Convencionalidade e linguística de corpus

Transcrição

Convencionalidade e linguística de corpus
Convencionalidade e
Lingüística de Corpus: sua
relevância para a escrita
científica em língua inglesa.
Stella E. O. Tagnin
FFLCH-USP
Resumo
O Jeito que a Gente Diz:
• Convencionalidade e Fraseologia
A Lingüística de Corpus – o que
dá para fazer
• na Tradução
• na Terminologia
• na Redação
Convencionalidade
“que é de uso ou de praxe;
consolidado pelo uso ou pela prática”
(Houaiss)
“que obedece a padrões aceitos; não
original, comum” (Houaiss)
“Consagrado ou aprovado pelo uso,
pela experiência” (Aurélio)
Convencionalidade
“que é de uso ou de praxe;
consolidado pelo uso ou pela
prática” (Houaiss)
“que obedece a padrões aceitos;
não original, comum” (Houaiss)
“Consagrado ou aprovado pelo uso,
pela experiência” (Aurélio)
Combinações (semi)fixas
Verbos:
Substantivos:
Adjetivos:
insist on
instructor in
dressed in, good at
Phrasal Verbs: look up, get on
Colocações
Adjetivas
• public television – televisão educativa
• Japanese current – corrente do Japão
Nominais 1
• labor pains – dores de parto
• seashore – beira-mar
Nominais 2
•
•
•
•
justice of the peace – juiz de paz
cost of living – custo de vida
a round of applause – salva de palmas
a litter of kitten – uma ninhada de gatinhos
Colocações
Verbais
• pay a compliment – fazer um elogio
• take a step – dar um passo
• nose runs – nariz escorre
Adverbiais
• lavishly illustrated – fartamente ilustrado
• lie outright – mentir descaradamente
Binômios e Multinômios
• dead or alive – vivo ou morto
• cats and dogs – cães e gatos / gatos e
cachorros
• over and over and over; red, white and
blue
• cama, mesa e banho; casa, comida e
roupa lavada
Outras fraseologias
Expressões Idiomáticas
• kick the bucket – bater as botas
• blow one’s top – perder a cabeça
Provérbios
• Not all that glitters is gold.
Nem tudo que reluz é ouro.
Fórmulas Situacionais
• Act your age – Não seja criança.
• It takes two to tango.
Quando um não quer, dois não
brigam.
Pelo que vimos...
há muito mais
expressões fixas
na língua
do que se imagina!
E como fazer para aprendê-las?
Para reconhecê-las?
É onde entra a
Lingüística de Corpus
O que é um corpus?
É um
(1) Conjunto de documentos,
dados e informações
sobre determinada matéria.
(cf. Aurélio Eletrônico)
O que é um corpus hoje?
Uma coletânea de textos
em formato eletrônico,
compilada segundo critérios específicos,
considerada representativa de uma língua
(ou da parte que se pretende estudar),
destinada à pesquisa
O que permite...
examinar uma grande
quantidade de
ocorrências
de linguagem autêntica
de uma só vez
por meio de
CONCORDÂNCIAS
E descobrir
Padrões lexicais
Padrões gramaticais
repetições
O que é uma concordância?
Lista de todas as ocorrências da palavra de
busca em contexto
Formato: KWIC: “key word in context”
• em geral centralizada
Leitura vertical: permite identificar padrões
gramaticais e lexicais
Leitura horizontal: permite identificar
colocados e diferentes sentidos
N Concordance
1
odeling, necessary to repair or reshape bone, also serves calcium homeostasis; o
2
activity and high calcium intakes. • Bone remodeling, necessary to repair or
3
rowth, with the largest accumulation of bone being concentrated in children with
4
5
risk, well before perceptible change in bone mass can occur.
Introduct
orotic bony fragility. • Reduction in bone remodeling by high calcium intakes
6
ons to the extracellular fluid, weakens bone locally, wherever in the skeleton i
7
intake is one of the causes of reduced bone mass during growth. • Physical ac
8
well prior to any appreciable change in bone mass. Key words: calcium, dairy,
9
ately pre-menopausal values and improve bone strength immediately, well prior to
10
11
contributes only structural weakness to bone. High calcium intakes in postmenopa
, growth Key teaching points: • Low bone mass is associated with increased f
12
ey words: calcium, dairy, bone quality, bone remodeling, fracture, growth Key
13
bone mass. Key words: calcium, dairy, bone quality, bone remodeling, fracture,
14
Calcium serves two major functions for bone. First, calcium is the bulk cation
15
ratio for a fracture in those with low bone density compared to matched control
16
re milk avoiders had significantly less bone and were shorter than a birth cohor
17
childhood was related to a property of bone, i.e. massiveness, modifiable by li
18
19
een achievement of peak height and peak bone mass [12]. The timing of this decre
nsient increase in porosity of cortical bone during puberty as a result of a pha
20
p. The milk avoiders had total skeletal bone mineral content (BMC) Z-scores aver
21
on the association of fracture with low bone density in 3–15 year old girls livi
22
ing understanding of the role played by bone remodeling in bony fragility and it
23
emerging as an important contributor to bone strength. Although there remain s
24
calcium is the bulk cation out of which bone mineral is constructed. As such it
25
ed to low bone mass, and that childhood bone mass in turn is influenced by diet
N Concordance
1
odeling, necessary to repair or reshape bone, also serves calcium homeostasis; o
2
activity and high calcium intakes. • Bone remodeling, necessary to repair or
3
rowth, with the largest accumulation of bone being concentrated in children with
4
5
risk, well before perceptible change in bone mass can occur.
Introduct
orotic bony fragility. • Reduction in bone remodeling by high calcium intakes
6
ons to the extracellular fluid, weakens bone locally, wherever in the skeleton i
7
intake is one of the causes of reduced bone mass during growth. • Physical ac
8
well prior to any appreciable change in bone mass. Key words: calcium, dairy,
9
ately pre-menopausal values and improve bone strength immediately, well prior to
10
11
contributes only structural weakness to bone. High calcium intakes in postmenopa
, growth Key teaching points: • Low bone mass is associated with increased f
12
ey words: calcium, dairy, bone quality, bone remodeling, fracture, growth Key
13
bone mass. Key words: calcium, dairy, bone quality, bone remodeling, fracture,
14
Calcium serves two major functions for bone. First, calcium is the bulk cation
15
ratio for a fracture in those with low bone density compared to matched control
16
re milk avoiders had significantly less bone and were shorter than a birth cohor
17
childhood was related to a property of bone, i.e. massiveness, modifiable by li
18
19
een achievement of peak height and peak bone mass [12]. The timing of this decre
nsient increase in porosity of cortical bone during puberty as a result of a pha
20
p. The milk avoiders had total skeletal bone mineral content (BMC) Z-scores aver
21
on the association of fracture with low bone density in 3–15 year old girls livi
22
ing understanding of the role played by bone remodeling in bony fragility and it
23
emerging as an important contributor to bone strength. Although there remain s
24
calcium is the bulk cation out of which bone mineral is constructed. As such it
25
ed to low bone mass, and that childhood bone mass in turn is influenced by diet
WordList
N
Word
Freq.
%
Texts
%
1
#
3,532
7.81
2 100.00
2
THE
1,942
4.30
2 100.00
3
OF
1,677
3.71
2 100.00
4
IN
1,203
2.66
2 100.00
5
AND
1,164
2.57
2 100.00
6
BONE
1,136
2.51
2 100.00
7
TO
705
1.56
2 100.00
8
A
630
1.39
2 100.00
9
CALCIUM
519
1.15
2 100.00
10
IS
476
1.05
2 100.00
11
WITH
352
0.78
2 100.00
12
FOR
335
0.74
2 100.00
13
THAT
325
0.72
2 100.00
14
FRACTURE
320
0.71
2 100.00
15
J
295
0.65
2 100.00
16
FRACTURES
250
0.55
2 100.00
17
AS
247
0.55
2 100.00
18
BY
237
0.52
2 100.00
19
RISK
220
0.49
2 100.00
20
ON
218
0.48
2 100.00
21
THIS
215
0.48
2 100.00
22
INTAKE
208
0.46
1
23
D
201
0.44
2 100.00
24
REMODELING
188
0.42
2 100.00
25
BE
180
0.40
2 100.00
50.00
Colocados
N
Word
With elation
1
BONE
bone
0.000
2
OF
bone
3
THE
4
Texts
Total otal Left al Right
L5
L4
L3
L2
L1 Centre
R1
R2
2
1,320
96
89
20
36
28
11
1
1,135
1
11
0.000
2
432
369
63
37
59
45
60
168
0
4
10
bone
0.000
2
375
242
133
53
57
60
25
47
0
5
16
AND
bone
0.000
2
352
172
180
30
32
30
34
46
0
13
92
5
IN
bone
0.000
2
330
180
150
20
30
16
31
83
0
7
78
6
TO
bone
0.000
2
206
112
94
20
27
8
25
32
0
7
14
7
STRENGTH
bone
0.000
2
131
22
109
4
6
5
5
2
0
97
1
8
DENSITY
bone
0.000
2
118
6
112
0
2
1
3
0
0
41
67
9
MINERAL
bone
0.000
2
114
8
106
3
2
3
0
0
0
96
3
10
TURNOVER
bone
0.000
2
107
18
89
1
6
3
7
1
0
79
1
11
QUALITY
bone
0.000
2
106
16
90
4
3
3
3
3
0
82
1
12
IS
bone
0.000
2
104
33
71
12
16
3
1
1
0
9
37
13
MASS
bone
0.000
2
101
11
90
0
5
0
4
2
0
85
1
14
ON
bone
0.000
2
100
84
16
2
8
7
10
57
0
1
6
15
A
bone
0.000
2
93
47
46
9
17
13
3
5
0
1
9
16
THAT
bone
0.000
2
82
51
31
9
5
14
16
7
0
3
9
17
BY
bone
0.000
2
78
36
42
8
4
6
7
11
0
5
14
18
WITH
bone
0.000
2
76
50
26
7
12
5
19
7
0
1
4
19
REMODELING
bone
0.000
2
74
13
61
2
2
2
7
0
0
55
0
20
J
bone
0.000
2
73
70
3
0
0
0
0
70
0
0
2
21
CALCIUM
bone
0.000
1
67
53
14
7
10
24
10
2
0
0
1
22
MINER
bone
0.000
2
66
0
66
0
0
0
0
0
0
66
0
23
INCREASED
bone
0.000
2
57
42
15
6
3
3
1
29
0
1
1
24
AS
bone
0.000
2
50
14
36
3
1
4
5
1
0
6
13
25
RES
bone
0.000
2
45
0
45
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
45
N Concordance
1
is that this type of electrical stimulation seems to cause bone cells to proliferate. There are other cellular effects of
2
cannot feel the current, but it does have an effect on the bone cells. How is electrical stimulation used to heal bone?:
3 of electrical currents on the broken bone, but by stimulating bone cells to divide, healing of bone is accelerated. The skin
4
were greater during the pubertal growth spurt than during bone consolidation [28]. The lack of main effects of calcium
5
of virtually everything within the measured bone site (i.e., bone cross-sectional size and dimensions, cortical thickness
6 of lack of intervention trials and the inability of then available bone densitometry to capture bone geometric characteristics
7
THIS ARTICLE ONLINE 21. Wilkin TJ, Devendra D (2001) Bone densitometry is not a good predictor of hip fracture.
8 of lack of intervention trials and the inability of then available bone densitometry to capture bone geometric characteristics
9 fractures because these were more likely to be due to lower bone density. High trauma fractures such as those from
10
11
between dietary calcium intake before adulthood and peak bone density (Cumming 1990, Dalen et al 1974, Horsman
with a family history of osteoporosis or a diagnosis of low bone density. Ten hip fracture cases and 29 forearm fracture
12
Ensrud K, LaCroix AZ, Black DM: Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during
13
GE: Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older.N
14
predisposes to osteoporotic fracture by affecting bone density and quality. J Clin Invest. 2001;107(7):899-907.
15
in vertebral fractures without commensurate increases in bone density. J Bone Miner Res 17: 11–14. FIND THIS
16
and peak bone mass [12]. The timing of this decrease in bone density was recently characterized in a group of
17 in calcium intake suppress bone resorption without affecting bone formation (at least over the life of one remodeling cycle).
18
19
Figure 2. Bone strength paradigm: the balance between bone formation and resorption influences factors that
impact of high bone resorption in the absence of increased bone formation on trabecular bone strength and provide a
20 in calcium intake suppress bone resorption without affecting bone formation (at least over the life of one remodeling cycle).
21
demographic and lifestyle factors with the risk of bone fracture among 6250 postmenopausal women in a
22
Keywords Obesity, height, diet, race, postmenopausal bone fracture, prospective study Accepted 15 July 1999
23 possible role of a number of risk factors for postmenopausal bone fractures. Methods We analysed the relationships of
24
25
33932, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
Abstract Objective Bone fractures are an important cause of morbidity and
drinking cow’s milk are at increased risk for prepubertal bone fractures.J Am Diet Assoc104 :250 –253,2004
NConcordance
1
stetter J. E. Do dairy products improve bone density in adolescent girls? Nutr.
2
00 and 1200 mg/d. The small increase in bone density and the nonsignificant redu
3
tures without commensurate increases in bone density. J Bone Miner Res 17: 11–14
4
ss [12]. The timing of this decrease in bone density was recently characterized
5
. Risk of fracture among women who lose bone density during treatment with alend
6
y of osteoporosis or a diagnosis of low bone density. Ten hip fracture cases and
7
rs state. The paradox is that while low bone density values are associated with
8
on the association of fracture with low bone density in 3–15 year old girls livi
9
ratio for a fracture in those with low bone density compared to matched control
10
ese were more likely to be due to lower bone density. High trauma fractures such
11
he effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N.
12
alcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years o
13
milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women.J B
14
alcium intake before adulthood and peak bone density (Cumming 1990, Dalen et al
15
roix AZ, Black DM: Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of ve
16
(1997) Relationship of bone turnover to bone density and fractures. J Bone Miner
17
story of vertebral fracture.) Follow-up bone density testing has shown no chang
18
tin G, Goodman WG. Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls and white gi
N Concordance
1 se intervention had improved BMD at the spine [19] and tibia and hip [20] compar
2
ols was 2.3 for the radius, 2.4 for the spine, and 2.0 for the hip. The milk avo
3
LaCroix AZ, Black DM: Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk
4
with bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and distal radius.47 In addition,
5
6
calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. J Bone
LaCroix AZ, Black DM: Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk
7 r baseline bone density was –2.3 at the spine and –1.8 at the hip. (This highli
8
9
of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. Spine 22: 25S–31S. FIND THIS
tes rich in trabecular bone such as the spine. Role of Bone Matrix Properties i
10 se intervention had improved BMD at the spine [19] and tibia and hip [20] compar
11
ols was 2.3 for the radius, 2.4 for the spine, and 2.0 for the hip. The milk avo
33 ocorrências no total
N Concordance
1
e bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment wit
2
ne turnover are related to reduction in vertebral fracture risk during 3 years o
3
NB: Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months.Cu
4
Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in post
5
e bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment wit
6
of similar bone mass with and without vertebral fracture: II. Three-dimension
7
NB: Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months.Cu
8
Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in post
9
ora S, Costin G, Goodman WG. Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls an
10
n SM. Lifetime risk of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart di
11
S. M. Lifetime risk of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart di
12
ucrose diet alters rat femoral neck and vertebral morphology, bone mineral conte
13
risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet 348: 1535–15
14
nts on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-rep
15
PD: Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in
16
i LV, Lips P, Cummings SR: Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausa
17
rchitecture, bone mineral density, and vertebral fractures in male osteoporosi
18
er CH (2001) The biomechanical basis of vertebral body fragility in men and wome
19
(1997) Biomechanics of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. Spine 22: 25S–31S. F
20
21
evidenced by this patient’s history of vertebral fracture.) Follow-up bone dens
py about 5 years ago after developing a vertebral fracture. Her baseline bone
22
atment paradox of dramatic decreases in vertebral fractures without commensurate
23
] and also account for at least half of vertebral fractures [40–42]. Figure 1
24
1992) Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: A population-based
25
ends in the incidence of postmenopausal vertebral fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 5
26 de 33 = vertebral fracture*
Concordance
PD: Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in
er CH (2001) The biomechanical basis of vertebral body fragility in men and wome
ora S, Costin G, Goodman WG. Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls an
S. M. Lifetime risk of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart di
nts on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-rep
evidenced by this patient’s history of vertebral fracture.) Follow-up bone dens
py about 5 years ago after developing a vertebral fracture. Her baseline bone
i LV, Lips P, Cummings SR: Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausa
(1997) Biomechanics of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture. Spine 22: 25S–31S. F
n SM. Lifetime risk of hip, Colles', or vertebral fracture and coronary heart di
of microarchitectural deterioration to vertebral fracture severity. A recent s
of similar bone mass with and without vertebral fracture: II. Three-dimension
differences in the factor of risk for vertebral fracture: a population-based
e to therapy can have marked effects on vertebral fracture risk. The importance
ne turnover are related to reduction in vertebral fracture risk during 3 years o
itecture distinguished individuals with vertebral fracture, whereas BMD assesse
cular microarchitecture in people with vertebral fracture13,15 and have related
1992) Incidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: A population-based
ends in the incidence of postmenopausal vertebral fractures. Calcif Tissue Int 5
atment paradox of dramatic decreases in vertebral fractures without commensurate
] and also account for at least half of vertebral fractures [40–42]. Figure 1
Early effects of raloxifene on clinical vertebral fractures at 12 months in post
e bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment wit
e bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment wit
NB: Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months.Cu
Conclusões
Colocações: bone mass, bone remodelling,
bone density, low density
Dúvidas:
• spine bone density (1) vs vertebral bone
density (1)
• spine fracture* (1) vs vertebral fracture*
(26)
Regência:
• increase / decrease IN
• supplementation ON
N
Word
Freq.
%
Texts
%
1
#
2,497
11.25
7 100.00
2
DE
989
4.46
7 100.00
3
A
632
2.85
7 100.00
4
E
586
2.64
7 100.00
5
DO
349
1.57
7 100.00
6
O
287
1.29
7 100.00
7
DA
271
1.22
7 100.00
8
COM
227
1.02
7 100.00
9
EM
225
1.01
7 100.00
10
QUE
203
0.91
7 100.00
11
ÓSSEA
173
0.78
7 100.00
12
OS
165
0.74
7 100.00
13
OF
163
0.73
5
14
PARA
152
0.68
7 100.00
15
NA
126
0.57
7 100.00
16
AS
123
0.55
7 100.00
17
NO
108
0.49
7 100.00
18
SE
106
0.48
7 100.00
19
BONE
100
0.45
5
20
POR
98
0.44
7 100.00
21
IN
96
0.43
5
22
É
93
0.42
7 100.00
23
AND
91
0.41
5
71.43
24
THE
91
0.41
5
71.43
25
P
90
0.41
6
85.71
71.43
71.43
71.43
N Concordance
1
primárias de compressão)(24). Consideraram-se como perda de massa óssea importante os graus III, II e I de Singh(24). O ângulo
2 técnica, repetido. A exemplo do que acontece na avaliação por densitometria óssea, o quadril direito foi padronizado para a realização
3
insuficiência renal), não usuários de drogas que causam redução da massa óssea (por exemplo: corticosteróides, tabaco), fora de
4 ). Os graus do índice de Singh foram agrupados em até III, II e I (má qualidade óssea) e VI, V e IV (boa qualidade óssea). Observou-se
5
média de idade significativamente maior do que aqueles com boa qualidade óssea. A tabela 6 fornece a média, desvio-padrão (DP)
6
graus do índice de Singh. Os participantes que apresentaram má qualidade óssea tinham média de idade significativamente maior
7 m agrupados em até III, II e I (má qualidade óssea) e VI, V e IV (boa qualidade óssea). Observou-se que existe diferença significativa
8
não portadores de condições específicas que acentuam a perda da massa óssea (por exemplo: hiperparatireoidismo, artrite reum
9
na patogênese da fratura osteoporótica(16-20). Atualmente, a resistência óssea é mensurada de forma satisfatória pela densito
10
freqüentemente relacionados à ocorrência dessas fraturas. Resistência óssea tem sido definida como uma variável dependente
11 tiva, uso de medicações que alteram a vigília, status neurológico e resistência óssea são fatores freqüentemente relacionados à oco
12
a resistência óssea é mensurada de forma satisfatória pela densitometria óssea (DXA). É recomendado pela OMS que pacientes
13
risco para ocorrência de fratura nessa região, utilizando análise da geometria óssea da extremidade proximal do fêmur em indivíduos
14
de fragilidade óssea aumentada(21). Associação de baixa densidade mineral óssea, grande comprimento do eixo do quadril, colo fe
15
ser avaliados por DXA ao menos uma vez por ano em busca de fragilidade óssea aumentada(21). Associação de baixa densidade
16
do índice de Singh, dividindo em má (III, II e I) e boa (VI, V e IV) qualidade óssea. Observou-se que existe associação significativa
17 divíduos de diferentes faixas etárias da população brasileira. Como resistência óssea tem sido descrita como uma variável dependente
18 sido visto como ferramenta epidemiológica importante na avaliação da massa óssea da região proximal do fêmur. Sua reprodutibilidade
19 ntre o índice radiográfico de Singh e a avaliação regional de densidade mineral óssea por DXA(31). A utilização de radiografias simples
20
ACD significativamente maior nos indivíduos que apresentavam má qualidade óssea (Singh III, II e I). Frost demonstrou que cargas
21 os graus do índice de Singh, demonstrando que indivíduos com má qualidade óssea apresentam colo femoral mais valgo. 3) A utiliz
22
de Singh, demonstrando que indivíduos mais jovens têm melhor qualidade óssea. 2) Na população com mais de 65 anos de idade,
23
da estática mecânica de Frost, demonstrando que idosos com boa massa óssea sofrem adaptação da geometria da extremidade
24
das medidas geométricas do quadril e a avaliação da densidade mineral óssea do colo femoral ou da região trocanteriana por
25
foi significativamente menor do que a de participantes com má qualidade óssea (Singh III, II e I). • Correlação entre os parâmetros
N Concordance
1
primárias de compressão)(24). Consideraram-se como perda de massa óssea importante os graus III, II e I de Singh(24). O ângulo
2 técnica, repetido. A exemplo do que acontece na avaliação por densitometria óssea, o quadril direito foi padronizado para a realização
3
insuficiência renal), não usuários de drogas que causam redução da massa óssea (por exemplo: corticosteróides, tabaco), fora de
4 ). Os graus do índice de Singh foram agrupados em até III, II e I (má qualidade óssea) e VI, V e IV (boa qualidade óssea). Observou-se
5
média de idade significativamente maior do que aqueles com boa qualidade óssea. A tabela 6 fornece a média, desvio-padrão (DP)
6
graus do índice de Singh. Os participantes que apresentaram má qualidade óssea tinham média de idade significativamente maior
7 m agrupados em até III, II e I (má qualidade óssea) e VI, V e IV (boa qualidade óssea). Observou-se que existe diferença significativa
8
não portadores de condições específicas que acentuam a perda da massa óssea (por exemplo: hiperparatireoidismo, artrite reum
9
na patogênese da fratura osteoporótica(16-20). Atualmente, a resistência óssea é mensurada de forma satisfatória pela densito
10
freqüentemente relacionados à ocorrência dessas fraturas. Resistência óssea tem sido definida como uma variável dependente
11 tiva, uso de medicações que alteram a vigília, status neurológico e resistência óssea são fatores freqüentemente relacionados à oco
12
a resistência óssea é mensurada de forma satisfatória pela densitometria óssea (DXA). É recomendado pela OMS que pacientes
13 risco para ocorrência de fratura nessa região, utilizando análise da geometria óssea da extremidade proximal do fêmur em indivíduos
14 de fragilidade óssea aumentada(21). Associação de baixa densidade mineral óssea, grande comprimento do eixo do quadril, colo fe
15
ser avaliados por DXA ao menos uma vez por ano em busca de fragilidade óssea aumentada(21). Associação de baixa densidade
16
do índice de Singh, dividindo em má (III, II e I) e boa (VI, V e IV) qualidade óssea. Observou-se que existe associação significativa
17 divíduos de diferentes faixas etárias da população brasileira. Como resistência óssea tem sido descrita como uma variável dependente
18 sido visto como ferramenta epidemiológica importante na avaliação da massa óssea da região proximal do fêmur. Sua reprodutibilidade
19 ntre o índice radiográfico de Singh e a avaliação regional de densidade mineral óssea por DXA(31). A utilização de radiografias simples
20 ACD significativamente maior nos indivíduos que apresentavam má qualidade óssea (Singh III, II e I). Frost demonstrou que cargas
21 os graus do índice de Singh, demonstrando que indivíduos com má qualidade óssea apresentam colo femoral mais valgo. 3) A utiliz
22
de Singh, demonstrando que indivíduos mais jovens têm melhor qualidade óssea. 2) Na população com mais de 65 anos de idade,
23
da estática mecânica de Frost, demonstrando que idosos com boa massa óssea sofrem adaptação da geometria da extremidade
24
das medidas geométricas do quadril e a avaliação da densidade mineral óssea do colo femoral ou da região trocanteriana por
25
foi significativamente menor do que a de participantes com má qualidade óssea (Singh III, II e I). • Correlação entre os parâmetros
N
Word
With elation
Texts
Total otal Left al Right
L5
L4
L3
L2
1
ÓSSEA
óssea
0.000
7
185
6
2
A
óssea
0.000
7
88
3
E
óssea
0.000
7
4
DE
óssea
0.000
5
QUALIDADE
óssea
6
DA
7
L1 Centre
6
2
2
1
1
0
173
70
18
8
10
3
49
0
0
72
41
31
5
9
10
17
0
0
7
68
38
30
4
6
3
25
0
0
0.000
6
55
51
4
1
1
2
0
47
0
óssea
0.000
7
48
35
13
1
4
4
26
0
0
DENSIDADE
óssea
0.000
7
39
37
2
2
0
1
9
25
0
8
COM
óssea
0.000
6
23
10
13
1
1
8
0
0
0
9
QUE
óssea
0.000
7
22
15
7
8
3
4
0
0
0
10
EM
óssea
0.000
6
20
5
15
1
1
3
0
0
0
11
QUANTIDADE
óssea
0.000
2
19
18
1
1
1
6
0
10
0
12
MASSA
óssea
0.000
5
18
16
2
0
0
0
0
16
0
13
PARA
óssea
0.000
6
18
11
7
5
4
1
1
0
0
14
DO
óssea
0.000
5
17
4
13
2
2
0
0
0
0
15
RESISTÊNCIA
óssea
0.000
4
16
15
1
0
0
0
0
15
0
16
MINERAL
óssea
0.000
6
15
13
2
1
1
1
1
9
0
17
NA
óssea
0.000
5
14
9
5
0
5
0
4
0
0
18
ULTRA
óssea
0.000
2
13
9
4
0
1
0
8
0
0
19
COMO
óssea
0.000
4
11
2
9
0
1
0
1
0
0
20
OS
óssea
0.000
6
10
5
5
2
3
0
0
0
0
21
O
óssea
0.000
6
10
7
3
5
2
0
0
0
0
22
UMA
óssea
0.000
5
10
1
9
0
0
0
1
0
0
23
SONOMETRIA
óssea
0.000
1
10
10
0
1
0
1
0
8
0
24
AS
óssea
0.000
4
9
2
7
2
0
0
0
0
0
25
DENSITOMETRIA
óssea
0.000
3
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
Corpora na
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Tipos de Corpora
Comparáveis
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• textos equivalentes: tema, tipo de
texto, período, procedência
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Paralelos
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Tela inicial do CorTrad
Corpus especializado – Qualidade óssea
Concordance
ura; Força óssea
WHAT IS BONE QUALITY? BONE STRENGTH IS DETERMINED by bone mass, geometry and quality. The latter includes several aspects of bone str
51 Bauer DC, Browner WS, Cauley JA et al. Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:657–65.[Abstract/Free Full Tex
ience] 47 Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Hensrud DD et al. Dietary protein intake and bone mass in women. Calcif Tissue Int 1996;58:320–25.[Web of Science][Medline]
n Britain. Br. Med. J. 1988; 297:1443-1446 * Cumming R. G. Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1990; 47:1
d bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bone markers [17]. Thus, it remains quite utopian to envision that a pure bone-d
) increased bone turnover (mainly the increased bone resorption, as detected by bone markers) compromises the bone strength through deteriorated bone microarchi
eletal risk factor (gait speed) into the predictive equation along with BMD and bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bo
, calcium has been a centre of interest because of its known biological role in bone maintenance. Although some clinical trials using therapeutic doses have dem
gs have not been consistent in spite of the known biological role of calcium in bone maintenance, raising doubts about whether a high calcium intake is a major
decline in bone mass. Second, the reduction in bone strength was greater when bone loss occurred by introduction of resorption cavities than by trabecular th
alisation, architecture and geometry may also be abnormal. Post-transplantation bone loss affects both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hy
predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to contribute to bone loss in the early stages of glucocorticoid therapy, although in the longer• Calcium intakes of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1600 mg) per day minimize age-related bone loss and reduce fracture risk in the elderly, and an intake of 60 mmol (240
bone benefit. In the elderly that benefit consisted of reduction of age-related bone loss and lessened risk of fracture. Chapuy et al. [13] produced a 30% reduc
l of optimal calcium nutrition in the elderly is not to reverse all age-related bone loss (which is not always possible by nutritional means), but to prevent ag
in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t
ange of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1700 mg)/day have been shown to arrest age-related bone loss and to reduce fracture risk in individuals 65 and older and intakes of
in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t
of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et
TH AGE Several factors that accompany aging contribute both to age-related bone loss and to an increase in the calcium intake requirement. Contributing to
of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et
ecifically, these nutrients enhance bone gain during growth, reduce age-related bone loss, and reduce fragility fractures, particularly in the elderly and proba
Johnston Jr CC: Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Meta
der Linden JC, Homminga J, Verhaar JA, Weinans H. Mechanical consequences of bone loss in cancellous bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(3):457-65. 12. Ciarell
ich is achievable with an optimal calcium intake is determined by the amount of bone loss which would otherwise be due to insufficient intake.
BONE ST
from clinical trials show that calcium supplementation can retard nonvertebral bone loss (Cumming 1990), particularly in older women and those consuming low ca
ng postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, immobilisation-induced bone loss, post-transplantation bone disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hyperparathyroidism bone loss is predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to c
ow energy expenditure means reduced work and a corresponding tendency to disuse bone loss. Calcium, no matter how high the intake, will not prevent that outcome
. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et al. [37] bone loss that amounted to greater than 3%/yr at the hip in the control subjects
Corpus especializado – Qualidade óssea
Concordance
ura; Força óssea
WHAT IS BONE QUALITY? BONE STRENGTH IS DETERMINED by bone mass, geometry and quality. The latter includes several aspects of bone str
51 Bauer DC, Browner WS, Cauley JA et al. Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:657–65.[Abstract/Free Full Tex
ience] 47 Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Hensrud DD et al. Dietary protein intake and bone mass in women. Calcif Tissue Int 1996;58:320–25.[Web of Science][Medline]
n Britain. Br. Med. J. 1988; 297:1443-1446 * Cumming R. G. Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1990; 47:1
d bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bone markers [17]. Thus, it remains quite utopian to envision that a pure bone-d
) increased bone turnover (mainly the increased bone resorption, as detected by bone markers) compromises the bone strength through deteriorated bone microarchi
eletal risk factor (gait speed) into the predictive equation along with BMD and bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bo
, calcium has been a centre of interest because of its known biological role in bone maintenance. Although some clinical trials using therapeutic doses have dem
gs have not been consistent in spite of the known biological role of calcium in bone maintenance, raising doubts about whether a high calcium intake is a major
decline in bone mass. Second, the reduction in bone strength was greater when bone loss occurred by introduction of resorption cavities than by trabecular th
alisation, architecture and geometry may also be abnormal. Post-transplantation bone loss affects both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hy
predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to contribute to bone loss in the early stages of glucocorticoid therapy, although in the longer• Calcium intakes of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1600 mg) per day minimize age-related bone loss and reduce fracture risk in the elderly, and an intake of 60 mmol (240
bone benefit. In the elderly that benefit consisted of reduction of age-related bone loss and lessened risk of fracture. Chapuy et al. [13] produced a 30% reduc
l of optimal calcium nutrition in the elderly is not to reverse all age-related bone loss (which is not always possible by nutritional means), but to prevent ag
in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t
ange of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1700 mg)/day have been shown to arrest age-related bone loss and to reduce fracture risk in individuals 65 and older and intakes of
in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t
of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et
TH AGE Several factors that accompany aging contribute both to age-related bone loss and to an increase in the calcium intake requirement. Contributing to
of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et
ecifically, these nutrients enhance bone gain during growth, reduce age-related bone loss, and reduce fragility fractures, particularly in the elderly and proba
Johnston Jr CC: Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Meta
der Linden JC, Homminga J, Verhaar JA, Weinans H. Mechanical consequences of bone loss in cancellous bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(3):457-65. 12. Ciarell
ich is achievable with an optimal calcium intake is determined by the amount of bone loss which would otherwise be due to insufficient intake.
BONE ST
from clinical trials show that calcium supplementation can retard nonvertebral bone loss (Cumming 1990), particularly in older women and those consuming low ca
ng postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, immobilisation-induced bone loss, post-transplantation bone disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hyperparathyroidism bone loss is predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to c
ow energy expenditure means reduced work and a corresponding tendency to disuse bone loss. Calcium, no matter how high the intake, will not prevent that outcome
. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et al. [37] bone loss that amounted to greater than 3%/yr at the hip in the control subjects
Corpus especializado – Qualidade óssea
Concordance
ura; Força óssea
WHAT IS BONE QUALITY? BONE STRENGTH IS DETERMINED by bone mass, geometry and quality. The latter includes several aspects of bone str
51 Bauer DC, Browner WS, Cauley JA et al. Factors associated with appendicular bone mass in older women. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:657–65.[Abstract/Free Full Tex
ience] 47 Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, Hensrud DD et al. Dietary protein intake and bone mass in women. Calcif Tissue Int 1996;58:320–25.[Web of Science][Medline]
n Britain. Br. Med. J. 1988; 297:1443-1446 * Cumming R. G. Calcium intake and bone mass: a quantitative review of the evidence. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1990; 47:1
d bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bone markers [17]. Thus, it remains quite utopian to envision that a pure bone-d
) increased bone turnover (mainly the increased bone resorption, as detected by bone markers) compromises the bone strength through deteriorated bone microarchi
eletal risk factor (gait speed) into the predictive equation along with BMD and bone markers was shown to clearly diminish the fracture predictive ability of bo
, calcium has been a centre of interest because of its known biological role in bone maintenance. Although some clinical trials using therapeutic doses have dem
gs have not been consistent in spite of the known biological role of calcium in bone maintenance, raising doubts about whether a high calcium intake is a major
decline in bone mass. Second, the reduction in bone strength was greater when bone loss occurred by introduction of resorption cavities than by trabecular th
alisation, architecture and geometry may also be abnormal. Post-transplantation bone loss affects both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hy
predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to contribute to bone loss in the early stages of glucocorticoid therapy, although in the longer• Calcium intakes of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1600 mg) per day minimize age-related bone loss and reduce fracture risk in the elderly, and an intake of 60 mmol (240
bone benefit. In the elderly that benefit consisted of reduction of age-related bone loss and lessened risk of fracture. Chapuy et al. [13] produced a 30% reduc
l of optimal calcium nutrition in the elderly is not to reverse all age-related bone loss (which is not always possible by nutritional means), but to prevent ag
in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t
ange of 32.5–42.5 mmol (1300–1700 mg)/day have been shown to arrest age-related bone loss and to reduce fracture risk in individuals 65 and older and intakes of
in the young to greater bone gain, and in the elderly to decreased age-related bone loss [29]. But the matter is more complex than that. When an intervention t
of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et
TH AGE Several factors that accompany aging contribute both to age-related bone loss and to an increase in the calcium intake requirement. Contributing to
of aging that had originally been judged to be the goal of stopping age-related bone loss. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et
ecifically, these nutrients enhance bone gain during growth, reduce age-related bone loss, and reduce fragility fractures, particularly in the elderly and proba
Johnston Jr CC: Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Meta
der Linden JC, Homminga J, Verhaar JA, Weinans H. Mechanical consequences of bone loss in cancellous bone. J Bone Miner Res. 2001;16(3):457-65. 12. Ciarell
ich is achievable with an optimal calcium intake is determined by the amount of bone loss which would otherwise be due to insufficient intake.
BONE ST
from clinical trials show that calcium supplementation can retard nonvertebral bone loss (Cumming 1990), particularly in older women and those consuming low ca
ng postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget's disease of bone, immobilisation-induced bone loss, post-transplantation bone disease and secondary hyperparathyroidism.
both cortical and cancellous bone (15), whilst in secondary hyperparathyroidism bone loss is predominantly cortical. Increased bone turnover is also likely to c
ow energy expenditure means reduced work and a corresponding tendency to disuse bone loss. Calcium, no matter how high the intake, will not prevent that outcome
. In truth, both effects occur. For example, in the study by Chapuy et al. [37] bone loss that amounted to greater than 3%/yr at the hip in the control subjects
Corpora na Redação
Os corpora:
• podem ser construídos de acordo com as
necessidades do pesquisador – BootCat
(http://sketchengine.co.uk/) – 30 dias
gratis
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• conferem segurança ao pesquisador na escolha
do termo a empregar
• fornecem exemplos autênticos de uso naturalidade para o texto produzido
Corpora Online
1. COBUILD
http://collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSea
rch.aspx
Corpora Online
1. COBUILD
http://collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSea
rch.aspx
2. BNC (British National Corpus):
http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/using/in
dex.xml.ID=simple
http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/
Corpora Online
1. COBUILD
http://collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSea
rch.aspx
2. BNC (British National Corpus):
http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.ht
ml
http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/
3. WebCorp:
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/guide/
Corpora Online
1. COBUILD
http://collins.co.uk/Corpus/CorpusSearch.a
spx
2. BNC (British National Corpus):
http://sara.natcorp.ox.ac.uk/lookup.html
http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/
3. WebCorp:
http://www.webcorp.org.uk/gui
de/
4. COCA (Corpus of contemporary American
English)
http://www.americancorpus.org
/
Corpora Online
com Português
COMPARA:
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Lácio-Web:
http://www.nilc.icmc.usp.br/laciow
eb
COMET / CorTec - CorTrad:
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Corpora na
Terminologia
Glossários para Produtores de
Textos
Necessidades dos produtores de texto
L.C. como abordagem em Terminologia: da
lista de palavras-chave à entrada do
dicionário técnico bilíngüe
Um exemplo de aplicação: o Vocabulário
para Culinária SBS (série 1001 Termos)
Necessidades dos Produtores de Texto
Obras de referência
• Dicionários técnicos – ferramenta (que pode
ser) útil para o produtor de texto tomada de
decisões
MAS...
• Tradução apenas (termo LP termo LC)
• Foco no conceito
• Basicamente substantivos e verbos
não há contextos de uso - exemplos
não há colocações e fraseologias
não há sugestões para casos problemáticos
O produtor de textos
precisa de:
Linguística
de Corpus
• EQUIVALENTE – tradução
• CONTEXTO – exemplo de uso
• CONVENCIONALIDADE – padrões
linguísticos e textuais
• Informações sobre a TIPOLOGIA TEXTUAL
• Especificidades da CULTURA
L.C. e terminologia bilíngüe
L.C. como abordagem
• corpora: privilegiam textos mais usados
pelos especialistas
• parte-se da lista de palavras-chave do
corpus
• foco no co-texto, na freqüência e na coocorrência
• entrada: padrões de freqüência
significativa nos corpora
Um exemplo de aplicação
Dicionário:
• Vocabulário para Culinária
Autoras:
• Elisa D. Teixeira
• Stella E. O. Tagnin
Línguas / direção:
• Inglês Português
Publicação:
• 2008, pela SBS
• Série: 1001 Termos
Metodologia
Compilação de corpora a partir da internet
(principalmente) – usando offline browsers
• receitas originalmente escritas em português
brasileiro e inglês (+ britânico)
• aprox. 1.5 milhão de palavras em cada língua
Lista de palavras em inglês (Wordlist)
Lista de palavras-chave (Keyword List) –
comparação com corpus de referência:
• Brown
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
WORD
MINUTES
TBSP
ADD
MINS
OIL
UNTIL
CHOPPED
PAN
OZ
BUTTER
INGREDIENTS
HEAT
SALT
SUGAR
PEPPER
COOKING
COOK
TSP
AND
METHOD
SERVES
SERVE
CREAM
SAUCE
TIME
PREPARATION
OVEN
FLOUR
GARLIC
OLIVE
STIR
INTO
JUICE
MIXTURE
BOWL
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
WORD
SOPA
SAL
CHÁ
COLHERES
XÍCARA
MINUTOS
PREPARO
COLHER
INGREDIENTES
COLOQUE
FOGO
MANTEIGA
LEITE
DEIXE
ÁGUA
DE
FARINHA
LEVE
AÇÚCAR
MOLHO
MISTURE
PANELA
AZEITE
RETIRE
ATÉ
JUNTE
FORNO
CEBOLA
CREME
G
MASSA
ACRESCENTE
ALHO
TEMPERATURA
QUENTE
Seleção das entradas
Dentre as 300 primeiras palavras-chave
em inglês
•
•
•
•
Substantivos
Verbos
Adjetivos
Advérbios
Privilegiamos:
• Colocações: chopping board, ground cloves, finely
sliced
• Padrões: white (bread), crusts removed;
cut the butter into cubes; freshly grated parmesan cheese
Método de trabalho
Equivalentes
• gerar concordâncias para tradução prima facie da palavrachave
• atestar o uso dos candidatos a equivalentes em corpora
Casos de não-equivalência
• Busca pelos colocados / pelo contexto
• Consulta a materiais de apoio da área, especialistas
Sugestão de adaptação / nota de tradução
No futuro:
•
repetir o procedimento para a outra língua (em vez
de simplesmente inverter a lista de entradas)
Exemplo
advérbio finely:
• advérbio mais
recorrente no corpus
(+ de 3.000 ocs.)
• primeiro advérbio
entre as palavraschave
• grande número e
variedade de
colocados
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Word
FINELY
FRESHLY
GENTLY
LIGHTLY
ONLY
SLIGHTLY
ROUGHLY
THINLY
IMMEDIATELY
CAREFULLY
GRADUALLY
THOROUGHLY
OCCASIONALLY
SLOWLY
EVENLY
APPROXIMATELY
QUICKLY
COMPLETELY
COARSELY
CONTINUOUSLY
Freq.
3.251
3.244
2.543
1.629
1.491
803
750
699
687
663
501
494
423
405
334
332
327
308
230
198
Colocados do advérbio
chopped
(2.528 oc)
sliced
shredded
(85 oc)
chop
(167 oc)
finely
grated
(280 oc)
(443 oc)
diced
(379 oc)
Busca por equivalentes
finely
(2.987 oc.)
= finamente
(337 oc.)?
clusters de “finamente”
Não-equivalência
(finely ≠ finamente)
Método indireto:
chop = picar
colocados de “pique/picad*”
no corpus de português
Resultados para picad*
advérbio com que “picad*” mais co-ocorre:
• “bem” (621 ocorrências): “bem picada”, “bem
picados”, “bem picadinho” etc.
“picadinh*” = 396 ocorrências (sendo 28
de “bem picadinh*”)
melhores equivalências para finely
chopped
“bem picad*” ou “picadinh*”
Alguns exemplos do corpus
2 cebolas médias bem picadas
½ dente de alho bem picado
junte os tomates pelados bem
picados.
Calabresa picadinha
100 g de bacon picadinho
2 dentes de alho picadinhos
Polvilhar salsa bem picadinha
½ cebola bem picadinha
finely sliced
Slice = fatiar / cortar em fatias (ou
rodelas?)
200 g de cebola cortada em fatias finas
Calda 4 laranjas descascadas cortadas em fatias
finas
1 pepino sem sementes cortado em fatias finas
6 rabanetes, cortados em fatias finas
Juntar as batatas cortadas em fatias finas.
Decore a quiche com um alho-poró cru cortado em
rodelas finas.
1 cebola média cortada em rodelas finas
400 g de lingüiça portuguesa cortada em rodelas
finas
finely grated (188 oc.) = ralado fino? (19 oc.)
em inglês, co-ocorre mais com:
parmesan, cheese, zest, lemon, ginger
em português, 3 ocorrências de “ralado fino” para
queijo:
2 col. (sopa) de queijo parmesão ralado fino
80 g de queijo gruyère ralado fino
parmesão ralado Ø – 118 oc / queijo ralado Ø – 393 oc. /
queijo parmesão ralado Ø – 563
outros ingredientes com que “ralad*” forma cluster
(sem ‘fino’):
cebola, coco, gengibre, limão (casca), pimenta-do-reino,
noz moscada, cenoura
outras expressões com que “ralad*” forma cluster:
grosseiramente, grosso, ralador
Colocação e padronização no
verbete
chop (v.) picar
ordem / uso opcional
finely chop / chop finely picar bem exemplo / tradução
Finely chop the onions = Pique bem as cebolas
coarsely chop picar grosseiramente
“sinonímia”
chopped (adj) picado
coarsely / roughly chopped picado
grosseiramente /
informações
grosseiramente picado
pragmáticas /
extralingüísticas
finely chopped bem picado, picadinho
freshly chopped picado na hora
peeled and chopped descascado e picado padrões típicos
Em geral usado para cebola, alho, tomate
Diferenciais do verbete
Padrões (colocados):
• “Bake”: loaves, bread, biscuits, cookies, cake, buns, rolls,
pies, etc.
• “Fold”: em geral, com egg whites
Informações voltadas para a produção textual:
• Atenção: red onion NÃO É cebola vermelha
• Buttermilk leitelho, mas não se usa.
Sugestão de substitutos
• Variantes dialetais: biscuit (UK) ≠ biscuit (USA)
• Diferenças culturais: lemongrass X erva-cidreira
(parte usada é ≠)
• Sinonímia, homonímia, hiperonímia, verbetes relacionados
Abundância de exemplos (retirados do corpus)
Outras informações incluídas
Figuras ilustrativas em
alguns verbetes
Quadros: cortes de carne
Tabela de Ervas e
Condimentos
Informações para a
Conversão de Medidas
Imagem
Inglês
Português
Nome
científico
allspice
pimenta-dajamaica
Pimenta
dioica
anise /
aniseed
anis /
semente de
erva-doce
Pimpinella
anisum
Exemplo de verbetes:
“lemon*”
Obrigada!
Stella
Projeto Comet:
www.fflch.usp.br/dlm/comet

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