13.3. kreditis uzrunvelyofis formebi

ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა
uzrunvelyofen sakredito portfelis saimedoobas, sijansaResa da Semosavlianobas.
sabolood, kidev erTxel unda aRiniSnos, rom sakredito politika aris is fundamenti, romlis safuZvelzec komerciul bankSi iqmneba
sa­xelmZRvaneloebi, procedurebi da sxva mareglamentirebeli dokumentebi sakredito saqmianobis yvela etapisa da procesisaTvis.
13.3. kreditis uzrunvelyofis formebi
faqtobrivad, yvelaze seriozuli problema, romelTanac komerciul bankebs aqvT saqme, aris msesxeblis mxridan aRebuli valdebulebebis
Seusruleblobis riski. cxadia, bankis menejmenti cdilobs moaxdinos
aRniSnuli riskis minimizacia da am mimarTulebiT yvelaze efeqtiania
kreditis dafarvis uzrunvelyofis sxvadasxva formis gamoyeneba.
kreditis srulad dafarvis uzrunvelyofa _ esaa komerciuli
bankis rTuli mizanmimarTuli saqmianoba, romelic moicavs ekonomikur, organizaciul da samarTlebriv RonisZiebebs da qmnis msesxeblis
mxridan aRebuli valdebulebebis jerovnad Sesrulebis safuZvels.
sabanko saqmis mTeli istoriis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom msesxeblis mxridan kreditis droulad da srulad dafarvis valdebulebis
aReba kontraqtze xelis moweriT ar niSnavs misi dabrunebis garantirebas. ar arsebobs iseTi msesxebeli, romelic warmatebuli da finansurad
mdgardi mdgomareobis miuxedavad, met-naklebi xarisxiT ar iyos dakavSirebuli riskTan, miT umetes, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi. marTalia,
msesxeblis kreditunarianobis SefasebiT SesaZlebelia am riskis minimizacia, magram misi saerTod gamoricxva SeuZlebulia.
aqedan gamomdinare, kreditis gacemis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebamde banki cdilobs gansazRvros gacemuli finansuri resursebis
dafarvis wyaroebi da misi droulad da srulad dabrunebis garantirebis meqanizmebi. sabanko praqtikaSi cnobilia kreditis dafarvis
ori wyaro: pirveladi da meoradi.
kreditis dafarvis pirveladi wyaro _ esaa amonagebi produqciis realizaciidan an momsaxurebis gaweva iuridiuli piris SemTxvevaSi
da xelfasi da sxva Semosavlebi _ fizikuri piris SemTxvevaSi. sabanko
saqmis oqros wesia, rom krediti gaices mxolod misi dafarvis pirveladi wyaros arsebobisa da msesxeblis mxridan maTi dadasturebis
SemT­xvevaSi. amitom, msesxeblis sakredito ganacxadis Seswavlisas yuradReba maxvildeba fuladi nakadebis analizze. Tuki komerciul banks
uCndeba eWvi, msesxeblis fuladi nakadebis perspeqtivasTan, anu kreditis dafarvis pirvelad wya­rosTan dakavSirebiT, igi uars ambobs mis dafinansebaze.
kreditis dafarvis pirveladi wyaros arsebobisa da misi dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi ki, rogorc wesi, banks SeuZlia moiTxovos msesxe314
Tavi 13 - sabanko dakreditebis Tanamedrove sistema
blisagan kreditis dafarvis meoradi wyaro. kreditis dafarvis meorad
wyarod ganixileba yvela saSualeba, rac ki moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT
aris SesaZlebeli.
kreditis dafarvis meoradi wyaro gvevlineba garantad imisa,
rom bankma SeZlos mis mimarT arsebuli valdebulebebis dakmayofileba kreditis dafarvis pirveladi wyaros Sewyvetis an Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi. kreditis dafarvis meoradi wyaro SeiZleba iyos msesxeblis
kuTvnili qonebis realizacia, Tavdebisa da garantoris saxsrebi, aseve
sadazRvevo kompaniis anazRaureba.
kreditis dafarvis meoradma wyarom unda uzrunvelyos ara marto
kreditis ZiriTadi Tanxis, aramed gadauxdeli procentebisa da pirgasa­
mtexlos dafarva da misi realizaciisas kreditors eniWeba upiratesi
ufleba sxva kreditorebTan SedarebiT, raTa daikmayofilos msesxeblis mxridan Seusrulebeli valdebulebebi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT (muxli 416), „mxareebs
SeuZliaT valdebulebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad xelSekrulebiT gaiTvaliswinon damatebiTi saSualebebic: pirgasamtexlo, be da
movalis garantia“.
sabanko praqtikis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba ganvixiloT kreditis dabrunebiTobis uzrunvelyofis meoradi wyaros Semdegi ZiriTadi formebi:
1)girao;
2)Tavdeboba;
3)garantia;
4)moTxovnis uflebis daTmoba (cesia);
5)sakuTrebis uflebis gadacema.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:
1) girao. girao warmoadgens kreditis dafarvis erT-erT umTavres
meorad wyaros, romelic aiZulebs msesxebels, vadaSi da sruli moculobiT Seasrulos Tavis valdebulebebi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kode­
qsis mixedviT (muxli 254), giravnoba _ esaa, „movalis an mesame piris moZravi nivTi an/da aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTe, romlis gadacemac
sxva pirTaTvis dasaSvebia, SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc fuladi
ise arafuladi moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad ise, rom kreditori (mogiravne) iZens uflebas, daikmayofilos moTxovna dagiravebuli qonebis (giravnobis sagnis) xarjze movalis mier valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi“.
giraos sagani SeiZleba iyos moZravi da uZravi qoneba (ipoTeka),
fasiani qaRaldebi, saqoneli brunvaSi, Zvirfaseuloba da antikvaruli
nivTebi. imisaTvis, rom qonebas daerqvas „girao“, igi unda akmayofilebdes garkveul kriteriumebs:
• sakuTrebis ufleba giraos saganze, rac gulisxmobs, rom unda arsebobdes Sesabamisi iuridiuli dokumentacia qonebriv uflebaze;
• fuladi Sefasebis unari gulisxmobs, rom unda arsebobdes
giraos sagnis obieqturi, sabazro Rirebulebis dadgenis SesaZlebloba;
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ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა
• gasxvisebis unari gulisxmobs, rom iuridiulad unda dgindebodes giraos saganze sxva giraoTa ararseboba an Tu aseTi arsebobs, qonebis sabazro Rirebuleba sakmarisi unda iyos axali da
Zveli valdebulebebis gasastumreblad;
• giraos sagnis likvidoba gulisxmobs giraos sagnis sabazro Rirebulebad gonivrul vadaSi realizaciis unars;
• giraos sagnis dazRvevis SesaZlebloba gulisxmobs sadazRvevo bazris ganviTarebis Sesabamisi ganviTarebis dones, raTa
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moxdes misi dazRveva;
• xangrZlivad Senaxvis unari gulisxmobs imas, rom igi ar unda
iyos malfuWadi da unda arsebobdes mis Senaxvis SesaZlebloba
minimum kreditis vadis gasvlamde;
• giraos sagnis monitoringis SesaZlebloba niSnavs imas, rom
banks unda hqondes giraos sagnis arsebobis da, Sesabamisad, dacu­
lobis monitoringis SesaZlebloba;
• sakmarisoba, anu giraos sagani unda uzrunvelyofdes ara marto
kreditis ZiriTadi Tanxis, aramed gadauxdeli procentebisa da
pirgasamtexlos dafarvas.
imis mixedviT, Tu visTan unda inaxebodes giraos sagani, girao iyofa or jgufad:
• giraos sagani rCeba mflobelis sargeblobaSi. rogorc wesi, dagiravebuli qoneba rCeba mflobelTan, Tu, ra Tqma unda, xelSekrulebiT sxva rame araa gansazRvruli. rogorc wesi, mflobelis
sargeblobaSi rCeba ipoTekiT datvirTuli qoneba da sabrunavi
saSualebebi. ipoTeka, anu dagiravebuli qonebis ipoTekiT datvirTva, esaa giraos erT-erTi forma, romlis drosac dagiravebuli qoneba rCeba mflobelTan, xolo kreditori (banki) msesxeblis mxridan valdebulebebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi iRebs
arsebuli qonebis realizaciis safuZvelze misi moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebis uflebas. aRniSnuli exeba miwis nakveTebs, Senoba-nagebobebs, sxva sawarmoo saSualebebs, aseve sacxovrebel
saxlebsa da binebs, avtomanqanebs da a. S. erTmaneTisgan unda
ganvasxvaoT ipoTeka da ipoTekuri krediti. ipoTkuri krediti
_ esaa ipoTekuri sistemis Semadgeneli nawili, romlis drosac
uZravi qonebis SesaZenad aRebuli kreditis uzrunvelsayofad
(ipoTekad) gvevlineba TviTon es qoneba;
• giraos sagani gadaecema kreditors valdebulebebis srulad
Sesrulebamde. arsebuli praqtika calkeul SemTxvevebSi fiqsirdeba da, bunebrivia, ZiriTadad, exeba moZrav sagnebs, rogorebicaa: avtomobili, antikvaruli nivTebi, Zvirfasi liTonebi, fasiani qaRaldebi, aseve msesxeblis depozitebi.
sabolood, unda iTqvas, rom krediti uZravi qonebis giravnobiT
sabanko dakreditebis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli da mimzidveli
praqtikaa.
2) Tavdeboba warmoadgens kreditis uzrunvelyofis umniSvnelovanes formas, romlis drosac qonebriv pasuxismgeblobas kredi316
Tavi 13 - sabanko dakreditebis Tanamedrove sistema
tis dafarvisaTvis sakuTar Tavze iRebs mesame piri. aRniSnuli meqanizmi
bankebs aZlevs erT kreditze ori debitoris arsebobis SesaZleblobas,
romlis drosac samarTlebrivi urTierToba banksa da msesxebels Soris
xdeba garigebis ZiriTadi, xolo banksa da Tavdebs Soris _ damatebiTi
uzrunvelyofa. bunebrivia, am dros krediti formdeba ori _ sakredito
da Tavdebobis xelSekrulebebiT.
Tavdeboba _ esaa xelSekruleba Tavmdebis calmxrivi valdebulebiT, romliTac igi kreditoris (bankis) winaSe iRebs valdebulebas,
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi dafaros msesxeblis davalianeba. ra Tqma
unda, mesame piris Tavdebobas banki miiRebs am ukanasknelis gadamxdel­
unarianobis SemTxvevaSi, amasTan, igi unda iyos kargi reputaciis da
soliduri pirebisagan. Tavmdebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc iuridiuli, ise
fizikuri piri.
3) garantia Tavdebobisagan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom igi araa ZiriTadi garigebis damatebiTi aqti, aramed aris garantis valdebuleba, gadaixados gansazRvruli Tanxa sagarantio SemTxvevis dadgomisas. saqar­
Tvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mixedviT (muxli 879), „sabanko garantiis
ZaliT banki, sxva sakredito dawesebuleba an sadazRvevo organizacia
(garanti) sxva piris (principalis) TxovniT kisrulobs werilobiT valdebulebas, rom nakisri valdebulebis Sesabamisad gadauxdis principalis kreditors (beneficiars) fulad Tanxas gadaxdis Sesaxeb beneficiaris werilobiTi moTxovnis safuZvelze“.
sabanko praqtikaSi xSirad kreditis miRebisas msesxebels uwevs,
waradginos sxva bankis, sakredito organizaciis an sadazRvevo kompaniis
garantia. msesxeblis mxridan garantoris mimarT garantiis uzrunvelsayofad SeiZleba mogvevlinos misi fuladi saxsrebi (dajavSnili depo­
ziti) an sxva sakuTari saxsrebi. sabanko garantiis gamoyeneba xdeba aseve
bankis klientis mier kontragentTan biznesgarigebis dros, magaliTad,
im SemTxvevaSi, roca igi monawileobs tenderSi, romlis pirobebSic Sedis
sabanko garantiis warmodgena. ra Tqma unda, sabanko garantiis gamcemi
(garantori) iRebs garkveul safasurs sagarantio werilis gacemisas.
4) moTxovnis uflebis daTmoba (cesia) _ esaa msesxeblis (cedenti) dokumenti, romlis ZaliTac igi kreditors (banki) uTmobs Tavis
moTxovnas mesame pirebisadmi (debitoruli davalianeba) aRebuli kre­
ditis uzrunvelsayofad.
msesxeblis mxridan aRebuli valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis samarTleblivi safuZvlis Sesaqmnelad xelSekruleba cesiis Sesaxeb aris
sakredito xelSekrulebis damateba. cesia SeiZleba ori tipisa iyos:
mesame mxarisadmi (debitori) moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb SetyobinebiT
da Setyobinebis gareSe.
5) sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemas, rogorc kreditis uzrunvelyofis formas, vxvdebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca moZravi qoneba rCeba
msesxebelTan, igi moixmars mas, magram misi sakuTrebis ufleba gadacemulia kreditorze aRebuli valdebulebebis srulad Sesrulebamde.
317
ირაკლი კოვზანაძე, გოგი კონტრიძე - თანამედროვე საბანკო საქმე: თეორია და პრაქტიკა
ra Tqma unda, sakuTrebis uflebis xelSekrulebis gaformebamde
banki rwmundeba, rom msesxebeli namdviladaa qonebis mesakuTre, magram
es ar gamoricxavs yvela risks, vinaidan kreditori didadaa damokidebuli im msesxeblis patiosnebaze, romelTanac rCeba qoneba. am riskisagan Tavis dasaRwevad bankebi aRniSnuli qonebis sabazro Rirebulebaze
mniSvnelovnad nakleb Tanxas gascemen kreditis saxiT. meore meqanizmi,
riTac bankebi axdenen riskis Semcirebas, aris msesxeblis mflobelobaSi darCeni qonebis dazRveva.
zogadad, kreditis uzrunvelyofis sxvadasxva formis dros,
riskebis Sesamcireblad bankebi xSirad iyeneben rogorc dagiravebuli
qonebis, ise msesxeblis janmrTelobisa da ubeduri SemTxvevisagan dazRvevis praqtikas. dazRvevis polisis Rirebulebis anazRaureba xdeba an
bankis, an msesxeblis mier.
garda amisa, calkeul SemTxvevebSi gacemuli kreditis uzrunvelsayofad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes uzrunvelyofis ara erTi, aramed
erTdroulad ramdenime forma, rasac Sereuli uzrunvelyofa ewodeba.
13.4. sabanko procenti da mis doneze moqmedi
faqtorebi. saprocento marJa
procenti _ esaa mogebis nawili, romelsac msesxebeli uxdis kreditors misgan droebiT sargeblobaSi miRebuli sasesxo kapitalis sanacvlod. procentis wyarod gvevlineba sasesxo kapitalis samewarmeo procesSi Seqmnili damatebiTi Rirebuleba. mewarme subieqtis mier sasesxo
kapitalis gamoyenebiT miRebuli mogeba or nawilad iyofa: procenti,
romelsac is ixdis sasesxo kapitalis sargeblobisaTvis da mogeba, romelic rCeba mis mflobelobaSi.
sabanko procenti aris sasesxo procentis saxeoba da Cndeba maSin,
roca sakredito urTierTobebis erT-erT subieqts warmoadgens banki.
sabanko procenti sxvadasxva formiT gvevlineba, es formebia: sadepozito procenti, procenti kreditebze, maT Soris, bankTaSoris kreditebze, procenti fasian qaRaldebze da a.S.
Cveni dRevandeli realobisaTvis sabanko procenti warmoadgens
umniSvnelovanes makroekonomikur maCvenebels, romlis sidide da cvlileba erTnairad mniSvnelovania rogorc bankirebisaTvis, finansistebisaTvis, investorebisa da analitikosebisaTvis, aseve mewarmeebisa da
ubralo moqalaqeebisaTvis. saqmis aseTi viTareba bunebrivia: sabanko
saprocento ganakveTi _ esaa mTavari fasi, erovnuli ekonomikis mdgomareobis erT-erTi mTavari maCvenebeli. sabanko procenti aris makroda mikroekonomikis regulirebis sistemis erT-erTi umniSvnelovnesi
instrumenti, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da simartiviT aRematebs
ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis sxva instrumentebs.
ra Tqma unda, komerciuli bankebi Tavisi neba-surviliT ver aweseben TavianTi sakredito produqtis fass, anu misaRebi procentis ode318