inglaterra e escócia

/E'>dZZ^M/
Ϯϵ'K^dKϮϬϭϰ
>h'Z^>/D/dK^
KEddͲEK^͊͊
d>&͘ϮϭϭϱϳϮϮϲϬ
D/>͗ƚ͘ƌĞůŝŐŝŽƐŽΛŐĞŽƐƚĂƌ͘Ɖƚ
WZK'ZDWZ>/D/EZs/'D
/ϬϮ;^Ąď͘ͿͲ>/^Kͬ>KEZ^ͬ^dZd&KZͲhWKEͲsKE;ϭϲϱ<ŵͿ
ŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂĕĆŽ ĚŽ ŐƌƵƉŽ ŶŽ ĂĞƌŽƉŽƌƚŽ͕ ũƵŶƚŽ ĂŽ ďĂůĐĆŽ 'ĞŽ^ƚĂƌ͘ ƐƐŝƐƚġŶĐŝĂ ŶĂƐ
ĨŽƌŵĂůŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĚĞ ĞŵďĂƌƋƵĞ ƉŽƌ ĚĞůĞŐĂĚŽ ĚĂ ĂŐġŶĐŝĂ͘ WĂƌƟĚĂ Ğŵ ǀŽŽ ĚĞ ĐĂƌƌĞŝƌĂ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌ
ĐŽŵ ĚĞƐƟŶŽ Ă >ŽŶĚƌĞƐ͘ ŚĞŐĂĚĂ͕ ĨŽƌŵĂůŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĚĞ ĚĞƐĞŵďĂƌƋƵĞ͕ ĂůŵŽĕŽ Ğ ƉĂƌƟĚĂ Ğŵ
ĚŝƌĞĐĕĆŽ Ă ^ƚƌĂƞŽƌĚͲhƉŽŶͲǀŽŶ͘ ŚĞŐĂĚĂ ĂŽ ŚŽƚĞů͕ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵŝĕĆŽ ĚŽƐ ƋƵĂƌƚŽƐ͕ ũĂŶƚĂƌ Ğ
ĂůŽũĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘
/Ϭϯ;Žŵ͘ͿͲ^dZd&KZͲhWKEͲsKEͬ,^dZ;ϮϬϬ<ŵͿ
WĞƋƵĞŶŽ ĂůŵŽĕŽ ŶŽ ŚŽƚĞů Ğ ǀŝƐŝƚĂ ĚĂ ƚĞƌƌĂ ŶĂƚĂů ĚŽ ŐƌĂŶĚĞ ƉŽĞƚĂ ŝŶŐůġƐ tŝůůŝĂŵ
^ŚĂŬĞƐƉĞĂƌĞ͘ sŝƐŝƚĂ ĚĂ /ŐƌĞũĂ ŽŶĚĞ ƐĞ ĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂ ĞŶƚĞƌƌĂĚŽ ^ŚĂŬĞƐƉĞĂƌĞ Ğ ĚĂ ĐĂƐĂ ŽŶĚĞ
ŶĂƐĐĞƵ͘ ůŵŽĕŽ Ğŵ ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚĞ ůŽĐĂů͘ ŽŶƟŶƵĂĕĆŽ ƉĂƌĂ ŚĞƐƚĞƌ͕ ƵŵĂ ĚĂƐ ŵĂŝƐ ďĞůĂƐ
ĐŝĚĂĚĞƐ /ŶŐůĞƐĂƐ ĐƵũŽƐ ŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚŽƐ ĂƚĞƐƚĂŵ Ă ƐƵĂ ŐƌĂŶĚĞnjĂ ŶŽ ƉĂƐƐĂĚŽ ůŽŶŐşŶƋƵŽ͘ K
ĐĞŶƚƌŽ ŚŝƐƚſƌŝĐŽ ĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂͲƐĞ ƌŽĚĞĂĚŽ ƉŽƌ ŵƵƌĂůŚĂƐ ĚĞ ŽƌŝŐĞŵ ƌŽŵĂŶĂ͘ ĞƐƚĂƋƵĞ ƉĂƌĂ Ă
ǀŝƐŝƚĂĚĂŚŝƐƚſƌŝĐĂĂƚĞĚƌĂůĚĞŚĞƐƚĞƌĚĞŽƌŝŐĞŵĐĂƚſůŝĐĂ͕ŚŽũĞĂŶŐůŝĐĂŶĂ͘ĞůĞďƌĂĕĆŽĚĞ
ƵĐĂƌŝƐƟĂĞŵŚŽƌĂĞůŽĐĂůĂĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƌ͘:ĂŶƚĂƌĞĂůŽũĂŵĞŶƚŽŶŽŚŽƚĞů͘
/Ϭϰ;^ĞŐ͘ͿͲ,^dZͬKEK^>'K^ͬDK&&dͬ/DhZ'K;ϯϴϬ<ŵͿ
WĞƋƵĞŶŽ ĂůŵŽĕŽ ŶŽ ŚŽƚĞů͕ Ğ ƉĂƌƟĚĂ ƉĂƌĂ Ă ďĞůĂ ƌĞŐŝĆŽ ĚŽƐ >ĂŐŽƐ ĚĞ tŝŶĚĞƌŵĞƌĞ͕
'ƌĂƐŵĞƌĞĞ<ĞƐǁŝĐŬ͕ŽŶĚĞĚŝƐƉŽƌĞŵŽƐĚĞƚĞŵƉŽůŝǀƌĞ͘ůŵŽĕŽ͘ŽŶƟŶƵĂĕĆŽĞŵĚŝƌĞĐĕĆŽ
Ă DŽīĂƚ͕ ŽŶĚĞ ǀŝƐŝƚĂƌĞŵŽƐ ƵŵĂ ĨĄďƌŝĐĂ ĚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵƚŽƐ ĚĞ ůĆ͘ WĂƌƟĚĂ ƉĂƌĂ ĚŝŵďƵƌŐŽ͘
/ŶƐƚĂůĂĕĆŽŶŽŚŽƚĞů͘:ĂŶƚĂƌĞĂůŽũĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘
/Ϭϱ;dĞƌ͘ͿͲ/DhZ'K
WĞƋƵĞŶŽ ĂůŵŽĕŽ ŶŽ ŚŽƚĞů͕ ƐĞŐƵŝĚŽ ĚĞ ǀŝƐŝƚĂ ĚĂ ĐŝĚĂĚĞ ĐŽŵ ŐƵŝĂ ůŽĐĂů͘ ĚŝŵďƵƌŐŽ͕
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĚĂĂŵĂŝƐďĞůĂĐŝĚĂĚĞĚĂƐĐſĐŝĂ͕ŽŶĚĞƐĞĚĞƐƚĂĐĂŽůĞŶĚĄƌŝŽĂƐƚĞůŽ;ǀŝƐŝƚĂͿĞŽ
ƉĞƌĐƵƌƐŽ ĚĂ DŝůŚĂ ZĞĂů͘ sŝƐŝƚĂ ĚĂ 'ĂůĞƌŝĂ EĂĐŝŽŶĂů ƐĐŽĐĞƐĂ͕ ŽŶĚĞ ǀĂŝ ƉŽĚĞƌ ĂĚŵŝƌĂƌ
ƋƵĂĚƌŽƐ ƉŝŶƚĂĚŽƐ ƉŽƌ sĞůĂƐƋƵĞnj͕ ů 'ƌĞĐŽ͕ 'ŽLJĂ Ğ sĂŶ 'ŽŐŚ͕ ĞŶƚƌĞ ŽƵƚƌŽƐ ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ ĚĂ
ƉŝŶƚƵƌĂ͘ ůŵŽĕŽ Ğŵ ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚĞ͘ dĂƌĚĞ ůŝǀƌĞ ƉĂƌĂ ĐŽŵƉƌĂƐ͘ ZĞŐƌĞƐƐŽ ĂŽ ŚŽƚĞů͘ :ĂŶƚĂƌ Ğ
ĂůŽũĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘
ĞƉĂƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽĚŽdƵƌŝƐŵŽZĞůŝŐŝŽƐŽΘƵůƚƵƌĂů
WZK'ZDWZ>/D/EZs/'D
/Ϭϲ;YƵĂ͘ͿͲ/DhZ'KͬEt^d>ͬzKZ<ͬ,ZZK'd;ϯϲϬ<ŵͿ
WĞƋƵĞŶŽĂůŵŽĕŽŶŽŚŽƚĞů͕ĞƉĂƌƟĚĂƉĂƌĂĂƐ͞dĞƌƌĂƐ ĂŝdžĂƐ͟ ĞŵĚŝƌĞĐĕĆŽĂEĞǁĐĂƐƚůĞĞ
zŽƌŬ͘ůŵŽĕŽĞǀŝƐŝƚĂĚĞƐƚĂĐŝĚĂĚĞ͕ĨƵŶĚĂĚĂĞŵϳϭĚ͘͘ĞƋƵĞ͕ĞŶƚƌĞϭϵϬͬϭϵϮĚ͕͘͘ĐŚĞŐŽƵ
Ă ƐĞƌ Ă ĐĂƉŝƚĂů ĚŽ /ŵƉĠƌŝŽ ZŽŵĂŶŽ͕ ƐŽď Ž ĐŽŵĂŶĚŽ ĚĞ ^ĠƉƟŵŽ ^ĞǀĞƌƵƐ͘ Ğ ƌĞŐŝƐƚĂƌ Ă
ǀŝƐŝƚĂ ĚĂ njŽŶĂ ĂŶƟŐĂ ŵĞĚŝĞǀĂů ĐŽŵ ĂƐ ƐƵĂƐ ƌƵĂƐ ơƉŝĐĂƐ Ğ Ă ĨĂŵŽƐĂ ĂƚĞĚƌĂů Ğ /ŐƌĞũĂ
DĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƚĂŶĂ͕ĠĂŵĂŝŽƌŝŐƌĞũĂŐſƟĐĂĚŽŶŽƌƚĞĞƵƌŽƉĞƵ͘ƉſƐĞƐƚĂǀŝƐŝƚĂƉƌŽƐƐĞŐƵŝƌĞŵŽƐ
ƉĂƌĂ,ĂƌƌŽŐĂƚĞ͘ŚĞŐĂĚĂ͕ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵŝĕĆŽĚŽƐƋƵĂƌƚŽƐ͕ũĂŶƚĂƌĞĂůŽũĂŵĞŶƚŽŶŽŚŽƚĞů͘
/Ϭϳ;YƵŝ͘ͿͲ,ZZK'dͬDZ/'ͬ>KEZ^;ϯϲϬ<ŵͿ
WĞƋƵĞŶŽĂůŵŽĕŽŶŽŚŽƚĞů͘ŵŚŽƌĂĂŝŶĚŝĐĂƌůŽĐĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ƉĂƌƟĚĂƉĂƌĂĂŵďƌŝŐĚĞ͕ĂŶƟŐĂ
ĐŝĚĂĚĞŝŶŐůĞƐĂ͕ŵĂŶƚĠŵĂĂƚŵŽƐĨĞƌĂĚĞĐŝĚĂĚĞƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĄƌŝĂ͘sŝƐŝƚĂĚĂĂƉĞůĂZĞĂůĚŽƐĞƵ
ŽůĠŐŝŽŵĂŝƐĨĂŵŽƐŽ͘ůŵŽĕŽ͘ŽŶƟŶƵĂĕĆŽƉĂƌĂ>ŽŶĚƌĞƐ͘ŚĞŐĂĚĂĞŝŶƐƚĂůĂĕĆŽŶŽŚŽƚĞů͘
:ĂŶƚĂƌĞĂůŽũĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘
/Ϭϴ;^Ğdž͘ͿͲ>KEZ^
WĞƋƵĞŶŽĂůŵŽĕŽŶŽŚŽƚĞůĞŝŶşĐŝŽĚĞǀŝƐŝƚĂƉĂŶŽƌąŵŝĐĂĚĞĚŝĂŝŶƚĞŝƌŽăĐŝĚĂĚĞĚĞ>ŽŶĚƌĞƐ͖
ƐĂůŝĞŶƚĂŵŽƐ ĂůŐƵŶƐ ĚŽƐ ůƵŐĂƌĞƐ Ă ǀŝƐŝƚĂƌ͗ Ă ƌĞƐŝĚġŶĐŝĂ ŽĮĐŝĂů ĚĂ ZĂŝŶŚĂ͕ Ž WĂůĄĐŝŽ ĚĞ
ƵĐŬŝŶŐŚĂŵ͕ Ă dŽƌƌĞ ĚŽ ŝŐ ĞŶ͕ Ž WĂƌůĂŵĞŶƚŽ͕ Ă dŽƌƌĞ ĚĞ >ŽŶĚƌĞƐ ;ĂŶƟŐĂ ƉƌŝƐĆŽͿ Ğ Ă
ĂƚĞĚƌĂůĚĞ^͘WĂƵůŽŽƉſƐƚŽůŽ͕ĐĂƚĞĚƌĂůĂŶŐůŝĐĂŶĂ͕ĐƵũĂĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĕĆŽĚĂƚĂĚŽƐĠĐƵůŽys//͘
Ğ ƐĂůŝĞŶƚĂƌ ƋƵĞ Ă ĐƷƉƵůĂ ĚĞ ^͘ WĂƵůŽ Ġ Ă ƐĞŐƵŶĚĂ ŵĂŝŽƌ ĚŽ DƵŶĚŽ͘ ůŵŽĕŽ Ğŵ
ƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚĞ͘ZĞŐƌĞƐƐŽĂŽŚŽƚĞůĂŽĮŶĂůĚŽĚŝĂ͘:ĂŶƚĂƌĞĂůŽũĂŵĞŶƚŽ͘
/Ϭϵ;^Ąď͘ͿͲ>KEZ^ͬ>/^K
ƉſƐ ƉĞƋƵĞŶŽ ĂůŵŽĕŽ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĂĕĆŽ ĚĂ ǀŝƐŝƚĂ ĚĂ ĐŝĚĂĚĞ͕ ƉĞƌĐŽƌƌĞŶĚŽ͖ KdžĨŽƌĚ ^ƚƌĞĞƚ͕
dƌĂĨĂůŐĂƌ ^ƋƵĂƌĞ͕Ă'ĂůĞƌŝĂ EĂĐŝŽŶĂů͕ZŽLJĂů ůďĞƌƚ ,Ăůů ĞŽƐĨĂŵŽƐŽƐĂƌŵĂnjĠŶƐ,ĂƌƌŽĚƐ͘
ůŵŽĕŽĞŵƌĞƐƚĂƵƌĂŶƚĞůŽĐĂůĞƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĞƉĂƌĂŽĂĞƌŽƉŽƌƚŽ͘&ŽƌŵĂůŝĚĂĚĞĚĞĞŵďĂƌƋƵĞĞ
ƉĂƌƟĚĂĐŽŵĚĞƐƟŶŽĂWŽƌƚƵŐĂů͘ŚĞŐĂĚĂĂ>ŝƐďŽĂ͘
&/Ds/'D
ĞƉĂƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽĚŽdƵƌŝƐŵŽZĞůŝŐŝŽƐŽΘƵůƚƵƌĂů
WZKWKZW^^K͗,YhKZDZ^K͕s/'E^dhZ/^DK͕^
YƵĂƌƚŽĚƵƉůŽ;ŵşŶŝŵŽĚĞϯϬƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚĞƐͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϲϱϬ͕ϬϬΦ
YƵĂƌƚŽĚƵƉůŽ;ŵşŶŝŵŽĚĞϮϬƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚĞƐͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϴϱϬ͕ϬϬΦ
^ƵƉůĞŵĞŶƚŽƉĂƌĂYƵĂƌƚŽ/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϬϬ͕ϬϬΦ
/>,d/EEd/KhZdKK/KKZ/'dMZ/K
;ǀĞƌŝĮĐĂƌǀĂůŝĚĂĚĞͿ
^Zs/K^/E>h1K^͗
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WĂƐƐĂŐĞŵĂĠƌĞĂĞŵĐůĂƐƐĞƚƵƌşƐƟĐĂĐŽŵĚŝƌĞŝƚŽĂŽƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĞĚĞϮϯŬŐĚĞďĂŐĂŐĞŵ͖
dĂdžĂƐĂĞƌŽƉŽƌƚƵĄƌŝĂƐ;ϭϮϭ͕ϱϯΦͿ͖
ŝƌĐƵŝƚŽĞŵĂƵƚŽĐĂƌƌŽƚƵƌşƐƟĐŽĐŽŵĂƌĐŽŶĚŝĐŝŽŶĂĚŽ͖
ƐƚĂĚŝĂĞŵŚŽƚĠŝƐĚĞƉƌŝŵĞŝƌĂĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĂĞŵƋƵĂƌƚŽƐĚƵƉůŽƐĐŽŵďĂŶŚŽŽƵĚƵĐŚĞ͖
ZĞŐŝŵĞĚĞƉĞŶƐĆŽĐŽŵƉůĞƚĂ;ŵĞŶƵĮdžŽͿĐŽŶĨŽƌŵĞŽƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĂ͖
sŝƐŝƚĂƐ ĚĞ ĂĐŽƌĚŽ Ž ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĂ͕ ĐŽŵ ŐƵŝĂ ůŽĐĂů Ă ĨĂůĂƌ ƉŽƌƚƵŐƵġƐ ŽƵ ƐƉĂŶŚŽů Ğŵ
^ƚƌĂĚĨŽƌĚhƉŽŶǀŽŶ;ĞŶƚƌĂĚĂŶĂĐĂƐĂĚĞtŝůůŝĂŵ^ŚĂŬĞƐƉĞĂƌĞͿ͕ŚĞƐƚĞƌ;ĂƚĞĚƌĂůͿ͕
ĚŝŵďƵƌŐŽ ;ĂƐƚĞůŽ͕ 'ĂůĞƌŝĂ EĂĐŝŽŶĂů Ğ ĂƚĞĚƌĂůͿ͕ zŽƌŬ͕ ĂŵďƌŝĚŐĞ Ğ >ŽŶĚƌĞƐ
;ĂƚĞĚƌĂů^͘WĂƵůŽͿ͖
'ƵŝĂ ĂĐŽŵƉĂŶŚĂŶƚĞ Ă ĨĂůĂƌ ƉŽƌƚƵŐƵġƐ ĚƵƌĂŶƚĞ ƚŽĚŽ Ž ĐŝƌĐƵŝƚŽ ;ĐŽŵĞĕĂŶĚŽ Ğ
ĂĐĂďĂŶĚŽĞŵ>ŽŶĚƌĞƐͿ͖
dĂdžĂƐƚƵƌŝƐŵŽĞƐĞƌǀŝĕŽ͖
'ƌĂƟĮĐĂĕƁĞƐĂŐƵŝĂƐĞŵŽƚŽƌŝƐƚĂ͖
^ĞŐƵƌŽĚĞǀŝĂŐĞŵ͖
^ĂĐŽĚĞǀŝĂŐĞŵ͘
^Zs/K^EK/E>h1K^͗
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ĞďŝĚĂƐ ăƐ ƌĞĨĞŝĕƁĞƐ͕ ƌĞĨĞŝĕƁĞƐ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂŝƐ ŽƵ ŶĆŽ ŵĞŶĐŝŽŶĂĚĂƐ͕ ďĂŐĂŐĞŝƌŽƐ͕ ĞŶƚƌĂĚĂƐ Ğŵ
ŵƵƐĞƵƐĞŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚŽƐƋƵĂŶĚŽŶĆŽĞƐƚĞũĂĞdžƉůşĐŝƚŽĂǀŝƐŝƚĂĚŽŝŶƚĞƌŝŽƌ͕ĞdžƚƌĂƐĚĞĐĂƌĄĐƚĞƌ
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