earth Geodesy (RG)
Atmospheric Measurements (AMP)
Comets (RG)
Cometary X-rays (AMP)
Planets & Comets (HEA)
Solar Physics (SSP)
Sun (HEA)
Solar Wind X-rays (HEA)
Solar System (SSP)
Outer Solar System (TA)
Planets (RG)
Planet Formation (SSP)
Estrelas e Planetas: Origins
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/sap.html
Estrelas e Planetas: Formação
Star Formation (HEA)
Star Formation (OIR)
Molecular Clouds (RG)
Dense Cloud Cores (RG)
Embedded Clusters (RG)
Massive Star Formation (RG)
Brown Dwarfs (RG)
Disks & Outflows (RG)
Young Stellar Objects (RG)
Accretion Disks (SSP)
Star Formation (SSP)
Planet Formation (SSP)
Extrasolar Planets (TA)
Estrelas e Planetas: Estrutura e Evolução
Late-type Stars and Brown Dwarfs (AMP)
Stellar Corona (HEA)
Early-type Stars (HEA)
White Dwarfs and Novae (HEA)
Hypervelocity Stars (OIR)
Supernovae (OIR)
Asteroseismology (SSP)
Binary Stars (SSP)
Exoplanets (OIR)
Exoplanets (SSP)
Stellar Atmospheres (SSP)
Stellar Coronae & Winds (SSP)
Stellar Variability (SSP)
31
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Galáxias
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/gal.html
A Via Láctea
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/amp/mw/mc.html
Principais
Sites
Astrophysical
Página 2 de 3
Molecular Clouds (AMP)
Globular Clusters (HEA)
Hot Interstellar Medium (HEA)
Supernova Remnants (HEA)
Interstellar Dust (HEA)
Milky Way Center (OIR)
Milky Way Halo (OIR)
Open Clusters (OIR)
Globular Clusters (OIR)
Galactic Structure (RG)
Astrochemistry (RG)
Galáxias Externas
Normal Galaxies (HEA)
Starburst Galaxies (HEA)
Interacting Galaxies & Mergers (HEA)
Hot Gas and Outbursts from SMBH's in Galaxies (HEA)
Nearby Galaxies (RG)
VLBI Proper Motions (RG)
Dark Matter in Galaxies (RG)
Active Galactic Nuclei (RG)
Early Universe (SSP)
Galaxy NGC 4214: Um Laboratório de Formação Estelar
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/star-form-lab.html
32
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Principais
Sites
Astrophysical
Página 3 de 3
Cosmologia
www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/cos.html
Fundamental Symmetries (AMP)
The Early Universe (AMP)
Extragalactic Surveys (HEA)
Intergalactic Medium (HEA)
Clusters & Cosmology (HEA)
The Accelerating Universe (OIR)
Extragalactic Surveys (OIR)
Clusters of Galaxies (OIR)
Large Scale Structure (OIR)
Gravitational Lensing (OIR)
Epoch of Reionization (RG)
Cosmic Microwave Background (RG)
Extragalactic Distance Scale (RG)
Early Universe (SSP)
Dark Energy & Dark Matter (TA)
Galaxy Formation & Evolution (TA)
Large-Scale Structure Formation (TA)
21cm Cosmology (TA)
Reionization & First Stars (TA)
Supernova Single, Estrela Massiva
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l1/supernovae.html
▪
33
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
NASA
Educação
Centros
INSPIRE
Centros da NASA que trabalham junto
em Educação Space - Obras
Kennedy Space Center
INSPIRE
Sede da NASA selecionou Kennedy para gerenciar vários
projetos de grande agência, incluindo o Programa Ciência
Incorporando Pesquisa e Educação Experiência
Interdisciplinar Nacional, conhecido como INSPIRE.
http://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/descriptions/INSPIRE_Project.html
STEM
Para explorar STEM Carreiras em
Ciência, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática
INSPIRE
NES
www.ed.gov/stem
http://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/about/index.html
http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/ostp/nstc/committees/costem
DLN
MUREP
Apoiado pela
Programa Escola Explorador NASA
(NES)
http://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/national/nes2/home/index.html
ea
DLN
KSC’s Interagency Digital Learning Network
http://www.nasa.gov/offices/education/programs/national/dln/home/feedback.html
Pg. 34
Em adição ao Minority University Programa de
Pesquisa e Educação
(MUREP)
Kennedy administra o grande agência
Minority University Programa de Pesquisa
e Educação pequeno projeto de programas.
http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/407272main_2009_HE_MSP.pdf
34
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
ISC
Matrix Ciência Espacial
Nova
Ciência
Notícias
Nova Ciência Notícias
Amostra
Space News Ciência
..
..
Movido a hidrogênio Fantasma Eye da Boeing chegou ao Centro de Pesquisa de Vôo
Dryden da NASA. Avião é projetado para ficar no ar por até quatro dias, enquanto
transporte de uma carga de 450 quilos.
http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/X-Press/phantom_eye_spotlight.html
.
Marshall Space Flight Center da NASA desenvolveu um
método para se recuperar de forma eficiente hidrogênio a partir do gás natural.
Esta inovação pode ser incorporado em sistemas de hardware de vôo de apoio
aos objetivos de exploração de longa duração, como um retrofit Estação
Espacial, posto avançado lunar, o trânsito de Marte, ou base de Marte.
http://www.greendesignbriefs.com/component/content/article/8484
NASA é o maior consumidor de hidrogênio líquido nos Estados Unidos.
NASA usa cerca de 10 milhões de quilos de hidrogênio líquido por ano às seis
locais em cinco estados.
Hubble Discovers a New Moon Around Pluto July 20, 2011
July 20, 2011: NASA é o maior consumidor de hidrogênio líquido nos Estados
Unidos. NASA usa cerca de 10 milhões de quilos de hidrogênio líquido por ano
às seis locais em cinco estados
http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/20jul_p4/
Copyright 2011 Ronald B. Morgan Publisher. All rights reserved.
35
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Profundos
fotos do
espaço
ISC
Matrix Ciência Espacial
Profundos Fotos Espaço Ciência
Orion Nebulae - Hubble
http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/01/image/a/format/small_web/
Credit: NASA,ESA, M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Institute/ESA) and the
Hubble Space Telescope Orion Treasury Project Team
36
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
ISC Espaço Ciência
Recomendados sites de Ensino
NASA 360◦
Ensino
Websites
..
http://www.hulu.com/nasa-360
NASA 360 examina como as tecnologias
desenvolvidas por e para NASA são usados em
tudo, desde a exploração do espaço para
produtos de consumo corrente.
NASA 360 mostra como a NASA muda nossas
vidas de maneira positiva.
37
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Ensino
Websites
NOVA
NOVA beta
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/
NOVA Ciência Agora
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/
NOVA TEACHERS
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/
NOVA
A vida secreta de Cientistas e Engenheiros.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/secretlife/
Dentro
NOVA
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/insidenova/
38
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
moonandback.com
Ensino
Websites
http://moonandback.com/
Notícias voos espaciais
Diário Secções
News
Sub orbit
Orbit
Moon
Planetary
Environment
Video
Commentary
Somos uma geração de conteúdo de notícias
e site agregação espaço de cobertura, com
destaque para a indústria de voos espaciais
pessoal e comercial.
Nossa missão é documentar para o público
em geral a madrugada desta nova época na
história da humanidade, e fazer com que jovens
estudantes conscientes das oportunidades para
carreiras em áreas relacionadas com o espaço.
All content Copyright © 2010 - 2011 Moonandback Media LLC, except
where otherwise noted. All Rights Reserved. Use of this site constitutes
acceptance of our Terms of Service, Community Guidelines and Privacy
Policy.
39
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
SpaceTEC
http://blog.spacetec.org/
Ensino
Websites
∆ Calipers
∆ Outside Calipers
∆ Multimeters
..
Credit Precision Graphics
∆ Inside Calipers
..
1920's pocket multimeter
Credit Wikipedia
(not currently available)
∆ The Micrometer
..
Credit Space Tec
∆ Hydraulic Systems
..
Credit Thesurfacegrinder.com
∆ Measuring Tools
..
Credit – ACS Hydraulic
..
Pascal's Law at work Credit Wikipedia
40
..
Credit Space Tec
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Visuas
Para o
Futuro
Espaço Vistas Ciência para o Futuro.
Espaço Ciência Vistas
New Fields of Discovery and Research
Aeronautics - Astrophysics
Space Exploration - Space Vehicles
Life Sciences - Biomedical - Life Support
Nanotechnology
Robotics - Robonauts
Aeronautics - Communications
Radiation, Gravitational Forces
and Magnetic Research
Deep Space Propulsion
Ion - Fusion - Plasma
Solar - Solar Sails
41
I
S
C
Espaço Ciência Vistas
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Visuas
Para o
Futuro
Novos Campos de Descoberta e Pesquisa
Aeronautics http://www.aeronautics.nasa.gov/
Astrophysics http://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/
Biomedical
http://www.nsbri.org/
Communications http://deepspacecom.net/
http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/aug/HQ_11-272_TDM_Selections.html
Gravitational Research
http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Europe_Takes_Step_Toward_Detecting_Gravitational_Waves_999.html
Life Sciences http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/slsd/about/organization.html
Life Support http://www.nova.org/~sol/station/life-sup.htm
Magnetic Research
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/AMS-02.html
Nanotechnology http://nano.gov/
Radiation Research http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/climate/
http://science.larc.nasa.gov/research-Radiation.html
Robonauts
http://robonaut.jsc.nasa.gov/default.asp
http://www.nasa.gov/vision/earth/technologies/robo_sensors.html
Robotics
http://robotics.nasa.gov/ http://robotics.ucf.edu/home.php
http://www.robotics.org/content-detail.cfm/Industrial-Robotics-Feature-Articles/Robotics-in-thePharmaceutical-and-Life-Sciences-Industry/content_id/2867
Space Exploration http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/home/index.html
Space Vehicles http://www.spacefuture.com/power/power.shtml
http://www.nasa.gov/vision/space/travelinginspace/future_propulsion.html
*
Photo of a solar sail deployed in ground testing. Credit: NASA
42
I
S
C
ISC
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
As Maravilhas do Espaço
Media Gallery – Espaço – Pg. 1
Maravilhas
do Espaço
Wonders from the Universe
View Power Point full screen – Click on ‘F’ key or four arrow key
Alert - when accessing ‘youtube.’ or nasa– click only on far right hand of URL address .
. Astronomy 101 - Incredible Tour
Media
Gallery
Astronomy Online Class - Our Solar System - The 8 Planets
Pg. 1
.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBzmz1Adg2o&feature=player_detailpage
Cosmology 101 – Dark Matter http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttpkto9Cm5c
Astronomy Picture of the Day
. The Wright Brothers
..
http://wright.nasa.gov/overview.htm
. Apollo 11 - Mission to the Moon
..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyeq8tquq1I
[www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tyeq8tquq1I ] Type URL address if req’d.)
. Juno Launching to Jupiter Aug. 03 2011
..
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=104732731
*
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/index.html?media_id=104732731
43
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
ISC
Maravilhas
do Espaço
Media
Gallery
Pg. 2
The Majesty and Music of the Moon
Beethoven_et_la_lune.ppsm
Incredible Power Point
http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/viviana7777-257272-la-lunemagnifique-moon-magic-travel-places-nature-ppt-powerpoint/
(Click on bottom line of full URL address above.)
At bottom of Power Point screen click on far right block next to MENU block.
Full screen will appear. Press Esc to exit full screen mode. 70 slides.
When PP complete, click on top right ‘X’ Close box to return to ISC page.
Great Music video for children & the young at heart.
Select “Sun, Earth, Moon Mobile” on You Tube
3:15
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=earth%2fmoon+videos&mid=BA94C4105264EA41F485BA94C4
105264EA41F485&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1
Colonizing the Moon
10:00
http://www.neok12.com/Moon.htm
Click on “Colonizing The Moon” in Web left hand Selection column
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX646a657b636d0144400567&t=Moon
Phases of the Moon
3:16
Click on “The Phases of The Moon” in Web left hand Selection column
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX5c60455063656c6c595c41&t=Moon
The True Origin of the Moon - The Earth?
9:37
Click on “Origin of The Moon” in Web left hand Selection column
http://www.neok12.com/php/watch.php?v=zX5f0066004258764170407f&t=Moon
Is it a Bird or Is it a Robot ?
http://www.ted.com/talks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.html
*
.
http://www.ted.com/talks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/t
alks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.html
44
I
S
C
ISC
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Maravilhas
do Espaço
. Astronomia 101 - Posto Incredible
Media
Gallery
Pg. 3
Thinking outside the box and putting things in perspective might help
Here’s a little astronomy to help
you put this into perspective
..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IBzmz1Adg2o
. Cosmology 101 – Dark Matter
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ttpkto9Cm5c
. Astronomy Picture of the Day – Sheer Beauty
. ISS Showcase - All Operating Systems - PDF
http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/iss_360.swf
Clique para baixar a barra de PDFs na borda esquerda da tela principal
Lista PDF será exibido - Todos os links em Lista PDF são ao vivo
. Como isso é colocado
. Como é construído
Lista PDF será exibido - Todos os links em Lista PDF são ao vivo
. Como isso é colocado
. Como é construído
. ISS Flyaround Animation
http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/ISSRG/iss_360.swf
. ISC Science Matrix & Puzzles
Veja 'ISC Ciência Puzzles 12-18-11 ", para Mapas do
Universo e SDSS estrela olhando Charts
http://www.universetoday.com/8181/biggest-3-d-map-of-the-universe/
*
45
http://www.ted.com/talks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/t
alks/a_robot_that_flies_like_a_bird.html
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
ISC MOVIES PORTAL
NASA Movies
Maravilhas
. NASA’s Fireball Network - MEO
do Espaço
http://fireballs.ndc.nasa.gov/
Media
Gallery
Pg. 4
Meteor Movies
Space Movies Cinema
http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/movies.html#Flag3
JSC
Quick Find Movie List of Space Movies Cinemas
Select (.mov) or (.avi)
NASA
Movies
Portal
Click on a movie in the Quick Find List for a narrative description of the movie and hot
text which downloads the movie to your computer for play.
(Note: Most of the movies require QuickTime(.mov)or Video for Windows (.avi) players
while streaming video types require Microsoft Media Player 7 or greater.)
JFK Rice Speech, First Step on Moon, First Flag on Moon, Moon Golf, Mooncar
Motoring, Rocket Off Moon, Mercury Seven Morph, Gemini Liftoff, Gemini EVA,
Shuttle Launch, Astro-Robot Morph, LEM-Starship Morph, Saturn Five Launch, Payload
Deploy, Apollo 13 Crew Morph, Astro-Santa Morph, Astro-Armour Morph, Verne
Columbiad Cannon Capsule to Apollo Capsule Morph, Astronaut "Buzz" Aldrin
Compares Verne's fiction with Apollo 11, Columbia to Santa Maria Morph, Feather-drop
Galileo Moon Movie, Moon Lander Design Morph, Barbeque Spacecraft Cooling Morph,
Astronaut Lifevest Morph, Moon Race Morph, LM Eagle to Eagle Morph, Manned Space
Vehicle Evolution Morph, Solar System Planetary Morph, Apollo 13 NASA Rescue
Movie [full length], Buzz Aldrin to Buzz Lightyear Morph, Weightless Space Cartoon
[1956], Woodpecker Attack on Shuttle, Reagan Challenger Eulogy, Godspeed Again John
Glenn Morph, NASA APOLLO 11 Movie, Freedom Seven Mercury mission of Alan
Shepard, Challenger NASA Video [45 minutes], American Flag on Moon Patriotic Movie
Dryden
http://www.dfrc.nasa.gov/Gallery/Movie/index.html
The Biggest Stars in the Universe
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bcz4vGvoxQA
46
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Maravilhas
do Espaço
ISC
Space Odysseys
Pursuit of Light - Solar Flares
Media
Gallery
Pg. 5
http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/videogallery/ 2.21 min.
NASA Space Sounds from the Planets
- Incredible
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MmWeZHsQzs&feature=related 7:01 m.
A Space Journey (HD)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un5SEJ8MyPc&feature=related 8.59 min.
Space
Odysseys
The Largest Galaxy in the Universe: IC 1101
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UE8yHySiJ4A 5.40 min
A Tour of Planet Earth from Space – esa-ISS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5_GlAOCHyE&feature=related 20.34 min.
Earth from Space
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxs970FMYIo&feature=related 2.54 min.
Interactive Space Shuttle Tour – Discovery (OV-103)
http://360vr.com/2012/02/16/discovery-flight-deck_2193
International Space Station
- Spectacular
https://plus.google.com/108818810955465968635/posts/QxGW7G8bZoq#108818810955465968635/pos
ts/QxGW7G8bZoq 3.20 min.
Symphonies of the Planets 2 – NASA Voyager Recordings
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UAPNfKADA7Y&feature=related 10.01min.
Journey to the End of the Universe
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ufl_Nwbl8xs&feature=related 6.31 min.
NASA Space Sounds from the Planets - Incredible 7:01 min.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MmWeZHsQzs&feature=related
NASA | Take a "Swift" Tour of the Andromeda Galaxy 3.06 min.
*
47
I
S
C
Space Science Dictionary compliments of NASA Goddard
http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/dictionary.html
Goddard Space Flight Center
Please allow the whole page to load from http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/dictionary.html
before you start searching for an entry. Otherwise, errors will occur.
[A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ]
(Note - Greek letters are written out by name - alpha, beta etc.)
Sample page entries
A
absorption
The process in which light or other electromagnetic radiation gives up its energy to an atom or molecule.
absorption line spectrum
A spectrum showing dark lines at some narrow color regions (wavelengths). The lines are formed by atoms absorbing
light, which lifts their electrons to higher orbits.
accretion
Accumulation of dust and gas onto larger bodies such as stars, planets and moons.
accretion disk
A relatively flat sheet of gas and dust surrounding a newborn star, a black hole, or any massive object growing in size by
attracting material.
active galactic nuclei (AGN)
A class of galaxies which spew massive amounts of energy from their centers, far more than ordinary galaxies. Many
astronomers believe supermassive black holes may lie at the center of these galaxies and power their explosive energy
output.
Tell me about AGN!
Tell me more about AGN!
angstrom
A unit of length equal to 0.00000001 centimeters. This may also be written as 1 x 10-8 cm (see scientific notation).
48
I
S
C
Elogios Dicionário de Ciência Espacial da NASA JPL
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/glossary.php
*
*
The following Space Terminology listed below provides a direct link to the NASA Jet
Propulsion Laboratory and California Institute of Technology Space Flight Dictionary at
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/glossary.php
A good English dictionary on hand is also recommended.
Additional resources are the "SEARCH BSF" function at the bottom of each page, and the Units of Measure section. You
might also wish to consult the SEDS Basic Astronomical Terms page, or the NASA Aerospace Dictionary.
Some additional glossaries that may be useful are linked here.
Sample Display - A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a, A -- Acceleration. a = Δ velocity / Δ time. Acceleration = Force / Mass
A -- Ampere, the SI base unit of electric current.
Å -- Angstrom (0.0001 micrometer, 0.1 nm).
A Ring -- The outermost of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.
AAAS -- American Association for the Advancement of Science.
AACS -- Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem onboard a spacecraft.
AAS -- American Astronomical Society.
AC -- Alternating current.
Acceleration -- Change in velocity. Note that since velocity comprises both direction and magnitude (speed), a change in
either direction or speed constitutes acceleration.
ALT -- Altitude.
ALT -- Altimetry data.
AM -- Ante meridiem (Latin: before midday), morning.
am -- Attometer (10-18 m).
AMMOS -- Advanced Multimission Operations System.
Amor -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid.
AO -- Announcement of Opportunity.
AOS -- Acquisition Of Signal, used in DSN operations.
Aphelion -- Apoapsis in solar orbit.
Apoapsis -- The farthest point in an orbit from the body being orbited.
Apogee -- Apoapsis in Earth orbit.
Apochron -- Apoapsis in Saturn orbit.
Apojove -- Apoapsis in Jupiter orbit.
Apollo -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid
49
I
S
C
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
a, A -- Acceleration. a = Δ velocity / Δ time. Acceleration = Force / Mass
A -- Ampere, the SI base unit of electric current.
Å -- Angstrom (0.0001 micrometer, 0.1 nm).
A Ring -- The outermost of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.
AAAS -- American Association for the Advancement of Science.
AACS -- Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem onboard a spacecraft.
AAS -- American Astronomical Society.
AC -- Alternating current.
Acceleration -- Change in velocity. Note that since velocity comprises both direction and magnitude (speed), a change
in either direction or speed constitutes acceleration.
ALT -- Altitude.
ALT -- Altimetry data.
AM -- Ante meridiem (Latin: before midday), morning.
am -- Attometer (10-18 m).
AMMOS -- Advanced Multimission Operations System.
Amor -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid.
AO -- Announcement of Opportunity.
AOS -- Acquisition Of Signal, used in DSN operations.
Aphelion -- Apoapsis in solar orbit.
Apoapsis -- The farthest point in an orbit from the body being orbited.
Apogee -- Apoapsis in Earth orbit.
Apochron -- Apoapsis in Saturn orbit.
Apojove -- Apoapsis in Jupiter orbit.
Apollo -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid.
Apolune -- Apoapsis in lunar orbit.
Apselene -- Apoapsis in lunar orbit.
Argument -- Angular distance.
Argument of periapsis -- The argument (angular distance) of periapsis from the ascending node.
Ascending node -- The point at which an orbit crosses a reference plane (such as a planet's equatorial plane or the
ecliptic plane) going north.
Asteroids -- Small bodies composed of rock and metal in orbit about the sun.
Aten -- A class of Earth-crossing asteroid.
Attometer -- 10-18 meter.
Astronomical Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical
Applications website.
AU -- Astronomical Unit, based on the mean Earth-to-sun distance, 149,597,870 km. Refer to "Units of Measure"
section for complete information.
AZ -- Azimuth.
B -- Bel, a unit of ratio equal to ten decibels. Named in honor of telecommunications pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.
B Ring -- The middle of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.Barycenter -- The common
center of mass about which two or more bodies revolve.
Beacon -- Downlink from a spacecraft that immediately indicates the state of the spacecraft as being one of several
possible states by virtue of the presence and/or frequency of the subcarrier. See Chapter 10.
Bel -- Unit of ratio equal to ten decibels. Named in honor of telecommunications pioneer Alexander Graham Bell.
Billion -- In the U.S., 109. In other countries using SI, 1012.
50
I
S
C
Bi-phase -- A modulation scheme in which data symbols are represented by a shift from one phase to another. See
Chapter 10.
BOT -- Beginning Of Track, used in DSN operations.
BPS -- Bits Per Second, same as Baud rate.
BSF -- Basics of Space Flight (this document).
BVR -- DSN Block Five (V) Receiver.
BWG -- Beam waveguide 34-m DSS, the DSN's newest DSS design.
c -- The speed of light, 299,792 km per second.
C-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 4 to 8 GHz.
C Ring -- The innermost of the three rings of Saturn that are easily seen in a small telescope.
Caltech -- The California Institute of Technology.
Carrier -- The main frequency of a radio signal generated by a transmitter prior to application of any modulation.
Cassegrain -- Reflecting scheme in antennas and telescopes having a primary and a secondary reflecting surface to
"fold" the EMF back to a focus near the primary reflector.
CCD -- Charge Coupled Device, a solid-state imaging detector.
C&DH -- Command and Data Handling subsystem on board a spacecraft, similar to CDS.
CCS -- Computer Command subsystem on board a spacecraft, similar to CDS.
CCSDS -- Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, developer of standards for spacecraft uplink and downlink,
including packets.
CDR -- GCF central data recorder.
CDS -- Command and Data Subsystem onboard a spacecraft.
CDSCC -- DSN's Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex in Australia.
CDU -- Command Detector Unit onboard a spacecraft.
Centrifugal force -- The outward-tending apparent force of a body revolving around another body.
Centimeter -- 10-2 meter.
Centripetal acceleration -- The inward acceleration of a body revolving around another body.
CGPM -- General Conference of Weights and Measures, Sevres France. The abbreviation is from the French. CGPM is
the source for the multiplier names (kilo, mega, giga, etc.) listed in this document.
Chandler wobble -- A small motion in the Earth's rotation axis relative to the surface, discovered by American
astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. Its amplitude is about 0.7 arcseconds (about 15 meters on the surface) with a
period of 433 days. It combines with another wobble with a period of one year, so the total polar motion varies with a
period of about 7 years. The Chandler wobble is an example of free nutation for a spinning non-spherical object.
Channel -- In telemetry, one particular measurement to which changing values may be assigned. See Chapter 10.
CIT -- California Institute of Technology, Caltech.
Civil Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical
Clarke orbit -- Geostationary orbit.
CMC -- Complex Monitor and Control, a subsystem at DSCCs.
CMD -- DSN Command System. Also, Command data.
CNES -- Centre National d'Études Spatiales, France.
Conjunction -- A configuration in which two celestial bodies have their least apparent separation.
Coherent -- Two-way communications mode wherein the spacecraft generates its downlink frequency based upon the
frequency of the uplink it receives.
Coma -- The cloud of diffuse material surrounding the nucleus of a comet.
Comets -- Small bodies composed of ice and rock in various orbits about the sun.
CRAF -- Comet Rendezvous / Asteroid Flyby mission, cancelled.
CRS -- Cosmic Ray Subsystem, high-energy particle instrument on Voyager.
CRT -- Cathode ray tube video display device.
51
I
S
C
dB -- Decibel, an expression of ratio (usually that of power levels) in the form of log base 10. A reference may be
specified, for example, dBm is referenced to milliwatts, dBW is referenced to Watts, etc. Example: 20 dBm = 1020/10
= 102 = 100 milliwatts.
DC -- Direct current.
DC -- The DSN Downlink Channel, several of which are in each DSN Downlink Tracking & Telemetry subsystem,
DTT.
DCC -- The DSN Downlink Channel Controller, one of which is in each DSN Downlink Channel, DC.
DCPC -- The DSN Downlink Channel Processor Cabinet, one of which contains a DSN Downlink Channel, DC.
DEC -- Declination.
Decibel -- dB, an expression of ratio (see dB, above). One tenth of a Bel. See NIST website for further definition.
Declination -- The measure of a celestial body's apparent height above or below the celestial equator.
Density -- Mass per unit volume. For example, the density of water can be stated as 1 gram/cm3.
Descending node -- The point at which an orbit crosses a reference plane (such as a planet's equatorial plane or the
ecliptic plane) going south.
DKF -- DSN keyword file, also known as KWF.
Doppler effect -- The effect on frequency imposed by relative motion between transmitter and receiver. See Chapter 6.
Downlink -- Signal received from a spacecraft.
DSOT -- Data System Operations Team, part of the DSMS staff.
DSCC -- Deep Space Communications Complex, one of three DSN tracking sites at Goldstone, California; Madrid,
Spain; and Canberra, Australia; spaced about equally around the Earth for continuous tracking of deep-space vehicles.
DSMS -- Deep Space Mission System, the system of computers, software, networks, and procedures that processes
data from the DSN at JPL.
DSN -- Deep Space Network, NASA's worldwide spacecraft tracking facility managed and operated by JPL.
DSS -- Deep Space Station, the antenna and front-end equipment at DSCCs.
DT -- Dynamical Time. Replaces Ephemeris Time, ET, as the independent argument in dynamical theories and
ephemerides. Its unit of duration is based on the orbital motions of the Earth, Moon, and planets. DT has two
expressions, Terrestrial Time, TT, (or Terrestrial Dynamical Time, TDT), and Barycentric Dynamical Time, TDB.
More information on these, and still more timekeeping expressions, may be found at the U.S. Naval Observatory
website.
DTT -- The DSN Downlink Tracking & Telemetry subsystem.
Dyne -- A unit of force equal to the force required to accelerate a 1-g mass 1 cm per second per second. Compare with
Newton.
E -- East.
E -- Exa, a multiplier, x1018 from the Greek "hex" (six, the "h" is dropped). The reference to six is because this is the
sixth multiplier in the series k, M, G, T, P, E. See the entry for CGPM.
Earth -- Third planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
Eccentricity -- The distance between the foci of an ellipse divided by the major axis.
Ecliptic -- The plane in which Earth orbits the sun and in which solar and lunar eclipses occur.
EDL -- (Atmospheric) Entry, Descent, and Landing.
EDR -- Experiment Data Record.
EHz -- ExaHertz (1018 Hz)
EL -- Elevation.
Ellipse -- A closed plane curve generated in such a way that the sums of its distances from the two fixed points (the
foci) is constant.
ELV -- Expendable launch vehicle.
52
I
S
C
EM -- Electromagnetic.
EMF -- Electromagnetic force (radiation).
EMR -- Electromagnetic radiation.
EOT -- End Of Track, used in DSN operations.
Equator -- An imaginary circle around a body which is everywhere equidistant from the poles, defining the boundary
between the northern and southern hemispheres.
Equinox -- The equinoxes are times at which the center of the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator. The day and
night would be of equal length at that time, if the Sun were a point and not a disc, and if there were no atmospheric
refraction. Given the apparent disc of the Sun, and the Earth's atmospheric refraction, day and night actually become
equal at a point within a few days of each equinox. The vernal equinox marks the beginning of spring in the northern
hemisphere, and the autumnal equinox marks the beginning of autumn in the northern hemisphere.
ERC -- NASA's Educator Resource Centers.
ERT -- Earth-received time, UTC of an event at DSN receive-time, equal to SCET plus OWLT.
ESA -- European Space Agency.
ESP -- Extra-Solar Planet, a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun. See also Exoplanet.
ET -- Ephemeris time, a measurement of time defined by orbital motions. Equates to Mean Solar Time corrected for
irregularities in Earth's motions. Obsolete, replaced by TT, Terrestrial Time.
eV -- Electron volt, a measure of the energy of subatomic particles.
Exoplanet -- Extrasolar planet. A planet orbiting a star other than the sun.
Extrasolar planet -- A planet orbiting a star other than the sun. Exoplanet.
f, F -- Force. Two commonly used units of force are the Newton and the dyne. Force = Mass X Acceleration.
FDS -- Flight Data Subsystem.
FE -- Far Encounter phase of mission operations.
Femtometer -- 10-15 meter.
Fluorescence -- The phenomenon of emitting light upon absorbing radiation of an invisible wavelength.
fm -- Femtometer (10-15 m)
FM -- Frequency modulation.
FTS -- DSN Frequency and Timing System. Also, frequency and timing data.
FY -- Fiscal year.
G -- Universal Constant of Gravitation. Its tiny value (G = 6.6726 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2) is unchanging throughout the
universe.
G -- Giga, a multiplier, x109, from the Latin "gigas" (giant). See the entry for CGPM.
g -- Acceleration due to a body's gravity. Constant at any given place, the value of g varies from object to object (e.g.
planets), and also with the distance from the center of the object. The relationship between the two constants is: g =
GM/r2 where r is the radius of separation between the masses' centers, and M is the mass of the primary body (e.g. a
planet). At Earth's surface, the value of g = 9.8 meters per second per second (9.8m/s2). See also weight.
g -- Gram, a thousandth of the metric standard unit of mass (see kg). The gram was originally based upon the weight of
a cubic centimeter of water, which still approximates the current value.
Gal -- Unit of gravity field measurement corresponding to a gravitational acceleration of 1 cm/sec2.
Galaxy -- One of billions of systems, each composed of numerous stars, nebulae, and dust.
Galilean satellites -- The four large satellites of Jupiter so named because Galileo discovered them when he turned his
telescope toward Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
Gamma rays -- Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 femtometers wavelength.
GCF -- Ground Communications Facilities, provides data and voice communications between JPL and the three
DSCCs.
53
I
S
C
GDS -- Ground Data System, encompasses DSN, GCF, DSMS, and project data processing
systems.
GDSCC -- DSN's Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California.
GEO -- Geosynchronous Earth Orbit.
Geostationary -- A geosynchronous equatorial circular orbit. Also called Clarke orbit.
Geosynchronous -- A direct, circular, low inclination orbit about the Earth having a period of 23 hours 56 minutes 4
seconds.
GHz -- Gigahertz (109 Hz).
GLL -- The Galileo spacecraft.
GMT -- Greenwich Mean Time. Obsolete. UT, Universal Time is preferred.
Gravitation -- The mutual attraction of all masses in the universe. Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation holds that
every two bodies attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses, and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This relation is given by the formula at right, where
F is the force of attraction between the two objects, given G the Universal Constant of Gravitation, masses m1 and m2,
and d distance. Also stated as Fg = GMm/r2 where Fg is the force of gravitational attraction, M the larger of the two
masses, m the smaller mass, and r the radius of separation of the centers of the masses. See also weight.
Gravitational waves -- Einsteinian distortions of the space-time medium predicted by general relativity theory (not yet
directly detected as of March 2010). (Not to be confused with gravity waves, see below.)
Gravity assist -- Technique whereby a spacecraft takes angular momentum from a planet's solar orbit (or a satellite's
orbit) to accelerate the spacecraft, or the reverse. See Chapter 4.
Gravity waves -- Certain dynamical features in a planet's atmosphere (not to be confused with gravitational waves, see
above).
Great circle -- An imaginary circle on the surface of a sphere whose center is at the center of the sphere.
GSSR -- Goldstone Solar System Radar, a technique which uses very high-power X and S-band transmitters at DSS 14
to illuminate solar system objects for imaging.
GTL -- Geotail spacecraft.
GTO -- Geostationary (or geosynchronous) Transfer Orbit.
HA -- Hour Angle.
Halo orbit -- A spacecraft's pattern of controlled drift about an unstable Lagrange point (L1 or L2 for example) while in
orbit about the primary body (e.g. the Sun).
HEF -- DSN's high-efficiency 34-m DSS, replaces STD DSSs.
Heliocentric -- Sun-centered.
Heliopause -- The boundary theorized to be roughly circular or teardrop-shaped, marking the edge of the sun's
influence, perhaps 100 AU from the sun.
Heliosphere -- The space within the boundary of the heliopause, containing the sun and solar system.
HEMT -- High-electron-mobility transistor, a low-noise amplifier used in DSN.
HGA -- High-Gain Antenna onboard a spacecraft.
Hohmann Transfer Orbit -- Interplanetary trajectory using the least amount of propulsive energy. See Chapter 4.
Horizon -- The line marking the apparent junction of Earth and sky. For the technical definition, please follow this link
to the U.S. Naval Observatory's Astronomical Applications.
h -- Hour, 60 minutes of time.
Hour Angle -- The angular distance of a celestial object measured westward along the celestial equator from the zenith
crossing. In effect, HA represents the RA for a particular location and time of day.
ICE -- International Cometary Explorer spacecraft.
ICRF -- International Celestial Reference Frame. The realization of the ICRS provided by the adopted positions of
54
I
S
C
extragalactic objects. Link.
ICRS -- International Celestial Reference System. Conceptual basis for celestial positions, aligned with respect to
extremely distant objects and utilizing the theory of general relativity. Link.
IERS -- International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Link.
IF -- Intermediate Frequency. In a radio system, a selected processing frequency between RF (Radio Frequency) and
the end product (e.g. audio frequency).
Inclination -- The angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of the planet's equator, stated in degrees.
IND -- JPL's Interplanetary Network Directorate, formerly IPN-ISD.
Inferior planet -- Planet which orbits closer to the Sun than the Earth's orbit.
Inferior conjunction -- Alignment of Earth, sun, and an inferior planet on the same side of the sun.
Ion -- A charged particle consisting of an atom stripped of one or more of its electrons.
IPAC -- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech campus on Wilson Avenue in Pasadena.
IPC -- Information Processing Center, JPL's computing center on Woodbury Avenue in Pasadena.
IPN-ISD -- (Obsolete. See IND) JPL's Interplanetary Network and Information Systems Directorate, formerly TMOD.
IR -- Infrared, meaning "below red" radiation. Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 micrometers
wavelength.
IRAS -- Infrared Astronomical Satellite.
ISM -- Interstellas medium.
ISO -- International Standards Organization.
ISOE -- Integrated Sequence of Events.
Isotropic -- Having uniform properties in all directions.
IUS -- Inertial Upper Stage.
JGR -- Journal Of Geophysical Research.
Jovian -- Jupiter-like planets, the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
JPL -- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, operating division of the California Institute of Technology.
Jupiter -- Fifth planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
k -- Kilo, a multiplier, x103 from the Greek "khilioi" (thousand). See the entry for CGPM.
K -- Kelvin, the SI base unit of thermodynamic temperature.
K-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 12 to 40 GHz.
kg -- Kilogram. See below.
Keyhole -- An area in the sky where an antenna cannot track a spacecraft because the required angular rates would be
too high. Mechanical limitations may also contribute to keyhole size. Discussed in depth under Chapter 2.
kHz -- kilohertz.
Kilogram (kg) -- the SI base unit of mass, based on the mass of a metal cylinder kept in France. See also g (gram).
Kilometer -- 103 meter.
Klystron -- A microwave travelling wave tube power amplifier used in transmitters.
km -- Kilometers.
KSC -- Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida.
KWF -- Keyword file of events listing DSN station activity. Also known as DKF, DSN keyword file.
Kuiper belt -- A disk-shaped region about 30 to 100 AU from the sun considered to be the source of the short-period
comets.
Lagrange points -- Five points with respect to an orbit which a body can stably occupy. Designated L1 through L5. See
55
I
S
C
Chapter 5.
LAN -- Local area network for inter-computer communications.
Large Magellanic Cloud -- LMC, the larger of two small galaxies orbiting nearby our Milky Way galaxy, which are
visible from the southern hemisphere.
Laser -- Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Compare with Maser.
Latitude -- Circles in parallel planes to that of the equator defining north-south measurements, also called parallels.
L-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 1 to 2 GHz.
LCP -- Left-hand circular polarization.
Leap Second -- A second which may be added or subtracted to adjust UTC at either, both, or neither, of two specific
opportunities each year.
Leap Year -- Every fourth year, in which a 366th day is added since the Earth's revolution takes 365 days 5 hr 49 min.
LECP -- Low-Energy Charged-Particular Detector onboard a spacecraft.
LEO -- Low Equatorial Orbit.
LGA -- Low-Gain Antenna onboard a spacecraft.
Light -- Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 1 nanometer wavelength.
Light speed -- 299,792 km per second, the constant c.
Light time -- The amount of time it takes light or radio signals to travel a certain distance at light speed.
Light year -- A measure of distance, the distance light travels in one year, about 63,197 AU.
LMC -- Large Magellanic Cloud, the larger of two small galaxies orbiting nearby our Milky Way galaxy, which are
LMC -- Link Monitor and Control subsystem at the SPCs within the DSN DSCCs.
LNA -- Low-noise amplifier in DSN, either a maser or a HEMT.
Local time -- Time adjusted for location around the Earth or other planets in time zones.
Longitude -- Great circles that pass through both the north and south poles, also called meridians.
LOS -- Loss Of Signal, used in DSN operations.
LOX -- Liquid oxygen.
m -- Meter (U.S. spelling; elsewhere metre), the international standard of linear measurement.
m -- milli- multiplier of one one-thousandth, e.g. 1 mW = 1/1000 of a Watt, mm = 1/1000 meter.
m, M -- Mass. The kilogram is the standard unit of mass. Mass = Acceleration / Force.
M -- Mega, a multiplier, x106 (million) from the Greek "megas" (great). See the entry for CGPM.
M100 -- Messier Catalog entry number 100 is a spiral galaxy in the Virgo cluster seen face-on from our solar system.
Major axis -- The maximum diameter of an ellipse.
Mars -- Fourth planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
Maser -- A microwave travelling wave tube amplifier named for its process of Microwave Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation. Compare with Laser. In the Deep Space Network, masers are used as low-noise amplifiers of
downlink signals, and also as frequency standards.
Mass -- A fundamental property of an object comprising a numerical measure of its inertia; the amount of matter in the
object. While an object's mass is constant (ignoring Relativity for this purpose), its weight will vary depending on its
location. Mass can only be measured in conjunction with force and acceleration.
MC-cubed -- Mission Control and Computing Center at JPL (outdated).
MCCC -- Mission Control and Computing Center at JPL (outdated).
MCD -- DSN's maximum-likelyhood convolutional decoder, the Viterbi decoder.
MCT -- Mission Control Team, JPL Section 368 mission execution real-time operations.
MDSCC -- DSN's Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex in Spain.
Mean solar time -- Time based on an average of the variations caused by Earth's non-circular orbit. The 24-hour day is
based on mean solar time.
Mercury -- First planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
Meridians -- Great circles that pass through both the north and south poles, also called lines of longitude.
56
I
S
C
MESUR -- The Mars Environmental Survey project at JPL, the engineering prototype of which was originally called
MESUR Pathfinder, later Mars Pathfinder.
Meteor -- A meteoroid which is in the process of entering Earth's atmosphere. It is called a meteorite after landing.
Meteorite -- Rocky or metallic material which has fallen to Earth or to another planet.
Meteoroid -- Small bodies in orbit about the sun which are candidates for falling to Earth or to another planet.
MGA -- Medium-Gain Antenna onboard a spacecraft.
MGN -- The Magellan spacecraft.
MGSO -- (Obsolete. See TMOD) JPL's Multimission Ground Systems Office.
MHz -- Megahertz (106 Hz).
Micrometer -- µm, 10-6 meter.
Micron -- Obsolete terms for micrometer, µm (10-6 m).
Milky Way -- The galaxy which includes the sun and Earth.
Millimeter -- 10-3 meter.
MIT -- Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
MLI -- Multi-layer insulation (spacecraft blanketing). See Chapter 11.
mm -- millimeter (10-3 m).
MO -- The Mars Observer spacecraft.
Modulation -- The process of modifying a radio frequency by shifting its phase, frequency, or amplitude to carry
information.
MON -- DSN Monitor System. Also, monitor data.
Moon -- A small natural body which orbits a larger one. A natural satellite. Capitalized, the Earth's natural satellite.
Moonrise -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
Moonset -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
MOSO -- Multimission Operations Systems Office at JPL.
MR -- Mars relay.
µm -- Micrometer (10-6 m).
Multiplexing -- A scheme for delivering many different measurements in one data stream. See Chapter 10.
N -- Newton, the SI unit of force equal to that required to accelerate a 1-kg mass 1 m per second per second (1m/sec2).
Compare with dyne.
N -- North.
Nadir -- The direction from a spacecraft directly down toward the center of a planet. Opposite the zenith.
NASA -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Nautical Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical
NE -- Near Encounter phase in flyby mission operations.
Neptune -- Eighth planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
NiCad -- Nickel-cadmium rechargable battery.
NIMS -- Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer onboard the Galileo spacecraft.
NIST -- National Institute of Standards.
nm -- Nanometer (10-9 m).
nm -- Nautical Mile, equal to the distance spanned by one minute of arc in latitude, 1.852 km.
NMC -- Network Monitor and Control subsystem in DSN.
NOCC -- DSN Network Operations Control Center at JPL.
Nodes -- Points where an orbit crosses a reference plane.
Non-coherent -- Communications mode wherein a spacecraft generates its downlink frequency independent of any
uplink frequency.
57
I
S
C
Nucleus -- The central body of a comet.
Nutation -- A small nodding motion in a rotating body. Earth's nutation has a period of 18.6 years and an amplitude of
9.2 arc seconds.
NRZ -- Non-return to zero. Modulation scheme in which a phase deviation is held for a period of time in order to
represent a data symbol. See Chapter 10.
NSP -- DSN Network Simplification Project. A project that re-engineered the DSN to consolidate seven data systems
into two data systems that handle the same data types.
OB -- Observatory phase in flyby mission operations encounter period.
One-way -- Communications mode consisting only of downlink received from a spacecraft.
Oort cloud -- A large number of comets theorized to orbit the sun in the neighborhood of 50,000 AU.
OPCT -- Operations Planning and Control Team at JPL, "OPSCON." Obsolete, replaced by DSOT, Data Systems
Operations Team.
Opposition -- Configuration in which one celestial body is opposite another in the sky. A planet is in opposition when it
is 180 degrees away from the sun as viewed from another planet (such as Earth). For example, Saturn is at opposition
when it is directly overhead at midnight on Earth.
OPNAV -- Optical Navigation (images).
OSI -- ISO's Open Systems Interconnection protocol suite.
OSR -- Optical Solar Reflector, thermal control component onboard a spacecraft.
OSS -- Office Of Space Science, NASA. Obsolete, replaced by Science Mission Directorate (SMD).
OSSA -- Office Of Space Science and Applications, NASA (Obsolete, see OSS).
OTM -- Orbit Trim Maneuver, spacecraft propulsive maneuver.
OWLT -- One-Way Light Time, elapsed time between Earth and spacecraft or solar system body.
P -- Peta, a multiplier, x1015, from the Greek "pente" (five, the "n" is dropped). The reference to five is because this is
the fifth multiplier in the series k, M, G, T, P. See the entry for CGPM.
Packet -- A quantity of data used as the basis for multiplexing, for example in accordance with CCSDS.
PAM -- Payload Assist Module upper stage.
Parallels -- Circles in parallel planes to that of the equator defining north-south measurements, also called lines of
latitude.
Pathfinder -- The Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) engineering prototype later named Mars Pathfinder.
PDS -- Planetary Data System.
PDT -- Pacific Daylight Time.
PE -- Post Encounter phase in flyby mission operations.
Periapsis -- The point in an orbit closest to the body being orbited.
Perigee -- Periapsis in Earth orbit.
Perichron -- Periapsis in Saturn orbit.
Perihelion -- Periapsis in solar orbit.
Perijove -- Periapsis in Jupiter orbit.
Perilune -- Periapsis in lunar orbit.
Periselene -- Periapsis in lunar orbit.
Phase -- The angular distance between peaks or troughs of two waveforms of similar frequency.
Phase -- The particular appearance of a body's state of illumination, such as the full or crescent phases of the Moon.
Phase -- Any one of several predefined periods in a mission or other activity.
Photovoltaic -- Materials that convert light into electric current.
PHz -- Petahertz (1015 Hz).
PI -- Principal Investigator, scientist in charge of an experiment.
58
I
S
C
Picometer -- 10-12 meter.
PIO -- JPL's Public Information Office.
Plasma -- Electrically conductive fourth state of matter (other than solid, liquid, or gas), consisting of ions and
electrons.
PLL -- Phase-lock-loop circuitry in telecommunications technology.
Plunge -- In describing the tracking motion of an AZ-EL or ALT-AZ mounted radio telescope, to "plunge" means to
exceed 90° in elevation and then to continue tracking as elevation decreases on the other side without swiveling around
in azimuth. This is not a capability of DSN antennas.
Pluto -- Ninth planet from the sun, sometimes classified as a small terrestrial planet.
pm -- Picometer (10-12 m).
PM -- Post meridiem (Latin: after midday), afternoon.
PN10 -- Pioneer 10 spacecraft.
PN11 -- Pioneer 11 spacecraft.
Prograde -- Orbit in which the spacecraft moves in the same direction as the planet rotates. See retrograde.
PST -- Pacific Standard Time.
PSU -- Pyrotechnic Switching Unit onboard a spacecraft.
Quasar -- Quasi-stellar object observed mainly in radio waves. Quasars are extragalactic objects believed to be the very
distant centers of active galaxies.
RA -- Right Ascension.
Radian -- Unit of angular measurement equal to the angle at the center of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to
the radius. Equals about 57.296 degrees.
RAM -- Random Access Memory.
RCP -- Right-hand circular polarization.
Red dwarf -- A small star, on the order of 100 times the mass of Jupiter.
Reflection -- The deflection or bouncing of electromagnetic waves when they encounter a surface.
Refraction -- The deflection or bending of electromagnetic waves when they pass from one kind of transparent medium
into another.
REM -- Receiver Equipment Monitor within the Downlink Channel (DC) of the Downlink Tracking & Telemetry
subsystem (DTT).
Retrograde -- Orbit in which the spacecraft moves in the opposite direction from the planet's rotatation. See prograde.
RF -- Radio Frequency.
RFI -- Radio Frequency Interference.
Right Ascension -- The angular distance of a celestial object measured in hours, minutes, and seconds along the
celestial equator eastward from the vernal equinox.
Rise -- As in ascending above the horizon, for the technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval
Observatory's Astronomical Applications.
RNS -- GCF reliable network service.
ROM -- Read Only Memory.
RPIF -- Regional Planetary Imaging Data Facilities.
RRP -- DSN Receiver & Ranging Processor within the Downlink Channel (DC) of the Downlink Tracking &
Telemetry subsystem (DTT).
RS -- DSN Radio Science System. Also, radio science data.
RTG -- Radioisotope Thermo-Electric Generator onboard a spacecraft.
RTLT -- Round-Trip Light Time, elapsed time roughly equal to 2 x OWLT.
S -- South.
59
I
S
C
s -- Second, the SI base unit of time (see this extensive definition).
SA -- Solar Array, photovoltaic panels onboard a spacecraft.
SAF -- Spacecraft Assembly Facility, JPL Building 179.
SAR -- Synthetic Aperture Radar
Satellite -- A small body which orbits a larger one. A natural or an artificial moon. Earth-orbiting spacecraft are called
satellites. While deep-space vehicles are technically satellites of the sun or of another planet, or of the galactic center,
they are generally called spacecraft instead of satellites.
Saturn -- Sixth planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
S-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 2 to 4 GHz.
SC -- Steering Committee.
SCET -- Spacecraft Event Time, equal to ERT minus OWLT.
SCLK -- Spacecraft Clock Time, a counter onboard a spacecraft.
Sec -- Abbreviation for Second.
Second -- the SI base unit of time. See this extensive definition.
SEDR -- Supplementary Experiment Data Record.
SEF -- Spacecraft event file.
SEGS -- Sequence of Events Generation Subsystem.
Semi-major axis -- Half the distance of an ellipse's maximum diameter, the distance from the center of the ellipse to
one end.
Set -- As in going below the horizon, for the technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval
Observatory's Astronomical Applications.
SFOF -- Space Flight Operations Facility, Buildings 230 and 264 at JPL.
SFOS -- Space Flight Operations Schedule, product of SEGS.
Shepherd moons -- Moons which gravitationally confine ring particles.
SI -- The International System of Units (metric system). See also Units of Measure.
SI base unit -- One of seven SI units of measure from which all the other SI units are derived. See SI derived unit. See
also Units of Measure.
SI derived unit -- One of many SI units of measure expressed as relationships of the SI base units. For example, the
watt, W, is the SI derived unit of power. It is equal to joules per second. W = m2 ⋅ kg ⋅ s–3 (Note: the joule, J, is the
SI derived unit for energy, work, or quantity of heat.) See also Units of Measure.
Sidereal time -- Time relative to the stars other than the sun.
SIRTF -- Space Infrared Telescope Facility.
SMC -- Small Magellanic Cloud, the smaller of two small galaxies orbiting nearby our Milky Way galaxy, which are
SMD -- Science Mission Directorate, NASA (previously Office Of Space Science, OSS).
SOE -- Sequence of Events.
Solar wind -- Flow of lightweight ions and electrons (which together comprise plasma) thrown from the sun.
SNR -- Signal-to-Noise Ratio.
SPC -- Signal Processing Center at each DSCC.
Specific Impulse -- A measurement of a rocket's relative performance. Expressed in seconds, the number of which a
rocket can produce one pound of thrust from one pound of fuel. The higher the specific impulse, the less fuel required
to produce a given amount of thrust.
Spectrum -- A range of frequencies or wavelengths.
SSA -- Solid State Amplifier in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem, the final stage of amplification for
downlink.
SSI -- Solid State Imaging Subsystem, the CCD-based cameras on Galileo.
SSI -- Space Services, Inc., Houston, manufacturers of the Conestoga launch vehicle.
STD -- Standard 34-m DSS, retired from DSN service.
STS -- Space Transportation System (Space Shuttle).
Subcarrier -- Modulation applied to a carrier which is itself modulated with information-carrying variations.
Sunrise -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
60
I
S
C
website.
Sunset -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
Sun synchronous orbit -- A spacecraft orbit that precesses, wherein the location of periapsis changes with respect to the
planet's surface so as to keep the periapsis location near the same local time on the planet each orbit. See walking orbit.
Superior planet -- Planet which orbits farther from the sun than Earth's orbit.
Superior conjunction -- Alignment between Earth and a planet on the far side of the sun.
SWG -- Science Working Group.
TAU -- Thousand AU Mission.
TCM -- Trajectory Correction Maneuver, spacecraft propulsive maneuver.
TDM -- Time-division multiplexing.
Termination shock -- Shock at which the solar wind is thought to slow to subsonic speed, well inside the heleopause.
T -- Tera, a multiplier x1012, from the Greek teras (monster). See the entry for CGPM.
Terrestrial planet -- One of the four inner Earth-like planets.
Three-way -- Coherent communications mode wherein a DSS receives a downlink whose frequency is based upon the
frequency of an uplink provided by another DSS.
TMOD -- (Obsolete. See IPN-ISD) JPL's Telecommunications and Mission Operations Directorate. Formerly MGSO.
THz -- Terahertz (1012 Hz).
TLM -- DSN Telemetry data.
TLP -- DSN Telemetry Processor within the DTT Downlink Channel.
TOS -- Transfer Orbit Stage, upper stage.
Transducer -- Device for changing one kind of energy into another, typically from heat, position, or pressure into a
varying electrical voltage or vice-versa, such as a microphone or speaker.
Transit -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
Transponder -- Electronic device which combines a transmitter and a receiver.
TRC -- NASA's Teacher Resource Centers. Obsolete, now called Educator Resource Centers, ERC.
TRK -- DSN Tracking System. Also, Tracking data.
TRM -- Transmission Time, UTC Earth time of uplink.
True anomaly -- The angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis, measured in degrees.
Twilight -- For technical definition, please follow this link to the U.S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications
website.
TWNC -- Two-Way Non-Coherent mode, in which a spacecraft's downlink is not based upon a received uplink from
DSN.
Two-way -- Communications mode consisting of downlink received from a spacecraft while uplink is being received at
the spacecraft. See also coherent.
TWT -- Traveling Wave Tube, downlink power amplifier in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem, the final stage
of amplification for downlink (same unit as TWTA).
TWTA -- Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier, downlink power amplifier in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem,
the final stage of amplification for downlink (same unit as TWT).
TXR -- DSN's DSCC Transmitter assembly.
UHF -- Ultra-high frequency (around 300MHz).
µm -- Micrometer (10-6 m).
ULS -- Ulysses spacecraft.
Uplink -- Signal sent to a spacecraft.
61
I
S
C
UPL -- The DSN Uplink Tracking & Command subsystem.
Uranus -- Seventh planet from the sun, a gas giant or Jovian planet.
USO -- Ultra Stable Oscillator, in a spacecraft telecommunications subsystem.
UT -- Universal Time, also called Zulu (Z) time, previously Greenwich Mean Time. UT is based on the imaginary
"mean sun," which averages out the effects on the length of the solar day caused by Earth's slightly non-circular orbit
about the sun. UT is not updated with leap seconds as is UTC.
UTC -- Coordinated Universal Time, the world-wide scientific standard of timekeeping. It is based upon carefully
maintained atomic clocks and is highly stable. Its rate does not change by more than about 100 picoseconds per day.
The addition or subtraction of leap seconds, as necessary, at two opportunities every year adjusts UTC for irregularities
in Earth's rotation. The U.S. Naval Observatory website provides information in depth on the derivation of UTC.
UV -- Ultraviolet (meaning "above violet") radiation. Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 nanometers
wavelength.
UWV -- DSN Microwave subsystem in DSSs which includes waveguides, waveguide switches, LNAs, polarization
filters, etc.
Velocity -- A vector quantity whose magnitude is a body's speed and whose direction is the body's direction of motion.
Venus -- Second planet from the sun, a terrestrial planet.
VGR1 -- Voyager 1 spacecraft.
VGR2 -- Voyager 2 spacecraft.
VLBI -- DSN Very Long Baseline Interferometry System. Also, VLBI data. Link.
W -- Watt, a measure of electrical power equal to potential in volts times current in amps.
W -- West.
Walking orbit -- A spacecraft orbit that precesses, wherein the location of periapsis changes with respect to the planet's
surface in a useful way. See sun-synchronous.
Wavelength -- The distance that a wave from a single oscillation of electromagnetic radiation will propagate during the
time required for one oscillation.
Weight -- The gravitational force exerted on an object of a certain mass. The weight of mass m is mg Newtons, where g
is the local acceleration due to a body's gravity.
WWW -- World-Wide Web.
X-band -- A range of microwave radio frequencies in the neighborhood of 8 to 12 GHz.
X-ray -- Electromagnetic radiation in the neighborhood of 100 picometer wavelength.
Y -- Yotta, a multiplier, x1024 from the second-to-last letter of the Latin alphabet. See the entry for CGPM.
Z -- Zetta, a multiplier, x1021 from the last letter of the Latin alphabet. See the entry for CGPM.
Z -- Zulu in phonetic alphabet, stands for UT, Universal Time.
Zenith -- The point on the celestial sphere directly above the observer. Opposite the nadir.
62
I
S
C
Internacional
Cooperação
em
Espaço
ISSI
Instituto Internacional de Ciência Espacial
..
ISSI Mission
International
Space
Science
Institute
The International Space Science Institute (ISSI) is an Institute of
Advanced Study where scientists from all over the world meet in a
multi- and interdisciplinary setting to reach out for new scientific
horizons.
The main function is to contribute to the achievement of a deeper
understanding of the results from different space missions, ground
based observations and laboratory experiments, and adding value
of those results through multidisciplinary research in the
framework of International Teams, Workshops, Working Groups,
Forums or as individual Visiting Scientists.
The program of ISSI covers a widespread spectrum of disciplines
including the physics of the solar system and planetary sciences to
astrophysics and cosmology, and from Earth sciences biology to
astrobiology.
www.issibern.ch
General Presentation of the International Space Science Institute (pdf file)
http://www.issibern.ch/aboutissi/ISSI_Falanga.pdf
63
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
ISSI
International
Space
Science
Institute
Instituto Internacional de Ciência Espacial
ISSI Forums
ISSI History
The international Space Science Institute (ISSI) is a nonprofit
organization set up in Bern, Switzerland, in 1995.
ISSI is a foundation under Swiss law with an initial endowment by
the leading Swiss space company Contraves Space AG, later
Oerlikon Space AG and now a part of RUAG.
The European Space Agency (ESA), the Swiss Confederation, the
Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) and the University of Bern
provide the financial resources for the operation of ISSI. Since 2010
the Russian Academy of Sciences is also supporting ISSI with an
annual financial contribution.
In the late 1980s the idea of the International Space Science Institute
was strongly supported by ESA in the wake of the successful
cooperation between the four main world agencies of the USA
(NASA), Japan (ISAS), Russia (IKI), and Europe (ESA) in the
exploration of Halley's Comet and thereafter in the study of solar
terrestrial physics.
Space research had by then reached a stage where coordinated
efforts using many experiments on many spacecraft, as well as
ground-based observations and theoretical modeling, are generally
required for advancing science and our understanding of the
Universe around us.
Space Agencies, Swiss political authorities, the Space Science
community, industry and the Association Pro ISSI actively promoted
the creation of the International Space Science Institute, which was
finally established 1995 in Bern, Switzerland.
www.issibern.ch
64
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Cooperação Internacional no Espaço
The GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III
ICIS
Internacional
Cooperação
em
Espaço
INDIA ISRO
..
Países Dedicado a Cooperação
Espacial
INDIA - ISRO
Índia Organização de Pesquisa Espacial
http://www.isro.org/scripts/internationalcooperations.aspx
A cooperação internacional é uma área estratégica para um
programa espacial porque as relações com outros países são
influenciadas por fatores de personalidade políticas,
econômicas, culturais e humanos, bem como os fatores
científicos e tecnológicos.
Índia sempre reconheceu que o espaço tem dimensão para
além de considerações nacionais, que só podem ser
resolvidas juntamente com parceiros internacionais.
Ao longo dos anos, como ISRO tem amadurecido na
experiência e capacidade tecnológica, as possibilidades de
cooperação tornou-se multifacetado.
Enquanto missões exploratórias além da terra são os
candidatos naturais para os esforços cooperativos, há
muitos outros temas como as alterações climáticas no
mundo que sejam de interesse para a cooperação
internacional por causa de seu impacto mundia
Sites de lançamento e Centros 9 ISRO
http://www.isro.org/isrocentres/isrocenters.aspx
65
I
S
C
*
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Horários Internacional Launch
Atualizado listagens de missões planejadas de Spaceports
ao redor do mundo.
Internacional
lançamento
Horários
Horários International Launch
.
ICIS
Internacional
Cooperação
em
Espaço
.
SPACEFLIGHT NOW
http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/
SATELLITE ON THE NET
http://www.satelliteonthenet.co.uk/index.php/2013
NASA's Consolidated Launch Schedule
http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule.html
http://www.nasa.gov/missions/highlights/schedule101.html
TAKEOFF for LIFTOFF
Kennedy Space Center & Cape Canaveral Launch Schedule
http://spacecoastlaunches.com/
Space Launch Report
http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/
Ariane - Soyuz - China CZ-2D, 3B, 4B - Proton 5 - Atlas 5 - Vega
Antares - Delta 4 - Falcon 9 - Rokot/Briz KM - Strela - Zenit
Ariannespace
http://www.arianespace.com/news/mission-status.asp
NASASpaceFlight.com Forum - ISRO India Missions
http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=1173.msg840834#msg840834
*
66
I
S
C
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
Lançamento Internacional História
International Launch History Overview from Spaceports around the Globe.
ISC
Lançamento
Internacional
História
Lançamentos Internacionais - Atualizado 20 de dezembro de 2013
Spaceports
NASA MAVEN Mission to Mars - Launched Nov. 18, 2013
http://spacecoastlaunches.com/
Cerca
o Mundo
Arianespace
Indian Space Research Organization
http://www.arianespace.com/news/mission-status.asp
Soyuz Flight VS06
Dec. 20, 2013
. .
ISRO http://www.isro.org/index.aspx
Mars Orbiter Mission Dec.1, 2013
.
.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Space Agency
Russian Space Overview
JAXA http://www.jaxa.jp/index_e.html
http://www.russianspaceweb.com/
.
Updated Nov. 29, 2013
.
Updated Nov. 26, 2013
.
.
.
Beyond the Sky and into Space - JAXA 2012-2013 ..
Lista Agência Espacial – Mundial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_agency
Brazilian Space Agency (AEB)
http://www.iafastro.com/index.php/organisations/brazilian-space-agency-aeb
.
..
National Institute for Space Research (INPE)
Alcântara Launch Center (CLA), and the Barreira do Inferno Launch Center.
www.inpe.br/ingles/
*
67
I
S
C
Portuguese
Sistema Solar - Planetas e Luas
Espaço
Ciência
Matriz
USGS
Solar
Sistema
Planetas
Moons
&
Mais
http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/
Dicionário de Nomenclatura Planetária
O Dicionário de Nomenclatura Planetária é mantido pelo Grupo
Geomatics Planetário da USGS Astrogeology Science Center. Este
trabalho é suportada National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
Nomenclatura Planetária, como nomenclatura terrestre, é usada
para identificar um recurso na superfície de um planeta ou satélite,
para que o recurso pode ser facilmente localizado, descritos e
discutidos.
O site foi desenvolvido em cooperação com a International
Astronomical Union IAU) Grupo de Trabalho para Planetary
Nomenclatura do Sistema (WGPSN).
Contact Us | IAU | USGS Astrogeology Science Center | NASA
História da Nomenclatura Planetária
IAU - USGS - NASA
The International Astronomical Union (IAU)
http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/History
IAU
USGS
IAU - Divisão F Sistemas Planetários e Bioastronomy
http://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/divisions/F/ IAU
Novos Nomes para uso em Planetas
(Atualizado diariamente ou de hora em hora, conforme necessário.)
Planetary Nomes
http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/HotTopics/index.php?/authors/5-Jennifer-Blue/
Notícias: Dez Novos Nomes Cratera Aprovado em Mercúrio
Mon, 16 Dec 2013 11:19:16 -0700
Novo nome aprovado para uso em Marte - Simois Colles
Tue, 03 Dec 2013 11:36:08 -0700
Cinco Novos nomes aprovados para uso em Titã
Tue, 03 Dec 2013 10:03:05 -0700
*
With Facts as the Fulcrum and Knowledge as the Lever, a Teacher can move the World.©
68

Ciência

Transcrição

Documentos relacionados

Assets aus RPIF Bilddatenbank

Artist`s Biography: Connecticut College: Minor in Studio Art

Lista Feriado

Dark orbit priv t szerver

Sem título-1 - Colorida Art Gallery

BRANDS @ THE GALLERY Press Breakfast with Polish Consul

Dr. Mamta Patel Nagaraja - Biblioteca do Instituto Superior Técnico

Minor Planet Discovered at ESO is Named "Chile"

Patience, concentration, Love - creative talents agency gallery

Newsletter for February 2008