Global Waste Management Symposium 2014 Information

Global Waste Management Symposium 2014
Information on Authors
Name of Presenting/Corresponding Author:
Sellin, Noeli
Masters in Process Engineering, University of Joinville Region, Brazil
Professor
[email protected]
+55 47 3461 9209
Names of Other Authors:
Krohl, Ricardo, Diego
Masters in Process Engineering, University of
Joinville Region, Brazil
Msc. Student
[email protected]
+55 47 3461 9209
Marangoni, Cintia
Masters in Process Engineering, University of
Joinville Region, Brazil
Professor
[email protected]
+55 47 3461 9180
Maia, Bianca, G. de Oliveira
Department of Mechanical Engineering - EMC,
Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
PhD Student
[email protected]
+55 47 9651 3006
Souza, Ozair
Masters in Process Engineering, University of
Joinville Region, Brazil
Professor
[email protected]
+55 47 3461 9180
Abstract Title: Fast pyrolysis of semi-dried banana leaves
Abstract Topic:
 Waste minimization, reuse, recycling and management policy, regulation, economics, and planning
 Facility operation and design
 Organics diversion and management
 Anaerobic Digestion/Fermentation of Solid Waste
 Global climate change
 Chemical and biological treatment and processes
 Life cycle analysis/Sustainability
 Conversion technologies and diversion strategies
 Waste containment and geosynthetics
 Leachate treatment and management
 Bioreactors
 Air/gas emission quality, collection, control, utilization, and destruction
X Waste-based energy
 Waste collection, transport, equipment and safety
 Environmental characterization of waste
 Management and re-use of industrial, oil/gas, coal ash, waste materials
 Other __________________________________________________________________________________
Preference for Poster or Oral Presentation: Poster
Fast pyrolysis of semi-dried banana leaves
Introduction
Brazil is the fourth-largest producer of bananas in the world, after India, the Philippines and
China. In the 2012/2013 harvest, the state of Santa Catarina, located in the southern region of
Brazil, produced approximately 683,592 tons of bananas (CEPA, 2014). For every ton of
bananas harvested, approximately four tons of lignocellulosic waste are generated (three tons of
pseudostem, 160 kg of stems, 480 kg of leaves and 440 kg of banana peels), and approximately
100 kg of fruit are rejected.
After the harvest, banana peels are used as feed for pigs and small amount of the leaves are used
for packaging foods or for cooking (packing foods that are baked in the oven), but this is done in
a rudimentary way (homemade) (Tock et al, 2010). The rest remains in the area of cultivation to
its spontaneous decomposition. However, the accumulation of material disposed produces
methane gas and carbon dioxide by the action of specific bacteria during the biodegradation.
These gases and other harmful actions are directly linked to global warming and the depletion of
the ozone layer in the atmosphere.
Research in the bioenergy field has become increasingly relevant to Brazil because it is estimated
that approximately 440 million tons of agro-industrial, agricultural and livestock waste and
byproducts are produced annually. However, only a small fraction of this biomass,
approximately 5-8%, is used in Brazil, whereas the use of such waste in other countries can reach
up to 36% (Oliveira, 2014).
There is little information in literature about the use of banana culture waste as biomass for
energy generation. Some researchers have demonstrated the potential of banana waste based on
the production of biogas through digestion process (Souza et al, 2010; Tock et al, 2010),
briquettes and bioethanol (Souza et al, 2012; Oberoi et al, 2011) production from banana peels
and rejected banana fruit.
The use of these wastes in the production of inputs or their transformation into true commodity,
besides allowing the reduction of environmental pollution, would add value to the banana crop,
which in recent years has faced great challenges generated by the oscillation of the product in the
domestic market. Among the possibilities of recovery these waste is to be used as biomass to
generate renewable energy.
Agricultural and agro-industrial wastes are increasingly being used as biomass to generate
energy and raw materials via thermochemical conversion. Biomass sources such as sugar cane
straw and bagasse, wood briquettes, eucalyptus sawdust, elephant grass, rice husks or corn straw
and cobs are been subjected to thermochemical conversion by liquefaction, gasification,
pyrolysis and combustion (Zhang and Xu, 2010). Among these processes, pyrolysis has been
highlighted as one of the most promising methods due to its great flexibility, as it can be
controlled to obtain specific products.
During pyrolysis, a solid residue rich in carbon (vegetable coal) and a volatile fraction consisting
of non-condensable gases and condensable organic vapors (bio-oil and the pyroligneous acid) are
formed. The products obtained from the pyrolysis of biomass have a number of applications,
especially in the generation of energy and the production of chemicals (Bridgwater and
Peacocke, 2000; Bridgwater, 2012). The characteristics and properties of these products depend
on the parameters that characterize the slow, fast or flash pyrolysis process; they also depend on
the proportions of the components that constitute the biomass.
Fast pyrolysis is presented as a process of increasing study in which the biomass is heated to
450-500 °C in oxygen-free or low oxygen atmosphere and low residence time (on the order of
seconds), forming products such as coal and a fraction composed of volatile gases and
condensable organic vapors (bio-oil), but with higher yield for bio-oil (Choi et al, 2012).
Experimental
Banana semi-dried leaves samples were obtained directly from banana trees and only the leaves
that were already dried were collected. The samples were ground in a mill to produce the
particles with less than 1 mm of average size and later 12 kg/h of the samples were submitted to
rapid pyrolysis in a fluidized bed reactor (PPR-10 pilot plant, Bioware Co., Figure 1), at
temperature of 500 °C. The flow of air fed to the pyrolysis reactor was approximately 0.6 kg of
air per kg biomass, i.e. 10% over stoichiometric. The bed particle was sand (with silica and
quartz). The pyrolysis tests were performed in triplicate.
Figure 1. Pyrolysis plant (BIOWARE Co.).
The pyrolysis products were gas, liquid (bio-oil) and vegetal coal. The non-condensable gas
fraction obtained was burned in a combustor and the energy released was used to heat the air to
fluidize the bed in the reactor during the pyrolysis process. The bio oil showed two fractions,
heavy phase and light phase (pyroligneous acid). The recovery system of bio-oil and acid extract
combines indirect cooling with water and centrifugal separation. The vegetal coal was separated
in the process by cyclones.
The bio-oil, heavy and light phase, and vegetal coal were characterized through elemental
chemical analysis (carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content) using a Perkin-Elmer CHN 2400
elemental analyzer and the sulfur content was determined with a Spectro Ciros inductively
coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer equipped with a charge-coupled device (CCD);
and high heating value (HHV) in a bomb calorimeter, Parr model 1241.
The compounds of bio-oil light phase were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to
mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The sample was injected directly into the Agilent 7890A gas
chromatograph with an HP-5 column. The identification of compounds was performed by
comparing the mass spectra obtained with the NIST 05 Mass Spectral Library.
The bio-oil heavy phase was characterized by Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR)
in a spectrophotometer of Perkin Helmer One B, with twelve scans, with a resolution of 4 cm -1
and using accessory (zinc selenide crystal) for attenuated total reflectance (ATR), in order to
identify the chemical compounds present.
Results and Discussion
Table 1 shows the mass yield of pyrolysis products and the Table 2 the elemental chemical
composition (CHNS) and high heating value (HHV) of bio-oil phases and vegetal coal. The gas
and bio-oil had major yield than vegetal coal, characteristic of fast pyrolysis. The bio-oil heavy
phase showed HHV of 25 MJ/kg and high carbon of 55.9 %. The HHV of vegetal coal was 18.2
MJ/kg and the carbon content was high, of 48.1 %. The high carbon content of the vegetal coal
indicates the presence of an organic load and a susceptibility to be used as a combustible. Low
contents of sulfur and nitrogen are observed in coal. These results are satisfactory because the
quantities of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and the toxic and corrosives gases generated during
combustion process were low.
Table 1. Mass yield of fast pyrolysis products.
Products
Bio-oil heavy phase
Bio-oil light phase
Vegetal coal
Gás
Mass yield (%)
10.7 1.2
16.5 1.4
23.3 2.9
49.7 5.3
Table 2. CHNS elemental composition and high heating value (HHV) of bio-oil phases and coal.
Sample
Bio-oil
heavy phase
Bio-oil
light phase
Vegetal coal
Carbon (%)
55.9
Hydrogen (%)
7.8
Nitrogen (%)
0.87
Sulfur (%)
0.08
HHV (MJ/kg)
25
16.9
8.8
-
0.01
1.2
48.1
3.3
1.2
0.33
18.2
Table 3 lists some compounds identified by GC-MS in the bio-oil light phase (pyroligneous acid)
produced by the pyrolysis of the banana leaves. The pyroligneous acid contained large amounts
of complex chemical compounds with various chemical functional groups, e.g., alcohols,
phenols, ketones. Phenolic compounds were also formed, for example, dimethoxyphenol, which
has commercial value and is a major component of creosote, which is used as a wood
preservative (Uzun et al, 2007).
Table 3. Chemical compounds identified by GC-MS present in the bio-oil light phase from the
pyrolysis of banana leaves.
Bio-oil light phase (Pyroligneous Acid)
Molecular
*
Compound Name
tR (min)
Formula
1-hydroxybutanone
C4H8O2
2.839
Cyclopentanone
C5H8O
2.983
2-methylpyridine
C7H8N
3.387
2-cyclopenten-1-one
C5H6O
3.498
Furanmethanol
C5H6O
3.749
Acetylfuran
C6H6O
4.403
Butyrolactone
C4H6O2
4.463
Phenol
C6H6O
5.124
2-hydroxy-3-methyl-2C6H8O2
5.606
cyclopenten-1-one
2-methylphenol
C7H8O
5.835
2-methoxyphenol
C7H8O2
6.188
Hydroquinone
C6H6O2
7.604
2,6-dimetoxyphenol
C8H10O3
8.232
* Retention time on the column (minutes).
The pyroligneous acid contained large amounts of complex chemical compounds with various
chemical functional groups, e.g., alcohols, phenols, ketones. Phenolic compounds were also
formed, for example, dimethoxyphenol, which has commercial value and is a major component
of creosote, which is used as a wood preservative (Uzun et al, 2007). The FTIR/ATR spectrum
of heavy phase bio-oil (Figure 2) reveals a significant presence of oxygen compounds like
aldehydes, ketones, esters and aromáticos, in the region 1500-1700 cm-1, and alcohols, phenols
and ether, in the region 1100-1300 cm-1.
Figure 2. FTIR/ATR spectrum of bio-oil heavy phase from the pyrolysis of banana leaves.
Conclusion
The products obtained from fast pyrolysis of banana semi-dried leaves had characteristics and
properties similar to other biomass like agro industrial waste already studied, demonstrating
potential to produce energy, fuel, materials and chemicals through pyrolysis. Furthermore, these
thermochemical conversion processes reduce the waste volume significantly and contribute to
reducing the environmental impact generally caused by the disposal of such waste.
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