cience equirements - Chilbolton Observatory

Transcrição

CIENCE
EQUIREMENTS
Alberto Mugnai
(CNR/ISAC, Roma, Italy)
for the
EGPM Mission Advisory Group
4-7 November 2003
1st International GPM GV Requirements Workshop
Abingdon, U.K.
1
EGPM MISSION ADVISORY GROUP (MAG)
Peter Bauer - Research Department, Satellite Section, European Centre for
Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Reading, United Kingdom
Chris Kidd - School of Geography and Environmental Science, The
University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Maria del Carmen Llasat - Department of Astronomy and Meteorology,
Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Alberto Mugnai - Istituto di Scienze dell Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC)
Sezione di Roma, CNR, Roma, Italy
Giorgio Roth
Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario in Monitoraggio
Ambientale (CIMA), University of Genoa, Savona, Italy
Jacques Testud - Centre d'études des Environnement Terrestres et
Planétaires (CETP), CNRS, Vélizy, France
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
2
EGPM EEOM PROPOSAL
EGPM
European contribution to the
Global Precipitation Mission
Proposed by:
Alberto Mugnai (*) and Jacques Testud (**)
in response to:
The Second Call for Proposals for Earth Explorer Opportunity Missions
(*) CNR Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC)
Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
(**) CNRS Centre d'études des Environnement Terrestres et Planétaires (CETP), Vélizy, France
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
3
EGPM-PROPOSAL TEAM
Alberto Mugnai, Co-Proposer - Istituto di Scienze dell Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC)
Sezione di Roma Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche (CNR) - Italy
Jacques Testud, Co-Proposer - Centre d'études des Environnement Terrestres et Planétaires (CETP) Vélizy -France
Emmanouil N. Anagnostou - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut,
USA and Visiting Researcher, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
Peter Bauer - Research Department, Satellite Section, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), Reading,
United Kingdom
Ralf Bennartz - Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
Bizzarro Bizzarri - Department of Physics, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Sabatino Di Michele - Istituto di Scienze dell Atmosfera e del Clima, CNR, Roma, Italy
Laurence Eymard - CNRS/CETP, Vélizy, France
Luca Facheris - Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Toshio Iguchi - Precipitation Radar Group, Applied Research and Standards Division, Communications Research Laboratory (CRL),
Tokyo, Japan
Chris Kidd - School of Geography and Environmental Science, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Christian Kummerow - Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Maria del Carmen Llasat - Department of Astronomy and Meteorology, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Jean-François Mahfouf - Research Department, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom
Giampiero Maracchi - University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy; and Director, Institute for Agrometeorology and Environmental
Analysis/CNR, Firenze, Italy and Director, Institute for Agrometeorology and Environmental Analysis/CNR, Firenze, Italy
Kenji Nakamura - Hydrospheric Atmospheric Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Giorgio Roth - Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Genoa, Savona, Italy
Eric A. Smith - NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
Alessandra Tassa - Istituto di Scienze dell Atmosfera e del Clima, CNR, Roma, Italy
Nicolas Viltard - CNRS/CETP, Vélizy, France
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
4
EGPM-PROPOSAL SUPPORTING TEAM
V. Chandrasekar - Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
John Goddard - Radio Communications Research Unit, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chibolton, United Kingdom
Jean-Yves Grandpeix - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
Eugenio Gorgucci - Istituto di Scienze dell Atmosfera e del Clima (ISAC) , CNR, Roma, Italy
Martin Hagen - DLR-Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut fuer Physik der Atmosphaere, Wolkenphysik und
Verkehrsmeteorologie, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Arthur Y. Hou - Atmospheric Scientist and Science Group Manager, Data Assimilation Office, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center,
Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
Eastwood Im - Atmospheric Radar Science and Engineering Group, JPL, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
Isabelle Jobard - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
Peter Meischner - DLR-Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut fuer Physik der Atmosphaere, Wolkenphysik und
Verkehrsmeteorologie, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
Rémy Roca - Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
Michael Schönhuber - Institute of Applied Systems Technology (IAS), Joanneum Research, Graz, Austria
Jörg Schulz - Meteorological Institute, University of Bonn, Germany
Daniel Sempere Torres - Dept. Enginyeria Hidràulica, Marítima i Ambiental, UPC, Barcelona, Spain
Gregory J. Tripoli - Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
F. Joseph Turk - Marine Meteorology Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California, USA
Remko Uijlenhoet - Wageningen University and Research Centre, Department of Environmental Sciences, Sub-department Water
Resources, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Carron Wilson - Radio Communications Research Unit, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chibolton, United Kingdom
James Weinman - Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
5
P
Supersite
4-7 November 2003
OTENTIAL
GPM V
Regional Raingage Site
ALIDATION
S
ITES
Supersite & Regional Raingage Site
Abingdon, U.K.
6
EGPM GROUND VALIDATION
AUSTRIA
Joanneum Research and INW Technical
University of Graz - IAS
ENGLAND
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory - RAL
FRANCE
GERMANY
ITALY
Istitut Pierre-Simon Laplace, SIRTA,
Palaiseau
Météo-France
French radar network ARAMIS
Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre,
Oberpfaffenhofen - DLR
Istituto di Scienze dell Atmosfera e del
Clima (CNR)
Centro di Ricerca Interuniversitario in
Monitoraggio Ambientale CIMA
Italian National Weather Radars Network
The
NETHERLANDS
Cabauw Experimental Site for
Atmospheric Research - CESAR
SPAIN
The ensemble of the Oriental Pyrenees
river basins at Catalonia - 20000 km2
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
7
EGPM STATUS
EGPM selected with two other proposals (ACE+ & SWARM) for Phase A study (May
2002)
ESA s EGPM Mission Advisory Group (June 2002)
Three ESA-funded Supporting Scientific Studies:
Impact of improved precipitation observations on NWP (ECMWF)
Modeling/retrieval of light rain and ice/snow (ISAC-CETP-UBham-FUB)
Development of an E2E Simulator (ISAC-CETP-UBham-ECMWF-MSC-?)
Two ESA-funded Phase-A Industrial Studies (ASTRIUM
CGS)
EGPM Report
Delivery of EGPM Report to ESA s Earth Science Advisory Committee (ESAC) (mid
March 2004)
Selection of Earth Explorer (Core and Opportunity) Missions by ESA s Programme Board
for Earth Observation (PB-EO) (End of May 2004)
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
8
EUROPEAN SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
Global Water Cycle
Fresh water resources
Soil moisture
Meteorology and Weather Forecasting
Research on extratropical precipitating systems
Quantitative forecasting of heavy precipitation
Solid precipitation (snow)
Assimilation of precipitation measurements for improved NWP
Nowcasting & Very short range forecasting
Climate and Global-Regional Climate Prediction
Parameterization of extratropical precipitation
Hydrology
Flood forecasting
Agro-meteorology
Agricultural production
Desertification
Oceanography
Freshwater balance: surface salinity and thermohaline circulation
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
9
EGPM OBJECTIVES
The EGPM mission goal is to provide precipitation rate on ground accurately,
regularly and globally from space with special emphasis on Europe and Canada.
In the context of the GPM mission the proposed EGPM mission should satisfy as an
integral and essential component of the GPM constellation the following specific
requirements:
Improve rainfall estimation accuracy;
Enhance the detectability of light rain and snowfall, specifically over land, as
appropriate for Northern Europe and Canada and in mid-latitude oceanic
perturbations;
Provide a significant contribution to the monitoring and the understanding of
hazardous and flashflood producing storms along the Mediterranean coasts;
Provide better observations in areas which are crucial for forecasts but have
poor coverage (e.g. Mediterranean);
Improve the forecast skill of global and regional NWP models through data
assimilation of precipitation measurements;
Provide near real-time as well as global data acquisition.
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
10
EGPM OBSERVATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Notes:
(*) This also includes e.g. hail.
(**) This is the liquid water
equivalent
(***) This requires a GPM
constellation
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
11
EGPM EXPECTED USERS
Three different classes of users can be identified:
1) Near-real-time users ( nowcasting )
2) Operational meteorology users
3) Research oriented users
1) Delivery within 15 minutes for issuing e.g. warnings (raw data dumps, Level 0):
X-Band Burst Downlink:
Mediterranean Area: Matera Ground Station
Atlantic Coverage: Villafranca or Maspalomas Ground Stations
2) Level 1b data product in near real-time (< 4 hrs after the observation)
3) Any processing level may be required, from level 0 data to Level 2
to other GPM partners (acceptable delay: TBD).
strong link
Level 0 and Level 1b data products should be archived for 10 years (or more)
to allow re-analysis.
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
12
EGPM O
RBIT
&R
ADIOMETER
Near-Polar Sun-synchronous Orbit @ 650 km (w/o radar)
4-7 November 2003
C
OVERAGE
500 km (w/ radar) (LTDN 14:30)
Abingdon, U.K.
13
satellite
orbit
flight
direction
aft-view
fore-view
view from the top
aft-view
Radar FOV
Radiometer FOV
swath
width
flight
45°
direction
Radar:
Radiometer Calibration
Intercalibration
Extension to high latit.
foreview
Radiometer Antenna Size @ 500 km: 1.0 m
Radar Antenna Size
@ 500 km: 1.2 m
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
14
B
ASELINE
M
EGPM
ICROWAVE
R
ADIOMETER
Requirements
Frequency
[GHz]
Freq. Stability
[MHz]
Bandwidth
[GHz]
Footprint
[km x km]
Polarisation
NE T
[K]
Accuracy
[K]
18.7
10
0.2
26 x 26
H+V
0.5
0.5
23.8
10
0.4
26 x 26
H or V
0.6
0.5
36.5
100
1.0
13.4 x 13.4
H+V
0.7
0.5
89.0
(*)
157.0
(*)
50
3.0
5.5 x 5.5
H+V
1.0
1.0
50
3.0
5.5 x 5.5
H+V
1.0
1.0
(*) : channel should provide contiguous and concentric coverage along and across track
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
15
EGPM MICROWAVE RADIOMETER
ADDITIONAL SOUNDING CHANNELS
Frequency
[GHz]
Freq. Stability
[MHz]
Bandwidth
[GHz]
Footprint
[km x km]
Polarisation
NE T
[K]
Accuracy
[K]
50.3
(*)
51.8
(*)
52.8
(*)
53.8
(*)
118.75 ± 3.5
(*)
118.75 ± 2.6
(*)
118.75 ± 2.1
(*)
118.75 ± 1.6
(*)
TBD
0.5
13.4 x 13.4
0.5
TBD
TBD
0.5
13.4 x 13.4
0.5
TBD
TBD
0.5
13.4 x 13.4
0.5
TBD
TBD
0.5
13.4 x 13.4
0.5
TBD
TBD
1.0
13.4 x 13.4
0.5
TBD
TBD
1.0
13.4 x 13.4
0.5
TBD
TBD
1.0
13.4 x 13.4
0.5
TBD
TBD
1.0
13.4 x 13.4
H or V
(**)
H or V
(**)
H or V
(**)
H or V
(**)
H or V
(**)
H or V
(**)
H or V
(**)
H or V
(**)
0.5
TBD
(*) : NAST-M channels (NPOESS Aircraft Sounder Testbed Microwave)
(**) : channels should provide either all H or all V polarisation
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
16
N
ADIR
P
EGPM
P
OINTING
RECIPITATION
R
ADAR
r)
(N
ad
i
tra
ck
lit
e
Sa
tel
Sa
tel
lit
e
tra
ck
(~
0.
5°
of
f -N
ad
i
r)
Requirements
8 km
8 km
4 km
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
17
R
R
E P R E S E N T A T IV E N E S S O F T H E
ADAR
E A S U R E M E N T W .R .T . A D IO M E T E R
M
R
50,000
40,000
<R>5pixels (mm/h)
radiometer
50
30,000
20,000
10,000
mm/h
0,000
50,000
-2
0
50
-1
30
radar
<R>5pixels (mm/h)
0
30,000
+2
10,000
Radiometer
Footprint
4-7 November 2003
40
50
50
1 beam
(nadir)
3 beams
{-1; 0;+1}
20,000
Radar
Footprint
20
R at nadir (mm/h)
40,000
+1
10
mm/h
0,000
0,000
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
<R>3pix (mm/h)
40,000
50
50,000
Abingdon, U.K.
18
US EAST COST SNOW STORM (JAN. 24-26, 2000)
UW-NMS SIMULATION
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
19
S
4-7 November 2003
IMULATED
TB @ 10, 19, 24, 37 GHz
S
Abingdon, U.K.
20
S
4-7 November 2003
IMULATED
TB @ 89, 157 GHz
S
Abingdon, U.K.
21
157-89 GHz TB D
4-7 November 2003
IFFERENCES
Abingdon, U.K.
22
S
4-7 November 2003
IMULATED
TB @ 50 - 54 GHz
S
Abingdon, U.K.
23
S
4-7 November 2003
IMULATED
TB @ 118.75 ± GHz
S
Abingdon, U.K.
24
OS
C
TB D
2
4-7 November 2003
OUNDING HANNELS
IFFERENCES
Abingdon, U.K.
25
C
ROSS
S
4-7 November 2003
ECTION
A: L
/I W
IQUID CE
ATER
C
ONTENTS
Abingdon, U.K.
26
C
ROSS
S
ECTION
4-7 November 2003
A: B
RIGHTNESS
T
EMPERATURES
Abingdon, U.K.
TB
S
27
C
4-7 November 2003
ROSS
S
ECTION
A: J
ACOBIANS
J
S
Abingdon, U.K.
28
C
ROSS
S
4-7 November 2003
ECTION
A: D
IFFERENTIAL
J
ACOBIANS
Abingdon, U.K.
JS
29
C
ROSS
S
4-7 November 2003
ECTION
C: L
/I W
IQUID CE
ATER
C
ONTENTS
Abingdon, U.K.
30
C
ROSS
S
ECTION
4-7 November 2003
C: B
RIGHTNESS
T
EMPERATURES
Abingdon, U.K.
TB
S
31
KA-B
4-7 November 2003
AND
R
ADAR
R
EFLECTIVITIES
(C.S. A)
Abingdon, U.K.
32
S
NOWFALL
M
EASUREMENT
Precipitating snow both over land and over ocean has distinct
signatures at the high-frequency window channels (89 and 157 GHz),
as well as at the selected temperature-sounding channel pairs of the
two oxygen bands at 54 and 118 GHz.
Thus, in principle it can be detected (and possibly measured) by a
space-borne radiometer employing such frequency combinations. In
particular, the TB depressions and the relative behavior of the 89-157
GHz and 54-118 GHz frequencies carry information on whether
snow is precipitating or aloft, on the vertical depth of the
precipitating snow layer, on its amount, and on a possible
concomitant presence of rain.
As a consequence, these results help demonstrating the potential of
all these frequencies for snowfall detection and (possibly) retrieval.
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
33
F
ORWARD
M
ODELING
U
NCERTAINTIES
Cloud Models
Model microphysics
Particle size distribution
Particle shapes
Ice contents and distributions
Ice/water relationships
Particle phase/transitions (melting phase?)
Water Vapor
Model macrophysics
Is the model capable of reproducing the spatial patterns inside the satellite footprint? (Beamfilling
problem)
Convective/stratiform, narrow convective cells
Melting layer
Surface Background
Sea surface emissivity (wind speed, salinity, temperature )
Orography
Land emissivity (vegetated, desert, bare soil, snow cover
- humidity)
Simulated Events
Assuming the model is perfect, how many different simulations do we need to reproduce the various
precipitation regimes?
Radiative Transfer Approximations
Single-scattering properties (ice particles shapes & densities)
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
34
H
ABIT:
C
ATEGORIZATION
Precise Categories
Planar dendrites
Spatial dendrites
Hexagonal Plates
Capped columns
Needles
.etc
Simplified Categories
Cloud drops
Rain drops
Pristine crystals
Aggregated crystals
Low density graupel (Rimed crystals)
High density graupel
[Courtesy of G. Tripoli]
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
35
S R
IZE
EPRESENTATION
Bulk Microphysics Assume a statistical
distribution of sizes and predict 1-3 parameters of the
distribution
Explicit Microphysics Divide precipitation into
size bins and explicitly predict each size bin
[Courtesy of G. Tripoli]
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
36
A
IRBORNE
C
AMPAIGN
Objectives of an airborne campaign in Europe to support EGPM are (B. Bizzarri):
To characterize the signatures of clouds and precipitation in the bands and
channels selected for the EGPM MW radiometer, both baseline and
optional, in respect of frontal rain, light rain and snowfall, in addition to
convective rain considered to be enough characterized.
To frame the EGPM-like observations in a wider context of more bands and
channels, more polarizations and more viewing geometries, so as to assess the
relative value of the selected EGPM bands/channels in comparison with a most
complete observing system designed to contextually observe surface features,
atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, and cloud ice parametres.
There is an opportunity to join an airborne campaign being studied in the
framework of an effort to demonstrate the feasibility of precipitation observation
through millimetre/submillimetre sounding from GEO. An existing instrument, the
NOAA/ETL Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR/S) could optimally serve
the purpose (A. Gasiewski).
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
37
C
HANNELS OF THE
P
S
PSR/S
OLARIMETRIC
VERSION
Band (GHz) Channels (*) Polarisations (**)
18.6-18.8
21.4-21.7
36-38
52.6-57.5
86-92
118.750 .....
183.310 ......
325.153 ......
337-343
380.197 ......
424.763 ......
496-504
9.6-11.5 m
RGB video
(*)
1
1
1
7
1
7
7
3
1
5
5
1
1
v, h, U, V
v, h
v, h, U, V
v
v, h, U
v
v
v
v, h, U
v
v
v, h
v+h
CANNING
R
ADIOMETER
Information
Simulated instruments
window
H2O band
window
O2 band
window
O2 band
H2O band
H2O band
window
H2O band
O2 band
window
window
window
EGPM baseline
EGPM baseline
EGPM baseline
EGPM (optional) and GOMAS
EGPM baseline
EGPM (optional) and GOMAS
GOMAS, CIWSIR, EGPM/157 (***)
CIWSIR
GOMAS (optional)
GOMAS and CIWSIR/S
GOMAS and CIWSIR/S
GOMAS (optional)
Supporting channels
for optical cloud imagery
Channels with the same frequency but different polarisations are counted as single
(**) v and h indicate vertical and horizontal polarisations, U and V the 3rd and 4th Stokes parameters
(***) The most transparent channel is 183
17 GHz, similar to 166 GHz, similar to 157 GHz
GOMAS = Geostationary Observatory for Microwave Atmospheric Sounding
CIWSIR = Cloud Ice and Water-vapour Submillimetre Imaging Radiometer
CIWSIR/S = CIWSIR plus 380 and 425 GHz bands for UT/LS temperature/humidity sounding
4-7 November 2003
Abingdon, U.K.
38
PSR/S & M-55 G
EOPHYSICA
PSR/S scanhead
Volumetric aspects of PSR
PSR/A installed on Orion P-3B.
4-7 November 2003
The M-55 Geophysica stratospheric aircraft
Abingdon, U.K.
39
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cience equirements - Chilbolton Observatory

Transcrição

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