• 1st International Conference on Family

Transcrição

13-06-2012
• 1st International Conference on
Family-Based Prevention and Positive Parenting
8-10 June, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Are parenting styles relevant
for the levels of heavy drinking and cannabis use,
among Portuguese teenagers?
Fernanda Feijão
Lisbon, Portugal
Service for Intervention on Addictive Behaviours and Dependences / SICAD
(Serviço de Intervenção em Comportamentos Aditivos e Dependências -SICAD)
(Former Institute on Drugs and Drug Addictrion /Instituto da Droga e da Toxicodependência/IDT)
Ministry of Health/Ministério da Saúde
1st Int. Conf. On Family-Based Prevention and Positive Parenting
8-10 June, Ljubljana (Slovenia)
SUMMARY
1. Starting point: Substance use among European teenagers
2. Research framework - ecological approach
3. Family dimentions - Parenting Styles
4. Parenting styles and psychoative substance use:
Research findings and questions
5. Research method
6. Results and conclusions
7. Limitations
Fernanda Feijão, IDT/SICAD
www.idt.pt
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1. Psychoactive substance use among European teenagers, in 2011. The 2011 ESPAD Network
Albania
Belgium (Flanders)
Bósbia +
Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Patrick Lambrecht
Germany (7 Bund)
Ludwig Kraus
Montenegro
Greece
Anna Kokkevi
Norway
Astrid Skretting
Hungary
Zsuzsanna Elekes
Poland
Janus Sieroslawski
Anina Chileva
Iceland
Thorodur Bjarnason
Portugal
Fernanda Feijão
Marina Kuzman
Ireland
Mark Morgan
Romania
Silvia Florescu
Sabrina Molianaro
Russia Fed.
Eugenia Koshkina
Marcis Trapencieris
Serbia
Kyriacos Veresis
Italy
Czech Rep.
Ladislav Csémy
Latvia
Denmark
Svend Sabroe
Liechenstein
Estonia
Airi-Alina Allaste
Lithuania
Faroe Isl.
Pál Weihe
Malta
Finland
Salme Ahlström
Moldova, Rep.
France
Stéphane Legleye
Monaco
Steering Commitee
Slovak Rep.
Alojz Nociar
Tadas Tamosi
Slovenia
Sharon Arpa
Sweden
Eva Stergar
Björn Hibell*
Ulf Guttormsson
Ukraine
Stanislas Spika
United Kindgom
Olga Balakireva
Martin Plant
Patrick Miller
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* ESPAD Coordinator
European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs
ESPAD/2011
1A – TABACO (cig) - Prevalência Consumo Últimos 30 Dias (%)-2011-Total
Hibell, B. et al. (2011). The 2011 ESPAD Report. Stockholm: CAN(Suécia)
www.espad.org or www.idt.pt/estudos
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ESPAD/2011
1B – TABACO (cig) - Prevalência Consumo Últimos 30 Dias (%) – 2011 – Por Sexo
5
ESPAD/2011
2A – ÁLCOOL - Prevalência Consumo Últimos 12 Meses (%) – 2011 - Total
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ESPAD/2011
2B – ÁLCOOL - Prevalência Consumo Últimos 12 Meses (%) –2011–Por sexo
7
ESPAD/2011
3A – ÁLCOOL - Prevalência Consumo Últimos 30 Dias (%) – 2011 - Total
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ESPAD/2011
3B – ÁLCOOL - Prevalência Consumo Últimos 30 Dias (%) – 2011–Por sexo
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ESPAD/2011
4A – ÁLCOOL – Consumo estimado último dia de “bebida” – 2011 – Total
(cl. álcool a 100%, entre os que consumiram)
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ESPAD/2011
4B – ÁLCOOL – Consumo estimado último dia de “bebida” – 2011 – Por sexo
(cl. álcool a 100%, entre os que consumiram)
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ESPAD/2011
6A – ÁLCOOL – “Bebedeiras” nos Últimos 30 Dias – 2011 – Total
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ESPAD/2011
6B – ÁLCOOL – “Bebedeiras” nos Últimos 30 Dias – 2011 – Por sexo
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ESPAD/2011
7A – ÁLCOOL – “Binge Drinking” nos “Últimos 30 Dias – 2011 – Total
(5 ou + bebidas numa ocasião)
1 BEBIDA é:
-1 copo/garrafa/lata
cerveja (ca. 50cl)
- 1 copo/garrafa/lata
cidra (ca. 50cl)
- 2 copos/garrafas
alcolpops (ca. 50cl)
- 1 copo vinho
(ca. 15cl)
-1 copo destiladas
(ca. 5 cl.)
- 1 copo mistura beb.
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ESPAD/2011
7A – ÁLCOOL – “Binge Drinking”nos “Últimos 30 Dias – 2011 – Total
(5 ou + bebidas numa ocasião)
1 BEBIDA é:
-1 copo/garrafa/lata
cerveja (ca. 50cl)
- 1 copo/garrafa/lata
cidra (ca. 50cl)
- 2 copos/garrafas
alcolpops (ca. 50cl)
- 1 copo vinho
(ca. 15cl)
-1 copo destiladas
(ca. 5 cl.)
- 1 copo mistura beb.
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ESPAD/2011
11A – DROGAS: Cannabis–– Percepção da facilidade acesso - 2011 – Total (%)
(“Muito fácil” ou “Razoavelmente fácil”)
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ESPAD/2011
12A – DROGAS: Qualquer –Prevalência consumo Longo Vida -2011–Total (%)
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ESPAD/2011
13A – DROGAS: CANNABIS –Prevalência consumo Longo Vida -2011–Total (%)
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ESPAD/2011
13B – DROGAS: CANNABIS –Prevalência consumo Longo Vida -2011–P/sx (%)
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ESPAD/2011
14A – DROGAS: CANNABIS –Prevalência consumo Últimos 30 Dias -2011–Total (%)
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ESPAD/2011
14B – DROGAS: CANNABIS –Prevalência consumo Últimos 30 Dias -2011–P/sx (%)
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European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Drugs
ESPAD- 1995/1999/2003/2007
Drunkenness (DK) at least 10 times in Last 12M (Y10) (%)
Cluster Analysis
K-Means
Faröe I.
Finland
Ireland
U.K.
19 Countries
DK95_YP: p<0.00001
DK99_YP: p<0.00001
DK03_YP: p<0.00001
DK07_YP: p<0.005
Czech R.
Norway
Sweden
Estonia
Lithuania
Slovenia
Ukraine
Croatia
Hungary
Slovak R.
Poland
Cyprus
Italy
Malta
Portugal
“Youth Drinking and Binje Drinking” Seminar – Brussels , 25 Feb. 2010- Fernanda Feijão – IDT/Portugal
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ESPAD- 1995/1999/2003/2007
Drunkenness (DK) at least 3 times in Last 30 Days (M3) (%)
Cluster Analysis
K-Means
19 Countries
Ireland
U.K.
DK95_YP: p<0.0005
DK99_YP: p<0.00000
DK03_YP: p<0.00000
DK07_YP: p<0.0005
Finland
Czech R.
Lithuania
Norway
Poland
Slovenia
Sweden
Croatia
Hungary
Slovak R.
Estonia
Faröe I.
Ukraine
Cyprus
Italy
Malta
Portugal
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ESPAD- 1995/1999/2003/2007
Drunkenness (DK) at 13 years old or before (%)
Cluster Analysis
K-Means
Finland
U.K.
19 Countries
Estonia
DK95_YP: p<0.00000
DK99_YP: p<0.00001
DK03_YP: p<0.00000
DK07_YP: p<0.0005
Croatia
Iceland
Ireland
Sweden
Czech R.
Lithuania
Norway
Slovak R.
Slovenia
Ukraine
Cyprus
Hungary
Italy
Malta
Poland
Portugal
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ESPAD/2011
ESPAD - 95/99/03 - Cannabis Use – Lifetime (LF) + Last 30 days Prevalence (LM) (%)
ESPAD-1995-1999-2003 - CANNABIS USE
50
Ireland
UK
USA
40
Czech R.
Czech R.
Croatia
Croatia
Denamark
Denamark
Slocvak
R.Slocvak R.
Ukraine
Ukraine
30
20
10
Hungary
Iceland
Lithuania
0 Hungary
IcelandPoland
Portugal
Lithuania
-10
Poland
Portugal
LFT_95
LFT_99
LFT_03
L30D_95
L30D_99
Italy
Slovenia
Cyprus
Faroe I.
Finland
Greece
Lithuania
Malta
Norway
L30D_03Sweden
Variables
www.idt.pt/estudos
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ESPAD/2011
ESPAD – 2003/2007/2011 - Prevalências de consumo de Cannabis:
Longo da Vida/Lifetime(LF)/+ Últimos 30 Dias/ Last Month(LM) (%)
R. Checa
França
Bélgica
Alemanha
Irlanda
Itália
Eslovénia
Bulgária
Estónia
R-Moscovo
Eslováquia
Croácia
Hungria
Letónia
Lituânia
Polónia
Portugal
Ucrânia
Chipre
I. Faroé
Finlândia
Grécia
Islândia
Malta
Noruega
Roménia
Suécia
www.idt.pt/estudos
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PORTUGAL - NATIONAL SCHOOL SURVEY (INME) – 2006
3.º LEVEL (Grades 7th to 9th) e SECONDARY SCHOOL (Grades 10th to12th)
I.D .T .
In s titu t o
d a
D ro g a
e
d a
T o x ic o d e p e n d ê n c ia
DRUNKNES – Lifetime Prevalence
Minho-Lima
Minho-Lima
Alto Tras-os-Montes
Cavado
Alto Tras-os-Montes
Cavado
Ave
Ave
Tamega
Grande Porto
Tamega
Grande Porto
Douro
Douro
Entre Douro e Vouga
Entre Douro e Vouga
Dao-Lafoes
Dao-Lafoes
Beira Interior Norte
Baixo Vouga
Serra da Estrela
Baixo Mondego
Baixo Mondego
Cova da Beira
Pinhal Interior Norte
Cova da Beira
Beira Interior Sul
Pinhal Litoral
Beira Interior Sul
Pinhal Interior Sul
Pinhal Litoral
Medio Tejo
Oeste
Baixo Vouga
Serra da Estrela
Pinhal Interior Sul
Medio Tejo
Leziria do Tejo
Alto Alentejo
Leziria do Tejo
Oeste
Grande Lisboa
Alto Alentejo
Grande Lisboa
Peninsula de Setubal
Alentejo Central
Alentejo Central
PLV_emb_3c
PLV_emb_sc
8 - 10
Alentejo Litoral
21 - 23
Alentejo Litoral
Baixo Alentejo
11 - 13
Baixo Alentejo
24 - 33
14 - 17
34 - 39
18 - 22
Algarve
40 - 47
Algarve
23 - 33
48 - 56
I.D .T .
In s titu t o
d a
D ro g a
e
d a
www.idt.pt/estudos
T o x ic o d e p e n d ê n c ia
PT _INME/2006 - 3rd +Sec - CANNABIS – Lifetime Prevalence
Minho-Lima
Minho-Lima
Alto Tras-os-Montes
Cavado
Alto Tras-os-Montes
Cavado
Ave
Ave
Tamega
Grande Porto
Tamega
Grande Porto
Douro
Entre Douro e Vouga
Baixo Vouga
Dao-Lafoes
Serra da Estrela
Cova da Beira
Baixo Mondego
Cova da Beira
Beira Interior Sul
Beira Interior Sul
Pinhal Interior Sul
Pinhal Litoral
Medio Tejo
Oeste
Baixo Vouga
Serra da Estrela
Baixo Mondego
Pinhal Litoral
Douro
Entre Douro e Vouga
Dao-Lafoes
Pinhal Interior Sul
Medio Tejo
Leziria do Tejo
Alto Alentejo
Oeste
Grande Lisboa
Leziria do Tejo
Alto Alentejo
Grande Lisboa
Alentejo Central
PLV_can_3c
Alentejo Litoral
Baixo Alentejo
Alentejo Central
4
PLV_can_sc
Alentejo Litoral
Baixo Alentejo
5-6
12 - 14
15 - 18
7-8
19 - 22
Algarve
Algarve
9 - 10
23 - 31
www.idt.pt/estudos
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I.D .T .
In s ti tu t o
d a
D ro g a
e
d a
T o x ic o d e p e n d ê n c i a
INME-06 3C+Sec: Drunknes - Last 12 Months - Consumption Places (%)
60
50
3C
40
SEC
30
20
10
0
www.idt.pt/estudos
2.
Research framework: Bronfenbrenner_Ecological_Theory
www.idt.pt
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3.
Family dimentions - Parenting Styles - Theorethical framework
•
Barber, B.
•
Baumrind, D.
•
Chao, R. K.
•
Darling, N.
•
Maccoby, E. & Martin, J. A.
•
Schwarz, J. C.
•
Steinberg, L.
•
Weiss, L. H.
www.idt.pt
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2.
•
Diana Baumrind - 2 dimensions
Parental responsiveness
Parental warmth or supportiveness –
“the extent to which
parents intentionally foster individuallityr, self-regulation by
being attuned, supportive and acquiescent to
children’s special needs and demands”
Parental demandingness
Behavioural control:
“the claims parents make on children
to become intergrated into family whole,
by their maturity demands, supervision, disciplinary efforts and
willingness to confront the children who desobeys”
www.idt.pt
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2.
Family dimentions - Parenting Styles - Theorethical framework (source:ERIC)
•
4 typologies:
www.idt.pt
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2.
www.idt.pt
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2.
•
Maccoby, E. And Martin, J. refined the Baumrind’model, in
order to include abusive and uninvolved parenting:
Uninvolved or neglecting parents are simply not really
present in their children’s life. Like permissive parents,
they often let their children do whatever they want, but
they do not even provide the warming presence that
permissive parents do. Parents who fall under this category
often have kids who must take care of their own sibling for
their parents. Many are addicted or suffer from different
mental health problems.
Abusive parents or violent parent are usually associated with
a high level of control, with no realistic expectations,
no communication and no nurturing
www.idt.pt
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3.
www.idt.pt
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3.
•
Barber - 3rd. Dimension
Psychological control
“refers
to control attemps that intrude into the pshychological
and emotional development of the child”
through the use of parenting pratices such as
guilt induction, withdrawal of love, or shaming”
•
Darling, N.:
Key difference between authoritarian / authoritative parenting
is in the dimension of psychological control (??????)
authoritarian – high psychological control
autoritative – low psychological control
www.idt.pt
37
3.
If wev have 3 dimentions, then we will have 8 typologies:
Phychological Control +
Behavioural Control +
Acceptance ─
Acceptance +
Behavioural Control ─
Phychological Control ─
www.idt.pt
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3.
If we have 3 dimentions, then we will have 8 typologies (even if not yet described):
Existing
TYPOLOGY
Responsiveness
Acceptance
warmth
Demandingness
Behavioural
Control
Phychological
Control
TYPOLOGY
sugested
+
+
+
Double-binding ????
+
+
─
Autoritative ???
+
─
+
Double-binding ???
+
─
─
Laissez-faire ????
─
+
+
Intrusive ???
─
+
─
Autoritarian ???
─
─
+
Uninvolved-Neglecting ???
─
─
─
Uninvolved-Rejecting ????
Autoritative
Permissive
Autoritarian
Neglectful
www.idt.pt
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4. Parenting styles and substance use - Research findings:
1)
Different dimentions associated with parenting styles
2)
Different perceptions of parenting styles, according to parents and
teenagers
3)
Despite eventual biases, teenagers perceptions were more relevant to
predict risk beaviour
4)
Autoritarive parenting was associated with reduced risk and alcohol
and drug use
5)
Autoritarian and neglectful parenting were associated with the greatest
risk of substance use, followed by permissive parenting
6)
Significant gender differences were found in the strength of
relationships between parenting styles and adolescent substance use
7)
The parenting style of the parent of the same sex has the strongest
relationship with substance use
www.idt.pt
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4. Parenting Styles and substance use - Research questions
1) Is it possible to identify the 8 types of parenting styles?
2) Is the level ao psychoactive substance use (drunkness + cannabis use):
dependent on the parenting style?
3) Is the effect, dependent on the age group?
4) Is the effect, dependent on gender?
5) Does it depend on which parent has which parenting style?
6) Is the same sex parenting style, more relevant than that of the
oposite sex?
www.idt.pt
41
5. Parenting Styles and substance use – Research Method
1) QUESTIONNAIRE
2) SAMPLING
3) SAMPLE SIZE:
4) INFORMED CONSENT
5) DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
6) DATA CLEANING
7) DATA ANALYSE
www.idt.pt
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6. Parenting styles and substance use - Results
Portugal _INME/2006 - 3rd Level (grades 7th-9th)
Teenagers Perceived Parenting Styles
Father's - Dimensions by gender (%)
Mother's - Dimensions by gender (%)
Psych-Ctr-H
Psych-Ctr-H
Psych-Ctr-M
Psych-Ctr-M
Psych-Ctr-L
Psych-Ctr-L
.
.
Dem/BC-H
Dem/BC-H
Dem/BC-M
Dem/BC-M
Dem/BC-L
Dem/BC-L
Dem/BC-QL
Dem/BC-QL
.
.
Resp/Acep-H
Resp/Acep-H
Resp/Acep-M
Resp/Acep-M
Resp/Acep-L
Resp/Acep-L
0
20
40
(7-9 gd)-Female
60
80
100
0
5
(7-9 gd)-Male
10
(7-9 gd)-Female
15
20
(7-9 gd)-Male
www.idt.pt
43
Portugal _INME/2006 - Secondary (grades 10th-12th)
Psych-Ctr-H
Psych-Ctr-H
Psych-Ctr-M
Psych-Ctr-M
Psych-Ctr-L
Psych-Ctr-L
.
.
Dem/BC-H
Dem/BC-H
Dem/BC-M
Dem/BC-M
Dem/BC-L
Dem/BC-L
Dem/BC-QL
Dem/BC-QL
.
.
Resp/Acep-H
Resp/Acep-H
Resp/Acep-M
Resp/Acep-M
Resp/Acep-L
Resp/Acep-L
0
20
40
(10-12 gd)-Female
60
(10-12 gd)-Male
80
100
0
20
40
(10-12 gd)-Female
60
80
100
(10-12 gd)-Male
www.idt.pt
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Prevalence of Substance Use (PLV and L30D)
Drunkness and Cannabis Use (%)
Prevalence of Substance Use (PLV and L30D)
Drunkness and Cannabis Use (%)
Can_L30D
Can_L30D
Can-LFT
Can-LFT
.
.
Drukness-L30D
Drukness-L30D
Drunkness-LFT
Drunkness-LFT
0
5
10
15
20
(7-9 gd)-Female
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
(7-9 gd)-Male
5
10
15
(10-12 gd)-Female
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
(10-12 gd)-Male
www.idt.pt
45
PLV Cannabis by Teenagers Perceived Parenting Styles
PLV Cannabis by Teenagers Perceived Parenting Styles
Psych-Ctr-H
Psych-Ctr-H
Psych-Ctr-M
Psych-Ctr-M
Psych-Ctr-L
Psych-Ctr-L
.
.
Dem/BC-H
Dem/BC-H
Dem/BC-M
Dem/BC-M
Dem/BC-L
Dem/BC-L
Dem/BC-QL
Dem/BC-QL
.
.
Resp/Acep-H
Resp/Acep-H
Resp/Acep-M
Resp/Acep-M
Resp/Acep-L
Resp/Acep-L
0
5
(7-9 gd)-Female
10
(7-9 gd)-Male
15
20
0
5
(7-9 gd)-Female
10
15
20
(7-9 gd)-Male
www.idt.pt
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6. Parenting styles and substance use - Conclusions
3rd level - Boys
Drunk-LFT Druk-L30D Can-LFT
FATHER
MOTHER
3rd level - Girls
Can_L30
D
Drunk-LFT Druk-L30D Can-LFT Can_L30D
Psychological Control
.158
.612
.117
.138
.000***
.000***
.000***
.000***
Demandingness
(Behavioural Control)
.000 ***
.161
.011*
.029*
.000***
.000***
.000***
.000***
Responsiveness
(Aceptance)
.000***
.000***
.000*** .000***
.000***
0.02**
.000***
.013*
Psychological Control
.000***
.000***
.000*** .000***
.000***
.000***
.007
.001***
Demandingness
(Behavioural Control)
.000***
.000***
.000***
.005**
.000***
.000***
.105
.046*
Responsiveness
(Aceptance)
.000***
.006**
.001**
0.09**
.000***
.163
.000***
.000***
(GENLIN; DIST=BINOMIAL; LINK= LOGIT; Wald CS)
www.idt.pt
47
6. Parenting styles and substance use - Conclusions
Secondary - Boys
Drunk-LFT Druk-L30D
FATHER
MOTHER
Secondary - Girls
Can-LFT
Can_L30D
Drunk-LFT
Druk-L30D
Can-LFT
Can_L30D
Psychological
Control
.013
.005*
.198
.116
.000***
.000***
.000*** .000***
Demandingness
(Behavioural
Control)
0,01**
.001**
.001**
.006*
.000***
.000***
.000*** .000***
Responsiveness
(Aceptance)
.312
.401
.000***
.120
.126
.459
.010*
.307
Psychological
Control
.003**
.008**
.005**
.005**
.000***
.000***
.000***
.033*
Demandingness
(Behavioural
Control)
.000***
.000***
.000***
.000***
.000***
.000***
.000*** .000***
Responsiveness
(Aceptance)
.629
.822
.797
.408
.092
.561
.165
.065
(GENLIN; DIST=BINOMIAL; LINK= LOGIT; Wald CS)
www.idt.pt
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13-06-2012
Thank you.
[email protected]
[email protected] (after August this e-mail will not be available)
www.idt.pt
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• 1st International Conference on Family

Transcrição

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