Bamboo and composites reinforced with vegetable fibers: Materials

Transcrição

Bamboo and composites reinforced with
vegetable fibers: Materials of the 21th
century
Khosrow Ghavami, PhD.,FASCE.,
Professor Titular
1
Streets and Houses in the town of Bam Persia Semi desert Area
Using soil fibers and adapting achitecture of the town according to existing
nature
2
nature
3
Introduction
Application of engineering materials through time
Pre-Industrial era
Composite soil construction of old building in Persia (Iran)
4
nature
5
nature
6
Introduction
Pre-Industrial era
7
Introduction
Pre-Industrial era
Cistern With wind towers, Laristan.
Cistern With wind towers, Yazd,
Central Iran
Reference Historical Building of Iran:
Their Architecture and Structure. M.M.Hajazi
8
Introduction
Pre-Industrial era
A group of cisterns, Laristan,
Southern Iran
The settling basin of a cistern,
Laristan, Souther Iran
9
Introduction
Pre-Industrial era
Production of the ice
The manual methods of production
of ice during winter
10
Streets and Houses in the town Tabas in Persia Semi desert Area
nature
11
Old Persian Houses in the town Tabas in Persia
Semi Desert Area
Using Soil fibers
12
Composite soil construction of old bazaar in Persia (Iran)
13
Materiais Compositos na Construcao
.
Post-Industrial era
dictated by cost and production process;
since the beginning of the 20th century, Portland cement
and steel become the most used construction materials;
more recently new materials such as advanced
composites made by high performance polymers (Boron,
Nylon, Polyester, Kevlar, carbon fibers, etc.) and new
metal alloys are introduced.
14
Future industry
Modern industry
15
Popular housing Development in big urbane areas like
City of Manaus, Capital of Amazon
Center of
Manaus, Capital
of Amazonas
Favelas in the town of
Amazon Forest
Manaus - Amazonas
16
Popular housing Development in big urbane areas like
Mexico City
17
Low cost housing in Las Vegas,USA.
(1999 Journal of civil Engineering)
18
post-INDUSTRIAL ERA
Bamboo Forest
Fernando de Noronha – PE
Brasil
19
Why the use of plants in engineering
Social-economics motivations

production of low cost construction materials;
substitution of whole or part of polluting materials by
environmental friendly ones;
new design possibilities using non-conventional materials
and techniques (e.g. vegetable fibers composites, bamboo
as structural element);
use of local materials and labor;
protection of non-renewable energy resources (with the
adoption of low energy consumption materials and
techniques).
20
Energy in [MJ] for the production of 1 m3 per unit
strength [MPa]
Material
Steel
Concrete
MJ/m9 MPa
1500
240
Wood
80
Bamboo
30
50 Times
21
Why the use of plants in engineering
Technical motivations
Ashby/Wegst
– simple processing
materials;
– mechanical properties;
“merit index”: relation between
resistance and density.
All materials below the line
(determined considering
bamboo
properties) have merit index
worst than that for bamboo
(concrete, steel, aluminum
alloys)
22
Soil Reinforced with Vegetable fibers
Executed at UFPB
soil blocks
after testing
compression
behavior
23
Objectives of the Program
Cement-based composites reinforced with natural
fibers including pulps; - Sisal, Coconut, eucalyptus,
bamboo and wollastonite.

influence of fibers on the cement-based composite
(shrinkage,
creep,compression,
bending,
fracture
toughness, impact, rheological aspects, micro-structural
analysis, temperature effects, and porosity);
durability analysis of fibers in cementitious environment
and and their treatment methods;
statistical analysis of physical and mechanical properties of
these vegetable fibers
24
Finding an alternative material for asbestos-cement: 1979
availability of coconut fibers to be used as reinforcement of cement-based
composites;
Plates with different percentage of fibers in cement matrix
25
Materiais Compositos
compression specimens
CPF25
CPN
CPF45
26
Materiais Compositos
bending specimen
27
Application of reflective photoelasticity method to establish
the K factors for cement mortar reinforced with sisal fibers*
Especime sem entalhe
Especime com entalhe de 15mm
28
Impact tests on cement mortar reinforced with coconut
and sisal fibers*
*Impact tests have been realized by Romildo Dias Toledo (Ph.D thesis, PUC-Rio )
29
Creep tests on cement mortar reinforced with coconut
and sisal fibers*
30
Water permeability of rha-blended-cement
composites reinforced with bamboo pulp
Methodology developed at GETEP/PUC-Rio for diffusion studies of
sedimentary rocks (Conrado Rodrigues, Ph.D thesis PUC-Rio).
Coupling between numerical and experimental procedures
31
Future research on vegetable fiber reinforced
cement based materials
The research of new plants and materials

palm tree culms;

the vast range of Brazilian vegetable fibers.

Numerical and analytical analysis of the experimental
results.
cellulose micro-fibers from paper industries or agricultural
wastes to reinforce composites;
mechanical processes to product fiber composites´
components
32
Plants as engineering materials: the research at PUC-Rio
(Current projects and main problems involved)
Fracture mechanics of vegetable fibers reinforcing cementbased materials and bamboo
– Fracture mechanics approach has been applied to model the
behavior of the brittle cement-based matrix and the effects
due to the addition of fibers;
– The energy criteria has been considered in the analysis of:
energy absorption capacity in the post-peak response of
composites and bamboo;
mechanisms of energy dissipation in brittle matrix and
composites at the fracture process zone;
crack propagation and pull-out phenomena;
study of notch variation sensibility in these materials.
33
Plants as engineering materials: the research at PUC-Rio
(looking for the future)
Durability of plants
– the improvement of the durability of vegetable fibers used
in cement-based composites can be reached through:
modifying matrix constitution in order to diminish the
alkaline attack;
pre-treatment of fibers to prevent the water
absorption;
– the durability of bamboo culms can be reached considering
the following treatments:
compatible polymer impregnation;
low cost smoking treatment (thermal treatment);
application of chemical non-polluting products.
34
The Research With Non-Conventional Materials Conducted
by the PROCAD Project:
looking for solutions
Collaborating Universities:
PUC-Rio, USP-Pirassununga, IME, UFPB, UFMG and UFS (Com
participacao ativa)
UFRJ/COOPE to be reinforced more
The project started in the year 2002.
The results were presented at IAC-NOCMAT 2003 – João Pessoa,
Paraíba Brasil-NOCMAT 2004 Pirassununga SP, IAC-NOCMAT
2005 Rio, and this year Brasil-NOCMAT 2006 Salvador .
PrincetonUnversity,ImperiaCollegel,University of Cambridge,
University of Bath, University of Delft University of
Barcelona,Universidades del Valle etc.
35
Characterization and modification of materials from
tropical lignocellulosic by-products
Marie –Ange ARSENE, Ketty BILBA and Alex
OUENSANGA
Fiber organization
Banana stem fiber ( x 1200)
Lignocellulosic
walls
2W
D
d
Lumen
(voids)
36
Vegetable fiber organization
OUENSANGA
Lumen
Secondary wall
Crystallized cellulose +
hemicellulose + Lignin
Primary wall
Amorphous cellulose
+ hemicellulose +
Lignin
Lignin + extractives
Middle lamella
37
Chemical composition of vegetable fibers
OUENSANGA
38
Sisal fibers processing: low degree of
industrialization
39
Study and modification of tropical vegetable fibers
Origin, Morphology, Composition, Structure, Treatments, properties
Marie –Ange ARSENE, Ketty BILBA and Alex OUENSANGA
Arrow root (Maranta Arundincéa)
Species
studied
40
Species studied
Jujuba seed (Ziziphus jujuba)
41
Species studied
Sugar cane (Saccharum Officinarum)
42
Species studied
Banana (Musa )
43
Species studied
Coconut (Cocos Nucifera)
Coir
Sheath
44
Morphology and texture
Eucalyptus wood
5
25 µm
Eucalyptus Citriodora Hook
25
25 µm µ
Eucalyptus Saligna Smith
45
Eucalyptus wood
25 µm5
2
µ
Jujuba seed (Ziziphus jujuba)
Sugar cane (Saccharum Officinarum)
46
Arrow root (Maranta Arundincea)
25 µm
12,5 µm
47
Coir
Sheath
25 µm
25 µm
48
Banana leaf
25 µm
Banana stem
25 µm
49
Evolution of the
morphology
Intreated Fiber
Acid Treatment
Alkaline Treament
Partial dissolution of
lignin matrix
Important degradation
Of lignin matrix
Bagasse x 200
25 µm
25 µm
25 µm
25 µm
25 µm
25 µm
Banana Stem
X 200
50
Mechanical characteristic of vegetable fibers
• Influence of the contact zone
1800
Paroi
Lignocellulosique
Strength of vegetable cells walls (MPa)
1600
1400
D
2W
1200
1000
d
800
600
Lumen
• strength decreases when
surface between unitary
fibers increases
400
200
0
0
Bagasse
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
-1
Interface of unitary fibers/Fibers surface ( µm )
Coir
Gaine Fol
Tronc de Ban.
0,5
• interfaces are weak
zones ≈ middle lamella
Feuille de Ban.
51
Study of the durability of fibers in cimentitious matrix
Gram
Sisal fiber
Sisal fibre after exposure to the alkaline
water present in concrete pores: possible
dissolution of the middle lamellae ?
52
Vegetable Fibre Classification
Vegetable Fibres
- Cellulosic fibres
Bast Fibres
- Flax
- Hemp
-Kenaf
- Abaca
-Banana
-Bamboo
-Jute
- Totora
Leaf Fibres
- Sisal
- Curaua
- Fique
- Phormium
-Palm trees
-Caroa
-Kurowa
-Pineapple
Seed Fibres
- Cotton
- Capok
Fruit Fibres
- Coir
African palm
Wood Fibres
- Pinewood
- Hardwood
53
Stress-strain curve of sisal fibre
Stress (MPa)
700
600
Sisal Fibre
500
Failure
400
300
200
100
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Strain (%)
Tensile strength = 577 MPa;
Modulus of elasticity = 19 GPa
Strain at failure = 2.6%
54
Direct tensile behavior:
long fiber reinforced cement composites
16
Direct Tensile Stress (MPa)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Displacement (mm)
16
Direct Tensile Stress (MPa)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Displacement (mm)
55
Stress-strain curve
Peça a tração direta
12.0
Tensão na tração (MPa)
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
56
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
57
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
58
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
59
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
60
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
61
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
62
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
63
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
64
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
65
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
66
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
67
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
68
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
69
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
70
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
71
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
72
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
73
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
74
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
75
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
76
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
77
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
78
Stress-strain curve
Direct Tension
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
79
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
80
Stress-strain curve
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Deslocamento (mm)
Direct Tension
81
Rubberized Coir Mats
82
Geotextiles Made of Coir Fibers
83
Water container built of cement/ sisal fiber showing existing
socioeconomic conditions in the sisal producing area
84
The General Panorama
Production
Modeling Process
& Simulation
Tooling, Fabrication,
Assembly
Cost
Analysis
Cost/Perfomance
Trade-offs
Materials
Characterization
Stiffness,
Strength,
Toughness
Performance
Evaluation
Durability,
Damage Tolerance
85
Durability Analysis of Component
Initial Imperfection
Deformation
Models
Stress - Strain Analysis
Stress/strain/Temp at Critical Sites
Service
Loading
Damage Mechanisms
Matrix Cracking, Delamination,
Visco - elasticity/aging, etc.
Stiffness
Degradation
Damage Mechanics
Micro/Meso/Macro Models
Strength
Degradation
Flife Prediction
86
Research of bamboo for engineering
PUC Rio
87
Post - Industrial ERA
Ensaio de Abrasao (Bambu Dendrocalamus giganteus)
Ph.D researcher Ana Karla Freire de Oliveira
88
Piso de Bambu Dendrocalamus giganteus
89
Resina de Mamona (Ricinus communis)
Estudo de Compositos Poliuretanos
É um composto
produzido a partir
de polióis
derivados do
ricinus
communis (óleo
de mamona),
constituido de
dois componentes
(A e B) que,
quando
misturados,
combinam-se
num produto de
alto grau de
adesão, podendo
ser usado em
uniões de
madeira, metais e
muitos outros
tipos de
materiais.
90
Estudo de Composito Poliuretano derivado
da resina de mamona (Ricinus communis) e fibras de bambu
91
Aplicacao em calcados
Formas dos calcados
Moldagem do composito poliuretano
Resina de mamona e fibras de bambu
92
Aplicacao em calcados
93
Beams application: bamboo reinforced concrete beam
Concrete beam reinforced by bamboo. Subjected to flexural test
94
Beams application: bamboo reinforced concrete beam
M.Sc thesis Ruth Amada 1982 PUC-Rio
Concrete beam reinforced by bamboo
Reinforcement detail
Subjected to flexural test
95
Slab application: Formwork for bamboo reinforced
concrete slab
(M.Sc. Thesis Eduardo Acha PUC-Rio2002)
96
Bamboo specimens for the push-out test
97
Concrete placement in the push-out specimens
98
Column application: bamboo reinforced concrete column
M.Sc. Thesis Silvia Pecegueiro PUC-Rio 2002)
Square bamboo reinforced
concrete column
99
Norms of Bamboo
100
Estudo das Propriedades Mecânicas do Bambu
Ensaio de tração realizado segundo normas internacionais propostas pelo
INBAR (Com Participação efetivado grupo Bambu da PUC-Rio)
2,5 -3,0 cm
1,0 cm
5,0 cm
2,5 cm
5,0 cm
2,5 cm
5,0 cm
20 cm
101
Rupture mode of the fibers in a tensile test
Parênquima
Fibers
Parênquima
Fibers
102
Compression tests performed following the international
standards proposed by INBAR.
D
h=D
103
Data from the shear test throughout the fibers
Data from the shear test throughout
the fibers:
Temperature: 23 0C.
Local humidity: 60 %.
Specimen humidity: 6 – 8 %.
Load application velocity: 1 mm/min
104
Bending and Torsion Tests of Bamboo
Research is being carried out by undergraduate student Luis Alberto Torres
from University of Valle, Colombia,
at PUC-Rio 2006
105
Bamboo Meso-Structural Analysis Using Digital
Image Processing
Establish how the volume fraction variation occurs in the
bamboo thickness in order to model bamboo as a
composite material using a modified rule of mix.
bamboo: an intelligent
functionally graded
material
106
Bamboo Meso-structural Analysis Using Digital Image
Processing (applications)
volume fraction of fibers
60
50
40
30
curved specimen
20
straight specimen
10
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
non-dim ensional position on thickness
Difference between the curved and
straight parts
Volume fraction distribution on a
square bamboo specimen (mean value):
107
The Measures for Ecological and Sustainable
Construction Materials

Life cycle design
Systems engineering
Alternative fabrication processes
Environmental impacts
Safety/security considerations
Societal and global considerations
Economics and ethics
Project management
108
The Measures for Ecological and Sustainable
Construction Materials
The Nine Green Principles
1.
Engineer processes and products holistically, using systems thinking, and
environmental impact assessment tools.
2.
Conserve and improve ecosystems and human health and well-being.
3.
Use life cycle thinking in all engineering activities.
4.
Ensure that all materials and energy inputs and outputs are as
inherently safe and benign as possible.
5.
Minimize depletion of natural resources.
6.
Strive to prevent waste.
7.
Develop and apply engineering solutions, being aware of
local geography, aspirations and cultures.
8.
Do not be limited by current or dominant technologies; seek
fundamental and incremental change.
9.
Create awareness in and engage communities and stakeholders.
109
Detail study in the development of
bamboo space structure
110
Detail study in the development of
bamboo space structure
111
The objective of the bamboo researches are to establish its
physical and mechanical behavior making possible its
employment as a substitute of the structural steel.
Bamboo space structure
112
Estudo Sistemático do Colmo Inteiro do Bambu:
Mapeamento das Propriedades Físicas e Mecânicas
vento
n =5
P
Z
M=0
l
Z
M
n =4
internós
L
t
n =1
φd
φD
n =3
n =2
r
nós
z=0
M = Mmax
Furos
para
medição
da
espessura da parede do bambu
113
Estudo das propriedades do colmo inteiro do
bambu
t
Z
r
φd
φD
t
Z
r
φd
φD
t
Z
r
φd
φD
t
Z
r
φd
φD
t
Z
r
φd
φD
114
Estudo das Propriedades Físicas do Bambu
600
o G. tagoara
Comp. internodal (mm) .
D. giganteus
Matake
◊ G. angustifolia (JB)
500
400
300
200
G. angustifolia (SP)
100
∗ Mosó
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Número de internó
Variação do comprimento internodal ao longo do
colmo para diferentes espécies de bambu
115
Diâmetro Externo (mm) .
150
∆ G. angustifolia (JB)
120
90
G. angustifolia
(SP)
∗ Mosó
G.
tagoara
Dend.
giganteus
60
30
Matake
0
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
Número de internó
Diâmetro externo em função do número de internós
ao longo do colmo dos bambus.
116
Espessura da parede (mm) .
30
G. angustifolia (SP)
25
G.
tagoara
20
15
∆ G. angustifolia (JB)
∗ Mosó
10
Dend. giganteus
5
Matake
0
1
6
11
16 21
26 31
36 41
46 51
56 61
Número de internó
Espessura da parede em função do número de internós ao
longo do colmo dos bambus.
117
Bamboo pedestrian bridge built for local community by
Belgian architects and engineers in collaboration with
NOCMAT research group of PUC-Rio
Ubatuba – São Paulo/Brazil
118
Sven Mouton. Architect of Ubatuba project.
Supervisor K.Ghavami
119
120
121
Capela de Andrelandia, M.G
Jose Luiz Mendes Ripper
PUC Rio
122
PUC Rio
Andrelândia, M.G.
123
PUC Rio
124
PUC Rio
Andrelândia, M.G.
125
PUC Rio
Andrelândia, M.G.
126
PUC Rio
127
PUC Rio
128
Demoiselle airplane built and commercialized
by Santos Dumont in 1906
129
Serious problems, creative solutions
Bamboo bridge in Colombia
130
Serious problems, creative solutions
Bamboo bridge in Stuttgart - Germany
131
Bamboo bike
Professor Ripper
Claudio Renes
Khoswow Ghavami
132
Advanced bamboo structural performance
through impregnation of compatible polymer.
Bamboo as a high-tec composite material.
Impregnation of the lignine and vascular bundle by compatible polymer.
133
Non-conventional method for mesostructural
characterization
(a) Scanned image of the R-C cross
section of the bamboo culm
(b) (b) Same area imaged by an
optical microscope
(c) (c) L-R cut at the culm.
134
Distribution of fibers in the nodal region of
Phyllostachys Edulis Bamboo (Moso)
Axis in respect to
longitudinal,
circumferential and
radial directions.
The R-C cut of
the bamboo
with
diaphragm
labeled.
135
Analysis of the meso-structure of bamboo using an
Astra Umax 2200 scanner and the NIH Image J
software.
0,8
0,7
Fiber Fraction
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
Relative Distance from Skin (Fraction of
Thickness)
136
The bamboo research at PUC-Rio:
ongoing projects – digital image processing applications
Bamboo
classification, a
botanical
approach.
Application of the
developed procedure in the
differentiation among four
species of bamboo. Two
samples of each oh the
species were used
Phylostachis aurea
Matake
Dendrocallamus
giganteus
Moso
137
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
(a) Surface of vascular bundles in 2-D
image
(b) Surface of vascular bundles in 3-D
image
A Veeco DI 3100 Nanoscope AFM system was used in the tapping mode
to characterize surface topography of the fiber bundles.
138
Future housing in vilages. Nano-Architecture.
Ph.D researcher Marko Slobodanov Brajovic.
139
140
141
142
Laboratory of materials and structures of the Eindhoven
University-The Netherland
Prof.: G. Janssen
143
144
Maceió
Espero encontrarmos em Maceió Alagoas
14 a 17 de outubro
lC NOCMAT 2007
145
Dunas de Marapé
Espero encontrarmos em Maceió Alagoas
14 a 17 de outubro
lC NOCMAT 2007
146
IC NOCMAT 2007
International Conference on Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies:
Ecological Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Buildings
“In Honour of Professor R.N.Swamy”
14 - 17, october of 2007
Maceió - AL - Brasil
147
NOCMAT 2007 – Maceió/ AL /Brasil
148
IC NOCMAT 2007
International Conference on Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies:
Ecological Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Buildings
“In Honour of Professor R.N.Swamy”
14 - 17, october of 2007
Maceió - AL - Brasil
Obrigado!
Muchas Gracias!
Merci!
149