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msoflio ekonomikis geografia saleqcio kursi samagistro programisaTvis „sazogadoebrivi geografia“ Paul Knox, John Agnew & Linda McCarthy „The Geography of the World Economy“, 5th ED, 2008 mixedviT Semdgeneli da mTargmneli asocirebuli profesori Tamar dolbaia, II nawilis me-5 da me-6 Tavebis Targmani ekuTvnis „politikis mecnierebis“ sadoqtoro programis doqtorant jaba urotaZes I nawili ekonomikuri modelebi da maTi ganmarteba am wignis pirvel nawilSi ganxiluli iqneba Cveni kvlevis sagnis kompleqsuroba, msoflios ekonomikuri landSaftis modelebi da sxvadasxva Teoriuli midgomebi, romlebic xsnian am modelebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs. pirvel TavSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia globaluri ekonomikis organizaciasa da sivrcobriv cvlilebebs Soris damokidebulebaze. meore TavSi aRwerilia msoflios Tanamedrove ekonomikuri landSaftebis ZiriTadi ganzomilebebi. Cveni mizania gamovyoT ZiriTadi modelebi da maTi gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi, romlebic warmoSoben rig SekiTxvebs ekonomikur geografiaSi arsebuli procesebisa da Teoriebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad: rogor SeiZleba ganviTarebis procesis konceftualizacia?, ra procesebi iwveven sivrciT uTanasworobas?, ratom aris ekonomikuri keTildReoba ase araTanabrad ganawilebuli? - aRniSnuli sakiTxebi ganxilulia mesame TavSi, sadac Cven gamovyofT vrcel Teoriul struqturas, romliTac SegveZleba msoflio ekonomikisa da misi sivrciTi komponentebis urTierTdamokidebulebis gageba. Tavi 1. cvalebadi msoflio ekonomika msoflio ekonomikaSi urTierTdamokidebulebis swrafi zrda niSnavs rom qveynebis, regionebis da qalaqebis ekonomikuri da socialuri keTildReoba sul ufro metadaa damokidebuli globaluri masStabis kompleqsurEurTierTqmedebebze. sxvadasxva procesebis erTobliobas, romlebic xels uwyobenO msoflio ekonomikaSi urTierTdamokidebulebis xarisxis zrdas uwodeben `globalizacias~. marTalia, adgilobrivi, regionuli da erovnuli masStabebis procesebis mniSvneloba kvlavac didia, magram qveyanaSi, an regionSi mimdinare movlenebs didwilad gansazRvravs maTi roli globaluri warmoebis, vaWrobisa da moxmarebis sistemaSi. msoflios mosaxleobis umetesoba amJamad cxovrobs 1 saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic integrirebulni arian globalur sasaqonlo da safinanso bazrebSi, an am mimarTulebiT miiswrafian. robert raiSma, aSS-is Sromis yofilma mdivanma Seafasa ekonomikuri globalizaciis mniSvneloba: `Cven ganvicdiT transformacias, romelic gadaawyobs momavali saukunis politikasa da ekonomikas. aRar iqneba erovnuli produqtebi, an teqnologiebi, arc erovnuli korporaciebi da mrewvelobebi. aRar iarsebeben erovnuli ekonomikebi ... warmoebis TiTqmis yvela faqtori – fuli, teqnologiebi, qarxnebi da danadgarebi – SeuzRudavad imoZravebs sazRvrebs miRma. amerikuli ekonomikis idea uazrobad iqceva, iseve rogorc amerikuli korporaciis, kapitalis, produqtebis da teqnologiebis idea~ Reich (1991: 3,8). 1.1 ekonomikuri organizacia da sivrciTi cvlilebebi ekonomikuri organizaciis idea axlos dgas warmoebis modelis koncefciasTan: rogor axdenen sazogadoebebi warmoebis da socialurekonomikuri cxovrebis organizebas. kacobriobis istoriis manZilze arsebobdaBwarmoebis xuTi modeli: 1) naturaluri meurneoba, 2) monaTmflobeloba,A3) feodalizmi, 4) kapitalizmi da 5) socializmi. warmoebis erTi modeli meorisgan gansxvavdeba warmoebis sxvadasxva faqtors (miwa, Sroma, kapitali) Soris urTierTdamokidebulebiT. warmoebis monaTmflobelur modelSi, monaTmflobels SeeZlo monis yidva-gayidva iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva saqonlisa. feodalizmis dros, glexs sakuTrebaSi hqonda warmoebis saSualebebis nawili, magram miwa da saqonlis dadgenili nawili warmoadgenda feodalis sakuTrebas da glexi kanonis ZaliT mijaWvuli iyo miwis garkveul nakveTze. kapitalizmis pirobebSi muSas ar ekuTvnis warmoebis saSualebebi, magram SeuZlia Tavisuflad gayidos Tavisi Sroma. warmoebis sxvadasxva modelebi aseve gamoirCevian gansxvavebuli warmoebis ZalebiT (teqnologiebi, satransporto saSualebebi) da socialuri formaciebiT (sxvadasxva socialuri klasebis raodenobrivi proporcia). warmoebis modelebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan sivrciTi organizaciis formebiT. magaliTad, feodalizmis dros arsebobda decentralizebuli, TviTuzrunvelyofili samflobeloebi, mcire moculobis vaWrobiT da Sedegad patara zomis bazrebiT. savaWro kapitalizmis dros arsebobda maRalganviTarebuli savaWro qalaqebis sistema da axali teritoriebis kolonizaciis tendencia (axali resursebisa da bazrebis mosapoveblad). industriuli kapitalizmi ki moiTxovs sivrciT restruqturizacias energiis axali resursebis mosapoveblad, warmoebis axali teqnologiebisa da axali korporatiuli organizaciis formebis gansaviTareblad. warmoebis modelebis `klasikuri~ Tanmimdevroba: naturaluri meurneoba, monaTmflobeloba, feodalizmi, savaWro kapitalizmi, industriuli kapitalizmi da ganviTarebuli (advanced) kapitalizmi, srulad gaiara dasavleT evropis didma nawilma. kapitalizmi Tavdapirvelad evropaSi 2 warmoiSva da Semdeg gavrcelda danarCen msoflioSi. CrdiloeT amerikaSi kapitalizmi Semovida naturaluri meurneobis arsebobis pirobebSi. iaponiaSi feodalizmi swrafad Secvala saxelmwifo industriulma kapitalizmma. ruseTSi Canasaxovani industriuli kapitalizmi Caanacvla socializmma. am variaciebma warmoSves mniSvnelovani regionuli gansxvavebulobani msoflio ekonomikis SigniT. warmoebis yoveli axali modelis warmoSobasTan erTad Rrmavdeba regionuli diferenciacia. amitom calkeuli regionuli sasoflosameurneo landSafti warmoadgens modelis mxolod erT-erT nairsaxeobas da ara konkretuli warmoebis modelis idealur gamoxatulebas. TiToeuli ekonomikuri landSafti unda ganxilul iqnes, rogorc farTo ekonomikuri Zalebis urTierTqmedeba lokalur socialur, kulturul, politikur da ekologiur faqtorebTan. kapitalizmis evolucia ganviTarebul qveynebSi kapitalizmis evoluciam gansakuTrebiT didi gavlena moaxdina msoflio ekonomikur landSaftze. Cven amJamad kapitalizmis mesame fazis dasawyisSi vimyofebiT. konkurentuli (competitive) kapitalizmi kapitalizmis pirveli faza, romelic grZeldeboda 1700-iani wlebidan me-19 saukunis bolomde, daiwyo britaneTSi da gavrcelda CrdilodasavleT evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis umetes nawilze. igi xasiaTdeboda Tavisufali mewarmeobiT. bazrebze erTmaneTs konkurencias uwevdnen patara ojaxuri biznesebi. xelisuflebis mier dawesebuli SezRudvebi da kontroli mcire iyo. es sistema ZiriTadad eyrdnoboda manufaqturul da manqanur warmoebas (machinofacture - samrewvelo warmoeba, romelic ZiriTadad efuZneba meqanizacias da ara samuSao Zalas). am fazis bolos aSS iqca wamyvan industriul ekonomikad, gadauswro ra britaneTs. industriuli qveynebis keTildReoba gamyarda imperializmis meSveobiT, romelic uzrunvelyofda maT nedleuliTa da saqonlis gasaRebis bazrebiT. TandaTanobiT, warmatebuli saojaxo sawarmoebi gafarTovdnen da daiwyes bazarze dominireba. biznesebi ufro organizebulni gaxdnen, radgan kompaniebi ukve emsaxurebodnen erovnul da ara lokalur bazrebs. Sromis bazaric organizebuli gaxda, radgan xelfasis normebi iqna dawesebuli. saxelmwifos organizebulobis xarisxic gaizarda, vinaidan ekonomikuri urTierTobebis regulirebis saWiroeba sul ufro matulobda. organizebuli (organized) kapitalizmi 1900-ian wlebSi kapitalizmi meore fazaSi Sevida. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi momgebianoba Sromis axal procesebsa da urTierTobebs emyareboda. am procesebis erTobliobas fordizmi ewoda, avtomobilebis mwarmoeblis henri fordis sapativsacemod, romelmac pirvelma danerga 3 masobrivi warmoebis, konveieruli warmoebisa da samecniero menejmentis (teilorizmi) principebi, agreTve xarisxiani saqonlis masobrivi moxmareba, maRali xelfasebi da aqtiuri reklamireba. fordizmis warmateba dakavSirebuli iyo saqmiani urTierTobebis CamoyalibebasTan biznes interesebsa da profkavSirebs Soris. am ukanasknelTa siZliere warmoadgenda `organizebulobis~ kidev erT elements. saxelmwifos roli aseve gaizarda Tavisufali mewarmeobis ukuefeqtebis daregulirebasa da organizebul biznessa da organizebul samuSao Zalas Soris Suamavlobis gawevaSi. bazris Cavardnam, romelmac gamoiwvia 1929-1934 wlebis didi depresia, Searyia rwmena ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideaSi. igi Seicvala egalitaruli liberalizmiT, romelic gulisxmobs saxelmwifos rolis zrdas ekonomikuri ganviTarebis marTvaSi da Tavisufali bazris ukuefeqtebis Tavidan acilebaSi. saxelmwifos roli mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda mosaxleobis dasaqmebis, erovnuli ekonomikis marTvis da socialuri dacvis programebis ganxorcielebis kuTxiT. ekonomikuri politikis am mimarTulebas ewodeba keinsianizmi. ganviTarebuli (advanced), globalizebuli kapitalizmi meore msoflio omis Semdeg kapitalizmma TandaTanobiT daiwyo Sesvla mesame fazaSi (suraTi 1.), romelsac axasiaTebs ekonomikaSi momsaxurebis wilis zrda mrewvelobasTan SedarebiT, mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis (magram ara samrewvelo warmoebis) Semcireba da ekonomikis globalizacia (sadac transnacionalurma korporaciebma gadalaxes mTavrobebisa da profkavSirebis mier dawesebuli SezRudvebi). yvelaferma aman xeli Seuwyo bizness, samuSao Zalasa da saxelmwifos Soris organizebuli urTierTobebis destabilizacias (amitom mesame fazas xSirad dezorganizebul kapitalizmsac uwodeben). 1990-iani wlebisTvis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ori-mesamedi modioda msoflios udides transnacionalur korporaciebze. fordizmi gaxda sakuTari warmatebis msxverpli, radgan moxda masobrivi warmoebis bazrebis gajereba produqciiT. rodesac garTulda mogebis miReba masobrivi warmoebidan, bevri kompania gadaerTo specializebuli bazrebis momsaxurebaze. amgvari specializacia moiTxovda moqnil sawarmoo sistemas. ekonomikis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad iqca globaluri informaciuli ekonomika, warmoebisa da menejmentis axali modeli, romlis drosac mwarmoebluroba da konkurencia emyareba axali codnis SeZenas da saTanado informaciis mopovebasa da damuSavebas. informaciuli ekonomikis yvelaze mniSvnelovani seqtorebia: maRalteqnologiuri warmoeba dizainis maRali intensivobis samomxmareblo saqoneli (moduri tansacmeli, gasarTobi produqcia) safinanso da biznes momsaxureba 4 suraTi #1 ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikebis cvlilebaTa xasiaTi 1790 wlidan dRemde teqnologia da ekonomikuri ganviTareba kapitalisturi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas didad Seuwyo xeli axali teqnologiebis danergvam. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs teqnologiuri sistemebis (energiis wyaroebis, satransporto teqnologiebis da mrewvelobis mowinave dargebis erToblioba) ganviTarebas. TiToeuli sistema moiTxovs gansxvavebuli saxeobis resursebs, samuSao Zalas da socialur-institucionalur struqturas (cxrili 1.1). axali teqnologiebis gamoCena did konkurentul upiratesobas aZlevs im kompaniebs, romlebsac igi gaaCniaT, Tumca droTa ganmavlobaSi es upiratesoba SeiZleba naklad gadaiqces, radgan am firmebs gauWirdebaT axal teqnologiur sistemebTan adaptireba. cxrili 1.1 teqnologiuri sistemebi da msoflio ekonomikis evolucia 1. wylis Zalaze dafuZnebuli (1785 wlidan, inglisSi) adreuli meqanizacia, dafuZnebuli wylis Zalasa da orTqlis Zravebze, agreTve safeiqro mrewvelobisa da metalurgiis ganviTarebaze da samdinaro sistemebis, arxebisa da gzebis ganviTarebaze nedleulisa da 5 produqciis gadasazidad 2. orTqlis transportze dafuZnebuli (1820 iani wlebi) emyareba qvanaxSirze momuSave orTqlis Zravebs, foladis nawarms, rkinigzas, msoflio gadazidvebsa da meqanizacias 3. foladsa da eleqtroenergiaze dafuZnebuli (1870-iani wlebidan) Sida wvis Zravis, navTobis, plastmasis, avtomobilebis, TviTmfrinavebis, radiosa da telekomunikaciebis ganviTareba 4. fordizmi (1915 wlidan aSS-Si) atomuri energiis eqspluatireba, agreTve gamZle, maRali xarisxis saqonlis warmoebis, kosmonavtikis, eleqtronikisa da navTobqimikatebis ganviTareba 5. mikroeleqtronikasa da bioteqnologiebze dafuZnebuli (1970-iani wlebis bolodan) uaxlesi (jerac dausrulebeli) teqnologiuri sistema, romelic emyareba mikroeleqtronikas, cifrul telekomunikaciebs, bioteqnologiebs, robototeqnologiasa da sainformacio sistemebs. Tanamedrove ekonomikisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani, codnaze dafuZnebuli mrewvelobebi eqvemdebarebian masStabis efeqtis gazrdas (increasing returns to scale), radgan masSi CarTul biznesebs sami Tviseba aerTianebT: 1) maRali fiqsirebuli xarjebi, gansakuTrebiT kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi da dabali cvladi xarjebi. magaliTad kompiuteruli programis Seqmnis xarjebi igivea miuxedavad imisa Tu ramdeni erTeuli gaiyideba. Sedegad, rac ufro didia gayidvebis moculoba, miT metia marJa. 2) rodesac kompiuteruli programa farTo gavrcelebas hpovebs, igi gaxdeba standartuli (Windows XP, Adobe Acrobat) yvela momxmareblisaTvis, rac bazris liderebs aZlevs konkurentul upiratesobas. 3) momxmarebelTa erTguleba aris garanti momavali gayidvebisa, rodesac kompiuteruli programa gaumjobesdeba. 1. 2 Sromis teritoriuli danawileba kapitalizmis evoluciam da masTan dakavSirebulma grZelma talRebma warmoSves Sromis teritoriuli danawileba. Sromis danawileba firmebis SigniT da maT Soris ar aris ucvleli. igi damokidebulia im istoriulstruqturul konteqstze, romlis farglebSic unda saqmianobdnen firmebi. fordistul periodSi iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa aSS da britaneTi Sromis danawileba xdeboda erovnuli ekonomikis SigniT. warmoebis kuTxiT, qarxnebi, firmebi da mrewveloba warmoadgenda erovnul fenomens da organizebuli iyo erovnuli bazrebis irgvliv. marTalia, xSiri iyo Sromisa da teqnologiebis importi, magram isini mkacrad regulirdebodnen saxelmwifos mier. mrewvelobis wamyvani dargebis Sromis teritoriuli danawileba dafuZnebuli iyo regionul specializaciaze. erovnul ekonomikebs axasiaTebdaT regionuli diferenciacia. saqalaqo aglomeracia ekonomikuri organizaciis ZiriTadi forma iyo mrewvelobis mraval 6 dargSi. magaliTad, aSS-is Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi arsebobda araerTi specializebuli samrewvelo klasteri: foladi pitsburgSi, avtomobilebi detroitSi, qimikatebi vilmingtonSi da a.S. qalaqebi da regionebi asocirebulni iyvnen konkretul produqtTan. globalizacia da Sromis teritoriuli danawileba neo-fordistuli globalizebuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi, amgvari regionuli specializacia aRar aris farTod gavrcelebuli. amJamad, Sromis teritoriuli danawilebis struqtura gamomdinareobs calkeuli mrewvelobis dargebis xasiaTidan da saWiroebebidan. regionul specializaciasTan erTad, arsebobs Sromis teritoriuli danawilebis sxva saxeebic: 1. menejmenti da kvleva xorcieldeba metropoliebSi, kvalificiuri muSaxeli gamoiyeneba `Zvel~ samrewvelo centrebSi, xolo arakvalificiuri muSaxeli – regionul periferiebSi, sadac aris dabali xelfasebi da dezorganizebuli (ar arian profkavSirebSi gaerTianebulni) samuSao Zala. 2. menejmenti da kvleva xorcieldeba metropoliebSi, arakvalificiuri muSaxeli gamoiyeneba regionul periferiebSi. 3. menejmenti da kvleva xorcieldeba da kvalificiuri muSaxeli gamoiyeneba ganviTarebul industriul regionebSi, xolo arakvalificiuri muSaxeli – globalur periferiebSi. 4. Sromis danawileba xdeba investiciebis, teqnologiuri cvilebebisa da mzardi dasaqmebis mqone regionebsa da naklebad konkurentuli warmoebisa da Semcirebuli dasaqmebis mqone regionebs Soris. Sromis axali sivrciTi danawileba SesaZlebeli gaxda axali satransporto da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoCenis Sedegad, romelTa meSveobiTac firmebs SeuZliaT warmoebis decentralizacia da amave dros centralizebuli kontrolis SenarCuneba. axla arsebobs intensiuri urTierTqmedebis SesaZlebloba geografiuli siaxlovis gareSe. firmebis saTao ofisebi SeiZleba mdebareobdnen ganviTarebul qveynebSi, magram warmoebis saSualebebi ganaTavson iseT adgilebSi, sadac kvalificiuri, iafi da dezorganizebuli samuSao Zalaa. Sromis axal saerTaSoriso danawilebaSi investiciebi da warmoeba aRar aris organizebuli umTavresad erovnuli ekonomikis irgvliv. warmoebis procesi, gansakuTrebiT avtomobilebis, eleqtronikisa da kompiuteruli programebis industriaSi ukve globalur xasiaTs atarebs. komponentebis, an specifiuri servisebis SeZena xdeba sxvadasxva qveynis mravali momwodeblisgan, ris safuZvelzec mzaddeba produqcia, aseve ramdenime qveyanaSi. sul ufro rTuli xdeba produqtis `nacionalobis~ dadgena. magaliTad, amerikuli saavtomobilo kompaniebi sakuTari saxeliT axdenen iaponiidan manqanebis imports da iaponuri kompaniebi awarmoeben avtomobilebs aSS-Si (mag.: „honda“ qalaq merisvilSi). bevri transnacionaluri korporaciisTvis kapitalisa da Sromis bazrebi da ofisebis adgilmdebareoba warmoadgens globaluri sasaqonli jaWvis 7 nawils. patara firmebsac SeuZliaT awarmoon globaluri saqmianoba, ase rom axali pirobebiT ar sargeblooben mxolod didi transnacionaluri korporaciebi. ekonomikis globalizaciis tempi daCqarda 1960-iani wlebidan. magaliTad, 1961-dan 1976 wlamde germanul firmebSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba germaniis farglebs gareT gaaTmagda. amave periodSi gaormagda saerTaSoriso operaciebis ganmaxorcielebeli firmebis raodenoba. amerikuli da britanuli firmebis sagareo operaciebis zrdis tempebi kidev ufro maRali iyo. es tendencia gaaZliera saxelmwifos kontrols miRma arsebuli kapitalis koordinirebis saerTaSoriso instrumentebma (mag.: evrodolarebis cirkulacia aSS-is sazRvrebs gareT) da ofSorulma finansurma centrebma, romlebic emsaxurebian Sromis axal saerTaSoriso danawilebas. bolo aTwleulebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda globaluri savaluto bazris (FOREX) moculoba, romelic axla Seadgens aSS-is mTliani Sida produqtis 10%-s. erovnuli ekonomikebi aRar warmoadgenen msoflio ekonomikis erTaderT `samSeneblo blokebs~. mravali saxeobis sasoflo-sameurneo da samrewvelo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebam da bazrebma miaRwies msoflio masStabebs. am cvlilebebma mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdines ekonomikuri saqmianobebis sivrciT danawilebaze, rogorc globalurad, aseve qveynebis SigniTac. globalurad, moxda axali industriuli qveynebis (brazilia, hon kongi, meqsika, singapuri, samxreT korea da taivani da a.S.) ekonomikis sagrZnobi zrda. agreTve, moxda simdidris Zlieri polarizacia, msoflio bankis (2000w) monacemebiT, 20 umdidresi qveynis Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze 37-jer aRemateba 20 uRaribesi qveynis imave maCvenebels da es sxvaoba gaormagda bolo 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi. centralur, industriul qveynebSi Sromis axalma saerTaSoriso danawilebam moaxdina dasaqmebis gadanacvleba warmoebidan momsaxurebis seqtorSi da regionuli ekonomikebis masobrivi restruqturizacia. magaliTad, britaneTSi sami regioni gaxda msxverpli `tradiciuli~ mrewvelobis dakargvisa, xolo axalma dargebma ver SeZles maTi Canacvleba: 1) me-19 saukunis industrializaciis centrebi inglisis CrdiloeTSi, samxreT uelssa da centralur SotlandiaSi. 2) londonisa da sxva metropoliebis calkeuli ubnebi, Raribi mosaxleobiTa da arakvalificiuri samuSao adgilebiT, romlebsac isini ikavebdnen. 3) 1950-iani da 60-iani wlebis mrewvelobis mzardi dargebis centrebi (avtomobilebi da inJineria) midlendSi da CrdilodasavleT inglisSi. Cven daveyrdnobiT pirveli Tavis am zogad struqturas wignis danarCen nawilSi msoflio ekonomikis geografiis analizis dros. meore TavSi ganxilulia msoflio ekonomikis farglebSi arsebuli Tanamedrove ekonomikuri landSafti. mesame TavSi mocemulia globaluri istoriuli mimoxilva, romelic warmoadgens konteqsts wignis danarCeni nawilisTvis. meore nawilSi aRwerilia centraluri ekonomikebis – 8 evropa, aSS, iaponia – masStabebisa da kompleqsurobis zrdisken mimavali gzebi da maTi dRevandeli mdgomareoba. Tavi 2. msoflio modelebi da tendenciebi am TavSi Cven aRvwerT Tanamedrove ekonomikuri landSaftis ZiriTad kanonzomierebebs. sivrce TavisTavad ar gulisxmobs ekonomikur aqtivobebs da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis srul analizs, rom araferi vTqvaT resursebis, mrewvelobis, saqonlis nakadebis, momsaxurebis da kapitalis mimoxilvaze. amgvari katalogis Seqmna ar aris Cveni mizani. Cveni mizania dominanti da ganmeorebadi modelebis identificireba da aseve maTi ZiriTadi gamonaklisebis gansazRvra da im procesebis gamovlena, romlebic xels uwyoben am modelebis ganviTarebas. bolo ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi farTod aRiarebulia, rom ekonomikuri geografiis dominanti komponentebi globaluri masStabiT gadanawilebulia centrsa da periferias Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis TvalsazrisiT. meierma da bolduinma (1957) savaraudod yvelaze adre scades centrisa da periferiis am struqturis konceptualuri aRwera globaluri masStabiT. maTi azriT saxelmwifo dgas msoflio ekonomikis centrSi, „Tu is TamaSobs dominant, aqtiur rols msoflio vaWrobaSi. rogorc wesi, aseTi qveyana aris mdidari, sabazro ekonomikis mqone, industriuli, an industriul-agraruli tipis. msoflio vaWroba trialebs mis garSemo. is aris msxvili eqsportiori da importiori da kapitalis saerTaSoriso brunva mimdinareobs am qveynidan sxva qveynebSi.“ xolo periferiulad qveyana SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tu is meorexarisxovan, pasiur rols TamaSobs msoflio vaWrobaSi. am tipis qveynebSi SeiZleba iyos sabazro, an naturaluri meurneobis tipis ekonomika. am tipis qveynebis ekonomikis saerTo Tvisebaa damokidebuleba centrze, rogorc importis wyaroze, eqsportis daniSnulebis adgilze da kapitalis msesxebelze. 2.1 globaluri modelebi da trendebi 1960-iani wlebidan aSkara gaxda, rom saerTaSoriso socioekonomikuri uTanasworoba TandaTan ufro mkveTrad gamoxatuli xdeboda. gaCnda mravali kritikuli naSromi, romlebSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis (aSS, evropa, iaponia) warmatebuloba efuZneboda yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis siRatakes. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT evropis da CrdiloeT amerikis ganviTareba damokidebuli iyo yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis permanentul ganuviTareblobaze. araTanabari vaWrobis, samuSao Zalis eqspluataciis da mogebis amoRebis saSualebiT ganuviTarebeli qveynebi sul ufro metad Raribdebodnen. imanuel valerStainis (Immanuel Walerstein) msoflio-sistemis Teoriis (1984) mixedviT msoflio ekonomika aris ganviTarebadi sabazro sistema, sadac 9 qveynebis ekonomikuri ierarqia – centri, naxevrad-periferia da periferia - aris produqti talRovani ekonomikuri riTmebisa, romelic gansazRvravs sistemis dinamikas. aRniSnuli ekonomikuri talRebis dinamiurobis gamo TiToeuli kategoriis Semcveloba eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs: qveynebma SeiZleba gadainacvlon periferiidan naxevradperiferiaSi, centridan periferiaSi da a.S. terminebi “centraluri qveynebi” (core countries) xasiaTdebian ekonomikuri urTierTobebiT, sadac aris maRali xelfasebi, mowinave teqnologiebi da diversificirebuli produqcia, “periferiul qveynebSi” aris dabali xelfasebi, CamorCenili teqnologiebi da produqciis diversifikaciis dabali done. “naxevradperiferia” ki Sereuli maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCeva. miiCneva, rom periferiul qveynebs eqspluatacias uweven naxevrad-periferiuli qveynebi, xolo am ukanasknelT, anda orives, eqspluatacias uweven centraluri qveynebi. 2.1 suraTi: msoflio – sistema: centri, naxevrad-periferia da periferia 2.1 suraTSi mocemulia msoflios dayofa sam kategoriad, romelic efuZneba qveynebis mTliani Sida produtis (mSp) moculobas da erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s. mSp aris qveynis sazRvrebSi warmoebuli mTliani saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, romelic iwarmoeba qveynis mier mocemul wels. imisaTvis, rom moxdes misi standartizireba qveynebis sidideebs Soris sxvaobis mixedviT, statistika iyofa qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobaze, es gvaZlevs indikators – mSp erT sul 10 mosaxleze, rac ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis karg sazoms warmoadgens. (mTliani erovnuli produqti msgavsi sazomia, igi Seicavs sazRvargareTidan miRebul Semosavalsac, mag.: Semosavlebi da danaxarjebi sazRvargareT Cadebuli investiciebidan). qveynebi romlebsac aqvT maRali mSp-is saerTo moculoba da erT sul mosaxleze mSp, arian politikurad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi, didi Sida bazriT, maRali xelfasebiT, warmoebaSi kapitalis intensivobis maRali doniT – yovelive es aris centraluri qveynis maxasiaTebeli. xolo qveynebi, romlebsac aqvT dabali mSp-is saerTo moculoba da erT sul mosaxleze mSp, arian susti saxelmwifoebi, xasiaTdebian dabali xelfasebiTa da warmoebaSi samuSao Zalis maRali intensivobiT. naxevrad-periferiul qveynebs zemoaRniSnul maxasiaTeblebSi saSualo maCveneblebi aqvT, am kategoriaSi Sedis resursis eqsportiori zogierTi qveyana, mag.: saudis arabeTi da samxreT afrika, cota xnis win industrializebuli qveynebi, rogorebic arian: meqsika, brazilia, hon kongi da singapuri. naxevradperiferiaSi Sedis CineTi da indoeTi, SedarebiT Raribi evropuli qveynebi: saberZneTi da portugalia, aRmosavleT evropis postsocialisturi qveynebi da ruseTi. saerTaSoriso SedarebebisTvis mep-s da mSp-s gamoyeneba SeiZleba problematuri gaxdes, radgan isini efuZnebian TiToeuli qveynis fulis erTeuls. bolo dros SesaZlebeli gaxda erovnuli valutebis Sedareba msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis (mup) safuZvelze. mup afasebs, Tu saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo sabazro kalaTis ra raodenobis SeZena SeuZlia TiToeul valutas lokalurad, m.S. saqoneli da momsaxureba, romelic saerTaSoriso vaWrobisTvis ar aris gankuTvnili. mup-ze dafuZnebuli valutis Rirebulebis gamoyeneba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneebis Sesadareblad, rogorc wesi gvaZlevs mSp-is ufro dabal maCvenebels mdidar qveynebSi da ufro maRal maCvenebels Rarib qveynebSi, bazarze dafuZnebul gacvliT kursTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad mdidarsa da Raribs Soris sxvaobis amgvari Semcirebisa, ekonomikuri keTildReoba sakmaod araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli qveynebs Soris. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvaoba mdidarsa da Raribs Soris ki ar mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba. SevadaroT erTmaneTs ori udidesi ganviTarebadi qveyana ( LDC: CineTi da indoeTi da yvelaze didi ganviTarebuli ekonomikebis mqone qveynebi: aSS, iaponia da germania (sur.2.2). 1975 da 2005 wlebis periodSi sxvaoba CineTsa da iaponias Soris erT sul mosaxleze mSp-Si 50%-iT gaizarda (Sefasebulia mudmiv 2000 dolarSi), xolo sxvaoba CineTsa da aSS-s Soris daaxloebiT ori-mesamediT gaizarda. indoeTi kidev ufro metad CamorCa iaponiasa da aSS-s (sxvaobam erT sul mosaxleze mSp-Si 80% Seadgina). 11 suraTi2.2 mSp (GDP) erT sul mosaxleze, mup (PPP) mudmiv 2000 dolarSi CanarTi: Sidsi da ganviTarebis safrTxe sub-saharis afrikaSi Sidsis virusis Sedegad afrikis bevri qveynis ekonomikis dasusteba kidev ufro gazrdis msoflioSi sxvaobas mdidarsa da Raribs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom sub-saharis regionis mosaxleoba Seadgens msoflios mosaxleobis 12%-s, regionSi cxovrobs msoflioSi SidsiT inficirebulTa 63% (2006). Sidsi asustebs qveynis ekonomikas, rac gamoixateba SemdegSi: produqtiuloba mcirdeba, radgan SidsiT gamowveuli sikvdilianoba amcirebs gamocdili muSaxelis raodenobas zaraldeba saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianoba warmoebis maRali xarjebis mier, profesionali muSaxelis naklebobis gamo axali samuSao adgilebi naklebad iqmneba Semcirebuli sabiujeto Semosavlebisa da kerZo danazogebis gamo izrdeba danaxarjebi prevenciisTvis da jandacvisTvis izrdeba wnexi socialuri dacvis sistemaze, m.S. sicocxlis dazRvevasa da sapensio fondebze, romlebic kapitalis mniSvnelovani wyaroebia saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtorisTvis. 2.1 ras niSnavs ekonomikuri ganviTareba ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri gansxvavebulobani, ara marto asaxavs gansxvavebebs keTildReobis mixedviT, aramed ekonomikuri organizaciis formebis, sxvadasxva saxis saresurso bazis, demografiuli Tvisebebis, politikuri sistemebis da saerTaSoriso specializaciisa da vaWrobis sistemaSi rolebis mixedviT. amitom ekonomikuri ganviTarebis 12 ganmarteba da gazomva problematuria. rogorc vnaxavT, ufro meti safuZvelia ganuviTareblobis ganxilvisa vidre ganviTarebis, roca saqme exeba yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs, radgan termini `ganviTareba~ niSnavs gaumjobesebisken svlas, rogorc SedarebiTi ise absoluturi TvalsazrisiT. amJamad farTodaa miRebuli azri, rom `ganviTareba~ ufro farTo cnebas – socialur keTildReobas moicavs. viwro gagebiT ekonomikuri ganmartebebi ki marTalia ufro zustia, magram suraTis mxolod nawils gvixatavs. isini moicaven cvlilebebs raodenobaSi, SemadgenlobaSi, zrdis doneSi, resursebis ganawilebasa da moxmarebaSi, magram isini ar asaxaven im efeqts, romelic maT aqvT adamianTa cxovrebaze. es aSkarad asaxulia gaeros aTaswleulis ganviTarebis miznebSi: 1. ukiduresi SimSilobisa da siRaribis aRmofxvra 2. universaluri pirveladi ganaTlebis miRweva 3. genderuli Tanasworobis xelSewyoba da qalebis uflebebis dacva 4. bavSvTa sikvdilianobis Semcireba 5. dedebis janmrTelobis gaumjobeseba 6. SidsTan, malariasTan da sxva daavadebebTan brZola 7. garemos dacva 8. ganviTarebisaTvis globaluri TanamSromlobis gazrda SemdgomSi ganviTareba ganxilul unda iqnes ara mxolod Semosavlisa da moxmarebis, aramed adamianTa janmrTelobis donis, ganaTlebis, sacxovrebeli pirobebis, usafrTxoebis, adamianis uflebebis dacvis da a.S. TvalsazrisiT. am kuTxiT, ganviTareba normatiuli koncefciaa, e.i. igi moicavs Rirebulebebs, miznebsa da standartebs, rac SesaZlebels xdis konkretuli situacia sasurvels SevadaroT. ganviTareba saTanadod SeiZleba Sefasebul iqnes mxolod sazogadoebrivi saWiroebebisa da Rirebulebebis konteqstSi, romlebic gaaCniaT cvlilebebisken mimaval sazogadoebebs. Tumca `ganviTareba~ gulisxmobs ekonomikur, socialur, politikur da kulturul transformaciebs, isini unda iqnen gagebuli ara rogorc TviTmizani, aramed rogorc socialuri keTildReobisa da cxovrebis donis zrdis saSualebebi. gaeros ganviTarebis programam (UNDP) aRiara ra erovnuli Semosavlebis (mSp da mep) sazomebis naklovanebebi, SeimuSava adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi (UNDP,1994). es indeqsi aerTianebs qveynebis monacemebs ganviTarebis sam ZiriTad komponentSi: 1. fizikuri keTildReoba, romelic izomeba sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT; 2. ganaTleba, romelic gamoiTvleba zrdasruli mosaxleobis wera-kiTxvis codnisa (ori mesamedi wiliT) da skolaSi swavlis saSualo xangrZlivobis kombinaciiT (mesamedi wiliT). 3. cxovrebis done, gamoiTvleba erT sul mosaxleze mSp-is mixedviT, msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis (mup) gaTvaliswinebiT. misi mizani aris ara adamianTa ganviTarebis sruli suraTis Cveneba, aramed iseTi sazomis SemoReba, romelic mxolod Semosavals ar afasebs. 13 adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi aris adamianTa keTildReobis cvlilebisa da sxvadasxva regionebSi progresis Sefasebis barometri. bolo aTwleulis manZilze adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi izrdeba yvela ganviTarebad regionSi sub-saharis afrikis garda (suraTi 2.3). saerTo progresis miuxedavad bevrma qveyanam ganicada uprecedento ukusvla. 18 qveyanaSi, romelTa mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 460 milions Seadgens, adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi 2005 wels ufro dabali iyo vidre 1990 wels. suraTi 2.4 asaxavs ganviTarebis globalur models aRniSnuli indeqsis mixedviT. laTinuri amerikisa da aRmosavleT aziis bevri qveynis indeqsi axlosaa Crdilo-dasavleT evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis ganviTarebuli qveynebis maCveneblebTan, maSin roca samxreT aziasa da sub-saharis afrikas ganviTarebis sakmaod dabali done axasiaTebT. am wignSi Cven SevexebiT, rogorc miznebs ise saSualebebs da Cveni kvlevis sagans ganvixilavT farTo perspeqtividan, romelic ganixilavs ekonomikur geografias, rogorc sazogadoebrivi geografiis dinamiur birTvs. Tanamedrove konteqstSi amas mivyavarT jer im saerTaSoriso modelebis kvlevisken, romlebic asaxaven transformaciis saSualebebs: esenia: resursebis, mosaxleobis, warmoebis, vaWrobis, investiciebis, daxmarebebis da valebis msoflio modelebi. Semdeg Cven SevajamebT miznebs anu sufTa Sedegebs socialur ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saerTo tipologiis TvalsazrisiT. suraTi 2.3 regionuli cvlilebebi humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT suraTi 2.4 humanuri ganviTarebis indeqsi 14 2.2 resursebisa da mosaxleobis saerTaSoriso modelebi bunebrivi resursebis gadanawileba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri saqmianobisa da ganviTarebis modelebze. resursebis naklebobas SeiZleba anazRaurdes saerTaSoriso vaWrobis meSveobiT (upirvelesi magaliTi amisa aris iaponia). magram qveynebis umetesobisTvis resursebis baza aris ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani ganmsazRvreli. Zalian didi proporcia msoflios ara-ganaxlebadi resurebisa koncentrirebulia ruseTSi, aSS-Si, kanadaSi, samxreT afrikis respublikasa da avstraliaSi. magaliTad, aSS-Si aris msoflios naxSirwyalbadis (navTobi, bunebrivi gazi, fiqali da sxva) resursebis 44 %, spilenZis 19%, tyviis 15%, mura naxSiris 38%. ruseTs aqvs mura naxSiris 50%, marganecis 38%, rkinis 30%, naxSirwyalbadis 18% da damuSavebisTvis gamosadegi miwis 20%. amgvari koncentracia nawilobriv aris mizezi politikuri arastabilurobisa eqs-koloniur afrikaSi aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi. amgvari arastabiluroba mniSvnelovnad aferxebs resursebis mokvlevasa da eqsploatacias, amitom resursebis ganawilebis Tanamedrove Sefasebebi ver daadgenen resursebis namdvil moculobas bevr yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom calkeuli resursebis mniSvneloba xSir SemTxvevebSi damokidebulia teqnologiebis ganviTarebaze. teqnologiebis cvlilebebTan erTad resursebze moTxovnilebac icvleba, magaliTad qvanaxSiridan navTobze, gazsa da eleqtroenergiaze gadasvla meoce saukunis dasawyisSi da bunebrividan sinTetiur boWkoze gadasvla masobrivi warmoebis qsovilebisTvis. es aseve niSnavs imas, rom regionebi da qveynebi romlebic Zlier arian damokidebulni erT konkretul resursze, teqnologiuri cvlilebebis Sedegebi maTze ufro seriozul 15 gavlenas axdens. es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi qveynebisaTvis rogorebic arian: bolivia, Cile, gvinea, gaiana, liberia, mavritania, siera leone, surinami da zambia, romelTa ekonomikebi Zlieraa damokidebuli ara-sawvav mineralebze. ekonomikuri ganviTareba da garemo amasobaSi, msoflios zogierTi bunebrivi resursis eqspluataciis xarisxi aseve seriozul problemas warmoadgens. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gardauvali subproduqtebi: nagavi, haerisa da wylis dabinZureba, mavne narCenebi da a.S., uzarmazar moTxovnebs ayeneben ekosistemebis winaSe, maTi gadamuSavebisa da StanTqmis TvalsazrisiT. didi masStabebis komerciul soflis meurneobas seriozuli wvlili Seaqvs marginaluri garemos gaudabnoebaSi (mag.: sahelis regioni). magram yvelaze dramatuli Sedegi moaqvs komerciul metyeveobas da subtropikuli tyeebis gauazrebel gaCexvas. msoflio resursebis institutis SefasebiT globaluri gaCexvis Sedegad yovel saaTSi ikargeba 183 km2 farTobis tyeebi rac weliwadSi norvegiis oTxjer meti farTobis tolia. am procesis Sedegi garda satyeo resursebis dakargvisa aris sxva ekonomikuri da ekologiuri problemebi: adgilobrivi mosaxleobisTvis saarsebo wyaros dakargva, wyalsacavebSi Slamis momateba, hidroeleqtrosadgurebis dazianeba da wyaldidobebis raodenobis zrda, rasac Sedegad moaqvs qonebrivi ziani mosaxleobisTvis. tyis gaCexvis kidev erTi Sedegi aris genetikuri mravalferovnebis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba. tropikul tyeebSi binadrobs mcenaris, mweris da cxovelis milionobiT saxeoba. zogierT maTgans adamianis keTildReobisTvis Seufasebeli mniSvneloba aqvs. aRmoaCines, rom madagaskaris gvelis surosgan SesaZlebelia ori Zlieri medikamentis damzadeba leikemiisa da hojkinis daavadebis samkurnalod. adamianTa aqtivobas SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos klimatze atmosferos Semcvelobis Secvlis Sedegad. did xifaTs warmoadgens is roli, romelsac adamianis saqmianoba TamaSobs globaluri daTbobis gamowvevaSi, anu msoflioSi temperaturis zrdaSi da klimatis cvlilebaSi, romelic gamowveulia tyis gaCexviT da wiaRiseuli sawvavis moxmarebis Sedegad atmosferoSi naxSirorJangis da sxva airebis donis zrdiT. globaluri daTboba dakavSirebulia saTburis efeqtTan: siTbos Sekaveba atmosferoSi naxSirorJangisa da sxva airebis mier, rasac moyveba atmosferosa da dedamiwis zedapiris daTboba. naxSirorJangi gamoiyofa wiaRiseuli sawvavis moxmarebis da tyis gaCexvis Sedegad da misi done atmosferoSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi adamianTa aqtivobis gamo. mecnierebi varaudoben, rom naxSirorJangis donis momatebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios globaluri temperaturis 3 gradusiT zrda Semdegi 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi da naleqebis raodenobis da ganawilebis cvlilebebi regionebis mixedviT. garda globaluri daTbobisa, tropikuli tyeebis ganadgurebisa da amis Sedegad biomravalferovnebis dakargvisa, msoflio dgas sxva 16 ekologiuri safrTxeebis winaSe: garemos dabinZureba, sakvebis warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli niadagisa da wylis resursebis degradacia, mJava wvimebi da sxva. aRniSnuli safrTxeebi ufro mwvavea periferiebSi da es tendencia amZafrebs kontrasts mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris. garemos dacvis problemebi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli demografiul cvlilebebTan, ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan da adamianTa keTildReobasTan. ekonomikis, garemosa da socialuri problemebis sivrcobrivi urTierTdamokidebuleba niSnavs, rom msoflios zogierTi nawili warmoadgens ekologiur bombs. perspeqtiva samoqalaqo areulobisa da masobrivi migraciebisa, romlebic gamowveuli iqneba mosaxleobis swrafi zrdiT, gaudabnoebiT, niadagis eroziiT, haeris dabinZurebiT, wylis maragis gamoleviT, epidemiebiTa da siRaribiT savsebiT realuria. es sakiTxebi sagangaSoa ara mxolod dazaralebuli regionebisTvis, aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvisac, romelTa uwyveti keTildReoba damokidebuli iqneba globalizaciis procesebze, romlebic ar unda Seferxdnen farTomasStabiani ekologiuri katastrofebiT, umarTavi masobrivi migraciiT, an msoflio sistemis stabilurobis darRveviT. mdgradi ganviTareba globaluri daTbobis zemoqmedebam ekonomikasa da garemoze mniSvnelovnad gazarda mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvneloba, romelic gulisxmobs ekonomikis iseT ganviTarebas romelic awmyos moTxovnilebebsa da miswrafebebs daakmayofilebs ise, rom amis saSualeba ar mospos momavalSi. garemosa da ganviTarebis msoflio komisiam, norvegiis yofil premier ministr gro harlem brundtlandis TavmjdomareobiT gamoaqveyna angariSi “Cveni saerTo momavali” (Brundtland report, 1987), romelSic xazi gausva ekonomikuri da ekologiuri krizisebis intensifikaciasa da urTierTdamokidebulebas da mxari dauWira mdgradi ganviTarebis princips. mdgradi ganviTareba niSnavs ganaxlebadi bunebrivi resursebis imgvarad gamoyenebas, rasac Sedegad ar mohyveba maTi ganadgureba an degradireba, mag.: mzisa da geoTermuli energiis, aseve gadamuSavebuli masalis ufro metad gamoyeneba. es niSnavs ekonomikuri sistemis imgvarad marTvas, rom fizikuri da adamianuri resursi optimalurad iqnes gamoyenebuli, ganviTarebis Sedegad miRebuli sikeTe samarTlianad iqnes gadanawilebuli. yvelaze radikaluri aspeqti mdgradi ganviTarebisa aris sayovelTao globalizaciidan gadasvla lokalizaciisaken, rodesac warmoeba, moxmareba da gadawyvetilebebis miReba adgilobriv moTxovnilebebsa da pirobebzea orientirebuli. mdgradi ganviTareba jerjerobiT utopiaa. sayovelTao diskusia mdgrad ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT gaimarTa 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, kerZod “dedamiwis samitze” (gaeros konferencia garemosa da ganviTarebaze) rio de JaneiroSi 1992 wels, romelsac daeswro 128 saxelmwifos meTauri. am konferenciaze moyvanil iqna warmatebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis 17 programis bevri magaliTi adgilobriv doneze, maT Soris sasoflosameurneo daniSnulebis terasebi perus titikakas auzSi, romlebsac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi iyenebdnen soflis meurneobaSi evropul kolonizaciamde. am konferenciis Semdeg bevrma damkvirvebelma xazi gausva interesTa Rrma konfliqts centralur da periferiul qveynebs Soris. brundtlandis angariSma aCvena, rom erT-erTi seriozuli winaRoba mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis aris Zlieri damokidebuleba wiaRiseul sawvavze, rogorc energiis ZiriTad wyaroze ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis. es aramarto xels uwyobs saerTaSoriso uTanasworobas, aramed iwvevs transnacionalur problemebs, rogorebicaa: mJava wvima, globaluri daTboba, klimaturi cvlilebebi, gaudabnoeba da adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis safrTxeebi. angariSSi aRniSnulia, rom mdgradi alternativa – ganaxlebadi energetikuli resursebi, rogoricaa mzis energia, moqcevis talRebi, qari, geoTermuli da hidroeleqtroenergia – gulgril damokidebulebas xvdeba Zlieri korporaciebis da mTavrobebis interesebis gamo, romlebic wiaRiseuli sawvavis resursebs akontroleben. demografiuli zrda yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi brundtlandis angariSis mixedviT aris meore umniSvnelovanesi winaRoba mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis, romelic SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosaxleobis raodenoba da zrda harmoniaSi mova ekosistemis cvalebad sawarmoo ZalasTan. daaxloebiT 800 milion adamians jerac ar gaaCnia sakmarisi sakvebi (gaero, 2001). urTierTzemoqmedebaTa sirTule demografiul cvlilebebsa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas, ganaTlebas, kulturasa da resursebs Soris sakmaod arTulebs mdgradi ganviTarebis miRwevas. umTavresi winaRoba mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis, brundtlandis angariSis mixedviT aris instituciuri struqturebis gaumarTaoba. mdgradi ganviTareba moiTxovs, rom ekonomikuri, fiskaluri da finansuri gadawyvetilebebi mTlianad integrirebul iqnen garemos dacviT da ekologiur gadawyvetilebebTan. praqtikaSi, centraluri da adgilobrivi mTavrobebis struqturebi yvelgan imgvarad arian Camoyalibebuli, rom xels ar uwyoben gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dayofas imis mixedviT Tu ra aris ekonomikurad racionaluri da garemos dacvisTvis sasurveli. saerTaSoriso organizaciebs ara aqvT sakmarisi Zalaufleba integrirebuli da harmonizebuli politikis warmoebisTvis. RirebulebaTa sistemaSi da politikur nebaSi radikaluri da sayovelTao cvlilebebis gareSe mdgradi ganviTarebis ideis ganxorcieleba garTuldeba. sami ZiriTadi resursi: energia, sasoflo-sameurneo miwa da wyali sami yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursi msoflio ekonomikuri geografiis TvalsazrisiT aris energia, sasoflo-sameurneo miwa da wyali. komerciuli energiis ZiriTadi wyaro aris navTobi, bunebrivi airi da 18 qvanaxSiri, romlebic Zalze araTanabrad arian ganawilebuli msoflioSi. ganviTarebuli ekoonomikebis umetesoba mdidaria energiis warmoebis kuTxiT, gamonakliss warmoadgens iaponia da evropis zogierTi qveyana. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umetesobas Raribi energoresursebi gaaCnia. gamonaklisebia alJiri, ekvadori, gaboni, indonezia, libia, nigeria, venesuela da sparseTis yuris qveynebi. am uTanasworobis gamo energia msoflio vaWrobis mniSvnelovani komponenti gaxda. navTobi yvelaze mniSvnelovani saqonelia msoflio vaWrobaSi da Seadgens vaWrobis saerTo Rirebulebis 12 procents 2005 wels. ganviTarebad qveynebs energiis importi did tvirTad awveba. magaliTad somxeTSi, egvipteSi, ganaSi, paragvaisa da indoeTSi 2005 wels energiis importis Rirebulebam Seadgina eqsportirebuli saqonlis Rirebulebis meoTxedi. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mcire nawils SeuZlia energiis moxmareba im moculobiT, ra moculobiTac moixmaren ganviTarebuli ekonomikebi, amgvarad, energiis moxmarebis modeli asaxavs msoflio ekonomikis centrsa da periferias Soris sxvaobas (cxrili 2.1.). 2005 wels energiis moxmareba CrdiloeT amerikaSi iyo rvajer didi vidre subsaharis afrikaSi. msoflio bankis gaangariSebiT maRali Semosavlebis qveynebi, sadac msoflios mosaxleobis 15% cxovrobs iyeneben sakuTari komerciuli energiis naxevars da dabali Semosavlebis qveynebTan SedarebiT aTjer met energias erT sul mosaxleze. cxrili 2.1. energiis moxmareba da gamoSveba ganviTarebuli (DC) da ganviTarebadi qveynebis (LDC) Sedareba 19 aRsaniSnavia, rom es cifrebi ar iTvaliswinebs SeSas da sxva tradiciul sawvavs, romelic gamoiyeneba sakvebis momzadebisTvis, gaTbobisTvis, ganaTebisTvis da zogjer industriuli saWiroebisTvis. saerTo jamSi 20 energiis aseTi formebi msoflios energomoxmarebis 20%-s Seadgens, afrikisa da aziis nawilSi ki 80%-s. es gviCvenebs kidev erT kontrasts mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris. maSin roca sul ufro meti ganviTarebuli qveyana sxvadasxva gamokvlevebsa da eqspluataciaSi Cadebuli didi raodenobis investiciebis saSualebiT xdeba TviTuzrunvelyofili (self sufficient) qvanaxSiris, navTobis, bunebrivi airis, hidroeleqtro da atomuri energiis sxvadasxva doziT gamoyenebis meSveobiT, 1,5 miliardi adamianisTvis SeSa aris energiis ZiriTadi wyaro. mosalodnelia, rom uaxloes momavalSic mravali adamiani msoflios masStabiT iqneba damokidebuli SeSaze da masze moTxovna mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad. yvelaze seriozuli problema aris mWidrod dasaxlebul adgilebSi, mSral da naxevradmSral regionebSi da SedarebiT gril mTian zonaSi sadac tyis masivebis regeneracia gansakuTrebiT dabalia. daaxloebiT 100 milion adamians 22 qveyanaSi (maT Soris 16 afrikaSi mdebareobs) ar SeuZlia minimaluri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba maSinac ki, Tu darCenil tyesac mTlianad gakafaven. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis ganawileba aris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens saerTaSoriso ekonomikur diferenciaciaze. rogorc naCvenebia 2.5 suraTze, mTeli msoflios miwis farTobis naxevarze meti gamousadegaria nayofieri miwaTmoqmedebisTvis. am ruqaze TeTrad aris gamoyofili regionebi sadac vegetaciuri periodi Zalze mcirea, zedmetad mSrali havaa, an maRalmTiani teritoriaa. es ar niSnavs, rom am teritoriebze soflis meurneoba saerTod ar arsebobs, magram am miwebze igi gacilebiT naklebad nayofieria. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis ganawileba msoflioSi sakmaod araTanabaria da koncentrirebulia evropaSi, dasavleT da centralur ruseTSi, CrdiloeT amerikis dasavleTSi, avstraliis sanapiroze, laTinur amerikaSi, dasavleT afrikaSi, indoeTSi da aRmosavleT CineTSi. mtknari wylis maragis nakleboba da misi arTanabari ganawileba seriozulad aferxebs soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas. gaeros ganviTarebis programis adamianis ganviTarebis 2006 wlis angariSi xazs usvams wylis resursebis globalur krizisis dadgomis safrTxes. CrdiloeT naxevarsferos zomieri sartyeli 2025 wlisTvis ganicdis mtknari wylis maragis seriozul problemebs. suraTi 2.6. mtknari wylis maragze zemoqmedeba 21 unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yvela sasoflo-sameurneo miwa ar aris erTi da igive xarisxis. amas mivyavarT sasoflo-sameurneo miwis gamtarunarianobis (carrying capacity) koncefciamde: mosaxleobis maqsimaluri raodenoba, romlis gamokvebac SesaZlebelia minimaluri dRiuri dietiT, niadagisa da klimatis gaTvaliswinebiT. ufro konkretulad, gamtarunarianoba ganimarteba, rogorc mosaxleobis maqsimaluri raodenoba, romlis SenarCunebac SesaZlebelia konkretul teritoriaze xangrZlivi periodiT, im raodenobis resursebis gamoyenebiT, rom ar dazaraldes am an sxva teritoriebis produqtiuloba. sxva saintereso cneba aris mosaxleobis ekologiuri kvali, romelic afasebs adamianis wnexs garemoze ganaxlebadi resursebis moxmarebisa da garemos dabinZurebis Sedegad. ekologiuri kvali gansazRvravs, Tu ra sivrce 22 sWirdeba mosaxleobas xelmisawvdom farTobTan SedarebiT. igi icvleba mosaxleobis raodenobis, erT sul mosaxleze saSualo moxmarebis, da teqnologiebis ganviTarebis proporciulad. ekologiuri kvalis sazomi erTeulia sivrce, romelic gamoixateba erTi heqtariT produqtiuli miwisa msoflios saSualo produqtiulobis mixedviT. radgan miwa gansxvavdeba produqtiulobis mixedviT, maRalproduqtiuli miwis heqtari gamoxatuli iqneba meti sivrcis erTeuliT, vidre igive raodenobis naklebad produqtiuli miwa. 2.7 suraTi asaxavs ekologiuri kvalis intensivobas msoflioSi 2001 wels. intensiuroba izrdeba mosaxleobis simWidrovis, erT sul mosaxleze resursebis moxmarebis zrdasTan da resursTa efeqtianobis klebasTan erTad. veluri bunebis msoflio fondma daaskvna, rom msoflio mosaxleobis ekologiuri kvali izrdeba 1970-iani wlebidan. 2000 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli iyo 30%-iT meti vidre dedamiwis biologiuri produqtiuloba gauZlebda. es ki fitavs dedamiwis bunebriv kapitals da am viTarebis SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia mxolod SezRuduli drois manZilze. suraTi 2.7 resursebis moxmareba: ekologiuri kvali soflis meurneobis modeli da sakvebis sakiTxi msoflios soflis meurneobis modeli aris produqti gansxvavebuli interpretaciebisa garemos, sasurveli produqciis da bazris SesaZleblobebis (marketable opportunities) Sesaxeb. romlebzec Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens gabatonebuli miwismflobelobis sistema, teqnologiebis ganviTarebis done da globaluri Zalebis politika. mokled, es aris msoflios ekonomikuri istoriis memkvidreoba. ganviTarebis donis mixedviT, qveynebis damokidebuleba soflis meurneobaze dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxvagvaria. 23 ganviTarebad qveynebSi soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia samuSao Zalis 70-80% da misi wili mSp-Si 35-45%-s Seadgens. ganviTarebul ekonomikebSi ki soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulia samuSao Zalis 7% da mSp-Si misi wili aris mxolod 3%. am specializaciis Sedegi aris soflis meurneobis produqciaSi vaWrobis didi moculoba. sakvebi produqciis yvelaze didi eqsportiorebi arian ara ganviTarebadi qveynebi, aramed ramdenime ganviTarebuli saxelmwifo: argentina, avstralia, kanada, safrangeTi da aSS. maT aqvT Zalzed produqtiuli soflis meurneobis seqtori, romelic specializirebulia marcvleulis warmoebaze. bolo wlebSi sakvebis msoflio vaWroba swrafad izrdeba da vaWrobis modelma mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. 1950-ian wlebamde dominanti iyo marcvleuli kulturebis nakadi dasavleT evropaSi, axla misi mniSvneloba sagrZnoblad Semcirda. ZiriTadi nakadis wyaro amJamad aris kanada da aSS, xolo daniSnulebis adgilia ruseTi, iaponia da saSualo-Semosavlis mqone ganviTarebadi qveynebi. bolo 50 wlis manZilze soflis meurneobis produqtTa wili globalur eqsportSi Semcirda 40% dan 10%-mde. suraTi: 2.8 soflis meurneobis produqciis wili msoflio eqsportSi 1950-2005ww msoflioSi sakvebis moxmarebaSi uTanasworoba aris am modelebisa da nakadebis mniSvnelovani Sedegi. msoflios masStabiT sul mcire 815 milioni adamiani SimSilobs, m.S. 777 milioni yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi, 27 milioni e.w. gardamaval qveynebSi, romlebic moicaven yofili sabWoTa kavSiris teritorias da 11 milioni ganviTarebul qveynebSi. yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi bavSvTa sikvdilianobis naxevarze meti SemTxveva dakavSirebulia SimSilTan (FAO 2001). is faqti, rom maTi didi nawili cxovrobs eqsportior (dadebiTi savaWro balansis) qveynebSi, msoflio ekonomikuri sistemis mniSvnelovani naklia. CanarTi: agrobiznesi da ganviTarebuli qveynebi 24 pirdapiri korporatiuli CarTuloba soflis meurneobaSi – agrobiznesi – aris Sedegi specializaciisa da masStabis ekonomiis. rac ufro izrdeba specializacia, miT ufro naklebad avtonomiurebi da karCaketilebi xdebian fermebi, rogorc mwarmoebeli erTeulebi da amiT gza exsneba sakvebis warmoebis, gadamuSavebisa da distribuciis integrirebul, korporatiul sistemas. soflis meurneoba sul ufro metadaa CarTuli sakvebis warmoebis kompleqsSi, romlis sazRvrebi scildeba miwaTmoqmedebas da moicavs agro-qimiuri, sainJinro, gadamuSavebiT, marketingisa da distribuciis industriebs. praqtikulad yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi soflis meurneobis da sasoflo sazogadoebis mowyobas gansazRvraven iseTi sakvebis gadamamuSavebeli konglomeratebi, rogorebic arian „Associated British Foods“ (ABF), „Nestle“ da sxvebi. yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma soflis meurneobaSi korporatiuli CarTulobisa aris forvarduli kontraqtebi fiqsirebul fasSi. es ara marto asustebs fermerebis damoukideblobas, aramed xels uwyobs Semosavlebis gadatanas fermerebidan da soflis Temebidan gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobisken. forvarduli kontraqtebi xels uwyoben saerTi struqturul cvlilebebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen soflis meurneobaze: `isini xels uwyoben mcire da did holdingebs da specializaciis gazrdas, imisaTvis rom gaizardos individualuri sawarmoebis zoma masStabis ekonomiis Sesabamisad. es tendencia Seamcirebs soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobasa da fermerTa menejerul rols, Sedegad maT mxolod meTvalyuris roli darCebaT~. Metcalf (1969: 104) soflis landSaftebmac ganicada cvlilebebi, soflis meurneobaze industrializaciisa da centralizaciis zegavlenis Sedegad. CrdilodasavleT evropaSi soflis meurneobis meqanizaciam cocxali Zalis saWiroeba mniSvnelovnad Seamcira. saerTaSoriso demografiuli modeli mosaxleobis geografia da mosaxleobis cvlilebis dinamika axlo kavSirSia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modelTan. mosaxleobis simWidrove, Sobadoba, sikvdilianoba da migracia xSir SemTxvevaSi pirdapiri gamoxatulebaa ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri mdgomareobisa. imavdroulad isini SeiZleba iyvnen ekonomikuri cvlilebebisa da keTildReobis ganmsazRvrelebi. adamianuri resursebi mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis, Tumca zogjer maTi gadaWarbebuli raodenoba SeiZleba ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli iyos. msoflios mosaxleoba swrafad izrdeba. gaeros SefasebiT msoflioSi 7 miliardze odnav meti adamiani cxovrobs da savaraudod 2050 wlisTvis 9,3 miliards miaRwevs. yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleoba yovelwliurad oridan sam procentamde matulobs da mosalodnelia, rom gaizardos 4,9-dan 8,2 miliardamde. ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleoba yovelwliurad izrdeba saSualod 0,5%-iT 25 (zogierTi dasavleT evropuli qveynis mosaxleoba stagnaciaSia Sesuli) da savaraudod miaRwevs 1,2 miliards. demografiuli tranzicia centrsa da periferias Soris kontrasti aris produqti Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis doneebs Soris sxvaobisa, rac Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia demografiuli tranziciis cnebasTan, romelic sami safexurisgan Sedgeba. suraTi 2.9. demografiuli tranzicia pirvel safexurze mosaxleobas axasiaTebs maRali Sobadoba da aseve maRali, meryevi sikvdilianobis done, bunebrivi mateba Seadgens 1%-s. meore safexurze sikvdilianoba swrafad klebulobs (gaumjobesebuli kvebis, sazogaoebrivi janmrTelobis da samecniero medicinis xelmisawvdomobis gamo). Sobadobac mcirdeba, oRond gacilebiT neli tempebiT, radgan saWiroa garkveuli dro imisaTvis, rom socialuri da kulturuli Cvevebi, dakavSirebuli ojaxis wevrTa raodenobasTan SesabamisobaSi movides Secvlil garemoebebTan. amis Sedegi aris demografiuli afeTqeba. dasavleTis industriuli qveynebis umetesobam es stadia gaiara me-19 saukuneSi. mesame safexurze sikvdilianoba stabilizirdeba dabal doneze, Sobadobis donec dabalia, magram meryevi, bunebrivi mateba 1%-s Seadgens. mosalodneli araa, rom yvela qveyanam gaiaros aRniSnuli demografiuli gza, magram sasargeblo iqneba imis dadgena Tu ra stadiaSi imyofeba konkretuli qveyana: kritikul meore stadiasTan axlos, ganicdis demografiul afeTqebas, Tu asrulebs zrdis stadias. gaerom warmoadgina meore safexuris sam nawilad dayofis varianti, anu mosaxleobis zrdis xuTi stadia (sur. 2.9). suraTi 2.10 demografiuli gadasvlis msoflio ruka 26 suraTi 2.10 gviCvenebs, Tu romeli qveyana, mosaxleobis zrdis romel safexurze imyofeba amJamad. ganviTarebuli qveynebi, agreTve axali industriuli saxelmwifoebis didi nawili (m.S. laTinuri amerikis iseTi qveynebi, rogorebic arian argentina, brazilia da Cile, aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi: honkongi, singapuri, samxreT korea, taivani da tailandi) ukve arian saboloo mexuTe, dabali zrdis tempis safexurze, xolo laTinuri amerikisa da aziis sxva qveynebi (mag. kolumbia, meqsika, peru, venesuela, indoeTi, indonezia da malaizia) imyofebian zrdis safexuris bolo etapze. afrikis didi nawili aris demografiuli afeTqebis fazaSi, xolo misi dasavleTi da centraluri regionebi uaxlovdebian am fazas. afrikuli qveynebis mcire nawili (angola, nigeri da ruanda) jer mxolod pirvel safexurze arian, maT axasiaTebT SedarebiT maRali sikvdilianobis done, rac aferxebs bunebriv matebas. sagangaSo viTarebaa samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT afrikis qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT botsvanasa da zimbabveSi, romlebmac demografiuli afeTqebis safexuridan gadainacvles demografiuli gadasvlis dasawyisisaken 1990ian wlebSi, radgan sikvdilianobis donem mniSvnelovnad moimata imis gamo, rom maTi mosaxleobis 20% SidsiT aris daavadebuli. migracia mosaxleobi raodenobis cvlilebis sxva, mniSvnelovani aspeqti aris migracia. saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia msoflio ekonomikuri sistemis mniSvnelovani nawilia me-19 saukunis industriuli revoluciis Semdeg. saerTaSoriso SromiTi migrantebis raodenoba aRwevs 25 milions, maT axlavs daaxloebiT amave raodenobis Tanmxlebi, maTze damokidebuli piri. aqedan 14 milioni, m.S. 7-8 milioni aralegaluri imigranti muSaobs aSS-Si, sadac imigrantTa umetesoba modis meqsikidan. Crdilo-dasavleT 27 evropaSi imyofeba 5 milioni SromiTi migranti, maTi umetesoba aris axlomdebare qveynebidan, rogorebicaa portugalia, espaneTi da TurqeTi, an yofili koloniebidan (alJiri, iamaika da sxva). 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan muSaTa didi raodenoba miizides samxreT-dasavleT aziis navTobiT mdidarma qveynebma: daaxloebiT 4 milioni, aqedan ori mesamedi amave regionidanaa, xolo danarCeni samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziidan. samxreT afrikaSi imyofeba 500 000 SromiTi migranti mezobeli qveynebidan; aseve SromiTi migrantebis mniSvnelovani nakadebia ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris laTinuri amerikis nawilSi da dasavleT afrikaSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis didi nakadebi eqimebi, inJinrebi, mecnierebi da sxva, anu e.w. `tvinebis gadineba~. am nakadebis mTavari mimRebi aris aSS, kanada, britaneTi da avstralia. maTi warmoSobis ZiriTadi wyaroebia indoeTi, pakistani, filipinebi, Sri lanka da bolo periodSi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebi da misi satelitebi. xSir SemTxvevaSi `tvinebis gadineba~ aris Sedegi imisa, rom studentebi da profesionalebi irCeven ar dabrundnen samSobloSi mas Semdeg, rac daasruleben ganaTlebis an treiningis kursebs ganviTarebul qveynebSi. es nakadebi mniSvnelovania ara mxolod adamianTa raodenobiT, romlebic CarTulni arian procesSi, aramed im ekonomikuri Sedegebis gamo, rac moaqvs maRalkvalificiuri muSaxelis SeZenas an dakargvas. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mieniWa `tvinebis gadinebas~ yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebidan, radgan moulodnelad SromiT bazarze gamoCndnen kvalificiuri mecnierebi samxedro teqnologiebis, birTvuli da biologiuri iaraRis dargSi. aman ki sakiTxi geopolitikur ganzomilebaSi gadaiyvana da gazarda SiSi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis mecnierTa yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi gadinebisa. amis sapasuxod aSS-m, iaponiam da evrokavSirma 1992 wels ruseTSi daaarses samecniero centri birTvuli `tvinebis gadinebis~ SesaCereblad. amasobaSi demografiuli tranzicia swrafad zrdis yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis SromiT bazars. rodesac ar aris dausaxlebeli teritoriebis aTvisebis SesaZlebloba, aRniSnul qveynebSi demografiuli tranziciiT gamowveuli mosaxleobis matebas Sedegad moaqvs soflidan qalaqSi didi migraciuli nakadebi. soflis axalgazrda mosaxleoba iZulebulia miwis naklebobis gamo gadasaxldes qalaqebSi dasaqmebis imediT. ganviTarebadi qveynebis urbanizaciis masStabebi kidev erTi faqtoria centrsa da periferias Soris sxvaobisa. gaeros adamianTa gansaxlebis centris SefasebiT qalaqis binadarTa 1 miliardi cxovrobs arasaTanado, antisanitariul pirobebSi yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi. CanarTi: SromiT migrantTa fuladi gzavnilebi globalizaciis mzardi mniSvnelobis mqone aspeqti aris nakadebis dineba saerTaSoriso SromiTi migrantebisgan finansuri mSobliur 28 qveynebSi. es fuladi gzavnilebi (remittances) gankuTvnilia ganviTarebad qveynebSi mcxovrebi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis. rogorc calmxrivi transferebi, isini ar warmoSoben momaval valdebulebebs, rogorebicaa valis momsaxureba an sargeblis daricxva. muSaTa remittances aqvT tendencia recipienti qveynis ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi ciklis sawinaaRmdegod moZraobisa, radgan SromiTi migrantebi zrdian mxardaWeras ojaxebis mimarT ekonomikuri aqtivobis dabali ciklis dros, rac exmareba maT umuSevrobis an sxva krizisiT ganpirobebuli mizezebiT dakarguli Semosavlis SevsabaSi. am SemTxvevaSi fuladi gzavnilebi asruleben mastabilizebel rols, uzrunvelyofen ra erovnuli Semosavlebis fluqtuaciebis gasworebas biznesis ciklis sxvadasxva etapze. fuladi gzavnilebis oficialuri raodenoba yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 1980-iani wlebis bolodan da Seadgens 100 miliard aSS dolars. es daaxloebiT imdenivea, ramdenic pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi (FDI) yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi da gacilebiT ufro didia vidre oficialuri ekonomikuri daxmareba ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebisa naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mimarT (suraTi 2.11). aSS aris udidesi wyaro fuladi gzavnilebis, ZiriTadi mimRebi qveynebi arian dasavleT naxevarsferos yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi da ganviTarebadi azia (samxreT, samxreT-aRmosavleT da dasavleT aziis umetesi nawili, iaponiis, samxreT koreis, hon kongis, singapurisa da taivanis garda). aRuricxavi fuladi gzavnilebi savaraudod gazrdis gzavnilebis Rirebulebas 10-dan 20%-mde. ojaxis daxmarebis garda SromiTi migrantebis fuladi gzavnilebi mikro kreditis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens, afinansebs ra mcire biznesebs megobrebisa da ojaxis wevrebisTvis, is agreTve Tavad SromiT migrantebs aZlevs saSualebas TviTdasaqmebisaTvis daagrovon sakmarisi Tanxebi samSobloSi dabrunebisas. suraTi 2.11 momuSaveTa fuladi gzavnilebi 1970-2003ww 29 2.3 mrewvelobisa da finansebis saerTaSoriso modelebi samrewvelo warmoebisa da dasaqmebis saerTaSoriso mozaika sakmaod kompleqsuria da gamoirCeva konkretul saqmianobebSi maRali specializaciiT. centraluri ekonomikebi (core economies) Seadgenen msoflios warmoebis damatebiTi Rirebulebis manufacturing value added (MVA) 70%-s. warmoebis wminda Rirebulebis done izrdeba TandaTanobiT, mokrZalebuli tempebiT. aSS rCeba warmoebuli saqonlis yvelaze mniSvnelovan wyarod da misma wilma 2005 wels Seadgina globaluri warmoebis wminda Rirebulebis 21%. mxolod xuT qveyanaSi: CineTi, 30 safrangeTi, germania, aSS da iaponia, Tavmoyrilia msoflio warmoebis 60%. cxrili 2.2. msoflio warmoebis monacemebi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia produqtiuloba (cxrili 2.2). ganviTarebuli qveynebis maRali kapitalizaciis mrewvelobebma SeZles muSaTa maRli produqtiulobis SenarCuneba. am qveynebSi warmoebis wili mSp-Si maRali rCeba, maSinac roca warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli muSaxelis raodenoba TandaTanobiT mcirdeba. ganviTarebuli industriuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebis dominirebis kuTxiT SeiniSneba ramdenime mniSvnelovani tendencia. Tumca aSS-m SeinarCuna lideroba, rogorc msoflioSi saqonlis ZiriTadma mwarmoebelma, misi dominireba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. magaliTad masze modioda msoflioSi warmoebul produqciis 40%, xolo 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki 25%. didma britaneTma dakarga upiratesoba, rogorc SedarebiTi, ise absoluturi TvalsazrisiT. maTgan gansxvavebiT iaponiam mexuTe adgilidan 1963 wels 5,5% wiliT, 1990-iani wlebis bolos gadainacvla meore adgilze 20% wiliT recesiis miuxedavad. meore mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia CineTSi da aRmosavleT aziis axal industriul qveynebSi warmoebaSi dasaqmebisa da produqtiulobis zrda. CineTSi SeiniSneba warmoebis swrafi zrda, romelmac 1970-ian wlebSi 31 saSualod Seadgina 8%, 1980-ian wlebSi – 11% da 1990-ian wlebSi – 14%. oTxma `aziurma vefxvma~: honkongma, singapurma, samxreT koream da taivanma ganicades Zlieri progresi, rogorc eqsportiorma qveynebma. warmoebis zrdis ganskuTrebulad maRali done SeiniSneboda samxreT koreaSi. es cvlilebebi aris ekonomikis globalizaciis nawili, rac warmoadgens transnacionaluri korporaciebis strategias, swored maTi damsaxurebaa ekonomikis globalizacia. transnacionaluri korporaciebis mniSvneloba mkafiod gamoCndeba, Tu maT wliur brunvas SevadarebT zogierTi qveynis mTlian erovnul produqts. am kriteriumis mixedviT Semosavali 50 udidesi globaluri transnacionaluri korporaciisa, rogoricaa General Motors, Ford Motor Company, General Electric, Mitsubishi, Nestle, BP, Royal Dutch Shell, Siemens, Toyota Motor Company da sxva, aRemateba patara zomis yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis Semosavals. xolo yvelaze didi transnacionaluri korporaciebis zoma Seesabameba iseTi qveynebis ekonomikas, rogorebic arian: saberZneTi, irlandia, portugalia da axali zelandia (cxrili 2.3). cxrili: 2.3 msoflios udidesi transnacionaluri korporaciebi 32 33 aSS-s 500 udides korporaciaSi dasaqmebulia imave raodenobis ucxouri samuSao Zala, ramdenic adgilobrivi. igive suraTia iaponiis umZlavres korporaciebSi. ucxouri samuSao Zalis ricxovnoba SedarebiT swrafad izrdeba yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebsa da gansakuTrebiT axal industriul qveynebSi. amJamad, iaponuri radioebis ori mesamedi iwarmoeba sazRvargareT, xolo televizorebis naxevari – samxreT koreasa da aRmosavleT aziis sxva saxelmwifoebSi. amis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezia axali industriuli qveynebis winsvla. samxreT koreidan eqsportirebul eleqtronul mowyobilobaTa 90% iwarmoeba iaponuri kompaniebis filialebis mier. yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebma iaf muSaxelze transnacionaluri korporaciebis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad Seqmnes Tavisufali savaWro zonebi, sadac xelsayreli sainvesticio da savaWro garemo aris Seqmnili komponentebze sabaJo gadasaxadis gauqmebis, sawarmoo sivrcis da sawyobebis gamoyofis, gadasaxadebis 5 wlamde vadiT gauqmebis da savaluto kontrolis moxsnis Sedegad. magaliTad resursebiT Rarib kunZul mavrikeTis Tavisufal savaWro zonaSi 2000 wlisTvis muSaobda 500-ze meti kompania, sadac dasaqmebuli iyo 90 000 muSa. am firmaTa didi nawili iyo ucxoelebis an ucxoelebTan erTobliv sakuTrebaSi, daaxloebiT 250 firma CarTuli iyo teqstilisa da tansacmlis warmoebaSi. Tavisufali savaWro zonebSi aseve mzaddeba fexsacmlebi, saaTebi, saTamaSoebi, aseve ufro maRali Rirebulebis mqone produqtebi: programuli uzrunvelyofa, eleqtronika, farmacevtuli nawarmi da sagamomcemlo saqmianoba. 2000 wels am firmebidan eqsportma gadaaWarba 1,2 miliard aSS dolars, ramac qveynis eqsportis Rirebulebis 75% Seadgina. msoflios masStabiT, mTavrobebma upasuxes transnacionaluri korporaciebis mier xelSewyobil globalizaciur procesebs imiT, rom moaxdines maTi CarTulobis intensifikacia iseT samTavrobaTaSoriso gaerTianebebSi, rogorebic arian evrokavSiri, samxreT-dasavleT aziis saxelmwifoTa asociacia da CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba. cxrili: 2.4 msoflios udidesi finansuri transnacionaluri korporaciebi 34 saerTaSoriso vaWrobis modeli saerTaSoriso vaWrobis fundamenturi struqtura efuZneba ramdenime savaWro bloks, msoflio vaWroba umetesad warmoebs am blokebSi. am blokebis wevroba aris Sedegi manZilis, koloniuri urTierTobebis memkvidreobisa da geopolitikuri aliansebis. 1950-90 wlebSi oTxi ZiriTadi savaWro bloki dominirebda msoflioSi: 1. dasavleT evropa, ramdenime yofil koloniasTan erTad afrikaSi, samxreT aziasa da avstralaziaSi. 2. CrdiloeT amerika, laTinuri amerikis zogierT qveyanasTan erTad. 3. yofili sabWoTa msoflio imperiis qveynebi. 35 4. iaponia, aRmosavleT aziis sxva saxelmwifoebTan da navTobis eqsportior qveynebTan (saudis arabeTi da bahreini) erTad. aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynebis mniSvnelovani nawili dRemde inarCunebs avtarkias msoflio ekonomikisgan. maT ar SeaqvT didi wvlili importisa da eqsportis nakadebSi, romlebic warmoadgenen vaWrobis geografiis Semadgenel nawilebs. umeteswilad isini arian patara zomis yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebi (mag. burundi, centraluri afrikis respublika, gambia, gvinea-bisau da samoa). vaWrobis geografia swrafad icvleba Semdegi faqtorebis zegavleniT: 1. inovaciebi transportis, komunikaciebisa da warmoebis teqnologiaSi. am inovaciebma Seamcira manZilis faqtoris mniSvneloba, romelic tradiciuli savaWro blokebis safuZvels warmoadgenda. 2. cvlilebebi globalur politikaSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba gaxldaT sabWoTa kavSiris daSla. sxva cvlilebaTagan aRsaniSnavia evropis ekonomikuri da politikuri integracia, CineTis sul ufro mzardi monawileoba msoflio ekonomikaSi da aSS-s izolacionizmisgan gadaxveva. 3. sawarmoo procesis mzardi internacionalizacia da moqniloba. ekonomikis globalizaciam warmoSva masalebis, komponentebis, informaciisa da mza produqciis axali nakadebi. transnacionalur korporaciebze modis msoflio vaWrobis ori mesamedi da mTliani vaWrobis mesamedi (transnacionaluri korporaciebis vaWrobis naxevari) xorcieldeba transnacionaluri korporaciebis Sida bazrebze. 1990 wlidan, sabWoTa msoflio imperiis savaWro blokis daSlis Semdeg saerTaSoriso vaWrobis struqtura gaxda tripolaruli: CrdiloeT amerika, evrokavSiri da iaponia, aziis axal industriul qveynebTan erTad. tripolaruli struqtura efuZneba msoflio ekonomikis centraluri regionebis (core regions) qveynebs. bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflio vaWrobis moculoba orjer ufro swrafad gaizarda, vidre msoflios realuri mSp (Sesabamisad 6%-iT da 3%-iT), ramac gaaRrmava ekonomikuri integracia da globaluri urTierTdamokidebuleba. ganviTarebadma qveynebma miaRwies vaWrobis yvelaze swrafi gafarToebis tempebs da ufro mniSvnelovani moTamaSeebi gaxdnen msoflio vaWrobaSi. am qveynebze modis msoflio vaWrobis mesamedi, xolo 1970-ian wlebSi maTi wili Seadgenda mxolod meoTxeds. amJamad maTi eqsportis 40% gankuTvnilia sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis. ganviTarebadma qveynebma Seitanes mniSvnelovani wvlili imaSi, rom msoflio vaWrobaSi warmoebis (manufactures) wili gaizarda. suraTi: 2.12 msoflio vaWroba da ganviTarebadi qveynebi 36 37 mas Semdeg, rac ganviTarda warmoebis globaluri sistema, warmoebuli saqonlis eqsporti da importi didi moculobiT xorcieldeba msoflios umetes nawilSi. ukve aRar xdeba ise, rom ZiriTadad ganviTarebuli qveynebi axorcieleben eqsports da ganviTarebadi qveynebi imports. afrikuli saxelmwifoebis didi nawili TiTqmis ar monawileobs warmoebis msoflio bazarze. vaWrobis reorganizaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia vaWrobaSi Zlieri damokidebuleba yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebisa geografiulad da geopolitikurad axlo myof ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebze. magaliTad, aSS aris centraluri amerikis qveynebis umetesobisTvis eqsportis mTavari daniSnulebis adgili da importis ZiriTadi wyaro. igive damokidebulebaa safrangeTsa da mis yofil koloniebs (alJiri, kamboja, kot divuari da sxva) Soris. ganviTarebuli qveynebis ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi ki arian sxva ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi. amgvari viTarebis erT-erTi mTavari Sedegi aris is, rom am savaWro urTierTobebis periferiuli partniorebi Zlier arian damokidebulni ganviTarebuli qveynebis moTxovnaze da ekonomikur klimatze. am sakiTxma gamoxmaureba hpova `Tavisufali vaWrobis~ moZraobaSi. damokidebulebis meore aspeqti aris qveynis saeqsporto bazis diversifikaciis xarisxi, romlis sazomi mocemulia 2.13 suraTSi: es aris eqsportSi saqonlis koncentraciis indeqsi (commodity concentration of exports). qveynebs, romlebsac dabali indeqsi aqvT diversificirebuli saeqsporto baza gaaCniaT, aseTi qveynebia: argentina, brazilia, CineTi, indoeTi da samxreT korea, iseve, rogorc ganviTarebuli qveynebis umetesoba. radikalurad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi (SemdgomSi LDC), sadac sawarmoo seqtori sustadaa ganviTarebuli. maTi eqsporti moicavs erT an or sasoflo-sameurneo, anda mineralur resursebs: angola, Cadi, dominikis respublika, irani, erayi, libia, nigeria da sxva. suraTi 2.13 saeqsporto saqonlis koncentraciis indeqsi 2003-2004ww 38 CanarTi: Tavisufali vaWrobidan samarTlian vaWrobamde ganviTarebuli qveynebi, rogorebic arian AaSS da evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebi miliardobiT dolaris sasoflo-sameurneo subsidiebs uricxaven sakuTar fermerebs, maSin roca zRudaven Tavis bazarze LDCebis Raribi fermerebis xelmisawvdomobas. oqsfamma SeimuSava am ormagi standartebis indeqsi da gamoiyena ganviTarebuli (DC) qveynebis savaWro politikis 10 sazomi, maT Soris saSualo tarifi, tarifis odenoba sasoflo-sameurneo importze da LDC qveynebidan importis SezRudvebi. am indeqsis maCveneblebis mixedviT siis saTaveSi moeqcnen aSS da evrokavSiris qveynebi, romlebic yvelaze metad mouwodeben Tavisufali vaWrobisken, magram zRudaven LDC-ebis xelmisawvdomobas maT bazrebze. amas daemata bolo ramdenime aTwleulSi msoflio fasebis dacema iseT pirvelad produqtebze, rogorebicaa tropikuli sasmelebi da sakvebi produqtebi, romlebic warmoadgenen LDC-ebis fermerebis Semosavlis wyaros. sjerodaT ra, rom mxolod daxmareba ver moagvarebda LDC-ebSi siRaribis problemas, oqsfamma da sxva organizaciebma SeimuSaves Tavisufali vaWrobis modeli. mwarmoebelsa da momxmarebels Soris alternatiuli savaWro kavSirebis gabmis mizniT maikl barat braunma daaarsa organizaciebi: mesame msoflios sainformacio qseli (Third World Information Network) da Twin Trading Ltd. mdgradi ganviTarebis da araTanabari gacvlis ideebis gavleniT barat braunma Tavis wignSi `Tavisufali vaWroba~ bevri LDC-is gauaresebul savaWro pozicias maT saeqsporto saqonelsa da nedleulze fasebis dacemis gamo importirebuli saqonlis fasebTan SedarebiT. Tavisufali vaWrobis modeli aRiarebs, rom bevri mcire zomis mwarmoebeli savaWro garigebis dadebisas araxelsayrel poziciaSia sasaqonlo jaWvis dasawyisSi. es modeli cdilobs ganviTarebuli qveynebis momxmareblebi pirdapir daakavSiros LDC-ebis mwarmoeblebTan sxvadasxva saSualebiT, maT Soris grZelvadiani savaWro kontraqtebiT, 39 romlebic fermerebs sTavazoben fasebis stabilurobas. “Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International” –ma (FLO), romelic aris 17 erovnuli leiblis jgufis (National Labelling Group) qolga organizacia, romelic awesebs standartebs `feartreidis~ (Fairtrade), anu Tavisufali vaWrobis markisaTvis da axdens im kooperativebis serTificirebas, romlebic am standartebs akmayofileben. is saqoneli, romelic `feartreidis~ markas atarebs iyideba garantirebul minimalur fasad, romelic Seicavs socialur premias, romelsac momxmarebeli uxdis demokratiulad organizebul kooperativs infrastruqturaSi (sakvebis gadamuSavebis saSualebebi, skolebi da saavadmyofoebi) investirebisaTvis kooperativis wevrTaTvis. `feartreidis~ saqoneli Seesabameba ekologiur standartebs da Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebs. `feartreidis~ marka moicavs sxvadasxva produqcias, maT Soris: yava, Cai, kakao, banani da Tafli. pirveli `feartreidis~ yava importirebul iqna niderlandebSi 1973 wels gvatemalas mcire safermo kooperatividan. 2003 wels aSS-ma gadaaswro niderlandebs `feartreidis~ yavis importSi. amJamad 230-ze meti yavis kooperativi, romlebSic gawevrianebulia 700 000-ze meti fermeri laTinuri amerikis, aziisa da afrikis 12-ze meti qveynidan sertificirebulia FLO-s mier. `feartreidis~ saqonlis yovelwliuri gayidvebi orniSna ricxviT izrdeba da axla maTi Rirebuleba erT miliard aSS dolars aWarbebs. Tumca am produqtebis wili Seadgens 0,5-dan 5%-s yvela gayidvebisa TavianTi sasaqonlo kategoriebis mixedviT evropaSi, aSS-sa da kanadaSi. gevin fridelma Camoayaliba ramdenime mosazreba Tavisufali vaWrobis qselis Sesaxeb. dekomodifikacia, Seicavs eTikuri vaWrobis Sesaxeb cnebebs da warmoaCens Tavisufal vaWrobas, rogorc gamowvevas saqonlis komodifikaciisTvis globaluri kapitalizmis pirobebSi. jef popke eTikuri vaWrobis moZraobas ganixilavs, rogorc reinkarnacias tradiciuli marqsistuli koncefciisa, romelic gulisxmobs saqonlis `defetiSizacias~, raTa gamoaSkaravdes warmoebis araTanabari socialuri urTierTobebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom es midgoma konkurencias uwevs globaluri kapitalizmis ZiriTad principebs - konkurencias, akumulacias da mogebis maqsimizacias mas globaluri savaWro sistemis Secvlis SezRuduli potenciali gaaCnia, radgan is mTlianad damokidebulia ganviTarebuli qveynebis momxmarebelTaTvis globaluri savaWro sistemis uTanasworobis gamomJRavnebaze. yvelaze metad Tavisufali vaWrobis gavlenas asaxavs ufro zomieri midgoma, romlis mixedviTac Raribi fermerebis daxmareba unda moxdes arsebuli globaluri sabazro sistemis pirobebSi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis meSveobiT. Rarib fermerTa xelSewyobis am midgomam garkveuli Sedegi ukve gamoiRo, Tumca safrTxes warmoadgens is faqti, rom fermerebs ufro xSirad mouxdebaT saqmis daWera did transnacionalur korporaciebTan imisaTvis, rom TavianTi produqcia ufro farTod iyos warmodgenili ganviTarebuli qveynebis 40 momxmareblisTvis da agreTve problemaa im komponentis romelic siRaribis struqturul mizezs daupirispirdeboda. nakleboba, saerTaSoriso safinanso da biznes momsaxureba (business services) msoflios warmoebisa da vaWrobis sivrcobriv organizacias kargad asaxavs saerTaSoriso safinanso da biznesis momsaxureba. Cven kidev erTxel vxvdebiT tripolarul struqturas: 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi aSSze, evrokavSirsa da iaponiaze modioda globaluri ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis Semodinebis sami-meoTxedi da gadinebis 85%. ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis nakadebis proporciam ganicada cvlilebebi ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisamde aSS-is transnacionalur korporaciebze modioda ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis gadinebis ori mesamedi da aqedan sami-meoTxedi mimarTuli iyo kanadisa da yvelaze ganviTarebuli dasavleT evropis qveynebisken. 1990-iani wlebisTvis aSS-is transnacionaluri korporaciebis wili Semcirda da Seadgina 50%, xolo kandis, iaponiisa da germaniis ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis moculoba mkveTrad gaizarda. amasobaSi gamoCnda ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis axali, mniSvnelovani wyaro: axali industriuli qveynebis transnacionaluri korporaciebi. hiundai, samxreT koreis gemTmSenebeli, saavtomobilo da lojistikuri firma ufro didia vidre miSleni; malaiziuri navTobmompovebeli da mwarmoebeli konglomerati – “petronasi” aris “anhauzer-buSsa” da “istman-kodakze” ufro msxvili. investiciebis wyaroebSi cvlilebebTan erTad, moxda maTi daniSnulebis adgilebis mixedviT proporciuli cvlilebebi. ganviTarebuli qveynebi kvlavac izidaven maT did nawils, magram ekonomikis globalizaciis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaizarda kapitaldabandebebi axal industriul saxelmwifoebSi. LDC-ebSi investiciebis sami meoTxedi Semodis Svidi axali industriuli qveynidan: argentina, brazilia, CineTi (hon kongis CaTvliT), malaizia, meqsika, singapuri da samxreT korea. meore msoflio omis Semdgom sawyis periodSi saerTaSoriso finansebis modeli funqcionirebda “breton-vudsis” 1944 wlis SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad. am sistemaSi dominirebda aSS, fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursiT da aSS dolariT, rogorc konvertirebadi gacvlis arealiT (medium of currency) da fiqsirebuli urTierTkavSiriT oqros fasTan. magram roca aSS-is poziciebi msoflio vaWrobasa da warmoebaSi gauaresda, sistema zewolis qveS moeqca. `Sedegad “breton-vudsis” sistema daimsxvra. 1960-iani wlebis bolosken fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursebi gaqra da nebismieri erovnuli valuta gaxda konvertirebadi yvela sxva valutaSi. gacvliTi kursebi meryeobda da Sedegad nebismieri adgilobrivi valuta gaxda (medium), romlis yidva-gayidva iyo SesaZlebeli da aseve mogebis miReba~ (Thrift, 1989: 34). amasobaSi, evrodolarebis (aSS dolarebi, romlebic aSS-is sazRvrebs gareT mdebare bankebSi inaxeboda) didi masa iqna dagrovebuli, romlebic mimoqcevaSi gaSvebul iqna 1971 wlidan, roca aSS-is mTavrobam daiwyo 41 Tavisi sabiujeto deficitis dafinanseba sakuTari valutiT da gaavso msoflio bazari dolarebiT, riTac msoflio inflacia gamoiwvia. ori wlis Semdeg 1973 wels evrodolaris bazari kvlav gaibera, roca navTobis mwarmoebelma qveynebma swrafad daagroves aSS dolarebis didi rezervebi navTobis eqsportior qveyanaTa organizaciis (opeki) mier embargos SemoRebis Sedegad navTobze fasebis gaoTxmagebis pirobebSi. valutebis meryeobisa da evrodolarebis didi bazris Seqmnis Sedegi gaxda saerTaSoriso finansebis axali, ufro daxvewili sistemis Seqmna. Sedegad, investirebis axal models mohyva ZiriTadi biznesis servisebis: safondo birJebis, fiuCersuli bazrebis, bankebis sareklamo saagentoebis da biznes sastumroebis eqspansia da internacionalizacia. radgan ganviTarebuli qveynebis konkurentunarianoba industriul warmoebaSi Semcirda, maTi damokidebuleba aRniSnul servisebze gaizarda imisaTvis, rom SeiZinon ucxouri valuta da daabalanson nacionaluri angariSebi (national accounts). saerTaSoriso finansebis am sistemam warmoSva giganturi finansuri konglomeratebi rogorebicaa “Citigroup”, “UBS”, “HSBC” da “Deutsche Bank”. romlebic dominireben msoflio safinanso sistemaSi (cxrili 2.4). sabanko sferos internacionalizaciam xeli Seuwyo “eleqtronul kolonializms”, ris gamoc didi evropuli da amerikuli bankebi didwilad akontroleben msoflio ekonomikas. safinanso da biznesis momsaxurebis internacionalizaciis ZiriTadi mizezi aris udidesi zrda vaWrobaSi, warmoebis internacionalizacia da transnacionaluri korporaciebis rolis zrda. ramdenadac teqnologiurma progresma xeli Seuwyo msoflio vaWrobis ganviTarebas, warmoebis internacionalizacias da transnacionaluri korporaciebis gaCenas, imdenad telekomunikaciebsa da monacemTa damuSavebaSi winsvlam, ganaviTara saerTaSoriso safinanso da biznesis momsaxureba. sateliturma sakomunikacio sistemebma da internetma SesaZlebeli gaxada firmebis mier safinanso da biznesis momsaxurebis marTva dReSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, mTeli msoflios masStabiT. globaluri finansuri qselis zrdam msoflio ekonomikas axali ganzomileba SesZina. barnetisa da kavanos (1994: 17) sityvebiT: `dReSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi, trilionobiT dolaris nakadebi moZraobs msoflios savaluto bazrebze, radgan monacemebi wamis umcires monakveTebSi vrceldeba. am Tanxis araumetes 10% aris dakavSirebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis vaWrobasTan. valutiT saerTaSoriso vaWroba sakmaod momgebiani TamaSi gaxda~ (cxrili 2.4). saerTaSoriso vaWroba da savalo maxe msoflio ekonomikis struqturulma uTanasworobam gamoiwvia sagareo valis qronikuli problema. LDC-ebis mier warmoebul pirveladi moxmarebis saqonelTan (primary commodities) mimarTebiT moTxovnisa da fasis elastiuroba dabalia. amgvar produqciaze moTxovna maTi ZiriTad gasaRebis bazrebze (ganviTarebuli qveynebi) dabali tempebiT izrdeba, miuxedavad am bazrebis Semosavlebis swrafi matebisa. am produqciis 42 Rirebulebis sagrZnobi Semcireba mxolod mcirediT gazrdis maTze moTxovnas. amis sapirispirod, moTxovnisa da fasis elastiuroba maRalia warmoebul saqonelze da maRali klasis (high-order) servisebze (rac ganviTarebuli ekonomikebis specializacias warmoadgens). Sedegad, vaWrobis pirobebi moqmedeben pirveladi moxmarebis saqonlis mwarmoebelTa sawinaaRmdegod. ara aqvs mniSvneloba rogori efeqtianebi iqnebian pirveladi moxmarebis saqonlis mwarmoeblebi, an ramdenad gamdidrdebian momxmareblebi, savaWro balansi mainc maT sawinaRmdegod gadaixreba. amis sapirispiro strategia SeiZleba iyos Sromis danawilebis saerTaSoriso bazarze rolis Secvla, pirveladi moxmarebis saqonelze specializebis magivrad diversificirebul sawarmoo bazaze gadasvla. es strategia cnobilia, rogorc importis Canacvleba. am strategiis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTulia, radgan diversificirebuli sawarmoo bazis Seqmna didZali sawyisi kapitalis arsebobas moiTxovs, risi dagrovebac am tipis qveynebisTvis sakmaod rTulia. erTaderTi alternativa aris kapitalis mozidva sesxebis aRebis gziT. Tu kapitali investirebul iqneba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proeqtebSi, romlebic ar moitanen saTanado Semosavals, axali valebis aReba gaxdeba saWiro, Tavdapirveli valis momsaxurebis anda ganviTarebis axali proeqtebis dafinansebisTvis. sindroms, romlis drosac arsebobs valebis aRebis mudmivi saWiroeba ganviTarebis dasafinanseblad ewodeba savalo maxe. grZelvadiani sesxebis momsaxureba did tvirTad iqca zogi qveynisTvis (suraTi 2.14). iseT saxelmwifoebSi rogorebicaa belizi, brazilia, burundi, ekvadori, gambia da pakistani, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis eqsportiT miRebuli yoveli 100 dolaridan (2003-04) 30-ze meti unda wasuliyo grZelvadiani sesxis momsaxurebaSi. yvelaze uaresi viTareba iyo burundiSi, sadac valis momsaxureba saeqsporto Semosavlis ormesameds Seadgenda. valis problema gaRrmavda saerTaSoriso kapitalis brunvis modelis gamo, romlis stimulireba moxda savaluto bazarze arsebuli pirobebis cvlilebis Sedegad da ara vaWrobis geografiis gamo. savaWro disbalansis da didi odenobis valebis gamo gazrdili gadasaxadebisgan Tavidan aridebis mizniT LDC-ebis qveynebis mTavrobebis adgilobriv kreditorebs Tanxebi sazRvargareT gaaqvT, amis Sedegia kapitalis gadineba. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis SefasebiT, 1995 wels kapitalis gadinebam yvelaze didi valebis mqone qveynebSi Seadgina sagareo valis naxevari. arsebobs sxva problemac. 1970-ian wlebSi msoflio monetaruli rezervebi Tormetjer gaizarda opekis navTobdolarebisa da B”bretonvudsis” sistemis ngrevis Tanmdevi inflaciis Sedegad. saerTaSoriso sabanko sistemaSi dagrovda navTobkompaniebis mier ganTavsebuli didi odenobis kapitali. ganviTarebuli qveynebis bankebs gauCndaT LDC-ebis mTavrobebisaTvis sesxebis micemis survili, romlebic kapitalis Zlier naklebobas ganicdidnen. Sedegad valis dafarvisTvis saWiro Tanxebis mozidva aRemateboda maT SesaZleblobebs. 43 1981 wlisTvis LDC-ebis vali Seadgenda 739 miliard aSS dolars. roca reiganomikis da monetarizmis pirobebSi saprocento ganakveTebi gaizarda, daiwyo savalo krizisi. 1982 wels meqsika daimuqra sakuTar valebze defoltis gamocxadebiT, amas ki SeiZleboda moyoloda jaWvuri reaqcia, rac safrTxes Seuqmnida saerTaSoriso finansur stabilurobas. ganviTarebuli qveynebis kreditorebma gaiazres, rom maT interesebSi Sedioda ara marto saerTaSoriso finansuri stabiluroba, aramed ganviTarebad qveynebSi jansaRi bazris arseboba da meqsikas valebis restruqturizaciis neba darTes. am movlenaTa suraTi SemdgomSic ramdenjerme ganmeorda. suraTi 2.14 valis problema: valis momsaxureba, saqonlisa momsaxurebis eqsportis Rirebulebis procentuli gamoxatulebiT da saerTaSoriso daxmarebis modeli valis sakiTxs logikurad mivyavarT daxmarebis TemasTan. farTo masStabebiT daxmarebis moZraoba daiwyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg marSalis gegmiT, romelsac afinansebda aSS, omisgan gaCanagebuli Tavisi evropeli mokavSireebis dasaxmareblad, romelTa ekonomikuri sisuste komunizmis gavrcelebis saSiSroebas amZafrebda. 1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebSi, rodesac sul ufro meti LDC iZenda damoukideblobas, daxmareba gaxda sasareblo iaraRi dasavleTsa da sabWoTa bloks Soris civi omis periodSi msoflios masStabiT gavlenis mosapoveblad. 1960-iani wlebis bolodan donorebis siaSi Sevidnen ufro patara qveynebi (magaliTad: avstria, dania da SvedeTi), romelTaTvis daxmarebis gacemis motivacia ufro filantropiulia, vidre politikuri. daxmarebis geografiuli 44 masStabebi farTo iyo iseTi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis moRvaweobis Sedegad, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki. daxmarebis geografias jerac Zlieri politikuri elferi aqvs. zogierTi qveynis mier gacemuli daxmareba gamoxatavs mis lokalur politikur miswrafebebs da koloniur kavSirebs. daxmarebebi didi britaneTidan da safrangeTidan miemarTeba yofil afrikul koloniebSi, iaponiidan wamosuli daxmareba ZiriTadad aziis qveynebs xmardeba, xolo opekis qveynebi ZiriTadad exmarebian arabul qveynebs. civi omis dasasrulma da zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi sagadamxdelo balansis (balance of payments) sirTuleebma gamoiwvia daxmarebis Semcireba LDC-ebisTvis. amitom ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (eTgo) wevri qveynebis mier gaweuli oficialuri daxmareba ganviTarebis mizniT, 1965 wels Seadgenda maTi mep-is 0,5%-s, xolo 2006 wels daeca 0,3% mde. yvelaze ufro mkveTrad ganviTarebis daxmarebebi Seamcira aSSm, mep-is wilis 0,58% dan 0,17%mde. iaponiis mier gaweuli daxmarebebis raodenoba arasdros aRemateboda mep-is 0,3%-s. zogierTma qveyanam, gansakuTrebiT daniam, SvedeTma, norvegiam da niderlandebma gazardes daxmarebebis raodenoba da gadaaciles gaeros mier dasaxuli mep-is 0,7%s. am masStabebiT gaweuli daxmareba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos ganviTarebis mastimulirebel da centrisa da periferiis uTanasworobis Semamcirebel Zalad. 2.4 saerTaSoriso uTanasworobis ganmarteba 1960-iani wlebidan aSkara gaxda, rom saerTaSoriso socioekonomikuri uTanasworoba TandaTan ufro mkveTrad gamoxatuli xdeboda. gaCnda mravali kritikuli naSromi, romlebSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis (aSS, evropa, iaponia) warmatebuloba efuZneboda LDC-ebis siRatakes. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT evropis da CrdiloeT amerikis ganviTareba damokidebuli iyo LDC-ebis permanentul ganuviTareblobaze. araTanabari vaWrobis, samuSao Zalis eqspluataciis da mogebis amoRebis saSualebiT ganuviTarebeli qveynebi sul ufro metad Raribdebodnen. andre gunder franki Tavis naSromebSi uaryofs azrs, rom CamorCeniloba warmoadgens Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas, es mdgomareoba Seqmnilia vaWrobis msoflio sistemaSi integraciis Sedegad, romelic me-16 saukuneSi aRmocenda msoflio kapitalisturi sistemis saxiT. siRaribe ar aris geografiuli izolaciis an dasavluri teqnologiebis, kapitalisa da Rirebulebebis SezRuduli gavrcelebis mizezi. siRaribe gamomdinareobs msoflio kapitalisturi sistemis SigniT sivrciTi urTierTobebis bunebidan. frenkma (1967: 146-7) daaxasiaTa msoflio metropolisi (aSS) da misi erovnuli (aSS-s samxreTi Statebi) da ucxouri (mag.: san paulu) satelitebi da maTi liderebi. radgan san paulu Tavis mxriv warmoadgens erovnul metropoliss, frenkma am sistemaSi Seiyvana san paulus 45 satelitebi, provinciuli metropolisebi: resife da belu-orizonti da aseve maTi regionuli da adgilobrivi satelitebi. saerTo jamSi frenkma Seadgina metropoliebisa da satelitebis mTeli jaWvi msoflio metropoliidan soflamde. msoflio ekonomikis araTanabari struqtura saTaves iRebs me-16 saukunidan, rodesac evropelebma pirvelad daiwyes msoflios resursebis aTviseba didi masStabebiT. Tumca metropoliis sakuTar satelitze monopoliuri Zalauflebis forma Seicvala (me-19 saukuneSi industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebasTan da yofili koloniebis mier politikuri damoukideblobis mopovebasTan erTad), es sistema (simdidris gadanacvleba satelitebidan metropoliisken) ganagrZobs zrdis stimulirebas erTgan, sxvaTa xarjze. frenkis midgomas SeiZleba vuwodoT “damokidebulebis Teoria”, romelic warmoadgens sakmaod gavlenian midgomas ganviTarebisa da ganuviTareblobis msoflio modelis asaxsnelad. mis Tanaxmad ganviTareba da ganuviTarebloba erTi da imave procesis sapirispiro mxareebs warmoadgenen. ganviTareba erT adgilas moiTxovs ganuviTareblobas sxvagan. damoukidebeli ganviTareba SeuZlebelia. bolo kvlevebma ufro meti aqcenti gaakeTes sagareo damokidebulebis mier Seqmnili politikuri da socialuri struqturis bunebaze da imaze, Tu sagareo damokidebulebis pirdapir gavlenasTan urTierTmimarTebiT rogor axdenen isini realuri ganviTarebis SezRudvas (sleiteri, 1992). aSkaraa, rom ganviTarebisa da ganuviTareblobis koncefcia efuZneba metropoliasa da satelitebs Soris mudmivi sivrcobrivi uTanasworobis ideas. Tumca msoflio ekonomikis logika da moTxovnebi rekonstruqciis mudmiv stadiaSia. aSS-is aRzeveba satelitidan metropoliamde, sabWoTa kavSiris gaZliereba da dangreva, axali industriuli qveynebis gamoCena da transnacionaluri korporaciebis mniSvnelobis zrda, yvelaferi es ewinaaRmdegeba mudmivi sivrcobrivi uTanasworobis azrs. daskvna saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri diferenciaciis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis mokle mimoxilvam warmoaCina centris da periferiis modelis dominireba. agreTve aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: naxevrad periferiuli qveynebis arseboba, saSualo cxovrebis doniT. am jgufSi Sedian sxvadasxva tipis saxelmwifoebi: resursis eqsportiorebi, axali industriuli qveynebi, aseve CineTi, indoeTi, evropis SedarebiT Raribi saxelmwifoebi, rogorebic arian saberZneTi da portugalia, aRmosavleT evropis yofili socialisturi qveynebi da ruseTi. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modelebis cvlilebebis siCqare da intensivoba, dakavSirebuli transnacionaluri korporaciebis gavlenis Sedegad ekonomikis globalizacias. periferiuli qveynebis damokidebulebis xarisxi, ganpirobebuli uTanasworobiT resursebSi, savaWro urTierTobebSi, finansuri 46 resursebisadmi kontrolSi xelmisawvdomobaSi da ekonomikuri saqmianobis Tavi 3. msoflio ekonomikis geografiuli dinamika erTi TvalsazrisiT 1960-iani wlebidan saTaves iRebs axali, ufro urTierTdamokidebuli msoflio ekonomika. kerZod, dasavleT evropisa da aSS-is bevrma firmam daiwyo sakuTari saqmianobebis reorganizeba da mogebis gazrda zogi saqmianobis qvekontraqtirebiT da sawarmoo mowyobilobebis internacionalizaciiT. magram meore TvalsazrisiT, ukve arsebobda msoflio ekonomika, romelSic mimdinareobda globalizaciis procesebi. me-16 saukunidan dawyebuli, me-19 da me-20 saukuneebSi yvelaze didi eqspansiiT da intensifikaciiT, msoflio ekonomika aRmocenda ufro lokalizebuli ekonomikuri sistemebidan. radgan igi sul ufro integrirebuli xdeba, moicavs sul ufro farTo geografiul sivrcesa da ekonomikur saqmianobebs (resursebis mopoveba, kapitalis investireba, nawarmiT vaWroba, momsaxurebebi da a.S.), man ganicada gadanacvlebebi operaciebis meTodebSi da msoflios sxvadasxva regionis mniSvnelobaSi (suraTi 3.1). farTo istoriuli konteqstis TvalsazrisiT, 1960-iani wlebis bolos momxdari cvlilebebi warmoadgenen am evoluciuri procesebis manifestacias. am Tavis mizania a) Tanamedrove ekonomikis istoriuli ganviTarebis aRwera; b) makroekonomikuri qmedebebisa da saxelmwifo regulirebis geografiuli efeqtebis aRniSvna g) msoflio ekonomikis mimdinare geografiuli reorganizaciis ZiriTadi mizezebisa da Sedegebis identificireba. Cveni mizania ekonomikuri landSaftis struqturis, aseve msoflio ekonomikuri geografiis tendenciebis istoriuli konteqstis monaxazis gakeTeba da ekonomikuri geografiis mniSvnelovani Teoriuli mimarTulebis: geopolitikuri ekonomikis (saxelmwifoebis gavlena msoflio ekonomikis funqcionirebasa da ekonomikuri saqmianobis geografiaze) mimoxilva. suraTi 3.1 simdidris ganawileba msoflio ekonomikaSi 47 3.1 msoflio ekonomikis istoria gamovyofT msoflio ekonomikis eqvsi ZiriTad maxasiaTebels: 1. erTiani msoflio bazari Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomika warmoadgens erTian msoflio bazars. am bazris SigniT mwarmoeblebi cdiloben gayidon TavianTi nawarmi maqsimalurad misaReb fasebSi. produqtis fasi ar aris fiqsirebuli, igi aris mwarmoebelTa Soris bazris wilisTvis konkurenciis Sedegi. fasis damdgeni bazrebis Camoyalibebas mravali weli dasWirda da daiwyo me-18 saukunis bolodan, roca Sroma gaxda vaWrobis sagani (saxelfaso Sroma). swored drois am monakveTidan iwyeba mniSvnelovani xarisxobrivi cvlilebebi msoflio ekonomikis arsSi. evropulma industrializaciam Seqmna msoflio vaWrobis Zlieri intensifikacia da nedleulisa da warmoebuli saqonlis kompleqsuri bazrebi. evropis gareT investiciebi da vaWroba ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda evropis ganviTarebisaTvis 1700-iani wlebidan. 2. saxelmwifo sistema Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomika yovelTvis iyofoda saxelmwifoebs Soris. es dayofa izrdeboda Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikis geografiul eqspansiasTan erTad. qveynebs SeuZliaT daicvan da waaxalison adgilobrivi warmoeba tarifebis, savaWro kvotebisa (ucxouri saqonlis adgilobriv bazarze Setanis SezRudva) da safinanso stimulebis meSveobiT. amis Sedegia konkurentuli saxelmwifo sistema, sadac TiToeuli saxelmwifo cdilobs Tavisi ekonomika daicvas msoflio bazris uaryofiTi gavlenisagan da amavdroulad Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos igi. konkurentuli upiratesobis misaRebad yovelTvis ar aris aucilebeli proteqcionisturi zomebis gatareba, rogoricaa tarifis daweseba 48 konkurent produqtze. mravali istoriuli magaliTi amtkicebs saxelmwifos an sxva instituciebis saSuamavlo rolis mniSvnelobas, magaliTad: aSS-is ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stimulireba me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi arxis mSeneblobiT; iaponiis mier 1945 wlidan mrewvelobis mravali dargobrivi bazris wrafi dapyroba; taivanis warmatebuli Sesvla globalur mikroeleqtronul industriaSi 1980-ian wlebSi. zog SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad safrangeTSi, kavSiri saxelmwifo politikasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris iyo gansakuTrebiT mWidro. saxelmwifo investiciebi gansakuTrebiT socialur infrastruqturaSi, rogoricaa gzebi, rkinigza, skolebi, samkurnalo dawesebulebebi, iyo winapiroba yvelaze warmatebuli cdebisa msoflio bazarze safrangeTis araxelsayreli poziciebis gasaumjobeseblad. erovnuli resursebis mobilizeba xSirad sabazro Zalebis Tavisufali TamaSidan ki ar warmoiqmneba, aramed mTavrobebis mier micemuli mimarTulebebidan da stimulebidan. 3. sami geografiuli safexuri Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi Camoyalibda sam safexuriani geografia (sur. 2.1). adreuli msoflio ekonomika Sedgeboda evropisagan da espaneTisa da portugaliis mier kontrolirebad samxreT da centraluri amerikisgan. dedamiwis danarCeni nawili msoflio ekonomikis gareT iyo moqceuli. mogvianebiT msoflios danarCeni nawilic inkorporirebul iqna vaWrobis, kolonizaciisa da imperializmis meSveobiT. amgvarad, msoflio ekonomika daiyo centrad (Tavdapirvelad dasavleT evropa, romelsac mogvianebiT aSS da iaponia daemata) da periferiad. centri didwilad akontrolebs msoflio ekonomikas da xasiaTdeba mowinave teqnologiebiT, diversificirebuli warmoebiT da maRali saSualo SemosavlebiT. periferias axasiaTebs damokidebulebis maRali xarisxi, primitiuli teqnologiebi, naklebad diversificirebuli warmoeba da SedarebiT dabali saSualo Semosavlebi. araTanabari ganviTareba globaluri masStabiT ar aris axali fenomeni da arc msoflio ekonomikis subproduqti, is aris msoflio ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli. miuxedavad gafarToebisa da msoflios sul ufro didi nawilis inkorporirebisa, msoflio ekonomika ucvleli ar iyo. xdeboda gadaadgilebebi centrsa da periferias Soris. amis dasturia aSS-isa da iaponiis aRmasvla da espaneTisa da portugaliis dacema. mesame geografiuli safexuri, naxevrad-periferia moicavs procesebs, romlebic mimdinareobs msoflios garkveul nawilebSi, raTa SesaZlebeli gaxdes gadasvla periferiidan centrSi da piriqiT. es aris zona sadac centrisa da periferiis Sereuli procesebi mimdinareobs. 4. droebiTi modelebi da hegemonia 49 Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikas axasiaTebs zrdisa da stagnaciis cikluri modelebi. saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT sargeblis miReba an zaralis naxva ciklurobis efeqtebisgan, maTi warmoebis efeqtianobis, komerciuli upiratesobis, metoqeTa konkurentunarianobis SezRudvis da krizisebze reagirebis qmediTi saSualebebis xarisxis Sesabamisad. britaneTi dominirebda msoflio ekonomikaSi kondratievis ori ciklis ganmavlobaSi formaluri da araformaluri imperialisturi (imperiis mSenebloba da imperiis farglebs gareT farTomasStabiani investiciebis ganxorcieleba) strategiis meSveobiT. aSS dominirebda Semdegi ori ciklis ganmavlobaSi, rigi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri organizaciebis dasponsorebiT (rogoricaa saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (IMF), msoflio banki, generaluri SeTanxmeba tarifebsa da vaWrobaze (GATT,) da misi memkvidre msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO), saerTaSoriso da regionuli usafrTxoebis organizaciebi: gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia (gaero, UN) da Crdilo atlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (NATO) meore msoflio omis Semdeg msoflioSi kapitalizmis gavrcelebis xelSewyobis mizniT. termini hegemonia, xSirad gamoiyeneba britaneTisa da aSS-is dominirebis dasaxasiaTeblad. es aris rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi koncefcia magram ganmartebis umetesobisTvis misaReb kriteriums warmoadgens, is rom mowinave saxelmwifos ara mxolod uZlieresi samxedro Zalebi unda gaaCndes, aramed sakmarisi ekonomikuri da kulturuli Zalaufleba imisaTvis, rom daamyaros sasurveli saerTaSoriso qcevis normebi. amerikulma hegemoniam ara mxolod Secvala hegemoniuri Zalauflebis ganmarteba, aramed moaxdina axali institutebisa da praqtikebis, danergva. maTSi Sedian: masobrivi warmoeba/moxmareba (fordizmi), SezRuduli saxelmwifo keTildReobis politika, warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia dafuZnebuli sust masobriv politikur partiebze da saxelmwifos ekonomikur politikaze, romelic mimarTulia kerZo ekonomikuri saqmianobis stimulirebisken. CanarTi: talRovani ekonomikuri rxevebi (fluctuation) da sivrcobrivi cvlileba kapitalistur warmoebaSi SeiniSneboda ramdenime saxis sxvadasxva amplitudis cikluri rxeva, romlebmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdines ekonomikur geografiaze. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ori maTgani – kondratievis cikli da kuznecis/kuznecovis cikli. cikluri moZraobebis seriebi fasebis cvlilebis saerTo doneSi, cnobilia rogorc kondratievis cikli, rusi ekonomistis mixedviT, romelmac pirvelad aRmoaCina igi. fasebis da warmoebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT cnobilia, rom me-18 saukunis bolodan msoflio ekonomikam gaiara kondratievis oTxi (A) zrdisa da (B) stagnaciis cikli, Cven amJamad mexuTeSi vimyofebiT. TiToeul maTgans axasiaTebda fasis zrdis progresuli aCqareba 20 wlis manZilze, swraf inflaciur spiralTan erTad. pikis Semdeg xdeboda fasebis kolafsi, romelic aRwevda fskers 50 ciklis dasawyisidan 50-55 wlis Semdeg (suraTi 1.2). aRniSnuli oTxi cikli warmodgenilia miaxloebiT ricxvebSi: I I (A) zrda 1780-1815 (B) stagnacia 1815-1848 II 1848-1873 (A) zrda (B) stagnacia 1873-1895 III (A) zrda 1895-1918 (B) stagnacia 1918-1940 IV (A) zrda 1941-1973 (B) stagnacia 1973-1992 V (A) zrda 1992kondratievis ciklebis garda arseboben sxvadasxva biznesis ciklebi. isini gamoxataven kapitalisturi bazris fundamentur dinamikas, sadac eqspansias/aRmavlobas (warmoebisa da miwodebis gazrda momxmareblis gazrdili moTxovnebis sapasuxod) aucileblad moyveba gadaWarbebuli warmoeba (rodesac zedmetad optimisti mwarmoeblebi da mimwodeblebi gadaWarbebulad afaseben mowodebis zrdis dones) da Semdeg kolafsi (Warbi warmoeba iwvevs fasebi dacemas, aqtivebis Rirebulebis Semcirebas, pesimizms da investiciebis Semcirebas). am ciklTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania kuznecis cikli, romelic warmoadgens ekonomikuri zrdis tempebSi regularuli cvlilebebis cikls. igi fasdeba iseTi kriteriumiT rogoricaa mep erT sul mosaxleze. rogorc mocemulia 1.2 suraTze, eqspansiis 11-15 wlian fazas moyveba imave xangrZlivobis kolafsis faza, isini qmnian msgavs eqspansia/recesiis biznesis ciklebs, romlebic iwveven seriozul sazogadoebriv debatebs. isini zemoqmedeben ekonomikuri ganviTarebis bevr aspeqtze, maT Soris investiciebis moculobaze satransporto infrastruqturaSi, qalaqis mSeneblobaSi da migraciaSi. instituciuri TvalsazrisiT kapitalizmis organizaciuli evoluciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi urTierTdamokidebulebaSi arian talRovan ciklebTan. konkurentul kapitalizms gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava me-18 saukunis bolos da me-19 saukuneSi. mcire industriulma firmebma, romlebic konkurentul erovnul bazrebze saqmianobdnen, xolo sagareo vaWroba saxelmwifos mkacr kontrols eqvemdebareboda, Caanacvla savaWro kapitalizmi (merchant capitalism). organizebuli kapitalizmi ganviTarda Semdgom or ciklSi. am periodSi firmebis saSualo zoma mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, axali firmebis saqmianobam globaluri masStabebi SeiZina, amasTanave maT SeinarCunes Zlieri regionuli baza mSobliur qveynebSi. Semcirebuli mogeba Zlieri stimuli gaxda globaluri operaciebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT SromiTi bazris zemoqmedebisgan Tavisufali sawarmoebis daarsebisa da garemosdacviTi regulaciebis gamkacrebisTvis aSS-sa da evropis zogierT qveyanaSi. 1970iani wlebidan ganviTarda dezorganizebuli kapitalizmi, rodesac erovnuli bazrebi naklebad regulirdeba adgilobrivi firmebis mier da erovnuli ekonomikis saxelmwifo kontroli naklebia. sawarmoTa saSualo zoma Semcirda, warmoeba globalurad gavrcelda da momsaxurebis industria ufro swrafad gaizarda vidre warmoebis. 51 5. inkorporacia, subordinacia da winaaRmdegoba safrTxe msoflio ekonomikis koncefciaze fokusirebisa mdgomareobs imaSi, rom lokaluri istoriebi dakargaven TavianT unikalurobasa da specifiurobas. rogorc wesi msoflios mosaxleoba ewinaaRmdegeba msoflio ekonomikaSi inkorporirebas, an adaptirebas axdens masTan, nacvlad mTlianad damorCilebisa. msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi gansxvavebulad reagireben msoflio ekonomikis eqspansiaze. holma (Holl, 1986) Seadgina msoflio ekonomikis gavlenis tipologia. inkorporaciis modelebidan igi gamoarCevs msoflio ekonomikis gareT mdebare sust poluss (gare sivrce) da damokidebuli periferiebis Zlier poluss. SuaSi mdebareobs sivrce sadac aris susti kontaqti (contact periferies) da gardamavali kategoria – marginaluri periferiebi (cxrili 3.1). procesebi, romlebic ganapirobeben qveynebis gadasvlas gare sivrcidan damokidebul periferiebSi aseve mocemulia am cxrilSi. bazris artikulacia (market articulation) exeba kapitalisa da produqciis nakadebis moZraobis xasiaTs mzardi msoflio ekonomikidan im regionebisken, romelTa aTvisebac mimdinareobs. kontinuumis sust polusze arian msoflio ekonomikasTan sustad dakavSirebuli teritoriebi, xolo gavlenis ZiriTadi nakadebi vrceldeba centridan periferiebisken. kontinuumis Zlier polusze gacvla mniSvnelovania centris ganviTarebisTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom gavlena orive mimarTulebiT vrceldeba, sufTa kapitalisa da produqciis nakadi ZiriTadad centrisken iyris Tavs. cxrili 3.1 msoflio ekonomikis geografiuli inkorporaciis kontinuumi kontinuumSi moZraoba ufro SemTxveviTia vidre gardauvali, tempisa da saboloo damokidebulebis donis TvalsazrisiT. Zlier inkorporaciul damokidebulebaze gadasvlis tempebi damokidebulia im saxelmwifos siZliereze, romelic CarTulia eqspansiaSi da msoflio ekonomikis 52 xasiaTze mocemul droSi. magaliTad me-16 saukuneSi espaneTis eqspansiis dros inkorporaciis done naklebi iyo vidre me-19 saukuneSi britaneTis eqspansiis SemTxvevaSi. Zarcva da religiuri fanatizmi ufro mniSvnelovani iyo espaneTisTvis vidre bazris ganviTareba. me-19 saukuneSi moxda bazris internacionalizacia britaneTis hegemoniis qveS, roca bazrisTvis warmoebam Caanacvla saqonlis ubralo gacvla (cxrili 3.2). britaneTis ekonomika gaxda msoflio ekonomikis lokomotivi. rac ufro konkurentuli xdeboda evropis bazari, qveynebi sul ufro metad eswrafvodnen bazris gafarToebas msoflios sxva kuTxeebSi. britaneTis imperia am eqspansiis mniSvnelovani nawili iyo. me-19 saukuneSi britaneTis ekonomikis internacionalizaciam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa msoflios inkorporaciis tempebis zrdaSi. 6. alternatiuli adaptaciebi saboloo jamSi, msoflios TiToeul nawils aqvs gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba msoflio ekonomikis evoluciis mimarT. magaliTad aSSSi didi xnis manZilze arsebobda socioekonomikuri organizaciis ori gansxvavebuli da SeuTavsebeli modeli – plantaciuri soflis meurneoba dafuZnebuli monur Sromaze samxreTSi da klasikuri kapitalisturi ekonomika CrdiloeTSi – rac mxolod am qveynisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. am sistemis memkvidreobas warmoadgens samxreTis SedarebiTi ekonomikuri CamorCeniloba da rasobrivi polarizacia. aseve aparteiduli sistema da rasobrivi diskriminacia samxreT afrikaSi warmoadgenda am qveynis Taviseburebas da iyo Sedegi evropelTa dasaxlebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ekonomikuri eqspluataciisa. saxelmwifosa da ekonomikis damokidebulebis xasiaTi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba iseT kapitalistur qveynebs Sorisac, rogorebic arian britaneTi, italia, safrangeTi da germania. es aris msoflio ekonomikasTan kavSirebis istoriuli ganviTarebisa da saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis SenarCunebisadmi gansxvavebuli midgomebis Sedegi. ganviTarebis procesi mudmivad kontroldeba saxelmwifo regulaciebis meSveobiT. amis saukeTeso magaliTia iaponia da CineTi. msoflio ekonomikis fundamenturi principebidan gadaxvevis yvelaze mniSvnelovani eqsperimenti iyo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modeli, romelic Seiqmna sabWoTa kavSirSi 1917 wlis ruseTis revoluciis Semdeg. cxrili 3.2 msoflio ekonomikis geografiuli ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi 53 3.2 saxelmwifoebi da msoflio ekonomika msoflio ekonomikis ganviTareba evropaSi daemTxva am regionis saxelmwifoTa teritoriul konsolidacias da vestfaliuri sistemis warmoqmnas. vestfaliis zaviT (1648) dasrulda ocdaaTwliani omi evropaSi da Camoyalibda ramdenime ZiriTadi principi, romlebic dResac didwilad gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistemis funqcionirebas: 1) saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis principi da politikuri TviTgamorkvevis fundamenturi ufleba. 2) saxelmwifoTa Tanaswrobis principi. 3) sxva saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis principi. 500 politikuri erTeuli iyo evropaSi 1500 wels, xolo 1900 wels sul 25 saxelmwifo. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi Seadgenen Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikis politikur struqturas. amitom msoflio ekonomikis eqspansiis paralelurad xdeboda saxelmwifoTaSoriso (interstate) sistemis, rogorc politikuri, samxedro da administraciuli organizaciis eqspansia. rodesac koloniebma miaRwies damoukidebloba evropuli saxelmwifoebisgan, maT gaafarToves saxelmwifoebis sia msoflioSi. magram saxelmwifo ar aris standartizebuli erToba yvela qveynisaTvis. masSi Sedis sakmaod gansxvavebuli institutebi (warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi, biurokratia, policia, armia da a.S.), TiToeuli maTgani aris qveynis istoriuli ganviTarebis produqti. saxelmwifoTa SedarebiTi Zliereba SeiZleba ganisazRvros sam ganzomilebaSi: 1) erTmaneTTan SedarebiT (saxelmwifoTa ierarqia), 2) sakuTar mosaxleobasTan 54 mimarTebaSi da 3) globalur msoflio ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi. (Harris, 1986:145-69). pirvelma - saxelmwifoTa ierarqiam droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada, magaliTad: britaneTis aRzeveba da Semdgomi dasusteba, aseve aSS-is, iaponiisa da axali industriuli qveynebis aRmavloba. meore – saxelmwifoTa Zalaufleba sakuTar mosaxleobasTan mimarTebaSi – uwyvetad izrdeba gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebul qveynebSi regulaciebis, gadasaxadebisa da zedamxedvelobis kuTxiT. mesame - saxelmwifoTa Zalaufleba msoflio ekonomikis sxva aqtorebTan mimarTebaSi – mcirdeba, rac ufro viTardeba qveyana ekonomikurad. Cven jer mesame ganzomilebas ganvixilavT. saxelmwifoebi da msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia msoflio ekonomikis evoluciis bolo fazaSi, romelsac ewoda „globalizebuli kapitalizmi“, erovnuli ekonomikebi naklebad warmoadgenen msoflio ekonomikis mTavar `samSeneblo blokebs~. moxda transnacionaluri elementebis aRmavloba globaluri bazris zrdis saxiT. es bazari maragdeba firmebis mier, romelTa saqmianoba naklebadaa damokidebuli erovnul sazRvrebze. warmoebaSi am globalurma cvlilebam gamoiwvia pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mniSvnelovani zrda da udides firmebs Soris vaWrobis, rogorc msoflio vaWrobis yvelaze swrafad mzardi komponentis ganviTareba. magaliTad, aSS-is importis 30-40% Sedgeba amerikuli firmebis ucxouri Svilobili kompaniebis mier warmoebuli saqonlisgan. amrigad, transnacionaluri korporaciebi arian msoflio vaWrobis zrdis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalebi. miuxedavad saxelmwifo sazRvrebis mniSvnelobis Semcirebisa msoflio ekonomikaSi, warmoebis globalizacia moxda didwilad am sazRvrebis gamo. transnacionaluri korporaciebiis sivrcobrivi strategia mdgomareobs im gansxvavebebis eqspluatirebaSi, romlebic arseboben qveynebs Soris samuSao Zalis, sabazro pirobebis, regulaciuri garemos da makroekonomikuri (fiskaluri da monetaruli) pirobebis mxriv. am gansxvavebebis gareSe firmebis survili sagareo investiciebis ganxorcielebisa mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeboda. Tumca, globaluri kompaniebis umetesoba mainc Zlieradaa mijaWvuli mSobliur saxelmwifoebze. magaliTad, transnacionaluri korporaciebis mmarTvelobaSi ucxoelTa raodenoba dabali rCeba. evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis kompaniebi globaluri mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiT midian. iaponur kompaniebSi ki, `ucxoeli direqtorebi iseTive iSviaTobaa, rogorc britaneli sumoistebi~ (Economist, 1993a: 69). rodesac saerTo gayidvebis raodenoba mcirdeba, xdeba qveynebis bazrebi dacva ucxour bazarTa xarjze. rodesac firma farTovdeba ucxoeTSi, igi Zlierad damokidebuli rCeba mSobliuri qveynidan momaragebaze. antitrastuli kanonebi da nacionalizmi jerac rTuls xdis ucxouri kompaniebis gafarToebas „StanTqmis“ (takeover) meSveobiT. sirTuleebi, romlebsac waawydnen „British Airways“ da sxva evropuli aviakompaniebi aSS- 55 is sxvadasxva aviakompaniebTan SeerTebis mcdelobisas, warmoadgens amis TvalnaTel magaliTs. warmoebis globalizacia aseve asocirebulia mravali saxelmwifosa da savaWro blokebis (magaliTad evrokavSiri) mier iseTi industriuli da savaWro politikis SemuSavebasTan, romlebic icaven erovnul ekonomikebs Sida investiciebis waxalisebis da ucxouri investiciebis SezRudvis gziT. amis magaliTia „Airbus industrie“, romelic warmoadgens evropis sxvadasxva qveynis saaviacio kompaniebis konsorciums da miznad isaxavs konkurencia gauwios did amerikul kompaniebs, rogoricaa „boingi“. aSS da britaneTi ekonomikuri eqspansiis unikalur magaliTs warmoadgenen. orive qveyana atarebda proteqcionistur politikas sakuTari ekonomikis dasacavad, axorcielebda saxelmwifo investiciebs infrastruqturaSi (gzebi, rkinigza, skolebi, saavadmyofoebi da a.S.) da kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi (saxelmwifos mier universitetebis finansuri mxardaWera). orive maTgani dgas deindustrializaciis safrTxis winaSe, romelic ufro seriozulia vidre bevr sxva qveyanaSi. nawilobriv amis mizezia saxelmwifos moqmedebebsa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris kavSiris ugulebelyofa. saerTaSoriso safinanso sistema ufro didi mniSvneloba msoflio ekonomikaSi saxelmwifoTa gavlenis SemcirebaSi eniWeba saerTaSoriso safinanso sistemas, romelic gansazRvravs vaWrobis struqturas da sainvesticio gadawyvetilebebs, es sistema 21-e saukuneSi gacilebiT ufro integrirebulia, vidre ramdenime aTwleulis win. kapitalis yvela forma ufro mobiluri gaxda drosa da sivrceSi. korporatiuli da safinanso bazris gadawyvetilebebi miiReba gacilebiT nakleb droSi vidre es cota xnis win iyo. savaluto kursi axla SeiZleba dReSi ramdenjerme Seicvalos, gansxvavebiT 1970-ian wlebamde periodisgan, rodesac es saSualod weliwadSi erTxel xdeboda. dasaqmebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebi miiReba yovelkvireulad, an yovelTviurad, xolo 1970 wlamde miiReboda yovelkvartlurad (cxrili 3.2). sabanko saqme gaxda globaluri industria operaciebze da kapitalis moZraobaze lokaluri barierebis Semcirebis gamo. msoflio ekonomikis mamoZravebeli Zala amJamad aris kapitalis nakadebi da ara vaWroba. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis umTavresi mimRebni arian ganviTarebadi qveynebi, romlebic iRebden am investiciaTa saerTo raodenobis 70% (2005 weli). pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisTvis umTavresi seqtori aris momsaxureba – 60%, aTeuli wlis win es maCvenebeli 50%-s Seadgenda. warmoebis wili pirdapir ucxour investiciebSi daeca 40%-dan 1990 wels – 35%-mde dRes, pirveladi saqonlis wili Semcirda 10%-dan 6%-mde (UNCDAT, 2004). saxelmwifoTa politika pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mimarT ufro liberaluri gaxda saxelmwifo sawarmoTa privatizebis gamo, aseve iseTi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis zewolis gamo, rogorebic arian 56 saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki, romlebic moiTxoven pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mimarT gaxsnilobas, xelsayreli sasesxo pirobebis sanacvlod. zogierTi yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynisTvis saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma SeimuSaves „struqturuli gardaqmnis“ (structural adjustment) programebi. termini „structural adjustment“ gamoiyeneba politikis im cvlilebebis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebsac axorcielebs saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki ganviTarebad qveynebSi. politikis aRniSnuli cvlilebebi warmoadgenen pirobas am saerTaSoriso organizaciebisgan axali sesxebis miRebisa da mimdinare sesxebze saprocento ganakveTis Semcirebisa. es pirobebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom sesxi daixarjos miznobrivad. „structural adjustment“ programebi umTavresad SemuSavebul iqna sesxis amRebi qveynebis makroekonomikuri disbalansis Sesamcireblad. zogadad, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da msoflio bankis sesxebi gankuTvnilia ekonomikuri zrdis wasaxaliseblad da msesxebeli qeynebis mier dagrovebuli valebis gasastumreblad. „structural adjustment“ programebi efuZneba fiskalur da monetarul SezRudvebs, erovnuli bazrebis deregulaciasTan da liberalizaciasTan erTad. ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri qveynebic ki naklebad daculebi arian ekonomikuri aqtivebis ucxoelTa xelSi Cagdebisagan da msoflio safinanso bazris aramdgradobisgan. erTma mkvlevarma Tavisi wignis qvesaTaurSi isic ki aRniSna, rom globaluri finansuri integracia moaswavebs geografiis dasasruls (obraeni, 1992). igi gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifoTa unari moaxdinin sakuTari qveynis finansuri seqtoris regulireba TandaTanobiT Semcirda. Tumca, jerac arsebobs mniSvnelovani instituciuri da kulturuli barierebi kapitalis Tavisufali moZraobisTvis. aSkaraa, rom safinanso bazrebi ufro gaxsnilia vidre 30 wlis win. es procesi daiwyo „breton-vudsis“ sistemis (fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursebi, romlebic 1945-1971 wlebSi funqcionirebda) rRvevis Sedegad. am sistemaSi Tavisufali vaWroba SeuTavsebeli iyo regulirebad finansebTan. rodesac gaizarda Tavisufali bazris mniSvneloba, aRniSnuli sistemis arseboba aRar iyo mizanSewonili. rwmena saxelmwifos unarSi fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursis SenarCunebisa (mag.: 1967 wels britaneTSi) TandaTanobiT klebulobda, radgan kapitalis kontrols ar SeeZlo saerTaSoriso kapitalis moZraobis neitralizeba. axali, moqnili gacvliTi kursebi ufro xelsayreli iyo didi, SedarebiT Caketili ekonomikebisTvis, magaliTad, aSS-isa da iaponiisTvis. zogierTi ekonomistis azriT, meryevi valutis Rirebuleba gaizarda patara, Ria ekonomikebisTvis. am mosazrebis mixedviT Zlier cvalebadi gacvliTi kursebi xels uSlian adgilobrivi politikis dagegmvas da amcireben firmebis SesaZleblobebs gamoiangariSon grZelvadiani sainvesticio mogeba. perspeqtivaSi aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios monetaruli blokebis ganviTareba msoflios sami ZiriTadi valutis irgvliv: aSS dolari, evro da iaponuri ieni. 57 suraTi 3.2 msoflio ekonomikis tempis zrda TanamSromloba da damoukidebloba gazrdili safinanso integraciis miuxedavad, calkeuli saxelmwifoebi, an maTi dawesebulebebi (magaliTad, erovnuli banki) jerac gavlenas axdenen saerTaSoriso safinanso bazrebze TavianTi industriuli politikiT, sabiujeto deficitebiT da saprocento ganakveTebTan dakavSirebuli manipulaciebiT. magram erT calkeul saxelmwifos aRar SeuZlia srulad akontrolos mTeli sistema, an Tundac sakuTari ekonomika. samTavrobaTaSoriso TanamSromlobasac, rogoricaa „G-8“, anu umTavresi industriuli qveynebis (kanada, safrangeTi, germania, italia, iaponia, ruseTi, didi britaneTi da aSS) liderebis Sexvedrebs, yovelTvis ar SeuZlia sasurveli gavlenis moxdena valutebze, investiciebsa da vaWrobaze. miuxedavad amisa, formaluri da araformaluri TanamSromloba, ZiriTadad aSS-is dafinansebiT msoflio ekonomikis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa. Zlieri ekonomikis mqone qveynebi (iaponia da germania) Tanaxmani arian amerikis liderobaze, radgan saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri integracia xels uwyobs yvela qveynis stabilurobas. globalur ekonomikur sistemaSi saqmianoba biznesis keTebis mniSvnelovani nawilia. menejmenti da mediacia 58 Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi sirTules warmoadgens erovnuli da globaluri struqturebis Tanaarseboba da saxelmwifoTa mcdelobebi daZlion am struqturebs Soris daZabuloba. savaWro da satarifo politikas jerac didi mniSvneloba aqvs vaWrobisa da investiciebis regulirebaSi. magaliTad, “gat”-isa da msoflio savaWro organizaciis mier meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi gamarTuli molaparakebebis Sedegad industriul qveynebSi tarifis ganakveTebis TandaTanobiT Semcirebis miuxedavad, arasatarifo barierebi (qvotebi, nebayoflobiTi savaWro SezRudvebi da a.S.) xSirad izrdeboda, rogorc wesi adgilobrivi politikuri koaliciebis sakuTar mTavrobaze zewolis gamo. zogierT qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si xSiri davaa gaxsnili da SedarebiT ufro regulirebadi savaWro sistemebis momxre ekonomistebsa da politikosebs Soris. CineTi da iaponia ar vaWroben samarTlianad, isini bevr SezRudvebs aweseben importze, maSin, roca sargebloben sxva qveynebis bazrebis gaxsnilobiT, maTi eqsportis mimarT. safinanso sistemebi mniSvnelovania msoflio ekonomikis geografiisTvis, radgan isini Suamavloben politikur sistemebsa da warmoebis globalur sistemebs Soris. erovnuli maregulirebeli politikis Sedegad, erovnuli safinanso sistemebi gansxvavdebian adgilobriv industriasTan maTi damokidebulebisa da ucxouri investiciebis mimarT gaxsnilobis mixedviT. magaliTad, germaniis da iaponiis safinanso sistemebi mWidrod dakavSirebulni arian mSobliur samrewvelo kompaniebTan, maSin roca aSS-isa da britaneTis sistemebi ara mxolod damoukidebelni arian, aramed winaaRmdegobaSic modian adgilobrivi samrewvelo industriis interesebTan. am gansxvavebebs mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyveba, gansakuTrebiT investiciebis geografiis kuTxiT. germaniasa da iaponiaSi finansebi da mrewveloba mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. britaneTSi mrewvelobis garda arsebobs sabanko investiciebis ganxorcielebis mravali sxva saSualeba, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareT. amavdroulad, britaneTis safinanso bazrebi ucxouri investiciebisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomia, ramac londoni aqcia globalur safinanso centrad. erovnuli safinanso sistemebi sami ganzomilebad iyofa (zismani, 1983: 69). pirveli aris procesi, sadac danazogebi gardaiqmneba (mag.: bankebis mier) investiciebad da mas ewodeba intermediacia; meore ganzomileba gulisxmobs safinanso bazrebze fasebis dadgenis xasisxs dominanti safinanso institutebisa da mTavrobebis mier da esaa marketizacia, anu fasebis kontroli; mesame warmoadgens saxelmwifos Carevis xarisxs safinanso sistemaSi, anu regulacia. am sami ganzomilebis kombinacia mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba qveynebs Soris. aSS-isa da britaneTis finansur sistemebSi finansuri institutebis intermediacia SedarebiT sustia da fasebi dgindeba bazris mier, xolo saxelmwifos Careva safinanso bazrebze SezRudulia. germania aris magaliTi safinanso institutebis gavlenis qveS myofi kreditze dafuZnebuli (credit based) 59 safinanso sistemis meore modelisa, sadac dominirebs sabanko intermediacia, fasebs gansazRvravs bazari, magram saxelmwifo da safinanso institutebi mWidro kavSirSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. didi bankebi arian adgilobrivi samrewvelo firmebis ZiriTadi kreditorebi da xSirad am firmebis mmarTvelobaSic monawileoben. da bolos, arsebobs saxelmwifo dominaciis qveS myofi “credit based” safinanso sistema, romlis magaliTia safrangeTi da iaponia. am SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos mWidro kavSiri mrewvelobasTan (nacionalizebuli mrewveloba safrangeTSi da kerZo mrewveloba iaponiaSi) mniSvnelovnad zRudavs bazrebisa da safinanso institutebis avtonomias. gansakuTrebiT iaponiaSi, safinanso sistema organizebulia ise, rom moaxdinos grZelvadiani orientacia samrewvelo ganviTarebisken. magaliTad, saxelmwifos mier marTuli iaponiis safosto danazogebis sistema axdens adgilobrivi danazogebis gadayvanas samrewvelo (industriul) investiciebSi komerciuli bankebis meSveobiT. politikur-instituciuri miznebisaTvis, erovnuli ekonomikebi ar SeiZleba Semoifarglon mxolod globaluri industriis funqcionirebisaTvis optimaluri pirobebis SeqmniT, radgan qveynebis sxelmwifo politika asaxavs tarifebTan da vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul konfliqtebs sxvadasxva jgufebs da regionul interesebs Soris, xolo erovnul ekonomikebs aqvT gansakuTrebuli roli safinanso sistemebis ganviTarebaSi, romlebic warmoadgenen adgilobrivi firmebis mier investirebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZvels (cxrili 3.3). amave dros, globaluri ekonomika mimarTulia kerZo biznesis wasaxaliseblad. amisaTvis, pirveli meqanizmia integrirebuli msoflio safinanso sistema, meore ki, `globaluri gadaadgileba (shift)~ warmoebaSi. zogierT yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebSi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri organizaciebi, rogorebicaa saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da msoflio banki gaxdnen imdenad gavlenianni sesxis gacemis pirobebis dadgenis gamo, rom isini gaxdnen am qveynebis de faqto mTavrobebi. afrikis bevr qveyanaSi `saxelmwifos internacionalizacia~ ise Sors wavida, rom zogi eqsperti maT kvazi-saxelmwifoebs uwodebs, radgan am qveynebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTari ekonomikis marTva Zlieri sagareo daxmarebebis gareSe da ver sTavazoben ekonomikur sargebels sakuTar mosaxleobas. ase rom, sakiTxavia aris, Tu ara saxelmwifo mniSvnelovani moTamaSe mzardi globalizaciis pirobebSi. cxrili 3.3 msoflios kapitalisturi sistemebis instituciuri da ideologiuri baza maxasiaTeblebi ZiriTadi principebi warmoebis amerikuli kapitalizmi iaponuri kapitalizmi evropuli socialuri bazari britanuli kapitalizmi kapitali Sroma partnioroba kapitali 60 dominanti faqtori sazogadoebrivi tradicia centralizacia dadgenili fasiT bazarze damokidebuleba miwodebasTan damokidebuleba saSualo maRali maRali dabali dabali maRali saSualo dabali saSualo saSualo maRali maRali Sori; fasze damokidebu li nawilobrivi; dacva maRali axlo; mtkice biurokratia; gegmiuri Sori; fasze damokidebul Zalian maRali maRali dabali maRali saSualo maRali anonimuri, daculi personaluri; erTguli neitraluri; marketized sabanko sistema mowinave; marketized regionuli; safondo birJa mniSvnelovan i maRali tradiciuli regulirebuli koncentrirebuli umniSvnelo biurokratiu li; erTguli tradiciuli regulirebul i regionuli umniSvnelo dabali saSualo maRali dabali maRali maRali dabali maRali dabali saSualo saSualo dapirispirebuli didi kooperatiuli mcire kooperatiul i saSualo dapirispirebuli didi maRali dabali saSualo saSualo saSualo seqtoruli maRali firmebis mixedviT dabali maRali mrewvelobebi s mixedviT maRali dabali profesiuli bazris wili; stabiluri samuSao adgilebi bazris wili; Sesruleba mogeba industriuli jgufebi privatizaciis masStabebi safinanso sistema bazris struqtura Semosavlebis done Sromis bazari samuSao adgilis garantia samuSao Zalis mobiluroba samuSao Zala/menejmenti xelfasis diferenciali samuSao Zalis denadoba kvalifikacia profkavSirebis struqtura siZliere firma ZiriTadi mizani dabali mogeba mowinave; marketized centralizebuli mniSvnelovani dabali 61 top menejeris roli socialuri xarjebi socialuri dacvis sistema ZiriTadi principi avtokratul i dabali konsensusi konsensusi dabali maRali liberaluri korporati-uli Sereuli universaluri transferebi saarsebo saSualebebis testireba/Semowm eba ganaTlebis safexurebi kerZo keTildReoba (private welfare) saxelmwifo politika saxelmwifos roli dabali saSualo korporatiuli; social demokratiul i maRali maRali saSualo dabali saSualo maRali saSualo saSualo maRali maRali saSualo dabali saSualo SezRuduli; dapirispirebuli Ria mcire eqstensiuri; kooperati-uli Zlieri naklebad Ria maRali naklebad Ria maRali Zlieri; dapirispirebuli Ria ar arsebobs dabali dabali maRali saSualo vaWrobis Riaoba industriuli politika saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi avtokratuli; ierarqia saSualo saSualo saxelmwifoebi da msoflio ekonomikis geografia saxelmwifoebis mniSvneloba msoflio ekonomikaSi gamoixateba ramdenime gziT: pirvelia - saxelmwifoTa maorganizabeli da mamobilizirebeli roli axal industriul qveynebSi; meore - uwyveti geopolitikuri metoqeoba ganviTarebul, industriul qveynebs Soris; mesame makroekonomikuri politika, romelsac warmarTaven mTavrobebi da centraluri bankebi, maTi ekonomikebis stabilizebisa da reorganizebisTvis; meoTxe - mTavrobebis mniSvneloba maT teritoriaze socialuri da politikuri wesrigis damyarebaSi da mexuTe - dabali rgolis teritoriuli erTeulebis mmarTvelobebis survili, rom ekonomikuri saqmianobebi maTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi SeinarCunon. 62 1. axali industriuli qveynebi SedarebiT did, axal industriul qveynebSi saxelmwifo mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ekonomikaSi. magaliTad, samxreT koreaSi mTavroba saxelmwifo danazogebs nacionalizebuli bankebis depozitebSi anTavsebda, riTac akontrolebda qveynis sainvesticio resursebis or mesameds misi yvelaze swrafi ekonomikuri zrdis periodSi, 1970-iani wlebis bolos. saxelmwifo aZlevda investiciebs sasurvel mimarTulebas diferencirebuli saprocento ganakveTebisa da martivi kreditebis pirobebis meSveobiT. samxreT koreuli eqsportis eqspansia - ekonomikuri zrdis mTavari xelSemwyobi Zala, efuZneboda importisgan dacul ekonomikur sistemas. samxreT koreis da sxva axali industriuli qveynebis (mag.: taivani) ganviTareba mxolod bazris damsaxureba ar aris. memarjvene da memarcxene ekonomistebi cdebian, roca ignorirebas ukeTeben saxelmwifos rols ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli resursebis organizebasa da mobilizebaSi. Tumca, yvela qveyanas ar aqvs instituciuri fundamenti da resursebi ekonomikuri zrdis wasaxaliseblad. samxreT koreisa da taivanis gadamwyveti upiratesoba iyo maTi eTnikuri erTgvarovneba, iaponuri kolonializmisgan datovebuli satransporto infrastruqtura, miwis reformis istoria da civi omis dros aSS-is investiciebi, CineTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris Sesakaveblad. bevr sxva SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri dapirispirebebisa da korufciis gamo saxelmwifo barierad iqca ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis. amis magaliTebia: zairi, zimbabve, somali da afrikis bevri sxva qveyana, argentina da venesuela laTinur amerikaSi, Sri lanka da filipinebi aziaSi. 2. saxelmwifoebi da geopolitikuri metoqeoba msoflios ganviTarebul nawilSi saxelmwifoebi ar avlenen gaqrobis niSnebs. ekonomikuri restruqturizaciis pirobebSi, ramac gavlena iqonia bevr industrializebul ekonomikaze bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi, SeiniSneba metoqeobis gaRrmaveba bevr qveyanas Soris vaWrobasTan, monetarul da sagareo politikasTan dakavSirebiT. aSS-is mTavrobebi iyeneben dolaris devalvaciasa da revalvacias, raTa daicvan aSS-is ekonomika sagareo konkurenciisa da importis SeRwevadobis (import penetration) uaryofiTi gavlenisgan. es xdeba sxva valutebisa da qveynebis xarjze, gansakuTrebiT iaponiis da dasavleT evropis. es aris mniSvnelovani magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor iyeneben uZlieresi saxelmwifoebi fiskalur da monetarul politikas sxva qveynebis ekonomikis xarjze. sakuTari sazRvrebis SigniT maT SeuZliaT waaxalison an Seanelon restruqturizaciis procesebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare cvlilebebiT. aSS-Si 1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebSi Tavdacvis xarjebma da gareubnebis zrdis mastimulirebelma binaTmSeneblobisa da satransporto politikam xeli Seuwyo erovnul bazrebze orientirebuli fordistuli firmebis (mag.: 63 saavtomobilo warmoebaSi) ganviTarebas. amave periodSi, iaponiaSi saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis saministrom gamoiyena industriuli „sasicocxlo ciklis“ modeli, raTa investiciebi waremarTa axali mrewvelobebisken, rodesac `Zveli~ mrewvelobebi miaRwevdnen saTanado ganviTarebis dones. sxva qveynebs naklebad pirdapiri samrewvelo politika hqondaT, xSir SemTxvevebSi isini saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi mrewvelobebis (mag.: eleqtroenergetika da foladis warmoeba) meSveobiT axali mrewvelobebis stimulirebas da warmoebis stabilizebas axdendnen. aSS-Si, 1980-ian wlebSi saxelmwifo fokusirebas akeTebda Tavdacvis xarjebsa da axal safinanso momsaxurebebze (romelTa stimulireba xdeboda bankebis da sxva safinanso institutebis deregulaciis gziT). 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi federaluri biujetis deficitma waaxalisa safinanso momsaxurebis industria ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis saWiroebiT. samxedro danaxarjebis zrda gamarTlebuli iyo usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT, radgan amerikisa da misi mokavSireebisTvis arsebobda safrTxe gansxvavebuli politikur-ekonomikuri wyobis mqone sabWoTa kavSirisgan, romlis daSlas moyva samxedro danaxarjebis Semcireba da civi omis safrTxeebis mospoba, rasac efuZneboda germaniisa da iaponiis politikuri kavSiri aSS-Tan. globaluri terorizmis safrTxe da birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba iseT qveynebSi, rogorebic arian irani, pakistani da CrdiloeT korea, SeiZleba gaxdes mizezi aSS-is mier samrewvelo politikisadmi axali midgomebis SemuSavebisa da mokavSireTa (gansakuTrebiT germania da iaponia) SenarCunebis axali saSualebis povnisa. 3. makroekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba saerTaSoriso finansuri integraciisa da safinanso bazrebis ganviTarebas mohyva centraluri bankebis politikuri Zalauflebis zrda (federaluri rezervi aSS-Si, evropis centraluri banki germaniaSi, inglisis banki, iaponiis banki). radgan centralurma bankebma did finansur bazrebze, SeinarCunes adgilobrivi da globaluri bazrebis pirobebze zemoqmedebis unari saprocento ganakveTebisa da fulis miwodebis manipulirebiT. centraluri bankebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi sxvadasxvagvarad funqcionireben da eqvemdebarebian gare gavlenebisa da adgilobrivi institucionaluri politikuri garemos zemoqmedebebs. magaliTad, sadac centraluri banki politikurad damoukidebelia da kavSiri mrewvelobasa da finansebs Soris sustia, rogorc es aSS-ia, centraluri banki renties (rentier) funqciebs Seasrulebs, SemzRudavi monetaruli politikiT, romelic sargebels moutans bankebsa da sxva safinanso interesebs. sadac centraluri banki damoukidebelia, magram kavSiri mrewvelobasa da finansebs Soris Zlieria, rogorc es evrozonis bevr qveyanaSia (germania, safrangeTi, italia da a.S.) centraluri banki cdilobs mTlianad bizness moutanos sargebeli imgvari politikis 64 arCeviT, romelic damokidebulia samuSao Zalis gavlenebze. evros SemoRebamde da evropis centraluri bankis daarsebamde, germaniis bundesbankma prioriteti mianiWa fasebis stabilurobis SenarCunebas inflaciasTan brZolis gziT. 1970-ian wlebamde am strategiam imaze meti ekonomikuri zrda gamoiwvia, vidre sxvagvari politikis arCevis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda. mkacri monetaruli politikis gatareba damokidebulia inflaciis mimarT sazogadoebis SiSze (rac gamomdinareobs 1920-iani da 1940-iani wlebis Sua periodis Zlier inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli koleqtiuri mexsierebidan). dabolos, sadac centraluri banki mTavrobis nawilia da mrewvelobasa da finansebs Soris Zlieri kavSiria, magaliTad SvedeTSi, centraluri bankis politika eqspansionisturia da inflaciuri. 4.mTavroba da xalxi korporatiuli keTildReobis sistemebi, romlebic bevr saxelmwifoSi, organizebuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi ganviTardnen, axla safrTxis qveS arian yvela am qveyanaSi. saxelmwifo jerac mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs industrializebul samyaroSi da mis farglebs gareT (CineTi da indoeTi), magram reiganis administraciam aSS-Si da tetCeris mTavrobam britaneTSi 1980-ian wlebSi popularizeba gauwies mosazrebas, rom socialur momsaxurebaze saxelmwifo danaxarjebi tvirTad awveba ekonomikas im gadasaxadebis gamo, romlebic aucilebelia maT dasafinanseblad. saboloo jamSi, moxda gadaxveva egalitaruli liberalizmidan neoliberalizmis Tavisufali bazris doqtrinisken. neoliberaluri paradigma vrceldeba globalurad. ganviTarebuli qveynebi amJamad fiskalur krizisSi imyofebian, rac Cveulebrivi mdgomareobaa danarCen msoflioSi, radgan moTxovnebi resursebze izrdeba (mosaxleobis dabereba, siRaribis zrda da sxva) maTi dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebi (mag.: maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis da Semosavlebis dakargva tradiciul samrewvelo seqtorSi) mcirdeba. Tumca saxelmwifoebi industrilizebul samyaroSi mainc rCebian sakuTar teritoriaze socialuri da politikuri wesrigis damcvel yvelaze mniSvnelovan agentebad. isini gansxvavdebian mxolod Carevis xarisxiT, rac ganisazRvreba kanonmdeblobiT, programebis raodenobiT, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis sididiT da dasaqmebulTa raodenobiTa da aqtiurobiT. saerTo jamSi, saxelmwifos Carevis xarisxi moqalaqeTa cxovrebaSi ar mcirdeba. CanarTi: neoliberalizmi keinsianizmis uunaroba gamklaveboda ekonomikur kriziss, romelic gamoiwvia opekis mier navTobze fasebis uecarma gaoTxmagebam 1973 wels, aseve WarbdagrovebiT (overaccumulation) kriziss da samrewvelo warmoebis globalizacias, gza gauxsna radikalurad gansxvavebul politikas da daiwyo egalitaruli liberalizmidan (romelic 1930-iani wlebidan 65 ZiriTad saxelmwifo politikad iTvleboda ganviTarebul qveynebSi, magaliTad aSS-sa da britaneTSi) gadaxvevis procesi. rogorc sabazro Cavardnis idea iqca Zlier argumentad ideologiuri gadaxvevisTvis klasikuri liberalizmidan egalitaruli liberalizmisken 1930-ian wlebSi, aseve saxelmwifos Cavardnis ideam misca biZgi egalitaruli liberalizmis politikis avtoritetulobis dacemas 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodidan. am Teoriis mixedviT, saxelmwifo araefqturia, gaberili biurokratia da zedmeti egulaciebi aferxebs ekonomikur ganviTarebas, xolo socialuri da garemos dacviTi politika zRudavs saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobas. Sedegad egalitaruli liberalizmi daCrdila neoloberalizmma, romelic warmoadgens klasikuri liberalizmis ideebTan seleqtiur dabrunebas. gazrdilma gadasaxadebma (deindustrializaciiT gamowveuli danakargebis dasafinanseblad), umuSevrobam da qalaqis centraluri nawilis degradirebam/inner city declinema gamoiwvia imedgacrueba yvelaze mdidar gadamxdelebs Soris, romlebsac meti Semosavali undodaT, TavianTi gazrdili moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. saxelmwifo danaxarjebze gazrdilma wnexma gamoiwvia saxelmwifo momsaxurebis, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis da infrastruqturis xarisxis gauareseba, ramac kidev gazarda zewola momxmareblebze. keinsianisturi ekonomikuri politika da gadanawilebis programebi saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis damabrkolebel faqtorad CaiTvala. SromiTi bazris moqniloba iqca wamyvan koncefciad. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan neoloberalizmi iqca wamyvan ekonomikur ideologiad. jemi pekma da adam tikelma (2002) es procesi aRweres, rogorc „rollback“ neoloberalizmisa da „rollout“ neoliberalizmis kombinacia. „rollback“ neoloberalizmi niSnavs finansebisa da mrewvelobis deregulacias; socialuri sacxovreblebis programebis gauqmebas; sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis privatizacias; gadamanawilebeli socialuri programebis, centraluri da adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis mediatoruli da maregulirebeli funqciebis, profkavSirebis gavlenis SezRudvas da investiciebis Semcirebas gzebis, xidebisa da sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis obieqtebis infrastruqturaSi. „rollout“ neoloberalizmi gulisxmobs Sromis uflebis (right to work) kanonmdeblobis arsebobas, saxelmwifo-kerZo partniorobis Seqmnas, socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis (workfare) moTxovnebis SemuSavebas, kerZo sakuTrebis dacvas, Tavisufali savaWro zonebis daarsebas da sazogadoebrivi servisebis privatizacias. mTavari mizani aris centraluri xelisuflebis moculobis Semcireba da adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis gadaqceva ufro biznesisken orientirebul erTeulebad maTi Semosavlebisa da xarjebis TvalsazrisiT. neoliberalizmis momxreebi miiCneven, rom Tavisufali bazari idealur pirobebs qmnis ara mxolod ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis, aramed politikuri da socialuri procesebisTvis. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom 66 Tavisufalma bazrebma gazardes qveynebs Soris, aseve maT SigniT. ekonomikuri uTanasworoba rogorc 5. adgilobrivi xelisuflebebi da ekonomikuri ganviTareba zogierT qveyanaSi adgilobriv xelisuflebebs gaaCniaT ekonomikuri saqmianobis damoukidebloba, xolo biznes klimati gansxvavebulia regionebis mixedviT. magaliTad, aSS-is CrdiloeTis StatebSi (ilinoisidan niu iorkamde teritoria, sadac aSS-is warmoebis ZiriTadi nawili iyo koncentrirebuli 1880-dan 1960-ian wlebamde) dawesebulia maRali saSemosavlo gadasaxadi da sazogadoebrivi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis (saxelmwifo ganaTleba, socialuri servisebi da sxva) SedarebiT didi moculoba, samxreTisa da dasavleTis StatebTan SedarebiT. aseT pirobebSi sxvadasxva regionSi calkeuli warmoebebisTvis iqmneba sxvadasxva biznes garemo. mravali Stati cdilobs biznesebis mozidvas sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiTa da subsidiebiT. aSS-is bevr Stats aqvs ofisebi evropisa da aziis qveynebSi, raTa moizidos ucxouri invsticiebi, agreTve isini cdiloben sxva Statebidanac gadmoibiron firmebi da sawarmoebi. aman xeli Seuwyo qveyanaSi warmoebis decentralizacias. erovnuli ekonomikis zrdaSi Setanili wvlili am SemTxvevaSi umniSvneloa. evrokavSiris konkurenciis politika mdgomareobs amgvari usargeblo (zero-sum) konkurenciis SezRudvaSi iseTi saxelmwifo SeRavaTebis SezRudvis gziT, rogorebicaa grantebi da subsidiebi kerZo kompaniebisTvis. adgilobrivi samuSao Zalis gadamzadeba ganaTlebisa da treningebis saSualebiT da amiT SedarebiT Semosavliani mrewvelobebis mozidva ufro momgebiania adgilobrivi ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis. daskvna saxelmwifoebis mxridan ekonomikis politikuri regulirebis xerxebs fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikis evoluciis gagebisTvis. globalur ekonomikur sivrceSi saxelmwifoebi arian Sida da gare transaqciebis makontroleblebi da ara monopolistebi sakuTar teritoriaze, erovnul biznesebTan koordinaciiT. bevri saxelmwifo Zalzed didia imisaTvis, rom Seqmnas socialuri identoba da realuri erovnuli interesebi. es gamoixateba bevr qveyanaSi erovnul institutebsa da politikis SemuSavebasTan dakavSirebiT nacionaluri konsensusis miRwevis sirTuleSi. magaliTad omisSemdgomi konsensusi socialuri saxelmwifos Sesaxeb safrTxis qveS dadga evropasa da aSS-Si. meores mxriv, mravali ekonomikuri miznebisTvis, saxelmwifoebi Zalzed patarebi arian geografiuli TvalsazrisiT. isini warmoadgenen sabazro seqtorebs konkurentul, integrirebul da urTierTdamokidebul msoflio ekonomikaSi. 67 ekonomikuri Zalaufleba aRar aris mxolod calkeul saxelmwifoTa xelSi. msoflio vaWrobis zrda, transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianoba, msoflio safinanso sistemis globalizacia, globaluri warmoeba da regionuli savaWro blokebi: evrokavSiri da CrdiloeT amerikis Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba (NAFTA) mianiSnebs axali globaluri msoflio wesrigis dadgomisken, romlis mimarTac saxelmwifoebma unda moaxdinon adaptireba. saxelmwifo ukve naklebad gansazRvravs sazogadoebisa da ekonomikis xasiaTs. arTanabarma ekonomikurma ganviTarebam qveynebs Soris da maT SigniT, moaxdina ekonomikuri interesebisa da politikuri identobis gadafaseba erovnul da regionul doneebze. ekonomikurma restruqturizaciam da globalizaciam pirdapir daakavSira qveynebis calkeuli regionebi globalur bazarTan. msoflioSi amJamad, didi teritoriuli erTeulis farglebSi yofnis gziT konkurenciisgan Tavis dacvis naklebi SesaZlebloba arsebobs, vidre es aqamde iyo. rodesac saxelmwifos farglebs SigniT sxvadasxva regions aqvs sxvadasxva moxmarebis sagnebi vaWrobaSi, savaWro partniorebi, msoflio bazarze konkurentunarianobis xarisxi, savaWro politikaze erovnuli konsensusis SesaZlebloba sagrZnoblad mcirdeba. saxelmwifoTaSorisi gaerTianebebis (mag.: evrokavSiris) mniSvnelobisa da erovnul regulaciebze globaluri bazrebis gavlenis zrdam ganapiroba axali politikuri identobis Camoyalibeba da Zvelis gacocxleba, gansakuTrebiT eTnikurad da kulturulad dayofil sazogadoebebSi. am konteqstSi, msoflioSi nacionalisturi da separatistuli moZraobebis gaZliereba aRar aris gasakviri. axali politikuri regulaciebi dabal doneze unda Tanaarsebobdes ufro Zvel regulaciebTan SedarebiT maRal doneze. orive am doneze unda moxdes adaptireba globaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis gavlenebTan. 3.3 bazarze xelmisawvdomoba da axali msoflio ekonomikis regionuli mamoZravebeli Zalebi idea, rom msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinareobs fundamenturi reorganizacia, farTodaa aRiarebuli. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom arsebobs Tanxmoba imis Taobaze Tu rogor, an ratom xdeba ase. Tanxmoba miRweulia mxolod im mosazrebaSi, rom msoflio ekonomika Sedis moqnili warmoebis fazaSi, sadac biznes operaciebi xorcieldeba ZiriTadad transnacionaluri korporaciebis meSveobiT, romlebic formalurad Tu araformalurad dakavSirebulni arian sxva organizaciebis qselebTan – firmebi, mTavrobebi, sazogadoebebi. am procesis paradoqsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom rodesac aRniSnuli qseli uzrunvelyofs politikuri sazRvrebis gadalaxvas koncentrirebuli biznes-organizaciebis meSveobiT, is aseve aZlevs konkurentuli upiratesobis mqone regionebs warmoebis decentralizaciis saSualebas. amave dros qselebi sxvadasxva formebs iReben sxvadasxva seqtorsa da 68 teritoriebze. zogi qseli Sedgeba didi centraluri korporaciisgan da geografiulad dafantuli subkontraqtorebisa da mokavSire (allied) firmebisgan (mag.: mravali samSeneblo firma), sxvani warmoadgenen firmebis klasters (jgufebs) maRalteqnologiur regionebSi (mag.: „silikonis veli“ kaliforniaSi da „Silicon Fen“ kembrijSi) an specializebul samrewvelo regionebs, rogorebicaa emilia-romania da toskana (e.w. `mesame italia~, centraluri da CrdiloeT italiis nawili, sadac ekonomikuri zrda efuZneba patara firmebis klasters, romlebic specializebulni arian erTsa da imave mrewvelobis dargSi: xelsawyoebi, fexsacmlebi, qsovilebi). es teritoriebi ar arian garesamyarosgan izolirebulebi. isini dakavSirebulni arian socialuri kavSirebiT da im sargebliT, romelic miiReba Sromis teritoriuli danawilebiT (saqmianobebis danawileba teritoriebis mixedviT), an gare (external) masStabis ekonomiiT (sargebeli, romelic warmoiSoba msgavsi an Semavsebeli saqonlis mwarmoeblis erTad TavmoyriT). marTalia, msgavsi mWidro kavSirebis umravlesoba arsebobs evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikasa da aRmosavleT aziaSi, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia jerac ar Sexebia msoflios yvela nawils. erT-erTi mizezi didi, vertikalurad integrirebuli da erovnul ekonomikasTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli firmebidan, warmoebisa da finansebis globalur qselze gadasvlisa, iyo udidesi korporaciebis produqtiulobisa da mogebis Semcireba 1965-dan 1980 wlebSi. es daRmasvla ufro ganpirobebuli iyo produqtiulobis vardniT (aRWurvilobisa da resursebis gamoyenebis efeqturoba) vidre Sromis Rirebulebis zrdiT. Tumca, garkveuli drois periodSi zogierT qvyanaSi (mag.: aSS) xdeboda mogebis zrda 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, risi ZiriTadi mizezi iyo xelfasebis da sxva SromiTi SeRavaTebis Semcireba da ara investiciebi, an axali teqnologiebis (mag.: kompiuterebis) danergva. es aseve asaxavs 1970-iani wlebidan udidesi amerikuli firmebis globaluri Semotrialebis Sedegebs. mrewvelobam yvela industrializebul saxelmwifoSi ganicada produqtiulobisa da momgebianobis krizisi 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan. am krizisis Sedegad gaCnda operaciebis racionalizaciis da Semcirebebis survili, aseve relokaciisa da diversifikaciis strategiebis gamoyenebiT investorebisTvis mogebis gazrdis saWiroeba. amas Sedegad moyva axali teqnologiebis swrafi gavrceleba. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda axal satransporto da sakomunikacio teqnologiebs (konteinerizacia, faqsi, eleqtronuli fosta da sxva), romlebmac SesaZlebeli gaxades fizikuri aqtivebis, komponentebis, saboloo produqtis, momsaxurebisa da safinanso kapitalis ufro swrafi moZraoba. msoflio ekonomikis gaxsnilobas vaWrobisa da ekonomikisTvis safuZvlad udevs uZlieresi qveynebis, gansakuTrebiT aSS-is Zalisxmeva. am procesebis mizezi iyo: a) am qveynebis calkeuli firmebis biznes interesebi, romlebic mdgomareobda sakuTari saqmianobis globalur 69 masStabebSi gadayvanis gziT maTi problemebis gadaWraSi; b) ideologia (gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo aSS-Si), romlis Tanaxmad Tavisufali ekonomikis aSeneba unda gamxdariyo sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi satelitebis Caketili ekonomikis alternativa. fordizmis `gamofitva~ daemTxva msoflio ekonomikuri procesebis sxva cvlilebebs: „breton-vudsis sistemis“ mier dawesebuli fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursebis kolafsi 1971 wels; opekis mier navTobze fasebis momateba 1973-sa da 1979 wlebSi da msoflio savalo (world debt) krizisi, gamowveuli mevaleTa (iseTi naxevrad periferiuli qveynebi, rogorebic arian meqsika da brazilia) uunarobiT daebrunebinaT valebi, romelTa wyaro iyo navTobis mwarmoebelTa mier msoflio ekonomikaSi ganTavsebuli navTobdolarebi. Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi saxelmwifoebi axdenen vaWrobisa da investiciebis regulaciebis sul ufro metad standartizebas, raTa Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis procesSi xelsayreli poziciebi daikavon, xolo firmebi warmoadgenen teritoriuli niSniT gaerTianebul sawarmoo sistemebs, romlebic firmebis, mTavrobebisa da sazogadoebrivi qselebisa da aliansebis meSveobiT arian dakavSirebulni erTmaneTTan. bazarze xelmisawvdomobis reJimi globalizaciis pirobebSi firmebi cdiloben sargebeli naxon SedarebiT upiratesobaSi, romelic calkeul qveynebs gaaCniaT mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargSi da miiRon SeuzRudavi xelmisawvdomoba maT samomxmareblo bazarze. xolo saxelmwifoebi cdiloben kapitalis da maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis garedan mozidvas, raTa gazardon dasaqmebis done, SeiZinon codna ucxoeli partniorebisgan da zogadad, gazardon Tavisi firmebis globaluri konkurentunarianoba. am ori faqtoris kombinaciam warmoqmna msoflio vaWrobisa da investiciebisTvis bazarze xelmisawvdomobis reJimi. es Zirs uTxris Tavisufali vaWrobis reJims, romelic dominirebda mTavar industriul kapitalistur qveynebs Soris meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi. misi adgili daikava reJimma, sadac vaWrobisa da investiciebis maregulirebeli wesebi vaWrobis SedarebiT viwro sferoebidan gavrcelda firmebis organizaciisa da saqmianobis farTo speqtrze. arsebobs bazarze xelmisawvdomobis sistemis eqvsi sveti: cxrili 3.4 msoflio vaWrobis Zveli da axali svetebi Tavisufali vaWrobis Zveli svetebi 1. samrewvelo reJimis Bazris xelmisawvdomobis axali svetebi organizaciis 1. samrewvelo reJimis organizaciis 70 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. amerikuli modeli mmarTvelobis calkeuli sistemebi saqoneli da momsaxureba adgilobrivi moxmarebisTvis universaluri wesebi, rogorc norma saqonlis Tavisufali moZraoba erovnuli SedarebiTi upiratesoba 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. hibriduli modeli Sida politikis internacionalizacia momsaxurebis globalizacia, saqonelsa da momsaxurebas Soris zRvaris waSla specialuri kanonebis raodenobis zrda investiciebis vaWrobasTan Tanasworoba da integrireba regionuli da globaluri upiratesoba pirveli sveti warmoadgens gadaxvevas, saerTaSoriso molaparakebebSi mrewvelobis organizaciis amerikuli modelis dominirebidan, hibriduli modelisken sadac naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifosa da mrewvelobis mWidro kavSirs da firmebs Soris urTierTTanamSromlobisa da aliansebis waxalisebas, rogorc qveynebs Soris ise qveynis SigniT. am axal modelSi ucxour firmebs aqvT ufleba ganaxorcielon saqmianoba erovnuli bazris umetes segmentSi, garda im seqtorebisa, romlebic mxolod adgilobrivi firmebisTvisaa gamoyofili. meore sveti moicavs saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTTanamSromlobis xarisxis zrdasa da globaluri wesebis miRebas, romlebic aregulireben vaWrobas, investiciebsa da finansebs. aseve mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT saxelmwifoTaSoriso da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs (mag.: evrokavSiris evropis komisia da msoflio savaWro organizacia). es ori procesi xels uwyobs regulaciebs Soris zRvaris waSlas (blurring of lines of regulations between issue areas) (rogorebicaa vaWroba da pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi) da globaluri samarTlebrivi normebis SeRwevas erovnul sakanonmdeblo praqtikaSi (mag.: saerTaSoriso finansuri angariSgebis standartebi (IAS) SemuSavebuli saerTaSoriso finansuri angariSgebis standartebis sabWos mier, an ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis mier SemuSavebuli korporatiuli mmarTvelobis principebi). mesame sveti efuZneba momsaxurebiT vaWrobis zrdas da msoflio ekonomikaSi momsaxurebis (sabanko saqme, dazRveva, transportireba, iuridiuli da sareklamo momsaxureba) mniSvnelobis momatebas. amis erTi mizezia maRalteqnologiuri produqtebis (kompiuterebi, komerciuli TviTmfrinavebi da sxva) warmoebis xarjebSi momsaxurebis maRali wili. programuli uzrunvelyofis momsaxurebam, romelic esaWiroebaT amgvar produqtebs gamoiwvia biznes-momsaxurebebis swrafi zrda. meore mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mwarmoeblebi moiTxoven maRali xarisxis momsaxurebas, misaReb fasebSi. isini mimarTaven ucxoel mimwodeblebs, Tu adgilobriv mimwodeblebTan SeTanxmebas ver miaRwies. sabanko saqmem da 71 satelefono industriam ganicades internacionalizaciis mkveTri zrda, rodesac mwarmoeblebma mimarTes aratradiciul, ofSorul mimwodeblebs. meoTxe sveti, saerTaSoriso molaparakebebi vaWrobasa da investiciebze axla ufro metad orientirebulia dargobriv da specializirebul mimarTulebaze. erTi, saerTo wesi aRar ergeba yvela SemTxvevas. axali regulaciebis umravlesoba warmoadgens mocemuli momentis („ad-hoc“) wesebs. bolo ori sveti exeba bazris xelmisawvdmobis reJimis wesebs. mexuTe, dakavSirebulia vaWrobisa da investiciebis erTnair mniSvnelobasTan, risi umTavresi mizezia transnacionaluri korporaciebis saqmianoba mimarTuli pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis uprecendento zrdisken. adgilobrivma wesebma imis Taobaze Tu, ra moculobis dasrulebuli produqti unda iwarmoebodes qveyanaSi da firmebis aliansebTan dakavSirebiT samarTliani konkurenciis problemebma gamoiwvia industriuli qveynebis mTavrobebis mier ucxouri sainvesticio nakadebis regulirebis gamkacreba. `SesaZleblobebis gaTanabreba~ warmoqmnis urTierTzewolas saxelmwifoebs Soris regulaciebis Tundac miaxloebuli erTgvarovnebis misaRwevad (mag.: monopoliuri da antitrastuli darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi). bolo, meeqvse sveti gulisxmobs nawili firmebis mier prioritetebis Secvlas sakuTar qveyanaSi konkurentuli upiratesobis mopovebis miznidan globaluri, msoflio-regionaluri konkurentuli upiratesobis miRwevis survilisken. es procesi asaxavs mravali kompaniis midrekilebas multinacionalurobisken, romelic ganixileba, rogorc saSualeba aqtivebis diversifikaciisa, bazarze xelmisawvdomobis gazrdisa da masStabis ekonomiis miRwevisa. warmoebis saSualebebis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ganTavseba SeiZleba xelsayreli aRmoCndes. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi sami faqtoris Sedegs warmoadgenen: 1) upiratesobebi, romlebic aqvT ucxour firmebs maTi teqnologiebisa da sabazro Zalauflebis gamo (sakuTrebis upiratesobebi). 2) kvlevisa da ganviTarebidan, aseve sxva investiciebidan mogebis miRebis saWiroeba, warmoebisa da marketingis kontrolze ufro meti aqcentis gakeTebiT, vidre ucxouri firmebis licenzirebaze (bazris internalizacia). 3) konkretul ucxour qveyanaSi xelsayreli pirobebi bazris sididis da moTxovnebis, warmoebis danaxarjebis moculobis, savaWro barierebis mxriv (adgilmdebareobiTi/teritoriuli upiratesobebi). biznes ekonomistebi xazs usvamen pirvel ors, xolo ekonomikuri geografebi mesame faqtors aniWeben upiratesobas. geografebi iyeneben produqciis „sasicicxlo ciklis“ models calkeuli sawarmoo procesebis ucxoeTSi gadatanis tendenciis asaxsnelad. Tavis sawyis formaSi am ideas ar hqonda teritoriuli datvirTva. igi exeboda im etapebs, romelsac konkretuli produqti gadis: Tavdapirvelad is aris siaxle, Semdeg etapze xdeba misi masobrivi warmoeba da bolos igi xmarebidan gamodis. vernonma (1966) produqtis sasicicxlo cikls 72 daumata teritoriuli komponenti. misi azriT, rogorc icvleba moTxovna produqtze mis `daberebasTan~ erTad, aseve icvleba teritoriuli moTxovnebi. masobriv warmoebaSi Sromis intensiuroba gacilebiT maRalia vidre warmoebis adreul etapebze. amitom, roca produqti Sedis sasicocxlo ciklis aRniSnul fazaSi, momgebianobis TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia warmoebis gadatana im adgilas, sadac ufro iafi muSaxelia. importisa da eqsportis modelebic aseve funqcionireben. sur. 3.3 produqciis „sasicicxlo ciklis“ modeli da misi gavlena aSS-s warmoebasa da vaWrobaze es modeli kritikis sagani xdeba, rodesac gamoiyeneba ise, rom yuradReba ar eqceva sxvadasxva seqtoris iseT specifiur sawarmoo moTxovnebs, rogorebicaa Sromis nayofierebaze, rogorc masobrivi warmoebis erTerT maxasiaTebelze gadaWarbebuli aqcentirebis gakeTeba; masobrivi warmoebis avtomatizaciis mniSvneloba; naklebi yuradReba mza produqciaze da sxvadasxva qveynebSi maregulirebeli faqtoris (mag.: tarifebi da importis sxva saxis SezRudvebi) rolis ugulebelyofa warmoebis saSualebebis moZraobis waxalisebaSi (es bolo faqtori aris erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom gaitanes iaponurma saavtomobilo firmebma Tavisi warmoebis nawili aSS-sa da britaneTSi). globaluri ekonomikis kompleqsurobis gamo ar arsebobs firmebis teritoriuli qcevis erTiani modeli. transportirebisa da komunikaciis axalma teqnologiebma Seqmnes xelsayreli garemo, sadac firmebs SeuZliaT moaxdinon mrewvelobisa da pirveladi warmoebis decentralizacia da amave dros centralizebuli kontrolis SenarCuneba (mag.: kompiuterebi, telekomunikaciebi, sahaero transporti). axla ukve arsebobs intensiuri urTierTqmedebis SesaZlebloba geografiuli mdebareobis miuxedavad. es maniSnebelia regionuli specializaciis dasasrulisa. 73 transnacionaluri strategiebis ganviTareba ar moiTxovs Zveli strategiebis gauqmebas. iseTi amerikuli firmebi, rogorebic arian „koka-kola“, „makdonaldsi“ da „disnei“ iyvnen liderebi `sazRvrebs gareSe msoflios~ ideis gavrcelebaSi. firmebi mixvdnen, rom maT SeuZliaT gazardon mogeba, Tu gamoiyeneben ekonomikuri sistemis SesaZleblobebsa (economies of scope) da koordinacias (kompleqsuroba da menejeruli unaris gamoyeneba mravalferovani produqciis sawarmoeblad) imisaTvis, rom warmatebiT gauwion konkurencia adgilobriv mwarmoeblebs, romlebsac upiratesoba aqvT masStabis ekonomiaSi da adgilobriv kavSirebSi. magram es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ucxouri bazrebi Ria iqneba konkurenciisTvis. CanarTi: reJimi naxevargamtarebis mrewveloba da bazarze xelmisawvdomobis naxevargamtarebi arian eleqtronuli teqnologiebis mTavari komponentebi. eleqtronuli teqnologiebi imyofebian centrSi im sainformacio revoluciisa, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada msoflio ekonomikis transformacia da ganviTareba 1970-iani wlebidan. naxevargamtarebis biznesma ganaxorciela 250 miliardi aSS dolaris Rirebulebis transaqciebi 2006 wels. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 1990-iani wlebis bolos momxdar krizisamde (risi mizezic nawilobriv iyo aziis finansuri krizisi da iaponiis gaWianurebuli recesia) msoflio bazari yovelwliurad 15%-iT izrdeboda. naxevargamtarebis 30% eqvemdebareba eqsports, amitom mizanSewonilia, rom am produqtis magaliTze moxdes bazarze xelmisawvdomobis reJimis funqcionirebis axsna. 1980-ian wlebSi naxevargamtarebis iaponielma mwarmoeblebma daipyres msoflio bazari, riTac daasustes amerikeli mwarmoeblebi da daemuqrnen evropis isedac sust mrewvelobas. 2005 wels 50 umdidresi naxevargamtarebis mwarmoeblidan 23 amerikuli iyo. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_industry. - reitingi firmebis. naxevargamtarebis warmoeba daiwyo aSS-Si, sadac igi rCeba mrewvelobis ZiriTad dargad da Seadgens globaluri sawarmoo simZlavreTa (manufacturing capacity) 65%-s. 2006 wlis bolosTvis aSS-s firmebis wilma msoflio bazarze Seadgina 46%, aqedan gayidvebis sami-meoTxedi Sedga aSS-s bazris gareT. aSS-is naxevargamtarebis mrewvelobaSi dasawmebulia 230 000 adamiani, kapitalis Rirebuleba Seadgens 13 miliard aSS dolars, xolo kvlevisa da ganviTarebis investiciebis Rirebuleba – 18 miliard aSS dolars. iaponiis saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis saministrom prioriteti mianiWa naxevargamtarebs da miznad daisaxa globaluri bazris mniSvnelovani segmentis mopoveba. iaponiis warmateba iyo didi 74 kompaniebis da maTi Svilobili firmebis („keirecus“ sistema) urTierTqmedeba saxelmwifos samrewvelo politikasTan. iaponur firmebs hqondaT kapitalTan Tavisufali xelmisawvdomoba. saxelmwifom waaxalisa saSinao konkurencia globalur bazarze ukeTesi Sedegis misaRwevad. aqedan warmoiSva axali midgoma naxevargamtarebiT msoflio vaWrobaSi. Tavapirvelad, aSS-sa da iaponias Soris daido SeTanxmebebi (1986 da 1991 wlebSi), romlebmac iaponuri bazari gaxsnes aSS-is firmebisTvis. Semdeg, iaponurma, evropulma da amerikulma firmebma Seqmnes ramdenime saerTaSoriso korporatiuli aliansi. amrigad, imisaTvis, rom moxdes kvlevisa da ganviTarebis Rirebulebis prognozireba, firmebi erTiandebian aliansebSi, raTa Seqmnan saerTo, globaluri infrastruqtura axali Taobis teqnologiebisTvis. aRniSnuli procesis saerTo Sedegi, warmoadgens vaWrobisa da investiciebis bazarze xelmisawvdomobis reJimis saukeTeso magaliTs. naxevargamtarebis mrewveloba aris iaponuri, evropuli da amerikuli modelebis hibridi (pirveli sveti, 3.4 cxrilSi). saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi warmoadgenen mrewvelobis regulirebis ZiriTad wyaros (meore sveti). aparaturisa (hardware) da programuli uzrunvelyofis (software) erTmaneTTan Sereva arTulebs imis gansazRvras, Tu sad mTavrdeba produqti da sad iwyeba momsaxureba. Tumca aSkaraa, rom orive es elementi aucilebelia msoflio bazarze produqtis konkurentunarianobisTvis (mesame sveti). 1986 wlidan specialurma samrewvelo kanonmdeblobam TandaTanobiT Caanacvla zogadi normebi (sveti 4). adre, naxevargamtarebis bazarze iyo mcire raodenobis pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi, axla arsebobs firmebis aliansebis didi saerTaSoriso qselebi. naxevargamtarebis mwarmoebelma firmebma globaluri masStabi SeiZines maTi organizaciisa da bazrebis Ziebis kuTxiT (mexuTe sveti). firmebi cdiloben upiratesoba moipovon msoflio bazarze (meeqvse sveti). sawarmoo qselebi da regionuli mamoZravebeli Zalebi biznesis TvalsazrisiT, bazarze xelmisawvdomobis reJimisgan gamowveuli konkurenciis SezRudvis sapasuxod, aucilebelia meti moqnilobis miRweva teqnologiuri cvlilebebis, SromiTi urTierTobebis reorganizebisa da sxva firmebTan kavSirebis gabmis gziT. am ukanasknelma saSualebam meti mniSvneloba SeiZina, rasac ramdenime mizeze aqvs: pirvelia, didi firmebis survili Seamciron samuSao Zala da sxva firmebs gadaunawilon sxvadasxva saqmianoba. vertikaluri dezintegraciis am procesiT SeiZleba xarjebis dazogva, Tu moxdeba profkavSirSi gaerTianebuli samuSao Zalis Canacvleba gaerTianebis gareSe myofi muSaxeliT. meore mizezi aris ucxour bazrebze SeRwevis mcdelobebi sxva firmebTan TanamSromlobis gziT (mag.: erToblivi sawarmos Seqmna „toiotasa“ da „jeneral motorsis“ mier). warmoebis qselebze aqcentebis gakeTeba warmoaCens investiciebsa da warmoebaSi 75 geografiuli gadanacvlebis mniSvnelobas, konkurentuli garemos mimarT, romelic xelmisawvdomobis reJimis SemoRebis gamo. rogorc pasuxs im Camoyalibda bazarze sawarmoo qselebi firmebs Soris arsebobs oTxi tipis qseli. pirveli tipis qseli iqmneba xelobaze dafuZnebul warmoebaSi (craft based industries). es mrewvelobebi organizebulni arian ufro proeqtebis farglebSi, vidre firmebis irgvliv. mSeneblobaSi, gamomcemlobaSi, xmis Camwer da kinoindustriaSi, arqiteqturasa da programul uzrunvelyofaSi firmebis mier daqiravebul maRalkvalificiur muSaxels Tavisuflad SeuZlia sakuTari codnis gaziareba firmis farglebs gareTac. Sedegad, aRniSnuli industriebi erTiandebian klasterebad, raTa sargebeli miiRon gare ekonomikuri sistemebisgan (external economies). external economies Seicavs iseT faqtorebs, rogorebicaa kvalificiuri samuSao Zala, mimwodebelTa farTo qseli, maRali donis ganaTlebisa da treningis programebis organizeba da rac mTavaria sawarmoo kapitalze (venture capital) xelmisawvdomoba. aseve aRsaniSnavia Semdegi faqtorebi: inovaciebisadmi mentaluri mzadyofna, tolerantoba warumateblobis mimarT, Sida reinvesticiebi, urTierTTanamSromloba, dawinaureba damsaxurebebis mixedviT da axali biznesebisadmi gaxsniloba. qselis meore tipi moicavs samrewvelo raionebis patara firmebs, magaliTad e.w. `mesame italiis~ raionebi. isini warmoadgenen mwarmoebelTa Sida integrirebul qselebs, sadac sxvadasxva firmebi warmoebis sxvavasxva procesze arian specializebulni da konkurencias uweven erTmaneTs axali proeqtebisTvis. isini eyrdnobian gare (external) masStabis ekonomikas warmoebaSi (erToblivi warmoeba, adgilobrivi xelisuflebidan dafinanseba, xelobis tradiciebi, kvalificiuri muSaxeli da sxva) da arasavaWro urTierTdamokidebulebebs – socialur da institucionalur TanamSromlobas da firmebs Soris yoveldRiuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb socialur normebs. mesame tipis qseli aris aglomerirebul, did firmebze dafuZnebuli sawarmoo sistemebi, rogoricaa “toiota” da mimwodebelTa rgoli, Semokrebili qalaq toiotas irgvliv (iaponia), “boingi” da misi mimwodeblebi qalaq takomas irgvliv (aSS) da “fiati” da misi mimwodeblebi turinis irgvliv (italia). zogierT SemTxvevaSi mimwodeblebi ganapirobebdnen didi firmebis warmoqmnas, sxva SemTxvevebSi ki, Tavad didi firmebi afinansebdnen mimwodeblebs. 1970-iani wlebidan mTavari procesi, romelic xels uwyobda amgvari qselebis Seqmnas, iyo didi firmebis vertikaluri dezintegracia. axla did firmebs SeuZliaT miaRwion moqnilobis maRal dones warmoebis zogierTi aspeqtis (romelsac firmebi adre Tavad asulebdnen) qvekontraqtorebze gadacemis gziT. maRali teqnologiebis samrewvelo kompleqss silikonis vels gaaCnia rogorc pirveli, klasikuri tipis samrewvelo 76 regionis, ise mesame, aglomerirebul, did firmebze dafuZnebuli sawarmoo sistemebis Tvisebebi. meoTxe tipis qseli warmoadgens firmebs Soris strategiul aliansebs. es gaxlavT bazarze xelmisawvdomobis reJimis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani inovacia, gansakuTrebiT saerTaSoriso konkurentebis strategiul aliansebSi gaerTianebis masStabebis TvalsazrisiT. am SemTxvevaSi `TiToeul partniors am kavSirSi Semoaqvs sakuTari teqnologiebi, finansuri SesaZleblobebi, saxelmwifo maregulirebel organoebTan kavSirebi da sakuTari jgufi patara, mimwodebeli firmebisa~ (harisoni, 1994: 138). amiT TiToeuli maTgani iZens meoris codnasa da kavSirebs, msoflio bazarze Tavisi produqciis wilis gasazrdelad. am aliansebis logikuri Sedegi unda iyos Serwyma, an STanTqma erTi pertniorisa meoris mier, magram zogierTi qveynis kanoni zRudavs amgvar qmedebebs (mag.: amerikis da iaponiis kanonebi zRudaven ucxoelTa mier adgilobrivi firmebis SeZenas), am SemTxvevaSi yvelaze ukeT moqniloba miiRweva aliansebis Seqmnis da ara Serwymis gziT. Sromis axali saerTaSoriso danawileba biznesis organizaciis Secvlili Tvisebebisa da masTan dakavSirebul warmoebis ekonomikaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis axali ganmartebebi fokusirebas axdendnen Sromis axal saerTaSoriso danawilebaze. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT didi transnacionaluri korporaciebi qmnian axal globalur ekonomikur geografias. am ideis erT-erTi avtori, stiven haimeri (Stephen Hymer, 1972:114), Tvlida, rom transnacionaluri korporaciebi `Seqmnian Sromis ierarqiul danawilebas geografiul regionebs Soris, firmebs Soris Sromis vertikaluri danawilebis Sesabamisad. amas moyveba gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organoebis centralizeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis ramdenime qalaqSi, romlebic garemoculi iqnebian regionuli qve-dedaqalaqebiT, xolo danarCeni msoflio dabali donis saqmianobiTa da SemosavlebiT Semoifargleba~. amitomac iTvleboda, rom Sromis axali saerTaSoriso danawileba asaxavda did firmebSi Sromis ierarqiul socialur danawilebas. haimeris azriT, viTardeboda mWidro teritoriul/sivrciTi urTierTobebi (space-process relationships) (cxrili 3.5), sadac kontroli da operaciuli saqmianoba firmis SigniT mTlianad gaiyofoda. cxrili: 3.5 “haimeris stereotipi”, sadac teritoriuli urTierTobebi iRebs A -B - C formas. 77 logikidan gamomdinare, metropolias (msoflio qalaqi) SeuZlia funqciebis ierarqiis yvela doneze dominireba, maSinac ki, Tu mas davumatebT saerTaSoriso operaciebs. qselebis ganviTarebam garkveuli areuloba Seitana Sromis axali saerTaSoriso danawilebis ideaSi. warmoebis qselebis meSveobiT SeiZleboda Seqmniliyo imaze ufro rTuli warmoebis geografia, vidre amas winaswarmetyvelebda haimeris martivi ierarqia. didma firmebma Secvales maTi Sida struqtura da sagareo urTierTobebi ise, rom amiT sakuTari Sida ierarqia moSlis winaSe daayenes. ase, rom analogiebi Sida (organizaciuli) da gare (geografiuli) ierarqiebs Soris axla uadgilod Cans. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mkveTrma zrdam bolo 35 wlis manZilze moicva centraluri da ara centrsa da periferia/naxevrad periferias Soris nakadebi. ganviTarebuli qveynebi warmoadgenen pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis ZiriTadi daniSnulebis adgils (globaluri nakadebis sami-meoTxedi). kompaniebis saerTaSoriso STanTqma da Serwyma, iseve rogorc strategiuli aliansebi warmoadgenen pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas da es procesebic ganviTarebul qveynebSi viTardeba. es aris imis maniSnebeli, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba SeiZina bazris xelmisawvdomobam iafi muSaxelis ZebnasTan SedarebiT. mimwodebelTa saqmianoba, aliansebi da momsaxurebis xarisxi, iseve rogorc tarifebis da sxva savaWro barierebis Tavidan acileba ubiZgeben amerikul firmebs evropul firmebTan daaxloebisken da piriqiT. periferiebSi warmoebis gadatana samuSao Zalis Rirebulebis Sesamcireblad, naklebmniSvnelovania saerTo investiciebis TvalsazrisiT. warmoebis qselebis geografia msoflio ekonomikis geografiis centrSi, bazarze xelmisawvdomobis reJimis pirobebSi arsebobs kompromisis (tradeoffs) problema firmebis klasterebis xarjebsa da sargeblianobas da saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri transaqciebis ganmxorcielebeli firmebis xarjebsa da sargeblianobas 78 Soris. pirveli gulisxmobs xarjebis dazogvas mimwodeblebTan, qvekontraqtorebTan, konkurentebTan da specializebul samuSao ZalasTan teritoriuli siaxloviT. meore gulisxmobs warmoebis danaxarjebs, romlebic warmoiqmneba saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri transaqciebis ganxorcielebisTvis aucilebeli manZilis daZlevis Sedegad. cxrili 3.6-Si asaxulia am kompromisebis (tradeoffs) SesaZlo scenarebi: 1. pirvel scenarSi firmebi cdilobed ipovon teritoriebi sadac warmoebis xarjebi dabalia. am SemTxvevaSi firmebs ar aqvT klasterebad gaerTianebis stimuli. es scenari ufro Seefereba resursebze dafuZnebul mrewvelobebs, agreTve resursebze damokidebul mrewvelobebs, sabiTumo da sacalo vaWrobebs (sadac transportis xarjebi da momxmareblebTan pirdapiri kavSiri erT-erTi gadamwyvetia teritoriuli gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad). amis Sedegia teritoriuli modelebi, romlebic axlo kavSirSi arian resursebisa da mosaxleobis ganawilebasTan. am SemTxvevaSi viTareba, romelSic firmebi imyofebian ar aris iseTi rogoric adre iyo, radgan saerTaSoriso transportisa da komunikaciebis Rirebuleba mniSvnelovnad daeca me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi. 1930-2000 wlebSi transportis realuri (inflaciis gaTvaliswinebiT) Rirebuleba Semcirda ori mesamediT (suraTi 3.4). suraTi: 3.4 transportisa da komunikaciebis gaiafeba 79 gemebis axalma dizainma, konteinerizaciam, lojistikuri momsaxurebis gaumjobesebam da faqsebisa da eleqtronuli fostis TiTqmis universalurma gavrcelebam gamoiwvia mkveTri gaumjobeseba sazRvao da sahaero gadazidvebis efeqtiurobaSi. 2. meore scenarSi, sadac mniSvnelovania gare ekonomikebi (external economies), magram transaqciebis Rirebuleba maRalia, ganxilulia samrewvelo raionebisa da maRalteqnologiuri kompleqsebis (mag.: silikonis veli kaliforniaSi) viTareba. isini didwilad fokusirebas axdenen external economies –ze da saWiroeben didi raodenobis gare resursebis mozidvas da sagareo samomxmareblo bazrebze orientirebas. firmebs Soris intensiuri urTierTobebi xels uwyobs aglomeracias, magram es procesi SeiZleba gagrZeldes manam, sanam sagareo bazrebis momsaxurebasTan da gare resursebis SeZenasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi zrdas ar daiwyebs. 3. filiali qarxnebis industrializaciis mesame scenari exeba firmebis SesaZleblobebs miaRwion external economies-s did manZilze, dabali transaqciis xarjebis gamo. am SemTxvevaSi masStabis ekonomia SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes firmis SigniT, Semdeg ki, ganxorcieldes funqciebis gadanawileba, im teritoriebze, sadac SesaZlebelia warmoebis xarjebis maqsimaluri dazogva. 4. meoTxe scenarSi nebismieri ram SeiZleba ganTavsdes nebismier adgilas. es aris ramdenime specialistis fantazia, romlebic geografiis dasasruls winaswarmetyveleben, radgan telekomunikaciebi da warmoebis radikaluri decentralizacia Seexeba yvela seqtors. es scenari ufro fantaziis nayofs warmoadgens vidre realobas. 80 5. ufro savaraudoa viTareba, rodesac external economies-s SeRweva SesaZlebelia did manZilze/distanciaze, sadac transaqciebis xarjebi gadadis bazarze, an Semosavlebze (inputs). 6. msoflio ekonomikisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqvse scenaria, sadac sivrciTi transaqciebis xarjebi zomieria, xolo external economies maRalia. amitom arsebobs klasterebis Seqmnis seriozuli motivacia. amgvari klasterebi bolo drois erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani siaxlea. isini warmoadgenen inovaciur, codnaze dafuZnebul da maRali Rirebulebis mrewvelobebs (rogorc warmoeba, ise momsaxureba), amitom skoti (Scott, 1966: 400) maT uwodebs msoflio ekonomikis mamoZravebel Zalebs. amis mTavari mizezia is, rom `ekonomikuri warmoebisa da organizaciis Tanamedrove formebze mravali gare efeqti moqmedebs, romelTa safuZvelia Tanamedrove kapitalizmis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis moqnilobis, gaurkvevlobis, warmoebis decentralizaciis da konkurenciis mzardi done~. magram miuxedavad bevri wamyvani seqtorisTvis (mag.: maRali teqnologiebis industria, safinanso da biznes momsaxurebebi) damaxasiaTebeli mzardi aglomeraciisa, aseve bevri transaqciebi mgrZnobiareni rCebian manZilis mimarT: `miuxedavad imisa, rom sivrciTi transaqciebis xarjebi mniSvnelovnad daeca bolo aTwleulebSi, ramac saSualeba misca firmebs ufro advilad CarTuliyvnen globalur bazarze, jerac rCebian mniSvnelvani transaqciebi, romlebic mgrZnobiareni arian manZilis faqtorebis mimarT. external economies kargad viTardebian im urTierTqmedebis qselebSi, sadac amgvari transaqciebi gvxvdebian, romelTa usafrTxo ganxorcielebis mizniT mwarmoeblebi erTiandebian geografiul sivrceSi~. mTavari geografiuli Sedegi aris is, rom msoflio ekonomikis integraciis kvaldakval, wamyvani sawarmoo dargebi ufro metad iqnebian koncentrirebulni metropoliebsa da maT hinterlandSi. am teritoriebs Zlieri konkurentuli upiratesobebi gaaCniaT da es tendencia momavalSic gagrZeldeba. giganturi metropoliebi: tokio, san paulu, niu iorki, mexiko, Sanxai, los anjelesi, mumbai da seuli, romelTa mosaxleoba 10 milions aWarbebs (2005 wlis monacemebiT), aseve 5 milionze meti mosaxleobis mqone 40-mde aglomeracia Seadgens msoflio ekonomikis dinamiur centrs, xolo erovnuli sazRvrebi TandaTan kargaven gavlenas ekonomikuri zrdis procesis marTvaze. londonis gadamzRvevlebs, holivudis msaxiobebs, niu iorkis advokatebs da “silikonis velis” programistebs SedarebiT maRali Semosavlis miRebis SesaZlebloba gaaCniaT maTi samuSaos adgilmdebareobis gamo. maT aqvT globaluri xelmisawvdomoba im seqtorebSi sadac maRali globaluri moTxovna arsebobs. meore mxare globaluri bazrebis momsaxurebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri zrdis koncentraciisa, aris msoflios didi nawilis TandaTanobiTi marginalizacia. didi metropoliebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mdidarTa da RaribTa ubnebisa da sul ufro metad mzardi Semosavlebis uTanasworobis arseboba. Raribebi ZiriTadad 81 Rebuloben samuSaos, romelic gulisxmobs mdidrebisTvis momsaxurebis gawevas, rac Sida ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erTi mTavari faqtoria. servisebi Sida moxmarebisTvis ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi wyaroa did qalaqebSi. es zrda damokidebulia Sida da msoflio bazarze orientirebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli organizaciebis Semosavlebze. did qalaqebTan axlos mdebare SedarebiT patara qalaqebis zrda sul ufro metadaa damokidebuli qseluri ekonomikis zrdaze. magaliTad, britaneTSi dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis zrdis didi nawili koncentrirebuli iyo `zrdis arealze~, romelic moicavda kembrijidan bornmuTamde teritorias. aRniSnulma regionma didi sargebeli naxa londonSi finansuri momsaxurebis industriis zrdisgan. londonis hinterlandSi moxda kompiuterebis warmoebisa da momsaxurebebis, agreTve sabuRaltro saqmisa da sxva saofise samuSaoebis decentralizeba. erTi ram naTelia, msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia ar iwvevs ekonomikuri zrdis sivrcobriv gavrcelebas, aramed xels uwyobs regionebs Soris sxvaobebis gaRrmavebas. zogierTi e.w. msoflio qalaqi: londoni, tokio, niu iorki, hon kongi da singapuri, gaxda safinanso da biznes momsaxurebebis centri. sxva regionebi, rogoricaa “mesame italia”, amerikis Sua dasavleTi, taivani da Sanxai, fokusirebas mrewvelobaze axdenen. zogi regioni umTavresad sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobas eweva, sxvagan ki, ZiriTadad dabalxelfasiani, an beq ofisis funqciebis mqone samsaxurebia. daskvna am TavSi naCvenebia Tu, rogor viTardebodnen procesebi, romlebic ekonomikuri geografiis kvlevis sagans warmoadgenen, msoflio ekonomikis evoluciasTan urTierTkavSirSi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca msoflio ekonomikisa da misi evoluciis specifiur damaxasiaTebel niSnebs: 1) erTiani msoflio bazari; 2) saxelmwifo sistema; 3) sami geografiuli safexuri (tiers); 4) droebiTi modelebi da hegemonia; 5) subordinacia da winaaRmdegoba; 6) alternatiuli adaptaciebi. momdevno seqcia daeTmo globalizebuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi saxelmwifosa da Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikas Soris Secvlil urTierTobebs. am kuTxiT mTavari daskvnebia: 1) ekonomikuri Zalaufleba aRar aris yvelaze metad asocirebuli saxelmwifosTan; 2) saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoebebi/erovnuli ekonomikebi aRar warmoadgenen urTierTganmsazRvrel obieqtebs. Tumca Cven xazi gavusviT saxelmwifoebis mniSvnelobas ekonomikis regulirebaSi. istoriuli gamocdileba gvkarnaxobs, rom msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis tendenciam SeiZleba ukusvla ganicados Tu gaizrdeba ekonomikuri nacionalizmi da proteqcionizmi da Tu aSS an evrokavSiri dabrkolebebs Seuqmnian arsebul Ria savaWro sistemas. mTlianad 82 globalizebuli msoflio ekonomika politikurad da geografiulad dayofili iqneba. am Tavis mesame nawilSi ganxilul iqna bazarze xelmisawvdomobis ekonomikis cneba, riT gansxvavdeba igi manamde gabatonebuli Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimisgan da regionuli mamoZravebeli Zalebis gadamwyveti roli msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. aRiniSna transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da maTi strategiuli aliansebis mniSvneloba Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis mzard kompleqsurobasTan erTad. ekonomikuri saqmianobebis teritoriuli adgilmdebareoba naklebadaa damokidebuli warmoebis faqtorebze gaweul xarjebze (sivrciTi transaqciebis xarjebi) transportirebis xarjebis seriozuli dacemis gamo da ufro metad eyrdnoba savaWro da arasavaWro urTierTdamokidebulebebs (external economies), romelic xels uwyobs specializebuli saqmianobebis klasterizacias. nacvlad imisa, rom bazarze xelmisawvdomobis modelma xeli Seuwyos warmoebisa da momsaxurebis gavrcelebas mTels msoflioSi, igi iwvevs bevri saqmianobis regionul klasterizebas. amitom SedarebiTi upiratesoba ufro metad miiRweva konkretuli teritoriuli adgilmdebareobis, vidre nedleulis xelmisawvdomobis, an iafi muSaxelis arsebobis gamo. zogierTi seqtorisTvis bolo ori faqtori inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas, magram maRalteqnologiuri seqtorebi (rogoricaa informatika da bioteqnologiebi), agreTve bevri sxva saqmianoba (fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWroba, dazRveva, liTonis damuSaveba da sxva) mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli konkretul teritoriasTan. nawili 2. centraluri ekonomikebis aRzeveba Semdgom sam TavSi Cven ganvixilavT msoflios centraluri ekonomikebis ganviTarebis istorias, moviyvanT ramdenime istoriul magaliTs, romlebSic asaxulia pirvel nawilSi moyvanili bevri Teoria da modelebi. Cven gvsurs warmovaCinoT is faqti, rom msoflio ekonomikuri landSaftebi, raoden mravalferovanni da unikalurni ar unda iyvnen, axla yovlismomcveli msoflio ekonomikis nawils warmoadgenen. meoTxe TavSi aRwerili iqneba, Tu rogor iqca evropa msoflio ekonomikis centrad, rogor moxda am regionis konsolidireba savaWro kapitalizmis ganviTarebasTan erTad da ra tipis saqalaqo da regionul cvlilebebSi aisaxa es procesi. mexuTe TavSi mocemulia is gzebi, riTac moxda evropis, CrdiloeT amerikisa da iaponiis aRmasvla da is sivrciTi cvlilebebi, romlebic moyva industriuli kapitalizmis aRmocenebas. meeqvse TavSi ganxilulia centraluri ekonomikebis globalizacia. Cven aseve ganvixilavT adamianis rols regionuli landSaftis formirebaSi. ra, sad da rogor keTdeba, nebismieri ekonomikuri sistemis farglebSi, asaxavs adamianTa sxvadasxva Sexedulebebs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iyos resursebi gamoyenebuli. 83 Tavi 4. preindustriuli msoflio am TavSi Cven gavecnobiT Canasaxovani msoflio ekonomikis Camoyalibebas centriT evropaSi, aseve ganvixilavT Tu rogor gaxda evropa msoflio ekonomikisa da sazogadoebebis lideri. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom preindustriuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba ar warmoadgenda eqskluziur evropul fenomens. msoflios sxva nawilebSi warmarTuli procesebi, xSirad axdenda gavlenas evropis ganviTarebaze. Cven mokled ganvixilavT soflis meurneobaSi momxdari pirveli `revoluciis~ safuZvlebs, Zveli imperiebis aRzevebas, saqalaqo sistemebis Camoyalibebas da feodalizmis, rogorc warmoebis gabatonebuli modelis gavrcelebas. 4.1 saTaveebi Cven daviwyebT imanuel valerStainis msoflio sistemebis Teoriis ganxilviT. misi azriT, erT dros yvela sazogadoebebi warmoadgendnen minisistemebs: `minisistema aris erToba, romelsac gaaCnia Sromis sruli danawileba da erTiani kulturuli struqtura~ (1979a: 17). amgvari minisistemebi moicavdnen martiv nadirobas da Semgroveblobas, aseve sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebebs. magram isini amJamad ar arseboben. maSin roca minisistemebi daukavSirdnen imperiebs, an msoflio ekonomikas isini aRar warmoadgendnen gancalkevebul erTeulebs. imperiebi da msoflio ekonomika valerStainis azriT aris msoflio sistemis magaliTi Sromis erTiani teritoriul-sivrciTi danawilebiT, magram mravalferovani kulturuli sistemebiT. msoflio imperiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTiani politikuri sistema, msoflio ekonomikaSi ki politikuri integracia ar arsebobs. primitiuli minisistemebidan, romlebic eweodnen nadirobas da Semgroveblobas, soflis meurneobaze dafuZnebul msoflio imperiebze gadasvlis adreuli etapi daiwyo proto-neoliTur periodSi (Zv.w. 90007000 wlebi), rodesac rigi gamogonebebis (sanadiro iaraRebis gaumjobeseba, salesi qvis gamoyeneba da sxva) meSveobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda soflis meurneobis ganviTareba. am winapirobebis Sedegad aseve SesaZlebeli gaxda soflis meurneobis iseT (fallow cultivation, or shifting agriculture) martiv sistemaze gadasvla, romelic gulisxmobs veluri marcvleulis daTesvas damwvar miwaze, gaCexvisa da dawvis sistemis gamoyenebiT (tyis gaCexva da Semdeg dawva, raTa miwa ufro noyieri gaxdes). amgvari sistemisTvis ar aris saWiro specialuri iaraRebi, gamargvla an sasuqebis gamoyeneba. ramdenime wlis Semdeg moxdeba sxva miwis nakveTis damuSavebaze gadasvla, xolo Zvels ki garkveuli periodiT daumuSavebels datoveben. neoliTur periodSi (Zv.w. 7000-5000 wlebi) soflis meurneobam da mesaqonleobam farTo gavrceleba hpova. nadirobis da Semgroveblobis Canacvleba sakvebis warmoebiT xangrZlivi procesi iyo. magaliTad, dasavleT aziaSi mdebare neoliTur dasaxlebaSi warmoebuli 84 arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dadginda, rom veluri parkosani mcenareebis TandaTanobiTi Canacvleba xorblis kulturiT grZeldeboda daaxloebiT 2000 wlis manZilze. ester boserupi (1981) Tvlis, rom sakvebis warmoebaze gadasvlis naklebi motivacia arsebobda, vidre mosaxleobis simWidrovem zrda ar daiwyo da veluri sakvebis resursebi ar gaRaribda, radgan nadiroba da Semgrovebloba sakmaris saarsebo saSualebebs iZleoda SedarebiT naklebi SromiTi datvirTvebis xarjze. demografiuli mdgomareoba, teqnologiur inovaciebTan erTad gaxda ekonomikuri cvlilebebis winapiroba. soflis meurneobis kerebi sakvebis warmoebisken gadasvla damoukideblad ganxorcielda soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva kerebSi: 1) amis uadresi kvali (mag.: cxvris Zvlebi) arsebobs iransa da erays Soris mdebare zagrosis mTebSi, aseve palestinaSi da anatoliis platoze TurqeTSi. napovni arqeologiuri masala daTariRebulia Zv.w. 8500 wliT. 2) meore neoliTuri kera iyo samxreT aziaSi: gangis, brahmaputrasa da iravadis mdinareebis auzSi. 3) Zv.w. 5000 wlidan aRmocenda mesame kera xunanSi (CineTi). 4) arsebobda oTxi damoukidebeli kera orive amerikaSi: samxreT tamaulipasi da teaukanis xeoba centralur amerikaSi; perus sanapiro da CrdiloeT amerikis Crdilo dasavleTi nawili (ax. w. 1000 weli). Zv.w. 5000 wlisTvis sasoflo-sameurneo revoluciam miaRwia xmelTaSuazRvispireTs da dunais sanapiroebs; Zv.w. 3000 wlisTvis moicva indoeTis umetesoba, britaneTi da skandinavia. evropaSi Zv.w. 1500 wlisTvis nadiroba da Semgrovebloba SemorCa mxolod tundraSi. qvemoT moyvanilia sakvebis warmoebaze gadasvlis Sedegebi: msoflio ekonomikis grZelvadiani evoluciisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo is cvlilebebi socialur organizaciaSi, rac gamoiwvia binadari mosaxleobis gaCenam, romelic soflis meurneobas misdevda. manamde arsebuli Temuri wyobileba Seicvala gvarovnuli sistemiT, romelic gaxda axali, ierarqiuli socialuri struqturis safuZveli. sakvebis gazrdili moculoba iZleoda mosaxleobis simWidrovis da sasoflo-sameurneo soflebis raodenobis zrdis saSualebas. Warbi sakvebi aseve ganapirobebda arasasoflo-sameurneo xelobebis (meTuneoba, qsova, Zvirfaseulobis da iaraRis damzadeba) ganviTarebas. amgvarma specializaciam moaxdina barterisa da vaWrobis ganviTareba Temebs Soris, romlebic zogjer didi manZiliTac iyvnen erTmaneTisgan daSorebulni. adreuli urbanizaciis struqtura sasoflo-sameurneo revolucia gaxda winapiroba sxva revoluciuri cvlilebebisa ekonomikasa da msoflios sivrciT organizaciaSi: qalaqebisa da saqalaqo sistemebis warmoqmna. sxvadasxva arqeologiuri 85 masalidan Cans, rom urbanizacia damoukideblad viTardeboda sxvadasxva regionSi, soflis meurneobaze gadasvlis stadiis dasrulebis kvaldakval. pirveli qalaqebi warmoiSva daaxloebiT Zv.w. 3000 wels samxreT dasavleT aziaSi, tigrosisa da evfratis auzSi da nilosis napirebze (erTad isini qmnian e.w. „nayofier naxevarmTvares“). Zv.w. 2500 wlisTvis qalaqebi gaCnda indis dablobze, daaxloebiT 7 saukuniT gvian ki, CrdiloeT CineTSi. saqalaqo centrebi aseve gaCndnen centralur amerikaSi (ax.w. 1500 weli). pirvelma saqalaqo centrebma gamoiwvies msoflio imperiebis – saberZneTis, romis da bizantiis warmoSoba. qalaqze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis ramdenime faqtoria gamosarCevi. boserupma (1981) xazi gausva mosaxleobis adgilobrivi koncentraciis rols; jakobsma (1969) qalaqebis warmoSobis mizezad moiyvana vaWrobis ganviTareba; xolo klasikuri arqeologiuri Teoria aRniSnulis mizezad miiCnevs soflis meurneobis Warbi saqonlis warmoebas, romelmac xeli Seuwyo specializebuli, arasasoflosameurneo xelobebis warmoSobas. sxva mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo xarkis Segroveba, ZiriTadi saSualebebis da samuSao Zalis kontroli – religiuri darwmunebis, an despoturi iZulebis gziT. axlad Seqmnilma parazitulma elitam misca stimuli saqalaqo ganviTarebas maTi Zalauflebis damadasturebeli Senobanagebobebis aRmarTvis gziT, rac moiTxovda specializaciis xarixis gazrdas arasasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobebSi (mSenebloba, administracia, qurumebi, armia da sxva). maTi organizeba ki, mxolod qalaqebis arsebobis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. amgvari eqspansia SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod yvelaze nayofier sasoflosameurneo regionebSi, sadac glexebs SeeZloT moeyvanaT sakmarisi raodenobis produqti, ara mxolod parazituli elitebis, aramed sul ufro didi raodenobis arasasoflo-sameurneo muSaxelis sarCenad. am konteqstSi, gadamwyveti iyo sairigacio sistemis ganviTareba, ramac ara mxolod gazarda nayofiereba, aramed moiTxova didi masStabis kooperireba romlis efeqturi organizebac SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod ierarqiul, despotur sazogadoebaSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi parazituli elitis moTxovnebi izrdeboda, rac iwvevda administraciuli aparatisa da armiis zrdas da moiTxovda sul ufro meti xelosnis da sxva arasasoflo-sameurneo muSaxelis arsebobas. yvelaferi es aCqarebda qalaqebis zrdas. aRniSnuli procesebis ganviTarebas aferxebs sazogadoebis SezRuduli resursebi. amis pasuxad xdeba saresurso bazis gafarToeba teritoriuli eqspansiis gziT, rac aseve aCqarebs urbanizaciis process. samflobeloebis zrdasTan erTad iqmneboda axali dasaxlebebi am teritoriebis samarTavad. isini warmoadgendnen saSuamavlo centrebs mmarTveli elitis moTxovnebis adgilobriv mwarmoeblebamde mitanisa da am ukanasknelTa mier Sesabamisi produqciis mmarTvelebisTvis gasagzavnad. imperiebis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda qalaqebis, rogorc mmarTvelobis centrebis raodenoba. evropis saqalaqo sistemas 86 safuZveli Caeyara saberZneTisa da romis imperiebis eqspansiis Sedegad (suraTi: 4.1). suraTi: 4.1 antikuri msoflios urbanizacia imperiebis zrda da eqspansia ar iyo mdgradi procesi. urbanizebuli sazogadoebebi aramyar fenomens warmoadgendnen da bevri maTgani kvlav agraruli tipis sazogadoebebad gardaiqmnebodnen. xSir SemTxvevaSi amis mizezi iyo epidemiebis an omebis gamo mosaxleobis Semcireba. Sedegad, aRar iyo adamianuri resursebis sakmarisi raodenoba urbanizaciisTvis aucilebeli socialuri da ekonomikuri infrastruqturis SesanarCuneblad. amis yvelaze adreuli magaliTia indis dablobSi arieli mesaqonleebis mier adgilobrivi saqalaqo ekonomikis Seviwroeba Zv.w. meore aTaswleulSi. aRniSnuli procesebis kidev erT mizezs warmoadgenda cvlileba mosaxleobisa da resursebis TanafardobaSi. mosaxleobis mateba iwvevda produqtebze moTxovnis zrdas, risi dakmayofilebac arsebuli resursebiT sul ufro rTuli iyo. Sedegad investiciebi aRar xorcieldeboda, armia mcirdeboda, rac TandaTanobiT Zirs uTxrida imperiis Zlierebas. savaraudod msgavsma procesebma gamoiwvia mesopotamiuri imperiis dacema, da maias imperiis qalaqebis mitoveba amerikaSi evropelebis gamoCenamde 500 wliT adre, aseve romis imperiis daqveiTeba ax.w. meore saukunidan da sabolood misi dacema mexuTe saukuneSi. 87 sasoflo konsolidacia/ganviTareba marTalia, urbanizaciis warmoSobam didwilad ganapiroba momavali ganviTareba, magram swored soflis reorganizaciam da konsolidaciam Seqmna savaWro kapitalizmis da evropuli msoflio ekonomikis warmoSobis safuZvlebi. sasoflo konsolidaciis centrSi moeqca Sua saukuneebis evropis, CineTis, indoeTisa da iaponiis feodaluri sistemebi. feodaluri sistema TiTqmis mTlianad agraruli iyo. samuSao Zalis 80-90% CarTuli gaxldaT soflis meurneobasa da mesaqonleobaSi, danarCenebi ki ZiriTadad xelosnebi iyvnen. produqtebis umetesoba myisier moTxovnebs xmardeboda da mxolod mcire nawili ikvlevda gzas msoflio bazarze. feodaluri sistemis safuZveli iyo feodalis mamuli, romelic saero an sasuliero memamuleebs ekuTvnodaT. isini sargeblobis uflebiT gascemdnen miwis nakveTebs erTgulebisa da ekonomikuri valdebulebebis (ZiriTadad fuladi saxis gadasaxadi) Sesrulebis sanacvlod. memamuleebi Tavis mxriv emorCilebodnen ufro maRali rangis batonebs, romlebisganac isini erTgulebis sanacvlod iRebdnen miwebs. am mamulebSi samuSao Zalas warmoadgendnen glexebi. maTi umetesoba iyvnen ymebi, an moijareebi, romelTa gadaadgilebis, qorwinebis, qonebis memkvidrobis gadacemis, saqonlis yidva-gayidvis ufleba kanoniT izRudeboda. glexoba warmoadgenda feodaluri sistemis safuZvels. swored am fenis Sromis eqspluataciiT xdeboda feodalis mier qonebis dagroveba. ax.w. 1000 wlisTvi dasavleT evropis soflebis umetesoba konsolidirebuli iyo feodalur agrarul qvesistemebSi, romlebsac Zlieri avtonomia gaaCndaT. TiToeuli mamuli iyo TviTuzrunvelyofili martivi sawarmoo saqonlisTvis aucilebeli nedleuliT da SeeZlo sxvadasxva specialobis xelosnis rCena. umetes regionebSi arsebobdnen patara qalaqebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen gamagrebul punqtebs, saeklesio da administraciul centrebs feodaluri iererqiis maRal safexurze mdgomi elitisTvis. swored am ekonomikurma sistemam – mouqnelma, nelma, Caketilma, gamoiwvia vaWrobisa da qalaqebis gamococxleba, rac iqca dasavleT evropaSi savaWro kapitalizmis ganviTarebis winapirobad. 4.2 ekonomikuri organizaciis principebi am qveTavSi Cven ganvixilavT im ZiriTad principebs, romlebic mniSvnelovani iyo winaindustriuli ekonomikuri geografiis sawyisi etapebisTvis: centralur regionebSi ekonomikuri modelebis cvlilebebi iyo TandaTanobiTi da progresirebadi am cvlilebebs rogorc wesi win uswrebda inovaciebi teqnologiebsa da ekonomikur organizaciaSi 88 amgvari inovaciebi iyo aucilebeli magram ara sakmarisi radikaluri cvlilebebis mosatanad. aseve mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgendnen instituciuri da socialur-politikuri cvlilebebi demografiuli viTarebac erT-erTi gadamwyveti faqtori iyo. samuSao Zalis arasakmarisi raodenoba zogjer aferxebda ekonomikur ganviTarebas, xolo cvlilebebi mosaxleobisa da adgilobrivi resursebis Tanafardobas Soris mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda ekonomikis progress, an regress Semcirebuli Semosavlebis kanonma (The law of diminishing returns) biZgi misca teritoriul eqspansias. kolonizaciam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula ierarqiuli saqalaqo sistemebis ganviTarebasa da transportirebis gaumjobesebaSi 4.3 evropuli msoflio sistemis Camoyalibeba es qveTavi exeba feodalizmidan savaWro kapitalizmisken gadasvlis sawyis etaps (me-13 saukune), evropuli msoflio sistemis Camoyalibebasa (me-16, me-17 saukuneebi) da me-18 saukunis dasawyisSi momxdar protoindustrializacias, ramac safuZveli daudo industriul revolucias. Cveni mizania ekonomikuri cvlilebebis umTavresi aspeqtebis warmoSobis, urTierTqmedebisa da sivrciTi Sedegebis aRwera. ratom evropa? me-12 saukuneSi, TiTqmis naxevari aTaswleuliT adre, vidre evropa daadgeboda kapitalizmis gzas, ramac gansazRvra msoflio ekonomikis saxe, arsebobda ramdenime kargad ganviTarebuli ekonomikuri regioni aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi. 1) xmelTaSuazRvispireTi: bizantia, italiis qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi da muslimanuri CrdiloeT afrika. 2) CineTis imperia. 3) centraluri aziis teritoria, romelic moicavda ruseTidan monRoleTamde mdebare miwebs. 4) indoeTis okeanisa da wiTeli zRvis kompleqsi. 5) baltiis zRvis garSemo mdebare teritoria. ratom iqca evropa da ara CineTi inovatoruli ekonomikuri cvlilebebis adgilad? CineTSi daaxloebiT imave raodenobis mosaxleoba cxovrobda, ramdenic mTels evropaSi da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi (me-15 saukunis bolomde) gaaCnda sul cota imave doneze ganviTarebuli mecniereba da teqnologiebi. Cinelebma gamoigones rkinis guTani ax.w. me-6 saukuneSi, kompasi me-10, xolo wylis saaTi me-11 saukuneSi. maT evropelebze ufro ganviTarebuli medicina, qaRaldis warmoeba, beWdva da asafeTqeblebis warmoeba hqondaT. CineTma SeinarCuna imperiuli sistema, rac iZleoda Semdeg upiratesobebs: gadawyvetilebebis miRebis centralizeba, msxvili biurokratiuli aparati, maRal doneze ganviTarebuli Sida komunikaciebi da erTiani safinanso sistema. yvelaferi es xels uwyobda ekonomikur ganviTarebasa da teritoriul eqspansias. 89 CineTis CamorCena SeiZleba aixsnas sagareo ekonomikuri eqspansiis survilis ararsebobiT. Cinelebma evropelebze adre moaxdines indoeTis okeaneSi eqspediciebis mowyoba, magram mogvianebiT dakarges interesi Semdgomi kvlevebis mimarT. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom isini mxolod sakuTar qveyanas miiCnevdnen mniSvnelovnad da danarCeni msoflio ar ainteresebdaT. meore mizezia CrdiloeTidan momTabare tomebisgan da iaponeli mekobreebisgan momdinare safrTxeebi. mesame axsna mdgomareobs imperiuli CineTis Zalauflebis centralizaciaSi, rodesac ar arsebobdnen sakmarisi raodenobis interes-jgufebi, romelTac sazRvao gamokvlevebi daainteresebdaT. bolos moyvanili mizezi aris nawili farTo struqturuli SezRudvebisa, romelic damaxasiaTebelia imperiuli wyobisTvis. didi raodenobis mosaxleobis marTva da dacva didZal energias da resursebs moiTxovs, romlebic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamoyenebuli iqneboda kapitalis gansaviTareblad. CineTma ver SeZlo iaraRis teqnologiebis ganviTareba evropelebis darad, radgan saimperatoro kari ewinaaRmdegeboda iaraRis Sesaxeb codnis gavrcelebas, raTa igi ar gamoeyenebinaT ajanyebulebsa da yaCaRebs. kidev erTi gansxvaveba CineTsa da evropas Soris mdgomareobda SemdegSi: evropis soflis meurneoba efuZneboda xorblis moyvanasa da msxvilfexa saqonlis moSenebas, xolo CineTis soflis meurneobaSi wamyvani adgili ekava brinjis moyvanas. brinji naklebi miwis farTobs moiTxovs, amitom CineTSi ar igrZnoboda teritoriuli eqspansiis saWiroeba. evropaSi ki xorbalma da msxvilfexa saqonlis moSenebam ganapiroba evropelTa Zlieri survili axali teritoriebis aTvisebisa. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom CineTis qalaqebis avtonomiurobis xarisxi dabali iyo evropul qalaqebTan SedarebiT. evropuli qalaqebis politikuri avtonomia gadamwyveti faqtori gaxda soflidan migrantTa mosazidad, romelTa Sromam da iniciatiurobam didwilad gansazRvra savaWro kapitalizmis warmoSoba. feodalizmis krizisi evropaSi evropaSi feodalizmidan savaWro kapitalizmze gadasvla rCeba mniSvnelovan sadavo sakiTxad. pirvel yovlisa imitom, rom Cven ar viciT sakmarisi detalebi im socialur da ekonomikur cvlilebebze, romlebsac adgili hqondaT 1300-dan 1450 wlamde. Sedegad warmoiSva uamravi Teoriuli interpretacia, TiToruli maTgani xazs usvams am gadasvlis gansxvavebul elementebs. sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom gadasvlis saerTo konteqsti iyo ekonomikuri, demografiuli da politikuri krizisi, romelic warmoiSva mosaxleobis zrdis, arasakmarisi teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa da nayofieri miwebis naklebobis gamo. teqnologiuri winsvlis Sedegad, feodalur periodSi xorblis warmoebam mniSvnelovnad imata, rasac mohyva mosaxleobis zrda me-12 me-13 saukuneebSi. amis sapasuxod, feodalurma ekonomikam moaxdina 90 daumuSavebeli miwebis aTviseba. rodesac es procesi garTulda (daaxloebiT 1250 wlisTvis), pasuxad moxda mosavlis brunvis gaumjobeseba. am process garkveuli SezRudvebi gaaCnda: pirutyvis raodenoba SezRuduli iyo klimaturi pirobebiT da Sesabamisad, saxnavi miwisaTvis saWiro sasuqis raodenobiT. teqnologiuri winsvlis ararsebobam gamoiwvia sakvebis nakleboba, rasac mohyva Savi Wiris epidemiebi 1340-ian, 60-ian da 70-ian wlebSi. am problemebs daemata Zlieri klimaturi fluqtuaciebi: me-14 saukuneSi civma zamTarma gaamZafra sakvebis naklebobis problema, xolo gansakuTrebi cxelma zafxulma gamoiwvia virTxebis raodenobis mkveTri zrda, rac Wiris gavrcelebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo. kidev erTi damamZimebeli faqtori gaxda aswliani omis dawyeba 1335-45 wlebSi, ramac mravali ekonomika samxedro yaidaze gadaiyvana. Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda gadasaxadebi. aman gamoiwvia ekonomikis vardna, daeca moxmarebis done, Seqmna likvidurobis problema Tavadaznaurobis xazinebSi, rasac mohyva fasebis zrda. amis Semdeg, gadasaxadebi kidev ufro gaizarda da gamoiwvia didi ukmayofileba mosaxleobaSi. yvelafer amas moyva feodalizmisgan Tavis daxsnis msurveli mosaxleobis migracia qalaqebSi, sadac ufro xelsayreli sagadasaxado sistemebi da meti Tavisufleba iyo. qalaqebis ayvaveba daiwyo feodalizmis gafurCqvnis xanaSi. Tavadaznaurebis gazrdili moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad gadasaxadebs ufro xSirad fuladi formiT krefdnen. amitom, glexebi valdebulni gaxdnen bazarze gaeyidaT maTi produqtebis nawili, raTa gadaexadaT qirebi da gadasaxadebi. aman xeli Seuwyo saqonliT vaWrobis ganviTarebas da qalaqebis zrdas. qalaqebSi sul ufro meti vaWari da xelosani gamoCnda gazrdili moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. qalaqebis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia feodalizmis krizisi, gamoaaSkarava Caketili feodaluri mamulis araefeqtianoba. vaWrobis aRmavloba da qalaqebis zrda savaWro kapitalizmis pirobebSi vaWrobis aRmavloba da qalaqebis zrda gaxda axali ekonomikuri wesrigis ganmasxvavebeli niSani. feodaluri sistema Caanacvla bazarze saqonlis gacvlam, rodesac konkretuli sazogadoeba specializirebuli iyo im saqonelze, romlis warmoebac yvelaze efeqturad SeeZloT (suraTi 4.3). mTavari moqmedi pirebi am sistemaSi gaxdnen vaWrebi, romlebsac gaaCndaT sakmarisi kapitali vaWrobis gasaviTareblad, amitomac am sistemas savaWro kapitalizmi daerqva. suraTi: 4.3 savaWro kapitalizmis ganviTareba da ekonomikis teritoriul/sivrciTi cvlilebebi 91 savaWro kapitalizmis sistema, gansxvavebiT feodalizmisgan, moiTxovda vaWrobis mudmiv gafarToebas, ris gareSec verc vaWrebi da verc mwarmoeblebi, momxmareblebi da finansistebi ver SeZlebdnen sakuTari poziciebis SenarCunebas: `vaWrebisTvis saWiro iyo rac SeiZleba iafad eyidaT da Zvirad gaeyidaT saqoneli, maqsimalurad didi moculobiT ... es winaaRmdegobaSi modioda mwarmoeblebis interesebTan, radgan Tu maT saqonels dabal fasad iyididnen, maSin maT ar eqnebodaT saSualeba sxva saqonlis SeZenisa da amiT, zogadad savaWro fenis interesebis dakmayofilebisa. es aiZulebda mwarmoeblebs gasayidi saqonlis moculobis gazrdas (produqtiulobis gazrda), xolo vaWrebi zewolas axdendnen momxmareblebze, rom maT meti saqoneli eyidaT, Tundac sesxis aRebis xarjze. orive procesi ... zrdida mwarmoebelTa valebs, romlebsac isini ixdidnen procentebTan erTad. valebis gadasaxdelad ki isini ufro met saqonels awarmoebdnen~ (Johnston, 1980: 33-4). savaWro kapitalizmis ganviTarebas me-12 saukunidan safuZveli Cauyares iseTma savaWro qalaqebma, rogorebicaa venecia, piza, genua, florencia, briuge, antverpeni da hanzis kavSiri (bremeni, hamburgi, liubeki, rostoki da dancigi). mogvianebiT, savaWro centrebi warmoiqmnen CrdiloeT safrangeTSi da mdinare reinze. axalma saxmeleTo gzebma flandria da germania daakavSires xmelTaSuazRvispireTTan, xolo sazRvao gzebma moaxdines britaneTis, skandinaviisa da hanzis kavSiris teritoriebis integrireba kontinentur centrTan. kompleqsurma savaWro sistemam Zalze swrafad moicva evropa portugaliidan poloneTamde da SvedeTidan siciliamde. es savaWro sitema emyareboda ara fufunebis sagnebs, aramed ZiriTad produqtebs: xorbals, Rvinos, marils, matyls, tansacmelsa da liTons. vaWrobis moculobis zrdam iqonia gavlena urbanul ganviTarebaze, radgan vaWrebi saxldebodnen qalaqebSi, romlebic umTavres savaWro 92 gzebze mdebareobdnen. amis Semdeg, qalaqebis zrdis erT-erTi mTavari stimuli gaxda importis Canacvleba (importirebuli saqonlis Canacvleba adgilobrivi warmoebis produqciiT), rodesac adilobrivi ekonomika axdens Semosavlis reinvestirebas sakuTar sazRvrebs SigniT, rac iwvevs Caketilobisa da ekonomikuri avtarkiis nawilobriv aRdgenas. zogierTi saqonlis importis Canacvleba rTuli iyo gansxvavebuli klimatis an resursebis gamo, magram bevri saxeobis saqonlis kopireba mainc moxda adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis mier, ramac moaxdina dasaqmebis SesaZleblobis zrda, lokaluri resursebis gamoyenebis intensifikacia da adgilobrivi sainvesticio kapitalis raodenobis zrda. amis Semdeg qalaqebi axali tipis saqonels yidulobdnen sxva qalaqebisgan, xolo maTi Canacvlebis Semdeg ki, ucxoeTSi damzadebuli kidev ufro inovaciuri produqciis imports axdendnen. Sedegad, vaWrobisa da urbanizaciis modelebi Zalze cvalebadni gaxdnen. grZelvadiani lokaluri warmateba, axali ekonomikuri wesrigis farglebSi, damokidebuli iyo mudmiv inovaciebze, importis periodul Canacvlebaze da axali resursebis aRmoCenasa da kontrolze. ganviTareba/konsolidacia da eqspansia XV-XVI saukuneebSi, inovaciebma biznessa da teqnologiebSi, didi roli iTamaSes savaWro kapitalizmis konsolidaciaSi. am inovaciebidan gamosarCevia biznesisa da finansebis organizaciaSi momxdari cvlilebebi (sabanko saqmis ganviTareba, kreditebi, kompaniebSi partnioroba, wili aqciebSi, komerciuli dazRveva, kurieruli momsaxureba da sxva). maTi mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT didi iyo danazogebis dagrovebis xelSewyobaSi da maTi investiciebis saxiT gamoyenebaSi. samewarmeo da finansuri saqmianobebis kompleqsurobam gamoiwvia kerZo sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebuli (mag.: patentis Sesaxeb kanonebi) samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlebrivi normebis kodifikacia. aman gazarda mewarmeebSi kapitalisturi ekonomikuri saqmianobis warmarTvis motivacia. amasobaSi, axali teqnologiebi sul ufro swrafad viTardebodnen. zogierTi maTgani warmoadgenda wina aRmoCenebis modifikacias, Tumca sul ufro xSirad Cndeboda originaluri ideebi rogorebicaa, warmoebis meqanizacia, cecxlsasroli iaraRis damzadeba, liTonis damuSavebisa da SuSis warmoebis axali meTodebi. es aRmoCenebi mkacri dacvis qveS imyofebodnen maSindel inovaciebis centrebSi (CrdiloeT italia me-15 saukunemde, inglisi da holandia me-16 da me-17 saukuneebSi), xolo sxva qveynebi cdilobdnen nebismieri, kanonieri, Tu ukanono gzebiT moepovebinaT es teqnologiebi, amisaTvis isini did anazRaurebas sTavazobdnen profesionalebs, romlebic flobdnen codnas inovaciebis Sesaxeb. axali teqnologiebis gavrcelebas yvelaze metad Seuwyo xeli iohan gutenbergis mer 1450-ian wlebSi sabeWdi dazgis gamogonebam. momdevno 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi sabeWdi 93 saxelosnoebi gavrcelda mTels evropaSi da Seqmnes arnaxuli SesaZleblobebi codnisa da ganaTlebis miRebaSi. evropis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxldaT inovaciebi gemTmSeneblobasa da navigaciaSi me-15 da me-16 saukuneebSi, ramac saSualeba misca evropel vaWrebs CaeyaraT safuZveli msoflio ekonomikisTvis. merkantilizmi da teritoriuli eqspansia Cven ukve vnaxeT CineTis magaliTze, rom ekonomikuri siZliere yovelTvis ar iwvevs okeanis gaRma eqspansias. maSin, ram ganapiroba evropelTa teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri Zlierebis eqspansia msoflioSi? suraTSi: 4.5 moyvanilia ramdenime mniSvnelovani faqtori. suraTi: 4.5 evropuli msoflio sistemis warmoqmna pirvelia, dasavleT evropis memkvidreobis kanonis da ZviradRirebuli jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Sedegad didi raodenobiT gaRaribebuli aristokratebis arseboba, romlebic gamdidrebis surviliT, an religiuri motivaciiT miiwevdnen Tavgadasavlebisken. amas mivyavarT kidev ori mniSvnelovani faqtorisken: religiuri fanatizmi da monarqebs Soris politikuri konkurencia. evropuli eqspansia mniSvnelovanwilad gamowveuli iyo savaWro kapitalizmis logikiTa da Semcirebuli Semosavlebis kanoniT, rodesac ekonomikuri zrdis SenarCuneba SesaZlebelia mxolod produqtiulobis stabiluri zrdis pirobebSi, garkveuli momentidan ki, amis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod axali teritoriebis dapyrobiT mopovebuli resursebis xarjze. 94 aRniSnuli motivaciebis erTobliobam asaxva hpova merkantilizmis dogmaSi. me-16 saukunidan, evropuli qveynebis umetesoba mihyva am dogmas. merkantilizmi gulisxmobda, rom erovnuli simdidris sazomi unda yofiliyo Zvirfasi liTonis raodenoba, xolo ekonomikuri zrdis wyaro – vaWrobis dadebiTi balansi. amgvari ekonomikuri `logika~ amarTlebda ara mxolod okeanis gaRma kolonizacias, aramed monuri Sromis gamoyenebas plantaciebze da warmoebis akrZalvas koloniebSi. es moiTxovda ekonomikuri regulaciebis gamkacrebas, saxelmwifo proteqciasa da dafinansebas. evropelebma maleve gaanadgures muslimanuri qveynebis vaWroba indoeTis okeaneSi da xelT igdes aziuri vaWrobis udidesi wili. evropeli vaWrebi did Semosavals iRebdnen iaponuri spilenZis SetaniT CineTsa da indoeTSi, aseve induri bambis qsovilebis aziaSi, xolo sparsuli xaliCebis indoeTSi gayidviT da a.S. evropis pirveli ekonomikuri transformacia moxda amerikidan didi raodenobiT oqrosa da vercxlis SemotaniT. didZal nadavls moyva moTxovnis mniSvnelovani zrda TiTqmis yvela produqtze (qsovilebi, Rvino, sakvebi, iaraRi, gemebi da a.S.), ramac xeli Seuwyo evropaSi warmoebis zrdas da ekonomikur ganviTarebas me-16 saukunis ganmavlobaSi. amave dros, kolonizaciam gamoiwvia evropelTaTvis manamde ucnobi da egzotikuri produqtebis (kakao, simindi, pomidori, kartofili, Tambaqo, vanili, Cai da sxva) gamoCena bazarze, rac vaWrebisTvis mogebis miRebis axal SesaZleblobebs qmnida. roca evropelma vaWrebma moaxdines aziis savaWro gzebis monopolizacia, maT SeeZloT raime Zvirfasi nawarmis Semotana evropaSi, sadac kvalificiuri muSaxeli moaxdenda mis imitacias, ris Semdegac Tavad evropelebi daiwyebdnen am nawarmis damzadebas da gayidvas danarCen msoflioSi. magaliTad: `evropaSi didi moTxovniT sargeblobda Cinuri faifuri, romelsac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi yidulobdnen CineTSi da Semdeg yiddnen msoflios masStabiT. mogvianebiT evroplebma Tavad daiwyes misi damzadeba da msoflio bazarze Caanacvles Cinuri faifuri `sakuTariT~. ... amis msgavsad, ingliselebma daiwyes maRali xarisxis induri bambis qsovilebis imitireba da moaxdines ufro iafi, manqanis meSveobiT damzadebuli bambis qsovilebis eqsporti indoeTSi, ramac gaanadgura induri bambis qsovilebis mrewveloba~ (Reynolds, 1961: 45-6) evropisTvis, msoflio eqspansiisgan miRebuli sargebeli gascda axali teritoriebisa da resursebis mopovebis farglebs. kolonizaciam aseve daaCqara teqnologiebisa da biznes-operaciebis warmarTvis xerxebis gaumjobeseba. ganviTarda sazRvao kartografia, sazRvao artileria da gemTmSenebloba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki, iyo koloniebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis ganTavseba evropis soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobaSi. aman xeli Seuwyo kapitalis akumulacias, romelic iqca industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT umTavres winapirobad me-18 saukuneSi. transokeanuri sartylis dasaxlebebi 95 evropis gareT, savaWro kapitalizmis gavrcelebis pirobebSi ekonomikuri landSaftis yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli gaxldaT Ria portebis daarseba amerikis, afrikisa da samxreT aziis sanapiroebze (suraTi: 4.6), romlebic sami saxeobis iyvnen: 1. savaWro navsadgurebi, magaliTad, kantoni (amJamad guanjou, CineTi) da goa (indoeTi), romlebic uzrunvelyofdnen kavSirs evropasa da aRmosavleTis qveynebis Caketil ekonomikebs Soris. am qalaqebSi cota evropeli cxovrobda da mxolod indoeTSi iyo SesaZlebeli vrceli hinterlandis politikuri kontroli. 2. Ria portebi da koloniuri centrebi tropikuli plantaciebisTvis, rogorebic iyvnen rio de Janeiro (brazilia), jorjTauni (britaneTis gaiana), port of speini (trinidadi), penengi (malaizia), lagosi (nigeria), lorenso markesi (amJamad maputu, mozambiki) da zanzibari (tanzania). didi raodenobiT evropeli mosaxleebi iyo saWiro administraciuli da samxedro miznebisTvis. adgilobriv mosaxleobas iyenebdnen fizikuri samuSaoebisTvis. koloniur plantaciur sistemas esaWiroeboda didi raodenobiT samuSao Zala da roca adgilobrivi resursebi amoiwura, daiwyo monebis Semoyvana sxva regionebidan. 3. “WiSkari” (gateway) portebi (jeimsTauni, baltimori, bostoni, niuporti, niu iorki, filadelfia, Carlstoni, savana) 13 koloniisTvis amerikaSi. isini gacilebiT ufro metad iyvnen orientirebuli metropoliebze vidre sakuTar hinterlandze (mogvianebiT, imave tipis dasaxlebebi Seiqmna samxreT afrikaSi, avstraliasa da axal zelandiaSi). suraTi: 4.6 transokeanuri sartylis dasaxlebebi merkantilur epoqaSi 96 ekonomikuri Zalauflebis centris gadanacvleba XVI-XVII saukuneebis evropis ekonomikuri geografiis mTavar maxasiaTebels warmoadgenda ekonomikuri saqmianobis centris gadanacvleba xmelTaSua zRvidan CrdiloeTis zRvisken. me-15 saukunis bolos, xmelTaSuazRvispireTi yvelaze ganviTarebuli regioni iyo msoflioSi, centraluri da CrdiloeT italia ki, mTavari ekonomikuri centri gaxldaT. me-16 saukuneSi xmelTaSua zRvis regioni kidev ufro gamdidrda, radgan espaneTma da portugaliam didi sargebeli naxes amerikis kontinentis ZarcviT miRebuli Semosavlisgan. me-17 saukunis bolos xmelTaSuazRvispireTi gadavida ukana planze niderlandebisa da inglisis ekonomikuri winsvlis gamo. am or ukiduresobas, stagnaciasa da dinamiur eqspansias, Soris imyofeboda safrangeTi, skandinavia da germania, sadac mimdinareobda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesi, anu savaWro kapitalizmis konsolidacia, ramac xeli Seuwyo evropuli ekonomikis koordinirebulobis SenarCunebas sivrciT organizaciaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis periodSi. evropis ekonomikuri centris gadanacvlebis procesi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes espaneTisa da italiis daRmasvlisa da holandiisa da inglisis aRzevebis magaliTebze: espaneTi espaneTi warmoadgens importis Canacvlebis mniSvnelobis karg magaliTs. es qveyana imitom dasustda, rom arc iyo sakmarisad ganviTarebuli, igi mxolod mdidari gaxldaT. moTxovnis gazrdam, romelic gamoiwvia amerikidan wamosulma simdidrem, ar moaxdina adgilobrivi warmoebis ganviTareba, warmoebis sistemaSi arsebuli SezRudvebis (gildiebis 97 SemzRudveli saqmianoba, kvalificiuri muSaxelis nakleboba da espanuri elitis TviTkmayofileba) gamo. amerikidan miRebulma Semosavlebma gazardes espaneTis msyidvelobiTi unari, magram saboloo jamSi xeli Seuwyves inglisis, safrangeTis, holandiisa da danarCeni evropis ganviTarebas. amasobaSi, espaneTis moCvenebiTma keTildReobam waaxalisa xelisuflebis militaristuli politika, rac didZal Tanxebs saWiroebda da did tvirTad awveboda xazinas. me-17 saukuneSi, rodesac sakuTari koloniebidan miRebulma Semosavlebma mniSvnelovnad iklo (nawilobriv, sabadoebis gamofitvis gamo), ekonomikis impulsi gaqra da sustad ganviTarebuli mewarmeoba aRmoCnda gaberili biurokratiisa da didZali erovnuli valis pirispir. italia italiis daRmasvla ufro rTuli procesi iyo da daiwyo me-15 saukunis bolos, rodesac 50 wlis manZilze CrdiloeT italia iqca saomar velad espaneTis, safrangeTisa da germaniis jarebisTvis, ramac gamoiwvia SimSili da epidemiebi da Zlier daazarala vaWroba. me-16 saukunis bolos, moTxovnis saerTaSoriso bumma gamoiwvia italiis ekonomikuri aRmavloba, Tumca es winsvla efuZneboda organizaciis tradiciul meTodebs, rodesac konkurencia da inovaciebi izRudeboda gaZlierebuli amqrebis mier. 1610-1630 wlebSi ramdenime gare faqtorma gamoiwvia italiis mTavari bazrebis kolafsi, es iyo: espaneTis ekonomikuri dacema, germanul saxelmwifoebSi mimdinare omebi da osmaleTis imperiis politikuri destabilizacia. imave dros, italiis bevrma konkurentma SeZlo italiuri importis Canacvleba adgilobrivi produqciiT. am momentidan, qveyanaSi savaWro kapitalizmis ganviTareba SeCerda. italieli mewarmeebi, romlebsac ar SeeZloT, an ar surdaT inovaciebis danergva da produqtiulobis gazrda, aRar axorcielebdnen investiciebs warmoebasa da gadazidvebSi. me-17 saukunis bolos, italia axorcielebda warmoebuli saqonlis imports inglisidan, safrangeTidan da holandiidan da sasoflo-sameurneo saqonlis (zeTi, xorbali, Rvino da matyli) eqsports, romlisTvisac vaWrobis pirobebi araxelsayreli iyo. amrigad, ucxouri vaWroba qveynis ganviTarebisTvis xelis SemSlel faqtorad iqca. niderlandebi me-17 saukunis niderlandebis ekonomikuri saswauli efuZneboda vaWrobisa da warmoebis myar platformas. holandiis qalaqebi (gansakuTrebiT amsterdami) awarmoebdnen reeqsports CrdiloeT evropisTvis. swored holandiis qalaqebi iqcnen warmoebis centrebad. Sedegad, niderlandebs aRmoaCndaT sakmarisi resursebi espaneTis imperiis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli ajanyebis mosawyobad da politikuri damoukideblobis mosapoveblad 1609 wels. ramdenime faqtoris kombinaciam misca saSualeba ni derlandebs yofiliyo msoflio ekonomikis lideri Semdgomi 150 wlis manZilze. 98 pirveli faqtori iyo holandiis institutebis Tanamedroveoba: SemzRudveli gildiebis simcire, miwaTmflbelTa mcire raodenoba da SedarebiT susti eklesia espanelebis wasvlis Semdeg. meore faqtori gaxldaT merkantilisturi politikis aqtiurad gatareba, rac mdgomareobda agresiul kolonializmSi da konkurentebis mimarT ukompromisobaSi. magaliTad, holandielebma dablokes antverpenis zRvaze gasasvleli 1585-1795 wlebSi da xelSi Caigdes misi vaWroba da qsovilebis warmoeba. niderlandebs hqonda maRalganviTarebuli da inovaciuri gemTmSeneblobis industria, romlis warmoebis moculoba aRemateboda danarCeni evropisas. da bolos, holandielebma didi sargebeli naxes espaneTis flandriidan da valoniidan (belgia) kvalificiuri xelosnebis, vaWrebis, finansistebisa da mezRvaurebis migraciisgan, romlebic gaurbodnen espanelebis fanatizmsa da Seuwynareblobas. inglisi me-15 saukunis bolos, inglisi iyo CamorCenili qveyana SedarebiT mcirericxovani mosaxleobiT (5 milioni. SedarebisTvis: safrangeTi 15 mln., italia 11 mln., espaneTi 7 mln.) da sustad ganviTarebuli ekonomikiT. erTaderTi konkurentuli upiratesoba ingliss gaaCnda maudis warmoebaSi. inglisis ekonomikaSi pirveli garRveva moxda me-16 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, rodesac gamudmebuli omebis Sedegad moxda italiis warmoebisa da vaWrobis kolafsi, xolo inglisma mniSvnelovnad gazarda maudis eqsporti. es aRmavloba droebiT SeCerda me-16 saukunis SuaSi italiuri safeiqro mrewvelobis aRorZinebiT da niderlandebsa da espaneTs Soris omiT, romelmac Seaferxa inglisuri eqsporti. am droisTvis, ingliss ukve gaaCnda Zlieri ekonomikuri da eqspansionisturi ambiciebi da merkantilisturi filosofia. holandielebis msgavsad, ingliselebmac isargebles xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareobiT, transokeanuri vaWrobis kuTxiT da religiur Cagvras gamoqceuli kvalificiuri muSaxelis migraciiT safrangeTidan da sxva qveynebidan. maT aseve ganaviTares Zlieri samxedro da savaWro floti kolonialuri eqspansiis gansaxorcieleblad. inovaciebma da importis Canacvlebam didi roli iTamaSa qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da niderlandebTan warmatebul metoqeobaSi. 1540-ian wlebSi rkinis artileriis ganviTarebam saSualeba misca ingliselebs aReWurvaT TavianTi savaWro da samxedro gemebi ufro efeqtianad da SedarebiT mcire danaxarjebiT. qvanaxSiris mier xe-tyis Semcirebuli resursebis Canacvlebam, ara mxolod aarida inglisi energetikul kriziss, aramed xeli Seuwyo gadamuSavebis axali xerxebis ganviTarebas. `rkinasa da qvanaxSirze koncentraciam, saSualeba misca ingliss industriuli revoluciis gzas dadgomoda~ (Cipolla, 1981: 290). 99 daskvna am etapze umjobesi iqneba mimovixiloT ZiriTadi organizaciuli principebi, romlebic ganapirobebdnen ekonomikis ganviTarebas industriul revoluciamde. aRsaniSnavia inovaciebis mniSvneloba teqnologiebsa da biznesis organizaciaSi (Tumca inovaciuri procesi am etapze nela mimdinareobda da gaumjobesebebi TandaTanobiT xdeboda, gansxvavebiT industriuli epoqisgan, romelsac axasiaTebda teqnologiuri cvlilebebis swrafi tempi). instituciuri da socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebis mniSvneloba didi iyo. magaliTad, CineTis centralizebuli imperiuli sistemis SezRudvebi, romlebmac CineTis ekonomikis ganviTarebas SeuSales xeli da meores mxriv, evropuli saxelmwifoebis roli merkantilisturi politikis gatarebaSi. Cven agreTve unda aRvniSnoT demografiuli cvlilebebisa da ekonomikur ganviTarebis urTierTqmedeba da mudmivi swrafva teritoriuli eqspansiisken, gamowveuli Semcirebuli Semosavlebis/ klebadi ukugebis (Law od diminishing returns) kanoniT. amasTan erTad, Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT sivrciTi-ekonomikuri organizaciis axali ganzomilebebi: namdvili msoflio ekonomikis warmoSoba, grZel manZilze urTierTqmedebiTa da Sromis sivrciTi danawilebis kompleqsurobiT. msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis uTanasworoba. zogierTi seqtori, qveyana, regioni da komunikaciebis qseli sxvebze ufro swrafad viTardeboda. msoflio ekonomikis SigniT, specializaciis modelma da ekonomikuri urTierTqmedebis xasiaTma gamoiwvia qveynebis da regionebis sam kategoriad dayofa: 1) centraluri regionebi, sadac ganviTarebuli iyo soflis meurneoba da masobrivi bazris mrewvelobebi (mag.: gemTmSenebloba, qsovilebis warmoeba), vaWroba adgilobrivi burJuaziis xelSi iyo. 2) periferia – xasiaTdeboda monokulturis moyvaniT da did plantaciebze iZulebiTi SromiT. 3) naxevrad-periferia – gamoirCeoda deindustrializaciis procesiT, Tumca inarCunebda specializebuli samrewvelo warmoebis mniSvnelovan wils da finansur kontrols. evropuli ekonomikis sivrciTi organizacia emyareboda cenraluri regionebis klasterebs Crdilo-dasavleT evropaSi: samxreTaRmosavleT inglisi, holandia, baltis zRvis auzis qveynebi, rainisa da elbaspira miwebi germaniaSi, flandria (belgia) da CrdiloeT safrangeTi. periferias warmoadgenda: CrdiloeT skandinavia, Sotlandia, uelsi, irlandia, aRmosavleT evropa da okeanisgaRma koloniebi. naxevrad-periferia moicavda xmelTaSuazRvis qristianul miwebs, romlebic savaWro kapitalizmis epoqaSi evropis centrs warmoadgendnen. evropuli tipis msoflio ekonomikam Seqmna dasaxlebebisa da urbanizaciis gamorCeuli modeli. savaWro kapitalizmis dros 100 gaZlierda dasaxlebebis ierarqiuli sistema da ganviTarda centraluri adgilebis sistema (central place system). okeanis gaRma teritoriulma eqspansiam, savaWro kapitalizmTan erTad warmoSva saqalaqo landSafti. jonstoni (Jonston, 1980: 74) amas Semdegnairad aRgviwers: `merkantiluri kvlevebis pirvel etapze mudmivi dasaxlebebi iqmneba saWiro produqtebis (Tevzi, xe-tye, bewveuli) mopovebis mizniT. mogvianebiT koloniaSi saxldebian miwaTmoqmedebi, romlebsac miaqvT produqcia koloniur portSi, saidanac igi igzavneba mSobliuri qveynis portSi, romlis statusi da simdidre matulobs qveynis Sida raionebTan SedarebiT. koloniis portic farTovdeba, rkinigza xdeba mTavari satransporto arteria. mSobliuri qveynis portis irgvliv mdebare dasaxlebebic did sargebels iReben importis gazrdiT da axali gare porti Sendeba ufro didi moculobis vaWrobis momsaxurebis mizniT~. evropuli tipis msoflio ekonomikis pirobebSi warmoiqmna sivrciTi cvlilebis sami mniSvnelovani meqanizmi: 1. vaWrebis mier investiciebis gadatana im regionSi, romelsac SedarebiTi upiratesoba (teqnologiuri inovaciebi, instituciuri cvlilebebi, valutis simyare da sxva) gaaCnia. 2. importis Canacvleba. sazogadoebebi, romlebsac periodulad SeuZliaT miaRwion importis Canacvlebas sargebloben ekonomikur ganviTarebis Semdegi aspeqtebiT: didi bazrebi, axali importisa da inovaciebisTvis; ufro mravalferovani da farTo dasaqmebis baza; soflis meurneobis produqtiulobis zrda axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebis Sedegad; qalaqebis kapitalis zrda. 3. militarizmi da geopolitikuri cvlilebebi. Tavi 5. industriuli centraluri regionebis evolucia me-18 saukunis meore naxevridan dawyebulma industriulma revoluciam gansazRvra msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis gzebi. dRes, msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebi warmoadgenen industriuli epoqis produqts. am TavSi Cven ganvixilavT industriuli centraluri regionebis ekonomikuri geografiis evolucias. gavaanalizebT im procesebs, romlebic Tan axlavs qveynebisa da regionebis aRmavlobas da daqveiTebas industriuli centraluri regionebis SigniT. 5.1 industriuli revolucia da teritoriul/sivrciTi cvlilebebi sayovelTaod miRebulia, rom industriuli revolucia (1750-1850 wlebi) warmoadgenda revolucias warmoebis organizaciasa da teqnologiebSi da efuZneboda mTel rig inovaciebs warmoebis (mag.: kartraitis saqsovi dazga (1787)), transportirebisa da sainJinro (gansakuTrebiT arxebis sistemebi da sarkinigzo qselebi) sferoebSi. magram, teqnologiuri winsvla nawili iyo ufro farTo ekonomikuri, socialuri da 101 politikuri cvlilebebisa, romlebic saTaves iReben renesansis da ganmanaTleblobis xanaSi. `1800 wlamde, cxovrebis done msoflio ekonomikaSi rCeboda ucvleli didi drois manZilze: Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze, Sromis nayofiereba da moxmareba ar izrdeboda. Tanamedrove industriuli ekonomikebi ki uprecendento da rogorc Cans mudmiv zrdas ganicdian cxovrebis standartebSi~ (hanseni da preskoti; 2002: 1202). teqnologiuri winsvlisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo savaWro kapitalizmis SigniT mewarmeebis mier kapitalisturi wesiT organizebuli mewarmeobis ganviTareba, sadac gamoiyeneboda daqiravebuli Sroma da warmoebuli saqoneli gankuTvnili iyo regionalur da erovnul bazarze gasayidad. vaWrobis gziT dagrovebuli kapitali saSualebas aZlevda mewarmeebs moexdinaT investireba maRalproduqtiul teqnologiebSi, romlebmac ganapirobes industriuli revolucia. meqanizirebuli warmoeba da qarxnebis organizaciuli mowyoba gaxda industrializaciis mTavari maxasiaTebeli. maT gamoiwvies produqtiulobis mkveTri zrda, rac miRweul iqna specializaciisa (Sromis konveieruli danawileba) da Sida masStabis ekonomiis meSveobiT. rogorc savaWro kapitalizmi manamde, aseve industriuli kapitalizmic waawyda ormag winaRobas: bazris gajerebas produqciiT da Semcirebuli Semosavlebis kanons. amis sapasuxod mewarmeebma SeimuSaves mTeli rigi strategiebisa: Sida da gare masStabis ekonomiis gamoyenebis axali gzebis Zieba ufro iafi Sromis, nedleulisa da energiis wyaroebis gamoyeneba arsebuli produqciisTvis gasaRebis axal bazrebze SeRweva axali produqtebis gamoCena axali gamogonebebis (mag.: video, kompiuteri), an im saqmianobebis komodifikaciis meSveobiT, romlebic manamde rogorc wesi saxlSi xorcieldeboda (mag.: sakvebis momzadeba) profkavSirebsa da mTavrobas Soris urTierTobebis formalizeba stabiluri samuSao garemos (ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri) CamoyalibebisTvis aRsaniSnavia is gansxvavebebi, romlebic warmoiqmna ZiriTad industriul regionebs Soris, romlis mizezi iyo gansxvavebebi ara mxolod resursebis simdidresa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modelebSi, aramed industriuli cvlilebebis qronologiaSic. 5.2 manqanuri warmoeba (machinofacture) da industrializaciis gavrceleba evropaSi industriuli revolucia Sedgeboda ramdenime fazisagan, romlebmac sxvadasxva xarisxis efeqti moaxdines sxvadasxva regionebsa da qveynebze. am regionulma gansxvavebulobam kapitalizmis bunebazec moaxdina gavlena. am cvlilebebis mTavari aspeqi iyo kapitalizmis pirobebSi warmoqmnili ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli 102 urTierTobebi, romlebTanac mWidro kavSirSia akumulaciis reJimebis cneba, anu warmoebis, moxmarebisa da Semosavlebis ganawilebis urTierTdakavSrebuli kompleqsebi, romlebic efuZneba kapitalisturi warmoebisa da firmebis organizaciis wesebs. akumulaciis reJimebi warmoiqmna warmoebis, transportirebisa da komunikaciebis axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebis sapasuxod. TiToeul akumulaciis reJims gaaCnia specifiuri regulaciis modeli, anu ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierTobebisa da instituciebis erToblioba, romelic uzrunvelyofs akumulaciis reJimebs saTanado menejmentiTa (mag.: monetaruli da saxelfaso regulaciebi, saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierTobis wesebi, savaWro regulaciebi) da teqnologiebiT. regulaciis modelebs aqvT oTxi ZiriTadi funqcia: 1. monetaruli sistemebisa da finansuri meqanizmebis regulireba 2. xelfasebisa da koleqtiuri garigebebis regulireba 3. konkurenciisTvis xelSewyoba (an zogjer misi SezRudva) da kerZo seqtorsa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobebis mowesrigeba 4. saxelmwifos rolis dadgena sxvadasxva sivrcobriv masStabebSi evropaSi industrializacia sam talRad ganxorcielda, TiToeuli maTgani ramdenime fazisgan Sedgeboda da Zlier lokalizebuli iyo gavlenis xarisxis TvalsazrisiT. pirveli talRis dros Seiqmna industriuli revoluciis pirveli teqnologiuri sistemebi, dafuZnebuli rkinis da bambis qsovilis teqnologiebze, wylis Zalis gamoyenebaze, magistralur arxebsa da gzebze. pirveli talRis gavlena araerTgvarovani gaxldaT, rogorc polardi aRniSnavs: `industriuli revolucia regionuli fenomeni iyo~ (1981: 14). industrializaciis pirveli talRis dawyebamde erT sul mosaxleze mSp-is realuri zrda TiTqmis nulis toli iyo 1000 wlis ganmavlobaSi. inglisSi realuri xelfasi daaxloebiT erT doneze iyo 1300-dan 1800 wlamde. industrializaciamde mosaxleobis zrdis done stabilurad nuli procentis irgvliv meryeobda, rac asaxavda teqnologiuri cvlilebebis dabal tempebs (suraTi: 5.1). suraTi: 5.1 produqciis zrda dasavleT evropaSi 500-1990ww 103 industrializaciis pirveli talRa: britaneTi industrializaciis pirveli talRa daiwyo britaneTSi daxloebiT 1760 wlidan da Sedgeboda `proto-industrializaciis~ ramdenime adgilobrivi regionisgan, sadac mrewveloba saxelfaso Sromas emyareboda da arsebobda yvelaze mowinave industriuli procesebi. aRniSnul samrewvelo saqmianobas lokalizaciis maRali xarisxi gaaCnda, radgan mas sWirdeboda mineralur resursebTan da arxebis sistemasTan axlos yofna. `proto-industrializaciis~ es regionebi gaxdnen britaneTis industriuli ganviTarebis pirveli talRis pirveli fazis safuZveli (1760-1890 wlebi). TiTeul am regions hqonda sakuTari biznesis transaqcebi da samrewvelo stili, anu akumulaciis reJimi da regulaciis modeli. kapitalis didi nawilis mozidva xorcieldeboda adgilobriv doneze, samuSao Zalas qiraobdnen hinterlandidan da mewarmeebi erTiandebodnen regionul kartelebSi. meore faza moicavda 1790-dan 1820 wlamde periods, romlis drosac qvanaxSiris sabadoebiT mdidarma regionebma poziciebi kidev ufro gaimyares, aseve warmoiqmnen axali industriuli regionebi. mesame faza grZeldeboda 1820-dan 1850 wlebamde da xasiaTdeboda sarkinigzo qselis swrafi ganviTarebiT. aman marTalia ar warmoqmna axali industriuli regionebi, magram gamoiwvia ukve arsebulis gasaRebis bazrebis gafarToeba. britaneTis sul ufro meti teritoria moicva industriulma kapitalizmma. industrializaciis meore talRa: axali teqnologiebis sistema da akumulaciis axali reJimebi am periodidan industrializaciam daiwyo gavrceleba kontinentur evropaSi. warmoiqmna meore teqnologiuri sistema, romelic efuZneboda qvanaxSirs, liTons, mZime mrewvelobas, orTqlis Zalas da rkinigzas. maTi gamoyeneba niSnavda: 1) axali resursebis eqspluatacias. 2) Sromis axali wesebis SemuSavebas (daqiravebuli Sromis normebis gavrceleba). 3) axali korporatiuli struqturebis ganviTarebas (didi, SezRuduli 104 pasuxismgeblobis firmebi, romlebsac ara regionuli, aramed saxelmwifo masStabebi hqondaT). 4) axal urTierobebs mTavrobasa da biznesebs Soris (mrewvelobis strategiuli dargebis regulirebisa da maTSi Cadebuli saxelmwifo investiciebis zrda). kontinentur evropaSi momxdari industrializacia (msgavsad britaneTisa) efuZneboda proto-industriul regionebs. Tavdapirvelad, 1850 wlidan industrializacia Seexo sambre-mezis regions (belgia) da Seldis dablobs (belgia, safrangeTi). amis Semdeg igi gavrcelda aaxenis mimdebare teritoriaze da ruris olqSi (germania), elzasSi, normandiasa da zemo luaris dablobSi (safrangeTi), bazelsa da glaruss Soris mdebare industriul ubanSi (Sveicaria). teqnologiebSi Tavdapirveli upiratesoba, romelic miiRo britanulma mrewvelobam Tavis konkurentebze kontinentur evropaSi niSnavda, rom britaneTi msoflio bazarze dominanti Zala iqneboda. mas aseve gaaCnda bunebrivi, geografiuli upiratesobebi: mravalricxovani mosaxleoba, xelsayreli pirobebi intensiuri soflis meurneobisTvis, mdidari mineraluri resursebi, m.S. qvanaxSiri. kontinenturi evropis britaneTTan SedarebiT araxelsayreli mdgomareoba kidev ufro daamZima revoluciebma, mogvianebiT ki napoleonis omebma me-18 saukunis bolosa da me-19-is dasawyisSi. am konfliqtebma Seaferxa warmoeba da samrewvelo eqspansia. amave dros, kontinenturi saxelmwifoebis industrializacia ar xdeboda cdebisa da Secdomebis meTodis gziT, radgan isini pirdapir iziarebdnen britanelTa gamocdilebas da iTvisebdnen maT teqnologiebs. TandaTanobiT izrdeboda sxvaoba industrializebul regionebsa da im teritoriebs Soris, romlebsac igi jer ar Sexeboda da romlebic 1875 wlisTvis evropis udides nawils Seadgendnen (suraTi: 5.2), magram maTi umetesoba inkorporirebul iqna industrializaciis mesame talRaSi 1870-1914 wlebSi. suraTi: 5.2 evropa 1875 wels 105 industrializaciis mesame talRa: `Sua/centraluri (intermediate) evropa~ industrializaciis mesame talRam moicva `Sua (intermediate) evropa~ britaneTis, safrangeTis, belgiisa da germaniis is nawilebi, romlebsac ar ganucdiaT pirveli ori talRis zemoqmedeba, aseve holandia, samxreT skandinavia, CrdiloeT italia, aRmosavleT avstria da katalonia espaneTSi. am droisTvis mTeli evropis reorganizeba xdeboda mesame teqnologiuri sistemis karnaxiT, romelic efuZneboda orTqlmavlebs, msoflio gadazidvebs, Sidawvis Zravas, mZime qimikatebsa da mZime mrewvelobas. “Sua/centraluri (intermediate) evropis” regionebSi industrializaciis procesis ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo kapitalis nakleboba, romelic unda gamxdariyo safuZveli industrializaciisTvis. amitom saWiro iyo imaze aTjer meti raodenobis kapitalis mozidva vidre pirveli talRis dros. aman da teqnologiebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli momsaxurebis ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobisa da rolis zrdas ekonomikur procesebSi. periferiuli evropa dasavleT evropis danarCeni teritoria – pireneis naxevarkunZulis didi nawili, CrdiloeT skandinavia, irlandia, samxreT italia, balkaneTi da aRmosavleT evropa, romlebsac polardma uwoda `gare periferia~ - darCa industriuli kapitalizmis miRma. industrializaciam am regionebSi SeaRwia Semdegi 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi. 106 am regionebis periferiulobis erT-erTi mizezi gaxldaT is, rom mewarmeebi da mTavrobebi iRebdnen imave teqnologiebs, rogorebic hqondaT Tavdapirvelad industrializebul regionebs Zalzed gansxvavebuli ekonomikur-geografiuli garemos miuxedavad. amis magaliTia sarkinigzo sistemebi, romlebmac moaxdines industriuli ganviTarebis integrireba da maRali momgebianobis miRweva mgzavrebisa da didi moculobis tvirTebis (qvanaxSiri, madani, xorbali) regularuli gadazidvebis meSveobiT. rkinigzis gayvana regionebSi, sadac ar iyo arc industriuli baza da arc mosaxleobis maRali simWidrove (mag.: irlandia, samxreT italia, aRmosavleT evropa) did finansur danakargebs iwvevda. mTavrobebis umetesoba mainc midioda amgvar xarjebze politikuri mizanSewonilobis gamo, Tumca amas mohyva ara industriuli ganviTarebis stimulireba, aramed am regionebis sasoflosameurneo specializaciis gazrda. meore mizezi periferiulobisa gaxldaT qalaqebis ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi industriul qveynebTan SedarebiT. britaneTSi, `Sida(inner)~ da `Sua/ centralur(intermediate)” evropaSi saqalaqo da industriuli ganviTareba simbiozurad mimdinareobda, qalaqi iyo kapitalis, samuSao Zalis, satransporto sistemebze xelmisawvdomobis wyaro da gasaRebis bazari. periferiul evropaSi aRniSnuli procesebis efeqti gansxvavebuli iyo didwilad maTi elitebis damokidebulebis gamo: `rkinigzebi gahyavdaT samefo sasaxleebTan, wylisa da gazis sadenebis meSveobiT ki maragdebodnen mxolod privilegirebuli klasebi ..., qalaqi gaxda karibWe ucxoeTidan Semosuli axali teqnologiebisTvis, romlebic vrceldebodnen neapolidan, madrididan, budapeStidan, an sankt peterburgidan da spobdnen adgilobriv mrewvelobas, rogorc aramodurs~ (polardi, 1981: 212). Sedegad qalaqebi ara Tu xels uwyobdnen, aramed aferxebdnen industriul ganviTarebas. warmoebis gadaadgileba (dislocation) da depresia me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi evropis ganviTareba Seferxda pirveli da meore msoflio omebis Sedegad. pirvelma msoflio omma didi ngreva gamoiwvia, daiRupa 50-60 milioni adamiani, zogma qveyanam dakarga 10-15% samuSao Zalisa. materialurma danakargebma gamoiwvies ekonomikuri zrdis Zlieri Seferxeba. omi rom ar yofiliyo, evropaSi 1929 wels warmoebuli saqonlis moculobis done, miRweuli iqneboda ukve 1921 wels. ekonomikuri dislokacia evropaSi ufro intensiuri gaxda omis ramdenime arapirdapiri Sedegis gamo, romlebidanac ori gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania: 1. evropis warmoebis SedarebiTi daqveiTeba danarCen msofliosTan mimarTebiT. 1913 wels evropis wili msoflio warmoebaSi Seadgenda 43%-s, xolo msoflio vaWrobaSi 59%-s. 1923 wlisTvis es maCveneblebi daeca Sesabamisad 34% da 50%-mde. am periodSi gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda aSS-sa da iaponiis warmoeba da 107 laTinuri amerikisa da britaneTis dominionebis pirveladi seqtori. 2. evropis politikuri rukis cvlileba. Seiqmna 38 ekonomikuri erTeuli, nacvlad 26-isa; 27 valuta, nacvlad 14-isa da damatebiT 20 000 kilometri sazRvrebisa. am cvlilebebis Sedegad moxda ekonomikuri cxovrebis dislokacia, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi: sazRvrebma daaSores muSebi - qarxnebs, qarxnebi - maT bazrebs, qalaqebi – sakvebis momwodeblebs. satransporto sistema rTulad Seewyo axal politikur sazRvrebs. rodesac evropis ekonomikebma adaptireba moaxdines am gadaadgilebebTan, 1929-35 wlebis stagflaciis krizisma, anu didma depresiam gamoiwvia ekonomikuri zianisa da reorganizaciis momdevno faza evropaSi. didi depresiis mier gamowveuli ziani sxvadasxvagvari iyo ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorsa da regionebSi. amasobaSi xdeboda evropis ekonomikis deintegracia, radgan qveynebi cdilobdnen daecvaT sakuTari mrewveloba importze qvotebis dawesebiT, valutis manipulaciebiT da a.S. amis Sedegi iyo vaWrobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba. meore msoflio omi da ekonomikuri aRmasvla meore msoflio omma aseve gamoiwvia udidesi ngreva da ganadgureba. evropaSi daiRupa 42 milioni adamiani. omamdel maCvenebelTan SedarebiT safrangeTSi cxovrebis done daeca 50%-iT, xolo sawarmoo aqtivebi Semcirda 8%-iT. britaneTma dakarga sawarmoo aqtivebis 18%, sabWoTa kavSirma 25%. germaniis sawarmoo aqtivebi Semcirda 13%, xolo erT sul mosaxleze Semosavali 25%-iT. aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropis omis Semdgomma politikurma gaxleCilobam (`rkinis fardis~ CamoSvebam sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis qveS myof saxelmwifoebze) moaxdina evropis ekonomikuri gayofa, Tumca am faqtma aseve gamoiwvia swrafi ekonomikuri aRmavloba dasavleT evropaSi: aSS-s miaCnda, rom siRaribe da ekonomikuri qaosi komunizmis gavrcelebis saSiSroebas qmnida da amitom daiwyo mZlavri ekonomikuri programis ganxorcieleba, romelsac `marSalis gegma~ ewoda. 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropis umetes nawilSi cxovrebis donem gadaaWarba omamdelisas. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, ki evropis centralur bankebs SeeZloT aSS dolaris mxardaWera roca es saWiro gaxdeboda. cxrili 5.1 ekonomikis zrdis tempebi evropaSi 108 5.3 suraTze naCvenebia uTanasworoba evropis regionebis ganviTarebis xarisxSi da naTladaa asaxuli dasavleT evropis ganviTarebis maRali done aRmosavleT evropasTan SedarebiT. simdidre gamoisaxeba erT sul mosaxleze mSp-is RirebulebiT, msyidvelobiTi unaris paritetis (mup) gaTvaliswinebiT da Sedarebulia evrokavSiris saSualo maCvenebelTan. 5.3 fordizmi da CrdiloeT amerikis industrializacia CrdiloeT amerikis gadaqceva msoflio ekonomikis wamyvan Zalad gamowveuli iyo Semdegi mizezebiT: mdidari bunebrivi resursebi da miwis didi farTobi. didi da migraciis Sedegad swrafad mzardi bazari da samuSao Zala. vrceli teritoriis gamo xelsayreli pirobebis arseboba giganturi korporaciebis warmoqmnisTvis, romlebsac SeeZloT gamokvlevebisaTvis didi Tanxebis gamoyofa. es ki xels uwyobda inovaciuri procesebis institucionalizaciis evropisTvis xelmiuwvdomeli xarisxis miRwevas. 109 CrdiloeT amerikaSi sivrciTi organizaciis axali modelebi warmoiqmna Semdegi faqtorebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad: resursebis geografia, axali teqnologiebi da mosaxleobis moZraoba. `teqnologiurma ganviTarebam gamoiwvia cvlilebebi calkeuli resursebis mniSvnelobaSi, romlebzec iyo damokidebuli konkretuli qalaqebis zrdis procesi. didi migraciebi miznad isaxavdnen jerac auTvisebeli resursebis (wyali, qvanaxSiri, TuTia da sxva) eqspluatirebas, rac didwilad teqnologiuri inovaciebis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda~ (Borchert, 1967: 324). amerikis ekonomikis ganviTarebam asaxva hpova urbanizaciis Secvlil modelSi. rodesac evropaSi daiwyo industrializaciis pirveli talRa, CrdiloeT amerikis ekonomika damokidebuli iyo atlantis okeanis portebze. TiToeuli porti akontrolebda SezRudul hinterlands, romelTa ekonomikaSi dominanti poziciebi ekava evropaSi eqsportisTvis gankuTvnil sasoflo sameurneo produqciis warmoebas da evropidan importirebuli sawarmoo saqonlis moxmarebas. me-18 saukunis bolodan CrdiloeT amerikis ekonomikam daiwyo gamosvla am daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobidan da 100 weliwadSi gaxda msoflio ekonomikis lideri. am metamorfozis mTavari faqtori gaxda aSS-is politikuri damoukidebloba, mopovebuli 1783 wels, ramac daaCqara ekonomikuri ganviTareba ramdenime kuTxiT: 1. britaneTisgan damoukideblobam da federaluri sistemis pirobebSi politikurma integraciam moaxdina Zveli koloniuri sistemis komponentebs Soris ekonomikuri kavSirebis gabmis stimulireba. 2. damoukidebloba niSnavda, rom investiciebis gacilebiT didi nawili finansdeboda amerikuli kapitalis mier da Semosavlis mcire nawili brundeboda ukan, evropaSi. 3. damoukideblobis Semdeg swrafad gaizarda saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba, radgan TiToeulma sagrafom da Statis dedaqalaqma ganaviTara sakuTari demokratiuli institutebi. 4. axali qveynis teritoriulma eqspansiam Camoayaliba mdidari resursebis baza. am periodis saqalaqo da ekonomikuri ganviTareba SezRuduli iyo primitiuli satransporto sistemiT. mxolod 1840-iani wlebidan, industriuli kapitalizmis meore teqnologiuri sistemis (qvanaxSiri, foladi, orTqli, rkinigza) gavrcelebis Semdeg daCqarda amerikis industrializacia. CanarTi: amerikis sawarmoo/samrewvelo sartylis ganviTareba aSS-is industrializaciis daCqareba 1840-ian wlebSi gamowveuli iyo inovaciuri teqnologiebisa da evropidan Semosuli samrewvelo da komerciuli organizaciis axali meTodebis danergviT. amasTan erTad, msoflioSi sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze moTxovnis zrdam daaCqara industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTareba, radgan fermerebi produqtiulobas zrdidnen meqanizaciis saSualebiT. mwarmoeblurobis 110 zrdam uzrunvelyo didi raodenobis evropeli migrantebis Senaxva, romlebic saqmdebodnen mrewvelobis seqtorSi CrdiloeT amerikis qalaqebSi. sarkinigzo sistemis ganviTarebam Seasrula mTavari roli axali ekonomikuri wesrigis damyarebaSi. sarkinigzo qselebma ekonomikur sistemas kontinenturi masStabebi SesZines. 1869 wels dasrulda pirveli transkontinenturi sarkinigzo xazis mSenebloba. rkinigza gaxda katalizatori regionuli ekonomikebis erTian, kontinentur ekonomikad gadaqcevaSi, romelic msoflio ekonomikuri sistemis wamyvani komponenti gaxda. satransporto qselis gaumjobesebam xeli Seuwyo Crdilo-dasavleTSi (sadac Zlieri konkurencia iyo rkinigzasa da wylis transports, aseve sxvadasxva qalaqebs Soris) regionuli vaWrobis zrdas, ramac safuZveli Cauyara sawarmoo sartylis ganviTarebas. sawarmoo sartylis gadaqceva kontinentis ekonomikur centrad iyo Sedegi Tavdapirveli upiratesobisa. mas gaaCnda didi bazari, ganviTarebuli satransporto qseli, qvanaxSiris maragi. es iyo idealuri adgili industriuli teqnologiebis miRwevebis asaTviseblad. aman gamoiwvia orgvari Sedegi: 1. pirveli gaxldaT calkeuli qalaqebis specializacia, rodesac mwarmoeblebs SeeZloT ara mxolod regionul, aramed erovnul bazarze gasvla: musikaluri instrumentebisa da tansacmlis warmoeba iyo bostonis specializacia; avejis damzadeba, beWdva da gamomcemloba – Cikagosi; safeiqro warmoeba – filadelfiis da a.S. saerTo jamSi sawarmoo sartyeli sam segmentad daiyo: baltimoris, bostonisa da niu iorkis portebSi dominirebda samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoeba; filadelfiasa da klivlends Soris ki naxevarfabrikatebis warmoeba; xolo sartylis dasavleT nawilSi mdebareobdnen naklebad specializebuli, umetesad samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoebaze orientirebuli qalaqebi (suraTi 5.4). suraTi 5.4 amerikis samrewvelo sartyeli 111 2. specializacia gaxda safuZveli qalaqebs Soris saqonlis gacvlisa, ramac erTmaneTs SeakavSira sawarmoo sartyelis es qalaqebi. am kavSirebma warmoSves damatebiTi (multiplier) efeqtebi sabiTumo vaWrobis, transportis, sawyobebis, finansebis meSveobiT da amiT waaxalises regionis industriuli ganviTareba da SedarebiTi upiratesobis zrda. Sedegad, sawarmoo sartyels didi SesaZleblobebi gaaCnda axali industriuli saqmianobebis mosazidad, riTac sagrZnoblad amcirebda qveynis sxva regionebis Sansebs mieRwiaT industriuli ganviTarebis msgavsi donisTvis. es ar niSnavs imas, rom sxva regionebs ar ganucdiaT industrializacia, ubralod misi masStabebi da intensivoba iyo gansxvavebuli. regionebs, romlebic mogvianebiT ganviTardnen adgilobriv bazarze orientirebuli warmoebebi gaaCndaT da iSviaTad gadiodnen erovnul bazarze. fordizmi, teilorizmi da regionuli ekonomikuri cvlilebebi saavtomobilo da sahaero transportis ganviTarebam da eleqtronuli komunikaciebis gaumjobesebam gamoiwvia ekonomikis efeqtiurobis da biznesebisa da regionebis uprecendento integracia. 1920-ian wlebSi dadga `axali ekonomikuri xana~ da liberaluri reaqciebi industrializmze, riTac xasiaTdeboda pirvel msoflio omamde arsebuli `progresuli xana~, swrafad Caanacvles konsumerizmma da busterizmma. 112 metropoliebSi mdebare didma kompaniebma yvelaze meti sargebeli naxes ekonomikis efeqturobis zrdisagan. maT danerges ekonomikuri organizaciis axali principebi, romlebic efuZnebodnen Sromis ufro mkveTr danawilebas, konveiruli tipis warmoebasa da `samecniero~ menejments, romelic aseve cnobilia, rogorc `teilorizmi~. efeqturobisa da produqtiulobis zrda iZleoda saqonlis masobrivi warmoebis saSualebas dabal fasebSi, masobrivi bazrebisTvis. masobrivi warmoebisa da masobrivi moxmarebis kombinacias ewoda akumulaciis fordistuli reJimi, avtomobilebis mwarmoebeli henri fordis mixedviT, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa am cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaSi. akumulaciis es axali reJimi moiTxovda kidev ufro didi kompaniebis arsebobas. kompaniebis Serwymis talRam swrafad Secvala ekonomikis struqtura, rac gamoixata mcire raodenobis sakmaod mZlavri korporaciebis arsebobaSi. 1920 wlisTvis aSS-Si samuSao adgilebis 30% da warmoebis 50% iyo koncntrirebuli firmebis mxolod erT procentSi: `mTeli qveynis masStabiT teritoriuli erTeulebi kargavdnen kontrols adgilobriv warmoebaze. politikuri Zalaufleba teritoriuli integraciis erovnul doneze iyo koncentrirebuli, romelic warmatebulad zRudavda umetesi biznesebis saqmianobas~ (Friedman and Weawer, 1979: 22). `axal ekonomikur xanasTan~ dakavSirebulma akumulaciis axalma reJimma seriozuli problemebi gamoiwvia. meqanizebuli soflis meurneoba didi raodenobiT Warb produqts awarmoebda, ramac gamoiwvia saqonelze fasis dacema, xolo industriuli bazrebi arastabiluri gaxda mravali holdingis Seqmnis gamo. 1929 wlis oqtomberSi moxda safondo birJis kolafsi, ramac gamoiwvia „didi depresia“, romlis Sedegadac milionobiT muSam dakarga samuSao. Sromis regionuli danawilebis gamo, romelic warmoiSva wina 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi, zogierT regionSi gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad iCina Tavi socialur-ekonomikurma problemebma. amis politikuri pasuxi iyo `axali kursi~, rodesac saxelmwifom gacilebiT ufro didi pasuxismgebloba aiRo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofaSi. amas moyva keinsianizmis ekonomikuri Teoriis Camoyalibeba (britaneli ekonomistis, jon meinard keinsis mixedviT). aRniSnul procesebSi Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi regulaciis modelSi, romelic dakavSirebulia akumulaciis fordistul reJimTan, ekonomikuri politikis yuradRebam miwodebis mxaris regulirebidan, gadainacvla moTxovnis mxaris menejmentze. maSin roca 1939 wels evropaSi omi daiwyo, CrdiloeT amerikis ekonomika daCqarebuli zrdis fazaSi Sevida. omis Semdeg aSS-sa da kanadas ufro Zlieri da efeqturi ekonomika gaaCndaT, isini akontrolebdnen axal saerTaSoriso bazrebs. aSS, rogorc kapitalisturi samyaros lideri, msoflios karnaxobda TamaSis pirobebs „marSalis gegmis“, „ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis“ organizaciis (romelic Seiqmna marSalis gegmis farglebSi, evropis rekonstruqciisTvis saWiro daxmarebebis administrirebisTvis) kontrolis da „breton-vudsis“ 113 SeTanxmebis (romliTac dawesda saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis axali modeli) meSveobiT. 1960 wlisTvis mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) erT sul mosaxleze Seadgenda 2513 aSS dolars amerikaSi, 1909 – kanadaSi, 1678 – SvedeTSi, 1259 – britaneTSi, 1200 – germaniaSi, 1193 – safrangeTSi da 421 – iaponiaSi. 5.4 iaponiis industrializacia: ori ekonomikuri saswauli iaponiis ekonomikuri aRmavloba da evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikasTan erTad Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikis centris Seqmna udides miRwevas warmoadgens am qveynisTvis da mniSvnelovan kiTxvebs badebs rogorc ekonomikuri organizaciis Teoriisa da realobis, aseve sivrciTi cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT. mTavari kiTxvaa, rogor SeZlo resursebiT Raribma qveyanam moexdina warmatebuli industrializacia, rac ver SeZles resursebiT mdidarma aziisa da laTinuri amerikis regionebma. pasuxi mdgomareobs SemdegSi, marTalia iaponiis ekonomika me-19 saukunemde feodaluri wesiT iyo organizebuli, igi mainc inarCunebda avtonomiurobas. masze ar mouxdenia gavlena centraluri regionebis kapitalizms. feodalizmidan kapitalizmisken gadasvla iyo winaswarganzraxuli mcdeloba politikuri da ekonomikuri avtonomiis SenarCunebisa. marTalia iaponia ar iqca politikurad da ekonomikurad damorCilebul qveynad, industrializaciisken mimaval gzaze mainc arsebobda seriozuli winaRoba sxva centraluri regionebis mier ukve SeZenili, industriuli ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli teqnologiebis, infrastruqturisa da kapitalis saxiT. es ki badebs meore SekiTxvas: rogor iqna daZleuli es winaRoba? pasuxi mdgomareobs protoindustriuli bazis arsebobaSi, aseve samxedro agresiis, sagareo bazrebis iafi produqciiT gavsebis da dasavluri teqnologiebis kopirebis strategiaSi, yvelaferi es miRweul iqna avtoritaruli mmarTvelobis, Zlieri eqspluataciisa da mkveTri regionuli uTanasworobebis gziT. pirveli saswauli: feodalizmidan industriuli kapitalizmisken iaponiis gadasvla feodalizmidan kapitalizmisken daiwyo 1868 wels, rodesac tokugavas feodaluri reJimi daemxo da aRdga imperiuli mmarTveloba. 200 wlis manZilze, maSin roca evropaSi viTardeboda industriuli sistema, tokugavas reJimi cdilobda SeenarCunebina iaponiis tradiciuli sazogadoeba: ar iRebdnen misionerebs, aikrZala qristianoba, 50 tonaze mZime gemebis mSenebloba ar iyo nebadarTuli, iaponuri portebi daketili iyo ucxouri gemebisTvis (nagasaki erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgenda) da komerciuli saqmianoba idevneboda. feodaluri ierarqiis saTaveSi imyofebodnen aristokratia (siogunati), baronebi (daimio) da meomrebi (samurai). fermerebi da xelosnebi warmoadgendnen eqspluatirebul fenas, vaWrebi ki, socialuri safexurebis miRma myofebs da mxolod meZavebze maRla idgnen. 114 sivrciTi organizaciis mxriv, ekonomika gamagrebuli qalaqebis, anu adgilobriv siogunTa administraciuli centrebis irgvliv viTardeboda. yvelaze didi qalaqebi, romlebic momavali ekonomikuri zrdis fundaments warmoadgendnen, Seiqmna samxreT honsius nayofier sasoflosameurneo miwebze. am qalaqebis ierarqiis saTaveSi iyo edo (romelsac amJamad tokio ewodeba), romelic tokugavas reJimma sakuTar dedaqalaqad aqcia. tokioSi didi raodenobis jariskacebis, biurokratiisa da aristokratiis arsebobis Sedegad mosaxleobam me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi milions gadaaWarba. Semdeg modioda kioto da osaka 300 dan 500 aTasamde macxovrebliT. am zomis qalaqebSi SeuZlebeli iyo mewarmeobis CaxSoba da tradiciuli politikur-ekonomikuri sistemis SenarCuneba. iseve, rogorc feodalur evropaSi, sul ufro didi raodenobis glexoba saxldeboda qalaqebSi, sadac SedarebiT meti Tavisufleba da keTildReoba iyo. qalaqebi warmoebis mniSvnelovan centrebad iqcnen, rac gaxda iaponiis Semdgomi ganviTarebis safuZveli. xangrZlivi mSvidobianobis gamo samuraebis samxedro gavlena Semcirda, ramac ubiZga maT CarTuliyvnen samewarmeo saqmianobaSi. me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi iaponia krizisma moicva. SimSilobasa da glexTa ajanyebebs emateboda mmarTvelTa mxolod sakuTar Tavze zrunva da danarCeni mosaxleobis saWiroebebis ignorireba. 1853 wels aSS-is admirali peri Sevida edos yureSi, raTa daerwmunebina siugunati gaexsna iaponiis portebi amerikisa da sxva qveynebisTvis. am neokolonisturma safrTxem gaamZafra qveyanaSi nacionalizmi da qsenofobia da gamoiwvia samoqalaqo omi. Sedegad, 1868 wels moxda meiZis imperiuli dinastiis restavracia aristokratTa jgufis mier, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom iaponiis industrializacia aucilebeli iyo erovnuli damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad. axali sloganiT, `erovnuli keTildReoba da samxedro siZliere~, yofil meomarTa axalma elitam daiwyo iaponiis swrafi modernizeba. am procesSi saxelmwifo udides rols TamaSobda. mTavroba xels uwyobda kapitalisturi monopoliebis warmoqmnas. mrewvelobebi saxelmwifo fondebis dafinansebiT iqmneboda da Semdeg kerZo sawarmoebze iyideboda maT TviTRirebulebaze iafad. radgan adreuli industrializacia Zlier iyo dakavSirebuli erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebiTan, iaponiis modernizaciis sawyisi faza xasiaTdeboda rkinis, foladis, gemTmSeneblobisa da iaraRebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli aqcentiT. uaxles teqnologiebs yidulobdnen sazRvargareTidan, ucxoel mrCevlebs (ZiriTadad britanelebs) qveynis ganviTarebis sawyisi etapis zedamxedvelobas avalebdnen. saxelmwifom didi xarjebi gaswia gzebisa da portebis infrastruqturis mSeneblobaze, sabanko da ganaTlebis sistemebze. rkinigzac saxelmwifos mier finansdeboda, vidre misi privatizeba ar moxda. modernizaciis dafinanseba xdeboda soflis meurneobis seqtorze dawesebuli maRali gadasaxadebiT. amas mohyva qalaqisa da soflis 115 ekonomikebis polarizacia da glexebis gaRatakeba. Tumca agrarulma seqtorma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana iaponiis ekonomikis zrdaSi, radgan gaumjobesebuli teqnologiebis saSualebiT xdeboda brinjis warmoebis yovelwliuri zrda saSualod 2%-iT, me-19 saukunis bolo meoTxedSi da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi, riTac SesaZlebeli gaxda mzardi samrewvelo seqtoris, samuSao Zalisa da samrewvelo saqonlis bazrebis uwyveti momarageba. sxva faqtorebidan, romlebmac gamoiwvies iaponiis industrializacia aRsaniSnavia: 1) kulturuli tradiciebi, romlebic avaldebulebdnen mosaxleobas damorCilebodnen xelisuflebis nebas. 2) warmatebuli ganaTlebis reforma. saskolo asakis bavSvebis 95% iRebda zogad ganaTlebas 1905 wlisTvis. 3) iaponuri abreSumis eqsporti, romlisgan miRebuli SemosavlebiT 1870-dan 1930 wlamde dafinansda manqanadanadgarebisa da nedleulis importis 40%. 4) yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtori gaxldaT samxedro agresia. sazRvao gamarjvebebma CineTsa (1894-95) da ruseTze (1904-05), agreTve koreis aneqsiam (1910) gamoiwvies iaponuri saqonlisTvis gasaRebis bazrebis gafarToeba aziaSi, didi kontribuciebis daweseba damarcxebulebze (ramac dafara dapyrobebis xarjebi) da moaxdines iaraRis warmoebis, gemTmSeneblobis da industriuli ganviTarebis stimulireba. 1900 wlisTvis iaponiaSi ukve iyo ganviTarebuli mrewvelobis mravali dargi. eqsportis didi nawili safeiqro mrewvelobaze modioda. iaponias ar SeeZlo dasavleTis qveynebTan metoqeoba xarisxiani safeiqro nawarmis damzadebaSi, amitom koncentrireba moxda iafi saqonlis warmoebaze, romelic konkurencias uwevda evropul saqonels aziaSi. es warmateba miRweul iqna maRali produqtiulobiTa da dabali xelfasebiT, romlis SenarCuneba xdeboda piradi msxverplis gaRebiT erovnuli damoukideblobis miznisTvis da xelisuflebis mier muSaTa gamosvlebis CaxSobiT. iaponiis winsvla pirveli msoflio omis periodSi iaponia gaxda safeiqro nawarmis, iaraRisa da samrewvelo saqonlis erT-erTi mTavari mimwodebeli msoflio bazarze. qveynis savaWro gemebis tonaJi gaormagda. 1919-dan 1929 wlamde foladis warmoeba, samSeneblo da safeiqro saqme ufro metad ganviTarda da Seiqmna sahaero da saavtomobilo mrewveloba. iaponurma inovaciebma Seamcires dasavlur teqnologiebze damokidebulebis xarisxi, riTac moipoves mniSvnelovani konkurentuli upiratesoba. qveynis progresi SeCerda safondo bazris kraxiT 1929 wels, Tumca saxelmwifos Carevam kvlav gamoiwvia ekonomikuri winsvla. 1931 wels ienis devalvaciam saSualeba misca iaponel mewarmeebs, rom gaeyidaT saqoneli msoflio bazarze arsebul fasebze iafad. Seiqmna industriuli racionalizaciis biuro efeqtiurobis gasazrdelad da naklebad momgebiani saqmianobebis gasauqmeblad. 116 miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvarma Carevebma iaponiis industrializaciis process xeli Seuwyo, saboloo jamSi maT qveyana krizisamde miiyvanes. dasavleTis mTavrobebma (gansakuTrebiT aSS-m) daiwyes iaponuri saqonlis Sesyidvis SezRudva. iaponiaSi devalvaciam da racionalizaciam gamoiwvia socialuri da politikuri areuloba. amis sapasuxod mTavrobam gazarda samxedro xarjebi da da ufro agresiuli sagareo politikis warmoeba daiwyo. 1931 wels iaponurma armiam moaxdina manjuriis okupacia. 1936 wels samxedro fraqciam moipova sruli politikuri Zalaufleba da daiwyo farTomasStabiani omi CineTis winaaRmdeg. 1939 wels iaponiam Seutia britaneTis koloniebs aRmosavleT aziaSi. 1940 wlisTvis `qveyana iqca omebze orientirebul industriul imperiad, am wels erovnuli produqciis 17% xmardeboda omis saWiroebebs~ (kornhauser, 1989: 119). iaponiam am droisTvis moipova ganviTarebuli industriuli qveynis statusi. 1941 wels igi Tavs daesxa aSS-s. iaponiis damarcxebis Sedegad 1945 wels, qveynis mrewveloba nangrevebad iqca. 1946 wels warmoebuli saqoneli Seadgenda omamdelis 30%-s. aSS-m daiwyo kapitalisturi monopoliebis Zalauflebis Sesusteba da farTo socialur-ekonomikuri reformebis SemoReba, aseve apirebda sadamsjelo reparaciebis dawesebas. meore saswauli: omisSemdgomi rekonstruqcia da ganviTareba xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iaponiis ekonomikam miaRwia omamdeli ganviTarebis dones. 1950-60-ian wlebSi yovelwliuri ekonomikuri zrda Seadgenda saSualod 10%-s, maSin roca CrdiloeT amerikasa da evropaSi es maCvenebeli 2% iyo. iaponia 1980 wlisTvis periferiidan gamovida da SeuerTda sxva ganviTarebul qveynebs (suraTi: 5.5). magaliTad: 1980 wels iaponiam gadaaswro yvela industriul saxelmwifos gemebis, avtomobilebisa da televizorebis warmoebaSi, xolo foladis warmoebiT CamorCeboda mxolod sabWoTa kavSirs. es ekonomikuri saswauli ganapiroba ramdenime faqtorma, romelTaganac yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo aSS-is politikis Secvla iaponiis mimarT. CineTSi komunisturi reJimis damyarebam (1949), amerikas ubiZga Seecvala sadamsjelo poziciebi mZlavri ekonomikuri daxmarebebiT, raTa iaponia gamxdariyo komunizmis gavrcelebis sawinaaRmdego bastioni aRmosavleT aziaSi. mas neba darTes CarTuliyo msoflio ekonomikaSi misTvis sasurveli pirobebiT. magaliTad, aSS Tvals xuWavda iaponiaSi arsebul maRal tarifebze, maSin roca mxars uWerda msoflio ekonomikas dafuZnebuls tarifebis Semcirebasa, an sulac gauqmebaze. koreis konfliqtma (1950-53) gaamyara rwmena amgvari politikis sisworeSi da moaxdina iaponiis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stimulireba amerikis mier omis warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarjebiT. qveynis ganviTarebas aseve xeli Seuwyo omamde Seqmnilma upiratesobebma: maRali donis ganaTlebam; moqnilma, erTgulma da SedarebiT iafma muSaxelma; didma erovnulma bazarma ganviTarebuli Sida komunikaciebiT; aseve kargma geografiulma mdebareobam aziaSi vaWrobisTvis, warmoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTTanamSromlobis maRalma donem da industriuli organizaciis 117 modelma, romelic msxvili korporaciebis arsebobas efuZneboda. es korporaciebi sakmarisad didebi iyvnen, raTa konkurencia gaewiaT dasavleT evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis transnacionaluri korporaciebisTvis. ramdenime axalma faqtormac daaCqara qveynis ekonomikuri zrda. esenia: 1. kerZo danazogebis maRali done (Semosavlebis 19,5% 1980 wels, SedarebisTvis - aSS-Si mxolod 4,7%). 2. axali teqnologiebis SeZena. 1950 wlidan 1969 wlis CaTvliT iaponiam SeiZina 1,5 miliardi aSS dolaris Rirebulebis teqnologiebi, romelTa ganviTarebaze aSS-Si xarjavdnen 20 miliard dolars yovelwliurad. mogvianebiT, iaponiis xarjebma kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi gadaaWarba dasavleT evropis da CrdiloeT amerikisas, riTac didi upiratesoba miiRo warmoebis teqnologiebSi. iaponiis investiciebma teqnologiebSi Seadgines samrewvelo saqonelbrunvis (Iindustral turnover) 6%, maSin roca aSSSi es maCvenebeli 1%-s aRwevda. 90-ian wlebSi neli ekonomikuri zrdis miuxedavad iaponiis xarjebi kvlevasa da ganviTarebaSi (mSpis 3,13%) ufro maRali iyo vidre dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi 2004 wlis monacemebiT (mag.: britaneTSi – 1,88%, germaniaSi – 2,49%, aSS-Si – 2,69%, kanadaSi – 1,99%) da gacilebiT maRali vidre evrokavSiris (1,81%) da ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis wevri qveynebis (2,2%) saSualo maCvenebeli (OECD, 2006). 3. saxelmwifos mxardaWeris axali saSualebebi. erTis mxriv mkacrma satarifo barierebma daicva adgilobrivi bazari ucxouri konkurenciisgan. meores mxriv, qveynis mrewvelobis zrdas xeli Seuwyo sagadasaxado SeRavaTebma da iaponiis ganviTarebis bankis mier ganxorcielebulma investiciebma. yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo iaponiis ekonomikis saministros mier qveynis industriuli zrdis marTva. saministrom xeli Seuwyo potenciurad momgebiani seqtorebis ganviTarebas (foladi, gemTmSenebloba, avtomobilebi, eleqtronika, kompiuterebi) finansuri mxardaWeris, ucxouri konkurenciisgan dacvis, teqnologiuri ganviTarebis subsidirebisa da korporatiuli Serwymebis waxalisebis gziT. saministrom aseve moaxdina iaponuri korporaciebis organizeba biznes qselebad (keirecu) da SeimuSava msoflio bazarze iaponuri saqonlis warmatebuli konkurenciisTvis xelsayreli savaWro, teqnologiuri da fiskaluri politika. meore ekonomikuri saswauli RirSesaniSnavia ara mxolod qveynis ekonomikuri warmatebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed ganviTarebis im unikaluri gziT, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxda ekonomikuri zrdisa da Semosavlebis ganawilebis kombinireba. realuri xelfasebi (anu maTi msyidvelunarianoba) sagrZnoblad gaizarda, Semosavlebis uTanasworoba Semcirda msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze dabal maCveneblamde. aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo saxelmwifosa da bizness Soris mWidro 118 urTierTdamokidebuleba, socialuri stabilurobisa da menejmentsa da muSebs Soris TanamSromlobis umaRlesi xarisxi, xalxis mzadyofna emuSavaT evropisa da amerikis mosaxleobaze gacilebiT meti. yvelaferi es warmoadgenda iaponuri nacionalizmisa da qveynisadmi erTgulebis gamovlinebas. CanarTi: iaponiis industrializaciis regionuli maxasiaTeblebi (dimensions) omisSemdgomma industrializaciam mniSvnelovnad Secvala qveynis ekonomikuri garemo. am cvlilebebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas warmoadgenda didi kompaniebis qalaqebis warmoSoba. msxvili firmebi dominirebdnen im qalaqebSi, sadac maTi saTao ofisi mdebareobda (magaliTad, qalaqi hitaCi). iaponiis omisSemdgomi industrializaciis mTavar centrad iqca tokiosa da kobes Soris mdebare wynarokeanuri derefani ramdenime didi portis, mravalricxovani kvalificiuri muSaxelisa da miwis SedarebiT didi farTobis gamo. am regions, aseve uwodeben tokaidos megapoliss, romlis wili iaponiis mSp-Si Seadgens 80%-s, xolo mosaxleobis raodenoba aRwevs 50 milions. ekonomikuri saqmianobis amgvarma koncentraciam gamoiwvia sxva regionebis naklebad ganviTareba. iaponias, iseve, rogorc evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikas axasiaTebs centrsa da periferieba Soris kontrastebi. iaponiis periferiaSi gacilebiT naklebi investiciebi xorcieldeba da samuSao adgilebis raodenobac ufro SezRudulia. warmoebis maRalma xarjebma aiZules iaponuri korporaciebi maTi saqmianobis nawili gadaetanaT aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis im qveynebSi, sadac warmoebis xarjebi naklebia da arsebobs mzardi bazrebi. ekonomikis saministro Seecada kapitalisa da teqnologiebis gadinebis SeCerebas teqnopolisis programebis meSveobiT, romlebic miznad isaxavdnen iaponuri kapitalis mozidvas adgilobriv maRalteqnologiur mrewvelobebSi. magram ekonomikis saministros aRar aqvs gavlena iaponur korporaciebze. es korporaciebi ukve aRar iReben gadawyvetilebebs upirvelesad iaponuri ekonomikis interesebidan gamomdinare. urTierTdamokidebulebis Semcireba saxelmwifosa da mrewvelobas Soris, xels uwyobs kavSirebis zrdas iaponiasa da sxva regionebs Soris. es aseve niSnavs, rom sakmaod rTuli xdeba erT firmaSi cxovrebis bolomde muSaobis sistemis SenarCuneba, rac aTwleulebis manZilze Cveulebrivi praqtika iyo qveynis SromiT bazarze. xalxis survili imuSaon dadgenilze meti saaTebi da SeizRudon moxmareba iaponiis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miznebisTvis aseve Semcirda. yvelaferi es aisaxa cota xnis win momxdar ekonomikur da politikur krizisebSi. qveyanaSi icvleba Rirebulebebi da cxovrebis stili, tradiciuli patriarqaluri da nacionalisturi Rirebulebebi naklebad mniSvnelovania simdidreSi gazrdili TaobebisTvis. 119 5.5 organizebuli kapitalizmis warmoSoba industriuli ekonomikebis ganviTarebam centralur qveynebSi gamoiwvia ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlileba ekonomikur, socialur, kulturul da politikur urTierTobebSi (anu teqnologiur sistemebSi, akumulaciis reJimebsa da regulaciis modelebSi), TiToeuli maTgani aisaxa industriuli centraluri regionebis qalaqebisa da soflebis garemoze. am cvlilebebis erTobliobas ewodeba organizebuli kapitalizmi. misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia (Lash and Urry, 1987: 3-4): 1. samrewvelo, sabanko da komerciuli kapitalis koncentracia da centralizacia; bazrebis gazrdili regulireba; finansebisa da mrewvelobis urTierTdakavSirebulobis gaRrmaveba; kartelebis swrafi zrda 2. mrewvelobis gadaqceva dominant ekonomikur seqtorad 3. industriuli kapitalisturi urTierTobebis koncentracia mcire raodenobis saxelmwifoebSi 4. imperiebis gafarToeba da centraluri ekonomikebis mier sazRvargareTis bazebis kontroli 5. kompaniebis SigniT kompleqsuri menejeruli ierarqiis kontrolisgan mesakuTreTa Camocileba 6. axali menejeruli, samecniero da teqnologiuri inteligenciis warmoSoba biurokratiaSi dasaqmebuli saSualo klasisgan 7. `modernizmis~ gavrceleba, romelic warmoadgens kulturul da ideologiur konfiguracias, sadac ganadideben mecnierebasa da teqnikur racionalizms 8. Sromis bazarze profkavSirebis rolis zrda 9. regionuli ekonomikuri specializacia 10. didi metropoliebis dominireba calkeul regionebze 11. saxelmwifoebis mier meti socialuri pasuxismgeblobis aReba organizebuli kapitalizmi yvelgan erTnairad ar viTardeboda. arsebobs sami ZiriTadi faqtori, romlebmac ganapirobes am cvlilebebis dro da Tu ra farglebSi Seexo igi calkeuli qveynebis ekonomikas: pirvelia, istoriuli monakveTi, rodesac qveyanaSi iwyeba industrializacia: rac ufro adre xdeboda es, miT ufro naklebad iyo kapitalizmi organizebuli, radgan gvian industrializebul qveynebs sWirdebodaT kapitalis centralizaciis maRali done, raTa SeZlebodaT ukve industrializebul ekonomikebTan konkurireba. meore faqtoria, ramdenad SenarCundnen preindustriuli institutebi kapitalizmis pirobebSi: britaneTi da germania ufro Zlierad organizebuli kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi iyvnen, vidre safrangeTi da aSS, radgan pirvel ors ar ganucdia burJuaziuli revolucia da Sedegad gildiebi, vaWrebis, aristokratiis, 120 universitetebisa da eklesiis erToba SedarebiT xelSeuxebeli darCa (Lash and Urry, 1987: 5). mesamea, qveynis sidide: patara qveynebis mrewvelobis saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis gazrdis mizniT resursebi unda mimarTuliyo SedarebiT mcire raodenobis seqtorsa da firmebSi, rac xels uwyobda saxelmwifoebsa da mrewvelobas Soris koordinaciis zrdas. saxelmwifos rolis Secvla SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom konkurentuli kapitalizmis da industriuli ekonomikebis ganviTareba daemTxva Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebis warmoSobas. evropaSi eri-saxelmwifoebis sistemam, romelic dinastiuri samefoebisa da imperiebis adgilze aRmocenda xeli Seuwyo industriuli revoluciisTvis aucilebeli ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. er-saxelmwifoebs Soris arsebulma Zlierma konkurenciam waaxalisa teqnologiuri inovaciebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom eri-saxelmwifoebis mxolod mcire nawili warmoadgenda erTgvarovan kulturul da filosofiur erTobas, amitom maTi mSenebloba dakavSirebuli iyo mravali krizisisa da konfliqtis gadawyvetisaTvis saWiro gzebis ZiebasTan. krizisebis erTi seria aRmocenda saxelmwifoTa mier mosaxleobaSi erTiani identobis grZnobis gaRvivebis mcdelobebis dros. saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen gansxvavebuli xalxebisgan eris Seqmnas, xolo saerTo identobis mqone xalxi cdilobda avtonomiis mopovebas. Sedegad bevri eri-saxelmwifo xasiaTdeboda centrsa da periferias Soris mkveTri kontrastebiT, rac socialur-politikuri daZabulobis safrTxes zrdida. krizisebis meore wyeba warmoiqmna kapitalizmisTvis aucilebeli organizebulobis maRali xarisxidan. industriuli centraluri regionebis ganviTarebas mohyva saxelmwifos Carevis zrda sxvadasxva sferoebSi. Tavdapirveli upiratesoba, romelic miiRes britanelma mewarmeebma industriuli revoluciis Sedegad, daarwmuna sxva qveynebis biznesmenebi, rom Tavisufali vaWrobisgan sargebels mxolod dominanti ekonomika iRebda. amitom mTavrobebs ukve uyurebdnen, rogorc adgilobrivi warmoebis damcvelebs iafi britanuli saqonlisgan, tarifebisa da qvotebis meSveobiT. rkinigzis qselis ganviTarebas moyva saxelmwifos CarTva investiciebisa da infrastruqturis sferoSi, rkinigzis ekonomikuri da strategiuli mniSvnelobis gamo. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis, samuSao pirobebis, binaTmSeneblobisa da samoqalaqo areulobis problemebma, iseve rogorc fasebis stabilurobis SenarCunebis saWiroebam kerZo biznesis efeqtiuri muSaobisTvis da samuSao Zalisa da menejmentis kvalifikaciis gaumjobesebis aucileblobam gamoiwvia saxelmwifos Carevis da CarTulobis donis kidev ufro momateba. saxelmwifos unari, moexdina am 121 xarisxiT Careva, damokidebuli iyo qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneze. saxelmwifos funqciebis ganviTareba kompleqsur xasiaTs atarebs. SesaZlebelia ori ZiriTadi tendenciis gamoyofa momxdari cvlilebebis xasiaTSi: 1. saxelmwifos funqciebis centralizacia, romlis drosac adgilobrivi da regionuli saqmianobebis centralizeba moxda saxelmwifo biurokratiis irgvliv, radgan qveynebis xelisuflebebi cdilobdnen adaptireba moexdinaT ekonomikuri organizaciis masStabebis cvlilebebTan. centraluri biurokratiebis Zalauflebis matebasTan erTad politikosebis Zalaufleba adgilobriv da centralur doneze SeizRuda, ramac politikuri institutebis legitimurobis krizisi gamoiwvia. amis sapasuxod moxda Zalauflebis regionebze delegirebis moTxovnebis zrda. 2. mTavrobebis mier meti yuradReba socialuri saxelmwifos mSeneblobis mimarT. centraluri qveynebis umetesobaSi saxelmwifo ekonomika (public economy) mimarTavs didZal resursebs Tavdacvis, ganaTlebis, jandacvis, infrastruqturis, samrewvelo investiciebis sferoSi da didwilad ganapirobebs kerZo ekonomikis funqcionirebas fasebis garantiebis, Sromisa da sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis da importze tarifebis meSveobiT. 1970-ian wlebSi italiis, SvedeTisa da britaneTis mSp-is 50%-ze meti mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebriv xarjebze. industriuli qveynebis umetesoba uaxlovdeba am maCvenebels. am saxelmwifoebSi aRniSnuli danaxarjebi 1950-iani wlebis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT orjer gaizarda. es tendencia grZeldeba 1980-ian da 90-ian wlebSi mimdinare privatizaciis (saxelmwifo aqtivebis gayidva) miuxedavad, romelic yvelaze aqtiurad warimarTa britaneTSi, Tumca am qveyanaSi sazogadoebrivi xarjebi mainc maRali rCeba da Seadgens mSp-s 40%-s. sazogadoebrivi xarjebis wili gansakuTrebiT didia skandinaviis qveynebSi (SvedeTi 55%, dania 52%). public economy –m saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorebs Soris zRvari bundovani gaxada. bevri saxelmwifo iZulebuli gaxda gaetarebina rigi RonisZiebebisa kerZo korporaciebis kolafsis Tavidan asacileblad (mag.: aSS-is mTavrobis mcdeloba gadaerCina „lokhidi“ da „kraisleri“ 1970-ian wlebSi da aviakompaniebis „bailout“-i 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris teroristuli aqtis Semdeg). aRsaniSnavia is, rom mTavrobebi gaxdnen yvelaze didi momxmareblebi kerZo seqtoris firmebis mier warmoebuli produqciisa. public economy –s gavlena qveynebis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze TandaTanobiT izrdeba. saxelmwifo ekonomikis saxelmwifo seqtoris gamoxatuleba. yvelaze politikis dagegmvasa (public economy) geografia TiTqmis yvela saqmianobas gaaCnia geografiuli TvalsaCino magaliTia misi gavlena regionuli da gatarebaze. am paragrafSi Cven yuradRebas 122 gavamaxvilebT im sivrciT gavlenaze, romelic gamomdinareobs public economy –s sxvadasxva aspeqtebidan. saxelmwifo finansebis (public finance) geografia kompleqsuri sagania da rTulia am mxriv qveynebs Soris Sedarebebis gakeTeba. Tumca, SesaZlebelia saqmianobebis ZiriTadi kategoriebis gamoyofa da maTgan gamowveuli sivrciTi Sedegebis identificireba. am konteqstSi SesaZlebelia saxelmyifo xarjebis oTxi ZiriTadi kategoriis gamoyofa: 1. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebSi momuSaveTa, jariskacTa, policielTa, ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sferos TanamSromelTa da saxelmwifo sawarmoSi momuSaveTa xelfasebi. aRniSnuli xarjebi koncentrirebulia dedaqalaqebSi. magaliTad, vaSingtonis olqis mosaxleobis Semosavlebis mesamedi federaluri dasaqmebidan modis. sajaro seqtorSi saxelfaso danaxarjebs SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdinon saSualo da patara zomis qalaqebis ganviTarebaze im SemTxvevaSi Tu iq biurokratiuli aparatis nawili ganTavsdeba (mag.: britaneTis mTavrobis mier socialuri dacvis samsaxurebis londonidan niukaslSi gadatana). 2. mosaxleobis calkeul jgufebze (moxucebi, umuSevrebi da sxva) da mrewvelobis dargebze (mag.: soflis meurneobis subsidireba) transferebis ganxorcieleba. am xarjebis geografiuli lokalizebis xarisxi damokidebulia mrewvelobis lokalizebis doneze. 3. 4. kerZo firmebisgan Sesyidvebi da mosaxleobisa da qvekontraqtireba, romelic moicavs obieqtebis farTo speqtrs: Senobebi, gzebi, dambebi, samxedro aRWurviloba, saofise mowyobilobebi da sxva. maTi gavlena SeiZleba Zlier lokalizebuli iyos. Tavdacvis xarjebi detalurad iqna gamokvleuli da warmoadgens karg magaliTs, imis gasagebad, Tu ra xarisxis gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia saxelmwifo Sesyidvebs. Tavdacvis xarjebisgan Seqmnili samuSao adgilebi rogorc wesi Zlier lokalizebulia (radgan mxolod mcire raodenobis msxvili korporaciebis xelSia koncentrirebuli. mag.: „General Dynamics“, „Mcdonnell-Douglas“, „United Technologies“, „Boeing“, „General Electric“, „Lockheed“, „Hughes aircraft“ – aSS-Si). misgan gamowveul sivrciT gavlenas ar axasiaTebs mudmivi urTierTqmedeba centriperiferiis modelTan da ekonomikuri geografiis maxasiaTeblebTan. britaneTSi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, Tavdacvis xarjebi 1,25 milion samuSao adgils qmnidnen (qveyanaSi dasaqmebulTa 5%) da afinansebdnen kvlevisa da ganviTarebis farglebSi gaweuli samuSaoebis 25%-s. aman gaamyara britaneTis ekonomikis centri-periferiis struqtura, zogma regionma metad ixeira samuSao adgilebis SeqmniT, zogma ki naklebad. aSS-Sic aRniSnulma xarjebma msgavsi efeqti gamoiwvia, yvelaze meti sargebeli kaliforniis Statma naxa. adgilobrivi xelisuflebis xarjebi. bevr ganviTarebul qveyanaSi maTi raodenoba uaxlovdeba centraluri xelisuflebis xarjebs 123 (Tumca adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organoebis xarjebis didi nawilis wyaroa centridan gagzavnili grantebi da transferebi). adgilobrivi mTavrobebi Zlier gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan xarjebis gawevis raodenobiT da kategoriebiT. es asaxavs rTul urTierTqmedebas lokalur resursebs, moTxovnebsa da politikur klimats Soris. am xarjebis gavlenis Sesafaseblad, Cven unda SevadaroT isini gadasaxadebis geografias: aSS-is federaluri Semosavlebis 40% saSemosavlo gadasaxadebze modis, 25% - sapensio trastebis (pension trust) gadasaxadidan, 15% - korporatiuli Semosavlebis dabegvridan. aqedan gamomdinare federaluri Semosavlebis geografia asaxavs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis geografias. sagadasaxado sistemis struqturas axasiaTebs arapirdapiri geografiuli Sedegebi. federaluri sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi miznad isaxaven investiciebis waxalisebas, axal aRWurvilobasa da manqana-danadgarebSi mrewvelobis ganviTarebis mizniT, Tumca Statebs Soris sagadasaxado gansxvavebebi ar warmoadgens mniSvnelovan faqtors industriuli gadaadgilebebisTvis. marTalia, SeuZlebelia sagadasaxado sistemis aRniSnuli struqturuli maxasiaTeblebis lokaluri efeqtebis gamoTvla, magram SesaZlebelia federalur mTavrobasa da Statebs Soris moZravi finansuri nakadebis moculobis Sefaseba. am mxriv mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebia Statebs Soris da araxelsayreli mdgomareobaa sawarmoo sartyelis da Crdilo aRmosavleTis StatebSi. bevrs miaCnia, rom amas aqvs politikuri mizezebi: samxreTis StatebSi demokratebis tradiciulma domonirebam gamoiwvia maTi senatorebis gavlenis zrda, maT Soris federaluri fondebis gankargvis mizniT Seqmnil kongresis komitetebSi, sadac xSirad gadawyvetilebebi miiReba saarCevno miznebis karnaxiT. Tumca politikuri da saarCevno faqtori ar axdens Zlier gavlenas federaluri xarjebis geografiaze. federaluri xarjebisgan yvelaze didi sargebeli naxes samxreTisa da dasavleTis Statebma. komunikaciebis, transportisa da energetikuli infrastruqturis gaumjobesebiT, aseve investiciebiT eleqtronul kvlevebSi, kompiuterebSi, naxevargamtarebSi da sahaero transportSi federalurma xelisuflebam xeli Seuwyo „mzis sartyelis/sunbelt“ industriul ganviTarebas. globaluri urTierTdamokidebulebis zrda unda aRiniSnos, rom centraluri regionebis industrializacia SeuZlebeli iqneboda danarCeni msoflios eqspluatirebis gareSe. raTa moepovebinaT saWiro saqoneli da hqonodaT gasaRebis bazrebze xelmisawvdomoba, industriulma qveynebma wamoiwyes kolonializmisa da imperializmis meore faza, rasac mohyva `savaWro imperiebis~ Seqmna. mas Semdeg rac moxda industriuli revoluciis intensifikacia, evropelebma daiwyes msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi velebis vrceli 124 farTobebis aTviseba (preriebi da pampasebi amerikaSi, veldti afrikaSi, murei-darlingisa da kenterberis velebi avstraliaSi). es migraciebi iqcnen centraluri saxelmwifoebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavar faqtorad, radgan moaxdines maTi gantvirTva demografiuli gadasvlis Sedegad gazrdili mosaxleobisagan. rodesac gaizarda moTxovna tropikul produqtebze, tropikuli miwebis umetesobac industriuli qveynebis kontrolqveS moeqca. eqspansionizmis Sedegad koloniebma moaxdines specializacia im saqonlis warmoebaze, romelzec moTxovna iyo industriul qveynebSi. es integrirebuli saerTaSoriso sistema Zalzed araTanabrad iyo dabalansebuli. erTis mxriv centraluri qveynebis gavlenam maTi koloniebis kulturul da institucionalur mowyobaze gamoiwvia maTi ekonomikis organizeba industriuli saxelmwifoebis moTxovnebidan da ganviTarebaze maTi Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare. meores mxriv mravalma barierma da SezRudvebma Seamcires saerTaSoriso vaWrobis, rogorc ganviTarebis mTavari mastimulirebeli Zalis efeqturoba. zogma periferiulma da naxevrad periferiulma qveyanam SeZlo industriuli ganviTarebis gzaze dadgoma, rasac stimuli misca centraluri saxelmwifoebis swrafad mzardma moTxovnebma, Tumca periferiis didma nawilma es ver SeZlo. maTi ganviTareba ganisazRvreboda industriuli centrebisgan, anu ZiriTadi bazrebisgan maTi daSorebiT, agreTve klimatiT, topografiiT, soflis meurneobis sistemiT da mosaxleobis simWidroviT. `vaWrobis roli ekonomikur zrdaSi didi iyo iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa argentina, urugvai, samxreT afrika, zimbabve, avstralia, axali zelandia da Sri lanka. sxva qveynebSi vaWrobis gavlena arasakmarisi iyo mdgradi ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad, magaliTad afrikis dasavleT sanapiroze, xolo indoeTSi, pakistanSi, bangladeSSi, eraysa da iranSi saeqsporto vaWrobas patara masStabebi hqonda qveynis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT, amitom igi ver gaxda ganviTarebis stimuli ...~ (Chisholm 1982: 88) specializaciisgan da saerTaSoriso vaWrobisgan miRebulma sargebelma saSualeba misca zogierT regions da qveyanas CarTuliyo industrializaciis procesSi, sxvebisTvis ki ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebis SesaZlebloba vaWrobis meSveobiT TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda, radgan ufro ganviTarebul qveynebs gacilebiT meti xelmisawvdomoba gaaCndaT kapitalze da teqnologiebze, amitom mocemuli saeqsporto saqonlis warmoebisTvis gacilebiT naklebi samuSao Zala iyo aucilebeli industriul centrSi, vidre periferiaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso savaWro sistema xasiaTdeba araTanabari gacvliT. am uTanasworobis Semcirebis mizniT, axali teqnologiebis SesaZenad sesxis aRebas TiTqmis yovelTvis mohyveboda qveynis savalo maxeSi (debt trap) aRmoCena, radgan valis procentis dafarvis xarjebi aRemateboda produqtiulobis zrdis tempebs. 125 periferiulma qveynebma aseve izarales imiT, rom moTxovnis elastiuroba pirvelad saqonelze, romelic maTTvis vaWrobis mTavar sagans warmoadgens dabalia, amitom sagareo bazrebze fasebis mkeTri Semcireba, an msyidvelunarianobis momateba gamoiwvevs moTxovnis mxolod umniSvnelo zrdas. amis sapirispirod, sawarmoo saqonelze moTxovnis elastiuroba Zalzed maRalia. vaWrobis amgvari pirobebi industriul qveynebs aZlevs upiratesobas. 5.6 ekonomikuri geografiis principebi: industriuli periodis gakveTilebi am qveTavSi Cven gvsurs xazi gavusvaT konkretuli elementebis mniSvnelobis zrdas, an axlis warmoSobas imisaTvis, rom ganvixiloT industriuli revoluciis dros arsebuli centraluri qveynebis ekonomikuri garemo. qvemoT CamoTvlilia wina periodebSic arsebuli da industriul xanaSic mniSvnelovani elementebi: bunebrivi resursebis ganawileba – rkinis madani da qvanaxSiri asrulebdnen centralur rols industrializaciaSi demografiuli cvlilebebi – 1) maTi mimdinareobis dro industrializaciasTan mimarTebiT 2) didi masStabis migraciebis roli Sromis bazris cvlilebebTan mimarTebiT teqnologiuri winsvla, m.S. transportsa da komunikaciebSi kolonializmi da teritoriuli eqspansia, rogorc pasuxi Semcirebuli Semosavlebis/klebadi ukugebis (Law of diminishing returns) kanonze instituciuri da socialur-politikuri cvlilebebi investiciebis sivrciTi ganawileba, sxvadasxva regionSi SedarebiTi upiratesobis cvlilebebis sapasuxod importis Canacvleba, agreTve militarizmi da geopolitikuri cvlilebebi, rogorc msoflio ekonomikaSi damkvidrebis saSualeba industriul xanaSi warmoiSvnen teritoriul-ekonomikuri organizaciis axali maxasiaTeblebi da gaizarda garkveuli elementebis mniSvneloba: msoflio ekonomikis gafarToeba globalur masStabebamde da amis Sedegad Sromis sivrciTi/teritoriuli danawilebis gafarToeba da urTierTdamokidebulebis intensifikacia centrsa da periferias Soris `liberaluri~ savaWro kapitalizmis Canacvleba konkurentuli da organizebuli industriuli kapitalizmis mier, romelic xasiaTdeba specializebuli regionuli ekonomikebis arsebobiT didi saqalaqo centrebis irgvliv msoflio ekonomikaze evropis gavlenis Semcireba aSS-isa da iaponiis aRmasvlis gamo centrsa da periferias Soris kontrastebis zrda industriuli centraluri regionebis SigniT 126 samrewvelo saqmianobebis aglomeracia damatebiTi (multiplier) efeqtebisa da masStabis ekonomiis logikidan gamomdinare saqalaqo sistemebis modifikacia axali tipis qalaqebis warmoqmnisa (mZime mrewvelobis centrebi, satransporto kvanZebi da sxva) da didi preindustriuli qalaqebis swrafi zrdis (ukve arsebuli bazrebis, mewarmeobis, savaWro kavSirebisa da komerciuli infrastruqturis gamo) gziT. ekonomikuri saqmianobis tempebisa da xasiaTis cikluri fluqtuaciebi. kerZo firmebis adaptacia axal teqnologiur sistemebTan, romlis Sedegad warmoiqmna akumulaciis reJimebi da moxda martivi warmoebidan, manqanur warmoebaze (machinofacture) da Semdgom fordizmze gadasvla. farTo sazogadoebis adaptireba cvalebadi akumulaciis reJimebTan, rasac Sedegad mohyva regulaciis cvalebadi modelebis warmoSoba, romlis drosac mTavrobis roli ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovnadaa gazrdili. organizebuli kapitalizmis ganviTareba, dafuZnebuli damoukidebeli qveynebis Zalauflebaze. mas axasiaTebs mrewvelobebis, firmebis, regionebisa da mTavrobebis Zlieri urTierTdamokidebuleba, rac qmnis safuZvels centrisa da periferiis urTierTobisTvis. Tavi 6. warmoebis sistemis globalizacia meore msoflio omis Semdeg industriuli centraluri regionebis ekonomika axal fazaSi Sevida, romelsac ganviTarebuli (advanced), an araorganizebuli kapitalizmi ewodeba da Sedgeba ramdenime elementisgan: `ekonomikuri procesebis daCqarebuli internacionalizacia; aqtiuri saerTaSoriso safinanso sistema; axali informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba; warmoebis axali wesebi; saxelmwifos Carevis axali modelebi; kulturis rolis, rogorc warmoebis faqtoris zrda~ Thrift (2002: 19). igi warmoiqmna fordistuli industriuli kapitalizmis mouqnelobis zrdis pasuxad. samomxmareblo bazrebis gajerebis, gazrdili saerTaSoriso konkurenciis, samuSao Zalis danaxarjebis (labor costs) da saxelmwifos mier socialur programebze gaweuli xarjebis zrdis gamo, centraluri qveynebis korporaciebma SeimuSaves axali da ufro moqnili strategiebi. maT ganicades reorganizeba da Secvales urTierTobis wesebi profkavSirebTan da saxelmwifosTan. amis Sedegad moxda centraluri qveynebis deindustrializacia, naxevrad-perifriebis industrializacia da finansuri da biznes momsaxurebebis globaluri masStabiT gavrceleba. 6.1 ganviTarebuli (advanced) kapitalizmis tranzicia 127 kapitalizmis umaRlesi (advanced) stadia, warmoadgenda ramdenime procesis urTierTqmedebis Sedegs, romelTa mniSvneloba gamoaSkaravda Zveli wesrigis krizisis dros. es krizisi gamZafrda stagflaciisa da navTobze fasebis moulodneli zrdis gamo. fordizmis krizisi industriuli kapitalizmis fordistuli reJimis krizisi moulodnelad daiwyo 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi da gamoiwvia omisSemdgomi industriuli bumis SeCereba, rac naTlad aisaxa amerikis ekonomikaze. 1940-iani wlebidan 1970-ianebis dasawyisamde aSS-is ekonomika swrafad viTardeboda: erT sul mosaxleze realuri Semosavali (1972 wlis dolarebSi) gaizarda 2200-dan 1947 wels, 3800 aSS dolaramde 1972 wels. gansakuTrebiT maRali zrdis tempebi iyo 60-ian wlebSi (saSualod 4% yovelwliurad), rodesac mTliani erovnuli produqtis Rirebuleba gaizarda 50%-iT, xolo ojaxis saSualo realuri Semosavali 30%-iT. 1970-wlebSi ki, aSS-is ekonomikis yovelwliuri zrda daeca 2.2%-mde. produqtiuloba kerZo saqtorSi, romelic Seadgenda yovelwliurad saSualo 3,3% 1960-wlebSi, Semcirda 1,3%-mde 1970-ian wlebSi. umuSevrobis done stabilurad 4,5%-is farglebSi rCeboda 1970-ian wlebSi, xolo 1980iani wlebis SuaSi 10%-s miaRwia. inflaciis done gaormagda weliwadSi 2,5%-dan (1960-iani wlebi), 5%-mde 1970-ianebis SuaSi. 1971 wels aSS-Si pirvelad meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirda uaryofiTi savaWro balansi, romelic Semdgomi 21 wlis ganmavlobaSi 19-jer ganmeorda. farTodaa gavrcelebuli azri, rom `sistemuri Soki~, romelic gaamwvava 1973-74 wels opekis mier navTobze fasebis gaoTxmagebam, gaxda vardnis mizezi. Tumca es sakamaTo sakiTxia. sinamdvileSi 1970-iani wlebis krizisi warmoadgens ramdenime faqtoris urTierTqmedebas, romlebic saTaves iReben 1960-ian wlebSi, an manamdec. hamiltonma (1984) ramdenime aseTi faqtori gamoyo: 1. ekonomikuri grZeli talRebis stagflaciuri faza - kuznecis ciklSi daRmasvlis etapze moxda ekonomikuri zrdis SeCereba, gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) qveynebSi. es dakavSirebuli iyo kapitalze, gansakuTebiT transportze, Senobebze, gemebze, avtomobilebze, manqana-danadgarebsa da foladze moTxovnis dacemasTan. OECD-is qveynebSi zrdis tempebi Semcirda weliwadSi 5-6%-dan 1963-73 wlebSi, 2,5%-mde 1973-78 wlebSi, da 1%-mde 1979-82 wlebSi. imave dros inflaciis zrdam, romelic dakavSirebulia kuznecis ciklSi aRmasvlis periodTan ganapiroba Semosavlebis Semcireba da xeli SeuSala kapitalis akumulirebas. aman gamoiwvia sabanko seqtoridan wamosul finansur investiciebze damokidebulebis zrda, rasac moyva maRali saprocento ganakveTebi, ramac Seaferxa konkurencia da teqnologiuri investiciebis ganxorcieleba. inflaciam gazarda samuSao Zalis danaxarjebi (labor costs), ris gamoc moimata teqnologiuri investiciebis saWiroebam kapitalis 128 siZviris pirobebSi. yvelafer amas Sedegad mohyva kapitalis maRali intensiurobiT gamorCeuli mrewvelobebisa (foladi, gemTmSenebloba, manqanaTmSenebloba da a.S.) da Sromis maRali intensiurobis mqone industriebis depresia. 2. saerTaSoriso monetaruli arastabilurobis zrda, ramac orgvari forma miiRo: pirvelia, gacvliTi kursebis gadafaseba (overvaluation), romelic mohyva fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursis Canacvlebas cvalebadi gacvliTi kursiT (1970-iani wlebis dasawyisi). iq sadac valutis fasi iyo Zalian maRali (overvalued) (navTobisa da gazis mwarmoeblebis: niderlandebis, norvegiisa da britaneTis, xolo mogvianebiT aSS-is valutebi) saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis dakargvam gamoiwvia importis SeRweva da sawarmoo simZlavreebis Semcireba (suraTi 6.1). aSS-Si importis SeRwevis maCvenebeli tansacmlis warmoebaSi gaizarda 34%-dan 1980 wels, 55%-mde 1986 wels; fexsacmlebis warmoebaSi – 50%-dan 81%-mde; kompiuterebSi 7%-dan 25%-mde, xolo avtomobilebSi – 35%-dan 40%-mde. suraTi: 6.1 britaneTis deindustrializaciis procesi: konkurentunarianobis mkveTri Semcireba (1978-83 wlebSi) da sufTa eqsportioridan sufTa importior qveynad gadaqceva 129 meorea, axali industriuli qveynebisa da naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis (LDC) valebis problema, romlebic maT isesxes opekis saxelmwifoebisgan. aman aiZula davalianebis mqone saxelmwifoebi gaezardaT iafi sawarmoo saqonlis eqsporti centralur regionebSi, raTa SeesyidaT sasurveli ucxouri valuta (foreign exchange), ramac gazarda zewola centraluri qveynebis Sromis maRali intensiurobis mqone mrewvelobebze. 3. 1960-iani wlebis manZilze socialuri (jandacva, pensia, siRaribis programebi da sxva) da garemos dacvis xarjebis zrda – marTalia aman gamoiwvia axali bazrebis Seqmna zogierTi saqonlisa da momsaxurebisTvis, magram gazarda warmoebis xarjebi da sagadasaxado wnexi, rogorc momxmareblebze aseve mwarmoeblebze. 4. teqnologiuri inovaciebis danergvam sawarmoo da samuSao Zalis danaxarjebis (labor costs) zrdis sapasuxod, gamoiwvia ukuefeqti, ramac Seamcira tradiciul samrewvelo saqmianobebze moTxovna. magaliTad, energiis damzogavma transportma da gaTbobam Seamcira foladze moTxovna. 130 5. politikuri meryeobis gaZliereba, ramac Seaferxa msoflio vaWroba ramdenime mimarTulebiT. magaliTad aRmosavleTdasavleTis vaWroba (komunizmis dacemamde). moqnilobis winapirobebi iseve, rogorc wina ekonomikuri transformaciebis SemTxvevaSi, procesebi, romlebmac gamoiwvies ganviTarebul (advanced) kapitalizmze gadasvla, gamomdinareobdnen manamde (organizebuli, fordistuli kapitalizmis periodSi) arsebuli winapirobebidan. am mxriv gamosayofia sami faqtori: 1. axali teqnologiebi trnsportsa da telekomunikaciebSi 2. moTxovnisa da moxmarebis modelebis cvlileba 3. korporatiuli restruqturizacia 1. axali teqnologiebi da economies of scope fordizmis krizisis daZleva da ganviTarebuli (advanced) kapitalizmis damkvidreba nawilobriv SesaZlebeli gaxda ori tipis axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebis Sedegad: mimoqceva/cirkulacia: transportisa da komunikaciebis teqnologiebis gaumjobesebam Seamcira mimoqcevis dro da xarjebi da gaafarTova sxvadasxva ekonomikuri saqmianobebis geografiuli CarCoebi. warmoeba: warmoebis teqnologiebis ganviTarebam (konveierebis eleqtronuli kontroli, avtomaturi danadgarebi, robototeqnika da sxva) moaxdina specializaciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba da mravali operaciis rutinizacia. ramac Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia warmoebis bevri saxeobis dekvalifikacia (deskilling) da gaaadvila iafi da naklebad kvalificiuri samuSao Zalis daqiravebis SesaZlebloba. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom sinTetikuri masalebis gamoyenebam gaafarTova mrewvelobis bevri dargis teritoriuli SesaZleblobebi (locational capabilities), radgan nedleuli tradiciulad yvelaze SemzRudveli warmoebis faqtori iyo. am teqnologiebis gavlena udidesia. bolo sami aTwleulis manZilze kompiuterebis, telefonebisa da televiziebis globaluri qselebis informaciis gamtarunarianoba milionjer gaizarda. internetis momxmarebelTa raodenoba gaizarda 4,4 milionidan 1991 wels, 1 miliardamde 2005 wels. sahaero tvirTis moculoba 1976-2007 wlebSi gaizarda 9 milioni tonidan 22 milion tonamde, xolo kilometrebi 22dan, 100 miliardamde. 1970-ian wlebSi moxda mniSvnelovani teqnologiuri garRveva: eleqtronikaSi giganturi naxtomi ganxorcielda 1971 wels “intelis” inJineris ted hofis mier mikroprocesoris gamogonebiT. mikrokompiuteri gamogonil iqna 1975 wels, 70-iani wlebis meore naxevridan “maikrosoftma” daiwyo operaciuli sistemebis damzadeba mikrokompiuterebisTvis. modemi gamoigones 1978 wels. 1969 wels aSS-is 131 Tavdacvis departamentis mowinave kvlevebis proeqtebis saagentom (ARPA) Seqmna axali, revoluciuri, eleqtronuli sakomunikacio qseli (interneti), romelic ganviTarda 70-ian wlebSi, 90-iani wlebidan ki farTo gavrceleba hpova msoflioSi. Tanamedrove teqnologiebs axasiaTebT moqnilobis maRali xarisxi mZafri konkurenciis, an bazarze arsebuli pirobebis Secvlis dros. amis erTerTi magaliTia aSS-is dazRvevis sfero: rodesac 1970-ian wlebSi Zlier meryevma saprocento ganakveTebma seriozuli dartyma miayena am seqtors. saWiro gaxda produqtis Secvla axal garemoebebTan adaptirebisTvis. mxolod mowinave kompiuteruli sistemebis mqone firmebma SeZles sakuTari produqtis yvelaze swrafad momzadeba da wardgena, xolo patara firmebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT sakmarisi saxsrebi saWiro teqnologiebis SesaZenad an gakotrdnen, an Seerwynen ufro did kompaniebs. unda aRiniSnos Tanamedrove teqnologiebis araTanabari sivrcobrivi efeqti, anu sxvadasxva xarisxis gavlena msoflios sxvadasxva regionze (Sachar and Oberg 1990): centralur qveynebSi mowinave teqnologiebi qmnian axal samuSao adgilebs, gansakuTrebiT finansuri da biznesis momsaxurebis sferoebSi. aseve qmnian axal produqts, warmoebisa da distribuciis procesebs, korporatiuli organizaciis formebs, magram amcireben warmoebaSi samuSao Zalaze moTxovnas. naxevrad-periferiebSi, axal teqnologiebs moaqvT warmoebaSi dasaqmebis, produqtiulobisa da msoflio bazarze am qveynebis konkurentunarianobis zrda. periferiul qveynebs xSir SemTxvevaSi ar aqvT sakmarisi saxsrebi mowinave teqnologiebis SesaZenad. Sedegad, iklebs maTi mwarmoeblurobis done da saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianoba. 2. moTxovnisa da moxmarebis modelebis cvlilebebi momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis cvlileba aseve mniSvnelovani winapiroba gaxda ganviTarebuli (advanced) kapitalizmis damkvidrebisa. industriuli kapitalizmis fordistuli modeli efuZneboda masobriv warmoebasa da moxmarebas. TandaTanobiT masobrivi bazrebi gaxda gajerebuli ZiriTadi produqtebiT (mag.: avtomobilebi, macivrebi). amis Tavidan asacileblad aucilebeli iyo efeqturi marketingi da produqtis mudmivi modifikaciebi. amis miuxedavad, masobrivad warmoebuli saqoneli veRar akmayofilebda “poziciuri saqonlisaTvis” (posicional goods) (sagnebi, romlebiTac SeiZleba socialuri statusis gansazRvra) wayenebul moTxovnebs. rodesac sul ufro met adamians SeeZlo masobrivad warmoebuli poziciuri saqonlis (kargi saxli, axali manqana, televizori da sxva) SeZena, izrdeboda momxmarebelTa survili raime gansakuTrebuli, eleganturi da moduri produqtis SeZenisa. fordistuli akumulaciis modelis mimdevari mwarmoeblebis problema gaxldaT, ara mxolod masobrivi saqonlis popularobis dakargva mdidar 132 mosaxleobaSi, aramed warmoebis strategiebisa da procesebis mouqneloba poziciuri saqonlis bazarze axali niSebis dasakaveblad. Sedegad bevrma firmam aiTvisa warmoebis ufro moqnili meTodebi da axali produqciisa da cirkulaciis teqnologiebi. am mxriv erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia “benetonis” kompania, romelmac 1965 wels erTi qarxniT daiwyo saqmianoba veneciis maxloblad da bolos globalur organizaciad iqca, sadac dasaqmebulia 8000-mde adamiani msoflios masStabiT. amave periodSi moxda centraluri qveynebis bazrebis gaerTgvarovneba. erTi da igive tendenciebi Semosavlis ganawilebasa da momxmareblis gemovnebaSi gaZlierda televiziebisa da saerTaSoriso mogzaurobebis mier (transportisa da komunikaciebis gaiafebis gamo). msgavsi procesi gavrcelda naxevrad-periferiisa da periferiis SeZlebul momxmareblebze, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada, rom momxdariyo sxvadasxva moduri saqonlis (mag.: germanuli Zvirfasi avtomobilebi, italiuri fexsacmlebi, Sveicariuli saaTebi, franguli Rvino, iaponuri eleqtronika) globalur marketingi, msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi. 3. korporatiuli restruqturizaciis logika advanced kapitalizmis ganviTarebisa da biznesis globalizaciis erTerTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani winapiroba gaxldaT korporaciebis restruqturizacia. Secvlili garemoebebisadmi adaptirebisaTvis kerZo biznesebi iZulebulni gaxdnen SeemuSavebinaT axali strategiebi, ramac mniSvnelovnad Secvala calkeuli qalaqebis, regionebisa da qveynebis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba. yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi iyo korporatiuli koncentracia da centralizacia. koncentracia gulisxmobs ekonomikis calkeul sferoebSi patara, susti firmebis `gauqmebas~ nawilobriv konkurenciis da nawilobriv Serwymis, an STanTqmis Sedegad. centralizacia niSnavs ekonomikis sxvadasxva sferoebSi momuSave didi sawarmoebis Serwymas giganturi konglomeratebis Sesaqmnelad. amgvari korporaciebi xSirad transnacionalur xasiaTs atareben. rodesac konkurencia matulobs, zogi firma iZulebuli xdeba biznesidan gamovides, zogs ki ufro Zlieri konkurenti STanTqavs. am process horizontaluri integracia ewodeba. axali firmebis mier warmatebis miRwevis Sansi klebulobs, radgan didi korporaciebi masStabis ekonomiaze dayrdnobiT cdiloben Camoicilon SedarebiT patara firmebi fasebis Semcirebis gziT. gigantur korporaciebsac ki ar SeuZliaT bazris gajerebis mudmivad SeCereba da yovelTvis arsebobs moTxovnis gauTvaliswinebeli Secvlis safrTxe. amitom firmebi xSirad mimarTaven vertikaluri integraciis (im firmebis mierTeba, romlebic amzadeben maTi warmoebis faqtorebs, an yiduloben maT produqcias) strategias rac SeiZleba meti fasis ganmsazRvreli faqtoris Sesasyidad. magaliTad, avtomobilebis mwarmoeblebs SeuZliaT SeierTon kompaniebi, romlebic specializirebul komponentebs (mag.: 133 Zravebi, sanavigacio sistemebi) awarmoeben, an yidian manqanebs. amis Sedegia warmoebis koncentracia mcire raodenobis didi firmebis xelSi. diagonaluri integracia (kompaniebis mier im firmebis mierTeba, romelTa saqmianobis sfero maT sruliad ar ukavSirdeba) iZleva ufro momgebian bazrebsa da iafi warmoebis faqtorebze xelmisawvdomobis mopovebis saSualebas. yvelafer amas mohyveba aqtivebis, samuSao adgilebis, ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis centralizacia sul ufro mcire raodenobis msxvili kompaniebis irgvliv. aRniSnuli tendenciebi SegviZlia ganvixiloT omisSemdgomi aSS-is ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi. 1900-iani wlebis horizontaluri integraciebis adreuli talRis Sedegad Seqmnili didi korporaciebis (mag.: “US Steel”, “American Tobacco”, “General Electric”) da 1920-iani wlebis vertikaluri integraciebis (mag.: “General Foods” da udidesi navTob kompaniebi) meTaurobiT, didma biznesebma Zlier gazardes TavianTi gavlena ekonomikaze. Tumca, horizontaluri Serwymebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda antimonopoliuri kanonebis (mag.: 1950 wlis “seler kefoveris” aqti) miRebis Sedegad, vertikaluri da diagonaluri integraciis procesi gagrZelda uprecedento masStabebiT (3000-mde Serwyma weliwadSi 1960-ian wlebSi). 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan mrewvelobis mraval dargSi koncentraciis xarisxi sagrZnoblad gaizarda. magaliTad: avtomobilebis, telefonebis, turbinebisa da macivrebis warmoebaSi TiTqmis mTlianad dominirebda oTxi an naklebi firma. cxrili: 6.1 oTxi udidesi kompaniis saqonlis Rirebuleba mrewvelobis calkeul dargebSi 1992-2002ww. 134 amasobaSi giganturi kompaniebis diagonaluri integraciebis raodenoba gaizarda. amis pirveli magaliTi iyo “Textron Incorporated”, romelic daarsda 1943 wels da Tavidan sabnebs da sxva teqstilur nawarms yidda amerikis armiaze. 1980 wlisTvis ki, man SeZlo asze meti kompaniis yidvagayidva mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargSi (qsovilebi, danadgarebi, kalmebi da sxva). 1955 wlisTvis Serwymebis umetesoba iyo diagonaluri da konglomeratuli. 1990-wlisTvis ki konglomeratebi monawileobdnen 10-dan 9 SerwymaSi. am Serwymebis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaizarda msxvili konglomeratebis gavlena centralur ekonomikebze. 1950-dan 1980 wlamde aSS-is 50 udidesi kompaniis wili mrewvelobaSi gaizarda 20%-dan 30%mde. xolo udidesi 200 kompaniis wili 30%-dan 50%-mde. msgavsi tendenciebi iyo momsaxurebis (sadac maRaziebis, avtomobilebis gaqiravebis, filmebis distribuciisa da monacemebis damuSavebis biznesi gansakuTrebulad centralizebuli gaxda) da soflis meurneobis seqtorSi (sadac fermebis 10%-is wilma soflis meurneobis produqtebis gayidvebSi Seadgina 75%). sami giganturi konglomerati – “AT&T” (38%), “MCI” (19,8%) da “Sprint” (10.1%) – akontrolebda satelefono bazris 70%-s 2004 wels. xuTi kompania dominirebda (50% wili) personaluri kompiuterebis bazarze 2006 wels: “Dell” (17,7%), “Hewlett-Packard” (14,8%), “Lenovo” (7,3%), “Acer” (5,2%) da “Toshiba” (3,5%). 135 didi moculobebis gamo, aSS-is konglomeratebis gavlena msoflio ekonomikaze TandaTanobiT izrdeba. amerikis udidesi kompaniebis (“jeneral motorsi”) yovelwliuri gayidvebis moculoba aRemateba iseTi qveynebis mSp-s, rogorebic arian norvegia da portugalia. aRsaniSnavia, rom aSS-is transnacionaluri korporaciebis mier sazRvargareT warmoebuli produqciis saerTo moculoba aRemateba nebismieri qveynis mSp-s, garda aSS-isa. xazi unda gavusvaT im faqts, rom amerika ar aris erTaderTi qveyana, sadac giganturi konglomeratebi Seiqmna. transnacionaluri korporaciebi daarsda aseve evropaSi, iaponiaSi, kanadaSi, avstralaziasa da zogierT axal industriul qveyanaSic. es kompaniebi zrdian msoflio bazarze TavianT wils aSS-is kompaniebis xarjze. zogierTi maTgani Tavis biznes-operaciebs Tavad aSS-Sic axorcielebs. eleqtronikis samxreT koreuli giganti, “samsungi” mraval filialsa da Svilobil kompanias flobs, romlebic awarmoeben da yidian eleqtronuli mowyobilobebis farTo speqtrs. kompaniis 600 dizaineri muSaobs seulis, londonis, milanis, los anjelesis, san fransiskos, tokiosa da Sanxais dizainis centrebSi. saerTo jamSi transnacionaluri korporaciebis raodenoba gaizarda 7000-dan 1970 wels, 77 000-mde 2005 wels. es korporaciebi floben 770 000 ucxour filials, xolo gayidvebis Rirebuleba Seadgens 19 trilion aSSDdolars. transnacionaluri korporaciebis evolucia msoflio ekonomikaSi transnacionaluri korporaciebis dRevandeli mniSvneloba aris evoluciuri procesis Sedegi, romelic sami fazisgan Sedgeba. am fazebs Cven ganvixilavT amerikuli transnacionaluri korporaciebis magaliTze: pirvel faza: daiwyo me-19 saukuneSi da gagrZelda 1940 wlamde. dominirebda adgilobrivi sawarmoo operaciebisTvis saWiro nedleulis (ZiriTadad navTobi da mineralebi) SesaZenad ganxorcielebuli investiciebi. meore faza: meore msoflio omis Semdeg zogierTma wamyvanma korporaciam daiwyo sagareo sawarmoo operaciebSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis gamoyeneba ucxour samomxmareblo bazrebze SeRwevis mizniT. Tavdapirvelad investiciebis daniSnulebis adgili iyo dasavleT evropa, sadac “marSalis gegma”, “natos” SeiaraReba da aSS-is samxedro bazebis ganlageba dasavleT germaniaSi, warmoadgenda sasargeblo informaciul sapasuxo reaqcias da iqauri samomxmareblo bazrebis aTvisebis sawyis wertils. aSS dolaris msoflios ZiriTad sarezervo valutad gadaqcevam 1944 wlis “breton-vudsis” konferenciaze, gauadvila amerikul kompaniebs ucxouri mrewvelobebis Sesyidva. amave periodSi aSS-is bevrma firmam SeaRwia msoflios didi nawilis (gansakuTrebiT laTinuri amerikis) mzard bazrebze. amis Sedegad 136 momxdar firmebis Serwymas da STanTqmas, xSirad mohyveboda korporatiuli sawarmoo procesebis restruqturizacia. 1957-67 wlebSi aSS-is axali manqanaTmSeneblobis qarxnebis 20%, qimiuri fabrikebis 25% da satransporto mowyobilobebis qarxnebis 30% sazRvargareT iyo ganlagebuli. 1970 wlisTvis aSS-is importis 75% Sedgeboda transnacionaluri korporaciebis adgilobriv da ucxour filialebs Soris transaqciebisgan. 1970 wlis bolos, 100 umsxvilesi transnacionaluri korporaciis sazRvargareTidan miRebuli mogebebi Seadgenda saerTo mogebis mesameds. mesame faza: 1970-iani wlebis krizisma, destabilizaciam da stagflaciis procesebma gazardes axal industriul qveynebSi warmoebuli iafi produqciis konkurentunarianoba. agreTve, “breton-vudsis” SeTanxmebis kolafsma 1971 wels gazarda aSS dolaris Rirebuleba, ramac gaaiafa importuli saqoneli da gauadvila evropul da iaponur transnacionaluri korporaciebs aSS-is bazarze SeRweva. amis sapasuxod amerikulma transnacionalurma korporaciebma kvlav moaxdines sawarmoo procesebis restruqturizacia, riTac Tavidan iqna acilebuli erTi kompaniis adgilobrivi da ucxouri qvedanayofebis saqmianobebis dublireba da moxda maT Soris funqciebis gamijvna. mesame fazas moyva ramdenime Sedegi: 1. arsebuli nagebobebis SenarCuneba, romlebic moiTxoven did xarjebs teqnologiebsa da samuSao ZalaSi (mag.: saTao ofisebi CrdiloeT amerikasa da dasavleT evropaSi). 2. aSS-is kompaniebis mier kapitalis ucxoeTSi gatana samuSao Zalis dabali danaxarjebis gamo (2005 wels hon kongis, singapuris, taivanisa da samxreT koreis mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebuli muSebis saaTobrivi anazRaureba Seadgenda aSS muSebis saaTobrivi anazRaurebis 24-57%-s, meqsikasa da braziliaSi – 10-17%, CineTSi 3%). 3. im qveynebidan wasvla, sadac Sromis Rirebuleba Zviria (mag.: germaniis, Sveicariis da skandinaviis qveynebis mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebuli muSebis xelfasi Seadgenda aSS-is muSebis xelfasis 121-166%), ucxoeTSi qarxnebis gaxsniT, an ucxoeli qvekontraqtorebis gamoyenebis gziT. magaliTad, 1970-ian wlebSi “jeneral eleqtrikma” Seqmna 30 000 samuSao adgili sazRvargareT da 25 000-iT Seamcira aSS-Si dasaqmebulTa raodenoba. “naikma” gayida sakuTari fabrikebi aSS-sa da britaneTSi da axla mTlianad axdens warmoebis qvekontraqtirebas. “naikis” sawarmoo qselis geografia xSirad icvleboda da asaxavda ganviTarebad qveynebSi samuSao Zalis danaxarjebis (labor costs) cvlilebebs. “naikis” fexsacmlebis warmoeba Tavdapirvelad iaponiaSi ganxorcielda, xolo Semdeg moxda misi gadatana taivansa da samxreT koreaSi. dRes “naikis” produqcia iwarmoeba 700-ze met fabrikaSi, sadac dasaqmebulia 500 000-ze 137 meti muSa, dabali samuSao Zalis danaxarjebis (labor costs) mqone 50 qveyanaSi, romelTa Sorisaa: albaneTi, argentina, bangladeSi, belarusi, brazilia, bulgareTi, Cile, CineTi da samxreT afrika. 6.2 globalizaciis modelebi da procesebi dRes, msoflios qveynebis umetesoba an integrirebulia saqonlisa da finansebis msoflio bazarze, an swrafi tempebiT miiwevs misken. 1970-ian wlebSi periferiuli qveynebis mxolod mcire nawilma gaxsna sazRvrebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da sainvesticio kapitalisTvis. msoflios samuSao Zalis mesamedi cxovrobda centralizebuli, gegmiuri ekonomikis mqone saxelmwioebSi, rogorebic iyvnen sabWoTa kavSiri da CineTi, xolo kidev erTi mesamedi cxovrobda qveynebSi, romlebmac moaxdines izolireba saerTaSoriso bazrebisgan savaWro barierebiTa da valutis kontroliT. amJamad msoflios mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevris, umTavresad CineTis, indoeTisa da ruseTis mosaxleobis swrafi integrireba moxda msoflio bazarze. globalizaciam moaxdina msoflios didi nawilis CarTva kapitalistur sistemaSi, Tumca gazarda centrsa da periferias Soris sxvaoba. 1960-dan 2006 wlamde 20 umdidresi qveynis erT sul mosaxleze Semosavali gaizarda 18-36 jer ufro swrafad, vidre 20 uRaribesi qveynis. 1980-ian wlebSi sub-saharis afrikis ekonomika Semcirda mesamediT, xolo 1990-ian wlebSi misi ekonomikis zrdis tempi Camouvardeboda mosaxleobis zrdis tempebs. marTalia 2005 wlisTvis sub-saharis afrikis mSp-is zrdis maCvenebelma 5%-s miaRwia, mosaxleobis saSualo Semosavlebi Camouvardeba 1960-iani wlebis maCveneblebs. sub-saharis afrikis periferiuloba gaaRrmava Sidsis epidemiam, rac gacilebiT ufro saxifaToa, vidre koloniuri periodis damokidebuleba. amasobaSi globalizaciam moaxdina msoflio sistemis centris konsolidacia. centrSi axla gaerTianebulni arian aSS, evrokavSiri da iaponia. saqonlis, kapitalisa da informaciis msoflio nakadebis umetesoba xorcieldeba maT Soris. 2003-05 wlebSi aSS-m, evrokavSirma da iaponiam ganaxorcieles pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 75%, xolo am qveynebSi ganxorcielda pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis 54%. aSS, evrokavSiri da iaponia agrZelebs periferiaze dominirebas. TiToeul maTgans gansakuTrebuli gavlena aqvs maTTan axlos mdebare periferiul regionebze. alen skotma (1966) moaxdina am viTarebis konceftualizacia da daaxasiaTa regionuli ekonomikuri centrebi, anu globaluri metropoliuri regionebi: TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia ekonomikuri saqmianobis specializebuli forma, Sromis didi bazari da ganviTarebuli infrastruqtura. TiToeul am regionSi metropolia garSemortymulia hinterlandiT, sadac aris ganviTarebuli sasoflosameurneo zona, adgilobrivi momsaxurebis centrebi da sxva. zogierTi amgvari regionis hinterlandebi SeiZleba SeuerTdes erTmaneTs (mag.: 138 bostoni/niu iorki/filadelfia, los anjelesi/san diego/tixuana, milani/turini/genua da tokio/nagoia/osaka). es regionuli ekonomikuri centrebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni arian kapitalis, informaciis, saqonlisa da adamianebis intensiuri nakadebiT. maT miRma arseboben naklebad ganviTarebuli regionebi (yofili koloniebi, fizikurad izolirebuli teritoriebi da sxva), romlebmac ver SeZles mdgradi ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa. magram periodulad mainc Cndebian SedarebiTi ekonomikuri keTildReobis `kunZulebi~ msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. 1960-1970-ian wlebSi amis magaliTi gaxda hon-kongi, singapuri, taivani da seuli. mogvianebiT gamoCndnen sxva metropoliebic: bangkoki, kuala lumpuri, san paulu, rio de Janeiro da sul axlaxans CineTisa da indoeTis mzardi raodenobis globaluri metropoliuri regionebi. saerTaSoriso teritoriuli cvlilebebi (redeployment) da ierarqiebi ekonomikis globalizaciis erT-erTi Sedegi gaxlavT saqmianobebis teritoriuli ierarqiebis Seqmna. amis Sedegi gaxda: 1. msoflio qalaqebSi maRali rangis menejmentis lokaluri koncentracia. 2. saSualo rgolis menejmentis susti koncentracia centralur saxelmwifoebSi did metropoliebSi, axali industriuli qveynebis dedaqalaqebSi da zogierT periferiul qveyanaSi. 3. kvlevisa da ganviTarebis saqmianobebis klasterebi centralur saxelmwifoebSi arsebul teqnopolisebSi. 4. centralur qveynebSi maRalteqnologiuri mrewvelobis specializebuli regionebis warmoSoba. 5. rutinizebuli mrewvelobis, anu filiali sawarmoebis Seqmna centraluri qveynebis periferiul regionebSi, axali industriuli qveynebsa da zogierT periferiebSi. am tendenciebma da maTze transnacionaluri korporaciebis teritoriulma gavlenam, romlebic cdiloben SearCion iseTi adgilebi, sadac yvelaze momgebianad warmarTaven sakuTar saqmianobas, xeli Seuwyves Sromis axali saerTaSoriso danawilebis ideis warmoSobas. unda aRiniSnos, rom yvela firmas, an mrewvelobas ar aqvs erTnairi saWiroeba, an SesaZlebloba CaerTos amgvar saerTaSoriso teritoriul cvlilebebSi (redeployment). yvelaze ukeTesi pozicia cirkulaciisa da warmoebis teqnologiebis upiratesobebis gamoyenebis mxriv ukaviaT transnacionalur korporaciebs. amis saukeTeso magaliTia saavtomobilo industria, sadac omisSemdgomi adreuli periodis erovnuli bazrebi TiTqmis mTlianad Caanacvla globalurma warmoebam da marketingma. 1976 wels “fordma” gamouSva “fiesta”, romelic gankuTvnili iyo evropis, orive amerikisa da aziis bazrebisTvis. “fiesta” awyobil iqna sxvadasxva adgilas, kidev ufro met adgilas damzadebuli komponentebisgan. “fordis” sazRvargareTis filialebi, romlebic saTao ofisisgan 139 damoukideblad moqmedebdnen, axla integrirebulni arian kompiuterebisa da video telekonferenciebis meSveobiT. moqnili sawarmoo sistemebi firmebis konkrentuli strategiis cvlilebasTan erTad moxda mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi warmoebis sistemebis organizaciis kuTxiT mrewvelobis bevr dargSi. es gamoixata fordizmidan, moqnili warmoebis sistemebze, anu neo-fordizmze gadasvlaSi. neo-fordizmSi masobrivi warmoebisa da moxmarebis logika modificirebul iqna warmoebis, distribuciisa da marketingis ufro moqnili sistemebis damatebiT. es moqniloba gamoixateba warmoebis formebSi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba swrafi da efeqturi gadasvla warmoebis (output) erTi donidan meoreze da rac mTavaria, erTi procesidan, an produqtis konfiguraciidan meoreze. es cvlilebebi gulisxmoben moqnilobis zrdas, rogorc firmis SigniT, aseve firmebs Soris. firmis SigniT neofordizmis moqniloba miRweul iqna axali teqnologiebis (mag.: kompiuterizebuli danadgarebi da sainformacio sistemebi) danergviT. amgvari moqnilobis xarisxi agreTve damokidebulia Sromis axal wesebze. am mxriv gamosarCevia ori aspeqti. pirvelia, firmis SigniT Sromis moqnilad gamoyeneba, rac muSisgan moiTxovs funqciebis didi speqtris Sesrulebas. meorea, samuSao Zalis raodenobisa da xarisxis moqniloba. am tendenciam Caanacvla damatebiTi saaTebis, naxevari ganakveTis, an droebiTi dasaqmeba, mudmivi, sruli ganakveTis samuSao adgilebiT. firmebs Soris neo-fordizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqniloba miRweul iqna calkeuli funqciebis eqsternalizaciiT. es moxda msxvili korporaciebis mudmivi da ierarqiulad struqturirebuli administraciuli, menejeruli da teqnikuri erTeulebis gardaqmniT organizaciis ufro moqnil formebad, romlebic ufro efeqturad iyeneben konsultantebs, specialistebsa da qvekontraqtorebs. amas mohyva firmebis SigniT vertikaluri dezintegracia. eqsternalizaciis meore gza aris erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmna, monawileobis miReba teqnologiebis licenzirebaSi da erToblivi kvlevisa da ganviTarebis proeqtebis ganmaxorcielebel strategiul aliansebSi. strategiuli aliansebi did rols TamaSoben ekonomikuri globalizaciis intensifikaciaSi. maTi raodenoba gaizarda weliwadSi 20 000-mde 2004 wels, 5200-dan 1996 wels. amJamad strategiuli aliansebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba ufro tradiciuli da ufro Zviri Serwymebisa da STanTqmebis raodenobas. msoflios udidesi saavtomobilo kompaniebis xSiri strategiuli aliansebi moicavs avtonawilebis gaziarebis SeTanxmebebs da erToblivi sawarmoebis Seqmnas kvlevebsa da mrewvelobaSi. magaliTad “toiotas” dadebuli aqvs aTeulobiT SeTanxmeba saavtomobilo da sxva kompaniebTan, m.S. “nisanTan” hibriduli saavtomobilo teqnologiebis ganviTarebis mizniT TanamSromlobis kuTxiT. 140 amgvari aliansebi globaluri ekonomikuri geografiis mniSvnelovan aspeqtad iqca, romelTa meSveobiTac transnacionaluri korporaciebi cdiloben Seamciron xarjebi da mravalmilionian proeqtebTan dakavSirebuli riskebi. strategiuli aliansi ramdenime mizans emsaxureba: transnacionaluri korporaciebi ukavSirdebian sxvadasxva qveynebis firmebs axali bazrebis asaTviseblad teqnologiebis Sesaxeb informaciis gacvlis iafi da swrafi gzis povna maTi produqtiulobis gasazrdelad produqtis ganviTarebis xarjebis Semcireba bazris kvlevis xarjebis gaSla (spread) cxrili 6.2 fordizmsa da moqnil akumulacias (neo-fordizms) Soris kontrastebi warmoebisa da Sromis procesebSi fordizmi moqnili akumulacia (neo-fordizmi) sawarmoo procesi erTgvarovani produqtebis masobrivi warmoeba erTgvarovneba didi sarezervo maragi da inventari xarisxis faqtobrivi (ex post) testireba defeqtebi imaleba sarezervo maragebSi warmoebis drois dakargva set upisTvis didi drois aucileblobis, defeqturi nawilebisa da sxvaTa gamo wamyvani faqtoria resursebi vertikaluri da zogjer horizontaluri integracia xarjebis Semcireba xelfasis kontroliT saqonlis mcire partiebi produqtis mravali saxeobis moqnili warmoeba sarezervo maragis ararseboba (droebiTi (just-in-time) inventari) xarisxis kontroli, rogorc procesis nawili (naklis myisieri dadgena) defeqtebis dauyovneblivi gamovlena dakarguli drois Semcireba set upisTvis naklebi drois, defeqtebis Semcirebis, just-in-time drouli miwodebis da sxvaTa gamo wamyvani faqtoria moTxovna vertikaluri dezintegracia xarjebis Semcireba qvekontraqtirebiT Sroma muSaxelis mier erTgvarovani funqciis Sesruleba xelfasi per rate (samuSaos gegmis kriteriumis mixedviT) samuSaos specializaciis maRali mravali funqcia personaluri gasamrjelo (detalizirebuli bonusebis sistema) specializaciis gauqmeba 141 xarisxi Sromis vertikaluri organizacia adgilze treiningebis ararseboba, an misi mcire raodenoba swavlis gamocdilebis arqona muSaTa pasuxismgeblobis Semcirebaze aqcentis gakeTeba (samuSao Zalis disciplinis danergva) profkavSirebSi gaerTianebuli muSebisTvis samuSao adgilis SenarCunebis garantiis maRali xarisxi Sromis horizontaluri organizacia mniSvnelovani muSaxelisTvis adgilze treiningebi samuSao procesSi swavla muSebs Soris urTirTpasuxismgeblobis zrda samuSao adgilis SenarCunebis garantiis maRali xarisxi yvelaze mniSvnelovani muSaxelisTvis da cudi Sromis pirobebi droebiT dasaqmebulTaTvis. samuSao adgilis SenarCunebis garantiis ararseboba qvekontraqtorebSi korporatiuli moqnilobis interpretaciebi ekonomikuri organizaciis gazrdil moqnilobas SeiZleba orgvari ganmarteba movuZebnoT. pirvelia, moqnili specializacia, romelic moqnili warmoebis sistemebs ganixilavs permanentuli da pozitiuri kuTxiT. axalma teqnologiebma gazardes didi firmebis dasustebisa da patara firmebis klasterebis irgvliv organizebuli warmoebis sistemebis gaZlierebis SesZlebloba. amis magaliTia `mesame italia~ (centraluri da Crdilo-aRmosavleT italia), sadac amgvari klasterebi 30 wlis win warmoiqmna. “alfred marSalis” (1920) industriuli ubnebis modeli xSirad gamoiyeneba specializebuli mrewvelobebis klasterizebis mxardamWer argumentad. aRniSnuli modeli xazs usvams specializebuli samuSao Zalis, erTsa da imave mrewvelobis dargSi momuSave firmebis teritoriuli siaxlovisa da specializebuli warmoebis faqtorebisa da servisebis xelmisawvdomobis mniSvnelobas. ufro radikaluri Sexedulebis mixedviT, firmebs Soris ndoba da partnioroba gadamwyvetia axali samrewvelo ubnebis SeqmnisaTvis. amrigad, mcire masStabebis warmoebisaTvis aucilebeli socialuri pirobebi, xelosnobis ganviTarebis istoria, inovaciis axlomdebare centrebi, adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis mxardaWera da muSebsa da menejments Soris konsensusi warmoadgens ZiriTad moTxovnebs moqnil warmoebaSi CarTuli samrewvelo ubnebis funqcionirebisaTvis. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, samrewvelo ubnebis sociologia zRudavs maT gavrcelebas. ramdenime SemTxvevaze (case study) (silikonis veli aSS-Si, il de fransis teqnopolisi safrangeTSi da mesame italia) dayrdnobiT, skotma 142 (1988b: 106) gamoiyena fraza `moqnili akumulaciis raJimi~, raTa aRewera ekonomikur-geografiuli organizaciis es axali talRa. mTavari arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom miuxedavad mrewvelobis dargisa (fexsacmlebis, tansacmlebis, an kompiuteris warmoeba), arsebobs mrewvelobebis koncentraciis Zlieri tendencia e.w. `momwifebuli (mature) produqtebis~ (sasicocxlo ciklis bolo fazaSi myofi saqoneli) warmoebaSic ki. regionuli masStabis aglomeraciebSi specializaciis magivrad, axla gavrcelebulia specializaciis ufro lokalizebuli modeli. radgan am procesSi patara firmebi arian CarTulni, isini Rebuloben yvelaze did sargebels, rogorc saqonlis mimwodeblebi swrafad cvalebad bazrebze, radgan maT SeuZliaT erTmaneTs gauziaron informacia, Sromis tradiciebi da Sida-samrewvelo kavSirebi. samrewvelo ubnebis modelis kritikis (mag.; didi firmebis mniSvnelobis ignorireba da endogenuri (lokaluri) garemoebebis mniSvnelobis gazviadeba msoflio bazarTan da Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebasTan mimarTebaSi) sapasuxod zogma avtorma ufro sinTezuri angariSi warmoadgina. magaliTad, skoti (1992) axla amtkicebs, rom msxvil mwarmoeblebs SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSon samrewvelo ubnebis ganviTarebaSi. misi azriT warmoebis erTeulebis ganawileba moqnil da masobriv mwarmoebels Soris araefeqturia. igi gamoyofs mesame tips – systems house, anu moqnil mwarmoeblebs, romlebsac axasiaTebT Sromis specializacia da saqonlis farTo speqtris mcire partiebis warmoeba (masobrivi warmoebis sapirispirod). systems house ar aris calke mdgari, an filialebis mqone organizacia. igi rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia axlomdebare moqnil mwarmoeblebTan. systems house warmoadgenen samrewvelo ubnebis (mag.: samxreT kalifornia, tokio, kioto) centrebs. skoti ar Tvlis, rom samrewvelo ubnebis es modeli Seusabamoa globalizebul msoflio ekonomikasTan. misTvis es fenomeni aris: `industriuli ubnebis urTierTkavSiri msoflios masStabiT ... rogorc regionTa mozaika, romelic Sedgeba transaqciebis globalur qselSi CarTuli adgilobrivi transaqciebis (anu samrewvelo ubnebis) qselebisgan~ (skoti, 1992: 274). erT-erT kvlevaSi (hendersoni, 1989) iyo mcdeloba naxevargamtarebis (kompiuteruli Cipi) warmoebis magaliTze eCvenebinaT, Tu rogor warmoSva specifiuri warmoebis teritoriuli modelebi misma Sromis teqnikurma da socialurma danawilebam da dacul bazrebze (evropa) SeRwevis saWiroebam. amJamad amerikis naxevargamtarebis industria akavSirebs aSS-is samrewvelo ubnebs, sazRvargareTis (Sotlandia, hon kongi da a.S.) samrewvelo ubnebTan. maTi mimzidveloba mxolod iafi muSaxeliT ar ganisazRvreba. magaliTad, aRmosavleT aziis zogierT qveyanaSi arsebobs adgilobrivi eleqtronuli mrewveloba, romelic ZiriTadad orientirebulia adgilobriv da ara amerikis, evropis an sazRvargareTis sxva bazrebze. ekonomikuri organizaciis gazrdili moqnilobis meore interpretaciis mixedviT, moqnili warmoebis meTodebi ganixileba, rogorc industriuli 143 warmoebis zogierT seqtorSi krizisis pasuxi da ara warmoebis axali Camoyalibebuli modeli. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, 1980-iani wlebis finansuri bazris zrda da transformacia da moqnili warmoebis SemoReba iqca samuSao Zalis disciplinirebis saSualebad. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, `axali finansuri instrumentebisa da bazrebis afeTqebisa da globaluri finansuri koordinaciis rTuli sistemebis ganviTarebis~ meSveobiT safinanso sistemam gazarda `kapitalis akumulaciis moqniloba~ (harvey, 1990: 194). meore SemTxvevaSi, Semcirebulma mogebebma 1970-ian wlebSi aiZula firmebi moexdinaT warmoebis decentralizacia fordizmis dros gaZlierebuli samuSao Zalis dasustebis mizniT ise, rom SeenarCunebinaT centralizebuli kontroli. “mesame italiis” patara firmebis didi nawili aris qvekontraqtori msxvili firmebisa, romlebic eZeben maTi mravalricxovani, profkavSirebSi gaerTianebuli samuSao Zalis alternativebs. zemoT moyvanilma orma interpretaciam gamoiwvia garkveuli kritika, gansakuTrebiT igi exeba pirvel ganmartebas, anu moqnil specializacias. kritikuli SeniSvnebidan gamovarCevT ramdenimes: amJamad, msxvili kompaniebi iTviseben zogierT meTodebs, romlebic adre samrewvelo ubanSi koncentrirebuli patara firmebis eqskluziur sferod miiCneoda. zogi ki, konkretuli produqtis warmoebis mizniT, strategiul aliansebSi Sedis mis pirdapir konkurentebTan (mag.: “toiota” “jeneral motorsTan”). isini amas axorcieleben warmoebis saSualebebis gafantulobis miuxedavad. cota ramaa cnobili imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor urTierqmedeben lokaluri garemoebebi globaluri konkurenciis pirobebTan da ra gavlenas axdens es urTierqmedeba samrewvelo ubnebis simdidreze. Cven rac viciT gviCvenebs, rom samrewvelo ubnebs ara aqvT imuniteti Sida konkurenciis problemebis mimarT, romlebsac zarali moaqvT fordistuli firmebisTvis. magaliTad, civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg, aSS-is mier Tavdacvis xarjebis Semcirebam seriozuli ziani miayena zogierT samrewvelo ubans (“silikonis veli” kaliforniaSi). moqnili warmoebis principebis damkvidreba ar atarebs sayovelTao xasiaTs. aSS-is Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi mdebare didi firmebi agrZeleben warmoebis sazRvargareT gatanas, an avtomatizaciaSi investirebas. mrewvelobis bevr dargSi jerac prevalireben fordistuli warmoebis principebi (moqnili warmoebis modelebis problemebis mimoxilva ixileT - Gertler, 1992) globaluri ofisi da informaciuli ekonomika warmoebis sistemebis globalizaciam da transnacionaluri korporaciebis zrdam mniSvnelovani cvlileba Seitana lokaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis modelSi: mwarmoeblis momsaxurebebi (safinanso da biznes momsaxureba) aRar warmoadgenen damxmare saqmianobebs, isini amJamad globalur industriad iqcnen. safinanso da 144 biznes momsaxurebis mniSvnelobis zrda ganpirobebulia warmoebis globalizaciiT, vaWrobis moculobis zrdiTa da transnacionaluri korporaciebis warmoSobiT. amas emateba telekomunikaciebisa da monacemTa damuSavebis gaumjobeseba. sateliturma sakominikacio sistemebma da optikur-boWkovanma qselma saSualeba misca firmebs ganexorcielebinaT didi raodenobis transaqciebi da 24 saaTiani finansuri da biznes momsaxureba msoflio masStabiT. kompiuterebi, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian am sakomunikacio sistemebTan uzrunvelyofen monacemebis damaxsovrebas da koordinirebas. sabanko, safinanso da biznes momsaxurebis mniSvneloba sagrZnoblad gaizarda. globaluri sabanko da safinanso qselis yoveldRiuri brunva Seadgens trilionobiT dolars (3 trilioni aSS dolari – savaluto transaqciebi, aTobiT miliardi dolari – obligaciebis transaqciebi), aqedan mxolod 10% aris dakavSirebuli tradiciul, saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT vaWrobasTan. fulis, obligaciebisa da sxva finansuri instrumentebis saerTaSoriso mimoqceva didi Semosavlebis wyarod iqca, rasac Semdegma garemoebebma Seuwyves xeli: danazogebis institucionalizaciam (mag.: sapensio fondebis saxiT) gamoiwvia didi raodenobis kapitalis dagroveba profesionali investorebis xelSi saxelmwifoebis mier sabanko da safinanso momsaxurebis deregulacia maTi zrdis waxalisebis mizniT 1973 wels navTobis fasis gaoTxmagebam, navTobiT mdidar qveynebs saSualeba misca gaexsnaT sazRvargareTis sabanko filialebi sakmarisi raodenobis msesxeblis povnis mizniT. xSir SemTxvevebSi, msesxeblebi iyvnen periferiuli qveynebis kompaniebi da mTavrobebi. safinanso momsaxurebis internacionalizaciam seriozuli mogeba moutana did bankebs. 1970-iani wlebis SuaSi, „sitibankis“ wliuri Semosavlebis 70% modioda saerTaSoriso operaciebze aSS-is mudmivi savaWro deficitis gamo (evropisa da iaponiis omisSemdgomi ganaxlebis Sedegi), mis sazRvrebs gareT dagrovda didi raodenobiT dolarebi (evrodolarebi), ramac Tavis mxriv Seqmna kapitali, romelic aSS-is pirdapiri kontrolis qveS ar imyofeboda `binZuri~ fulis (aradeklarirebuli samewarmeo Semosavali, fasian qaRaldebTan dakavSirebuli TaRliToba, narkotikebiT ukanono vaWroba da a.S.) gaTeTrebis simartive saerTaSoriso eleqtronuli transaqciebis gziT. erTidan sam trilionamde aSS dolaris gaTeTreba xdeba yovelwliurad globalur safinanso sistemebSi, rac Zalzed didi maCvenebelia sagadaxado balansis krizisze zogierTi saxelmwifos (aSS mTavrobis) pasuxi iyo, ufro meti fulis emisia. problemis moklevadiani gadawyvetis am gzam, inflaciis mniSvnelovani zrda gamoiwvia msoflio ekonomikaSi, rasac Sedegad mohyva 145 spekulaciuri saerTaSoriso safinanso transaqciebis raodenobis momateba aRniSnuli faqtorebis erTobliobam gamoiwvia msoflio ekonomikis restruqturizacia. did bankebsa da finansur korporaciebs („sitigrupi“, „doiCe banki“) SeuZliaT gavlena iqonion ekonomikuri ganviTarebis lokalur procesebze msoflios nebismier kuTxeSi. garda amisa, mwarmoeblis momsaxurebebis (bazris kvleva, angariSgeba, reklama, sabanko saqme, korporatiuli dazRveva da korporatiuli iuridiuli momsaxureba) moculoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda, ramac axali ganzomileba SesZina msoflios ekonomikur garemos. aSS-sa da britaneTSi arsebuli 5 samuSao adgilidan 4 ganTavsebulia momsaxurebis seqtorSi. 2000 wlisTvis britaneTSi warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli iyo 4 milioni adamiani, rac qveyanaSi sruli ganakveTiT momuSaveTa 15%-s Seadgenda. 2006 wlisTvis maTi raodenoba Semcirda 3 milionamde, xolo sruli ganakveTiT momuSaveTa 11%-mde. yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sedegi, rac am procesebma gamoiwvies, aris informaciuli ekonomikis warmoSoba. informaciuli ekonomika warmoadgens ekonomikuri warmoebisa da menejmentis axal models, sadac mwarmoebluroba da konkurentunarianoba didwilad damokidebulia axali codnis SeZenaze da Sesabamisi informaciis miRebasa da damuSavebaze. informaciul ekonomikaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani seqtorebia: maRali teqnologiebis warmoeba, dizainis maRali intensivobis samomxmareblo saqoneli da safinanso da biznes momsaxureba. ganviTarebis industriul modelSi, produqtiulobis mTavari faqtoria: energiis axali wyaroebis povna da energiis gamoyenebis decentralizacia warmoebisa da cirkulaciis procesSi. `ganviTarebis axal, informaciul modelSi, produqtiulobis faqtoriebia mowinave teqnologiebi, informaciis damuSaveba ...~ da sxva (Castells, 2000: 17). centraluri qveynebis umetesobaSi mTliani damatebiti Rirebulebis/gross value added-is 30%- 50% aris codnaze dafuZnebuli (kompiuterebi, programuli uzrunvelyofa, ganaTleba da televizia). bolo ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze maRali teqnologiebis warmoeba msoflio vaWrobis yvelaze swrafad mzardi seqtoria. maRali teqnologiebis warmoebis wili mTlian warmoebul saqonelSi gaormagda da Seadgina 25%. codnaze dafuZnebuli momsaxureba kidev ufro swrafi tempebiT izrdeba da qmnis 10-dan 8 axal samuSaos centralur ekonomikebSi. biznes momsaxureba da metropoliebis zrda evropaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi, iaponiaSi da aRmosavleT aziis zogierT sxva qveyanaSi (hon kongi, singapuri) yvelaze swrafad mzardi momsaxurebis seqtoria biznes momsaxureba. am sferoSi dasaqmebuli personali ZiriTadad dakavebulia menejeruli saqmianobiT, an informaciis damuSavebiT. am servisebis mTavari damkveTebi arian firmebi, amitom am tipis momsaxureba mis klientebTan axlosaa koncentrirebuli, 146 ZiriTadad did qalaqebSi. am tendencias xels uwyobs ramdenime faqtori: pirveli faqtoria internacionalizacia. aglomeraciebis ekonomikebi (klientebTan, konkurentebTan da kvalificiur personalTan xelmisawvdomobis maRali xarisxi, teqnikur servisebTan siaxlove) imdenad Zlieria biznes momsaxurebebTan mimarTebaSi, rom es ukanasknelni araproporciulad arian ganlagebulni msxvili qalaqebis farglebSi. komunikaciebis gamartivebam saSualeba misca firmebs sxvadasxva qalaqebSi warmarTon saqmianoba da erT qalaqze ar iyvnen mijaWvulni. warmoebisa da transnacionaluri korporaciebis gavrcelebam waaxalisa warmatebuli biznes momsaxurebis firmebi daearsebinaT ofisebi mraval qalaqSi maTi transnacionaluri klientebisaTvis momsaxurebebis gasawevad. meore faqtoria erovnuli bazrebis (gansakuTrebiT sabanko da safinanso) deregulacia, romelmac aseve gaaZliera urTierTdamokidebuleba kargad ganviTarebuli savaluto da sasaqonlo bazrebis mqone did qalaqebsa da biznes momsaxurebebs Soris. mxolod mcire raodenobis centrebma (londoni, tokio, Cikago, niu iorki) naxes araproporciuli sargebeli am tendencisgan. biznes momsaxureba da moqnili ekonomika qvekontraqtirebis procesi, patara firmebis zrda da moqnili warmoeba aviTarebs axali saxis momsaxurebebs da zrdis mwarmoebelTa damokidebulebis xarisxs, sxvadasxva firmebisgan momsaxurebis Sesyidvaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom sabiTumo vaWroba iTvleba didi, vertikalurad integrirebuli firmebis Sida funqciad, anda saerTod ignorirebulia im varaudiT, rom mewarmeebi pirdapir unda vaWrobdnen erTmaneTTan. Tumca, sabiTumo vaWroba bolo periodSi TandaTanobiT mainc farTovdeba. amis dasturad, glasmeiers (1990) mohyavs maRalteqnologiuri samrewvelo ubnebis („silikonis veli“ aSS-Si da „baden-viurtenbergi“ germaniaSi) magaliTi, romlebic maTi arsebobis dasawyisidanve damokidebulni iyvnen biTumad movaWreebze. glasmeieris kvlevis mixedviT, ostinSi (texasi) biTumad movaWreebi warmoadgenen agentebs regionTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, SemoaqvT ra sxvadasxva produqti lokalur ekonomikaSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi, erovnulma da regionulma biTumad movaWreebma, adgilobrivebze ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZines lokaluri mewarmeebisTvis. es magaliTebi adastureben biTumad vaWrobis mniSvnelobas samrewvelo ubnebis ganviTarebaSi da gare agentebis did rols lokalur ganviTarebaSi. samrewvelo ubnebis zrda ar SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod adgilobrivi socialuri pirobebiT, an sawarmoo procesis xasiaTiT. kristofersoni (1989) Tvlis, rom moqnili warmoebis mimarT didma yuradRebam daCrdila momsaxurebis seqtorSi Sromis bazris moqnilobis mniSvneloba. misi TqmiT, 1980-ian wlebSi, aSS-Si axali samuSao adgilebis 80% iqmneboda sacalo vaWrobaSi, jandacvisa da biznes momsaxurebaSi da samuSao adgilebis 25% warmoadgenda `moqnil~, anu arasruli ganakveTis samuSaos, an damoukidebel qvekontraqtirebas. momsaxurebis sferoSi 147 msxvili firmebis dominirebis xarisxi TandaTan matulobs. xarjebis Sesamcireblad isini farTod iyeneben qvekontraqtirebasa da arasrul ganakveTze momuSaveebs (ZiriTadad qalebi da eTnikuri umciresobebi). marTlac, 1970 wlidan aSS-sa da britaneTis Sromis bazrebis restruqturizaciis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli gaxldaT momsaxurebis seqtoris samuSao adgilebis `feminizacia~, imave dros uqmdeboda sawarmoo seqtoris maRalanazRaurebadi poziciebi, romlebsac ZiriTadad mamakacebi ikavebdnen. sacalo vaWrobasa da jandacvis sferoebSi saqmianoba aris decentralizebuli da administraciuli funqciebi sivrcobrivad gancalkevebulia momsaxurebis gawevasTan. TandaTanobiT, momsaxureba standartizebuli xdeba yvelgan, msgavsad savaWro centrebisa sadac isini mdebareoben. momsaxurebis sivrciT models da `moqnil~ dasaqmebas, romelsac es modeli eyrdnoba, axasiaTebT „sivrciTi homogenuroba“. es `moqniloba~ gamoirCeva naklebi anazRaurebiT fordistul mrewvelobebSi arsebul xelfasebTan SedarebiT, agreTve samuSao Zalis `Zalauflebis~ dasustebiT genderuli da eTnikuri gansxvavebebis gamoyenebiT (mag.: qalebs nakleb xelfass uxdian) da samuSao adgilebis sivrciTi gancalkevebiT, samuSao Zalis organizebulobis Sesustebis mizniT. daskvna am TavSi Cven vnaxeT fordizmis krizisma, korporatiulma restruqturizaciam, teqnologiurma winsvlam da momxmarebelTa moTxovnebis cvlilebam, rogor gamoiwvies ekonomikis globalizacia, romelic manamde lokalizebuli iyo centralur qveynebSi. am procesebs mohyva Semdegi saxis cvlilebebi: warmoebis ierarqiebis Camoyalibeba didi kompaniebis SigniT, romlebic dominireben mrewvelobis TiTqmis yvela dargSi. am ierarqiebma asaxva hpoves: 1) maRali rgolis menejmentis, 2) warmoebis, romelic moiTxovs maRalkvalificiur muSaxelsa da axal teqnologiebs; Sualeduri administraciis; kvlevisa da ganviTarebis, 3) rutinuli warmoebis gancalkevebul sivrciT organizaciaSi. msoflio ekonomikis sam regionad dayofa: 1) CrdiloeT amerikis, evropis, iaponiisa da avstralaziis Zlier integrirebuli da diversificirebuli samrewvelo centrebi. 2) resursebis eqsportiori naxevrad-periferiuli da axali industriuli qveynebi, rogorebic arian, meqsika, CineTi, ruseTi, indoeTi, brazilia da sxva. 3) sustad industrializebuli periferiebi (mag.: sub-saharis afrika), romlebic mniSvnelovnad arian damokidebulni centralur saxelmwifoebze. zemoT CamoTvlili regionebis SigniT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze myofi qveynebisa da regionebis arseboba. msoflio periferiaSi (3) Sedian centraluri da naxevrad-periferiuli teritoriebi (dasavleT afrikaSi lagos-ibadanis regioni, abijani 148 da a.S.), msoflio naxevrad-periferia (2) Seicavs centralur da periferiul regionebs (mag.: kalkuta da utar pradeSi indoeTSi), msoflio centrSi (1) imyofebian SedarebiT periferiuli da naxevrad-periferiuli qveynebi (portugalia, saberZneTi, aRmosavleT evropa). zogadi daskvna ekonomikuri geografiis mizania msoflio ekonomikis geografiuli modelis ganxilva. am miznis misaaRwevad gamoviyeneT centrisa da periferiis geografiuli cnebebi, romelTa fonzec erTmaneTs SevadareT ekonomikis sxvadasxva modelebi. mniSvnelovania imis dadgena, Tu rogor ikveTebian centri da periferia calkeuli regionebis farglebs SigniT. magaliTad, los anjelesis migranti muSebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da teritoriuli polarizacia adasturebs periferiis arsebobas centraluri regionebis farglebSi. simdidris mniSvnelovani kerebi axal industriul da navTobiT mdidar naxevrad-periferiul qveynebSi warmoadgenen centrebs naxevrad-periferiis SigniT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, geografebma, stiven gremma da saimon marvinma aRmoaCines mniSvnelovani tendencia qalaqebis ganviTarebaSi – danawevrebuli/fragmentirebuli (splintering) urbanizmi. splintering urbanizms axasiaTebs intensiuri geografiuli diferenciacia, rodesac qalaqebi da maTi calkeuli nawilebi CarTulni arian dinamiur ekonomikur da teqnologiur gacvlaSi. Tanamedrove sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis qselebis araTanabari evolucia qmnis inovaciebis, ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis axal landSafts da amave dros amZafrebs socialur da ekonomikur uTanasworobas qalaqebs Soris da maT SigniT. am wignSi ganxilulia ekonomikuri landSaftis Seqmnisa da cvlilebebis procesi istoriul-geografiul konteqstSi, aseve ekonomikur geografiaSi arsebuli ramdenime sakamaTo sakiTxi. 1. Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomika warmoadgens cvalebad, Ria sistemas, romelsac axasiaTebs teritoriuli cvlilebebi da gadaadgilebebi sxvadasxva organizaciul-politikur da teqnologiur pirobebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavdapirvelad msoflio ekonomikis centrma ganicada masStaburi industrializacia da amitom hqonda sawyisi upiratesoba sxva regionebTan SedarebiT, msoflios sxva nawilebSic moxda didi aRmavloba mrewvelobaSi da mogvianebiT momsaxurebis sferoSi. es asaxavs msoflio ekonomikaSi momxdar cvlilebebs, gansakuTrebiT fordistuli kapitalizmis, romelic TiTqmis mTeli me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda ekonomikuri organizaciis mTavar formas centralur qveynebSi, nel dezintegracias. msoflio ekonomikis evolucia ar warmoadgens erTi da igive ciklebis gameorebas, romlebSic mxolod teqnologiebi da qveynebi icvlebian, grZeli talRis ciklebis mTavari warmmarTveli Zala kvlavac kapitalis akumulaciis procesi da teritoriuli imperializmi rCeba. aseve Seicvala msoflio ekonomikis 149 mamoZravebeli meqanizmebi. magaliTad, mcdari azria, rom warmoebisa da finansebis globalizacia ganuyofelia imperiebis SigniT warmoebisa da vaWrobis teritorializaciisgan, rac axasiaTebda me-19 saukunis bolosa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisis msoflio ekonomikas. es ori procesi sruliad gansxvavebulia (naxeT, Agnew and Grant, 1997). 2. msoflio ekonomikis dinamiuri gageba saSualebas gvaZlevs gavamaxviloT yuradReba, rogorc zogad ekonomikur Zalebze, aseve lokalur cvalebadobaze, romlebic warmoadgenen ekonomikuri geografiis maxasiaTeblebs. msoflio ekonomikis eqspansiam SemoierTa sxvadasxva ekonomikuri istoriis mqone qveynebi, romlebic ganicdian cvlilebebs ufro didi geografiuli masStabebis mqone organizaciebis interesebTan da gavlenebTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. msoflio ekonomikis gavrcelebam waaxalisa ara homogenuroba, aramed gansxvavebulobebi. uaxlesi tendenciebi mianiSneben qveynebs Soris da maT SigniT uTanasworobebis gaRrmavebaze. amis mizezia ara marto transnacionaluri korporaciebis gavlena da qveynebs Soris makroekonomikuri gansxvavebebi, aramed calkeuli regionebis SedarebiTi warmateba globalur kapitalizmSi CarTvasa da misi uaryofiTi gavlenebisgan Tavis dacvaSi. 3. msoflio ekonomikis evolucia ganpirobebuli iyo cikluri rxevebiT (fluqtuaciebi), romlebic mWidrod urTierTqmedeben gansxvavebul teqnologiur sistemebTan. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kondratievis cikli, romelic moicavs ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva epoqas me-18 saukunis dasawyisidan. am cvlilebebis umniSvnelovanes aspeqts warmoadgenda kapitalizmis, kerZod misi regulaciis modelebis, transformacia. aqamde arsebobda ori faza, dRes ki, msoflio ekonomika mesame fazaSi Sedis. konkurentuli kapitalizmis pirveli faza grZeldeboda me-18 saukunidan me-19 saukunis bolomde. organizebuli kapitalizmis meore faza efuZneboda biznesis, saxelmwifosa da samuSao Zalis mWidro koordinacias me-20 saukunis umetesi nawilis ganmavlobaSi. bolo dros xdeba politikur-ekonomikuri organizaciis am modelis Canacvleba dezorganizebuli advanced kapitalizmiT. es gadasvla xdeba TandaTanobiT da ara erTbaSad. ciklebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios radikaluri garRvevebis, an uecari cvlilebebis mniSvnelobis gazviadeba (naxeT, Sayer and Walker, 1992). totaluri cvlilebebis ideis siswore garkveul kamaTs iwvevs, wignis mesame TavSi msoflio ekonomikis axali regionuli mamoZravebeli Zalebi ganixileba teritoriuli Sedegebis outcomes konteqstSi, romlebic damokidebulni arian sxvadasxva ekonomikur seqtorebTan asocirebul gare faqtorebze da sivrciTi transaqciebis xarjebze. masobriv warmoebas jerac didi mniSvneloba aqvs, gansakuTrebiT Tavisufal ekonomikur zonebSi ganTavsebuli filiali qarxnebis industrializaciasTan mimarTebaSi. magram, Secdoma iqneba masobrivi warmoebis identificireba mxolod fordizmTan da organizebul kapitalizmTan (masobrivi warmoebisa da masobrivi 150 moxmarebis kombinacia). aSkaraa, rom transnacionalur korporaciebSi gavrcelebuli akumulaciis moqnili modelis ganviTareba ar niSnavs, rom es modeli aucileblad iqneba stabiluri da Seuqcevadi da ganusazRvreli drois manZilze iarsebebs. 4. msoflio ekonomikis warmoSobasTan erTad, aseve warmoiSva is ekonomikuri da teritoriuli principebi, romelTa meSveobiTac msoflio ekonomika funqcionirebs. srulyofili konkurenciis, transportirebis xarjebis da SedarebiTi upiratesobis mniSvneloba, romelic didi iyo konkurentuli kapitalizmis fazaSi da SedarebiT naklebi, organizebul kapitalizmSi, axla sagrZnoblad Semcirda. amJamad ufro mniSvnelovania monopoliuri konkurencia, makroekonomikuri regulacia, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi bazarze xelmisawvdomobis reJimi, pozicia globalur urbanul ierarqiaSi, globaluri finansuri qselebi, regionuli mamoZravebeli Zalebi, samrewvelo ubnebi da economies of scope. es niSnavs imas, rom ekonomikuri saqmianobebis modelebi, romlebic ganixilaven transportis xarjebs, rogorc ZiriTad faqtors adgilmdebareobis gansazRvrisTvis, Tanamedrove viTarebaSi usargebloa. amgvari statikuri modelebi, romlebic efuZnebian romelime faqtoris mniSvnelobis mudmivobas, ignorirebas ukeTeben istoriasa da geografias da unda Canacvldnen ekonomikuri cvlilebebis ufro dinamiuri koncefciebiT (naxeT, ron martini (1999), da ekonomistebis – pol krugmanisa da maikl porteris naSromebi). 5. ekonomgeografebis mier warsulSi ignorirebuli garemos dacvis problemebi, rogorebicaa tropikuli tyeebis ganadgureba, globaluri daTboba, haeris, niadagisa da wylis dabinZureba Zalzed mniSvnelovania msoflio ekonomikuri geografiis gagebisTvis. centraluri qveynebis mier araganaxlebadi resursebis araproporciuli gamoyenebis miuxedavad, am mxriv gacilebiT didi safrTxe momdinareobs periferiisgan, rac kidev ufro gazrdis sxvaobas mdidar da Rarib regionebs Soris. garemos dacvis problemebi ganuyofelia ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da kacobriobis keTildReobisgan. es viTareba sagangaSoa ara mxolod dazianebuli regionebisTvis, aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvisac. aSkaraa, rom garemos dacvis problemebi sul ufro mWidrod iqneba dakavSirebuli erovnuli usafrTxoebis sakiTxebTan da regionul konfliqtebTan. mTavar sazrunavs warmoadgens is, rom msoflios momavali keTildReoba damokidebuli iqneba globalizaciis procesTan, romelic SeiZleba Seferxdes msxvilmasStabiani ekologiuri katastrofebis, umarTavi masobrivi migraciebis, an msoflio sistemis destabilizaciis Sedegad. 6. ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulacias (romelic rogorc wesi ignorirebulia ekonomikur geografiaSi), fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs msoflio ekonomikis geografiisTvis. kompaniebis mier SedarebiTi da konkurentuli upiratesobebis miRweva didwilad efuZneba politikur organizaciasa da koordinacias. makroekonomikuri politika, romelic aregulirebs soflis meurneobas, mrewvelobasa da momsaxurebas 151 mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens ekonomikur garemoze. istoriis manZilze sxvadasxva erovnuli ekonomikebis (amJamad axali industriul saxelmwifoebis) aRmavloba umTavresad ganisazRvreboda xelisuflebis organizaciuli da mobilizaciuri SesaZleblobebiT. msoflio ekonomika warmoadgens institutebisa da bazrebis kompleqsur da cvalebad erTobliobas, romelic sxvadasxva xasiaTis gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva regionze da ara Caketil da erTgvarovan sistemas, romelic funqcionirebs erTi da igive faqtorebis (determinantebi) gavleniT yvelgan da yovelTvis. es aris am wignis ZiriTadi gzavnili. glosariumi: axali kursi – aSS-is prezidentis, franklin ruzveltis mier, didi depresiis sapasuxod, 1930-ian wlebSi warmodgenili politikuri programa, romelic miznad isaxavda ekonomikis krizisidan gamoyvanas. biznes momsaxureba – reklama, marketingi, sazogadoebasTan urTierToba, angariSgeba, iuridiuli momsaxureba, kvleva da ganviTareba, treiningi, arqiteqtura, inJineria da konsultireba. fordizmi – akumulaciis reJimi, romelic emyareba masobriv warmoebasa da masobriv moxmarebas. es saxeli ewoda avtomobilebis mwarmoeblis, henri fordis sapativsacemod, warmoebis procesisadmi misi inovaciuri midgomebis gamo. fordizmi gulisxmobs Sromis specializebul da diferencirebul danawilebas, konveierul warmoebas, maRal xelfasebs raTa muSebs SeZlebodaT maT mier gamoSvebuli produqciis SeZena. neo-fordizmi - akumulaciis reJimi, romelmac Caanacvla fordizmi calkeul qveynebSi. igi emyareba moqnil sawarmoo sistemebs, raTa aiTvisos specializebuli bazris segmentebi/niSebi. keinsianizmi – britanel ekonomistis, jon meinard keinsis makroekonomikuri menejmentis doqtrina, romlis mixedviT, saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva aucilebelia ekonomikuri zrdisa da stabilurobis uzrunvelsayofad. aseve saWiroa imgvari fiskaluri pilitikis (mag.: sabiujeto deficiti) gatareba da damatebiTi (multiplier) efeqtis gamoyeneba, rom miRweul iqnes sruli dasaqmeba. transnacionaluri korporaciebi – kompaniebi, romlebic ramdenime qveyanaSi axorcieleben warmoebas da momsaxurebas. umetes SemTxvevaSi, maTi saTao ofisebi mdebareobs ganviTarebuli qveynebis metropoliebSi, xolo warmoeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi imgvaradaa organizebuli, rom miRweul iqnes mogebis maqsimizacia (mag.: warmoebis ganlageba im qveynebSi, sadac iafi muSaxelia). 152 damatebiTi (multiplier) efeqti – raime axali saqmianobis Sedegad, damatebiT axali industriebis, firmebis, Semosavlebisa da dasaqmebis warmoSoba, romlebic warmoadgenen am axali saqmianobis damatebiTi efeqtis Sedegs. Tavdapirveli upiratesoba – upiratesoba, romelic miiReba ekonomikur konkurenciaSi im teritoriebis/biznesebis mier, sadac yvelaze adre moxda konkretuli produqtis warmoeba. konkurentuli upiratesoba - upiratesoba, romelic miiReba ekonomikur konkurenciaSi im teritoriebis/biznesebis mier, sadac yvelaze adre moxda konkretuli produqtis warmoeba da sadac arsebobs organizaciisa da adaptaciis ukeTesi xarisxi. SedarebiTi upiratesoba – ekonomikuri Teoria, romlis mixedviT, qveynebma unda moaxdinon specializacia im saqonelze, romlis warmoebis xarjebi yvelaze dabalia mocemul qveyanaSi da moaxdinon im produqtis importi, romlis warmoebis xarjebi maRalia. manqanuri warmoeba (machinofacture) – kapitalis intensivobiT gamorCeuli mrewvelobis organizaciis forma, rodesac warmoeba ZiriTadad emyareba manqana-danadgarebs, da naklebad muSis fizikur Zalas. masStabis (scope) ekonomia – warmoebis xarjebis Semcireba da Sesabamisad, produqciis erTeulis fasis Semcireba warmoebis moculobis zrdis Sedegad, igive sawarmoo qselis moqnili gamoyenebiT. masStabis efeqtis zrda – warmoebis saSualebebis moculobis zrdis (nedleuli, samuSao Zala da a.S.) mimarTeba warmoebuli saqonlis raodenobasTan. masStabis efeqtis zrdas adgili aqvs, Tu warmoebis saSualebebis moculoba gaizarda X procentiT, xolo warmoebuli saqonlis raodenoba X-ze meti procentiT. gare (external) masStabis ekonomia – sargebeli, romelsac Rebulobs mwarmoebeli imave produqtis sxva mwarmoebelTan TanamSromlobiT, im teritoriaze, romelic sasurvel momsaxurebebs sTavazobs maT. moqnili sawarmoo sistema – moicavs Semdeg elementebs: Tanamedrove teqnologiebis, xSiri qvekontraqtirebis, Sromis sxvadasxva bazrebis, saqonlisTvis sxvadasxva sabazro niSebis gamoyeneba, agreTve axali Sromis procesebis danergva moqnili samuSao saaTebiT, naxevar ganakveTze muSobiT da a.S. Sromis axali saerTaSoriso danawileba - Sromis teritoriul/sivrciTi danawilebis manamde arsebuli erovnuli masStabebidan globalur masStabebamde reorganizacia. igi efuZneba saerTaSoriso warmoebisa da marketingis sistemebs. sasaqonlo jaWvi – Sromisa da sawarmoo procesebis sistema, romelic iwyeba nedleulis mopovebiT da mTavrdeba saboloo saqonlis distribuciiT. ofSoruli finansuri centri – umetesad kunZulebi, an juja saxelmwifoebi, sadac xelsayreli sagadasaxado garemoa ucxouri kapitalisTvis da naklebad regulirebulia sxva finansur centrebTan SedarebiT. 153 produqtis sasicocxlo cikli – periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic produqti jer siaxles warmoadgens da Zviria, xolo Semdeg xdeba misi standartizeba da gaiafeba stagflacia – viTareba, rodesac inflaciisa da umuSevrobis done maRalia, xolo ekonomikuri zrdis tempi dabali Semcirebuli Semosavlebis kanoni – tendencia, romlis drosac xdeba produqtiulobis Semcireba warmoebis erTi romelime faqtoris (kapitali, Sroma, an miwa) zrdis dros, danarCeni faqtorebis ucvlelobis pirobebSi. magaliTad, fermis produqtiuloba gaizrdeba samuSao Zalisa da traqtorebis damatebiT, magram dadgeba momenti, rodesac kidev ufro meti samuSao Zalisa da traqtorebis damateba warmoebis sxva faqtoris (miwis farTobi) zrdis gareSe Seamcirebs produqtiulobas, radgan samuSao Zalisa da traqtorebis nawili gamouyenebeli darCeba da warmoebis xarjebic gaizrdeba teqnologiuri sistemebi – teqnologiebis, energetikuli resursebisa da politikur-ekonomikuri struqturebis erToblioba, romlebic warmoadgendnen warmoebis organizaciis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis nebismier mocemul etapze. centraluri adgilebis sistema – centraluri adgilebi arian qalaqebi, romlebic sakuTar hinterlands uzrunvelyofen saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT. centraluri adgilebis sistema Sedgeba centraluri adgilebis ierarqiisgan. mis saTaveSi dganan didi qalaqebi, romlebic axorcieleben ZviradRirebuli saqonlis miwodebas (mag.: aveji, Zvirfaseuloba), xolo boloSi, didi raodenobis mcire qalaqebi, romlebic axorcieleben iafi saqonlis miwodebas konsumerizmi – momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva marJa – sxvaoba saqonlis fasebs, fasian qaRaldebsa da sxva ekonomikur maCveneblebs Soris warmoebis faqtorebi – miwa, Sroma, kapitali, mewarmeoba Trade off – arCevanis problema, erT saganze uaris Tqma, meoris misaRebad Externalities – ekonomikuri saqmianobis Tanamdevi efeqtebi klebadi ukugebis kanoni – Law of diminishing returns – Tuki warmoebis faqtorebis raodenobrivi moculoba fiqsirebulia, nebismieri cvladi faqtoris(sroma) gamoyenebis masStabis zrdas jer mohyveba semosavlianobis optimaluri done, xolo mis kidev ufro zrdas mohyveba produqciis kleba eqspansia, anu aRmavloba – saqmiani aqtivobis ciklis faza, roca ekonomika iwyebs zrdas, sxva fazebia: bumi, recesia da fskeri breton-vudsis SeTanxmeba – fuladi urTierTobebisa da savaWro angariSgebebis saerTaSoriso sistema, romelic miiRes breton-vudsis konferenciaze 1944 wels. sistemis ideologi iyo jon meinard keinsi. am sistemis Sedegad dolari gaxda fulis saerTaSoriso erTeuli, Seiqmna saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi da sxv. 154 Economies of scale – warmoebis masStabebis zeviT gamowveuli inflacia, produqciis, an momsaxurebis erTeulis Rirebulebis Semcireba, warmoebis masStabis gafarToebis Sedegad dominacia – upiratesi mdgomareoba sxva subieqtebisa da sagnebis mimarT warmoebis damatebiTi Rirebuleba/manufacturing value added – warmoebis moculobis maCvenebeli forvarduli kontraqti – momavalSi Sesasruleblad savaldebulo kontraqti, romlis drosac myidveli da gamyidveli Tanxmdebian momavalSi miwodeba-gayidvaze, winaswar SeTanxmebul fasad damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadi/value-added tux VAT – gadasaxadi, romliTac ibegreba saqonlis warmoebis yovel etapze dmatebuli Rirebuleba absoluturi upiratesoba/absolute advantage – viTareba, roca raime produqtis warmoeba erT qveyanas ufro efeqtianad SeuZlia, vidre sxvas 155
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