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Cambridge University Press
978-0-521-19286-6 - The Forgotten Diaspora: Jewish Communities in West Africa and the
Making of the Atlantic World
Peter Mark and Jose da Silva Horta
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A Fonseca, 73–74, 79
A Soares, 73–74, 78–79
Abraham (prophet), 199
Abrantes, 49, 56
Abreu, Francisco Pinhão de, 164
abstinence, see also Jewish communities,
45
Açores (Azores), 10, 163
adagas, 104, 115, 148
adargas (shields), 111, 119
adoration of images, see also idolatry, 18
Afonso V (king), 108
Afonso, Luís, 212
African agents, see also traders, 3
African ancestry, 53
African elite, 18, 103, 138
African kings. see African rulers
African mariners. see grumetes
African polities, 2
Baol (Kingdom), 3, 83, 89,
100, 222
Biguba (Biafada Port), 53
Bussis (Kingdom), 60, 128–129,
137–139, 147, 173–175, 212,
216–217
Sebastião (king of), 26, 60, 137
Cayor, 3, 89, 114, 118, 175–176
Futa Jalon, 106
Grão Fulo, see African polities
Fuuta Toro, 67
Guinala, 25, 66
Kaabu, 3, 205
Mali, 118
Morocco, 16, 18, 84–85, 106, 109–110,
117–118, 124–127, 129, 131–134,
175, 181, 204, 206–207, 209
Sine, 3, 89, 100, 102
Songhai, 106, 110, 129–130, 133–134
African religions, 100, 146, see also Islam,
Christianity, 17, 59, 202, 207
adult status in, 91
amulets in, 202
circumcision in, 91
fanados, 90
local religions, 91, 202, 207
Supreme Being/Deity in, 201–202
African resistance, 2
African rulers, see also African polities, 4,
18, 61, 82, 107, 137, 152, 161
African warfare, 111, 119, 140
archers, 119
cavalry, 104, 107, 109, 111, 113–114,
118–119, 123, 130–131, 134, 136,
148, 150, 152, 176
horsemen, 119, 123, 148, 150
infantry, 104, 113, 118, 148
soldiers, 104, 109, 118–119, 130, 136,
148, 150, 152
warriors, 119, 142
African women, 4, 50, 52, 56, 62, 66–68,
196, 198
Afro-Portuguese. see Luso-African
Aguilar, Jacob d’, 188
Aiala, Gonçalo de Gamboa de, 12, 224
Akan, 68
Albrecht V of Bavaria (king), 142
245
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Albreda, 101
Alcácer Quibir, see also Al-Kasr-Quibir, 117
Alenquer, 94
alfanges, 106, 111, 113–114, 116
algalias, see trade commodities
civet, 111
Algarve, 73, 211
Algarve, Sara d’, 70
Al-Kasr-Quibir, see also Alcácer Quibir,
110, 125, 129–130
Almada, André Álvares de, 9, 67, 89, 100,
114, 116–120, 137, 176, 184, 205
Almansa, Diogo d’, 180, 212
Al-Mansour, Mulay Ahmed, 106, 110, 117,
125–126, 129–132, 134, 175
Alsace, 154
altar, 94–96
Álvares, Father Manuel, 137, 142, 145,
157, 170, 172, 176–177
Álvares, Francisco, 105
Alvito, 22
amber/ambergris, 111, 167
America, 8, 28, 39–40, 51, 88, 99–100,
112, 122, 169–171, 206–207
Amerindians, 112
Amstel, 31–32, 81, 181, 187, 192
Amsterdam, 9–10, 13, 16–17, 19, 22–23,
25–27, 29–30, 32–40, 45, 47,
50–51, 56–58, 60–65, 67, 70–72,
74–82, 90, 92, 96, 98–99, 105–106,
110, 126–128, 134, 146–148, 152,
154–155, 157, 159–163, 171, 173,
176, 178–197, 206–208, 211–215,
217–219, 221
Andalusian, 28
Andrade, António Nunes de, 122, 212
Andrade, António Rodrigues, 98
Andrade, Francisco de, 50
Andrade, Manuel de, see Duarte, Luís
Fernandes, 216
Anglo-Saxon historiography, 1
Angola, 4, 14, 22, 48–50, 60, 67, 79,
92–94, 98, 103, 113, 127–128, 162,
164, 172, 205, 213
Angolan wars, 121
Kingdom of Angola, 2
Angualla, João, 168
Anguiano, Mateo de, 179
animals, 146, 152, 157, 162
bees, 102
birds, 146, 153, 157
chickens, 45
horses, 114, 176
anti-Christian behavior, 37
Antunes, Ana, 91
Antunes, Luís, 73
Antwerp, 9, 18, 22, 26, 33, 71, 127, 215,
217, 224
Anvers, 180, 213
apostasy, references to, 40
Arabic, 117, 176
arabeck, 132
arábio, 176
Araújo, Diogo Leitão de, 104, 121, 219
archival sources, 103
Arguim, 2, 4, 131, 174
Arguin, 174
Arma, 131
armaments industry, see also weapons,
blade weapons, african warfare, 106,
130
armas brancas, see blade weapons,
103–104, 106, 108–110, 112–113,
119, 123, 127–131, 133, 148
armies
Luso-African in Angola, 121
Moroccan, 106, 117
Turkish, 117
armies, see also African warfare, artillery,
weapons, 142
arrests (and possibility of), 8, 59–60, 76,
90, 93, 166, 224, see also Inquisition,
Church, Governor, African rulers,
23, 76
art, 18, 135–136, 139–140, 143–144, 148,
152, 154
African artists, 135–136, 140, 144–146,
152, 155
sculptors, 135, 140
artillery, see also weapons, 110, 125, 130
Ascensão, D. Frei Sebastião da, 221, 223
Ashkenaz, 98
Asia, 8, 78, 123, 138
Atlantic world, 1, 3, 9, 15–17, 204–206,
209
history, 11, 209
routes, 10
slave trade, 11, 18, 55, 69, 133, 159,
169, 172, 191, 207
trade, 2–4, 55, 129, 131, 134, 162, 175
Austria, 56, 157
authority, see also Inquisition, 85, 88, 192
Church, 88, 221
of captain Diogo Gomes, 108
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of D. Frei Sebastião da Ascenção, 221
of Eurafrican jews, 191
Wolof, 3
Auto da Fé, see also Inquisition, 91, 93, 165
auto de informação, 24, 211
Aveiro, 29, 211
Ávila, Francisco, 69
Avis dynasty, 1
Axim, 2
azagais, 119
Bagas, 3
Bagnun, 54
Bainunk, 3, 54
Balanta, 133
Bandiagara Escarpment, 118
Banyuns, 108
Baola, 216
Baol-Lambaya, 177
Barbary\Barbery, 126, 132
Barbosa, João, 115
Barbosa, Manuel de Sousa, see Baru, Jacob,
36, 213, 216
Barbot, Jean, 200
Barreira, Baltasar, 9, 12, 21
Barreiro, Álvaro Velho do, 95
barretes, see caps, 116–117
Barreto, Canon Francisco Gonçalves, 36,
166, 223
Barreto, Francisco Gonçalves,
36, 44, 223
Baru, Jacob, 36–37, 213, 216, see also
Barbosa, Manuel de Sousa, 36
Bassani, Ezio, 139–140, 142–144, 152
Batista, João, 173
Battle of Tondibi, 110, 130
Baum, Robert, 202
Belmonte, 76, 104, 122, 185–186, 188,
219
Daniel, 184–185
Diogo Nunes, see Belmonte, Jacob Israel,
75, 184–185, 212
Jacob Israel, 75, 212
Lea, 188
Bemoym, D. João, see Buumi Jeleen, 77, 107
Benin (Ancient kingdom and region of),
136, 140, 142–143, 145–146, 148
Ben-Ur, Aviva, 62–63, 83, 198
Berbecin, see Bûr Síín, 89–90
Berbers, 55, 174, 204
Bet Israel, 30, 154–155, 157, 187
Bet Jacob, 30, 35, 75, 155, 181, 187, 212
247
Beth Haim, 32, 34, 70, 81, 181–182,
192, 214
Bezeguiche, see also Gorée Island, 111
Biafada, 3, 25
Bible, 178
bíblias hebraicas, see also books, 48
Bidan, 54, 85
Bini, 140, 150
Bini-Portuguese, 150
Biqqur Holim society, 188
Bishop of Cape Verde, 22–24, 36, 47,
67, 84, 87, 110, 137, 165, 167, 180,
221–223
Bissau, 3, 10, 37, 53–54, 60, 62, 66, 84,
102, 106, 108, 133, 137, 160, 198,
205
Black Christians, 91, 128
Black Death, 165
Blacks, see also negros, 2, 20, 39, 56,
70–71, 75, 90, 113–115, 117, 121,
128, 173, 187, 189, 192–193, 199
blacksmiths, see also barbeiros de espadas,
blade weapons, 115–116, 118, 123
barbeiros de espadas (sword makers),
see espadeiros (sword makers)
104–105, 219
blade weapons, 18, 52, 55, 103, 106, 113,
114, 117, 119, 123, 127, 131, 133,
134, 145, 148, 207
blades, 18, 52, 55, 103–104, 105, 106,
113, 114, 116, 117, 119, 123, 124,
126, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 145,
148, 150, 207, 219
blanc, 66, 195
blasphemies, 87–88, 185
blasphemous words, 87
blood, references to, 79–80
Bodian, Miriam, 32, 63, 181–182
Boilat, Abbé P. David, 197, 200
Bolões, see Bullom, 141
Bom Dia, 29, 212
Diogo Martins, see Bondia, 166
Bondia
Diogo Martins, see Bom Dia
Diogo Martins, 29, 90, 179–180,
183–184, 186, 212, 218
books, 45–47, 98
prayer books, 35, 37, 47
Bordeaux, 111
Bosis, see also African polities, Bussis
Bussis (Kingdom), 60, 139, 174
Botello, Francisco, 28
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Boulègue, Jean, 9–12, 89, 194–196, 198,
200, 214
Brandam, Ferdinando Esteban, 34
Brandão, D. Frei Pedro, 109–110
Brandão, Mendes, 216
Brás, Aleixo, 105
Brásio, António (ed.), 9, 12, 21–22,
74–75, 101, 192
brass bracelets, 132
Brazil, 2, 17, 28–29, 63, 73, 79,
93–94, 98, 106, 163, 165,
171, 176, 179, 184, 198,
204, 206–207
Brazilian, 176
British Museum, 150
Brooks, George E., 9–10, 38, 54, 59, 62,
194, 198, 200
Buba, 53
Buckor Sano, 132
Buguba, see Biguba, Buba, 25
Buguendo, 37, 79
Bühnen, Stephan, 170, 175
Bujok, 139, 142, 144
Bullom, see Bolões, 95, 140–141
Bûr Saalum, 101
Bûr Síín, 68, 70, 72, 89, 96, 101–102, 119,
165, 177, 213
Buramo people, 119
Buumi Jeleen, see Bemoym, D. João, 77, 107
Cabeço de Vida (portuguese town), 69, 73,
217–218
cabin boys, 5
Cabo Roxo, see Cape Roxo, 49
Cabo Verde, see Cape Verde, see also Cape
Verde Islands, 4, 8, 10–14, 21–22, 24,
27, 35, 37, 45, 49, 56–57, 68, 87–88,
163–164, 166, 168–169, 172, 184,
203–205, 207, 223
Cação, Sebastião Fernandes, 20–22, 48, 83,
100–101, 221, 223
Cacheu, 3–4, 12, 21, 23–25, 27–28, 33,
38–41, 46, 53, 65, 76, 84, 86–90, 100,
113, 119–123, 127–129, 137–139,
147, 158, 166–168, 171, 173–174,
177, 198, 200–201, 211–212,
214–215, 217, 222, 224
Rivers of Cacheu, 128
cafres, 117
Cairo, Estevão del, 34
Calvinism, 99–100
Camelo, Nuno, 105
Campos, Manuel de, 164
Canary Islands, 1, 45, 65, 163, 166, 168,
184, 195
Cansuel, João, 34, 49–50, 162–163
Cansuel, João, of Antwerp, 49, 162, 224
Cape Bojador, 2
Cape Roxo, see Cabo Roxo, 163
Cape Verde Islands, see also Cape Verde,
Cabo Verde, 2–3, 11, 24, 28, 31,
37–38, 52–53, 56–57, 66–67, 84,
89, 109, 137, 159, 170, 194,
205–206, 221, 224
Cape Verde, see Cabo Verde, see also Cape
Verde Islands, 2–5, 10–14, 17, 22,
24–25, 28, 31, 36–38, 48–49, 52–54,
56–57, 66–67, 84, 89, 109, 128, 137,
159, 161, 163, 168, 170, 172, 194,
205–206, 221, 223–224
capitão-mor, 4, 12, 141, 167, 224
caps, see barretes, 116–117
captain, 4, 108, 143, 215
Captain of Infantry, 171
captives, 76, 102, 125, 133, 169–170, 172,
174–175
Capuchines, 56, 179, 196
caravan routes, 118
Cardenas, John de, 132
Cardoso, Gaspar, 104–105
Cardoso, Heitor, 215
Carneiro, Gaspar, 27, 88, 215
Carneiro, Jorge Fernandes, 67, 185, 215
carnes (meat), see also food, 42
carrack, 25, 38, 45
Carreira da Índia (India Run), 2
Carreira, António, 25, 38, 194
Cartagena, 122, 169, 219
Carvalho, 92–94
Manuel Homem de, 60, 92
Simão, 105
carving, 136, 141, 143, 145,
150, 156–157
carved ivory, 142, 153
carvers, 135
Casamance, 3, 54, 59, 89, 101–102, 106,
119, 196, 202
Cassangas, 108, 119
Cassão (Kassan), 115
caste, 78–80
Castel Branco, see Castelo Branco, 123,
167, 110–111
Castelo Branco, Baltasar Pereira de, 123,
167
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Castelo Branco, Manuel de Andrada de,
110–111
Castilho, Jorge de, 12, 14, 224
Castilian (language), 21, 46–47, 63, 94,
125
Castille, 2, 39, 73
Castro, D. Francisco de, 97
Castro, David Henriques de, 187
Catamsa, see also mulata, 182
Catholicism, 100, 199
Catholics, 40, 43, 77, 83, 87–88, 90–91,
93, 109, 164, 177, 185, 196, 206,
213
censorship, 47
chief trader, 29
children, 48, 62, 64–65, 68, 70–72, 74, 77,
91, 126, 165, 174, 179, 182
Chosen People, 80
Christ, 79, 87–88, 92, 96–97, 132
Christian merchants, 16, 27, 58, 166
Christian Portuguese, 1, 11
Christianity, 6, 8, 13, 16–17, 27, 59–60,
77, 97, 107, 137, 187–188, 200–202,
206
references to baptism, 77
Christians, 6, 8, 15, 17, 24–25, 27, 31,
33–34, 37–41, 43, 54, 58–59, 61,
64–65, 67, 74, 76–78, 80, 82–84,
86–87, 89–91, 94, 97, 101, 103, 109,
113, 128, 132, 139, 152, 156, 163–165,
190–194, 197, 200, 206, 221, 223
Church, 28–29, 39, 44–45, 61, 76–77, 88,
94–96, 156, 196, 208, 222
circumcision, references to, 23, 29, 35–36,
39, 61–62, 69, 71–72, 74, 81, 90–91,
100, 196
clothing, 46, 52, 119, 137–138, 144, 150,
174
coastal societies, 3, 19, 133
coastal states, 3
Coelho, António Borges, 73, 99
Coelho, Francisco de Lemos, 12, 95, 136,
184
Cohen, Julie-Marthe, 154–155, 187
colonization, 2
color, 55–57, 64, 81, 116–117, 173, 178,
188, 191, 194
color-based social hierarchy, 64, 191
prejudices regarding, 56, 77, 190
skin color, 18, 54–55, 57–58, 62–63,
65–66, 71, 78, 81, 173, 188–190,
194–195
249
commerce, 2–3, 12, 18–19, 21, 33, 36,
38–40, 48–49, 55, 76, 82, 89, 101,
103, 108–109, 113, 120, 126–127,
132–133, 136, 146–148, 152, 159,
162–163, 171–173, 176, 186, 200,
205, 207–208, 221, 224
commercial activities, 13, 30
commercial alliances, 12
commercial connections, 16, 26, 37–38,
110, 163
commercial diaspora, 51, 155, 183, 207
commercial networks, 38, 50, 106, 133,
183–184, 207
common-law wives, 70
communication, 16, 43, 69, 127, 189, 201
Communion, 61, 96
Companhia de Jesus, see also Jesuits, 22,
74, 221
Confession, 61, 92, 96
Congo, see also Kongo, 14, 49, 77, 93–94,
162, 164
congregants, 64, 94, 96
congregations, 30, 35, 181
Conselho de Estado, 50
contraband, 121, 169–171
contract, 4, 27, 167–168, 170–171
contractors, 103–104, 109, 152
contratador, 27, 36, 122, 165–169, 171,
174, 212, 215, 221, 223
contratadores, see contratador, 4, 120
contrato de Cabo Verde, 27
conversion, 17, 27, 38, 40, 62, 70, 72–77,
79, 84, 92, 107, 178, 192, 194, 198,
201, 206
forced conversions, 8, 27, 51, 79, 83,
100, 125, 133
conversos, 9, see also Cristãos Novos, 14
Copenhagen, 106, 150–151
corofis, 146, 157
Coronel, Simão Rodrigues, 173, 218
Correa, Father Duarte, 94–96
Correia, Rafael, 99
Costa, António Nunes da, 122, 212
Costa, Diogo Gomes da, 104, 122, 219
Costa, Duarte Nunes da, 183
Costa, João Lopes da, see Lourenço,
Francisco, 122, 166–167, 212, 215
Costa, José Pereira da, 116, 141
Cota, António da Silva, 21, 34, 36, 42,
216, 224
Counter Reformation, 94–96
Couto, Jerónimo do, 94
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Crato, D. António Prior do, 22, 155
creeses, see blade weapons, 111, 123
Creole, 6, 10, 57–58, 62, 136, 198,
205–206
creolisation, 64
criada, 73
criado, 47, 73
Crioulo, 6, 52, 77
Cristãos Novos, see New Christians,
11, 24, 31, 48–49, 69, 80, 121,
147, 164, 215
Cristãos Velhos, see Old Christians, 91
Cross, 85, 94
Crown, 2, 4, 27–28, 33, 163, 167, 171
crucifix, 88, 93, 95
crypto-judaism, 14
crypto-jewish trading networks, 9
crypto-jews, 8–9, 15, 35, 58, 62, 73, 79,
83–84, 88, 93, 99, 152, 157, 181,
198, 206
Cultru, Pierre, 66, 138, 197
cultural identities, 55, 57, 204
cultural interaction, 16, 203–204
Cunha, Jerónimo da, Canon, 46, 120–121,
222–223
Curiel, Jacob, 183
Curnow, Kathy, 139–141, 143–144
cutlasses, see blade weapons, 111–112
D. André, 60
daggers, see blade weapons, 18, 103–104,
111–119, 123–124, 129, 131, 138,
141, 144, 148, 150, 152
Dakar, 9, 54
De Bry collection, 100
de Swarte Beer (ship), see The Black Bear
(ship), 161
Dechafur, 177
demography, 17, 48, 58
dhimmi, 84–85
Dias, António, 147
diaspora, 1, 8, 15–17, 51, 63, 96, 100, 126,
131, 157, 208–209
Dinis, Álvaro, 76
diplomacy, 127
discrimination, 55, 57, 82, 194
distrito, 20–21, 24
Dittmer, 140
doctrine, 28, 88, 90, 97, 99
Doortmont, Michel, 68–69
dowry societies, 63
dual identity, 31–32, 58
Duarte, Luís Fernandes, see Israel,
Joshua/Jesú, 26–27, 29, 47, 60, 67,
73, 87, 90, 122, 138, 161, 166, 173,
213–218
Dutch, 4, 12, 14, 22–24, 26–27, 30,
33–34, 37–41, 48–49, 56–57, 59, 62,
64, 66–69, 75–77, 83–84, 86,
89, 99–100, 108–109, 112, 115,
125–128, 131, 146–147, 155,
160–164, 166–167, 172, 174–175,
180–181, 185, 189–191, 198,
200, 221
merchants, 12, 41, 109, 175
Dutch Gold Coast, 69
Edict of Nantes, 109
Edo peoples, 150
Egipto, Rabi de Mouzes de, 97
Elkins, 170
Elmina, 2, 4, 68, 140–141
Eltis, 10, 18, 169–171, 207
emigration, 9, 29, 33, 62
emigrants, 22, 26, 52
empire, 3, 9, 16, 33, 56–57, 83, 91,
111–112, 126–127, 131, 138, 152,
155–156, 181, 205
endogamy, 197–198
England, 38, 81, 109, 133, 167
English, 4, 12, 25, 40–41, 49, 84, 104,
108–109, 111–112, 115, 120, 126,
129–132, 138, 143, 145, 168, 189,
221, 223
Enlightenment, 189–191
enslavement, 18, 173
escopetas, see also weapons, 125, 130
Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis, see also Pereira,
Duarte Pacheco, 141
espadas (swords)
espadas curtas, see also blade weapons,
109, 114, 119, 126, 148, 150
espadeiros (sword makers), see blade
weapons, 105, 219
espingardas, see weapons, 125
Espinosa, Belchior, 104–105
Esther (queen), 47
Esúlálú, 202
Ethiopia Menor, 60, 212
Ethiopia Minor, see Ethiopia Menor, 138,
170
ethnicity, 53
Etiópia Menor, see Ethiopia Menor, 49,
129, 145–146, 157, 176
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Eurafricans, 1–2, 10, 17–18, 31, 52–54,
56, 58, 62–65, 67–68, 70–74, 77, 79,
81–82, 120, 122, 137, 159–160,
178–179, 183, 188, 190–195,
197–198, 204–208
Eurafrican agency, 1
Eurafrican traders, 31
Everts, Natalie, 68
Évora, 73, 94–95, 99, 218
Évora, Simão Rodrigues de, 42, 218
excommunication, 108, 223
Exodus, 92
exports, 17, 19, 108, 147, 169, 171–172, 174
expulsion, 8, 36, 83–84, 100, 125, 133
facas (knives), see blade weapons, 114,
116, 119
Factors (chief traders), 29, 90, 112, 120,
122, 128, 166–168, 173, 215
Fagg, William, 139
faith, 14, 22, 28, 45, 53, 60, 74, 79, 84, 88,
93, 95, 111, 176, 193, 197, 200, 204,
222
family, 14, 26–27, 33, 37–39, 60, 68, 70,
73, 76, 78, 125–127, 133, 157, 161,
178–179, 181, 183, 185, 187–188,
196, 203, 208, 213–217
Faria, Francisco Leite de, 115
Farinha, António Dias, 125, 130
Faro, 69, 73, 211, 213–215, 218
Faro, Israel, 181
Farque, Abraham, 29, 211
Farrar, Abraham, 187
Febos, Esther, 188
Fernandes (Veiga), Gabriel, 217
Fernandes, Aires, 93–94
Fernandes, António, 105, 167, 217
Fernandes, Domingues, 104, 121
Fernandes, Duarte, 126, 147, 172, 179,
184, 217
Fernandes, Gaspar, see also Veiga, Gaspar
Fernandes, 29, 105, 147, 161,
172–173, 179–180, 183–184, 214,
217–218
Fernandes, Rafael, 217
Fernandes, Valentim, 95, 116, 141, 144
Ferreira, Diogo Dias, 91
Ferreira, João, o Ganagoga, 67
fetiches, 199, 201–202
Feuchtwanger-Sarig, Naomi, 154–155
Fez, 106, 124–127, 130, 132
filhos da terra, 5, 120
251
Filipe, Maria, 73
Flanders, 20, 22, 24–25, 27–28, 34, 36,
38–41, 44–45, 47, 90, 105, 147,
161, 164, 166–167, 172, 180, 215,
222–223
Flemish, 24, 40–41, 45, 112, 130, 164, 219
Fonseca, Diogo Nunes da, 26, 216
Fonseca, Manuel da, 26, 216
food, 45
diet, 45
rice, 10, 140, 162
forbidden merchandise, 4, 120
fortified settlements, 4
France, 96, 111, 133, 167, 197
Francisco, Lourenço, see Costa, João Lopes
da, 122, 166–167, 212, 215
Freire, Jerónimo Rodrigues, see Peregrino,
29, 34, 212
Freire, Jerónimo, see Freire, Jerónimo
Rodrigues, 90, 92
Freire, Rodrigo, 40
French, 4, 9, 12, 25, 34, 40–41, 66, 77,
84, 106, 108–109, 111–112, 115,
119–120, 130–131, 138, 147, 168,
175, 177–178, 189, 197, 217, 221
Fulani, 67
Gama, Vasco da, 2
Gambia River, 3, 12, 41, 53, 59, 65,
84–85, 88–89, 102, 108, 112,
115–116, 119, 131–133, 138,
142, 196–197, 208
Gao, 117, 131
García-Arenal, Mercedes, 126–127, 130,
133, 175
gender, 10, 175–176
gente da Nação, 8, 11, 15, 24, 38–41,
63–64, 67, 74, 79, 97–98, 110, 120,
127, 162–163, 195, 224
Gentiles, see also gentios, 57, 87, 91
gentios, see also Gentiles, 74–75, 87–88,
90–91, 109, 113, 120–121, 128, 147
Geregia, 101, 138, 197
German, 22, 112, 141–142, 144
Germany, 15, 76, 143, 190
gilt belts, 106
gilt swords, 123
God, 35, 45, 74, 86, 95, 99, 167, 196,
201, 222
Gold Coast, 2, 68–69, 77, 140
Golden Calf, 92
goldsmith, 94
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Gomes, Dr. Jerónimo, see Silva, Jerónimo
Gomes da, 180
Gomes, Florença, 213
Gomes, Jerónimo, 180, 214
Gomes, Sebastião, Father, 22, 28
Gonsalves, Martin, 184
Gorée Island, see also Bezeguiche, 12, 32,
62, 111, 162, 196, 224
governor of Angola, see Mendonça, João
Furtado de, 121, 219
governor of the Cape Verde Islands,
see Castilho, Jorge de, 224
Gramaxo, Luís Fernandes, 122
Grasia, 182
Greater Senegambia, see also Senegambia,
2–3, 196, 203–205, 207
Green, Tobias, 10, 13, 34, 36–37, 57–58, 67,
73, 147, 174, 183–186, 189, 204–206
Grottanelli, Luigi, 139–140
grumetes, 5, 54, 74, 76–77, 194, 199–200,
203
Gruzinski, Serge, 16, 56, 95, 203
Guiné do Cabo Verde/Guinea of Cape Verde,
2–4, 6, 11, 13, 19–21, 25, 27–28, 31,
38, 41, 47, 54, 56, 59, 68, 74, 78, 86,
101, 110, 112, 115, 119, 137, 141, 146,
156, 159, 166, 170–171, 173, 194–195,
198, 200, 204–207, 209
Guinea-Bissau, 3, 10, 25, 59–60, 62, 68,
84, 89, 106, 118–119, 133, 137
Guinea-Conakry, 3, 18, 136
Gulf of Guinea, 2, 50
gunpowder, 125
Habsburgs, 29, 142
Hagoort, Lydia, 32, 81, 180, 192
Hair, P. E. H., 6, 9, 49, 101, 111–112,
115–117, 119, 129, 137–138, 145,
170, 200
half New Christian, 69, 213, 217
Hamburg, 26, 34, 71, 76, 79, 127,
183–184, 191, 194, 213
hatan Torah, 187
Hawthorne, Walter, 10, 60, 62, 68, 116,
133, 206
Hebrew, 8, 29–30, 35, 40, 42, 88, 97–98,
154–155, 180
Hebrew names, 29, 181
Nation, 8, 97
Hecquard, Hyacinthe, 106–107
Heimann-Jelinek, 157
Henry, Prince, The Navigator, 1, 108
hereditary stain, 79
Heywood, Linda, 205–206
hilts, see also blade weapons, 104–106,
114, 124, 150
Holanda, see also Holland, 49, 162, 164
Holland, see also Holanda,
29, 33, 47, 49, 83, 110, 133, 147,
162–164, 167, 186
holster, 118
Holy Office, see also Santo Ofício;
Holy Tribunal, 111, 165–166,
221–222
Holy Tribunal, see also Santo Ofício; Holy
Office, 8–9, 51, 99
Holy Virgin, 96
Hondius, Dienke, 70–71, 75–76, 192
Horton, Robin, 201
hospitality, 86, 102
houses, see also Jewish communities,
43–44, 47, 49–50, 52, 137–139, 162,
183, 196, 219
Huguenot, 109
Iberia, 8, 57, 76, 78, 84, 127, 156, 165,
181, 207
Iberian Peninsula, 1, 8
iconoclasm, 88, 92, 94, 100
iconoclastic, 99
iconolatric, 88, 94
iconolatry, 86, 91, 94, 99
idolatry (references to), 86–88, 90–92,
94–100, 109, 196
Ilhas Terceiras, see also Açores (Azores), 163
illegal trade, 4, 108, 112, 166, 174
image
image worship, 99
images, 55, 86–88, 92–96, 98–100, 145,
148, 152–153
imagined Christians allies, 1
immigrants, 23, 50, 62, 80, 181, 184
In Coena Domini (Papal bull), 108
India, 2, 29, 116, 123, 152, 163
India Run, see also Carreira da Índia (India
Run), 2, 117
Indian Ocean, 2, 123, 179
Indias, 39, 122
Indo-Portuguese, 135, 152
infidels, 167
informants, see also Inquisition/Inquisição,
29, 35, 38–39, 42, 44, 69, 86, 93, 106,
113, 122, 127, 165, 167–168, 172,
177
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inquiries about jews, 23, 93, 221–223
Inquisition/Inquisição, see also Santo
Ofício; Holy Office, 8, 13–14, 17,
22–24, 26–29, 31–38, 42–51, 57–60,
67, 69, 72–74, 76, 78–80, 82–95,
97–100, 103–106, 110–111, 113–114,
116, 118, 121–123, 125–126, 128,
131, 139, 146, 152, 156, 160–173,
177–178, 180, 185–186, 208,
211–218, 221–224
Inquisidor Geral, 97, 221, 223
Inquisidores, 47, 75, 103
intermarriage, 66, 69, 188, 208
intermediaries, 4, 31, 77, 108, 117,
120–121, 152
investigation, 28, 45, 165–166, 223
Isaac (prophet), 188, 199–201
Isaac, Solomon ben, 98
Isaiah (prophet), 87
Islam, 3, 91, 98–100, 200–201, 203–204,
206
Island of Palma, 45, 161, 166, 172
island of Santiago, 11, 216
Israel, Jesú (Joshua), 29
Israel, Jonathan, 8–9, 15, 32, 39, 84,
96–98, 181, 183
Israel, Joshua/Jesú, 26, 46, 60, 67,
82, 87, 122, 138–139, 147,
173–175, 216
Italians, 56, 105
Italy, 18, 55, 76, 96, 105, 126–127, 133,
154
ivories, 18, 52, 135–136, 138–145, 148,
152–153, 157
ivory carvings, 18, 111, 139–141,
143–144, 148, 153
carvers, 144, 148, 152
ivory spoons, 139–141, 143,
145–146, 157
Jacob (prophet), 199
Jacobsen/Jacobz, Philips, 105, 219
Jacome, Filipe, see also Jacobsen/Jacobz,
Philips, 105, 219
Jacques-Meunié, D., 126, 131
Jagarefe, 60
Jahanké, 132
Jalofo (polity/region), see also Wolof,
39–40, 67, 114
Kingdom of Jaloffo, 111
Jaudar, 117
Jenne-Jeno, 118
253
Jesuits, see also Companhia de Jesus, 12,
21–22, 28, 56, 60, 74, 91, 128, 137,
142, 145, 156, 176–177
jewish communities, 13, 16, 21, 25, 29,
33, 35–39, 57, 62–64, 68, 70, 72, 76,
79, 81–82, 90, 92, 98, 126–127, 155,
161, 166, 176, 178, 180–181, 186,
188–191, 194, 196–198, 208
burials, 42, 70, 182, 190, 193
cemeteries, 30, 70–71, 81, 181, 187,
192–193, 217
ceremonies, 20, 24, 42–43, 45–46, 48
conversions, 25, 27–28, 37, 40, 57, 72,
74–75, 77, 81, 92, 107, 137, 178,
182, 192, 196, 199–200
jewish identity, 9, 13–14, 23, 27, 31–32,
44, 62, 64, 66, 68–69, 71, 74, 77,
82, 100, 160, 178, 196, 206, 208
Jewish merchants, 16–17, 28, 31, 59,
65–66, 76–77, 83, 88, 90, 96, 100,
102–103, 110, 120, 125–126,
133–134, 136, 146–147, 152, 159,
165, 171–172, 177, 179, 195, 198,
200, 224
jewish women, 50, 63
jewishness, 29, 31–32, 61, 166
rituals, 45
slaughter of chickens, 45
theological conversations and
discussions, 42, 82, 86, 99
Jewish descent, 78, 191, 197
Joal, 12–13, 16, 19, 21–24, 26–29, 32–33,
35–41, 43–46, 48, 51, 57, 61–62,
64–65, 68–70, 72, 77, 81–82, 89, 102,
128, 138, 146, 155, 158–162,
164–165, 172–180, 182, 184–188,
195, 197–198, 211–214, 218, 221–224
King of Joal, 89, 128, 222
Joala, see Joal, 21, 24, 33, 39, 43, 48, 58,
90, 147
João II (king of Portugal), 77
Jobson, Richard, 132–133
Jodensavanne, 198
John II (king), 2
Jola, 54, 102, 202
Jolof (kingdom), 3, 77, 107, 114, 185
Jones, Adam, 141–143, 200
Jorge, Domingos, 105
judaizantes, 12, 224
judaization, 23
Judea, 20
Juula, 52, 200
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Kaabu, 3, 205
Kaplan, Yosef, 32, 56, 58, 60, 80, 82, 96,
181, 187–188
kinship, 15, 68, 204
knives, see blade weapons, 112, 114,
116, 118–119
Koen, E. M., 13, 105, 126, 172, 181, 193,
215, 217
Kongo (kingdom), see also Congo, 2, 56,
93, 205
Koran, 200
Kosher, 45
La Courbe, Jajolet de, 65–66, 102, 138, 197
La Fleur, 22, 48, 67, 128, 172
La Rochelle, 111
Lambaya, 179
lançados, 4, 17, 24, 26, 37–38, 52, 64–68,
73, 84, 87, 108–109, 112, 115, 120,
129, 132, 147, 152, 156–157, 195,
200, 202–204, 207
lanchas, 41, 75, 167, 222
language, 6, 52, 57, 64, 75, 90, 101, 115,
145, 183, 206
large wooden bowls, 146
Lavanha, João Baptista, 115
law of Moses, 20–21, 24, 223
Le Grand Jolof, see also Jolof, 3
Le Maire, Jacques, 65, 195, 197
lei de Moisés, see also law of Moses, 24, 61
Leiria, 91
Leitão, Diogo Taborda, 215
Lestringa, Martim de, 74
Levy, Simon, 187
libraries, 47
Lima, 122–123, 172
limpeza de sangue, see also race,
57, 79–80, 191, 194, 197
Lisboa, Diogo Rodrigues de, 104,
122–123, 219
Lisbon, i, 2, 8–11, 13–14, 16, 18, 20,
22–27, 29, 32–34, 37–40, 44, 46,
48–49, 51, 56–57, 67, 69, 73–78,
80, 84, 87, 89–91, 93–94, 98, 101,
103–111, 114–117, 120–121, 123,
125–131, 133–135, 137, 140–141,
145, 148–150, 152, 159, 162–164,
168, 173, 180, 192, 194, 205, 207,
211–216, 218–219, 222–224
Lisbon Inquisition, 13, 22–24, 48–49,
84, 87, 90–91, 103, 109, 120–121,
159, 180, 212, 216, 222, 224
Livro de Bet Haim, 180, 187
local rulers, 22, 39, 53, 85, 89–90,
100–101, 128, 137
London, 8, 10, 16, 22, 26, 32, 39, 48, 62,
67, 84, 97, 128, 132–133, 140, 143,
152, 163, 172, 181, 189, 200
Lopes, Beatriz, 215
Lopes, Diogo, see Diego Lopez, 141
Lopez, António, see also Mesquita,
António Lopes de, 72, 158
Lopez, Diego, see Diogo Lopes, 140
Lopez, Gaspar, 94
Low Countries, see also United Provinces,
23, 126, 133
Luanda, 93, 206
Luso-Africans, 2–6, 9–14, 17–19, 24, 31,
38, 48, 50, 52–55, 57–58, 62, 65, 74,
77–79, 81, 84, 86–87, 102, 109, 121,
135–136, 139, 142, 144–145, 149,
152, 173, 194, 196–198, 200, 203,
205–206, 208
Lutherans, 110–111, 121, 128
Mação, 222
Madrid, 13, 20–21, 31, 33, 36, 39, 62, 147,
179, 221
Magalhães, António Marques de, 33
Maghreb, 8
Mahamad, 64, 191, 193
Mahomet, 111
Maimonides, 97–98, 109
malaria, 165
Mande, 3, 89, 102, 114–115, 117,
131–132, 141–142
traders, 3, 117
Manding, 52–54, 115–117, 200
Mandinka, 6, 142
Manes, 3, 119, 141–142
manumission, references to, 69, 75
maritime blockade, 33
markets, 3, 21, 41, 101, 105, 109, 112,
133–134, 139, 143–144, 175–176
Marques, António, 211
Marrakesh, 106, 110, 125–127, 130–131,
133, 175
marranos, 14, 58–59, 88, 96, 99
marriage, 17, 54, 57, 62–63, 66, 68–69, 74,
181, 185, 188, 192, 198
Marrocos, see also Morocco, 84, 125, 130
Mary, 92, 96, 189
material culture, 6, 52, 135, 137–138, 156
matrimonial practices, see also marriage, 66
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Maure, 54, 199
Mauritania, 2, 54, 85, 114, 131
Mbundu, 56
Medici, 142
Médici, Marie de, 97
Medina, João, 100
Meditation of a Believer, 47
megillah, 155
Megillat Ester, 155
mellah, 124–125
Mendes, António de Almeida, 10, 13, 25,
36–37, 42, 89, 100, 170, 174
Mendes, Inês, 99
Mendes, João, 42, 46–48, 218, 222
Mendes, Luís, 216
Mendonça, João Furtado de, 121
Mercado, Simão de, 218
merchandises, 110, 114, 120, 126, 129,
163, 168, 174, 200, 216
merchants, 3, 15–16, 18–19, 26–27, 29,
31, 36, 39–40, 59–60, 65–67, 69–70,
72, 75–76, 82, 84, 86, 89, 101–102,
106, 108–109, 113–117, 120–122,
125–128, 131–134, 136–138, 142,
147–148, 152, 158–159, 161,
163–165, 168, 172–173, 175–176,
178–180, 183–184, 186, 193,
196–198, 200, 202–203, 205,
207, 215, 218
Mértola, 212
Mesa da Consciência e Ordens, 74, 215
Mesquita, António Lopes de,
see also Mesquita, Moisés de, 29, 183,
211
Mesquita, Dr. Antão de, 74
Mesquita, Fulano de, 180
Mesquita, Moisés de, see also Mesquita,
António Lopes de, 90, 183,
187–188, 211
Messiah, 94, 178
mestiços/mestizos, 22, 48, 50, 56, 67–69,
73–74, 77, 179, 197, 211
métissage, 102, 194, 196, 203
Mexico, 28, 99
migrations, 8, 54, 73, 133, 142, 146
minyan, 48, 58
Mishne Torah, 97
mission, 12, 36, 106, 137, 156,
see also missionaries, 21
missionaries, 88, 91, 137
Mitombo, 145
mixing, 58, 192, 195–196, 203
255
Mohammed, 176
mohel, 42, 216
Montalto, Eliau, 96, 98
Moors, 108, 113–114, 125, 128, 132, 176
moradores, 4, 86, 90, 141, 160, 222
Moraes, Nize Isabel de, 9, 11–12, 32, 42,
162, 172
moral community, 15
Moroccan, see also African polities
Morocco, 106, 110, 117–118, 124,
126–127, 129–131, 133–134, 175
Morteira, Saul Levi, 98
Moslem, see Muslims, 200
Mota, Avelino Teixeira da, 9, 21, 77, 115,
119, 137–138, 140, 145
mothers, 51, 63–64, 66, 68–70, 74,
213–214, 217
Moura, D. Francisco de, 12, 224
Mourão, José, 94
mulata, see also mulattos, 70, 73, 78,
182–183
mulattos, 27, 47, 57–58, 67, 69–73, 77, 82,
158, 166, 183, 188, 191, 193, 211, 213
multiple identities, 32, 52–54, 57–59, 61
Munich, 141–143
muskets, see weapons, 129, 138
Muslims, 8, 18, 31, 45, 52, 59, 83–86, 88,
90–92, 96–97, 99–102, 104, 108, 111,
113–114, 117, 121, 125, 127–128,
131, 142, 176–177, 196, 202, 204, 206
Nantes (Bretagne), 214
naus, 25, 27
de registo, 27
navigation guides, 5
negreiro, 12, 224
negros, 20, 39, 55, 65, 75, 88, 90, 113,
128, 139, 147, 168, 173, 214
neighbors, 20, 43, 81, 102, 129, 206
Netherlands, see also United Provinces, 22,
26, 29, 32–33, 60, 70–72, 75, 79, 81,
106, 127, 134, 159–160, 163–164, 166,
168, 172, 178, 181–185, 193, 208–209
New Christians, 8–9, 11–14, 16–17, 21–24,
26–30, 32–33, 35–41, 49, 52, 58–59,
61, 63–73, 76–80, 82, 88–89, 91–94,
97, 99–100, 103–104, 109, 120–122,
124–125, 127, 129, 133–134, 136,
147, 152, 156–157, 163–164, 166,
172, 195, 198, 200–204, 206–207,
211, 215, 219, 221, 223
New Spain, 28
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Newson, Linda, 11, 122, 212, 219
Niger, 106, 110, 117–118, 129, 131, 133
River, 106, 110, 118, 129
Nigeria, 136, 140, 145, 148
Nobre, António Nunes, 93–94, 104,
121–122, 129, 161, 166–167, 212,
215, 219
North Africa, 1, 85, 117–118, 127, 133,
184, 207
northern Europe, 8, 19, 26, 38–40, 55, 57,
64, 71, 76, 80, 110, 126–127, 129,
133, 159–162, 164, 177, 183, 188,
191, 194, 205–208, 213
Northern Senegambia,
see also Senegambia, 4, 40, 123
Nunes, Gaspar, 72, 147, 161, 166, 173,
214, 218
Nunes, Jerónimo, 166, 214, 218
Old Christians, 8, 11, 31, 41–42, 74,
78–79, 87, 89, 92, 97, 121, 125,
164–165, 198, 222
Old Law, 94
Old Testament, 88, 91–92, 99
Olinda, 73, 78, 98
Olival, Fernanda, 80, 215
Oliveira, Manuel Pinto de, 46, 122, 173,
216–217
Oporto, 12–13, 16, 19–24, 26, 28–29,
32, 35, 37–38, 41–43, 45–46, 48–51,
57–58, 61–62, 64–65, 68–69, 72, 77,
81–83, 89, 101–102, 105, 108,
115–116, 119, 122, 128, 146,
158–162, 164–165, 167, 172–178,
180, 182, 184–186, 188, 192, 195,
198, 200, 211–214, 216, 218,
221–224
oppression, 16
oral traditions, 59, 102, 142–143
Order of Christ, 215
Ottoman Empire, 8, 84–85
Ouderkerk (cemetery), 30, 32, 70–71, 81,
181, 187, 192–193
pagans, 67, 74, 87, 90, 113, 120, 128
Pallache, Joseph, 126, 133–134
Pallache, Samuel, 106, 126–127,
133, 175
Pallaches, 127, 133
Papal Bull, 103, 106, 108–109, 121, 128
Papel, 3, 26
Papel king of Bussis, 26
Paramaribo, 198
Pardo, Joseph, 35
Parese, 66
Parese, Signor Patrisio, 66
parnas, 187–188, 193
Parnas de la sedaca, 35
passadiço, 43
Passover, 45, 165, 216
Paul III (pope), 8
Peace of Westphalia, 22, 29
Pecixe island, see also Bussis, 60
peitar, 85
Pelegino, Diogo, see Freire, Jerónimo
Rodrigues; Peregrino, Jacob, 34, 49
Pelegrim, see Peregrino, 34
Pelegrin, Jaque, 34, 49
Pelengrina, Ana (Hana), 34, 214
Pelengrino, see Peregrino, 34, 214
Pellegrino, see Peregrino, 34
Pellingrino, see Peregrino, 34
Penso, Estevão Rodrigues, 72, 160, 173,
185, 213, 218
Pentateuch, 188
People of the Book, 84
People of the Nation, 11
Peregrino, 33–36, 42, 67, 92, 126, 178,
186, 192, 196
Fulano, 12
Jacob, 23, 29, 33–36, 38, 40, 42, 48,
50, 66–67, 72, 92, 126, 155, 166,
176, 183, 185–186, 212, 214, 216,
218, see also Peregrimo, Jacob,
23, 29, 33–36, 38, 40, 42, 48, 50,
66–67, 72, 92, 126, 155, 166, 176,
183, 185–186, 212, 214, 216, 218
Jaques, 34
Manuel, 34, 42, 45, 67, 180–181, 183,
185, 187, 214, 216, 218
Peregrino, Jaques, 34
Pereira, D. Manuel, 94
Pereira, Duarte Pacheco,
see also Esmeraldo de Situ Orbis, 141
Peres, Damião (ed.), 12, 95, 196
Peres, João Baptista, 172
Peres, João Bautista/Juan Bautista Perez,
122, 173
Peres, Manuel Baptista, 122, 172–173,
183, 212, 219
Perez, Juan Bautista, 173
Pernambuco, 60, 215
persecutions, 8
Peru, 122, 170
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Peulh, 106–107
Philip I (king of Spain), 8, 22, 36, 111, 221,
223
Philip II (king of Spain and Portugal), 8,
22, 36, 111, 221, 223
pidgin, 6
Piloto, António Vaz, 86
Pinhel, Sebastião, 163
Pinhel, Simão Rodrigues, 38, 163, 166, 218
pirates, 39, 111, 120–121, 177
plural identities, 54, 58
pointers, 154–156
poisonous crabs, references to, 164–165
political elite, 77, 114, 176, 204
ponteiros, 153–156
Portalegre, 213–214
Portalegre, Jacob, 181
Portimão, 40
Porto d’Ale, 12–13, 16, 19–22, 24, 26,
28–29, 32, 35, 37–38, 41, 43, 45–46,
48–51, 57, 61–62, 64–65, 68–69,
72, 77, 81–83, 89, 101–102, 116,
122, 128, 146, 158–162, 164–165,
172–178, 180, 182, 184–186, 188,
192, 195, 198, 200, 211, 213–214,
216, 218, 221–224
Portugal, 4–5, 8, 10, 12, 16, 22, 24–27, 29,
33–34, 36–40, 47, 49, 51–52, 55–57,
66–70, 72–74, 76, 79–80, 82, 91–97,
99–100, 103–104, 107–109, 111,
117, 124–125, 127, 133–135, 141,
143, 148, 152, 156, 160, 163–164,
166–167, 173–175, 184, 193, 195,
206, 208–209, 211, 215, 217, 221
Portuguese, 1–6, 8–9, 11–14, 16–34, 36–42,
44–45, 47–59, 61–87, 89–91, 93,
95, 97–98, 100–105, 107–118, 120,
122–123, 125–129, 131–133, 135–148,
150, 152, 154–157, 159–169, 171–177,
179–181, 183–185, 188, 190–200,
203–206, 208, 211, 217, 221
archives, 9, 11, 135, 147–148
authorities, 38, 41, 109, 156, 164
community, 17, 32, 36, 51, 57, 82,
127–128, 154, 157, 160–161, 182,
188, 193–194
Crown, 2, 4, 8, 77
Jews, 1, 8, 16, 18, 26–27, 30–31, 36, 38,
41, 49–51, 69, 74, 77, 81, 84–86,
93, 101, 120, 126, 162–163, 166,
181, 191, 193–194
ships, 1–2, 115
257
power, 60, 106, 119, 129, 152, 161
practicing Jews, 11, 14, 35, 42, 86, 197
prayers, 43, 45, 47, 202
priests, 16, 88
printing houses, 47
private entrepreneurs, 2
Promised Land, 178
propaganda, 94–95, 100
Protestants, 77, 100, 109, 126–127, 133,
175, 177
Provincial, 74
Prussin, Labelle, 84, 125, 204
public Jews, 12, 14, 23, 28–29, 34, 37, 46,
61, 69, 88, 121, 147, 164, 179–180,
212, 214–215, 218, 221–222
Pulido Serrano, Juan Ignacio, 62
punhais (daggers), see blade weapons, 104,
148
purity of blood, 56–57, 77–79
Querido, Diogo Dias, 75, 91, 163, 185,
188, 192, 212
Querido, David, see Querido, Diogo Dias,
75, 212
Quitehoa, 117
rabbi, 23, 34–36, 38, 42, 49, 67, 72, 92,
185–186, 197, 214, 216
Rabi Lemuen, 98
Rabi Salamão, 98
race, 10, 55, 57, 63, 75, 78–81, 160,
190–192, 194, 205–206
racial categories, 55, 191
racial consciousness, 18, 57, 190
racism, 55, 189–190
rapiers, see blade weapons, 128
Rashi, 98
Recife, 12, 26, 161, 167–168
reconverts, 23
Reformation, 70, 76, 87, 192
rei de Jagáo Berbecim, 177
réis (currency), 123
religion, 6, 14, 17, 26, 32, 37, 39, 52, 57,
66, 68, 82, 84, 91, 95, 101, 120, 142,
165, 179, 186, 196–197, 199–205
imagery, 86, 100
religiosity, 58, 99
religious education, 29, 34, 214
religious identity, 8, 18, 23, 31, 41, 44,
61, 66, 79, 86, 186, 197–198, 203
religious interaction, 12, 135, 206–207
religious life, 17, 27, 193
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INDEX
returnees, 69
reverence, 96
Ribatejo, 49
Ribeira Grande, 4, 168, 221
Ribeiro, Fernão Soares, see Ribeiro,
Fernando Soares, 104, 121–122, 219
Rio de Gallinas, 147
Rio de Janeiro, 213
Rio de S. Domingos, 25, 28–29, 37, 39,
41, 170
Rio-Fresca, see Rufisque, 196
Rio Fresco, 27
Rio Grande, 3, 21, 25, 28, 37, 41, 50, 118,
216
Rio Nunez, 174
Rio Sereno, 89
rituals, 20, 24, 33, 35–37, 45–46, 59, 65,
69, 71, 76, 86–87, 90, 96, 99–100,
154–157, 181, 190, 193, 196–197,
200, 202–203
riverine commerce, 3
Rivers of Guinea, 3–4, 59, 101, 103, 113,
116, 127, 137, 166, 169, 184, 205
Robalo, Gaspar Dias, 37, 178, 214
Rodney, Walter, 9–10, 38, 112–113, 141,
169
Rodrigues Gregório, 104
Rodrigues, Bernardo, 125
Rodrigues, Isabel, 69
Rodrigues, Diogo, see Freire, Jerónimo
Rodrigues; Peregrino, Jacob; Pelegino,
Diogo, 34, 104, 122, 123, 214, 219
Rodriguez, Pedro, see Veiga, Pedro
Rodrigues, 29, 44
Rome, 21, 45, 154
Rotterdam, 9, 22, 26, 40, 45, 72, 90, 160,
173, 176, 180–181, 184, 207, 217
Rowland, Robert, 14, 58–59
Royal Company of Adventurers, 133
Rufisque, 12, 16, 27, 32, 65, 89, 139, 161,
167–168, 174–175, 178–179, 196,
214, 224
Arecife, 168
Arecipo, 161
Aricipo, 161
S. Pedro, 94
S. Tomé (island), 2, 13–14, 24, 87,
163–164, 184
Saadian dynasty, 126, 131
Saalum, 101
sabres, see blade weapons, 113, 119
Sacrament, 96, 99
sacred images, 94–96
Sahara, 1, 3, 8, 18, 55, 84–85, 106, 114,
117–118, 124–127, 129, 131–134,
153, 174–176, 189, 204, 207
Sahel, 55, 84–85, 114, 117, 175
saints, 88, 94–95, 99
Saldanha, António de, 125–126, 130
saleiros, 136, 140
Sali Portudal, 20
Salomon, Herman Prins, 98, 217
Saloum, 102
salt cellars, 136, 140, 143–146, 148, 150,
152
Sanaga, 25, 41
Sanches, Gaspar, 72, 173, 214, 217
Santarém, 215
Santiago Island, 3–4, 24, 37–38, 46–47, 53,
58, 120, 168, 171, 184, 223
Santo Ofício, see also Inquisition/
Inquisição; Holy Office, 13, 14, 25
São Jorge da Mina, 2
São Tomé e Principe Islands, 2
Sapes, 3, 52, 119, 136, 140–148, 150,
152–153, 157
Sardinha, Francisco Gomes, 104, 121, 219
savannah, 3, 123
scabbards, 105–106, 123
Schorsch, Jonathan, 56, 70, 75, 79–81,
187, 189–194
sea monsters, 155
Second Temple, 70
secret Jews, 8, 27, 44–45, 58, 216
secret religious assemblies, 73
sedar, 46, 165
Sefer Ha-mada, 97
segregation, 192
Senegal River, 2, 24, 40–41, 115, 176,
204–205
Senegalese coast, 12, 26, 50, 101, 161
Senegambia, 2–3, 9–11, 13–14, 17, 25–26,
36–38, 40–41, 49, 51–54, 56–59,
61–64, 66, 77, 84–86, 88–89, 91,
101–102, 104, 106, 108, 111–113,
116–118, 120, 123, 126, 129, 132–133,
136, 146–147, 173–174, 179, 183,
194–197, 200, 202–205, 207–208, 211
Senegambian coast, 21, 38–39, 45, 108,
131, 206
Senhoras, 62
Sephardic Jews, 18, 22, 56, 76, 83, 85, 160,
181, 194
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Sephardim, 8–10, 13–14, 17, 32, 34, 70,
78, 99–100, 147, 174, 183, 189–190,
200, 204
Sequeira, D. Francisco de, 221
Sequeira, Ventura de, 53
Serer, 3, 37, 70, 83, 85, 89, 102, 108, 177,
204, 207
Serra Leoa, see also Sierra Leone, 18,
21, 25, 41, 49, 55, 95, 115, 119,
129, 135–137, 140, 145–147, 152,
156–157, 176, 200–201, 205
servants, 57, 65, 70–72, 75–77, 81, 179,
182–183, 188, 192
settlers, 15–17, 21, 26, 37, 41, 57–58,
62–63, 65–66, 68, 70, 77, 84–85, 87,
102, 137, 159, 164, 172, 179–180,
182, 185, 187, 189, 197, 203
Setúbal, Baltasar Lopes de, 166–168, 215
Seville, 168, 171, 219
Shabbat, 46
Shalom, Neveh, 30, 126, 155, 181
Sharif, 130
sheaths, 115–116
ships, 4, 24, 26–27, 39–40, 45, 75, 108,
120, 122, 137, 140, 163–164,
166–172, 174, 212, 215, 223
shrines, 157, 202
Sierra Leone, see also Serra Leoa, 3, 8, 18,
41, 53, 111, 118–119, 136, 138–146,
149–150, 154, 170, 199–200, 202
Síín, 89–90, 222
Silva, Filipa Ribeiro da, 13–14, 24, 42, 48, 87
Silva, Jerónimo Gomes da, see Gomes, Dr.
Jerónimo, 214
Silva, Marco Antônio Nunes da, 93–94, 99
Simhat, 187
Sine-Saloum, 102
Sintra, Diogo Gomes de, 108
slave trade, 2, 11, 17, 19, 55, 60, 76,
109, 121–123, 128–129, 168–171,
173–176, 206, 212, 215–216, 219
slavery, 56, 71, 75, 78, 81, 198
social hierarchy, 55, 64, 190, 194
social status, 53, 57, 66, 71, 78, 81, 173,
188–189, 195, 203
Soeiro, 27, 37, 122, 166–172, 215–216
Diogo Lopes, 168, 215
João, 27, 36, 165–169, 173, 181, 212,
215, 221, 223
Leonor Lopes, 215
Luís Fernandes, 216
Manuel, 215
259
Solingen, 112
Songhai Empire, 106
Soninké, 142
Sousa, Diogo de, 27, 73, 211, 213, 218
Sousa, Diogo Vaz de, 25, 27, 33, 36, 38,
40, 43, 46, 90, 158, 160–161, 166,
180, 213–214, 216, 218
o Moço, 27, 38, 40, 90, 161, 166,
180–181, 213, 218
o Velho, 27, 33, 36, 42, 181, 187, 213
Sousa, Filipe de, o Corcovado, 25, 27, 38,
40, 47, 90, 161, 166, 180, 213–214,
218
Sousa, Jacob de, 181, 183
Sousa, Thomé Dias de, 219
South America, 2, 11, 63–64, 122, 171,
205, 207
Spain, 33, 55, 80, 96, 111, 133, 165–166,
181, 193
Spanish, 8–11, 22, 26, 29, 33, 36, 39–40,
51, 56, 63, 76, 79, 111, 117, 122, 124,
133, 138, 169–171, 179, 189, 196,
206–207, 219
Spanish Netherlands, 22
spoons, 140–142, 144–146, 153
St. Lô, Alexis de, 178, 214
sticks and stones, 83, 86–87, 92, 95
Strasbourg, 165
Studemund-Halevy, Michael, 76, 79–80,
183, 191, 194, 213
sugar mills, 163, 217
Sultan of Fez, 125–126, 129–130
sun, 43, 46
Suriname, 62–64, 66, 71–72,
82, 198, 206
Susus, 119
Sweet, James, 204, 206
sword blades, see blade weapons, 52, 132
synagogues, 27, 33–34, 36, 42–44, 49,
75, 126, 154–155, 157, 162–163,
181–182, 187, 190, 193, 213,
218, 224
syncretism, 17, 196, 207
syncretic religious forms, 17, 200, 202
tagarra, 145–146
Tagus river, 49
Talmud, 97, 180, 187, 214
Tancos, 34, 214
tangomaos, 4, 25, 52, 115–116
tapestries, 138
tassels, 123
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INDEX
Tavares, Bartolomeu Rebelo (Vicar of
Cacheu), 23, 29, 86, 121, 222
Tavares, Manuel, 47
Tavim, José Alberto, 8, 32–33, 35, 84, 125,
204
Tawny Moore, 132
Teeñ, see Teigne, 68, 83
tefilá, 47
Teigne, 68, 83, 89, 101–102, 177
Teixeira, Manuel, 104–105
Temne, 3, 53, 95, 145
terçados, see also blade weapons, 104–105,
109, 111, 114, 121, 123, 129, 150
Terceira (island), see also Azores (Açores),
60, 184
terra cotta figures, 118
terres de liberté (lands of freedom), 60
testaments, 30
testemunhas, see also witnesses, 24, 168
textiles, 108, 139
Thornton, John, 59, 113, 121, 123, 205–206
Timbuktu, 117
tin, 105
Tomar, 45, 97
Torah, 33, 35–36, 99, 109, 154–156, 158,
180, 187–188, 214
Toro, Juda, see Veiga, Gaspar Fernandes,
182, 214
Toro/Touro, Abraham, see also Pero
Rodrigues Veiga, 29, 166, 180, 214,
217–218
Toro/Touro, Juda, see Veiga, Gaspar
Fernandes, 182–183, 214, 217
Torrão, Maria Manuel, 4, 10–11, 27–28,
35, 37, 45, 122, 167–168, 171, 215,
219, 224
Torre de Moncorvo, 214
Torres, Simão de, 90
Torres, Simon de, see also Torres, Simão
de, 44
torture, references to,
see also Inquisition, 92, 108
toubab, 195
traçados, see terçados, 129
trade commodities, 49, 109, 122, 139
calfskin, 47
civet, 111
cloth, 173–174, 200, 216
cola, 200
coral, 155
cotton, 174, 200
couros (hides), 17, 108, 111, 120,
146–147, 162, 167–168, 172,
178–179, 207
gold, 1–2, 41, 95, 111, 117, 137–138,
162, 167, 174
gum Arabic, 40
horses, 108, 114, 123, 130–131, 134,
139, 148, 152, 174, 176
indigo, 200
iron, 37, 41, 105, 108, 112–113,
115–116, 119, 121, 125, 128,
133, 139, 167, 173–174,
176, 216
iron bars, 37, 173–174, 176, 216
ivory, 17–18, 40–41, 108, 111, 120,
136, 138, 140–141, 143–148, 150,
152–157, 162, 167–168, 172, 174,
179, 186, 200, 207
silk, 137–138, 174
silver, 95, 123–124, 137–138, 154–155,
167
skins, 40, 146, 174
slaves, 1–2, 10–11, 17–19, 25,
54–56, 60, 64, 68–69, 71–73,
76, 81, 103, 108–109, 121–123,
128–129, 133, 137–138, 146,
162, 168–176, 179, 190, 193,
204, 206, 212, 214–217, 219
wax, 41, 102, 108, 120, 146–147, 162,
167–168, 172, 174
wood, 87, 94–95, 124, 145–146
translators, 5, 54, 75–76
travel narratives, 62, 103, 135, 148
trials, 28, 45, 76, 94
Tribunal, see also Inquisition, 23–24, 172,
221
Tuaregs, 55
Turks, 116–117, 125
turquinas, 116–117
Twelve Years Truce, 8, 181
typhoid, 165
Ulm, 142
Union of Utrecht, 29
United Provinces, see also Low Countries,
8, 16–17, 22, 26, 29, 30, 34, 38, 40,
41, 48, 81, 109, 110, 126, 172, 181,
183, 195, 211, 213
Upper Guinea, 3, 9–12, 16–19, 26, 31,
38–39, 53, 58, 60, 65, 68, 77, 86–87,
102–103, 106, 109, 112–113, 129,
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131, 134, 136, 141, 148, 165,
169–171, 183, 195, 198, 200–201,
203, 205–207
Vai, 142
Van den Boogaart, Ernst, 39, 56, 77, 147,
189–190
Van den Broecke, Pieter, 22, 48, 67–68,
128, 172, 175
Vargas, David, see Vargas, Duarte Álvares,
213
Vargas, Duarte Álvares,
see Vargas, David, 213
Vargas, Garcia Álvares de, 213
Vargas, Inês de, 213–214
Vas, Davi, 182
Vaz, Gaspar, 31
Veiga, Duarte Fernandes, 184, 217
Veiga, Gaspar Fernandes, see Toro, Juda,
183, 214, 217
Veiga, Graça Fernandes, 217
Veiga, Graça Rodrigues, 217
Veiga, Manuel Rodrigues, 214, 217
Veiga, Pedro Rodrigues, see Toro/Touro,
Abraham, 29, 105, 166, 176, 180,
214, 217–218
Veneza, see also Venice, 105
Venice, 34, 38, 63, 126, 164, 214
Veracruz, 169
verandahs, 53
vessels, 25–26, 36, 39–41, 50, 75, 89,
111, 123, 126, 136, 139–140,
143, 146, 150, 156, 161–163, 166,
168–169, 171–174, 199, 222
vicar, 4, 24, 86–87, 211
Vicar of S. Domingos, 23–24, 27
Viceroy, 116
Vieira, Francisco, 104
Vienna, 153, 155
Villault, Nicolas, Sieur de Bellefond, 147,
196, 199–200, 202–203
Vintang, 101, 197
virtue, 95, 98
visitador, 22–24, 84, 92, 94, 222
vizinhos, 20, 48
Wachtel, Nathan, 28, 45, 58, 76, 79, 99,
165, 183
war, 21, 89, 91, 111, 123, 163, 175
weapons, 17–18, 103–116, 118–119,
121, 123–134, 136, 138, 144, 146,
148, 150, 152, 176, 207
261
African weapons
dardos, 116
arms, 92, 103, 109–110, 116,
118–119, 121, 125–127,
129, 132
arrows, 116, 119
bows, 119
demand for weapons, 106, 127, 129,
131, 133
firearms, 104, 113, 130
guns, 125
hand weapons, 103
lances, 111, 125
manufacturers, 125
munitions producers, 125
shields, 111, 115, 119
short swords, see also blade weapons,
104, 109–111, 114, 116,
118–119, 121, 126, 130, 134, 148,
152, 176
spears, 113, 116, 119
steel weapons, see blade weapons, 125,
131
swords, see also blade weapons, 18,
52, 103–106, 108–109, 112–123,
127–129, 131–132, 138, 148, 150,
212, 219
technology, 125
Webb, James, 55, 123, 175
West Central Africa, 2, 162, 171,
205–206
West Indies, 175
Western Africa, 2, 10, 54, 78, 85,
194, 198
Western Europe, 32–33, 156
Western Sudan, 175
Wheat, David, 40, 169
White identity, 12, 18, 39–40, 50, 54,
58, 64, 66, 68–69, 78, 81, 101,
103, 106, 147, 190–192,
195–196
wines, 45, 78, 161, 172
witnesses, 14, 23–24, 34–36, 42–47, 50,
75, 85–88, 90, 93–94, 104, 113,
121, 125, 128, 160, 162, 164,
166, 168, 171, 211, 216, 219,
222, 224
wives, 50, 65, 70, 126, 132, 194
Wolof, 3, 37, 48, 54, 67, 70, 77–78,
83, 89, 107–108, 114, 118–119,
176–177, 204, 207
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Wolof (cont.)
Wolofs, 85, 111–112, 114–115, 118,
129, 176
wooden statues, 86
worshipped images, 87
wounds, 104
INDEX
yad, see ponteiros, 153–155, 157
Zaidan, Moulay, 126
Zaouni, André, 98
Zeeland, 29, 49, 74, 164
Ziguinchor, 65, 198
xarife, 125, 130
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